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Maha Kutami (2009)

2026-05-06T14:51:53Z

AsliKhan99:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian electoral coalition}}
{{Not to be confused|Praja Kutami}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Maha Kutami
| native_name =
| abbreviation =
| logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} Yellow
| foundation = 21 January 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2009 |title=Grand Alliance takes shape |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/jan/16/grand-alliance-takes-shape-18335.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218143114/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/jan/16/grand-alliance-takes-shape-18335.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dissolution = June 2009
| country = India
| ideology = [[Secularism]] [[Communism]] [[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |date=2009-03-22 |title=Parties in AP go all out with populist promises |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/tlK3sov407Os6OBdQ3tlxM/Parties-in-AP-go-all-out-with-populist-promises.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218145859/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/tlK3sov407Os6OBdQ3tlxM/Parties-in-AP-go-all-out-with-populist-promises.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]] [[B. V. Raghavulu]] K. Naryana<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2009 |title=Grand Alliance falling apart |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/jun/08/grand-alliance-falling-apart-55607.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218143112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/jun/08/grand-alliance-falling-apart-55607.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| seats1_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|8|42|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|107|294|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}} (2009)
| national = [[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|Third Front]] (National)
}}

The '''Maha Kutami''' ({{translation|Grand Alliance}}) was an alliance formed ahead of the 2009 [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly]] and [[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|general elections]]. It was formed on 21 January 2009 by four political parties — the [[Telugu Desam Party]], the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of India]]. It was formed with the sole aim of dethroning the then-[[Indian National Congress]] government in the state, which was led by then-chief minister [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-01 |title=Congress headache: TRS joins TDP-Left alliance for Andhra polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/congress-headache-trs-joins-tdpleft-alliance-for-andhra-polls/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160808/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/congress-headache-trs-joins-tdpleft-alliance-for-andhra-polls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
After the [[2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence]], the Left Front withdrew support to the Congress in the state as well. [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and TRS then joined the Left as part of the national [[Third Front (India)#Third Front (2009)|Third Front]]. In Andhra Pradesh, this alliance called themselves the ''Maha Kutami'' or "Grand Alliance" against what they called the "corrupt Congress" and "communal BJP".<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2009 |title=Grand alliance a morale booster: CPI |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020460390600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051202/http://hindu.com/2009/02/04/stories/2009020460390600.htm |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Infighting and defeat ==
The alliance was marked by major infighting among its constituent parties, primarily due to frictions in seat-sharing between them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-03-26 |title=Grand alliance in maha trouble |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/grand-alliance-in-maha-trouble/articleshow/4316617.cms |access-date=2023-12-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/grand-alliance-in-maha-trouble/articleshow/4316617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> There was mutual distrust and disarray among the member parties, which caused them to lose votes to the Congress and the [[Praja Rajyam Party]] (PRP). Notably, seat-sharing disagreements in the alliance were finalised barely 48 hours before the deadline for nominations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2009 |title=Incompatible allies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20090413-incompatible-allies-739397-2009-04-02 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218141724/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20090413-incompatible-allies-739397-2009-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The alliance was described by ''[[India Today]]'' as "a loose grouping of super-sized egos and prime ministerial ambitions with no ideological common ground."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=The front runners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090504-the-front-runners-739565-2009-04-25 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160809/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090504-the-front-runners-739565-2009-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> The anti-incumbency votes were also divided between the TDP and the PRP, which benefited the Congress and damaged the TDP. Votes from the TRS and the Communist parties failed to transfer to the TDP, which caused the alliance to lose many seats, especially in [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2009 |title=Andhra: YSR comes up trumps |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/andhra-ysr-comes-up-trumps-47816-2009-05-16 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218160625/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/andhra-ysr-comes-up-trumps-47816-2009-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Telangana statehood]] issue also proved divisive for the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2009 |title=KCR begins lobbying for separate Telangana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-south/andhra-pradesh/story/kcr-begins-lobbying-for-separate-telangana-45723-2009-04-25 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218161053/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-south/andhra-pradesh/story/kcr-begins-lobbying-for-separate-telangana-45723-2009-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Campaign ==
There was a noticeable change in the tone of the TDP chief Naidu during the elections. Naidu, who credited himself as the founder of [[Cyberabad]] (now HITEC City) and projected himself as a moderniser in the previous election, now raised the concerns of the poor, farmers and development of the countryside. The alliance with the TRS also forced the TDP to abandon its stance against Telangana statehood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incompatible allies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20090413-incompatible-allies-739397-2009-04-02 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218141724/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20090413-incompatible-allies-739397-2009-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Endorsements ===
The All India Sunni Ulema Board endorsed the alliance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-04-14 |title=Sunni Ulema Board to go with Mahakutami |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sunni-ulema-board-to-go-with-mahakutami/articleshow/4397344.cms |access-date=2023-12-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218163400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sunni-ulema-board-to-go-with-mahakutami/articleshow/4397344.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Manifesto ==
The manifesto was released on 3 April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2009 |title=TDP launches manifesto |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/apr/03/tdp-launches-manifesto-38060.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218163031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/apr/03/tdp-launches-manifesto-38060.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Ensure economic, health and food security to the common man and reduce economic disparities in society.

* Implementation of the Cash Transfer Scheme (CTS).
* Integrated health scheme for poor- and middle-class families.
* Free colour TV set to every "common man".
* Law to control [[political corruption]]; tribunal will be set up to enquire and evaluate the disproportionate income of politicians.
* Provision of ₹2,000 (₹5,100 in 2023) monthly cash to every family.
* The [[Telangana issue]] will be resolved.

== Constituent parties ==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="12" {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| colspan="12" | '''[[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! {{abbr|Seats|Number of Seats Contested}}
! {{abbr|Women|Number of Womens Contested}}
! {{abbr|Seats Won|Number of Seats Won}}
! {{abbr|Vote Received|Votes Received Overall}}
! {{abbr|Vote %|Vote Received Overall in Percentage}}
! {{abbr|Vote in Contested|Vote Received in Seats Contested in Percentage}}
! {{abbr|Deposit|Number of Seats Deposit forfeitured}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| 218
| 21
| 90
| 1,15,05,477
| 27.36
| 36.50
| 5
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Car.png|50px]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 39
| 0
| 10
| 15,62,044
| 3.71
| 29.29
| 9
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| [[B. V. Raghavulu]]
| 13
| 0
| 1
| 5,55,519
| 1.32
| 29.91
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| K. Narayana
| 12
| 1
| 4
| 4,62,140
| 1.10
| 28.90
| 2
|-
|colspan="5"|''Friendly Contest between Alliance'' *
|10
|2
|2
|5,38,272
|1.28
|17.88
|12
|-
|colspan="5"|''Alliance did not Contest'' **
|2
!colspan="6" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!294
!24
!107
!1,46,23,452
!34.77
!33.57
!29
|}
===Friendly Contest===
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl. No.
! Parties Involved
! #
! Constituency Name
|-
! 1
| rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| 25
| Peddapalle
|-
! 2
| 39
| Sangareddy
|-
! 3
| 50
| Maheshwaram
|-
! 4
| 77
| Makthal
|-
! 5
| rowspan="3"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 40
| Patancheru
|-
! 6
| 64
| Karwan
|-
! 7
| 99
| Ghanpur Station (SC)
|-
! 8
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 32
| Husnabad
|-
! 9
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 106
| Warangal East
|-
! 10
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 206
| Mangalagiri
|-
! 11
| rowspan="2"|Alliance did not contest
| 68
| Yakutpura
|-
! 12
| 232
| Kanigiri
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
*[[Praja Kutami|Praja Kutami (2018)]]
*[[Kutami|Kutami (2024)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh|2009]]
[[Category:2009 State Assembly elections in India|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]

Yalgaar

2026-05-05T17:07:44Z

AsliKhan99: started a data v1

{{Short description|1992 Indian Hindi action crime thriller film by Feroz Khan}}
{{for|the 2017 Pakistani film|Yalghaar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]
| writer = Rajiv Kaul Praful Parekh Feroz Khan '''Dialogue:''' Kamlesh Pandey
| producer = Feroz Khan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Feroz Khan
*[[Sanjay Dutt]]
*[[Kabir Bedi]]
*[[Manisha Koirala]]
*[[Nagma]]
*[[Mukesh Khanna]]
*Vicky Arora
}}
| music = [[Channi Singh]]
| released = {{Film date|1992|10|23|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 1992 |title=Yalgaar Movie: Release Date (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yalgaar/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 192 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yalgaar''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[action-thriller]] film directed by [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]. The film stars Khan himself, [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Nagma]], [[Manisha Koirala]], Vicky Arora, [[Mukesh Khanna]], [[Deepti Naval]] and [[Neena Gupta]]. The film revolves around an enmity between two childhood friends who take different paths in life, and how they react when their children fall in love with each other.

''Yalgaar'' released worldwide on 23 October 1992, coinciding with the Diwali festival, clashing with ''[[Jigar]]'' starring [[Ajay Devgn]]. Upon release the film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Dutt, Bedi and Nagma, the music and the action sequences, while criticising the length and Khanna playing Khan's father, despite a large age difference. Commercially, the film was the [[List of Hindi films of 1992|9th highest-grossing film of 1992]]. The film did average business in India and was a moderate success in overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-recalls-playing-dad-to-10-year-older-feroz-khan-in-yalgaar-i-became-a-joke-in-bollywood-9599388/ |title=Mukesh Khanna recalls playing dad to 10 year older Feroz Khan in Yalgaar: ‘I became a joke in Bollywood’|publisher=Indian express}}</ref> it remade as ''Dil Mein Chupa Kay Rakhna'' (1999) in Pakistan.

== Plot ==
Childhood friends become enemies when one of them, Mahendra Ashwini Kumar becomes Additional Commissioner of Police and the other Raj Pratap Singhal becomes a smuggler. Mahendra has two sons – Rajesh and Brajesh who are also police officers. While on the other hand Raj also has two sons;- Vishal who helps in developing his father's business and Vicky who finds employment in a garage.
When one of Singhal's goons murders Brajesh, Rajesh swears to avenge his brother's death. Even if for this he has to take the law into his own hands. After Brajesh's death, he is left alone with his widowed wife Kaushalya and a daughter Meghna. Meghna and Vicky meet each other and fall in love. Kumar, unaware of Vicky's family background, gives his consent.
Mahendra is then promoted as Police Commissioner. Singhal is unable to bear this and sends another of his goons to murder Mahendra. Raj moves to Dubai with his wife, son, daughter-in-law Anu to escape the police and government officials. He has also kidnapped Meghna to ensure his safety from Rajesh's wrath. Meghna learns that Vicky is actually Raj's second son and has now started showing his true colours.

== Cast ==
* [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] - Rajesh Ashwini Kumar
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] - Vishal Singhal, Anu's husband
* [[Kabir Bedi]] - Raj Pratap Singhal
* [[Manisha Koirala]] - Meghna Kumar
* [[Nagma]] - Anu Singhal, Vishal's wife
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] - Mahendra Ashwini Kumar
* Vicky Arora - Vicky Malhotra / Singhal
* Vishwajit Pradhan - Jaichand
* [[Deepti Naval]] - Sunita
* Maya Alagh - Bharti Singhal
* [[Neena Gupta]] - Kaushalya Kumar

== Music ==
This album was very popular, Most popular songs in album "Ho Jaata Hai Kaise Pyar", "Aakhir Tumhein Aana Hai" etc. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 15,00,000 units sold the soundtrack became the fourteen highest-selling album of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2010-01-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s) and Artist(s)
| total_length = 45:14
| all_music = [[Channi Singh]]
| all_lyrics = [[Sudarshan Faakir]] and [[Aziz Qaisi]]
| title1 = Aakhir Tumhein Aana Hai
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Sapna Mukherjee]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Nagma]] (Talking Only)
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Ho Jaata Hai Kaise Pyar
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]] and Sapna Mukherjee
| length2 = 5:39
| title3 = Koi Pichle Janam Kiye
| extra3 = Udit Narayan and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = Teri Chunni Pe Sitare
| extra4 = Udit Narayan and Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length4 = 6:42
| title5 = Dil Dil Dil
| extra5 = [[Channi Singh]] and Sapna Mukherjee
| length5 = 5:09
| title6 = Kaun Si Baat Hai
| extra6 = Udit Narayan and Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length6 = 5:52
| title7 = Sheher Mein Gaon Mein
| extra7 = Kumar Sanu
| length7 = 5:13
| title8 = Hai Dil Mein Lagan
| extra8 = [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Nitin Mukesh]] and [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length8 = 6:58
}}

== Release ==
Release, planned for 1987, had to be postponed due to Khan's mother death that year.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmsdAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Yalgaar%22+-wikipedia+film |title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly |date=1987 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Iqbal Masood, writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', panned the film as disappointing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Iqbal |title=The edge of mediocrity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YllAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 January 1993 |language=en}}</ref> In his book about Sanjay Dutt, Yaseer Usman called the film "terrible and eminently forgettable", and stated that the director had kept the best parts of this big-venture budget for himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fK5oDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Yalgaar%22+-wikipedia+film&pg=PA116 |title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy |date=2018 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-86228-58-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0105866}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Feroz Khan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Channi Singh]]

Saki

2026-05-02T23:37:27Z

AsliKhan99: started basic details from scratch

{{Short description|British writer (1870–1916)}}
{{Distinguish|Sake}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Hector Hugh Munro
| image = Hector Hugh Munro aka Saki, by E O Hoppe, 1913.jpg
| caption = Hector Hugh Munro by [[E. O. Hoppé]] (1913)
| pseudonym = Saki
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1870|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Akyab]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Myanmar]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1916|11|14|1870|12|18}}
| death_place = [[Beaumont-Hamel]], France
| occupation = Author, playwright
| nationality = British
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears = 1914–1916
| rank = [[Lance Sergeant]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit = 22nd Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers]]
| battles = [[World War I|First World War]]
* [[Battle of the Somme]]
** [[Battle of the Ancre]] {{KIA}}
}}
}}

'''Hector Hugh Munro''' (18 December 1870 – 14 November 1916), popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Saki''' and also frequently as '''H. H. Munro''', was a British writer whose witty, mischievous and sometimes [[macabre]] stories satirise [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] society and culture. He is considered to be a master of the [[short story]] and is often compared to [[O. Henry]] and [[Dorothy Parker]]. Influenced by [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Lewis Carroll]] and [[Rudyard Kipling]], Munro himself influenced [[A. A. Milne]], [[Noël Coward]] and [[P. G. Wodehouse]].<ref name="ODNB" />

Besides his short stories (which were first published in newspapers, as was customary at the time, and then collected into several volumes), Munro wrote a full-length play, ''[[The Watched Pot]]'', in collaboration with Charles Maude; two one-act plays; a historical study, ''The Rise of the Russian Empire'' (the only book published under his own name); a short novel, ''[[The Unbearable Bassington]]''; the [[Serial (literature)|episodic]] ''[[The Westminster Alice]]'' (a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliamentary]] parody of ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]''); and ''[[When William Came]]'', subtitled ''A Story of London Under the [[Hohenzollern]]s'', a fantasy about a [[invasion literature|future German invasion]] and occupation of Britain.

==Life==
[[File:Hector Hugh Munro.jpg|thumb|right|Photo from ''The War Illustrated'', 31 July 1915]]

=== Early life ===
Hector Hugh Munro was born in [[Sittwe|Akyab (now Sittwe)]], [[British Burma]], which was then part of [[British India]]. Saki was the son of Charles Augustus Munro, an [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] for the [[Indian Imperial Police]], and his wife, Mary Frances Mercer (1843–1872), the daughter of [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear Admiral]] Samuel Mercer. Her nephew Cecil William Mercer became a novelist under the name [[Dornford Yates]].

In 1872, on a home visit to England, Mary Munro was charged by a cow, and the shock caused her to miscarry. She never recovered and soon died.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017060140/http://www.ajlangguth.com/_saki__a_life_of_hector_hugh_munro__with_six_short_stories_never_before_collecte_11053.htm "Saki: A Life of Hector Hugh Munro, with six short stories never before collected"]}} (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1981), extract at AJLangguth.com</ref>

After his wife's death Charles Munro sent his three children, Ethel Mary (born April 1868), Charles Arthur (born July 1869) and two-year-old Hector, home to England. The children were sent to Broadgate Villa, in [[Pilton, Devon|Pilton]] near [[Barnstaple]], North Devon, to be raised by their grandmother and paternal maiden aunts, Charlotte and Augusta, in a strict and puritanical household. It is said that his aunts were most likely models for some of his characters, notably the aunt in "The Lumber Room" and the guardian in "Sredni Vashtar": Munro's sister Ethel said that the aunt in "The Lumber Room" was an almost perfect portrait of Aunt Augusta. Munro and his siblings led slightly insular lives during their early years and were educated by governesses. At the age of 12 the young Hector Munro was educated at Pencarwick School in [[Exmouth, Devon|Exmouth]] and then as a boarder at [[Bedford School]].

In 1887, after his retirement, his father returned from Burma and embarked upon a series of European travels with Hector and his siblings.

Hector followed his father in 1893 into the Indian Imperial Police and was posted to Burma, but successive bouts of fever caused his return home after only fifteen months.

===Writing career===

In 1896 he decided to move to London to make a living as a writer.

Munro started his writing career as a journalist for newspapers such as ''[[The Westminster Gazette]]'', the ''[[Daily Express]]'', ''[[The Morning Post]]'', and magazines such as the ''[[Bystander (magazine)|Bystander]]'' and ''Outlook''. His first book, ''The Rise of the Russian Empire'', a historical study modelled upon [[Edward Gibbon]]'s ''[[The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', appeared in 1900, under his real name, but proved to be something of a false start.

While writing ''The Rise of the Russian Empire'', he made his first foray into short story writing and published a piece called "Dogged" in ''St Paul's'' on February 18, 1899 (Munro's sketch "The Achievement of the Cat" had appeared the day before in ''The Westminster Budget''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Westminster Budget from London . . . Page 17 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/34442816/ |website=newspapers.com |date=17 February 1899 |publisher=Ancestry |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>) He then moved into the world of political satire in 1900 with a collaboration with [[Francis Carruthers Gould]] entitled "Alice in Westminster". Gould produced the sketches, and Munro wrote the text accompanying them, using the pen name "Saki" for the first time. The series lampooned political figures of the day (''Alice in Downing Street'' begins with the memorable line, "'Have you ever seen an Ineptitude?'" – referring to a zoomorphised [[Arthur Balfour]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munro |first=Hector H. ("Saki") |year=1902 |title=The Westminster Alice |title-link=The Westminster Alice |others=Illustrations: F. Carruthers Gould |location=London |publisher=Westminster Gazette |oclc=562982174}}</ref>), and was published in the Liberal ''Westminster Gazette''.

In 1902 he moved to ''The Morning Post'', described as one of the "organs of intransigence" by [[Stephen Koss]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koss |first=Stephen |year=1984 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain |volume=Two: ''The Twentieth Century'' |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |page=80}}</ref> to work as a foreign correspondent, first in the Balkans, and then in Russia, where he was witness to the [[1905 Russian Revolution|1905 revolution]] in St. Petersburg. He then went on to Paris, before returning to London in 1908, where "the agreeable life of a man of letters with a brilliant reputation awaited him".<ref name=rothay1919>{{Cite book |last1=Munro |first1=H. H. ("Saki") |contributor-last1=Reynolds |contributor-first1=Rothay |editor-last1=Reynolds |editor-first1=Rothay |year=1919 |contribution=A Memoir of H. H. Munro |title=The Toys of Peace |location=London |publisher=John Lane Co. |pages=xiv |url=https://gutenberg.org/files/1477/1477-h/1477-h.htm |access-date = 2024-05-27}}</ref> In the intervening period ''Reginald'' had been published in 1904, the stories having first appeared in ''The Westminster Gazette'', and all this time he was writing sketches for ''The Morning Post'', the ''Bystander'' and ''The Westminster Gazette''. He kept a place in Mortimer Street, wrote, played bridge at the Cocoa Tree Club, and lived simply. ''Reginald in Russia'' appeared in 1910, ''[[The Chronicles of Clovis]]'' was published in 1911, and ''Beasts and Super-Beasts'' in 1914, along with other short stories that appeared in newspapers not published in collections in his lifetime.

He also produced two novels, ''The Unbearable Bassington'' (1912) and ''When William Came'' (1913).

===Death===
At the start of the [[First World War]] Munro was 43 and officially over-age to enlist, but he refused a commission and joined the [[King Edward's Horse|2nd King Edward's Horse]] as an ordinary [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]]. He later transferred to the [[22nd (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (Kensington)]], in which he was promoted to [[lance sergeant]]. More than once he returned to the battlefield when officially too sick or injured. In November 1916 he was sheltering in a shell crater near [[Beaumont-Hamel]], France, during the [[Battle of the Ancre]], when he was killed by a German [[sniper]]. According to several sources, his [[last words]] were "Put that bloody cigarette out!"<ref>"The Square Egg", p. 102</ref>

===Legacy===
Munro has no known grave. He is commemorated on Pier and Face 8C 9A and 16A of the [[Thiepval Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1546551/MUNRO,%20HECTOR%20HUGH |title=CWGC – Casualty Details |last=Reading Room Manchester |website=cwgc.org}}</ref>

In 2003 [[English Heritage]] marked Munro's flat at 97 [[Mortimer Street]], in [[Fitzrovia]] with a [[blue plaque]].<ref name="EngHet">{{Cite web |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/munro-hector-hugh-1870-1916-a.k.a.-saki |title=MUNRO, HECTOR HUGH (1870–1916) a.k.a. Saki |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

After his death, his sister Ethel [[Book burning|destroyed]] most of his papers and wrote her own account of their childhood, which appeared at the beginning of ''The Square Egg and Other Sketches'' (1924). [[Rothay Reynolds]], a close friend, wrote a relatively lengthy memoir in ''The Toys of Peace'' (1919), but aside from this, the only other biographies of Munro are ''Saki: A Life of Hector Hugh Munro'' (1982) by [[A. J. Langguth]], and ''The Unbearable Saki'' (2007) by Sandie Byrne. All later biographies have had to draw heavily upon Ethel's account of her brother's life.

In late 2020 two Saki stories, "The Optimist" (1912) and "Mrs. Pendercoet's Lost Identity" (1911), which had never been republished, collected, or noted in any academic publication on Saki, were rediscovered; they are now available online.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Brian |title=Rediscovered Saki |url=https://rediscoveredsaki.net |website=Rediscovered Saki |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Lora Sifurova, looking through the ''Morning Post'' and other London periodicals in Russian archives, rediscovered seven sketches and stories attributed to Munro or Saki.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sifurova |first1=Lora |title=Lora A. Sifurova (Academia.edu) |url=https://independent.academia.edu/ЛораСифурова |website=Academia.edu |publisher=Academia |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, Bruce Gaston rediscovered a Clovis sketch, "The Romance of Business", published as part of an advertisement for Selfridge's in a 1914 issue of the [[The Daily News (UK)|''Daily News and Leader'']].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaston |first1=Bruce |title='The Romance of Business': a newly discovered Clovis story |url=https://www.annotated-saki.info/the-romance-of-business-a-newly-rediscovered-clovis-story/ |website=The Annotated Saki |publisher=WordPress |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

===Sexuality===
{{see also|LGBT rights in the United Kingdom}}
Munro was [[homosexuality|homosexual]] at a time when in Britain sexual activity between men was a crime. The [[Cleveland Street scandal]] (1889), followed by [[Oscar Wilde#Imprisonment|the imprisonment of Oscar Wilde]] (1895), meant "that side of [Munro's] life had to be secret".<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35149|title=Munro, Hector Hugh [Saki] (1870–1916)|last=Hibberd|first=Dominic|author-link=Dominic Hibberd|year=2004|access-date=9 May 2015|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35149}}</ref>

== Pen-name ==
The pen name "Saki" (Persian: ''{{lang|fa-Latn|sāqī}}, {{lang|fa|ساقى}}'': '[[cupbearer]]') is a reference to a figure in [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward Fitzgerald's]] translation of the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam]]''. This is confirmed both by his friend and editor Rothay Reynolds and by his sister, Ethel Munro.<ref name=rothay1919 /> The {{lang|fa-Latn|sāqī}} is a symbolic and erotic figure in both Arabic and Persian wine poetry.<ref>{{cite book| first=Philip F |last=Kennedy |date=1997 |title=The Wine Song in Classical Arabic Poetry: Abū Nuwās and the Literary Tradition|page=15}}</ref>

==Selected works==
Much of Saki's work contrasts the conventions and hypocrisies of Edwardian England with the ruthless but straightforward life-and-death struggles of nature.<ref name="Guardian 31 May 2008">{{Cite news |last= |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/31/sakihectorhughmunro |title=In praise of ... Saki |date=31 May 2008 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=22 November 2016 |location=London}}</ref> Writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'' to mark the centenary of Saki's death, Stephen Moss noted, "In many of his stories, stuffy authority figures are set against forces of nature—polecats, hyenas, tigers. Even if they are not eaten, the humans rarely have the best of it".<ref name="Guardian 14 November 2016">{{Cite news |last=Moss |first=Stephen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2016/nov/14/why-sakis-stories-are-due-a-revival |title=Why Saki's stories are due a revival |date=14 November 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=22 November 2016 |location=London}}</ref>

==="The Interlopers"===
"The Interlopers" is a story about two men, Georg Znaeym and Ulrich von Gradwitz, whose families have fought over a forest in the eastern [[Carpathian Mountains]] for generations. Ulrich's family legally owns the land and so considers Georg an interloper when he hunts in the forest. But Georg, believing that the forest rightfully belongs to his family, hunts there often and believes that Ulrich is the real interloper for trying to stop him. One winter night, Ulrich catches Georg hunting in the forest. Neither man can shoot the other without warning, as they would soil their family's honour, so they hesitate to acknowledge one another. In an "act of God", a tree branch suddenly falls on each of them, trapping them both under a log. Gradually they realise the futility of their quarrel, become friends and end the feud. They then call out for their men's assistance and, after a brief period, Ulrich makes out nine or ten figures approaching over a hill. The story ends with Ulrich's realization that the approaching figures on the hill are actually hungry wolves. The wolves who hunt in packs as opposed to rivalries, it seems, are the true owners of the forest, while both humans are interlopers.

==="Gabriel-Ernest"===
{{main|Gabriel-Ernest}}

"Gabriel-Ernest" starts with a warning: "There is a wild beast in your woods …" Gabriel, a naked boy sunbathing by the river, is "adopted" by well-meaning townspeople. Lovely and charming, but also rather vague and distant, he seems bemused by his "benefactors." Asked how he managed by himself in the woods, he replies that he hunts "on four legs," which they take to mean that he has a dog. The climax comes when a small child disappears while walking home from Sunday school. A pursuit ensues, but Gabriel and the child disappear near a river. The only items found are Gabriel's clothes, and the two are never seen again. The story includes many of the author's favourite themes: good intentions gone awry, the banality of polite society, the attraction of the sinister, and the allure of the wild and the forbidden. There is also a recognition of basic decency, upheld when the story's protagonist 'flatly refuses' to subscribe to a Gabriel-Ernest memorial, for his supposedly gallant attempt to save a drowning child, and drowning himself, as well. Gabriel-Ernest was actually a [[werewolf]] who had eaten the child, then run off.

==="The Schartz-Metterklume Method"===
At a railway station an arrogant and overbearing woman, Mrs Quabarl, mistakes the mischievous Lady Carlotta, who has been inadvertently left behind by a train, for the [[governess]], Miss Hope, whom she has been expecting, Miss Hope having erred about the date of her arrival. Lady Carlotta decides not to correct the mistake, acknowledges herself as Miss Hope, a proponent of "the Schartz-Metterklume method" of making children understand history by acting it out themselves, and chooses the [[Rape of the Sabine Women]] (exemplified by a washerwoman's two girls) as the first lesson. After creating chaos for two days, she departs, explaining that her delayed luggage will include a [[leopard]] cub.

==="The Toys of Peace"===
Preferring not to give her young sons toy soldiers or guns, and having taken away their toy depicting the [[Siege of Adrianople (1912-13)|Siege of Adrianople]], Eleanor instructs her brother Harvey to give them innovative "peace toys" as an Easter present. When the packages are opened, young Bertie shouts "It's a fort!" and is disappointed when his uncle replies "It's a municipal dustbin." The boys are initially baffled as to how to obtain any enjoyment from models of a school of art and a public library, or from little figures of [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Felicia Hemans]] and Sir [[John Herschel]]. Youthful inventiveness finds a way, however, as the boys combine their history lessons on Louis XIV with a lurid and violent play-story about the invasion of Britain and the storming of the [[Young Women's Christian Association]]. The end of the story has Harvey reporting failure to Eleanor, explaining "We have begun too late," not realising he was doomed to failure whenever he had begun.

==="The Open Window"===
Framton Nuttel, a nervous man, has come to stay in the country for his health. His sister, who thinks he should socialise while he is there, has given him letters of introduction to families in the neighbourhood whom she got to know during her stay. Framton goes to visit Mrs. Sappleton and, while waiting for her to come down, is entertained by her witty fifteen-year-old niece. The niece tells him that the French window is kept open, even though it is October, because Mrs. Sappleton believes that her husband and her brothers, who drowned in a bog three years before, will come back one day. When Mrs. Sappleton comes down she talks about her husband and her brothers, and how they are going to come back from shooting soon; Framton, believing that she is deranged, tries to distract her by explaining his health condition. Then, to his horror, Mrs. Sappleton points out that her husband and her brothers are coming, and he sees them walking towards the window with their dog. He thinks he is seeing ghosts and flees. Mrs. Sappleton cannot understand why he has run away and, at her husband and brothers' arrival, tells them about the odd man who has just left. The niece explains that Framton ran away because of the spaniel: he is afraid of dogs ever since he was hunted by a pack of stray dogs in India and had to spend a night in a newly dug grave with creatures grinning and foaming just above him. The last line summarises the situation, saying of the niece, "Romance at short notice was her speciality."

==="The Unrest-Cure"===
Saki's recurring hero Clovis Sangrail, a clever, mischievous young man, overhears the complacent middle-aged Huddle complaining of his own addiction to routine and aversion to change. Huddle's friend makes the wry suggestion that he needs an "unrest-cure" (the opposite of a [[rest cure]]), to be performed, if possible, in the home. Clovis takes it upon himself to "help" the man and his sister by involving them in an invented outrage (a supposed [[pogrom]] carried out by the local bishop) that will be a "blot on the twentieth century".

==="Esmé"===
A baroness tells Clovis a story about a hyena that she and her friend Constance encountered while out fox hunting. Later, the hyena follows them, stopping briefly to eat a gypsy child. Shortly after this, the hyena is killed by a motorcar. The baroness immediately claims the corpse as her beloved dog Esmé, and the guilty owner of the car gets his chauffeur to bury the animal and later sends her an emerald brooch to make up for her loss.<ref>Saki, [https://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Esm.shtml Esme], at eastoftheweb.com, accessed 2 July 2017</ref>

==="Sredni Vashtar"===
{{main|Sredni Vashtar}}
A sickly child named Conradin is raised by his aunt and guardian, Mrs De Ropp, who "would never... have confessed to herself that she disliked Conradin, though she might have been dimly aware that thwarting him 'for his good' was a duty which she did not find particularly irksome". Conradin rebels against his aunt and her choking authority. He invents a religion in which his polecat [[ferret]] is imagined as a vengeful deity, and Conradin prays that "Sredni Vashtar" will deliver retribution upon De Ropp. When De Ropp attempts to dispose of the animal, it attacks and kills her. The entire household is shocked and alarmed; Conradin calmly butters another piece of toast.

==="Tobermory"===
{{main|Tobermory (short story)}}
At a country-house party, one guest, Cornelius Appin, announces to the others that he has perfected a procedure for teaching animals human speech. He demonstrates this on his host's cat, Tobermory. Soon it is clear that animals are permitted to view and listen to many private things on the assumption that they will remain silent, such as the host Sir Wilfred's commentary on one guest's intelligence and the hope that she will buy his car, or the implied sexual activities of some of the other guests. The guests are angered, especially when Tobermory runs away to pursue a rival cat, but plans to poison him fail when Tobermory is instead killed by the rival cat. "An archangel ecstatically proclaiming the Millennium, and then finding that it clashed unpardonably with [[Henley Royal Regatta|Henley]] and would have to be indefinitely postponed, could hardly have felt more crestfallen than Cornelius Appin at the reception of his wonderful achievement." Appin is killed shortly afterwards when attempting to teach an elephant in a zoo in [[Dresden]] to speak German. His fellow house party guest, Clovis Sangrail (Saki's recurring hero), remarks that if he was teaching "the poor beast" irregular German verbs, he deserved no pity.

==="The Bull"===
Tom Yorkfield, a farmer, receives a visit from his half-brother Laurence. Tom has no great liking for Laurence or respect for his profession as a painter of animals. Tom shows Laurence his prize bull and expects him to be impressed, but Laurence nonchalantly tells Tom that he has sold a painting of a different bull, which Tom has seen and does not like, for three hundred pounds. Tom is angry that a mere picture of a bull should be worth more than his real bull. This and Laurence's condescending attitude give him the urge to strike him. Laurence, running away across the field, is attacked by the bull, but is saved by Tom from serious injury. Tom, looking after Laurence as he recovers, feels no more rancour because he knows that, however valuable Laurence's painting might be, only a real bull like his can attack someone.

==="The East Wing"===
This is a "rediscovered" short story that was previously cited as a play.<ref>Perhaps because of its subtitle: "A Tragedy in the Manner of the Discursive Dramatists". It was included only in later printings (1946 onwards) of ''The Complete Short Stories of Saki'' (John Lane The Bodley Head Limited)</ref> A house party is beset by a fire in the middle of the night in the east wing of the house. Begged by their hostess to save "my poor darling Eva—Eva of the golden hair," Lucien demurs, on the grounds that he has never even met her. It is only on discovering that Eva is not a flesh-and-blood daughter but Mrs Gramplain's painting of the daughter she wished that she had had, and which she has faithfully updated with the passing years, that Lucien declares a willingness to forfeit his life to rescue her, since "death in this case is more beautiful," a sentiment endorsed by the Major. As the two men disappear into the blaze, Mrs Gramplain recollects that she "sent Eva to Exeter to be cleaned". The two men have lost their lives for nothing.

==Publications==

* 1899 "Dogged" (short story, ascribed to H. H. M., in ''St. Paul's'', 18 February)
* 1900 ''The Rise of the Russian Empire'' (history)
* 1902 "The Woman Who Never Should" (political sketch in ''[[The Westminster Gazette]]'', 22 July)
* 1902 ''The Not So Stories'' (political sketches in ''The Westminster Annual'')
* 1902 ''[[The Westminster Alice]]'' (political sketches with illustrations by [[Francis Carruthers Gould|F. Carruthers Gould]])
* 1904 ''Reginald'' (short stories)
* 1910 ''Reginald in Russia'' (short stories)
* 1911 ''[[The Chronicles of Clovis]]'' (short stories)
* 1912 ''[[The Unbearable Bassington]]'' (novel)
* 1913 ''[[When William Came]]'' (novel)
* 1914 ''[[Beasts and Super-Beasts]]'' (short stories, including "The Lumber-Room")
* 1914 "The East Wing" (short story, in ''Lucas's Annual'' / ''Methuen's Annual'')

;Posthumous publications:
* 1919 ''The Toys of Peace'' (short stories)
* 1924 ''The Square Egg and Other Sketches'' (short stories)
* 1924 ''[[The Watched Pot]]'' (play, co-authored with Charles Maude)
* 1926–27 ''The Works of Saki'' (8 volumes)
* 1930 ''The Complete Short Stories of Saki''
* 1933 ''The Complete Novels and Plays of Saki'' (including ''The Westminster Alice'')
* 1934 ''The Miracle-Merchant'' (in ''One-Act Plays for Stage and Study 8'')
* 1950 ''The Best of Saki'' (edited by [[Graham Greene]])
* 1963 ''The Bodley Head Saki''
* 1976 ''The Complete Saki''
* 1976 ''Short Stories'' (edited by [[John Letts (publisher)|John Letts]])
* 1976 ''The Best of Saki'' (selected and with an introduction by Tom Sharpe)<ref>ISBN 0 330 24732 8</ref>
* 1981 Six previously uncollected stories in ''Saki'', a biography by [[A. J. Langguth]]
* 1988 ''Saki: The Complete Saki''<ref>[https://www.penguinclassics.com Penguin editions] {{ISBN|978-0-14-118078-6}}</ref>
* 1995 ''The Secret Sin of Septimus Brope, and Other Stories''
* 2006 ''A Shot in the Dark'' (includes 10 previously uncollected stories)
* 2010 ''Improper Stories'', [[Daunt Books]] (18 short stories)
* 2016 ''Alice Wants to Know'' (limited edition reprint<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://callumjames.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/saki-does-alice.html |title=Saki Does Alice |website=callumjames.blogspot.co.uk |access-date=2017-05-15}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of the final instalment of ''[[The Westminster Alice]]'', originally published in ''Picture Politics'', but not included in the collected edition).
* 2023 ''A Little Red Book of Wit & Shudders'' [[Borderlands Press]]

==Radio==
The 5th broadcast of [[Orson Welles]]' series for [[CBS Radio]], ''[[The Mercury Theatre on the Air]]'', from 8 August 1938, dramatises three short stories rather than one long story. The second of the three stories is "The Open Window."

"The Open Window" is also adapted (by John Allen) in the 1962 [[Golden Records]] release ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]: Ghost Stories for Young People'', a record album of six ghost stories for children.

{{anchor|Beasts on the Lawn}}
Tobermory, The Interlopers, Sredni Vashtar, Gabriel Ernest and Mrs Packletide's Tiger were restaged in a modern day wealthy gated-community by BBC as ''Beasts on the Lawn''.<ref name="penguin/9781445896618">{{cite web |title=Beasts On The Lawn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/422168/beasts-on-the-lawn-by-saki/9781445896618 |website=penguin.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2025 |language=en |date=1 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc/b0120vy7">{{cite web |title=Beasts on the Lawn by Saki (Omnibus) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0120vy7 |website=BBC Radio 4 Extra |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

==Television==
A dramatisation of "The Schartz-Metterklume Method" was an episode in the series ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'' in 1960.

''Saki: The Improper Stories of H. H. Munro'' (a reference to the ending of "The Story Teller") was an eight-part series produced by [[Philip Mackie]] for [[Granada Television]] in 1962. Actors involved included [[Mark Burns (actor)|Mark Burns]] as Clovis, [[Fenella Fielding]] as Mary Drakmanton, [[Heather Chasen]] as Agnes Huddle, [[Richard Vernon]] as the Major, [[Rosamund Greenwood]] as Veronique and [[Martita Hunt]] as Lady Bastable.

[[Jonathan Pryce]] read five short stories, “The Music on the Hill”, “[[Sredni Vashtar]]”, “The Penance”, “[[Gabriel-Ernest]]” and “The Hounds of Fate” as part of the British children's supernatural television series ''[[Spine Chillers]]'' broadcast by [[BBC1]] in 1980.

A dramatisation of "The Open Window" was an episode in the series ''[[Tales of the Unexpected (TV series)|Tales of the Unexpected]]'' in 1984. The same story was also adapted as "Ek Khula Hua Darwaza" by [[Shyam Benegal]] as an episode in the 1986 Indian anthology television series ''[[Katha Sagar]]'', which also included the episode "Saboon Ki Tikiya" an adaptation of Munro's "Dusk" by Benegal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katha Sagar EP 19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7C4w5QfXQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/u7C4w5QfXQU| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Cinevistaas]] |date=Apr 26, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''Who Killed Mrs De Ropp?'', a [[BBC]] TV production in 2007, starring [[Ben Daniels]] and [[Gemma Jones]], showcased three of Saki's short stories, "The Storyteller", "The Lumber Room" and "[[Sredni Vashtar]]".<ref name="BFI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c45711a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224436/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c45711a |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2016 |title=Who Killed Mrs De Ropp? (2007) |last= |website=bfi.org.uk |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Short films ==
A 2004 short film, ''The Open Doors'', adapted ”The Open Window”; directed by James Rogan it starred [[Michael Sheen]] as Framton Nuttell, [[Charlotte Ritchie]] as Vera and [[Cherie Lunghi]] as Mrs. Sappleton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fonseka |first=E. A. Gamini |date=2018-12-29 |title=Punishment as Misdirected Discipline: A Psychological Study of “The Lumber Room” by H. H. Munro alias Saki |url=https://doi.org/10.4038/jsshr.v3i4.21 |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=194–208 |doi=10.4038/jsshr.v3i4.21 |issn=2279-3933|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Council UK Films Database: The Open Doors |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/the-open-doors |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org}}</ref>

==Theatre==
* ''The Playboy of the Week-End World'' (1977) by [[Emlyn Williams]], adapts 16 of Saki's stories.
* ''Wolves at the Window'' (2008) by Toby Davies, adapts 12 of Saki's stories.<ref name="The Stage 2 June 2008">{{Cite news |last=Tripney |first=Natasha |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/wolves-at-the-window-review-at-arcola-london |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224447/https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2008/wolves-at-the-window-review-at-arcola-london/ |url-status=live |archive-date=18 November 2016 |title=Wolves at the Window review at Arcola London |date=2 June 2008 |work=[[The Stage]] |access-date=18 November 2016 |location=London}}</ref>
* ''Saki Shorts'' (2003) is a musical based on nine stories by Saki, with music, book and lyrics by John Gould and Dominic McChesney.
* ''Miracles at Short Notice'' (2011) by James Lark is another musical based on short stories by Saki.<ref name="British Comedy Guide listing">{{Cite web |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/fringe/2011/miracles_at_short_notice/ |title=Miracles at Short Notice |last= |website=www.comedy.co.uk |publisher=[[British Comedy Guide]] |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''Life According to Saki'' (2016) by [[Katherine Rundell]] is a play inspired by the life and work of Saki.<ref name="New York Times 26 August 2016">{{Cite news |last=McElroy |first=Steven |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/theater/life-according-to-saki-carol-tambor-best-of-edinburgh-award.html |title='Life According to Saki,' a Play Set in World War I, Wins Edinburgh Award |date=26 August 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=18 November 2016 |location=New York City |author-link=Steven McElroy}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literary criticism and biography==
* [http://www.literarylondon.org/london-journal/march2004/birden.html "Mappining London: Urban Participation in Sakian Satire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620110436/http://www.literarylondon.org/london-journal/march2004/birden.html |date=20 June 2008 }}—by Lorene Mae Birden. [[Literary criticism]] focusing on the role of London.
* [http://www.literarylondon.org/london-journal/september2004/birden.html "People Dined Against Each Other: Social Practices in Sakian Satire"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091601/http://www.literarylondon.org/london-journal/september2004/birden.html |date=26 April 2012 }}—by Lorene Mae Birden. Literary criticism focusing on social mannerisms.
* ''The Satire of Saki'' by George James Spears—A 127-page book encompassing a dissection of satire in Saki's works, with a bibliography and overview of all of Saki's works in relation to satire.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130625022724/http://haytom.us/bibliography-of-saki-h-h-munro/ Biography by Ethel M. Munro]—A brief biography written by Saki's sister.
* ''Saki: A Life of Hector Hugh Munro'' by [[A. J. Langguth]]—Includes six uncollected stories and various photographs.
* Pamela M. Pringle [https://www.nesmslibrary.org/pmp/saki/ 'Wolves by Jamrach': the Elusive Undercurrents in Saki's Short Stories] (unpublished M.Litt. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1993).
* "An Asp Lurking in An Apple-Charlotte: Animal Violence in Saki's ''The Chronicles of Clovis''" by Joseph S. Salemi – Literary criticism about the recurrence of animals in ''The Chronicles of Clovis'', suggesting that the animals represent the characters' primal instincts and true vicious mannerisms. Available in Student Research Center of EbscoHost Database.
* "The Unrest Cure According to Lawrence, Saki, and Lewis" by Christopher Lane, ''Modernism/modernity'' 11.4 (2004): 769–96
* "Saki/Munro: Savage Propensities; or, The Jungle-Boy in the Drawing-room" by Christopher Lane, in ''The Ruling Passion'' ([[Duke University]] Press, 1995), pp. 212–28
* {{Cite journal |last=Stern |first=Simon |title=Saki's Attitude |journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=275–98 |year=1994 |doi=10.1215/10642684-1-3-275 |oclc=42671765 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Van Leer |first=David |title=The queening of America: gay culture in straight society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkbUYCg0jgMC |pages=31–37 |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-90336-3 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sandie Byrne, Dr |title=The unbearable Saki: the work of H. H. Munro |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-922605-4 |oclc=163312071 |ref=none}}
* Christopher Hitchens (June 2008), [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200806/hitchens-saki Where the Wild Things Are]—Review of ''The Unbearable Saki'' in ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]''
* {{Cite book |last=Brian Gibson |title=Reading Saki: The Fiction of H.H. Munro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExhInwEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-786-47949-8 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/saki}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=152}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Librivox author |id=889}}
* [https://www.annotated-saki.info The Annotated Saki]
* [https://rediscoveredsaki.net Rediscovered Saki]
* [http://www.online-literature.com/hh-munro/ Saki at the Literature Network]
* [https://corvidae.co.uk/saki Audiobooks—The Complete Short Stories of Saki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231233509/http://www.corvidae.co.uk/saki/ |date=31 December 2016 }}
* {{ISFDB name}}
* [http://diffusion.org.uk/?tag=hector-hugh-munro Saki on Diffusion.org.uk]—36 Short stories from 'Beasts and Super Beasts'
* [https://papyrocentricperformativity.wordpress.com/six-uncollected-stories-by-saki/ Six by Saki]—Six uncollected stories included as an appendix to [[A.J. Langguth]]'s biography of Saki
* [http://www.19nocturneboulevard.net/all_show_pages/19Nocturne/previous_episodes/Saki/Saki%20Stories.htm Saki stories] on the 19 Nocturne Boulevard podcast, including Quail Seed, Tobermony, and The Phantom Luncheon
* [https://www.nesmslibrary.org/pmp/saki/EastWing.html "The East Wing"]—Saki's 'rediscovered' short story
* [https://rediscoveredsaki.net/saki-bibliography/ Bibliography including lost stories rediscovered by Lora A. Sifurova]
* [https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0/ seven stories and sketches rediscovered by Lora A. Sifurova listed here]

{{Hector Hugh Munro}}
{{Alice|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British writers]]
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[[Category:Alternate history writers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British colonial police officers]]
[[Category:British expatriates in British Burma]]
[[Category:British gay writers]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:British male short story writers]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme]]
[[Category:British satirists]]
[[Category:British short story writers]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]]
[[Category:English horror writers]]
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[[Category:Royal Fusiliers soldiers]]
[[Category:Victorian writers]]

Chandrama Santha

2026-04-27T01:11:06Z

AsliKhan99: Created A Stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1938–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1990
| predecessor = [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| successor = [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| constituency = [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|5|5|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|6|21|1938|5|5|df=y}}
| spouse = {{Ill|Malu Santha|or|ମୁଳୁ ଶାନ୍ତା}}
}}
'''Chandrama Santha''' (5 May 1938 – 25 June 2021) was an Indian politician who served in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] from 1980 until 1990. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], she represented the [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi constituency]].

== Biography ==
Chandrama Santha was born on 5 May 1938. Her husband, {{Ill|Malu Santha|or|ମୁଳୁ ଶାନ୍ତା}}, served in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Santha worked as a farmer and was a part-time social worker. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], she was active in the [[Bhoodan movement]] and held several local government and party positions, serving on [[Pottangi]]'s [[panchayat samiti]]; as president of the [[Koraput]] branch of the [[All India Mahila Congress]]; and as an executive member of the women's committee of the [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Late Chandrama Santha |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=260 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/screencapture-odishaassembly-nic-in-image-aspx-2023-04-01-19_10_35/mode/1up |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Malu Santha |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/Error.htm?aspxerrorpath=/image.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208160920/https://odishaassembly.nic.in/Error.htm?aspxerrorpath=/image.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-08 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

In the [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]], Santha ran for the Orissa Legislative Assembly, standing in the [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi constituency]], a seat reserved for members of a [[Scheduled Tribe]]. She defeated incumbent [[Jayaram Pangi]] of the [[Janata Party]], receiving 62% of the vote to Pangi's 26%. She was re-elected in the [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]], narrowly defeating Pangi in a rematch, with 44% to Pangi's 43%. While in the legislative assembly, Santha prioritized the development of the local Scheduled Tribes; among her primary goals was the "upliftment of [[Adivasi]] and [[Harijan]] women", the prohibition of [[Dowry system in India|dowries]], and the improvement of [[Literacy in India|literacy]]. Santha was defeated by Pangi in the [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]], receiving just 20% of the vote compared to Pangi's 71%.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Pottangi (ST) Assembly Constituency |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp84.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324052502/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp84.htm |archive-date=2014-03-24 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

After her defeat, Santha remained active in local politics, serving as president of the [[Koraput district]]'s [[zila panchayat]] from 2002 until 2007. She died from illness on 25 June 2021, aged 83. Among those who expressed condolences were [[Chief Minister of Odisha|chief minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] and the local MLAs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-06-27 |title=Odisha CM,Mourns Death of Firs Tribal Lady Pottangi's Former MLA Chandrama Saunta |url=https://odishabarta.com/odisha-cmmourns-death-of-firs-tribal-lady-pottangis-former-mla-chandrama-saunta/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Odisha Barta |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santha, Chandrama}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Koraput district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha district councillors]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]

List of battles involving the Maratha Empire

2026-04-23T22:27:33Z

AsliKhan99: put up a details w/ refs

{{Inline citations|date=May 2024}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
This is a list of the battles involving the [[Maratha Empire]], from the Maratha Rebellion under [[Shivaji]] to its dissolution in 1818.
{{dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! Battle
! Date
! Allies
! Enemies
! Contemporary Location
! Result
|-
! colspan="6" | Shivaji's rebellion against the Bijapur Sultanate
|-
| [[Battle of Pratapgarh]]
| 10 November 1659
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| [[Pratapgad|Pratapgarh]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Pavan Khind]]
| 22 September 1660
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| [[Vishalgad]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| Inconclusive
|-
| [[Siege of Panhala|Battle of Panhala]]
| mid 1660–22 September 1660
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| [[Panhala]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Ponda (1666)]]
| January 1666
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]]
| [[Ponda Fort|Ponda]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | [[The Maratha rebellion|Maratha insurgency against the Mughal Empire]]
|-
| [[Battle of Chakan]]
| 23 June – 14 August 1660
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Chakan, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Surat]]
| 5 January 1664
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Surat, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Purandar]]
| 31 March – 12 June 1665
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| Purandar, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Sinhagad]]
| 4 February 1670
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Sinhagad Fort, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| Battle of Salher
| February 1672
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Marathas]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Salher, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]]
| 7 February – 2 April 1679
| {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Bhupalgarh, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Kalyan]]
| 1682–1684
| {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Kalyan, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Ramsej|Battle of Ramsej]]
| April 1682–1688
| {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Ramsej, [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Wai]]
| December 1687
| {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| Wai, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Siege of Panhala (1701)]]
| January – 28 May 1701
| {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| [[Panhala]],
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Sayyid brothers#Decline|Mughal Civil War (Sayyid brothers)]]
|-
| [[Battle of Balapur]]
| 19 June – 31 July 1720
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire (Sayyid faction)]] {{*}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Sayyid Brothers]] {{*}} {{flag|Maratha Kingdom}} {{nowrap|{{*}} [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]]}} {{*}} [[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|25px]] [[Bundi State]]
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}}{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Emperor [[Shah Alam I]]}} {{nowrap|{{*}}{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Viceroy of the Deccan|Viceroyalty of the Deccan]]}}
| Balapur, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | Battle of Bundelkhand
|-
| [[Battle of Bundelkhand|Battle of Jaitpur]]
| 1728-29
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| [[Jaitpur]], [[Panna State]]
| Victory
|-
! colspan="6" | Maratha–Nizam Wars
|-
| [[Battle of Bhopal]]
| 24 December 1737
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]]
| [[Bhopal]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Palkhed]]
| 28 February 1728
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| Palkhed, [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| Victory
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Maratha-Rajput Wars]]
|-
| [[Battle of Pilsud]]
| 1715
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Pilsud, [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Mandsaur]]
| 1732
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Mandsaur, [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Kakkor]]
| 1759
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Kakkor, [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
|-
| [[First Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| April – September 1742
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Katwa (1742)]]
| 27 September 1742
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Katwa]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| March – May 1743
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]] {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}} under Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]]
| [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Third Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| March 1744
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Bengal]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| February 1745 – March 1747
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]]
| Inconclusive
|-
| [[Siege of Barabati (1745)]]
| March – 6/12 May 1745
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Barabati Fort]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisa]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Naubatpur (1745)]]
| 14–21 December 1745
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Naubatpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)]]
| November/December 1745
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Rani Sarai]]
| 16 April 1748
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]] '''Afghan rebels'''
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| Rani Sarai, near [[Barh]], [[Bihar]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Cuttack (1749)]]
| May – June 1749
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
* [[File:Nagpur State flag.png|17px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| Inconclusive
|-
|-
! colspan="6" | Maratha–Jat Wars
|-
| [[Battle of Kumher]]
| 1754
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}}{{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}}} {{*}} [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px|]] [[Kingdom of Jaipur]]
| [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|25px]] [[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]]
| Kumher, Bharatpur
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Afghan–Maratha War]]
|-
| [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi]]
| 1757
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}} {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]] {{*}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]]
| Delhi, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Narela]]
| 1757
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Narela, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Taraori (1759)]]
| 1759
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Taraori, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Barari Ghat]]
| 1760
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Barari Ghat, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Sikandarabad]]
| 1760
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Sikandarabad, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Kunjpura]]
| 1760
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Kunjpura, [[Durrani Empire]]
| victory
|-
| [[Battle of Samalkha (1760)]]
| 1760
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Samalkha, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Meerut (1760)]]
| 1760
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[Afghan Empire|Afghanistan]]
| Meerut, [[Durrani Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Third Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]]
| 1761
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}} {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}}}
| [[Afghan Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]]}} {{*}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Amb.svg|border=}} [[Amb (princely state)|Amb State]] {{*}} {{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Khanate of Kalat]] {{*}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Awadh.svg|border=}} [[Kingdom of Awadh]]
| Panipat, [[Mughal Empire]]
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | Maratha-Nizam War
|-
| Battle of Rakshasbhuvan
| 1763
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| Rakshasbhuvan, [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Kharda]]
| March 1795
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| [[State of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Deccan]]
| Kharda, [[State of Hyderabad]]
| Victory
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Maratha-Mysore Wars|First Maratha-Mysore War]]
|-
! colspan="6" | Maratha-Rohillakhand War
|-
| [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|Battle of Delhi]]
| 1771
| {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] {{nowrap|{{*}} {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}}}
| [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]]
| Delhi, [[Mughal Empire]]
|Victory
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Maratha-Mysore Wars|Second Maratha-Mysore War]]
|-
| [[Battle of Saunshi]]
| 1777
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| Saunshi, [[Mysore Kingdom]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Nargund (1778)|First Battle of Nargund]]
| 1778
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| Nargund, [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Nargund (1785)|Second Battle of Nargund]]
| 1785
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| Nargund, [[Mysore Kingdom]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Siege of Adoni|Battle of Adoni]]
| 1786
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| Adoni, [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| Defeat
|-
| [[Battle of Savanur]]
| 1786
| {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| Savanur, Maratha Confederacy
| Defeat
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Maratha-Rajput Wars]]
|-
| Battle of Patan
| 1790
| [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|25px]] [[Gwalior State]]
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]] [[File:Flag of Jodhpur alternate.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| Patan, Amber
| Victory
|-
| Battle of Merta
| 1790
| [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|25px]] [[Gwalior State]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indore State]]
| [[File:Flag of Jodhpur alternate.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| Merta, Marwar
| Victory
|-
| [[Battle of Fatehpur (1799)|Battle of Fatehpur]]
| 1799
| [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|25px]] [[Gwalior State]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indore State]]
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Amber]]
| Merta, Amber
| Defeat
|-
| Battle of Malpura
| 1800
| [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|25px]] [[Gwalior State]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indore State]]
| [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Amber]] [[File:Flag of Jodhpur alternate.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| Malpur, Amber
| Victory
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |last=Lobato |first=Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exF0vgAACAAJ |title=Relações luso-maratas, 1658-1737 |date=1965 |publisher=Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |language=pt}}

==Further reading==
* "The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India : The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy" by Randolf G. S. Cooper, Publisher: Cambridge University, {{ISBN|978-0521036467}}
*Samant, S. D. - ''Vedh Mahamanavacha''
*Parulekar, Shyamrao - ''Yashogatha Vijaya durg'', Vijay Durg (1982)
*Kasar, D.B. - ''Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great'', Mumbai: Manudevi Prakashan (2005)

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battles involving the Maratha Confederacy}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire| ]]
[[Category:Lists of battles by former country involved|Maratha]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

Santosh Deshmukh

2026-04-23T16:28:46Z

AsliKhan99: started first data basic info

{{Short description|Indian sarpanch (1980–2024)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santosh Deshmukh
| birth_date = 1980
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|9|1980}}
| death_place = Near Daithana Phata, Beed district, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = [[Sarpanch]]
| known_for = Rural development initiatives, opposition to extortion
| spouse = Ashwini Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Beed sarpanch Santosh Deshmukh's murder to Dhananjay Munde's resignation: A timeline of events |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/from-beed-sarpanch-santosh-deshmukhs-murder-to-dhananjay-mundes-resignation-a-timeline-of-events-3430974 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 2
}}

'''Santosh Deshmukh''' (1980 – 9 December 2024) was the [[Sarpanch]] of Massajog village in [[Beed district]], Maharashtra, India. He was known for contributions to rural development and actively opposing local extortion activities. His murder in December 2024 attracted widespread media coverage and led to extensive investigations.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=Brutal killing of Santosh Deshmukh sparks political storm after crime visuals go viral |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-political-fallout-viral-photos-and-videos-1.10394100 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra sarpanch's murder: Accused shot videos, photos, says chargesheet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-beed-sarpanch-head-santosh-deshmukh-murder-2688504-2025-03-04 |work=India Today |date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mutha |first=Snehal |date=2025-02-27 |title=Beed sarpanch murder case: Police file 1,800 page chargesheet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/police-file-1800-page-chargesheet-in-beed-sarpanch-murder-case/article69271951.ece |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
As [[sarpanch]], Santosh helped Massajog village win 19 awards. The village was recognized for its excellent water supply and sanitation systems in the region.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=How a popular sarpanch's murder sparked political firestorm in Maharashtra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/how-a-popular-sarpanchs-murder-sparked-political-firestorm-in-maharashtra/articleshow/116843806.cms |work=Times of India |date=1 January 2025}}</ref>

== Murder ==
{{Main|Santosh Deshmukh Murder Case}}
On 9 December 2024, Deshmukh was abducted by six men from the Dongaon toll plaza and forcibly taken in an SUV to a remote location. Deshmukh was subjected to torture from approximately 3:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. The assailants used various weapons, including a 41-inch gas pipe with a handle, iron rods tied with clutch wires, wooden sticks, and sharp-edged weapons described as a "fighter" and a "dharkatti".<ref name="IndiaToday1">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra sarpanch's murder: Accused shot videos, photos, says chargesheet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-beed-sarpanch-head-santosh-deshmukh-murder-2688504-2025-03-04 |work=India Today |date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{cite news |title=Sarpanch murder: Assailants recorded 15 videos, took 8 photos of brutality |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/sarpanch-murder-assailants-recorded-15-videos-took-8-photos-of-brutality/20250304.htm |work=Rediff News |date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

The assailants recorded fifteen videos and took eight photographs during the incident. These recordings depict Deshmukh being physically assaulted, humiliated, and forced to chant slogans praising one of the attackers. One of the videos also captures an assailant urinating on the victim.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=Brutal killing of Santosh Deshmukh sparks political storm after crime visuals go viral |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-political-fallout-viral-photos-and-videos-1.10394100 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Accused shot videos, clicked pics while torturing sarpanch Deshmukh: Police |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/accused-shot-videos-clicked-pics-while-torturing-sarpanch-deshmukh-police-9759671 |work=The Tribune |date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

Deshmukh was later discovered unconscious by police at Daithna Shivar near Nandur Ghat Road. He was transported to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead upon arrival. His body showed signs of extensive physical trauma consistent with severe assault.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite news |title=Beed Sarpanch Murder: Brutal Killing Captured in 15 Videos |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/beed-sarpanch-murder-brutal-killing-captured-in-15-videos-reveals-chargesheet-1864818 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Motive ===
The motive of the attackers was "''revenge for the violent ambush'' ''that was made on their 2 gang members''" by 12-15 villagers headed by Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite web|title='भावा' म्हणून हाक, प्रतिक घुले रिक्षावर, सुधीर सांगळे कारखान्यावर, तर सुदर्शन घुले चालवायचा हॉट|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/crime/santosh-deshmukh-case-prateek-ghule-and-sudhir-sangle-considered-sudarshan-ghule-as-their-brother-1348092|website=ABP Majha|date=2025-03-08|access-date=2025-11-27|language=mr|first=गोविंद शेळके, एबीपी माझा|last=बीड}}</ref> The murderers claimed that Deshmukh caused them disrepute by ambushing one of their gang member (Pratik Ghule) and beating him with sticks ''on his birthday''; and subsequently sharing videos of the incident making it go viral causing the gang's image to be tarnished.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Beaten With Rods, Urinated On: Torture Killing That Forced Minister's Exit|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dhananjay-munde-santosh-deshmukh-walmik-karad-behind-maharashtra-ministers-ouster-a-sarpanchs-torture-and-murder-7844287|work=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250521014833/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dhananjay-munde-santosh-deshmukh-walmik-karad-behind-maharashtra-ministers-ouster-a-sarpanchs-torture-and-murder-7844287|archive-date=2025-05-21|language=en}}</ref>

Initial police investigations indicated the murder might be linked to an extortion scheme for and amount of 2 Crores targeting renewable energy firm Avaada Energy, active in the area. Deshmukh had reportedly become an obstacle to the extortionists.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |title=Massajog sarpanch murder fallout of bigger plot to target anyone against extortion bid: SIT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/munde-says-hang-guilty-in-massajog-sarpanch-murder-case/articleshow/117467290.cms |work=Times of India |date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Investigation ===
The [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department (CID)]] filed a chargesheet revealing the attackers recorded several videos during the murder, suggesting a deliberate act of intimidation. Investigations uncovered a wider conspiracy involving multiple suspects, including Valmik Karad, who reportedly had political connections.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news |title=Sarpanch murder: Assailants recorded 15 videos, took 8 photos of brutality |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/sarpanch-murder-assailants-recorded-15-videos-took-8-photos-of-brutality/20250304.htm |work=Rediff News |date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was formed by the Maharashtra government to probe deeper. By March 2025, authorities had arrested seven suspects, while one remained at large.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Investigation Team Formed To Probe Maharashtra Sarpanch Murder Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/special-investigation-team-formed-to-probe-maharashtra-beed-sarpanch-santosh-deshmukh-murder-case-7467586 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
Following the arrest of who was identified as a close associate, Maharashtra's Minister of Food and Civil Supplies faced intense political pressure. Munde resigned from his ministerial position on 4 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra minister Resigns After Close Aide Arrested Over Murder Of Sarpanch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-minister-dhananjay-munde-resigns-after-close-aide-arrested-over-murder-of-sarpanch-7843219 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhananjay Munde resigns as Maharashtra minister amid row over Beed sarpanch murder |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/dhananjay-munde-resigns-as-maharashtra-minister-amid-murder-probe-against-aide-12955500.html |work=[[Moneycontrol|Money Control]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Santosh}}
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People murdered by Indian organised crime]]
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]

Venkatesh Desai

2026-04-22T02:02:53Z

AsliKhan99: started basic entry initial version

{{short description|Indian politician and businessperson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Venkatesh Desai
| birth_name = Venkatesh Atmaram Desai
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Narahari Haldankar]]
| successor = Narahari Haldankar
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2002
| constituency = [[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
| birth_date = 1948/49 (age 73–74)
| birth_place = [[Sattari]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| alma_mater = Mulanchi Shala, [[Khanapur]] ([[7th grade]])
| education = Diploma in [[mechanical engineering]]
| spouse = Suvarna Desai
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessperson}}
| profession = Farmer
}}

'''Venkatesh Atmaram Desai''' (born 5 July 1948/49) is an Indian politician and businessperson from [[Goa]]. He is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Valpoi Assembly constituency]] from 1999 to 2002. He also served as a council minister in the [[Sardinha ministry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=107 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Assembly Election Results in 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/goa/goa/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Venkatesh Atmaram Dessai(Independent(IND)):Constituency- VALPOI(NORTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/goa2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=133 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Venkatesh Atmaram Desai was born in Advoi-[[Sattari]], Goa. He is married to Suvarna Desai. He completed his 7th grade from Marathi Mulanchi Shala, [[Khanapur]] in 1960. Desai later completed his diploma in [[mechanical engineering]]. He is also a businessperson and farmer by profession. He currently resides at Sattari, Goa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Political career==
Prior contesting the Goa Legislative elections in 1999, Desai served as a [[sarpanch]] of the Pissurlem ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]'' from 1981 to 1986. He was also the sarpanch of Bhironda ''panchayat'' in 1987 and later elected as a deputy sarpanch from the same ''panchayat''.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversy==
On 11 January 2011, prior to the [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]], fellow [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Vishwajit Rane]] of [[Valpoi Assembly constituency]] lodged a complaint against Desai, for distribution of fake job letters amongst the youth in the constituency. However Desai denied any involvement of the same when contacted by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress legislator files complaint against Venkatesh Desai |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-congress-legislator-files-complaint-against-venkatesh-desai-1636266 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Councillor of Valpoi Municipal Council<ref name=":0" />
*Treasurer of ''Mahadei Bachao Andolan''
*Chairman of [[Kadamba Transport Corporation|Kadamba Transport Corporation Ltd]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Venkatesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]

Maria Rebello

2026-04-20T11:52:59Z

AsliKhan99:

{{short description|Indian footballer and football referee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Maria Rebello
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Maria Piedade Rebello<ref>{{cite web|title=AFC Womens Asian Cup: Uzbekistan 18-0 Kuwait|url=http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-womens-asian-cup-2014-schedule-results.html?fixtureid=6991&stageid=275&tMode=C&view=ajax&show=matchsummary|work=The Asian Football Federation|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Curtorim]], [[Goa]], India
| height =
| position =
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Seraulim
| nationalyears1 = 1994–2001
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| module = {{Infobox football official
| embed = yes
| years1 =
| league1 = [[Goa Football Association|Goa FA]]
| role1 = [[Referee (association football)|Referee]]
| years2 = 2013–
| league2 = [[I-League]]
| role2 = Referee
| internationalyears1 = 2010–
| confederation1 = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| internationalrole1 = Referee
| internationalyears2 = 2011–
| confederation2 = [[FIFA]]
| internationalrole2 = Referee
}}
}}
'''Maria Piedade Rebello''' is an Indian former footballer and professional [[association football|football]] [[referee (association football)|referee]] who officiates primarily in the [[I-League]], having been appointed to the list of I-League referees before the [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] season, and has been a [[FIFA International Referees List|FIFA listed]] referee since 2011. Rebello is the only FIFA-listed women's referee from India. She is also the former captain of the [[India women's national football team|India women's football team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maria Rebello: She Played Football, Lest We Forget Indian Women’s Football History Special Series |url=https://www.newsclick.in/maria-rebello-she-played-football-lest-we-forget-indian-womens-football-history-special-series |website=NewsClick |last=Raghunandan |first=Vaibhav |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Early life and footballing career==
Born in [[Curtorim]], [[Goa]], Rebello started to play football from a young age with the local boys.<ref name="DNA India Jan">{{cite web|title=Maria Rebello takes the road less travelled|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-maria-rebello-takes-the-road-less-travelled-1948995|work=DNA India|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> She then played competitive football for her school side on less than satisfactory fields with makeshift goals which she said made her "rough and tough" and thus made it easier for her to become a footballer.<ref name="DNA India Jan"/>

She then went on to captain the [[India women's national football team|India women's]] team in the [[2001 AFC Women's Championship]] in which India finished second-to-last in their group.<ref name="DNA India Jan"/> She then retired early from the game.<ref name="DNA India Jan"/>

==Refereeing career==
After retiring from playing football, Rebello joined the Bombay Referees Association where she trained to become a referee.<ref name="DNA India Jan"/> She then joined the [[Goa Football Association]] and refereed matches for men in the local leagues.<ref name="DNA India Jan"/> Eventually she managed to referee matches in the [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]], the top football league in [[Goa]].<ref name="Navhind Times 2011">{{cite web|last=Dias|first=Roque|title=Referee Maria Rebello - Standing tall in a man's world|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/south-goa-monitor/referee-maria-rebello-standing-tall-man-s-world|work=Navhind Times|accessdate=11 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111201939/http://www.navhindtimes.in/south-goa-monitor/referee-maria-rebello-standing-tall-man-s-world|archivedate=11 January 2014}}</ref> She also refereed matches in the [[South Asian Football Federation Cup|SAFF Championship]].<ref name="Navhind Times 2011"/> She has also managed to referee matches at the professional and semi-professional club level in men's football in India by officiating matches in the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref name="TOI July">{{cite web|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|title=Referee Maria gets I-League green signal|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-22/i-league/40727273_1_i-league-premier-football-competition-gautam-kar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111195252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-22/i-league/40727273_1_i-league-premier-football-competition-gautam-kar|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref>

===I-League===
Rebello was then confirmed to be one of the referees on the list of referees for the [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] season on 22 July 2013.<ref name="TOI July"/> She officiated her first I-League match on 8 March 2014 between [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. She gave four yellow cards out that match as the match ended 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=PUNE VS. SHILLONG LAJONG 2 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/08/india/i-league/pune-fc/lajong-sc/1585413/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebello, Maria}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian football referees]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]
[[Category:Women's association football players not categorized by position]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Women referees and umpires]]

Vairichettipalayam

2026-04-18T14:32:26Z

AsliKhan99:

{{short description|Panchayat Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{one source|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vairichettipalayam
| native_name = வைரிசெட்டிபாளையம்
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Panchayat town]]
| image_skyline = கொல்லிமலை - தோட்ட பகுதி - Kolli hills farmlands.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pasarikombai
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.27|N|78.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thuraiyur]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Division
| subdivision_name5 = [[Musiri division|Musiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Town panchayat Council
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 194
| population_total = 8113
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 621012
| area_code = 04327(XXXXXX)
| registration_plate =
| website = [http://123.63.242.116/Vairichettipalayam/ Vairichettipalayam town Panchayat]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vairichettipalayam''' is a [[Nagar panchayat|panchayat town]] and [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Reserved forest area]] in [[Thuraiyur taluk]], [[Musiri division]] in [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.it is famous for the [[Masi periasamy|Masi Periyannasamy Temple]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vairichettipalayam |website=Population finder (put "Vairichettipalayam" in the lower search box and select "village") |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Vairichettipalayam is well connected by road to cities like [[Thuraiyur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Namakkal]], [[Musiri]],[[Thathaiyangarpet]]. In addition to the main bus routes, mini buses play an important role in connecting town within the hinterland. The nearest railway station is located in [[Tiruchirappalli]]. The nearest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] which offers international and domestic flights.

== Government and politics ==
[[Thuraiyur (state assembly constituency)]] is a separate assembly constituency falling under [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== List of areas in Vairichettipalayam ==
* Pasarikombai
* Sukkalampatti kombai
* Sengampatti kombai
* Erikadu
* South street
* North street
* East street
* Kalvi nagar
* perumal kovil street
* Reddyar street
* kattukotai
* Naidu street
* Kalipatti street
*

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu]]

Baby Jean

2026-04-14T17:29:34Z

AsliKhan99: new

{{Short description|Indian rapper, singer, songwriter and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Baby Jean
| birth_name = Habish Rahman
| alias = Baby Jean
| birth_place = [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], India
| origin = Othalur, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Indian hip hop]], Malayalam rap
| occupation = Rapper, singer, songwriter, actor
| years_active = 2023–present
| label = [[Mass Appeal India]]
}}

'''Baby Jean''' (born '''Habish Rahman''') is an Indian rapper, singer, songwriter and actor from [[Kerala]]. He is associated with the Malayalam hip hop scene and came to wider attention with songs including "Kaayi".<ref name="SamayamKaayi">{{cite news |title="ദുനിയാവിൽ ആരാണ്ടാ" ഇൻസ്റ്റാഗ്രാമിലെ ഈ ഹിറ്റ് പാട്ടിനു പിന്നിൽ വേദനകളും ആഗ്രഹങ്ങളും; റാപ്പർ ബേബി ജീൻ പറയുന്നു! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/malayalam-rapper-baby-jean-aka-habish-rahman-interview-about-latest-rap-kaayi-song-viral-in-instgram/articleshow/107845753.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> He has been identified among the emerging names in Malayalam rap by publications such as ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Onmanorama]]'' and ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''.<ref name="IErap">{{cite news |last=G |first=Sandip |title=Hanumankind, Fejo, Dabzee: Meet the Big Dawgs of Malayalam rap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/hanumankind-fejo-dabzee-meet-the-big-dawgs-of-malayalam-rap-9649612/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="OMrap">{{cite news |title=Kerala rappers spit bars, break into mainstream with a bang |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/06/01/kerala-rappers-spit-bars-break-mainstream-bang-dabzee-hip-hop-street-academics-fejo-hanumankind-gully-boy-sushin-shyam.html |work=Onmanorama |date=2 June 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="RSFuture">{{cite web |title=Baby Jean – Future of Music 2024 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024/baby-jean-future-of-music-2024/ |website=Rolling Stone India |date=5 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> He made his acting debut in the 2025 Malayalam film ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]''.<ref name="CEAG">{{cite news |title=Rapper Baby Jean is David John in Khalid Rahman's Alappuzha Gymkhana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/12/rapper-baby-jean-is-david-john-in-khalid-rahmans-alappuzha-gymkhana |work=Cinema Express |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

==Early life==
Habish Rahman is from Othalur in [[Malappuram district]], Kerala.<ref name="RSFuture" /><ref name="SamayamKaayi" /> In an interview with ''Samayam Malayalam'', he spoke about the difficulty of pursuing rap music professionally and the challenges involved in gaining acceptance for it as a career path.<ref name="SamayamKaayi" />

==Career==

===Music===
Baby Jean emerged as part of a younger generation of Malayalam rappers whose work gained visibility in the early 2020s.<ref name="OMrap" /><ref name="IErap" /> ''Rolling Stone India'' included him in its ''Future of Music 2024'' list, noting songs such as ''Bandana'' and ''Thalakkanam'' among the tracks that helped establish his profile.<ref name="RSFuture" />

His song "Kaayi" drew significant attention on social media and contributed to his wider recognition in Kerala.<ref name="SamayamKaayi" /> Publications covering the growth of Malayalam rap have included him alongside artists such as [[Hanumankind]], [[Fejo]], [[Dabzee]] and [[Vedan]].<ref name="IErap" /><ref name="OMrap" />

In 2024, Baby Jean appeared on "Ballaatha Jaathi", a hip hop single led by actor and musician [[Neeraj Madhav]], alongside Dabzee.<ref name="MOBallatha">{{cite news |title='ബല്ലാത്ത ജാതി' പാട്ടും പാടി നീരജും ഡാബ്സിയും ബേബി ജീനും; വൈറലായി മ്യൂസിക് വീഡിയോ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/08/ballatha-jaathi-official-music-video-by-neeraj-madhav-dabzee-and-baby-jean-trending.html |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="HinduNeeraj">{{cite news |title=Malayalam actor Neeraj Madhav on pushing boundaries, his new hip-hop single 'Ballaatha Jaathi' and new projects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-neeraj-madhav-on-pushing-boundaries-his-new-hip-hop-single-ballaatha-jaathi-and-new-projects/article68380694.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

He later contributed to film songs including "Marpapa" from ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'', which gained online traction after release.<ref name="OMMarpapa">{{cite news |title=After 'Blood,' second promo song from 'Marco' hits the internet |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/12/03/marco-movie-new-song-marpapa-trends-on-youtube.html |work=Onmanorama |date=3 December 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="News18Marpapa">{{cite news |title=ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ ചിത്രമായ മാർക്കോയിലെ 'മാർപാപ്പ' ഫാസ്റ്റ് വേർഷൻ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/unni-mukundan-starring-movie-marco-releases-baby-jean-marpappa-fast-version-srn-703572.html |work=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> In 2025, he was credited among the performers of "Neon Ride" from ''[[Officer on Duty]]''.<ref name="TOINeonRide">{{cite news |title=Officer On Duty song 'Neon Ride' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/officer-on-duty-song-neon-ride/videoshow/118333386.cms |work=The Times of India |date=February 2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

===Acting===
Baby Jean made his acting debut in Khalid Rahman's 2025 Malayalam film ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'', playing the character David John.<ref name="CEAG" /> He had earlier been cast in Aashiq Abu's ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'' but was unable to continue because of scheduling conflicts.<ref name="CEAG" />

He was later announced as part of the cast of the Malayalam film ''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]''.<ref name="CEMohini">{{cite news |title=Saiju Kurup's Mohiniyattam gets first look |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/14/saiju-kurups-mohiniyattam-gets-first-look |work=Cinema Express |date=14 February 2026 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> He also joined the cast of ''[[Kattalan]]''.<ref name="TOIKattalan">{{cite news |title=Makers of 'Kattalan' welcome rapper Baby Jean onboard film unit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-kattalan-welcome-rapper-baby-jean-onboard-film-unit/articleshow/121756054.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 June 2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="DTNextKattalan">{{cite news |title=Makers of 'Kattalan' salute bravery of stuntmen, release footage of risky stunt sequence shot for film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/makers-of-kattalan-salute-bravery-of-stuntmen-release-footage-of-a-risky-stunt-sequence-shot-for-film-854214 |work=DT Next |date=2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

==Artistry and reception==
Baby Jean has been described as part of the wave of younger artists who helped bring Malayalam rap into wider public visibility in the 2020s.<ref name="IErap" /><ref name="OMrap" /> A feature in ''The Indian Express'' on a football-related rap track highlighted his energetic delivery and wordplay.<ref name="IEFootball">{{cite news |title=In Kerala, rap song captures hearts and an obsession: 'Let's go play football' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-rap-song-captures-hearts-lets-go-play-football-9568212/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 September 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone India'' described his work as combining hip hop with local cultural textures and language.<ref name="RSFuture" />

In 2025, comments made by Baby Jean regarding rapper Vedan were reported by ''DoolNews'', reflecting his growing visibility within Malayalam popular culture and hip hop discourse.<ref name="DoolVedan">{{cite news |title=ഇങ്ങനെയൊരു വെറൈറ്റി മനുഷ്യനെ കണ്ടിട്ടില്ല, അവന് ആ ലൈൻ വന്നത് തന്നെ എവിടുന്നാണെന്ന് മനസിലായില്ല; വേദനെക്കുറിച്ച് ബേബി ജീൻ |url=https://www.doolnews.com/rapper-baby-jean-talking-aboout-rapper-vedan-64-155.html |work=DoolNews |language=ml |date=2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Selected singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=3| 2024 || "Kaayi" || Single with RXZOR<ref>{{cite web |title=KAAYI - Song by BABY JEAN & RXZOR |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/song/kaayi/1749223009 |website=Apple Music |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| "Padachatta" || Single<ref>{{cite web |title=PADACHATTA - Song by BABY JEAN |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/padachatta/1735898938 |website=Apple Music |date=30 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| "Ballaatha Jaathi" || With [[Neeraj Madhav]], [[Dabzee]] and Rzee<ref name="MOBallatha" /><ref name="HinduNeeraj" />
|-
|rowspan=2| 2025 || "VADHAM" || Single with RXZOR<ref>{{cite web |title=VADHAM - Song by BABY JEAN & RXZOR |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/vadham/1804050252 |website=Apple Music |date=25 March 2025 |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| "MAAPLA" || Single with RXZOR and Sulthan<ref>{{cite web |title=MAAPLA - Song by BABY JEAN, RXZOR & SULTHAN |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/song/maapla/1799939612 |website=Apple Music |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2024 || "Marpapa" || ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'' || <ref name="OMMarpapa" /><ref name="News18Marpapa" />
|-
| 2025 || "Neon Ride" || ''[[Officer on Duty]]'' || With Zeba Tommy and Ramya RamC; music by [[Jakes Bejoy]]<ref name="TOINeonRide" />
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' || David John || Acting debut<ref name="CEAG" />
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]'' || Subhash || <ref name="CEMohini" />
|-
| TBA || ''[[Kattalan]]'' || {{n/a}} || Announced cast member<ref name="TOIKattalan" /><ref name="DTNextKattalan" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Malayalam hip hop]]
* [[Music of Kerala]]
* [[Indian hip hop]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|thebabyjean}}
* {{IMDb name|16104523|Habish Rahman}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2025 F4 Indian Championship

2026-04-13T18:20:43Z

AsliKhan99: stub

{{Short description|Motor racing championship}}
{{Motorsport season
| series = F4 Indian Championship
| year = 2025
| footer = Parent series: [[2025 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|subheader={{small|Drivers' Champion:}} Shane Chandaria}}

The '''2025 F4 Indian Championship''' was the third season of the [[F4 Indian Championship]]. It was a [[Motorsport#Motor racing|motor racing]] championship for [[Open-wheel car|open wheel]], [[Formula racing|formula racing cars]] regulated according to [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] [[Formula 4]] regulations. The season commenced on 15 August at [[Kari Motor Speedway]] and finished at [[Madras International Circuit]] on 14 December.

==Drivers==
All cars were ran by Racing Promotions Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wallace|first=Grayson|date=2025-07-15|title='Driver progression and equal opportunity': Has low-cost Indian F4 delivered on its promise?|url=https://feederseries.net/2025/07/15/driver-progression-and-equal-opportunity-has-low-cost-indian-f4-delivered-on-its-promise/|website=Feeder Series}}</ref>
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! Team
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
! Driver
! Class
! Rounds
|-
|rowspan=2 nowrap| [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
| 5
| {{flagicon|AUT}} Clara Stiebleichinger<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DMmqaZSNU-v|user=indianf4championship|title=Clara Stiebleichinger is set to light up the grid as she joins Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru for the 2025 Indian FIA Formula 4 season.|date=2025-07-27}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 19
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DMhdQq0tF3c|user=indianf4championship|title=The 2025 Indian FIA Formula 4 lineup kicks off with Sachel Rotgé, winner of the 2025 FGSP, joining the grid for Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru.|date=2025-07-25}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
| 11
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Luviwe Sambudla<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNPlWsEsuaf|user=indianf4championship|title=Goa Aces JA Racing welcome Luviwe Sambudla as their driver for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-12}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 23
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Mahlori Mabunda
|
| 2–5
|-
|rowspan=3| Ahmedabad Apex Racers
| 14
| {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Chheda
|
| 4
|-
| 17
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DPTRXEiDZmx|user=indianf4championship|title=Ahmedabad Apex Racers welcome Itsuki Sato to the grid for Round 3. The chase is on.|date=2025-10-01}}</ref>
|
| 3
|-
| 20
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Paige Raddatz<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DPDw-PdDdB_|user=indianf4championship|title=Paige Raddatz joins Ahmedabad Apex Racers for Round 3, ready to own the track!|date=2025-09-26}}</ref>
|
| 3–5
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| 16
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Annabel Kennedy<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNFb7nmNFLa|user=indianF4championship|title=Annabel Kennedy gears up with the Hyderabad Blackbirds for Indian F4 2025. Watch her hit the track this season at the Indian Racing Festival 2025.|date=2025-08-08}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 36
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Enzo Rujugiro<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNNwT1uMVCA|user=f4indianchampionship|title=Goa Aces JA Racing reveal Enzo Rujugiro as their driver for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-11}}</ref>
|
| 3–5
|-
| 96
|nowrap| {{flagicon|GRE}} Vasileios Apostolidis<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DMw4pkqtVkT|user=indianf4championship|title=The Hyderabad Blackbirds welcome Apostolidis Vasileios to the grid.|date=2025-07-31}}</ref>
|
| 1–2
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
| 22
|nowrap| {{flagicon|AUS}} Zakariya Mohammed<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNYHuEizz9j|user=indianf4championship|title=Mohammed Zakariya joins Godspeed Kochi for Indian F4.|date=2025-08-15}}</ref>
|
| 1–2
|-
| 37
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Wian Boshoff<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNTX8s8Ty1N|user=indianf4championship|title=Wian Boshoff joins the Godspeed Kochi lineup for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-13}}</ref>
|
| 1–3, 5
|-
| 53
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Aris Kyriakou
|
| 4–5
|-
| 75
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ethan Joy<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DPN1luRjCxc|user=indianf4championship|title=Ethan Joy joins Godspeed Kochi from Round 3, ready to own every lap!|date=2025-09-30}}</ref>
|
| 3
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| 33
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saishiva Sankaran<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNSN0kTTFVM|user=indianf4championship|title=Saishiva Sankaran takes the wheel for Speed Demons Delhi in Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-13}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 77
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Ntiyiso Mabunda<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNSKQsuzg6V|user=indianf4championship|title=Speed Demons Delhi reveal their next Indian F4 driver for Season 4: Ntiyiso Mabunda.|date=2025-08-13}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| 44
| {{flagicon|IND}} Veer Sheth<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DPOZilFDNtS|user=indianf4championship|title=Veer Sheth takes the wheel for the Chennai Turbo Riders, ready to bring the heat on the track from Round 3.|date=2025-09-30}}</ref>
|
| 3–5
|-
| 56
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DM7BQIyNQ3C|user=indianf4championship|title=Shane Chandaria joins the Chennai Turbo Riders for the 2025 season. Ready to bring the heat to the grid.|date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 67
| {{flagicon|SGP}} Kareen Kaur<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DMrk3D2NeZ3|user=indianf4championship|title=Chennai Turbo Riders set the tone for 2025 with Kareen Kaur joining their Formula 4 grid.|date=2025-07-29}}</ref>
|
| 1–2
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| 65
| {{flagicon|MOZ}} Ghazi Motlekar<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNAO5H2NgJt|user=indianf4championship|title=Kolkata Royal Tigers welcome Ghazi Motlekar as their driver for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-06}}</ref>
|
| All
|-
| 66
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]<ref>{{Cite instagram|postid=DNKZDmwozwP|user=indianf4championship|title=Ishaan Madesh, the Baby Samurai, joins the Kolkata Royal Tigers lineup for Indian F4 2025.|date=2025-08-10}}</ref>
|
| All
|}
|style="vertical-align:top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! Icon
! Legend
|-
|style="text-align:center"| {{motorsport class|Rookie}}
| Rookie
|}
|}

=== Indian F4 Global Shootout Program ===
Racing Promotions Private Limited announced in May 2024 the F4 Global Shootout Program offering scholarships towards the participation in the championship. The estimated cost of the full season of the series is €120,000 and the winner of the shootout would get a fully paid seat in the upcoming season. The runner-up and the third placed driver would get 30% and 20% respectively of the winner's scholarship while each of other finalists would be awarded €15,000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Ida|date=2024-05-06|title=Indian F4 launches global shootout to win paid-for 2024 seat|url=https://formulascout.com/indian-f4-launches-global-shootout-to-win-paid-for-2024-seat/118523|website=Formula Scout}}</ref> The 2025 program was held on 23–25 June at the Circuit du Var, [[France]], in the partnership with the driving school [[Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives|AGS Formule 1]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wolff|first=Perceval|date=2024-06-09|title=F4 Global Shootout Program: A step to expanding the Indian F4 grid|url=https://feederseries.net/2024/06/09/f4-global-shootout-program-a-step-to-expanding-indian-f4-grid/|website=Feeder Series}}</ref> The following twelve drivers were selected:<ref>{{Cite instagram|user=indianf4championship|postid=DHBFEV5zQdP|title=The road to F4 India 2025 begins! FGSP 2025 returns for its second year, with 12 drivers battling for ONE fully funded seat in the FIA-certified F4IC 2025!|date=2025-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite instagram|user=indianf4championship|postid=DIGotAizfgD|title=Drumroll please... We're thrilled to unveil the next 3 drivers joining our FGSP shootout lineup!|date=2025-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite instagram|user=indianf4championship|postid=DJjoRjuNkCu|title=Next trio racing into the spotlight! Three more global talents join the FGSP-2025 shootout lineup!|date=2025-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite instagram|user=indianf4championship|postid=DKw1pTXNFdc|title=Final trio locked in! The FGSP 2025 shootout grid is now complete and it's closing out with a bang.|date=2025-06-11}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Aurelien Agnes
* {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Maltina Jashari
* {{flagicon|POL}} Kristine Kolodziejski
* {{flagicon|AUS}} Aris Kyriakou
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Mathéo Lienard
* {{flagicon|USA}} Caitlyn McDaniel
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
* {{flagicon|IND}} Raiden Samervel
* {{flagicon|SWE}} Milla Sjöstrand
* {{flagicon|KOR}} Song Harim
* {{flagicon|LTU}} Linas Volungevičius
{{div col end}}
Sachel Rotgé was declared the winner of the shootout.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-25|title=RPPL concludes Formula Global Shootout Program 2025|url=https://www.fiaindianf4.com/news1|website=[[F4 Indian Championship]]}}</ref>

== Calendar ==
All events were held in India and run in tandem with the [[Indian Racing League]]. The provisional schedule was announced on 9 July 2025,<ref>{{Cite instagram|user=indianf4championship|postid=DL4dfCktKpI|title=he calendar for the 2025 FIA Formula 4 Indian Championship is here.|date=2025-07-09}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Provisional Calendar of Events 2025-26|url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/#/calendar|access-date=2025-07-07|website=Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India}}</ref> with a street race in [[Goa]] added on 10 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-09-10|title=In a first, Formula 4 racing comes to Goa as govt commits Rs 57 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-a-first-formula-4-racing-comes-to-goa-as-govt-commits-rs-57-crore/articleshow/123815118.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> One month later, the competition on 1–2 November in [[Mormugao]] was postponed and moved after the protests of the local community, ultimately replaced by races at the [[Kari Motor Speedway]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-10-12|title=People Power Triumphs: Formula 4 Race Moved Out of Mormugao|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/people-power-triumphs-formula-4-race-moved-out-of-mormugao/448933/|website=Herald Goa}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The final round was scheduled to take place at another brand-new street circuit in [[Navi Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gidithuri|first=Unnatee|date=2025-09-20|title=Navi Mumbai Street Circuit in the works for Indian Racing Festival|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/navi-mumbai-street-circuit-in-the-works-for-indian-racing-festival-437333|website=Autocar India}}</ref>, but another change of calendar saw it being moved to the [[Madras International Circuit]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!colspan=2| Round
! Circuit
! Date
! Pole position
! Fastest lap
! Winning driver
! Winning team
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
! R1
|rowspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Coimbatore]]
|rowspan=2| 17 August
|nowrap| {{flagicon|GRE}} Vasileios Apostolidis
| {{flagicon|MOZ}} Ghazi Motlekar
|nowrap| {{flagicon|GRE}} Vasileios Apostolidis
| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|-
! R2
|
|nowrap| {{flagicon|GRE}} Vasileios Apostolidis
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
|-
!rowspan=4| 2
! R1
|rowspan=4 nowrap| [[Madras International Circuit]], [[Chennai]] (Full Circuit)
| 23 August
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]{{efn|Chandaria was the fastest in the qualifying session but served a five-place grid penalty from the previous race. Madesh inherited the pole position, but Chandaria kept the 2 points.}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
|nowrap| [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|-
! R2
|rowspan=3| 24 August
|
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
|-
! R3
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
! R4
|
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
| [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|-
!rowspan=4| 3
! R1
|rowspan=4| [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Coimbatore]]
| 4 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]{{efn|Chandaria was the fastest in the qualifying session but served a five-place grid penalty from the previous race. Sato inherited the pole position, but Chandaria kept the 2 points.}}
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]
| Ahmedabad Apex Racers
|-
! R2
|rowspan=3| 5 October
|
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
! R3
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]
| Ahmedabad Apex Racers
|-
! R4
|
| {{flagicon|MOZ}} Ghazi Motlekar
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
| [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
|-
!rowspan=3| 4
! R1
|rowspan=3| [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Coimbatore]]
| 15 November
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
| [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|-
! R2
|rowspan=2| 16 November
|
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Aris Kyriakou
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Luviwe Sambudla
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! R3
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
! R1
|rowspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit]], [[Chennai]] (Short Circuit)
|rowspan=2 nowrap| 14 December
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
| [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|-
! R2
|
| {{flagicon|IND}} Veer Sheth
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Luviwe Sambudla
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|}

==Championship standings==
Points were awarded as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2| Races
!colspan=11| Position, points per race
|-
|style="background:#FFFFBF"|  '''1st''' 
|style="background:#DFDFDF"|  '''2nd''' 
|style="background:#FFDF9F"|  '''3rd''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''4th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''5th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''6th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''7th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''8th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''9th''' 
|style="background:#DFFFDF"|  '''10th''' 
|  '''[[Fastest lap|FL]]''' 
|-
! Qualifying
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Races 1 & 3
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 25
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 18
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 15
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 1
| 1
|-
! Races 2 & 4
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 10
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 9
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 1
| 1
|}

===Drivers' Championship===
{|
|style="vertical-align:top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Driver
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1]]
!colspan=4| [[Madras International Circuit|MAD1]]
!colspan=4| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2]]
!colspan=3| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR3]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MAD2]]
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R1
! R2
|-
! 1
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|KEN}} Shane Chandaria
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| ''1''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| '''''5'''''
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| '''3'''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| '''''2'''''
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
! 186
|-
! 2
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| ''1''
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
! 169
|-
! 3
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| '''''8'''''
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| ''1''
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| ''8''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
! 142
|-
! 4
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|MOZ}} Ghazi Motlekar
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| ''8''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| ''4''
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
! 124
|-
! 5
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Saishiva Sankaran
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
! 110
|-
! 6
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Luviwe Sambudla
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
! 104
|-
! 7
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Itsuki Sato]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|
|
|
|
|
! 63
|-
! 8
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Ntiyiso Mabunda
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12†
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 16
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
! 51
|-
! 9
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Wian Boshoff
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13†
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12†
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
! 48
|-
! 10
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Veer Sheth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| ''11''
! 46
|-
! 11
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|AUT}} Clara Stiebleichinger
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 4
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
! 40
|-
! 12
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|GRE}} Vasileios Apostolidis
|style="background:#FFFFBF"| '''1'''
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| ''3''
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| WD
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| WD
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| WD
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| WD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 36
|-
! 13
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} Annabel Kennedy
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#FFDF9F"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| DNS
|style="background:#FFFFFF"| DNS
! 30
|-
! 14
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Mahlori Mabunda
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
! 17
|-
! 15
|style="text-align:left" nowrap| {{flagicon|AUS}} Zakariya Mohammed
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 14
|-
! 16
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} Aris Kyriakou
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| ''7''
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
! 13
|-
! 17
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ethan Joy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 6
|
|
|
|
|
! 9
|-
! 18
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|SGP}} Kareen Kaur
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
! 8
|-
! 19
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} Paige Raddatz
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 9
! 8
|-
! 20
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Chheda
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| Ret
|
|
! 4
|-
! 21
|style="text-align:left"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Enzo Rujugiro
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 15
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 14
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 13
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| 12
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| 10
! 2
|-
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Driver
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R4
! R1
! R2
! R3
! R1
! R2
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1]]
!colspan=4| [[Madras International Circuit|MAD1]]
!colspan=4| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2]]
!colspan=3| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR3]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MAD2]]
|-
!colspan=20| Source: <ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-12-19|title=Standings Indian F4 Championship 2025 after Round 5|url=https://www.motorsporttelevision.de/_downloads/87a18abeda43260ee01184095699074d|work=Motorsport Television Deutschland|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}
|style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Motorsport driver results legend}}
'''Bold''' – Pole ''Italics'' – Fastest Lap † — Did not finish, but classified {{highlight|Rookie|#8FCFDF}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=N}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.fiaindianf4.com}}

{{FIA F4 Championships}}

[[Category:F4 Indian Championship seasons]]
[[Category:2025 in Formula 4|Indian F4]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian motorsport|F4]]

Old Pension Scheme

2026-04-05T20:40:00Z

AsliKhan99: started the pg added tags.

{{short description|Pension scheme in India}}
{{For|the generic concept|National pension (disambiguation){{!}}National Pension System
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}
'''Old Pension Scheme (OPS)''' in India was abolished as a part of pension reforms by [[Government of India|Union Government]]. Repealed from 1 January 2004, it had a [[Defined benefit pension plan|defined-benefit]] (DB) pension of half the Last Pay Drawn (LPD) at the time of [[retirement]] along with components like [[Dearness allowance|Dearness Allowance]]s (DA) etc. OPS was an unfunded pension scheme financed on a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) basis in which current revenues of the government funded the pension benefit for its retired employees. Old Pension Scheme was replaced by a restructured defined-contribution (DC) pension scheme called the [[National Pension System]].<ref name="RBIwarning">{{cite news |author1=George Mathew |title=Why has RBI warned states against old pension scheme? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/why-rbi-warned-states-against-old-pension-scheme-8388132/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 January 2023 |location=Mumbai |language=en}}</ref>

The Union Government's pension liabilities in Budget Estimate 2022–2023 on account of Old Pension Scheme for existing retirees was ₹2.07 lakh crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Hundred Twentieth Report On Action Taken On One Hundred Tenth Report Of The Committee On "Pensioner's Grievances - Impact Of Pension Adalats And Centralized Pension Grievances Redress And Monitoring System (CPENGRAMS) |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/18/171/120_2022_12_14.pdf |publisher=The Department Of Pension & Pensioners' Welfare (Ministry Of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions) |access-date=2 February 2023 |location=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |quote=Presented to the Rajya Sabha on 8th December, 2022 & Laid on the Table of the Lok Sabha on 8th December, 2022}}</ref> The cost of pension for all State Government's combined Budget Estimate 2022-2023 was ₹4,63,436.9 Crores.<ref name="rbiSoB22-23">{{cite web |title=RBI Publications - State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23 |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0STATEFINANCE2022233E17F212337844888755EFDBCC661812.PDF |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=6 February 2023 |date=16 January 2023}}</ref>

==History==
The practice of pension payment to retired employees is evident in Colonial India since 1881. OPS has its origins since [[British rule]] when the [[Royal commission|Royal Commission]] (Lee Commission) on civil establishments in 1924 recommended half the salary during active service to be given as pension after retirement for its recruits serving in India. Adoption of [[Government of India Act 1935]] further strengthened the provisions of pension benefits to government employees in the pre-independence era.<ref name="KG" />

==Benefit==
An employee joining the central or state services prior to 1 January 2004 would receive [[pension]] payments as lifetime income security from the time of retirement (at age 58, in most cases) until death. This was an entitlement for government employees for their services rendered during the tenure which often lasted more than three decades. The amount received monthly as Superannuation Pension was derived from number of years served and 10-month average salary before the retirement.<ref name="KG">{{cite journal |last1=Gayithri |first1=Karnam |title=Central civil servant pension payments in India: Issues and concerns |journal=Pensions|date=August 2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=202–216 |doi=10.1057/pm.2009.20 |s2cid=154518225 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/pm.2009.20.pdf |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> However, Gratuity and Provident Fund are received as lumpsum at the time of retirement.

==Current Beneficiaries==
* Soldiers employed in [[Indian Armed Forces]] continues to have OPS in the form of ''service pension'' after their retirement.
* [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] have the lifetime benefit of Old Pension Scheme with continued monthly income with all other benefits, after serving one tenure of five years.
* High Court and Supreme Court judges are eligible for lifetime defined benefit pension under OPS.<ref name="orf">{{cite web |last1=Chikermane |first1=Gautam |title=Pensions: Constitutional office holders must lead by example |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/pensions-constitutional-office-holders-must-lead-by-example/ |website=ORF |publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]] |access-date=31 January 2023 |date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

===Exception===
Existing faculties from of [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Central university (India)|Central Universities]], and dozens of other CEIs shifting from one such institution to another after January 2004 were allowed by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|HRD Ministry]] to continue with OPS.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Prashant K. Nanda |title=Govt allows pension portability in IITs, IIMs |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7qLQqHpGmAd5jnZftWbsEK/Govt-allows-pension-portability-in-IITs-IIMs.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Livemint |date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

Following a supreme court order in 2023, Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DPPW) allowed the employees who joined the Central government services as per ''posts advertised or notified before 22 December 2003'' one-time option to choose OPS before 31 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Select central govt employees get one-time option to opt for old pension scheme |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/business/select-central-govt-employees-get-one-time-option-to-opt-for-old-pension-scheme/4/525120.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |agency=Press Trust Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Select Central government employees can opt for Old Pension Scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/select-central-government-employees-can-opt-for-old-pension-scheme/article66576532.ece |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=3 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Defined Benefit Pension vs. Defined Contribution Pension==
'''Defined Benefit''' (DB) scheme like OPS is a type in which the beneficiary pension is based on a defined formula which may have a percentage of salary or a percentage of salary times the years of service or a flat rate per year of service as its parameters.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |author1=Kate Ashford, Benjamin Curry |title=Understanding Defined Benefit Pension Plans |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/what-is-a-defined-benefit-plan/ |website=forbes.com |access-date=1 February 2023 |date=15 December 2022}}</ref> The simple administration with provision for a secure income for pensioners is the advantage of this scheme while the employer, i.e., government in this case, bears the risk. Having a pure DB or PAYG system of pension costs heavily on the Government finances.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" /> The scheme is non-contributory, i.e. the workers do not contribute during their working lives.

'''Defined Contribution''' (DC) scheme like NPS is a type of in which the beneficiary makes contributions to a retirement fund during his service and the receivable pension is based on the balance in his pension fund at the time of his retirement. The fund balance is sum of individual contribution and the accrued yield earned on the investment of fund over a period of time.<ref name="Forbes" /> DC scheme provides more flexible and easy portable retirement benefits for the pensioner. In India's context, the extent of benefit at retirement relies upon the quantum of employee's along with the government's contribution and the returns thereon, while the investment risk is borne by the employees.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

Since pension is both a reward for continuous service till the formal age of retirement as well as a form social security in old age, India favored a restructured pension ensuring a balance between retirement benefit of the government employees and the financial burden on the economy by moving from DB scheme to DC scheme.

==Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG)==
Under a PAYG scheme, current generation of workers contributes by paying taxes for the pensions of retired workers belonging to previous generation. This can be seen as direct transfer of resources from younger generation to older generation.<ref name="KG" /> It can have positive impact on poverty through income transfer to poorer workers. PAYG works well in the booming economy where active contributors outnumber the current pensioners. When the population of retirees is far less than population of productive young workers (low old age dependency ratio), the scheme yields high benefits with low contributions. Life expectancy in India has increased drastically over the decades. High old age dependency ratio and increasing number of unemployed youth could make this kind of unfunded schemes highly unviable.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

==Pension Reforms==

A Policy Research Report by World Bank in 1994 titled "Averting the Old Age Crisis" gave rise to the worldwide discussion on pension sector reforms.<ref name="tkr">{{cite news |author1=T.K. Rajalakshmi |title=Social security at stake |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30204377.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Frontline |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD |date=22 April 2005 |language=en}}</ref> A High Level Expert Group on Pension was constituted on 25 June 2001 by the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] which found that the implementation of the Fifth Central Pay Commission's recommendations resulted in "quantum jump" of government expenditure on pensions. It recommended setting up new pension scheme with contributions from both employees and the government to a pension fund under an independent Development and Regulatory Authority.<ref>{{cite news |title=HIGH LEVEL EXPERT GROUP RECOMMENDS REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR PENSION |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rfeb2002/22022002/r220220027.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=22 Feb 2002 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The report submitted by the group to government noted in its foreword: "''The logic of the welfare state had prompted most of the developed countries to introduce increasingly liberal post-retirement benefits to their citizens. However, demographic changes in these highly industrialised and post-industrialised societies have made such pension commitments unsustainable in the long run. Pension reform has, therefore, now become a major public policy issue in most developed countries.''"<ref name="tkr" />

[[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) decided in its Eleventh Conference of State Finance Secretaries (2003) to constitute a group for studying "the pension liabilities of the State Governments" and to come up with suitable recommendations.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003">{{cite web |author1=B. K. Bhattacharya |title=Report of the Group to Study the Pension Liabilities of the State Governments |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/51177.pdf |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=31 January 2023 |date=October 2003}}</ref> The Economic Survey 2004-05 pointed out that "''Unfunded pensions have become a major fiscal drag worldwide. The pressure of pensions on Central and State finances is becoming increasingly burdensome.''"<ref name="es0405p41">{{cite book |title=Economic Survey 2004-05 |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India |page=41 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/es2004-05/chapt2005/chap29.pdf |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Bill 2005 in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] to replace an Ordinance introduced in late 2004 by the earlier [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government.<ref name="tkr" />

===Arguments in favor of Pension Reforms===

====Financial Unsustainability====
A major portion of outgo in government revenue is paid as pension benefits to its retired employees and hence considered as economic liability with potential to adversely impact the "fiscal soundness of the Government entities."

The [[Union budget of India]] for the year 2001-02 acknowledged that the pension liability for the government has "reached unsustainable proportions".<ref name="CAGrep13of2020">{{cite web |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India on Performance Audit on 'National Pension System' (Audit Report No. 13 of 2020) |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2020/05%20Chapter%201-of-13-2020-05f809f917e8203.33250680.pdf |publisher=CAG |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

States' ability to meet the growing pension liabilities is directly proportional to revenue increment and decreased revenue expenditure. Huge pension costs over long time raises concerns on fiscal sustainability of the economy and given the magnitude of the problem, structural alteration in the existing pension scheme would therefore appear to be necessary.

====Need for Wider Coverage====
The [[Economic survey of India|Economic Survey]] 2004-05 highlighted pension reforms in the chapter on Public Finance. About 89% of working population were out of any kind of post-retirement pension benefit.<ref name="es0405p41" /> India need a universal pension plan for its entire population, especially the elderly which is estimated to reach 31.5 crores (315 million) by 2050.<ref name="nyt2013">{{cite news |author1=Pamposh Raina |title=India Moves to Transform Its Pension System |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/india-moves-to-transform-its-pension-system/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2013}}</ref>

===Arguments against Pension Reforms===

====Deferred Wage====
The [[Supreme Court of India]] in one of its judgement noted that pension for a retiree "is neither a bounty nor a matter of grace depending upon the sweet will of the employer." It did not consider the pension as an ex gratia payment, but a payment to employees for their past services rendered. The court held that it is a social welfare measure, aimed at rendering socioeconomic justice "to those who in the heyday of their life ceaselessly toiled for the employer on an assurance that in their old age they would not be left in the lurch."<ref name="KG" />

====Pay Differential in Public and Private Sector====
After the [[economic liberalization]] of 1991, the pay in Private sector was gradually seen as better than that in Public sector. Various studies reveal mixed evidence of one being better than other. Job security with assured pension provisions post-retirement can be an incentive to acquire and retain the talented workers.<ref name="KG" /> However, it is also a fact that the work efficiency of most government employees with long service is always under question.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre to weed out inefficient and corrupt employees, asks departments to review service records of staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-to-weed-out-inefficient-and-corrupt-employees-asks-departments-to-review-service-records-of-staff/articleshow/77835822.cms |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=30 Aug 2020 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

==Financial Burden on the Economy==

The ever increasing year-on-year budgetary allocation for pension expenditure can be attributed to a number of factors which include expansion in the number of Government employees; extension of pension benefits to those employed in various non-Government offices like Grant-in-Aid Institutions and Local Bodies; impact of various pay revisions; introduction of wage indexation, and significant improvement in life expectancy which results in prolonged payment of pension to retirees.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

===State Government===

The cost of pension payments of the State Governments to its retired employees in 1979-80 was Rs. 268 crore. Pension expenditure of States in 1980–81 as a proportion of ''total revenue receipts'' (which includes grants & other receivables from centre) was 2.1 per cent.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" /> It almost doubled in a decade from 5.4 per cent in 1990–91 to more than 10 per cent in 2000–01. In the 1990s, State Governments expense towards pension was rising at a CAGR of 27% per annum.<ref name="es0405p41" /> From 7,813 crore in 1995–96, in 2001-02 the pension expenditure of States reached Rs. 28,197 crore. The ratio of pension payments to States' ''own revenue receipts'' (which excludes receivables from centre and other monetary assistance due to federal structure) increased to a greater extent from 3.4 per cent in 1980–81 to 17.2 per cent by 2001–02. The growth of ''total revenue receipts'' of the States in two decades during the period 1980-2002 was 14.3 per cent. It was much lower than the 23.6 per cent growth in pension payments.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

Combined expenditure for all states put together jumped by 125 times to Rs 386,001 crore in 2020-21 from Rs 3,131 crore in 1990–91.<ref name="UGtp" />

RBI in its 2003 study found that the committed expenditure of few States on salary, pension and interest payable for borrowed money together has already exceeded their total revenue receipts. It also mentioned the "stray instances" of the existence of excessive count of retirees availing pension probably due to absence of periodic and strict verification of the records of all the State Government pensioners.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

State governments spend huge amount of money in Pensions for its employees as compared to developmental expenditure like Health, Housing, Social Welfare for general public etc.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of various expenses in combined Budget Estimates (BE) of all States in India{{r|rbiSoB22-23|p=58-59}}
!Sr No.
!Heads
!BE 2021–22
!BE 2022–23
|-
|1
|Interest Payments on Debt
|4,38,598.8 Crores
|4,70,907.4 Crores
|-
|'''2'''
|'''Pension for Government Employees'''
|'''4,06,867.4 Cr'''
|'''4,63,436.9 Cr'''
|-
|3
|Medical and Public Health and Family Welfare
|2,53,057.4 Cr
|2,94,881.4 Cr
|-
|4
|Rural Development
|2,39,245.3 Cr
|2,66,208.5 Cr
|-
|5
|Social Security and Welfare
|1,85,652.7 Cr
|2,05,306.5 Cr
|-
|6
|Welfare of SCs/STs/OBCs
|1,24,753.6 Cr
|1,66,361.2 Cr
|-
|7
|Urban development
|1,52,385.4 Cr
|1,63,163.5 Cr
|-
|8
|Water Supply and Sanitation
|1,17,431.3 Cr
|1,38,965.1 Cr
|-
|9
|Housing
|65,218.5 Cr
|83,028.6 Cr
|-
|10
|Nutrition
|34,883.0 Cr
|37,622.1 Cr
|-
|11
|Science, Technology and Environment
|4,301.7 Cr
|5,241.1 Cr
|}

Pensionary obligations to those employed in grant-in-aid (GIA) institutions and Local Bodies (LBs) is a major concern. These employees in GIAs and LBs - such as [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipalities]]; [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat raj institutions]], [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]], [[State Electricity Board (disambiguation)|State Electricity Boards]], Road Transport Corporations etc. - have certain advantages (e.g., non-transferability, perks, non-uniform terms and conditions of employment) which are not available to regular Government employees. As the employees of these bodies are generally not appointed by following established procedures for filling the vacancies under State Government machinery, State Governments are not legally obliged to accept any financial obligation on them.<ref name="rbiREPORT2003" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Expenditure towards GIAs and Contributions (Compensation and Assignments to LBs), Discharge of Internal Debt and Repayment of Loan{{r|rbiSoB22-23|p=57}}
!Sr No.
!Year
!Expense
|-
|1
|2004-05
|81,803.0 Crores
|-
|2
|2014-15
|1,33,326.0 Cr
|-
|3
|2020-21
|3,69,859.4 Cr
|-
|4
|2021-22 BE
|4,23,804.2 Cr
|-
|5
|2022-23 BE
|4,79,783.6 Cr
|}

===Central Government===
The pension expenditure of Central Government in 1990-91 was 0.38 per cent of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and 3.9 per cent of net revenue amounting to 2,138 crores.<ref name="es0405p41" /> In 1993–94, the pension liability jumped to 0.6 per cent of GDP at 5,206 crores.<ref name="CAGrep13of2020" /> The pension cost for exchequer was growing at a [[CAGR]] of 21% per annum in the 1990s. The pension outgo rose to 15,367 crores which was 0.56 per cent of the GDP and 5.8 per cent of net revenue receipts in 2003–04.<ref name="es0405p41" /> By 2020–21, the centre's pension bill had jumped to Rs 190,886 crore, 58 times in three decades.<ref name="UGtp">{{cite news |author1=Uttam Gupta |title=Bringing back OPS may be catastrophic |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/columnists/bringing-back-ops-may-be-catastrophic.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Pioneer |date=5 Feb 2023}}</ref>

==Pension Politics==

===Criticism===
Several states are reintroducing the old pension scheme (OPS) and this has drawn criticism from various political leaders, economists, financial planners and subject matter experts.

On several states reverting to OPS, the Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] expressed "''We should look at a reasonable balance and what we are leaving for generations to come. Yes, you need to borrow for the economy to run, but unless we have a complete understanding of the fiscal health of the state, for not just today but future decades, the rush to a conclusion may not be good.''"<ref>{{cite news |title=FM Nirmala Sitharaman Interview: Moving to old pension scheme is unwise |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/fm-nirmala-sitharaman-interview-moving-to-old-pension-scheme-is-unwise-10000651.html |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=3 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raghuram Rajan]], former [[RBI Governor]] in an interview at the [[World Economic Forum]] (WEF), [[Davos]], cautioned that huge liabilities will build up in future if OPS is adopted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shifting to old pension scheme may lead to liability add-up in future: Raghuram Rajan |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/shifting-to-old-pension-scheme-may-lead-to-liability-add-up-in-future-raghuram-rajan/articleshow/97122814.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309045353/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/shifting-to-old-pension-scheme-may-lead-to-liability-add-up-in-future-raghuram-rajan/articleshow/97122814.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later he suggested states to look for "less costly ways" to provide benefits for its retirees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Find less costly ways to address pension concerns instead of OPS, says ex-RBI chief Raghuram Rajan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/find-less-costly-ways-to-address-pension-concerns-instead-of-ops-says-ex-rbi-chief-raghuram-rajan-485748 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Tribune |agency=PTI}}</ref>

Saugata Bhattacharya, Executive VP & Chief Economist at [[Axis Bank]], termed the disaster of bringing back of OPS as ''a ticking fiscal time bomb''. He stated "''The problem with OPS is it is benefitting a bunch of people who are on the top. Calculating all the expenditures, you have some 10-15 per cent of your receipts for development expenditures. The commitment to OPS is going to affect the development commitments. This is not sustainable in the longer run.''"<ref name="bt130123">{{cite news |author1=Basudha Das |title=Old Pension Scheme is a ticking fiscal time bomb, says Economist Saugata Bhattacharya |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/old-pension-scheme-is-a-ticking-fiscal-time-bomb-says-economist-saugata-bhattacharya-360127-2023-01-13 |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Business Today |date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[CRISIL]] Chief Economist D K Joshi pointed out "''OPS is an unfunded pension and is therefore a pressure point. There is enough evidence globally, that unfunded pension schemes can lead to extreme fiscal stress at some point in time. It would be if can get that out. The New Pension Scheme is much better as at least there is funding for it.''"<ref name="bt130123" />

Finance secretary [[T. V. Somanathan]] cautioned states against bringing back OPS and remarked "''It is a significant issue, which if not properly addressed, can very adversely affect the finances of states that are making the changes. It is one of the cases where you are appearing to save money today while creating huge problems for future generations and future governments''"<ref>{{cite news |author1=Sidhartha |author2=Surojit Gupta |title=Old pension plan may cost states dear: Finance secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/old-pension-plan-may-cost-states-dear-finance-secretary/articleshow/97561564.cms |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

[[Reserve Bank of India]] in its 2022 bulletin on Risk Analysis of State Finances mentioned the numerous drawbacks of opting for OPS ''particularly in terms of medium-term fiscal sustainability and the tax burden on future generations.'' There will be no immediate financial strain on the budget if the states reinstate OPS. But when the recruits from 2004 to 2005 currently under NPS begin to retire from 2034 onwards, the state finances will be affected to a greater extent. Committed expenditure in the state budgets consisting of interest payments on borrowed money and salaries to government employees along with pensions for retirees accounts for a significant portion of the total revenue expenditure (over 35%) in states like Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, etc., leaving little scope for developmental expenditure.<ref name="RBI Bulletin">{{cite web |title=RBI Bulletin - State Finances: A Risk Analysis |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=21070 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=6 February 2023 |date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, RBI published a report in 2023 titled 'State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23' in which it remarked the decision of some state governments to restore OPS will give rise to a major risk on "subnational fiscal horizon". It noted the decrease in overall states' budget allocations towards medical and public health.<ref>{{cite news |title=RBI Cautions States Against Reverting To Old Pension Scheme |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/rbi-cautions-states-against-reverting-to-old-pension-scheme-news-254368 |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=Outlook Publishing India Pvt. Ltd |date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

Aditya V Kuvalekar, faculty in the Department of Economics at [[University of Essex]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] in his column published in [[The Indian Express]] wrote the revival of OPS in India "''is bad economics and a breach of trust for taxpayers.''" A large chunk of government finance will go to as pension for a few retired government employees because of which many in the majority population will be deprived of basic health, education and other social welfare measures when the economic constraints rise eventually. He noted the OPS implementation is a political freebie and it will lead to wealth from poor to be taken and distributed among the economically better government employees. This, according to him, goes against the basic idea where the wealth from rich is to be distributed among the poor.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Aditya Kuvalekar |title=Old Pension System will take from the poor and give to the rich |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/old-pension-system-will-take-from-the-poor-and-give-it-to-the-rich-8488061/ |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===States===
[[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] were the only two states that did not immediately repeal OPS once [[National Pension System|NPS]] was implemented from 1 January 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal and Tripura only two states yet to accept NPS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/west-bengal-and-tripura-only-two-states-yet-to-accept-nps/articleshow/21864357.cms |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=16 August 2013 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

After two decades of being scrapped, the OPS has been re-implemented for government employees towards fulfilling election promises in the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jharkhand]] ,<ref name="RBIwarning" />

To a question in 2022 [[Lok Sabha]] session raised by [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] of [[AIMIM]], the ruling BJP Government has clarified that there is no proposal under consideration for restoration of the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).<ref name="LS2022-BK">{{cite news |author1=Harikishan Sharma |title=Centre has no proposal to restore old pension scheme: MoS Finance in LS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-proposal-restore-old-pension-scheme-mos-finance-lok-sabha-8320821/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

====Chhattisgarh====
Chhattisgarh adopted NPS on 1 November 2004. The Old Pension Scheme for State Government employees was reinstated by Chief Minister [[Bhupesh Baghel]] on 11 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Notification |url=https://finance.cg.gov.in/vitt_nirdesh/year_wise/pdf_2022/11.pdf |website=finance.cg.gov.in |publisher=Department of Finance, Govt. Of Chhattisgarh |access-date=6 February 2023 |quote=No.F-2016-04-03289}}</ref> The state government's demand for Central Government and [[PFRDA]] to return the accumulated corpus of 17,000 crores in pension funds of its three lakh employees under NPS since 2004 did not yield as there are no such provisions in the existing regulations.<ref name="LS2022-BK" /><ref>{{cite news |author1=Ejaz Kaiser |title=Chhattisgarh notifies old pension plan, Three lakh government staff to benefit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/26/chhattisgarh-notifies-old-pension-plan-threelakh-government-staff-to-benefit-2541505.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

====Gujarat====
[[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] accused the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government of making elderly people dependents and promised restoration of OPS as they have done in Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh if Congress is voted to power in 2022 elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will restore old pension scheme if elected to power in Gujarat: Rahul |url=http://archive.ptinews.com/news/13718119_Will-restore-old-pension-scheme-if-elected-to-power-in-Gujarat--Rahul |access-date=9 March 2023 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> On the lines of implementing OPS in Punjab, [[Aam Aadmi Party]] also made similar electoral promises for around seven lakh government employees of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cong, AAP make old pension scheme restoration demand major poll plank in Gujarat |url=http://archive.ptinews.com/news/13861898_Cong--AAP-make-old-pension-scheme-restoration-demand-major-poll-plank-in-Gujarat |access-date=9 March 2023 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

====Himachal Pradesh====
On becoming the Chief Minister, [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] declared the Congress government will restore the Old Pension Scheme in the first cabinet meeting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Old Pension Scheme to be restored in 1st Cabinet meeting, reiterates Sukhu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/old-pension-scheme-to-be-implemented-in-1st-cabinet-meeting-reiterates-sukhu-101670959915708.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The CM announced restoration of OPS benefits on 13 January 2023 for the current 1.60 lakh employees and 1.30 lakh pensioners in Himachal Pradesh. The state has a relatively high government employee ratio and 63% of its revenue receipts is spent towards payment of salaries and pensions to government employees.<ref name="MShp">{{cite news |author1=Manjeet Sehgal |title=Deep Dive into OPS: Here's why Himachal lacks pension debt sustainability |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/deep-dive-into-ops-heres-why-himachal-lacks-pension-debt-sustainability-2321504-2023-01-14 |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=India Today |date=14 January 2023 |location=Manali |language=en}}</ref> On 3 March 2023, the state government declared that there will be no deduction in salaries towards NPS accounts of 1.36 lakh employees effective from April and those who were retired from service after 15 May 2003 will also be eligible for OPS.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh cabinet decides to implement 'Old Pension Scheme', to benefit 1.36 Lakh employees |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/himachal-pradesh-cabinet-decides-to-implement-old-pension-scheme-to-benefit-136-lakh-employees20230303235149/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |agency=ANI}}</ref>

The 2004-5 state budget of Himachal Pradesh had revenue receipts of Rs 1252 crore of which Rs 591 crore was spent on pensions. For the year 2021–22, out Rs 9,282 crores revenue receipts the government paid Rs 7082 crores towards pensions. By introducing the ''Himachal Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Bill, 2023'', the newly formed Congress government increased limit of borrowing by additional 50% from the existing 4% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) to 6%. The state has accumulated a debt of Rs 74,622 crore and Sukhvinder Singh's government plans another debt of Rs 3,000 crore to pay salaries and arrears for its employees. This government has promised to add another 1 lakh jobs to existing 60,000 employee vacancy in its workforce.<ref name="MShp" />

The 2022-23 Himachal budget noted that salaries account for 26% and pensions costs 15% of states expenses. While interest payment and loan repayment together amounts to 21%, welfare schemes for general public is left with only 29% of the budget.<ref name="MShp" />

====Jharkhand====
Jharkhand state government has asked [[PFRDA]] to return the funds of their employees who joined the services after NPS came into force.<ref name="LS2022-BK" />

====Punjab====
On 18 November 2022, the state government of Punjab notified implementation of the OPS to the 1.75 lakh government employees who are presently being covered under the NPS.<ref name="LS2022-BK" /> 1.26 lakh employees are already covered in OPS and Rs 16,746 crore is accumulated in the pension funds of its manpower recruited after implementation of NPS in the state. Punjab requires additional budget of nearly Rs 18,000 crore for implementing OPS.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Monika Malik |title=Punjab govt constitutes sub-committee for implementing Old Pension Scheme |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/punjab-govt-constitutes-sub-committee-for-implementing-old-pension-scheme.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Pioneer |date=28 January 2023 |location=Chandigarh |language=en}}</ref>

====Rajasthan====
On 1 April 2022, Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] restored OPS in Rajasthan. The State Government demanded return of the entire corpus of 39,000 crores accumulated till date in the NPS accounts of its employees who joined the workforce after enactment of [[PFRDA]] law.<ref name="LS2022-BK" /> Gehlot has considered the option to escalate this matter to Supreme Court if funds are not returned and claimed the BJP lost the 2022 state elections to Congress including Himachal Pradesh "over the issue of OPS".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Manish Godha |title=Old pension scheme: Rajasthan CM Gehlot threatens to move Supreme Court |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/old-pension-scheme-rajasthan-cm-gehlot-threatens-to-move-supreme-court |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Free Press Journal |date=4 February 2023 |location=Jaipur |language=en}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====
Tamil Nadu has not implemented the NPS for its government employees and is not in agreement with [[PFRDA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan case on pension scheme not applicable to T.N. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rajasthan-case-on-pension-scheme-not-applicable-to-tn/article65394404.ece |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2022 |location=Chennai |language=en-IN |quote=Tamil Nadu is yet to sign an agreement with the PFRDA, says official}}</ref>

====Telangana====
[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]], Lok Sabha Congress MP from [[Suryapet Assembly constituency]] and former MLA, demanded restoration of OPS and made electoral promise of the same if Congress is voted to power in the 2023 Telangana state elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttam demands restoration of old pension scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/uttam-demands-restoration-of-old-pension-scheme/article66424139.ece |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=23 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

====Tripura====
Tripura scrapped OPS and implemented NPS in 2015.<ref name="TSgb">{{cite news |author1=Govind Bhattacharjee |title=Way to Bankruptcy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/way-to-bankruptcy-1503147405.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=17 January 2023}}</ref> [[CPI-M]] formed the government in the state for nearly 25 years until BJP won the state elections in 2018. CPI-M made electoral promise to persuade the 80,800 pensioners and 1.04 lakh government employees among the 28 lakh voters in the state that OPS will be re-implemented if they vote the party to power again.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura polls: CPI-M promises to bring back OPS if voted to power |url=https://hubnetwork.in/tripura-polls-cpi-m-promises-to-bring-back-ops-if-voted-to-power/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |date=21 January 2023 |quote=CPI-M's Tripura state secretary Jitendra Choudhury said, “OPS is going to be a part of our manifesto in the upcoming polls. We are demanding for OPS for a long time for the government employees.”}}</ref> Alliance of [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left]]-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] also promised to re-introduce OPS if they win elections in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=If voted to power, Left-Congress will first implement old pension scheme: Prakash Karat in Tripura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/old-pension-scheme-prakash-karat-8441456/ |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=13 February 2023 |location=Agartala |language=en|quote=Senior CPI(M) leader Prakash Karat said “In Himachal Pradesh, the Congress won the elections and reintroduced the old pension scheme for the employees as it had promised. In Tripura, the same thing will be done if the Left-Congress forms the next government”}}</ref>

====West Bengal====
By 2005–06, almost every state in India has adopted NPS for their government employees except for West Bengal.<ref name="TSmint">{{cite news |author1=Tauseef Shahidi |title=Pension battles: Why NPS isn't ageing well |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/pension-battles-why-nps-isn-t-ageing-well-11673887388589.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=livemint.com |date=17 Jan 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===National Movement for Old Pension Scheme (NMOPS)===
An organized body aiming to mobilize all the government employees across states for demanding restoration of OPS.<ref name="TSmint" /> They claims OPS is their "right" and they will "fight for it any how any cost."<ref>{{cite web |title=Who we are? |url=http://nmops.org.in/ |website=Official website of National Movement for Old Pension Scheme (NMOPS) |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pensions in India]]
* [[Equity-linked savings scheme]] (ELSS)
* [[Income tax in India]]
* [[401(k)]]
* [[Roth IRA]]
* [[Retirement plans in the United States]]
* [[Individual retirement account]]
* [[Unified Pension Scheme]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Public pension funds]]
[[Category:Pensions in India]]
[[Category:Tax-advantaged savings plans in India]]
[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Indian labour law]]

Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple

2026-04-05T12:41:49Z

AsliKhan99:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple
| image = Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple festival.jpg
| alt = Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple during festival
| caption = Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple during festival
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.933954|74.955291|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada district]]
| location = [[Polali]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =
Shri Rajarajeshwari
[[Murugan|Subramanya]]

| facade_direction = Sitting
| temple_tank = [[Gurupura River|Phalguni]]
| tower = [[Lion|Simha]]
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals= [[#Polali Chendu festival|Polali Chendu festival]]
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity= 2
| inscriptions = [[Ashoka inscriptions]]
| year_completed = 8th Century AD
| creator = King Suratha
| website =
}}
'''Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple''' is a temple located in [[Polali]], [[Dakshina Kannada district]] in [[Karnataka]]. The primary [[deity]] of the temple is ''Shri Rajarajeshwari''. The temple was constructed in the 8th century AD by King Suratha and has been developed by many dynasties which ruled over the region. The idol of ''Sri Rajarajeshwari'', another name/form of the divine Goddess Sri Lalita [[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundari]], is completely moulded from clay with special medicinal properties. The temple portrays [[Hindu architecture]] with roofs adorned with wooden carvings of gods and copper plates. Daily and special poojas are conducted in the temple under the auspices of the head priests K Rama Bhat, Madhava Bhat, Parameshwara Bhat and Narayan Bhat. Morning, afternoon and evening nitya (daily) poojas are conducted at 6.30 AM, 12.30 PM and 7.00 PM respectively. In normal days temple closes from 1.20 PM to 4.00 PM for cleaning and maintenance. Anna Prasadam or noon lunch is served 7 days of the week and all year around for everyone. Annual festivals are held in the temple with much fanfare. [[#Polali Chendu festival|Polali Chendu festival]] is an important festive event where football is played to represent the fight of good over evil. The Chendu festival is followed by the annual festival in March, which lasts for a month and is attended by people from all over the world.Tipu Sultan was an admirer of Polali Chendu and had a platform built for him to watch the game. It is called Sultan Katte even to this day.

There are four head priests (Pradhana archaka) in Rajarajeshwari temple Polali and also four terms called Paryaya (as of 2025).

K Rama Bhat (eldest archaka), Madhava Bhat (Pavitrapani), Parameshwara Bhat, Narayana Bhat.

Also other priests (sons or grandsons of Pradhana archakas) include:

Girish Bhat Polali, Padmanabha Bhat, Anantha Bhat, Adarsha Bhat.

(Note: This list doesn't include Tantri and Mayyaru)

Pavitrapani position is not passed down from father to son, Pavitrapani position is given to eldest Archaka. Priests are not hired. In polali Rajarajeshwari temple, the pooja rights are passed from father to son (heredity), this tradition has been followed from more than thirteen generations or over 350 years.

==Location==
The temple is located in [[Polali]] on the banks of the river [[Gurupura River|Phalguni]] in Kariyangala village of [[Bantwal taluk]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=k.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/polali-shri-raja-rajeshwari-temple/|title=Shri Raja Rajeshwari Temple – Overview|publisher=karnataka.com|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> The temple is surrounded by lush paddy fields. The Phalguni river flows on the northern side of the temple. The nearest city from the temple is [[Mangalore]] at 19 km away.<ref name=kshetra>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/temples/polalitemple.htm|title=Shri Kshethra Polali
|publisher=ourkarnataka.com|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The place where the temple was located was known as ''Pural'' in ancient times.<ref name=k.com/> The word ''Pural'' means ''Flute'' in [[Tulu language]].<ref name=bantwal>{{cite web|url=http://www.bantwal.com/polali_temple.php|title=Shri Raja Rajeshwari temple|publisher=bantwal.com|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> The origin of the word ''Pural'' is the Mugera language. The word ''Pural'' or ''Purel'' also has the meaning of ''changing sides'', which may also apply in this case as the river takes an abrupt turn near the temple.<ref name=bantwal/> In [[Sanskrit]], it was referred to as ''Paliapura'', which later came to be known as ''Polali'' in [[Kannada]]. In several ancient epigraphs and records, the main deity of the temple was referred to as ''Porala Devi''.<ref name=k.com/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://polali.in/location|title=Location|publisher=polali.in|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple car 1.jpg|thumb|left|260px|alt=Temple car festival|Temple car festival]]
The temple has been referred to in many ancient inscriptions, including the [[Markandeya Purana]], [[Ashoka inscriptions]] and travel accounts of ancient travellers.<ref name=kshetra/> According to an inscription discovered in the vicinity of the temple, the temple around the clay idol was built in 8th century AD.<ref name=karnataka.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/polali-shri-raja-rajeshwari-temple/|title=Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple, Polali
|publisher=karnataka.com|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> It is a widely held belief that the temple was built by King Suratha, and that the king offered his own crown, studded with precious jewels,<ref name=chennai/> to be placed on the head of the deity. The king, having lost most of his kingdom in a war and being betrayed by his own ministers, is believed to have taken refuge under a sage named Sumedha in forests located around what is the location of the temple now. The clay idol of the main deity in the temple is historically believed to be up to 5000 years old. The king is reported to have himself carved the clay idol of Shri Rajarajeshwari and offered penance to her in return for his kingdom. Many ancient inscriptions alluding to the temple were reported around the temple,<ref name=karnataka.com/> but are lost over time primarily due to the neglect of their keepers. The remaining inscriptions were obtained in the villages of Kariyangala and Ammunje, and in the temple itself, are now under custody of the Government of Karnataka.<ref name=kshetra/>

The region surrounding the temple were ruled by many dynasties including Kadamba, Chalukya, Alupa, Rashtrakoota, Hoisala, Vijayanagara, Ikkeri, Mysore etc. Most of these dynasties spent a lot of resources on this temple and donated agricultural land for the benefit of the temple. Kings from the Alupa dynasty, which ruled the region around 710 AD to 720 AD were particularly noted to have contributed to the development of the temple and to have encouraged the worship of Shri Rajarajeshwari in the region. In later years, Queen [[Keladi Chennamma|Chennammaji of Keladi]] is reported to have visited the temple and gifted the temple with a grand chariot.<ref name=kshetra/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple festival 1.jpg|thumb|left|185px|alt=Temple bali|Temple bali]]
Records written by Abdul Razzak in 1448 suggest that the temple was initially built from molten brass. He recorded that the temple had four platforms. An image of the deity, 5 to 6 feet in height, with red rubies for eyes were present on the highest of the platforms. Today, the idol of the main deity, Shri Rajarajeshwari is a stucco image of the deity with a height of 10 feet.<ref name=karnataka.com/> The clay used for making the idol was specially prepared with herbal mixtures for added strength.<ref name=chennai>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20101127101118/Polali-Raja-Rajeswari-Temple.col|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142025/http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20101127101118/Polali-Raja-Rajeswari-Temple.col|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|title=Polali Raja Rajeswari Temple|publisher=chennaionline.com|access-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> The temple also has smaller idols for other deities including Subramanya, Bhadhrakali, Mahaganapathi and Saraswathi.<ref name=chennai/> During a religious event named ''Lepashta Gandha'', the idols are coated with a special soil mixture with eight medicinal properties once every 12 years. The soil used for coating was prepared hundreds of years ago and not prepared freshly on each occasion.<ref name=chennai/> The roof of ''Mukhamantapa'', a section of the temple has many Gods and Goddesses exquisitely carved in wood. The roofs of other sections of the temple like the ''Dhwajastambha'', the ''Garbagriha'' and the ''Pillar of lights'' are covered in copper plates.<ref name=karnataka.com/>

[[File:Polali sri rajarajeswari temple.jpg|thumb|pooja details at sri rajarajeswari temple]]
==Poojas==
[[File:Polali Shri Rajarajeshwari.jpg|thumb|left|185px|alt=Polali Shri Rajarajeshwari|Polali Shri Rajarajeshwari]]
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple bali.jpg|thumb|right|290px|alt=Temple festival|Temple festival]]
[[Puja (Hinduism)|Poojas]] are conducted on a daily basis and during special occasions. The Head Priest of the temple is K ''Rama Bhat and Madhava Bhat''. They are responsible for the daily and special poojas. The daily poojas include the morning pooja, which is conducted at 8.30 AM, the noon Mahapooja, which is conducted at 12.30 PM and the night pooja, conducted at 8.30 pm.<ref name=kshetra/>

Poojas conducted on special occasions are as follows:
* Simha Sankramana
* Souramana Ugadi
* Gokulashtami
* 4th day of Bhadrapada Shukla
* Kadiru Habba
* [[Navarathri]]
* [[Deepavali]]
* Kartika Bahula Padya
* Laksha Deepotsava (on new moon day of the Karthika month)
* Subramanya Panchami and Shashti Festivals
* Dhanurmasotsava
* Mahashivarathri Festival
* Annual Festival (on Sankranthi day of the Meena month)<ref name=kshetra/>

==Polali Chendu festival==
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple chendu game.jpg|thumb|left|150px|alt=Chendu game|Chendu game]]
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple chendu 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Football game during Chendu Festival|Football game during Chendu Festival]]
The Polali Chendu festival, also known as the football festival, is a widely popular football game which is conducted for a period of five days during the annual temple festival, seven days before avabritha. The football, which is a leather ball, is made by a cobbler family in Mijar. An oil miller family from Kadapu Karia is given the responsibility of bringing the ball from the cobbler family, wherein they announce the date of the commencement of the game after they place the ball in the freshly cleaned frontyard of Malali Ballal. On the evening of the first day of the family, the cobbler family place the ball and a palm leaf umbrella on the gopuram of the temple. After offering prayers to the deity, the ball is taken to the football field and the game is commenced.<ref name=kshetra/> Up to five hundred people compete in the games, though any number of people may compete. The objective of the game is to get the ball to the opposition's side. The game historically represents the fight of good over evil and the car festival at the end of the games are said to represent the victory of the good over the evil.<ref name=karnataka.com/>

==Annual festival==
[[File:Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple car.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Temple car during festival|Temple car during festival]]
An annual festival is celebrated at the temple during the month of March. The festival lasts for one month. During the festival the idol of the temple deity is placed on a circular crown called ''Prabhavathi'', which is beautifully decorated for the purpose. On the 4th day of the festival, the idol is placed on ''Simhasana Katte'', a platform approximately 100 metres from the temple and a special pooja is performed.<ref name=chennai/>

==See also==

* [[Madhur Temple]]
* [[Sri Gopalakrishna Temple Kumble]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=l9QemTbJyDk|title=Rajarajeshwari Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Ruqaiya Hasan

2026-03-31T13:17:57Z

AsliKhan99: started a stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian linguist (1931–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
|name = Ruqaiya Hasan
|image = Ruqaiya Hasan photo.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Ruqaiya Hasan
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1931|7|3}}<ref name="smh">{{cite news|last1=Cahill|first1=Justin|title=Professor of linguistics, Ruqaiya Hasan, leaves widely respected intellectual legacy|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/professor-of-linguistics-ruqaiya-hasan-leaves-widely-respected-intellectual-legacy-20150722-gihsf9.html|access-date=25 July 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=22 July 2015}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2015|6|24|1931|7|3|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
|spouse = [[Michael Halliday]]
|known_for = Semantic variation; context in linguistic theory; "Symbolic articulation"
}}
'''Ruqaiya Hasan''' (3 July 1931<ref group=lower-alpha>After government birth records were lost in Pratapgarh, Hasan's mother re-registered Ruqaiya's birthdate as 3 July 1931, slightly earlier than her real birthdate, to enroll her in school earlier.</ref> – 24 June 2015) was an Indian [[linguist]] and professor who held visiting positions and taught at various universities in England and Australia. Her last appointment was at [[Macquarie University]] in Sydney, from which she retired as emeritus professor in 1994. Throughout her career she researched and published widely in the areas of verbal art, culture, context and text, text and texture, lexicogrammar and semantic variation. The latter involved the devising of extensive semantic system networks for the analysis of meaning in naturally occurring dialogues.<ref name="beenasarwar">{{cite web|title=R.I.P Ruqaiya Hasan: A life well lived|date=28 June 2015 |url=http://beenasarwar.com/2015/06/28/r-i-p-ruqaiya-hasan-a-life-well-lived/|publisher=beenasarwar|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
In 1964 Hasan completed her PhD in linguistics at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name="beenasarwar" /> The title of her thesis was '[[hdl:1842/16409|A Linguistic Study of Contrasting Features in the Style of Two Contemporary English Prose Writers]]'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasan|first=R|date=1964|title=Linguistic Study of Contrasting Features in the Style of Two Contemporary English Prose Writers|language=en|hdl=1842/16409}}</ref> The writers were [[Angus Wilson]] and [[William Golding]]. She drew on [[M.A.K. Halliday|Halliday]]'s early work, in particular, his "Categories of the Theory of Grammar" paper, which had been published in 1961.

==Contributions to linguistics==
Hasan worked in her career of more than 50 years in linguistics around a number of central concerns, but all have set out from a basic conviction concerning the "continuity from the living of life right down to the [[morpheme]]".<ref>Hasan, R. 1996. Ways of Saying, Ways of Meaning. Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by Carmel Cloran, David Butt and Geoff Williams. Cassell.</ref>

Her early PhD research began a long interest in language and verbal art. In the 1960s she worked at the [[Sociolinguistics|Sociolinguistic]] Research Centre with Basil Bernstein, on issues concerning the relation of language and the distribution of forms of consciousness. This engagement spawned both her later work on semantic variation,<ref>Hasan, R. 2009. Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics. Volume Two in the Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by Jonathan Webster. Equinox.</ref> and provided the impetus and data for her early studies of what underpins text unity—in her terms, texture and text structure. in 1976, with MAK Halliday she published what remains the most comprehensive analysis of cohesion in English.<ref>Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.</ref> In their further co-authored book, ''Language Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective'',<ref>Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 1985/89. Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective. Deakin University Press/OUP: Geelong/Oxford.</ref> Hasan set out the interrelationships of texture and text structure (i.e. her notion of "generic structure potential", or "GSP").

She divided linguistic theories into two categories: "externalist" and "internalist". She applied the term "externalist" to those theories where language is assigned a "subsidiary role" in the creation of meaning. In such theories, language plays no role in bringing about the existence of the thing to be understood or expressed. In the externalist approach, "language is reduced to a name device: it becomes a set of 'names' that label pre-existing things, properties, events, actions, and so on. It is a condition of naming that the phenomena should exist and be recognisable as having specific identities quite independent of the 'names' that the speakers of the language choose to give them."<ref>Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1988. Language in the processes of socialisation: home and school. From Language and Socialisation: Home and School – Proceedings from the Working Conference on Language in Education, edited by L Gerot, J Oldenburg and T Van Leeuwen. School of English and Linguistics, Macquarie University. Reprinted in full in Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics. Vol. 2, ''Hasan Collected Papers''. Ed. Jonathan Webster. London: Equinox. p. 135</ref> She urged linguists to abandon the externalist view, arguing instead for a linguistic model "that is capable of doing two seemingly disparate things at once: first, we need to show that meanings are the very artefact of language and so are internal to it; and secondly, that these linguistically created meanings nonetheless pertain to our experience of the world around us and inside us".<ref>Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1988. Language in the processes of socialisation: home and school. From Language and Socialisation: Home and School – Proceedings from the Working Conference on Language in Education, ed. L Gerot, J Oldenburg and T Van Leeuwen. School of English and Linguistics, Macquarie University. Reprinted in full in ''Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics"''. Vol. 2, ''Hasan Collected Papers''. Ed. Jonathan Webster. London: Equinox. p. 136</ref>

==Studies in context==

Hasan followed but extended the model of linguistic context set out by [[Michael Halliday]] going back to the 1960s, in which he proposed that linguistic context must be seen as a "semiotic construct" with three essential parameters: field, tenor and mode.<ref>Halliday, M. A. K., McIntosh, A., & Stevens, P. (2007 [1964]) The users and uses of language. In Webster, JJ (ed.) Language and Society. Vol. 10, ''Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday''. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 5–37.</ref> Hasan argued that context is essential to resolving Saussure's dichotomy of 'langue' and 'parole'. 
Hasan made a theoretical distinction between "relevant context" [aspects of context encapsulated in the text], and what she called in 1973 the 'material situational setting'.<ref>Hasan, R. 1973. Code, register and social dialect. In Class, Codes and Control, vol II, ed. Basil Bernstein. Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Full in Hasan, 2005. Language Society and Consciousness. Volume 1 in the Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by JJ Webster. London: Equinox.</ref> 'Relevant context' she defines as "that frame of consistency which is illuminated by the language of text" and "a semiotic construct".<ref>Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. p. 177.</ref> Since relevant context is a "semiotic construct", she argued that it should be "within the descriptive orbit of linguistics". Further, since [[systemic linguistics|systemic functional linguistics]] is a social semiotic theory of language, then it is incumbent on linguists in this tradition to "throw light on this construct".<ref>Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. p. 177.</ref>

Hasan critiqued the typical application of Halliday's terms "field", "tenor" and "mode" by systemic linguists, on the basis that the terms have been applied as if their meaning and place in the theory was self-evident.<ref>Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 179–80.</ref> She argued for the application of the system network as a mechanism for the systematic description of the regularities across diverse social contexts.<ref>Hasan, R. 2004. Analysing Discursive Variation. In L. Young and C. Harrison (eds) Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Studies in Social Change. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 15–52.</ref>

==Studies in semantic variation==
[[File:Cover semantic variation.jpg|thumb|350px|Ruqaiya Hasan. 2009. Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics. London: Equinox]]
While working at Macquarie University in Sydney, Hasan undertook 10 years of research into the role of everyday language in the formation of children's orientation to social context. She adopted the term semantic variation to describe her findings from this research, a term first coined by [[Labov]] and Weiner.<ref>see Weiner, E.J. and Labov, W. 1983. Constraints on agent-less passive. ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 19(1): 29–58.</ref> Having proposed the concept, the authors explicitly rejected the possibility of semantic variation as a sociolinguistic concept, except as possibility a function of age.<ref>see Weiner, E.J. and Labov, W. 1983. Constraints on agent-less passive. ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 19(1): 29–58.</ref><ref>Hasan, R. 2009. "On semantic variation". In Hasan, R. ''Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and in Sociolinguistics''. London: Equinox. p. 41.</ref>

Hasan's work was an empirical investigation of semantic variation. Her findings represent linguistic correlates of [[Basil Bernstein]]'s conception of "coding orientation". Hasan collected some 100 hours of naturally occurring discourse in families across distinct social locations. She used the terms higher-autonomy professional and lower-autonomy professional to distinguish social locations, the latter describing professionals who have discretion over the way their working time is organized, as distinct from those whose time is at the discretion of others higher up in a workplace hierarchy. The findings are set out in Hasan 2009, the second volume of her collected papers.<ref>Lemke, J. 2011. "Review of Semantic Variation: Meaning in society and sociolinguistics". ''Linguistics and the Human Sciences''. London: Equinox. pp. 1–7.</ref> Of this work on semantic variation, [[Jay Lemke]], adjunct professor of communication at the University of California, writes:
:
:The results of this work were at least twofold. First, it established in great detail and with high statistical significance that across social class lines there were major differences in how mothers and young children from working class vs middle class families framed questions and answers, commands and requests, and grounds and reasons in casual conversation in normal settings. And second, it showed that the usual mode of teachers’ talk with these children was if anything an exaggerated version of the typical middle-class ways of meaning.
:The theoretical significance goes well beyond even these important results. Educationally, and in terms of social policy, it faces us with the truth of [[Basil Bernstein]]'s hypothesis of many years ago that ways of meaning differ significantly across social class positions, and that home and school, functioning as critical settings for socialization, tend to inculcate these ways of meaning and then evaluate and classify them in ways that lead to or at least significantly support the realities of social class differentiation and hierarchization in modern societies (Bernstein, 1971). Linguistically and sociologically, Hasan argues from her data, variation in meaning making must be considered an integral if not the primary factor in our understanding of the role of language in the constitution of social structure."<ref>Lemke, J. 2011. Review of Semantic Variation: Meaning in society and sociolinguistics. Linguistics and the Human Sciences. London: Equinox. pp1-2.</ref>

==Studies in verbal art==
Hasan's studies of verbal art are a linguistic extension of the [[Prague School]], and in particular the work of [[Jan Mukařovský]]. According to Hasan, of the Prague School linguists Mukařovský has produced "the most coherent view of the nature of verbal art and its relation to language".<ref>(Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 122)</ref> Mukařovský argued that poetic language cannot be characterised by reference to a single property of language. The aesthetic function is instead a mode of using the properties of language.<ref>Mukařovský J., 1977. The Word and Verbal Art. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> From Mukařovský, Hasan took the notion of [[foregrounding]].

The process of foregrounding, or making salient, depends on contrast: an aspect of the text's language, or a set of textual features, can only be foregrounded against a patterning which becomes the ‘background’. This is the notion of a figure and ground relationship. Foregrounding, for Hasan, is contrast with respect to the norms of the text.<ref>Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 94</ref> However the idea of contrast is not self-evident. We need to be able to specify under what conditions a pattern in language is significant such that we consider it to be foregrounded, and, therefore, can attribute to it some of the responsibilities for conveying the text's deeper meanings.

A pattern draws attention to itself, i.e. is foregrounded, when it displays consistency. There are two aspects to this consistency: consistency in terms of its "semantic drift" (Butt 1983) and consistency in terms of its textual location. Semantic drift refers to the manner in which an ensemble of features take the reader toward “the same general kind of meaning” (Hasan, 1985a: 95). Consistency of textual location refers not to any gross notion of location, such as every other paragraph or every five lines. Rather, consistency of textual location refers to “some significant point in the organisation of the text as a unity” (ibid: 96). The process of attending to the foregrounded patterns in the text is the means by which we proceed from simple statements about the language to an explication of the ‘artness’ of the text.

Ultimately, Hasan describes the patterning of language patterns as 'symbolic articulation'.<ref>Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press</ref> 'Symbolic articulation' is the means by which a process of "second-order semiosis" emerges, that is the process by which "one order of meaning acts as metaphor for a second order of meaning”.<ref>Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 100</ref>

==Selected works==
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1996. ''Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning''. Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan, eds. C. Cloran, D. Butt & G. Williams. London: Cassell.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2005. ''Language, Society and Consciousness''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 1, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2009. ''Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 2, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2011. ''Language and Education: Learning and Teaching in Society''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 3, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2016. ''Context in the System and Process of Language''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 4, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2019. ''Describing Language: Form and Function''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 5, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2017. ''Unity in Discourse: Texture and Structure''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 6, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. forthcoming. ''Verbal Art: A Social Semiotic Perspective''. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 7, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.

==See also==
*[[Metafunction]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|35em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.equinoxpub.com/equinox/books/browse.asp?serid=12 Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan]
* [http://vimeo.com/28283172 Ruqaiya Hasan on Vimeo SFL Linguists group]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Ruqaiya}}
[[Category:Systemic functional linguistics]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian women linguists]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]

St. George's Jacobite Church, Cheppad

2026-03-31T01:36:27Z

AsliKhan99: started some info more to come

{{Short description|Church in Cheppad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''St. George's Church, Cheppad''' (founded 1924), is a church in a village known as [[Cheppad]] or ''Cheppaud'' in [[Alappuzha]] district of [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. St. George's Church in Cheppad belongs to the [[Niranam Diocese (Syriac Orthodox Church)|Niranam Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church|Malankara Archdiocese]], under the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], headed by Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and all the East.

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704231525/http://www.niranamdiocese.org/ Niranam diocese]}}
* [http://www.stgeorgecheppaud.org/ St. George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]
* [http://www.syrianchurch.org/Syriac Orthodox website from India]
* [http://sor.cua.edu/The Syriac Orthodox Resources]
* [http://www.socmnet.org/ SOCMNet - Internet platform of Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christians]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Cheppaud}}
[[Category:Churches in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox churches in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Cheppad]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1924]]
[[Category:20th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

{{India-OO-church-stub}}

Samar (2013 film)

2026-03-20T23:31:57Z

AsliKhan99:

{{short description|2013 Indian Tamil film by Thiru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Samar 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
| producer = Rudrapati Ramana Rao T. Ramesh
| writer = Thiru and [[S. Ramakrishnan]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Thiru
| story = Thiru
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] [[Sunaina]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Score:''' [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan|Richard Nathan]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = Jaya Balaji Real Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|01|13}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAMAR |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/samar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode5njy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250925025122/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/samar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode5njy |archive-date=25 September 2025 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Samar''''' ({{Translation|War}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]. It stars [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Sunaina]], while [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] , [[Sampath Raj]], and [[John Vijay]], play supporting roles. [[Richard M. Nathan]] handled the cinematography, while the film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Dharan Kumar]], respectively. The story revolves around a trekking guide who goes to Bangkok to meet his girlfriend and witnesses a series of puzzling incidents there.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=14 July 2012 |title=Strange encounters |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3639482.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722021815/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3639482.ece |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> After several delays, the film was released on 13 January 2013.

== Plot ==
The film opens with Sakthi, the son of a forest ranger, beating up a gang that illegally cuts precious trees to earn money. Sakthi is a jungle trekker who spends his time bringing groups of tourists into the jungle.

Almost immediately, the story changes track and introduces Sakthi's girlfriend Rupa. The lovers soon part ways, citing compatibility issues, where Rupa complains that Shakthi is not the loving boyfriend she wanted. Sakthi's character is such that he does not remember even a single detail in their love life that Rupa deems important. Rupa tells Sakthi that he does not seem to have time for a girlfriend and does not even care to. Rupa further aggravates the situation by asking Sakthi to close his eyes and tell her the colour of the dress she was wearing, but Sakthi cannot. Grieved, Rupa leaves Sakthi, saying this was his character and that he would not change.

After three months, Sakthi still had not recovered from his breakup. However, he receives a courier from his girlfriend saying she misses him, and a flight ticket to Bangkok, where she now lives. Sakthi is overjoyed and leaves for Bangkok. As this is his first trip to a foreign country, Sakthi seeks help from his co-passenger Maya. They end up becoming friends, and Sakthi tells Maya about his lady love.

In Bangkok's [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]], Sakthi and Maya part ways, and Sakthi makes his way to the Buddhist Temple where Rupa had written in the letter that she would meet him at. Although he waits for hours, Rupa does not turn up. At night, IPS Officer Muthumaran checks on him, saying he is not allowed to stay at the temple at night. Upon learning that Sakthi is a Tamilian like himself, he offers him a place to stay while Sakthi finds his girlfriend. However, Muthumaran implies that he does not trust women and that Sakthi should not get his hopes up that Rupa will come looking for him. Another day, in a case of mistaken identity, Sakthi gets caught up in the middle of a shootout between two gangs, one intent on protecting him and the other seemingly hell-bent to riddle him full of holes. As the gang protecting Sakthi gains the upper hand in the firefight, they whisk him away to a posh hotel in a luxury car. Sakthi is confused and does not understand why he was dragged off.

A magazine in the seat next to him in the car attracts Sakthi's attention. To his shock, he sees an exact lookalike on the magazine cover. It turns out that his [[doppelgänger]], also named Sakthi, is a multi-millionaire tycoon who is adored by many and targeted by a few in Bangkok. He does not know how to prove his identity, as everything stands against him. Things get bizarre as Trekker Sakthi has been forcefully dropped into the role of Tycoon Sakthi, and situations seem to prove him to be someone he was not.

At the hotel, Trekker Sakthi argues with Tycoon Sakthi's personal assistant Manohar about his true identity. He takes out his passport and shows it to Manohar. An amused Manohar gives the passport back to Trekker Sakthi and asks if he was merely the son of a forest ranger, why he would have multiple visas of so many countries, which was expected in a businessman's passport. To his horror, Trekker Shakthi finds that his ordinary, rarely travelled Indian passport has inexplicably turned into a Thai passport with visas to several countries, like Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Sakthi enlists the help of Maya, who takes him to a branch of [[Bangkok Bank]] to recover his details, hoping there would be a discrepancy somewhere to help Trekker Sakthi prove he was not Tycoon Sakthi.

In a turn of events, when Trekker Sakthi signs his signature to access Tycoon Sakthi's bank account balance, hoping that his different signature might be proof enough, the bank's security system shows that his signature was an exact match and that he had a little over half a billion US dollars in his account. At this juncture, even Maya starts to suspect that both Sakthis are the same person. Sakthi gets further and further mangled in more trouble with his assumed identity.

After a long cat-and-mouse game, Sakthi spots Manohar again, not in a business suit as before, but as a pimp in the streets. Sakthi gives chase and beats him up enough to find out the truth: he was being played by two ruthless, psychotic businessmen watching his every move through hidden cameras, who have orchestrated all the bizarre situations Sakthi had found himself in before Manohar reveals the names. He is shot and falls into the hole. Shakthi is blamed for the murder, and the police do not believe his story. Shakthi learns that Rupa had never written the letter. Two business tycoons, Rajesh Arunachalam and John Frederick, are childhood friends who were born in rich families. They intentionally create problematic situations for unsuspecting people, placing bets to determine whether or not they survive.

In the present, Rajesh and John bring a person posing as Maya's boyfriend Rohit to provoke Sakthi's anger so that he would show his anger towards Maya. Sakthi plays the same game back at the villains with Maya by pretending to slap and kill her (the villains think Maya is really dead). Maya stands on a road where Rajesh and John are travelling. They think she is a ghost, and they panic, lose control of the car, and become unconscious. The next day, Rajesh and John find themselves staying in a suite owned by them, and a news broadcast shocks them: to the whole world, Rajesh and John are dead, and their funeral is taking place. They run away and end up in front of Shakthi and Maya. Joseph Kuriyan, Muthumaran, and Jayaraj, the people involved in the game, arrive there. The film ends with Shakthi and Maya walking away from the seaside while the sound of a pistol is heard, indicating that both villains are killed.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Sakthi
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Maya
* [[Sunaina]] as Roopa
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Rajesh Arunasalam
** [[Saran Shakthi]] as young Rajesh
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as John Frederick
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Joseph Kuriyan
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Muthumaran
* [[John Vijay]] as Manohar
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Jayaraj
* [[Narayan Lucky|Narayan]] as Rohit, Maya's boyfriend
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Sakthi's father
* [[Rajendran]] as Tree Cutter
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]]
* [[Munnar Ramesh]]
* [[Sandra Amy]]
* Chevvalai Rasu
* Scarlett Mellish Wilson as an [[item girl]] in "Rajaavin Thoattathil"
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In mid-August 2011, [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] confirmed that his next project after ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' would be a film to be directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]], with whom he had collaborated in ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 August 2011 |title=Spa retreat for Vishal and Shriya? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/spa-retreat-vishal-and-shriya-159 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812062833/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/spa-retreat-vishal-and-shriya-159 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was titled ''Samaran'', and was reported to be an action adventure film, with Vishal playing a "forest trekker".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2011 |title=Vishal plays a forest trekker in Samaran |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-plays-a-forest-trekker-in-samaran-news-tamil-lkmk6Cjjhei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013114804/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-plays-a-forest-trekker-in-samaran-news-tamil-lkmk6Cjjhei.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's title was changed to ''Samar'' in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2012 |title=Vishal's 'Samaran' becomes 'Samar' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-s-samaran-becomes-samar-news-tamil-me4kd2gfdij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501000528/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-s-samaran-becomes-samar-news-tamil-me4kd2gfdij.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> At the audio release function, Vishal revealed that the film was written for his friend, actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], but that he wanted to enact the lead role after listening to its narration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2012 |title='I've been selfish about Samar' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1367925.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210034725/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1367925.ece |archive-date=10 December 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first look of the film was unveiled by Thiru on 1 May 2012 via Twitter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2012 |title=Vishal's Samar first look out! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Vishal-s-Samar-first-look-out-news-tamil-mfbkUSjifah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503002739/http://www.sify.com/movies/Vishal-s-Samar-first-look-out-news-tamil-mfbkUSjifah.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], who had previously declined five of Vishal's films – ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'', ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'', ''[[Thoranai]]'', ''Theeradha Vilayattu Pillai'' and ''Vedi -'' was signed as the lead actress of ''Samar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 August 2011 |title=Trisha says yes to Vishal |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-says-yes-vishal-859 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819085647/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/trisha-says-yes-vishal-859 |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Trisha in Vishal's next film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-in-vishal-s-next-film-news-tamil-litlP0bffcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111317/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-in-vishal-s-next-film-news-tamil-litlP0bffcd.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was initially reported that [[Arvind Swamy]] had agreed to play a negative character; in response, Thiru clarified that Arvind Samy was considered but never approached, adding that it was not a negative character either.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2011 |title=Will Aravind Swamy make a comeback? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-29/news-interviews/29941055_1_roja-star-films-comeback |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107025443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-29/news-interviews/29941055_1_roja-star-films-comeback |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Arvind Swamy later clarified that he was not going to make a comeback.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2011 |title=Show Buzz |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/08/28/stories/2011082850020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906211422/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/08/28/stories/2011082850020100.htm |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sunaina]] accept to star in the film after initial hesitancy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 25, 2012 |title=Director’s delight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/directors-delight/article3820993.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306020341/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/directors-delight/article3820993.ece |archive-date=2026-03-06 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] originally agreed to act in the film, but as filming became delayed by a month, he opted out of the project and was subsequently replaced by [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] actor [[Manoj Bajpai]], making his Tamil film debut,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=31 January 2012 |title=Manoj Bajpayee in Samaran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Manoj-Bajpayee-in-Samaran/articleshow/11696919.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203113519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Manoj-Bajpayee-in-Samaran/articleshow/11696919.cms |archive-date=3 February 2012 |access-date=31 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], with whom Bajpai acted in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), was recruited to play another pivotal role as Thiru wanted to reunite the ''Satya'' actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=11 July 2012 |title=Director Thiru ready with 'Samar', the Vishal-starrer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jul/11/director-thiru-ready-with-samar-the-vishal-starrer-385793.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925032825/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jul/11/director-thiru-ready-with-samar-the-vishal-starrer-385793.html |archive-date=25 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The director stated that ''Samar'' would be filmed on location in the forests of [[Chalakudy]], Kerala.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Most of the scenes from the first schedule were shot in [[Ooty]] and featured only Vishal and Sunaina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Straight talk! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/30/straight-talk-315632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306023406/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/30/straight-talk-315632.html |archive-date=March 6, 2026 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Several stunt scenes were shot in Bangkok with the help of Chinese stuntman Nung, which Vishal performing without using any safety ropes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2012 |title=Vishal's Samar has plenty of action |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishals-samar-has-plenty-of-action-news-tamil-mhlkqijddaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711105221/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishals-samar-has-plenty-of-action-news-tamil-mhlkqijddaj.html |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The song "Poikaal Kuthirai", picturised on Vishal, was shot for over five days in almost 18 locations in Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2012 |title=An abstract song for Vishal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/news-interviews/32699347_1_vishal-director-thiru-j-d-chakravarthy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520233325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/news-interviews/32699347_1_vishal-director-thiru-j-d-chakravarthy |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2012, the crew left for Malaysia to shoot the last song on Vishal and Trisha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2012 |title=Trisha off to Malaysia with Vishal! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-off-to-malaysia-with-vishal-news-tamil-mk5oojfgiea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105003159/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-off-to-malaysia-with-vishal-news-tamil-mk5oojfgiea.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In August 2012, a producer named Vijay brought an interim injunction over the usage of the title ''Samar'', claiming that he had registered the same a year ago for his upcoming film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2012 |title=Samar's title woes continue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samars-title-woes-continue/articleshow/15617265.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306031422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samars-title-woes-continue/articleshow/15617265.cms |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Thiru confirmed by October 2012 that the title issue had been solved and that the film's title remains unchanged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2012 |title=Vishal's Samar for Diwali ? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Vishals-Samar-for-Diwali-news-tamil-mkjjEhgiacf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011072239/http://www.sify.com/movies/Vishals-Samar-for-Diwali-news-tamil-mkjjEhgiacf.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Samar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 December 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:11
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], continuing his association with Thiru. It was released on 4 December 2012, with [[Agathiyan]], Thiru's father-in-law, being present at the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2012 |title=Samar audio launched, sans Yuvan &Trisha! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-audio-launched-sans-yuvan-trisha-news-tamil-mmfjKafgdbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024170819/http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-audio-launched-sans-yuvan-trisha-news-tamil-mmfjKafgdbj.html |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The background score was composed by [[Dharan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2013 |title=Dharan's surprise to Yuvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dharans-surprise-to-Yuvan/articleshow/18030191.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250925051522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dharans-surprise-to-yuvan/articleshow/18030191.cms |archive-date=25 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Pramodh of ''Musicperk'' rated the album 6.5/10, quoting "This album is a treat for Yuvan fans".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramodh |date=12 December 2012 |title=Samar |url=http://www.musicperk.com/samar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120074324/http://www.musicperk.com/samar/ |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=Musicperk |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "''Samar'' is proof that Yuvan can doze off while composing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=4 December 2012 |title=Samar (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/04/samar-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319033705/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/04/samar-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:11
| title1 = Oru Kannil Vaegam
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K. G. Ranjith]], Naveen Madhav, [[Suchitra]]
| length1 = 4:54
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title2 = Azhagho Azhaghu
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length2 = 4:50
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| title3 = Poikkaal Kuthirai
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length3 = 5:47
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| title4 = Rajaavin Thoattathil
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|K. G. Ranjith]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length4 = 3:48
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| title5 = Vellai Maiyil
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length5 = 4:52
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan]]
}}

== Release ==
''Samar'' was supposed to release for the Christmas weekend on 21 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2012 |title=Dec 21 – X' Mas releases in Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dec-21-x-mas-releases-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mmsjxiijhhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220110503/http://www.sify.com/movies/dec-21-x-mas-releases-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mmsjxiijhhj.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was later pushed to 28 December since it had not yet been cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC). Due to "severe" financial issues, the film was postponed to mid-January 2013, to release during the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2012 |title=Samar postponed to Pongal ! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Samar-postponed-to-Pongal-news-tamil-mmzlAXegajj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226223702/http://www.sify.com/movies/Samar-postponed-to-Pongal-news-tamil-mmzlAXegajj.html |archive-date=26 December 2012 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was cleared by the CBFC on 22 December,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2012 |title=Samar gets censored with UA certificate! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Samar-gets-censored-with-UA-certificate-news-tamil-mmwjPqiidfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223155457/http://www.sify.com/movies/Samar-gets-censored-with-UA-certificate-news-tamil-mmwjPqiidfg.html |archive-date=23 December 2012 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and released on 13 January 2013 across 1600 screens worldwide, clashing with ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2013 |title=2013 – Pongalo Pongal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115040806/http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfg.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The rights for the Telugu dubbed version were bought by Five Colours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2012 |title=Five Colours bags Samar's Telugu rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-colours-bags-samars-telugu-rights/articleshow/17238837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250925030630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-colours-bags-samars-telugu-rights/articleshow/17238837.cms |archive-date=25 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Post-release, Thiru lashed out at a major production house,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2013 |title='Samar' director lashes out at competition |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-director-lashes-out-at-competition-news-tamil-nbpjfuhhjdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115180435/http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-director-lashes-out-at-competition-news-tamil-nbpjfuhhjdh.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> alleging that it tried to stall the release of ''Samar'' for Pongal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2013 |title='Samar' director vents out at competition |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/news-interviews/36351918_1_director-thiru-vishal-s-samar-festival-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520223829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/news-interviews/36351918_1_director-thiru-vishal-s-samar-festival-releases |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
According to ''[[Box Office Mojo]]'', the film grossed $11,132 at the UK box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samar |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1264420097/weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701192246/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1264420097/weekend/ |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "a suspense thriller that is intelligently structured, Vishal's Thiru directed ''Samar'' is an all-new experience for Tamil commercial cinema viewers", with the reviewer going on to add that it was not "what one would rate as great cinema but we assure it has enough zing, visual and thrills to keep you in your seats for its runtime of a little over two hours".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Samar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-review-tamil-15017664.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813085443/http://www.sify.com/movies/samar-review-tamil-15017664.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vivek Ramz from ''[[In.com]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and stated, "Samar has an interesting storyline, but is somewhat let down in its treatment. Still, it's watchable, especially for those who love suspense and thrills".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=14 January 2013 |title=Samar is a watchable thriller |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/samar-is-a-watchable-thriller-50167154-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074045/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/samar-is-a-watchable-thriller-50167154-in-1.html |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=20 March 2013 |work=[[In.com]]}}</ref> M. Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and claimed, ''Samar'' is an engaging film that is quite a different attempt for Tamil cinema (Hollywood routinely comes up with such thrillers) and Thiru deserves a pat for confidently exploring this slightly tricky genre and managing to succeed in it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=15 January 2013 |title=Samar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Samar/movie-review/18036080.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116193126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Samar/movie-review/18036080.cms |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'''s Pavithra Srinivasan gave it 3 out of 5 and cited that it "manages to wring out a tale that's entertaining and snappy, despite its flaws", further adding that "it is slick, makes you get involved with the characters, and doesn't let you pause until almost the end", and calling it an "ideal festival fare".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=15 January 2013 |title=Review: Samar is a commercial entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-rview-samar-is-a-commercial-entertainer/20130115.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117004149/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-rview-samar-is-a-commercial-entertainer/20130115.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=16 January 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated that ''Samar'' was a "neat thriller with an interesting plot and a good script".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Review: 'Samar' |url=http://deccanchronicle.com/130115/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98samar%E2%80%99 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125180918/http://deccanchronicle.com/130115/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-%E2%80%98samar%E2%80%99 |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiru (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2025}}

4 the People

2026-03-19T05:31:34Z

AsliKhan99: quick update

{{short description|2004 Indian film}}
{{distinguish|For the People (disambiguation){{!}}For the People}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 4 the People
| image = 4 the People.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = Sabu Cherian
| screenplay = [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
| story = Jayaraj
| starring = [[Arun Cherukavil]] [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] Arjun Bose Padma Kumar [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| distributor = Johny Sagariga Film Company
| released = {{Film date|2004|02|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}40 lakhs<ref name="stats"/>
| gross = {{INR}}3 crores<ref name="stats"/>
}}
'''''4 the People''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Jayaraj]] and written by [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]] from a story by Jayaraj.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/for-the-people-review-malayalam-pclvzOfghbfef.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424105516/https://www.sify.com/movies/for-the-people-review-malayalam-pclvzOfghbfef.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 April 2022 | title=For the People | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film stars [[Arun Cherukavil]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] (in his Malayalam debut), Arjun Bose, Padma Kumar, [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Gopika]] and [[Pranathi]] in the lead roles, with [[Babu Annur]] in a supporting role. The plot follows four engineering students who lead a double life as members of a vigilante group called "4 the People," targeting corrupt public officials.

The film's soundtrack became a trendsetter in Malayalam cinema,{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} pioneering a new style of composition. ''4 the People'' was both a critical and commercial success, achieving [[Cult following|cult status]]. It was partially re-shot and released in Tamil as ''4 Students'' and was later remade in Telugu as ''[[Yuvasena]]'' (2004), with Jayaraj directing and Bharath reprising his role. The film spawned two sequels, [[By the People (2005 film)|''By the People'']] (2005) and ''[[Of the People]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |title=4 Students |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov363.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015010003/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov363.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=December 2022}}
Aravind ([[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]]), Vivek ([[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]), Eshwar (Arjun Bose) and Shafeek (Padma Kumar) are four engineering students from economically struggling families that were victims of society's corruption in one way or the other. Enraged by various injustices happening around them, the group take the law into their own hands and form the secretive clique called 4 The People that targets corrupt officials. They create an identity for themselves with their attire and mode of operation. They dress up in all black and ride bullet motorcycles. They even set up a website for the public to lodge their complaints.

From the complaints lodged they chose an official and cut their dominant arm to send a message to other officials and expose them in media with relevant evidences that they collect before attacking a target. The group gains a lot of public support and are regarded as heroes. Their actions also lead to government officials refusing to take bribes in fear of someone lodging a complaint against them to 4 The People. Soon, the police are on their track. A young cop Rajan Mathew ([[Narain (actor)|Narain]]) is in hot pursuit of the gang who are now targeting a corrupt minister.

The foursome attempt to kill the minister, but fail. Seeing the brutality of the police, the students come to the support of the foursome. One of the students kills the minister and is joined by three more students. It is concurrently revealed that these four students were benefited from 4 The People's influence in the society. They escape with the help of other students who were present there and forms another vigilante group- ''[[By the People (2005 film)|a gang of four.]]''

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arun Cherukavil]] as Aravind Sebastian
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Vivek
* Arjun Bose as Eeswar Iyer
* Padma Kumar as Shafeek
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Rajan Mathew IPS (Credited as Sunil Kumar)
* [[Gopika]] as Divya Anand
* [[Pranathi]] as Teena
* [[Babu Annur]] as MP Mahadevan
* Samad Sulaiman
* Adhitya (Jai) as Rajath Kumar
* Chandra Banu as Suanathan A.C.P.
* Ani as Sidharthan G.I.
* Antony Mathew as Alexander Punnoose D.I.G.
* Unni Shivapal as MP's Son
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
|
| name = 4 the People
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = 27 January 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio CD |url=https://avdigital.in/products/4-the-people-malayalam-film-songs |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio = Pooja Sound, [[Ernakulam]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Johny Sagariga [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[The King Maker Leader]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Ennittum]]
| next_year = 2004
}}
Soundtrack was composed by [[Jassie Gift]]. The songs "Lajjavathiye" and "Annakkili" became popular. Jassie Gift later reused "Lajjavathiye" as "Mandakiniye" for Kannada film ''[[Hudugaata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sshudu/20070611.htm|title=Hudugaata: Only for Ganesh fans|date=11 June 2007|work=[[Rediff]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref> In these songs, Jassie Gift utilised and popularised [[Rapping|Rap]] and [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapper's delight |date=3 April 2019 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/030419/rappers-delight.html}}</ref>

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Artist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Lajjavathiye"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
| 2
| "Ninte Mizhimuna"
| Jassie Gift, [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]], [[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
| 3
| "Lokasamastha"
|[[Deepankuran Kaithapram|Deepankuran]], Jassie Gift

|-
| 4
| "Annakkili"
| Prathap Chandran, Chorus
|-
| 5
| "For the People"
| Farhad, Rama Varma, Chorus
|-
| 6
| "Lajjavathiye" (Western)
| Jassie Gift
|-
| 7
| "Annakkili"
| Jassie Gift, Chorus
|}

===''4 Students'' (Tamil version)===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Artist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Lajjavathiye"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
| 2
| "Annakkili"
| Jassie Gift
|-
| 3
| "Undhan Vizhimudhal"
| Jassie Gift, [[Ganga Sitharasu]]
|-
| 4
| "Poovaale Indha"
| Harish Raghavendra
|-
| 5
| "For the People"
| [[Unni Menon]]
|-
| 6
| "Annakkili (V2)"
| Prasanna
|-
|}

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film's Tamil version were sold to Star Vijay.

''Sify'' wrote that "Jayaraj's 4 The People is a trendsetter and a welcome change in the placid superstar driven Malayalam film industry".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/4-the-people-review-malayalam-pclv04bibfgba.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621172923/http://www.sify.com/movies/4-the-people-review-malayalam-pclv04bibfgba.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 June 2018 | title=4 the People | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> ''Nowrunning'' said that "Though the storyline is wafer-thin, the narration is fast-paced and the film is technically brilliant".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1215/malayalam/4-the-people/194/review.htm | title=4 the People Review | 4 the People Malayalam Movie Review by NR | date=March 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/4tpeople/index.htm|title=4 the people Movie review Webindia123.com|website=webindia123}}</ref>

===Box office===
It became one among the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year, grossing ₹3 [[crore]] against a budget of ₹40 [[lakh]].<ref name="stats">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |title=Year 2004 — a flashback |date=31 December 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122941/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 }}</ref>

==Sequels==
The film was followed by two sequels, [[By the People (2005 film)| By the people]] in 2005 and [[Of the People]] in 2008

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0400076}}
{{Jayaraj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:4 The People}}
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|People1]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]

K. Visalini

2026-03-17T14:27:25Z

AsliKhan99: made first biography initial version!

{{short description|Indian prodigy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = K. Visalini
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kvisalini.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|05|23}}
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education]] ([[BTech]], [[PhD]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = Highest Verified [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of 225 Youngest [[CCNA]] certificate holder
| notable_works = 
| height = 
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://www.kvisalini.com}}
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''K. Visalini''' (born 23 May 2000)<ref name="Parents seek government help">{{cite news |last=Aruloli |first=M. |date=May 24, 2011 |title=Parents seek government help |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/prodigy-s-parents-seeks-tn-govt-help-426 |accessdate=29 Aug 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is an Indian prodigy who is purported to have an officially tested [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of 225.<ref name="11 year old Indian girl rated with highest IQ in the world">{{cite news |date=18 November 2011 |title=11 year old Indian girl rated with highest IQ in the world |work=The Weekend Leader |publisher= |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/822/beyond-her-years.html |accessdate=29 Aug 2015}}</ref> Visalini also holds several other records including the youngest person to receive [[CCNA]] and [[EXIN]] [[cloud computing]] certifications. She has been the chief guest and [[keynote]] speaker at many conferences, including [[TED (conference)|TEDxNITKSurakthal]].

==Early life==
Visalini was born in [[Tirunelveli]], in [[Tamil Nadu, India]], in 2000.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |last1=Kumarasamy |first1=Visalini |title=Profile |url=http://kvisalini.com/profile.html |website=kvisalini.com |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Worlds youngest MCP and CCNA">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mousumi Saha |date=February 7, 2012 |title=Vishalini, the World's youngest MCP and CCNA |work=Brainpick |publisher= |url=http://brainprick.com/vishalini-the-worlds-youngest-mcp-and-ccna/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=29 Aug 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110813/https://brainprick.com/vishalini-the-worlds-youngest-mcp-and-ccna/ |archive-date=January 9, 2019}}</ref> Her father, Kalyana Kumarasamy, worked as an electrician and her mother, Sethu Ragamaliga, as an announcer with [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Worlds youngest MCP and CCNA" /><ref name="Parents seek government help" /><ref name=":0" />

Visalini was born with [[ankyloglossia]].<ref name="Parents seek government help" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Melwyn |date=2023-01-31 |title=A Host Of New GenZ Indian Origin Child Prodigies: Visalini Leading The Way |url=https://thewfy.com/a-host-of-new-genz-indian-origin-child-prodigies-visalini-leading-the-way/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The WFY |language=en-US}}</ref> During her mother's preparations for the [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission]] exams, her mother would often recite questions from the syllabus and their accompanying answers in the hopes that it would ameliorate Visalini's condition by encouraging [[echolalia]].<ref name="11 year old Indian girl rated with highest IQ in the world" /><ref name="Parents seek government help" />

== Education ==
During her schooling, Visalini was double promoted twice. Instead of continuing her ninth-grade education, she accepted an admission into the B.Tech. program at the [[Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education]].<ref name="11 year old Indian girl rated with highest IQ in the world" /> She participated in an accelerated program, allowing her to complete the B.E. program in three years as opposed to four.<ref name="11 year old Visalini">{{cite news |date=2011 |title=You will be stunned to know this achievement of 11-year-old Vishali! |publisher=divyabhaskar.com |url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/NAT-k-vishalini-most-iq-2562337.html |accessdate=29 Aug 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

She received an M.Tech. and Ph.D. in computer science and engineering at [[Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education]].<ref name=":0" /> Visalini speaks Tamil, English, Hindi, and Sanskrit.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2023, she is currently pursuing an M.A. in psychology at Indira Gandhi National Open University, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile – K. Visalini |url=https://www.kvisalini.com/index0dd6.html?page_id=330 |access-date=2023-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is a Microsoft Certified Professional and Cisco Certified Network Associate.<ref name="Worlds youngest MCP and CCNA" /><ref name="New world record by student">{{cite news |date=May 24, 2011 |title=New world record by student |work=[[The Hindu]] |publisher= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-world-record-by-student-claimed/article2044215.ece |accessdate=29 Aug 2015}}</ref> Visalini is the youngest person to receive [[CCNA]] certification and [[EXIN]] [[cloud computing]] certification.<ref name="Network bulls">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Bandna |date=2015-09-16 |title=Visalini's Journey at Network Bulls |url=http://www.ciscochamps.com/2014/04/visalinis-journey-at-network-bulls.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916190729/http://www.ciscochamps.com/2014/04/visalinis-journey-at-network-bulls.html |archive-date=16 September 2015 }}</ref>

== Career ==
She has been the chief guest and [[keynote]] speaker in many conferences, including [[TED (conference)|TEDxNITKSurakthal]] and Computational Intelligence and Communication at [[SKR Engineering College]].<ref name="TEDx speakers">{{cite news |title=TEDx speakers |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] website |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/3312 |access-date=29 Aug 2015}}</ref><ref name="Visalini - conference">{{cite news |date=12 July 2012 |title=Chennai college hosts international conference |work=[[Indian Express]] |publisher= |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article564588.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204450/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article564588.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |accessdate=29 Aug 2015}}</ref>

She works in artificial intelligence and machine learning and has developed an algorithm that can predict and diagnose cancer and diabetes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Her Official website is closed. Latest capture by Internet Archive, March 30, 2025:
* https://web.archive.org/web/20250330144718

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visalini, K.}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mahananda (film)

2026-03-15T21:32:01Z

AsliKhan99:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Arindam Sil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahananda
| image = Mahananda 2022 poster.jpeg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arindam Sil]]
| writer = [[Arindam Sil]] Shubhendu Dasmunshi
| producer = [[Firdausul Hasan]] Probal Halder
| starring = [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] [[Debshankar Halder]] [[Ishaa Saha]] Arno Mukhopadhyay
| cinematography = Ayan Sil
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmik
| music = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| studio = Friends Communication
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|04|08}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mahananda''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[biographical film]] directed by [[Arindam Sil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=Arindam Sil on Mahasweta Devi film Mahananda: I wanted to create something that will inspire the next generation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arindam-sil-on-mahasweta-devi-film-mahananda-7459665/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Firdausul Hasan and Probal Halder under the banner of Friends Communication. The film is based on the life and works of the eminent writer and socio-political activist [[Mahasweta Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengalis have chosen to forget Mahasweta Devi: Filmmaker Arindam Sil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/mar/20/bengalis-have-chosen-to-forget-mahasweta-devi-filmmaker-arindam-sil-2432229.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film stars [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] in the title role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Mahananda: এলোমেলো সাদা চুল, মুখভর্তি বলিরেখা! চিনতে পারছেন এই অভিনেত্রীকে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gargi-roychowdhury-looks-unrecognizable-in-the-first-look-poster-of-mahananda-film-inspired-from-mahasweta-devi-s-life-31641113058736.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102104213/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gargi-roychowdhury-looks-unrecognizable-in-the-first-look-poster-of-mahananda-film-inspired-from-mahasweta-devi-s-life-31641113058736.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mohal Basu, an enthusiastic college student, wants to pursue her PhD research on the writer and socio-political activist Mahananda Bhattacharya. For that, she goes to Mahananda herself and a series of events occur in their lives which change Mohal mentally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahananda (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolkata - BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/mahananda/ET00325303 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] as Mahananda Bhattacharya, an eminent writer and socio-political activist <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gargee Roychowdhury: Playing Mahashweta Devi is a milestone in my career - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/gargee-roychowdhury-playing-mahashweta-devi-is-a-milestone-in-my-career/articleshow/89148938.cms |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Debshankar Haldar]] as Bidhan Bhattacharya, husband of Mahananda Bhattacharya <ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Mahananda: জোর কদমে আবার শ্যুটিং শুরু, 'মহানন্দা' মুক্তি পাবে পুজোতেই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mahananda-movie-will-be-released-in-puja-shooting-resumes-dgtl/cid/1289901 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Ishaa Saha]] as Mohal Basu, a PhD scholar who is researching on the life and works of Mahananda Bhattacharya <ref>{{Cite web |title='Mahananda' is about Mahasweta Devi's principles |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/mahananda-is-about-mahasweta-devis-principles/cid/1859280 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* Arno Mukhopadhyay as Bihan, Mohal's boyfriend

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahananda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 March 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:44
| language = Bengali
| label = Friends Communication
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|2SEDJenK39s|Mahananda - Full Album}}
}}
}}

All the songs are composed by Bickram Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahananda Music Launch: মহাশ্বেতা দেবীর জীবন থেকে অনুপ্রাণিত 'মহানন্দা'! রয়েছে রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত থেকে আদিবাসী সুর |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/video/mahananda-arindam-sil-inspired-life-indian-writer-activist-mahasweta-devi-music-launches-bickram-ghosh-composes-unique-tribal-music-suc-soc-354245-2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> and the lyrics are penned by Subhendu Dasmunshi.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rong Dhorese
| length1 = 2:34
| lyrics1 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music1 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra1 = [[Sahana Bajpaie]]
| title2 = Amar E Poth
| length2 = 2:05
| lyrics2 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| music2 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra2 = [[Sahana Bajpaie]]
| title3 = Mati Amar
| length3 = 3:26
| lyrics3 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music3 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra3 = [[Sahana Bajpaie]]
| title4 = Hey Ote
| length4 = 3:51
| lyrics4 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music4 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra4 = Dipannita Acharya
| title5 = Dhanuk Uthao
| length5 = 3:16
| lyrics5 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music5 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra5 = Timir Biswas, Dipannita Acharya
| title6 = Dhol Baje
| length6 = 0:37
| lyrics6 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music6 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra6 = Dipannita Acharya
| title7 = Jhanshi Song
| length7 = 2:04
| lyrics7 = Subhendu Dasmunshi
| music7 = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| extra7 = Dipannita Acharya
| total_length = {{Duration|m=18|s=44}}
}}

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 8 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Sil's next 'Mahananda' to release on April 8 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/arindam-sils-next-mahananda-to-release-on-april-8/articleshow/90226343.cms |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Mahananda'' has received positive to mixed reviews, with critics praising its narrative structure and performances but criticizing the characterization of its protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2022-04-10 |title=MAHANANDA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahananda/movie-review/90757850.cms |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=ETimes Entertainment Times}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2022">{{cite web | title=Mahananda Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Mahananda by Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=8 April 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahananda/movie-review/90757850.cms | access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar 2022">{{cite web | last=Sarkar | first=Roushni | title=Mahananda review: Commendable recreation of Mahasweta Devi's life highlights need to tap her legacy | website=Cinestaan | date=10 April 2022 | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/mahananda-43105 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410054014/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/mahananda-43105 | url-status=live | archive-date=10 April 2022 | access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "The heart of this film is the music of Bickram Ghosh. Which gave another dimension to 'Mahananda'. Be it the use of Santali instruments in the background music or the song 'Rong Dhorese' sung by Sahana Bajpai. 'Mahananda' once again proved that Arindam-Bickram duo has undoubtedly set another milestone in Bengali cinema music. How did the indomitable struggle of a woman, the force of her mental strength put the ruling party in confusion? If you want to know then you can watch 'Mahananda' in theatres".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/arindam-sil-helmed-gargee-roychowdhury-starrer-mahananda-review/lite/|title=পুঁজিবাদ, রাজনৈতিক স্বার্থের বিরুদ্ধে এক নারীর অদম্য লড়াইয়ের গল্প 'মহানন্দা'|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=bn|date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Ranabir Bhattacharyya of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "The early events of Mahananda's life are especially marked on the screen. Bijan Bhattacharya's conversation with Mahasweta Devi seems to be caught effortlessly in moments of humility like those of Mahananda and Bidhan Bhattacharya. In Arno Mukhopadhyay, Ishaa Saha also catches the eye with their easy chemistry. Bickram Ghosh's music scheme has given a worthy accompaniment. And of course Sahana Bajpaie's songs should not be missed!Sabarni Das' costume design is the asset of this movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-mahananda-starring-gargi-roy-chowdhury/amp-31649504415111.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730181816/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-mahananda-starring-gargi-roy-chowdhury/amp-31649504415111.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2022|title=Mahananda Film Reviews: পর্দার মহানন্দা কি ধারে ভারে বাস্তবের মহাশ্বেতা দেবী হয়ে উঠল? উত্তরে চমক আছে|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=bn|date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Friends Communication films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arindam Sil]]

Sandhya (film)

2026-03-04T09:07:36Z

AsliKhan99: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandhya
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dr. Vasan
| producer = T. Komala
| writer = Dr. Vasan [[K Padmanabhan Nair]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] [[Jayabharathi]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Reetha Enterprises
| distributor = Reetha Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1969|7|20|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Sandhya''''' is a 1969 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Dr. Vasan and produced by T. Komala. The film stars [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Jayabharathi]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[M. S. Baburaj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=302|title=Sandhya|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3649|title=Sandhya|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sandhya-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092306/http://spicyonion.com/title/sandhya-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Sandhya|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]]
*Lakshmi

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadumuthe" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Asthamanakkadalinnakale" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Asthamanakkadalinnakale" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Daaham Daaham" || S. Janaki || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Kaaviyuduppumay" || P. B. Sreenivas || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257089|Sandhya}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Bommai Nayagi

2026-03-03T02:32:09Z

AsliKhan99: Created New Info.

{{Short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bommai Nayagi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shan
| writer = Shan
| producer = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| starring = [[Yogi Babu]] [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Harikrishnan Anbudurai]] [[G. M. Kumar]] Subatra Robert Srimathi
| cinematography = Athisayaraj R
| editing = Selva R. K.
| music = Sundaramurthy K S
| studio = Neelam Productions Yaazhi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|03}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bommai Nayagi''''' ({{translation|Doll heroine}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Social problem film|social]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Shan in his directorial debut and produced by [[Pa. Ranjith]] under Neelam Production. The film had [[Yogi Babu]] in the lead role. The music was composed by Sundaramurthy K S, [[Cinematography]] handled by Athisayaraj R and edited by Selva R. K. This film received critical acclaim from critics and audiences.

== Plot ==

Velu ([[Yogi Babu]]) is a simple man whose entire world revolves around his family and the tea stall he works in. One day, when his entire family were having fun at the Bommai Nayagi Amman temple festival, his daughter (Bommai Nayagi) went home to bring her piggy bank and offered the money she saved to the [[Deity]]. But a couple of drunkards abuse her on the way back, leaving her unconscious. The rest of the film deals with Velu's fight to bring [[justice]] to Bommai Nayagi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Velu
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Harikrishnan Anbudurai]] as Jeeva
*Subatra Robert as Kayalvizhi, Bommai Nayagi's mother
*Srimathi as Bommai Nayagi
*[[G. M. Kumar]] as Velu's father
*[[Aruldoss]] as Senthil
*[[Lizzie Antony]]
*[[S. S. Stanley]]
*Jayachandran
*[[Rockstar Ramani Ammal]]
*Sumaiya
*Ishmath banu
*Dhamu
*Indrajith
*Jayavel
}}

== Production ==
The shooting of the film began in January 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Yogi Babu's Bommai Nayagi shoot begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-shoot-begins/articleshow/80403087.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001035956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-shoot-begins/articleshow/80403087.cms |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=23 January 2021 |title=Yogi Babu and Pa Ranjith's film Bommai Nayagi goes on floors. See first look poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yogi-babu-and-pa-ranjith-s-film-bommai-nayagi-goes-on-floors-see-first-look-poster-1761931-2021-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001035956/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yogi-babu-and-pa-ranjith-s-film-bommai-nayagi-goes-on-floors-see-first-look-poster-1761931-2021-01-23 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 24 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Yogi Babu's Bommai Nayagi shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/87889464.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001035957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/87889464.cms |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]] started dubbing for his portions on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Bommai Nayagi dubbing update |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-starts-dubbing-for-bommai-nayagi/articleshow/89274559.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001035959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-starts-dubbing-for-bommai-nayagi/articleshow/89274559.cms |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title="இப்படியொரு யோகிபாபுவை நீங்கள் பார்த்திருக்கவே மாட்டீர்கள்!" |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-shan-interview-about-bommai-nayagi-movie |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001061603/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/director-shan-interview-about-bommai-nayagi-movie |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bommai Nayagi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Sundaramurthy K. S.
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 January 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| length = 21:11
| producer = [[Neelam Productions]]
| prev_title = [[Beginning (2023 film)|Beginning]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Thandatti]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Bommai Nayagi
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Adiye Raasaathi
| single1date = 6 January 2023
| single2 = Kadar Kara Kaathu
| single2date = 20 January 2023
}}
}}

The soundtrack album is composed by Sundaramurthy K S, the audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]]. The first single titled "Adiye Raasaathi" was released on 6 January 2023 and it is a melody number. The song written by Kabilan, composed by Sundaramurthy K S and sung by Sathyaprakash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Bommai Nayagi first single update is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/05/bommai-nayagi-first-single-update-is-out-38440.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108144145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/05/bommai-nayagi-first-single-update-is-out-38440.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Adiye Raasaathi Video Song {{!}} Bommai Nayagi {{!}} Yogi Babu, Subatra, Srimathi {{!}} Shan {{!}} Sundaramurthy KS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YiyRQMS0-Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108144141/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YiyRQMS0-Q |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |language=en |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = D. Sathyaprakash
| lyrics1 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|| title1 = Adiye Raasaathi
| length1 = 04:51
| extra2 = Rockstar Ramani Ammal
| lyrics2 = Sithan Jayamoorthy & Shan
|| title2 = Kadar Kara Kaathu
| length2 = 03:27
| extra3 = Sithan Jayamoorthy
| lyrics3 = Ilaya Kamban
|| title3 = Bommai Nayagi
| length3 = 04:34
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics4 = Kabilan
|| title4 = Vaanam Thaiyaga
| length4 = 05:24
| extra5 = Srimathi, Srisakthi & Shan
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]
|| title5 = Saga Uyire
| length5 = 02:55
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:11
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released theatrically on 3 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Here's when Yogi Babu's Bommai Nayagi will hit the screens |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/04/heres-when-yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-will-hit-the-screens-38396.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105134906/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/04/heres-when-yogi-babus-bommai-nayagi-will-hit-the-screens-38396.html |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post theatrical streaming rights of the film is sold to [[ZEE5]], while the satellite rights of the film is sold to [[Zee Tamil]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2023}}
Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Bommai Nayagi'' is yet again an effective social drama that addresses a sensitive issue in the most sensible way. It has a drama that affects us deeply. Worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Bommai Nayagi Movie Review : Yogi Babu's shines in this deeply-affecting drama on justice and the judicial system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bommai-nayagi/movie-review/97597448.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205050412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bommai-nayagi/movie-review/97597448.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt16239334}}

{{Pa. Ranjith}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Films produced by Pa. Ranjith]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sakhi Thomas

2026-02-10T03:16:36Z

AsliKhan99: started the info more to come

{{Short description|Indian costume designer}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sakhi Elsa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| website =
| alma_mater = [[Mar Ivanios College]] [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]
| occupation = [[Costume designer]]
| years_active = 2009 – present
| awards = Kerala State Film Awards(2018)
}}

'''Sakhi Elsa''', also known as '''Sakhi Thomas''', is an Indian [[costume designer]] and [[fashion designer]] working predominantly for the [[Malayalam films|Malayalam film industry]].

==Early life==
Sakhi completed her schooling in Sarvodaya Vidyalaya and Pre-University in Mar Ivanios College. Further she took her bachelor's degree in Commerce.

Pursuing her passion, in 2004 she completed her two-year post graduation course from [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] in Knitwear Design & Technology.

Her collection titled ‘The Fragrance of a Dream’ (Mehak-E-Khwab) was spotlighted as the mid-way-opening collection of the 2004 Knitwear Design Show.

==Career==
She has designed costumes for leading film actors including [[Mohanlal]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Prathap K. Pothan]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Nithya Menon]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Shwetha Menon]], and [[Ann Augustine]].<ref name=haute>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/haute-designs/article2928247.ece|title=Haute DESIGNS|author=Nita Sathyendran|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As costume designer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kerala Cafe]] - Off Season'' || Malayalam || [[Shyamaprasad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article420781.ece|title=From Sakhi's fashion house|website=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=23 February 2018}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]''|| Malayalam || [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Dressing-the-stars/article16273093.ece|title=Dressing the stars|first=Nita|last=Sathyendran|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 June 2010|publisher=|accessdate=23 February 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''|| Malayalam || [[Shyamaprasad]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Violin (2011 film)|Violin]]''|| Malayalam || [[Sibi Malayil]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Second Show]]''|| Malayalam || Srinath Rajendran
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Malayalam || [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Arike (film)|Arike]]''|| Malayalam || [[Shyamaprasad]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[3 Dots]]''|| Malayalam || [[Sugeeth]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Crocodile Love Story]]'' || Malayalam || Anoop Ramesh
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''|| Malayalam || [[Shyamaprasad]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Maad Dad]]''|| Malayalam || [[Revathy S Varmha]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu]]'' || Malayalam || Chandrahasan
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' || Malayalam || Jibu Jacob
|-
| 2015 || ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]''|| Malayalam || [[Muhsin parari]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaliyachan]]'' || Malayalam || [[Farook Abdul Rahiman]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Salt Mango Tree]]'' || Malayalam || Rajesh Nair
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Malayalam || [[Nadirshah]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]'' || Malayalam || [[Shyamaprasad]]
|-
| 2018 || Vallikudilile Vellakaaran || Malayalam || Duglus Alfred
|-
|2020 ||Kesu Ee Veedinte Nadhan || Malayalam|| [[Nadirshah]]
|-
| 2020 ||Thattasherikoottam|| Malayalam || Anoop
|}

===As lyricist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director
|-
| 2020 ||Thattasherikoottam|| Malayalam || Anoop
|}

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Award]]
* 2017 [[48th Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer]] - [[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]<ref name="award">{{Cite press release |title=Kerala State Film Awards-2017-Declaration -Reg |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2018/Kerala%20State%20Film%20Awards-2017-Declaration%20-Reg.pdf |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224051750/http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2018/Kerala%20State%20Film%20Awards-2017-Declaration%20-Reg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-indrans-and-lijo-jose-win-big-kerala-state-film-awards-2017-77624 | title=Parvathy, Indrans and Lijo Jose win big at Kerala State Film Awards 2017 | date=8 March 2018 | accessdate=8 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5580186}}
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/48th-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-5090541/ Kerala State Film Awards 2017] - Indian Express

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Sakhi}}
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Costume designers of Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nancy Lonsdorf

2026-02-08T18:01:34Z

AsliKhan99: put up basic details with sources

{{short description|American author and medical doctor}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2016}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2016}}
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nancy Lonsdorf
| birth_place =
| education = Johns Hopkins, Stanford
| module = {{Infobox medical details
| profession = [[Medical doctor]], [[author]]
| field = Ayurveda, Integrative Medicine
| work_institutions = The Raj Ayurveda Health Center, Fairfield, Iowa (2000 – 2005)
(now in private practice)
| specialism =
| research_field =
| prizes = Atreya Award for Excellence in Ayurveda Practice
}}
}}

'''Nancy Lonsdorf''' is an [[United States|America]]n author and medical doctor who practices [[Maharishi Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 4, 2007 |title=Detoxing: In pursuit of a body that's pure |first=HILARY E. |last=MacGREGOR |url=http://www.projo.com/health/content/lb_detox_02-04-07_IB3JLKK.50def6d.html |work=The Providence Journal |location=Providence, R.I. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401195712/http://www.projo.com/health/content/lb_detox_02-04-07_IB3JLKK.50def6d.html |archive-date=April 1, 2009 }}</ref> She received her training at [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] and studied Ayurveda in Europe and India, and is the author of several books on the subject.

==Education==
Lonsdorf received her M.D. from [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] in 1983<ref>{{cite news|title=Health care: A view from the East, Ayurvedic technique promotes holistic approach to healing|newspaper=The Sun|location=Baltimore, MD|date=November 27, 1990}}</ref> and performed her residency training in psychiatry at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayurveda-ayurvedic.net/nancy_lonsdorf.html|title=About Nancy Lonsdorf, M.D.|publisher=Maharishi Ayurveda natural medicine for women's health and beauty|access-date=November 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name=vedichealth>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedichealth-ct.org/medical-advisory-board/dr-lonsdorf.htm|publisher=Maharishi Vedic Prevention Center|title=Nancy Lonsdorf, M.D. Biography|access-date=November 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name ="Daily News">{{cite news|work=Daily News|title=Doctors Incorporate Ancient System of Prevention in Modern Medicine|location=Bowling Green, KY|date=June 15, 1987|first=Jerry|last=Estill|agency=Associated Press|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CfgaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6712,3221694&dq=nancy-lonsdorf&hl=en}}</ref> Lonsdorf has also studied with Ayurvedic physicians in India, Europe and the U.S.<ref name=official/><ref name=vedichealth/><ref>American Health, Volume 7, Issues 6–10, page 81</ref>

==Career==
''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'' has referred to Lonsdorf as "one of the nation's most prominent Ayurvedic doctors".<ref name=PR>{{cite press release|date=October 9, 2008|title=Alternative Medicine Pioneer and Author, Nancy Lonsdorf, MD, Helps Launch New Prescription Drug Ratings Website, RateADrug.com |publisher=PRNewswire|id={{ProQuest|450670886}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayurveda the latest darling of holistic healing|first=Julie |last=Deardorff| work=Chicago Tribune|date=February 22, 2005}}</ref> She has been a speaker at various medical schools including [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]], [[Georgetown University Medical Center]], [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]], [[George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences]], [[Howard University]], and the [[Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences]].<ref name=vedichealth/>

She is a member of the planning team for the College of Perfect Health at [[Maharishi University of Management]], which plans to grant M.D. and M.S. degrees during a 5-year educational program.<ref name=vedichealth/> She is a contributing editor for ''[[Natural Solutions]]'' (formerly called ''Alternative Medicine'') magazine<ref name=official/> and a member of the Scientific Board of Advisors for RateADrug.com.<ref name=PR/> She teaches courses in clinical Ayurveda to health professionals through the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine in [[La Jolla]], California.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scripps.org/events/clinical-ayurveda%E2%84%A2-a-practical-training-program-for-health-professionals |title=Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine, official website |access-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227075153/http://www.scripps.org/events/clinical-ayurveda%E2%84%A2-a-practical-training-program-for-health-professionals |archive-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Londsorf reports that she sees "12 patients or less per day"<ref>Hontz, Jenny (January 26, 2004) [http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-ayurveda26jan26,0,3680581.story?page=2 Balm from the East] ''LA Times'', Retrieved Feb 26 2012</ref> and according to the "Ask The Doctors" web site, has treated more than 10,000 patients since 1986. She says "the great majority of our patients are professionals" <ref>Krasnow, Iris ( August 21, 1998) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-21-mn-1079-story.html The Ayurvedic Way: Ancient Medical Treatment Uses Inner Peace, Hot Oil] ''LA Times'' Retrieved Feb 26 2012</ref> including one profiled by author and physician, [[Andrew Weil]].<ref>{{cite book|title=8 Weeks to Optimum Health: A Proven Program for Taking Full Advantage of Your Body's Natural Healing Power|first=Andrew |last=Weil|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIfEmIrUzLAC&q=dr+nancy+lonsdorf&pg=PA159|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=978-0-345-49802-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorsontm.com/nancy-lonsdorf-resume|publisher=Doctors on TM|title=Nancy Lonsdorf, M.D. Johns Hopkins-trained physician|access-date=November 1, 2010}}</ref>

In 1987, Lonsdorf became the medical director for the Maharishi Ayurveda Medical Center in Washington, D.C.,<ref name ="Daily News"/><ref name="Austin Statesman">{{cite news|title=Maharishi's followers can't transcend stress and violence of D.C.|first=Jim|last=Naughton|work=Austin American Statesman|location=Austin, Tex.|date=December 17, 1991|page=A.1}}</ref> and in 2000, she became the medical director for [[The Raj (spa)|The Raj]] Ayurveda Health Center in [[Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa]], a position she held until 2005.<ref name=official/> In 2011, she received the "Atreya Award for Excellence in Ayurvedic Practice" from the Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America, (AAPNA).<ref>Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America [http://www.aapna.org/awards.php Awards for Excellence in Ayurveda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116224237/http://www.aapna.org/awards.php |date=2012-01-16 }}</ref>

Lonsdorf has been featured or cited in a number of periodicals including the ''[[Vegetarian Times]]'',<ref name="Veg Times">Vegetarian Times,[https://books.google.com/books?id=qwQAAAAAMBAJ&q=dr&pg=PA34] Nov 1996, p. 34 and 38</ref> ''[[Washingtonian (magazine)]]'', ''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'', ''[[LA Times]]'',<ref>MacGregor, Hilary (Oct 232006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150208021450/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/23/health/he-detox23/3 Purification or just a purge] ''LA Times'', page 3 Retrieved Feb 26 2012</ref> the ''[[Yoga Journal]]'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KeoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=dr+nancy+lonsdorf&pg=PA36 Yoga Journal, Well Being] ,Yoga Jul-Aug 2001 page 36</ref> ''[[Redbook]]'' magazine, ''Rodale's Yogalife'', ''FIT'' magazine, ''[[Natural Health]]'', and ''[[Women's Health (magazine)|Women's Health]]''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J8YDAAAAMBAJ&dq=dr+nancy+lonsdorf&pg=PA46 Women's Health, Pretty Natural, April 2006]</ref> Lonsdorf has also appeared on [[National Public Radio]], Voice of America, TV-MD (PBS), the [[Geraldo Rivera]] show, CNN and The Donahue Show.<ref name="Menopause">{{Cite book| last = Lonsdorf| first = Nancy | title = A woman's best medicine for menopause| publisher= Contemporary Books| year = 2002 | url = https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0809293358/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link| isbn =0-8092-9335-8 }}</ref>

==Publications==
Lonsdorf has authored several books and videos on [[Maharishi Ayurveda]] and its relationship to women's health.

===Books===
* {{cite book |author1=Lonsdorf, Nancy |author2=Veronica Butler |author3=Brown, Melanie |title=A Woman's Best Medicine: Health, Happiness, and Long Life Through Maharishi Ayur-Veda |publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-87477-785-2 }}<ref name="Yoga Journal">[http://www.yogajournal.com/health/1139 Yoga Journal, The Graceful Change, Trisha Gura] page 1</ref>
*Lonsdorf, Nancy; Butler, Veronica and Brown, Melanie (2001) ''Ayurveda für Frauen Gesundheit, Glück und langes Leben durch indische Medizin'' Language: German, Publisher: München Droemer Knaur <ref name ="World Cat"/>
*Lonsdorf, Nancy (2002) 2002''A woman's best medicine for menopause : your personal guide to radiant good health using Maharishi Ayurveda'', Chicago: Contemporary Books<ref name ="World Cat">[http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=Lonsdorf%2C+Nancy Nancy Lonsdorf] World Cat, retrieved March 4, 2012</ref>
*Lonsdorf, Nancy; Brown, Melanie and Butler, Veronica (2002) ''Nejlepší medicína pro ženy : zdraví, štěstí a dlouhověkost za pomoci Maharišiho ájurvédy'' Language: Czech, Publisher: Praha : Dobra,<ref name ="World Cat"/>
*{{cite book |author=Lonsdorf, Nancy |title=The Ageless Woman: Natural Health and Beauty After Forty with Maharishi Ayurveda |publisher=MCD Century Publications |year=2004 |isbn=0-9721233-5-0 }}
*Lonsdorf, Nancy (2008) ''Zralá žena : menopauza a ájurvéda : přirozená cesta ke zdraví, kráse a harmonii'' Language: Czech, Publisher: Praha : Triton, 2008 <ref name ="World Cat"/>

==Videography==
*Lonsdorf, Nancy (1988) ''On creating health : eliminating stress and reversing aging'' Maharishi Ayur-Veda Association of America.; Global Video Productions, Publisher: Lancaster, MA : Global Video Productions<ref name ="World Cat"/>
*Lonsdorf, Nancy; Bassick, Jane; Guth, Jamie; Weil, Andrew; Northrup, Christiane and Kronenberg, Fredi (1995) ''Alternative health (medicine)'', Publisher: Sherborn, MA: Aquarius Productions, Inc.<ref name ="World Cat"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ayurveda-ayurvedic.net/ Maharishi Ayurveda natural medicine for women's health and beauty] Official web site

{{Transcendental Meditation movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lonsdorf, Nancy}}
[[Category:American psychiatrists]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

T. V. Varadarajan

2026-01-16T22:47:18Z

AsliKhan99: updated

{{Short description|Indian actor and news anchor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''S. Varadarajan''', better known as '''T. V. Varadarajan''', is an Indian theatre and television actor and news anchor from Tamil Nadu. He had been a news reader for [[Doordarshan]] for over 28 years.<ref name="C">{{cite web|title=The many facets of T. V. Varadarajan|author=Girija Subramanian|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/interviews/varadarajan.asp|publisher=Chennai Online|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320091015/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/interviews/varadarajan.asp|archivedate=2011-03-20|df=}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Varadarajan was working with Bank of India at their Zonal Office in Chennai, before he got an offer as a news reader for Indian's national television channel [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="C" />
== Career ==
Varadarajan worked for over 28 years as a news anchor for Doordarshan emerging as one of its most familiar faces. Eventually, he got chances to act in plays by [[Y. Gee. Mahendra]]. In the 1990s, Varadarajan formed his own drama troupe. One of his plays ''Elavasa Enaippu'' won six awards from the Mylapore Academy.<ref name="C" />

Veteran Tamil film director [[K. Balachander]] gave him a chance to act in television serials. Since then, he has acted in leading roles in three of Balachander's television serials namely ''Premi'', ''Kai Alavu Manasu'' and ''Kadhal Pagadai''.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/tv-varadharajen-a-multifaceted-personality/article8620908.ece|title=Holding centre stage|first=V.|last=Balasubramanian|date=19 May 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

His recent play, 'Ithu Namma Naadu' was a resounding success. 'Ithu Namma Naadu' is a political satire that was enacted on 11 September 2013. This play was written by 'Tughlak' Sathya and Varadarajan directed and starred in it.<ref name="E">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Ithu-Namma-Naadu-to-be-staged-in-Bangalore/articleshow/32280808.cms|title=Ithu Namma Naadu to be staged in Bangalore for the first time - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plays ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Play
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| ''Sri Thyagaraja'' || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/071017/of-art-and-music-bringing-saint-thyagaraja-alive-on-stage.html|title=Of art and music: Bringing saint Thyagaraja alive on stage|first=Narayana|last=Vishwanath|date=7 October 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kaialavu Manasu'' ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="H" />
|-
|''Ithu Namma Naadu'' ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="E" />
|}

== Filmography ==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Antha Sila Naatkal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Pattukottai Periyappa]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]''|| Srikanth's interviewer ||
|}

;Television
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 1996–1998 || ''[[Kadhal Pagadai]]'' || Mohan Babu || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]'' || Cameo appearance as news reader in first episode and advocate in climax scenes ||
|-
| 1996–1997 || [[Kaialavu Manasu]] || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
| 2002–2003 || Sahana || || [[Jaya TV]] ||
|-
| 2003–2005 || ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]'' || Doctor || [[Jaya TV]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Penn (2006 TV series)|Penn]]'' || || Sun TV ||
|-
| 2014–2017 || ''[[Thamarai (drama)|Thamarai]]'' || Raghavan || Sun TV ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
*2012: [[Nataka Kalasarathy]] – Won<ref>{{cite news|title=Drama festival|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-festival/article3841901.ece|accessdate=28 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadarajan, T. V.}}
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sunni Bohra

2026-01-15T06:00:54Z

AsliKhan99: correct content additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Community from the state of Gujarat in India}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sunni Vahora
| population =
| popplace = {{Flatlist|
* India
* United Kingdom
* USA
* Canada
* Pakistan
* South Africa
* Australia
* United Arab Emirates
* Mauritius
* Reunion
* Zambia
}}
| langs = {{Flatlist|
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* [[Urdu]]
* [[Arabic]] (liturgical)
* [[English language|English]]
}}
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related = {{Flatlist|
* [[Gujarati Muslims]]
* [[Memon people|Memon]]
* [[Khoja]]
* [[Mustaali | Shia Bohra]]
}}
}}

'''Sunni Vohras''' or '''Sunni Bohras''', are a Muslim community from the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. Sharing the same name as the [[Dawoodi Bohras]], they are often confused with that community. A few families use the slightly different spelling of "Vora" or "Vahora" as their surname. Another common surname is [[Patel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Satish C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118788 |title=Muslim Communities In Gujarat |date=1964}}</ref>

Sunni Bohras have had a large presence in the historical [[Indian Ocean trade|Indian Ocean maritime trade]], and the Sunni Bohra merchant Mulla Abdul Ghafur was one of the richest merchants of the 18th Century.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012-03-17 |title=Insights into India's Business History |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/11/book-reviews/insights-indias-business-history.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |quote=At the end of the 17th century, Abdul Ghafur of the Bohra community was the richest merchant in Surat, if not in the whole of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ1DAAAAYAAJ&q=abdul+ghafur+richest+merchant+world |title=Proceedings |date=1998 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en |quote=The commercial world of Gujarat at the beginning of the 18th century was dominated by the Bohra family of Abdul Ghafur, undoubtedly the richest merchant of his time ; hence his title' Umdat-ut Tujjar', 'Chief of Merchants'}}</ref>

==History and distribution==
There are multiple Gujarati Muslim communities that use the Vohra name. The community is split into four different sects.<ref name=":0" />

=== Bharuchi and Surti Sunni Vohras ===
The Sunni Vohras of South Gujarat are a large community spanning from [[Khambhat|Cambay]] to [[Valsad district|Valsad]]. The ones north of the river Narmada are commonly known as Bharuchi Sunni Vohras, and the ones South of Narmada are commonly known as Surti Sunni Vohras. Many Vohras from this community, especially north of the Narmada, use the [[Patel]] surname. Historically this community was involved in farming and trade. Many members of this community have substantial amounts of Middle Eastern ancestry from the large Middle Eastern settlements in ancient South Gujarat (see [[Gujarati Muslims#Origins of Bharuchi and Surti Muslims|Origins of Bharuchi and Surti Muslims]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakhuda |first=Ismaeel |title=An East India Company massacre in British Gujarat in 1810 |url=https://www.basair.net/an-east-india-company-massacre-in-british-gujarat-in-1810/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Basair.net |language=en-US |quote=The Sunni Bohras (also known as Vohras) are several traditionally endogamous Muslim communities found in Gujarat.. they are of mixture of ancestry – some may have certainly converted while others are descendants of foreign Muslim groups (Arabs and Persians) who over the centuries settled in Gujarat.}}</ref> Some members of this community were converted from the dominant South Gujarat landowning farmer communities during Muslim rule in Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

This community is now found in towns and villages in South Gujarat, and the diaspora is found in many places around the world, especially in places such as [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Barbados]], [[Réunion|Reunion]] (known as [[Zarabes]]), [[Mauritius]] etc. In many places they have played a substantial role in establishing some of the first Sunni Muslim mosques and being a leading part of the Muslim community, as well as pioneering technological and economic advancements. Many prominent figures such as [[Ismail ibn Musa Menk|Mufti Menk]], [[Hafiz Patel]], [[Amode Ibrahim Atchia|Major Atchia]], [[Ahmed Deedat]], [[Ajum Goolam Hossen]], [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi|Ghulam Vastanvi]], [[Mohsin and Zuber Issa]], [[Alimuddin Zumla]] and [[Ahmed Kathrada]] belong to this community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharuchi Vahora Patel – Gujarati Writers' Guild UK |url=https://www.mahek.co.uk/gwg/publications/bharuchi-vahora-patel/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.mahek.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rivière |first1=Marc Serge |title=AMODE IBRAHIM ATCHIA ('MAJOR') 1868-1947: MAURITIAN PIONEER IN ELECTRICITY, INNOVATOR, AND PHILANTHROPIST |journal=New Horizons |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2018 |pages=55–68 |id={{ProQuest|2063293631}} |url=http://www.greenwichjournals.com/index.php/NH/article/view/367 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yangon Time Machine |url=http://www.yangontimemachine.com/en/index.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.yangontimemachine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-26 |title=Gujarat's 'Rangoon Wallas' |url=https://www.himalmag.com/gujarats-rangoon-wallas/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Patani Bohras ===
[[Patani Bohras]] or [[Jafari Bohras]] are converts of the Ismaili [[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohras]] in Patan during Muslim rule of Gujarat. Some Dawoodi Bohras underwent persecution during Muslim rule after the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Muslim conquest of Gujarat]] and converted from [[Mustaali]] [[Ismaili]] to [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bombay (Presidency) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZBIAQAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |date=1899 |publisher=Government central Press |language=en}}</ref> The leader of part of this conversion movement to [[Sunni Islam]] was said to be Jafar Patani, himself a Bohra convert to [[Sunni Islam]]. In 1538, [[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]], a missionary from [[Sindh]], convinced Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras making the Patani Sunni Bohras a distinct sect.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC&dq=Patani+Bohras&pg=PA283 Patani Bohras]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&dq=sunni+vohras&pg=PA39 Sunni Vohras]</ref>

=== Kadiwal Vohras ===
Kadiwal Vohras are located in [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] and [[Ahmedabad]] and are traditionally followers of Pir Muhammad Shah.<ref name=":0" />

=== Charotar Vohras ===
Charotar Vohras are located in [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] and converted from farming communities in Anand during the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultunate]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Gujarati Muslims]]
* [[1857 Bharuch riot]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Bohra]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim ethnoreligious groups]]

Rhododendron ferrugineum

2025-12-27T18:29:05Z

AsliKhan99: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Redirect|Alpenrose|the dairy company|Alpenrose Dairy}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Alpenrose (Rhododendron ferrugineum) (9135007571).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Khela, S. | title = ''Rhododendron ferrugineum'' | article-number = e.T203007A2758537 | year = 2013 | access-date = 13 March 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Rhododendron
| species = ferrugineum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Rhododendron ferrugineum''''', the '''alpenrose''', '''snow-rose''', or '''rusty-leaved alpenrose''' is an [[evergreen]] shrub that grows just above the [[tree line]] in the [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], [[Jura mountains|Jura]] and northern [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], on acid soils. It is the type species for the genus ''Rhododendron''.

==Description==
''Rhododendron ferrugineum'' may grow up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and produces clusters of pinkish-red, bell-shaped flowers throughout the summer. The undersides of the leaves are covered in rust-brown spots, which give the species the second part of its [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] (''[[:wikt:ferrugineus|ferrugineum]]'', [[Latin]] for 'rust-coloured, ferruginous'). This is in contrast to ''[[Rhododendron hirsutum]]'', which has no such brown colouring, has hairy edges to the leaves and grows over [[limestone]]. Where the two species co-occur (usually on soils of intermediate [[pH]]), the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] ''Rhododendron × intermedium'' may occur; as its name suggests, it is intermediate in form between the two parental species.

==Habitat==
''Rhododendron ferrugineum'' grows primarily on acidic siliceous soils, whereas its close relative ''[[Rhododendron hirsutum]]'' grows on basic carbonate-rich soils. These two types of soils frequently occur near each other in the Alps.

==Toxicity==
''Rhododendron ferrugineum'' is moderately [[Toxicity|toxic]], containing [[arbutin]], [[arecoline]] and [[rhodoxanthin]], and can cause [[vomiting]], and difficulties of the [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive]], [[nervous system|nervous]], [[respiratory system|respiratory]] and [[circulatory system]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herbarium.freehostia.com/plant.php?latin=Rhododendron+ferrugineum&commun=Rhododendron&lang=en |title=Rhododendron (Alpen Rose - Snow-rose - Rusty-leaved Alpenrose) |date=2011 |access-date = 21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817201449/http://herbarium.freehostia.com/plant.php?latin=Rhododendron+ferrugineum&commun=Rhododendron&lang=en |archive-date=August 17, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Rhododendron ferrugineum|''Rhododendron ferrugineum''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1341190}}

[[Category:Rhododendron|ferrugineum]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Flora of Andorra]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]

{{Ericoideae-stub}}

Arjun Modhwadia

2025-12-19T19:00:53Z

AsliKhan99: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Arjun Modhwadia
|honorific-suffix =
|image = Arjun Modhwadia (cropped).jpg
|alt =
|caption =
| term_start = 17 October 2025
| 2blankname = Minister for Forest and Environment
| 2namedata = 17 October 2025 - Incumbent
| 3blankname = Minister for Science and Technology
| 3namedata = 17 October 2025 - Incumbent
| 4blankname = Minister for Climate Change
| 4namedata = 17 October 2025 - Incumbent
| 5blankname = Chief Minister
| 5namedata = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| term_end =
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Gujarat]]
|office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|term_start1 = 8 December 2022
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Babubhai Bokhiria]]
|constituency1 = [[Porbandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
|constituency2 = [[Porbandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
|term_start2 = December 2002
|term_end2 = December 2012
|predecessor2 = [[Babubhai Bokhiria]]
|successor2 = [[Babubhai Bokhiria]]
|office3 = [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|President, Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]]
|term_start3 = March 2011
|term_end3 = March 2015
|predecessor3 = [[Siddharth Patel]]
|successor3 = [[Bharatsinh Solanki]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|2|17}}
|birth_place = [[Porbandar district|Modhwada]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=Gujarat leaders join BJP a day after quitting Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-leaders-join-bjp-a-day-after-quitting-congress-101709626137494.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1997-2024)
|spouse = Hiraben
|children = 2
|residence = [[Porbandar]]
|alma_mater = [[Lukhdhirji Engineering College]], [[Morbi]]; [[Saurashtra University]]
|occupation = Former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] (2004-2007)
|profession = Politician
|cabinet =
|committees = President of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]] (GPCC)
|portfolio =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website = {{URL|www.arjunmodhwadia.in}}
|footnotes =
}}

'''Arjun Modhwadia''' is a former [[Indian National Congress]] politician from Porbandar [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=amo>{{cite web|title=Arjun Madhwadia-Journey |url=http://www.arjunmodhwadia.com/journey/ |work=www.arjunmodhwadia.com |publisher=Official website |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230230655/http://www.arjunmodhwadia.com/journey/ |archive-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> He was the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2007. He had been a president of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]] (GPCC),<ref name=inex>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arjun-modhwadia-appointed-new-state-cong-president/757137/0|title=Arjun Modhwadia appointed new state Cong president|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 March 2011|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> the [[Gujarat]] wing of [[Indian National Congress]] from 2 March 2011 to 20 December 2012.<ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-congress-chief-did-arjun-modhwadia-pip-shankersinh-vaghela_1514936|title=Gujarat Congress chief: Did Arjun Modhwadia pip Shankersinh Vaghela?|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=3 March 2011|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here2">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, he quit the Congress Party and joined the BJP.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=Gujarat leaders join BJP a day after quitting Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-leaders-join-bjp-a-day-after-quitting-congress-101709626137494.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Arjun Modhwadia was born in a Gujarati family at Modhwada, a village near Porbandar, on February 17, 1957. He graduated from Lukhdhirji Engineering College in Morbi with a mechanical engineering degree in 1982. He became a Senate and Syndicate member of Saurashtra University as a Registered Graduate constituency representative from 1982 to 2002. In 1988, he also joined the university's executive council. Throughout his tenure, he actively contributed to improving educational quality at the university. He was an assistant engineer with the Gujarat Maritime Board for approximately nine years. He left his job in 1993 and entered politics. While actively serving in politics and social service, he obtained an LLB from Gujarat University in 2012 to enhance his knowledge.

==Personal life==
Born on February 17, 1957, in Modhvada village, Porbandar, Shri Arjunbhai grew up in a humble farming family with two brothers and two sisters. Shri Arjunbhai Modhwadia is the founder and managing trustee of the Maldevji Odedara Memorial Trust, which promotes education. He also serves as a Trustee and Joint Secretary at Shardapeeth Vidyasabha, Dwarka, under the guidance of Shankaracharya Maharaj.

==Political career==
He joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 1997.<ref name=amo/> In 2002, he contested [[2002 Gujarat legislative assembly election|assembly election]] and won.<ref name=dna /> In 2002, he became a member of [[Delimitation Commission of India]] for Gujarat (Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies). He was also appointed a member of the Estimate Committee. He was the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from 2004 to 2007.<ref name=amo/>

He was [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|re-elected]] in 2007 and from 2008 to 2009 he was also the chairman of the media committee and Chief Spokesperson of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]]. On 2 March 2011, he was selected as the 27th president of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=inex /><ref name=dna />

He also resigned from the post of president of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]] on 20 December 2012 following defeat.<ref name="zn">{{cite news |date=20 December 2012 |title=Arjun Modhwadia resigns as Gujarat Congress president |url=http://zeenews.india.com/state-election-2012/gujarat/arjun-modhwadia-resigns-as-gujarat-congress-president_817879.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Zee news]]}}</ref> He again lost in [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|assembly election in 2017]] against [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate [[Babubhai Bokhiria|Babu Bokhiria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-heavyweights-mlas-ministers-bite-the-dust-1789711|title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017: Heavyweights, MLAs, Ministers Bite The Dust|work=NDTV|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-election-result-2017-live-updates-leads-bjp-congress-seats-won-lost-list-winners-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-hardik-patel-vijay-rupani-amit-shah/978092/|title=Highlights {{!}} Gujarat election result 2017: Final tally out, BJP bags 99 seats, Congress gets 77|date=2017-12-18|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat Elections results: BJP wins majority |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/live-gujarat-assembly-election-results/article9995731.ece |access-date=2017-12-23 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref> He was elected from Porbandar constituency again in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] as an INC candidate defeating his nearest rival and BJP candidate Babu Bokhiria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા ચૂંટણી પરિણામઃ કોંગ્રેસના સૂપડા સાફ, માંડ 17 સીટ જીતી, આપ પાર્ટીનો 5 બેઠક પર વિજય |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/gujarat/gujarat-election-result-2022-congress-winner-only-17-seats-aap-party-gets-5-seat/28453/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Indian Express Gujarati |language=gu-IN}}</ref>

===Bharatiya Janata Party===

In March 2024, Modhwadia quit the Indian National Congress ending his 27 years of association with the party, and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in the presence of BJP Gujarat State unit President C. R. Patil. He resigned from his MLA position to align with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of developed India. In the subsequent by-election, he won with a historic margin of 1,16,808 votes, receiving 86% of votes cast. In October 2025, he was appointed Cabinet Minister for Forest and Environment, Science and Technology, and Climate Change under Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel's leadership.

==Electoral history==
'''2002:''' Shri Arjunbhai Modhwadia won his first election as Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Porbandar constituency in 2002, marking his entry into the Gujarat Legislative Assembly.

'''2007:''' He successfully retained the Porbandar seat in 2007, securing his second consecutive term as MLA and continuing his constituency representation.

'''2022:''' Shri Arjunbhai Modhwadia won from Porbandar with a margin of over 9,000 votes, earning the people's trust for the third time in the 2022 Assembly elections.

'''2024:''' After joining the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 2024, he contested the by-election and achieved a historic victory with a record-breaking margin of 1,16,808 votes. He received 1,33,163 total votes, representing 86% of the total votes cast - the highest vote % ever received by a single candidate in Gujarat's electoral history.

'''October 2025:''' In October 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi appointed him as a Cabinet Minister for Forest and Environment, Science and Technology, and Climate Change in the Gujarat Government. He works under Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel's leadership to advance the vision of developed Gujarat and developed India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20111219171140/http://arjunmodhwadia.com:80/english/}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modhwadia, Arjun}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Porbandar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Presidents of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Historical definitions of races in India

2025-12-11T23:17:38Z

AsliKhan99: corrected layout also

{{Short description|None}}
{{for|information about population of India|Demographics of India}}
{{pp-pc1}}

Various attempts have been made, under the [[British Raj]] and since, to classify the [[demographics of India|population of India]] according to a [[typology (anthropology)|racial typology]]. After [[independence of India|independence]], in pursuance of the [[Government of India|government]]'s policy to discourage distinctions between communities based on [[Race (human categorization)|race]], the [[1951 Census of India]] did away with racial classifications. Today, the national Census of independent India does not recognise any racial groups in India.<ref name=Kumar>Kumar, Jayant. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514011646/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |date=2008-05-14 }} 2001. September 4, 2006.</ref>

Some scholars of the colonial epoch attempted to find a method to classify the various groups of India according to the predominant racial theories popular at that time in [[Europe]]. This scheme of racial classification was used by the British census of India, which was often integrated with [[Indian caste system|caste system]] considerations.

==Great races==
[[File:The Races of Mankind Before European Expansion.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Races of Mankind Before European Expansion'', published by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] in 1891 depicting world races, in the era in which [[scientific racism]] was prevalent.]]
[[File:Gandhala- mother & child 28-6-04.jpg|thumb|180 px|Mother and child in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], of [[northern India]] (2004)]]
[[Scientific racism]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries divided humans into three races based on "common physical characteristics": [[Caucasian race|Caucasoid]], [[Mongoloid]], and [[Negroid]].<ref name="Cooper1945"/>

American anthropologist [[Carleton S. Coon]] wrote that "India is the easternmost outpost of the Caucasian racial region" and defined the [[Indid race]] that occupies the Indian subcontinent as beginning in the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Carleton S. Coon|author-link=Carleton S. Coon|title=The Races of Europe |date=1939 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |page=287|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coon |first1=Carleton Stevens |last2=Hunt |first2=Edward E. |title=The Living Races of Man |date=1966 |publisher=Cape |page=207 |language=en}}</ref> [[John Montgomery Cooper]], an American ethnologist and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, on 26 April 1945 in a hearing before the [[United States Senate]] "To Permit all people from India residing in the United States to be Naturalised" recorded:<ref name="Cooper1945">{{cite book |title=To Permit All People from India Residing in the United States to be Naturalized: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, Seventy-ninth Congress, First Session, on S. 236. April 26, 1945 |date=26 April 1945 |publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on Immigration]] |pages=5–6 |language=en}}</ref>
{{quotation|The people of India are predominantly Caucasoid. Their features, hair texture, hairiness, the shape of the nose, mouth, and so on, are all distinctly Caucasoid. It is only in some of the far, out-of-the-way places of India, as in this country, that you find certain traces of other races.<ref name="Cooper1945"/>}}

The theory propounded by German comparative philologists in the 1840s and 1850s "maintained that the speakers of Indo-European languages in India, Persia, and Europe were of the same culture and race."<ref name="Veer2014"/> This led to a distinction between the [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] of northern India and the [[Dravidian peoples]], located mostly in [[southern India]] with pockets in the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan Province]] in the northwest and in the eastern corner of the [[Bihar Province]].<ref name="Veer2014">{{cite book |last1=Veer |first1=Peter van der |title=Conversion to Modernities |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-66183-9 |page=130 |language=en |quote=Caldwell's articulation of the racial and historical basis of the Aryan-Dravidian divide was, in fact, perhaps the first European valorization of the Dravidian category cast specifically in racial terms, though he admitted the likelihood of considerable racial intermixture. At the same time, Caldwell was merely modifying conventional wisdom in his uncritical acceptance of an Aryan theory of race, in which Dravidians were seen as pre-Aryan inhabitants of India. The Aryan theory of race, based as it was on William Jones's well-known "discovery" of the Indo-Aryan family of languages, had been developed by German comparative philologists in the 1840s and 1850s. It maintained that the speakers of Indo-European languages in India, Persia, and Europe were of the same culture and race.}}</ref><ref name="Kuiper2010">{{cite book |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=The Culture of India |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |page=71 |language=en |quote=Dravidian languages are spoken by about one-fourth of all Indians, overwhelmingly in southern India. Dravidian speakers among tribal people (e.g., Gonds) in central India, in eastern Bihar, and in the Brahui-speaking region of the distant Pakistani province of Balochistan suggest a much wider distribution in ancient times.}}</ref>

Although anthropologists classify Dravidians as Caucasoid with the [[Mediterranean race|"Mediterranean-Caucasoid"]] type being the most predominant,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Mhaiske|first1=Vinod M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbs4DwAAQBAJ|title=Forest Tribology And Anthropology|last2=Patil|first2=Vinayak K.|last3=Narkhede|first3=S. S.|date=2016-01-01|publisher=Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-93-86102-08-9|pages=5|language=en}}</ref> the racial status of the [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]] was initially disputed. In 1898, [[ethnographer]] [[Friedrich Ratzel]] remarked about the "Mongolian features" of Dravidians, resulting in what he described as his "hypothesis of their [Dravidians] close connection with the population of Tibet", whom he adds "Tibetans may be decidedly reckoned in the Mongol race".<ref name=Ratzel>Ratzel, Freidrich. The History of Mankind. Macmillan and Co.:New York, 1898. {{ISBN|978-81-7158-084-2}} p.358</ref> In 1899, ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' summarised Ratzel's findings over India with,
{{quote| "India is for the author [of the History of Mankind, Ratzel], a region where races have been broken up pulverized, kneaded by conquerors. Doubtless a pre-Dravidian negroid type came first, of low stature and mean physique, though these same are, in India, the result of poor social and economic conditions. Dravidians succeeded negroids, and there may have been [[Malay race|Malay]] intrusions, but Australian affinities are denied. Then succeeded Aryan and Mongol, forming the present potporri through conquest and blending."<ref name=Mason>Mason, O.T. "Scientific Books." ''Science'' Volume 10 (1899) p.21</ref>}}

[[Edgar Thurston]]{{year needed|date=February 2018}} named what he called ''Homo Dravida'' and described it close to Australoids, with Caucasoid ([[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]]) admixture. As evidence, he adduced the use of the [[boomerang]] by [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] and [[Maravar]] warriors and the proficiency at tree-climbing among both the [[Kadirs]] of the [[Anamalai]] hills and the [[Dayaks]] of [[Borneo]].<ref>C. Bates, 'Race, Caste and Tribes in Central India' in: ''The Concept of Race'', ed. Robb, OUP (1995), p. 245, cited after Ajay Skaria, ''Shades of Wildness Tribe, Caste, and Gender in Western India'', The Journal of Asian Studies (1997), p. 730.</ref> In 1900, anthropologist [[Joseph Deniker]] said,
{{quote|the Dravidian race is connected with both the Indonesian and Australian... the Dravidian race, which it would be better to call South Indian, is prevalent among the peoples of Southern India speaking the Dravidian tongues, and also among the [[Kols]] and other people of India... The Veddhas... come much nearer to the Dravidian type, which moreover also penetrates among the populations of India, even into the middle valley of the Ganges."<ref name="Deniker">Deniker, Joseph. ''The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography.'' Charles Scribner's and Sons: London, 1900. {{ISBN|0-8369-5932-9}} p.498</ref>}} Deniker grouped Dravidians as a "subrace" under "Curly or Wavy Hair Dark Skin" in which he also includes the [[Ethiopid race|Ethiopian]] and Australian.<ref name="Deniker"/> Also, Deniker mentions that the "Indian race has its typical representatives among the Afghans, the Rajputs, the Brahmins and most of North India but it has undergone numerous alterations as a consequence with crosses with Assyriod, Dravidian, Mongol, Turkish, Arab and other elements."<ref name="Deniker"/>

In 1915, [[Arnold Wright]] said,

{{Quote|text=he [Dr. Caldwell] is inclined to believe in the Caucasian physical type of the Dravidians. To prove the general correctness of his reasoning, he points to the physical type of [[Todas]], who are so distinctly Caucasic in the opinion of so many persons that they have been regarded as Celts, Romans, or Jews and of all the Dravidian tribes, [Todas] have been the most secluded.<ref name="Wright">Wright, Arnold. ''Southern India, Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources.'' Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company: India, 1915. p.69</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}

Wright also mentions that [[Richard Lydekker]] and Flowers classified Dravidians as Caucasian. Later, [[Carleton S. Coon]], in his book ''[[The Races of Europe (Coon)|The Races of Europe]]'' (1939), reaffirmed this assessment and classified the Dravidians as Caucasoid due to their "Caucasoid skull structure" and other physical traits such as noses, eyes and hair, and 20th century anthropologists classified Dravidians as Caucasoid with the "Mediterranean-Caucasoid" type being the most predominant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Ram Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDrYsjGq35wC|title=Anthropology|last2=Sharma|first2=Rajendra K.|date=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-673-0|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toDUP8bcauMC&pg=PA153 |title=Apart Type Screenplay - Everett C. Borders - Google Books |date= 2010-09-03|access-date=2013-06-25|isbn=9781453559406 |last1=Borders |first1=Everett C. }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC|title=The Dravidian Languages|date=2003-01-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|pages=4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3"/>

==See also==
* [[Brown people]]
* [[Asian people]]
* [[Ethnic groups of South Asia]]
** [[Indian people]]
** [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
** [[mtDNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]]
** [[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia]]
* [[Anglo-Indian]]
* [[Indo-African (disambiguation)]]
* [[Telingan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Historical definitions of race}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Definitions Of Races In India}}
[[Category:Historical definitions of race|India]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]

2023 in India

2025-12-06T00:26:19Z

AsliKhan99: stub

{{short description|none}}

{{Year in India|2023}}
Events in the year '''2023 in [[India]]''', during which it became the world's most populous country.
{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|align=center}}

==Incumbents==
===National government===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Photo
! Post
! Name
|-
| [[File:Droupadi Murmu official portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[President of India]]
| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
| [[File:Shri JDhankhar.png|100px]]
| [[Vice-President of India]] and [[Rajya Sabha|Chairman of Rajya Sabha]]
| [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|-
| [[File:Official Photograph of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Portrait.png|100px]]
| [[Prime Minister of India]]
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| [[File:Om Birla Member of Parliament Rajasthan India.jpg|100px]]
| [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| [[Om Birla]]
|-
|
| [[Chief Justice of India]]
| [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
|-
|[[File:Shaktikanta Das, IAS (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
|[[Shaktikanta Das]]
|-
| [[File:Shri Rajiv Kumar Chief Election Commissioner.jpg|100px]]
| [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]
| [[Rajiv Kumar (civil servant)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|-
| [[File:Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg|left|100px]]
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| [[Anil Chauhan]]
|-
| [[File:Lok Sabha.svg|100px]]
| [[Lok Sabha]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|}

=== State governments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Governor
!Chief Minister
!Party
!Political alliance
!Chief Justice
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|Regional
|[[Prashant Kumar Mishra]]
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{sortname|Kaiwalya Trivikram|Patnaik}}
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Sandeep Mehta]]
|-
|[[Assam]]
|{{sortname|Gulab|Chand Kataria}}
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Sandeep Mehta]]
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Sanjay Karol]] ([[Patna High Court]])
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[P. R. Ramachandra Menon]]
|-
|[[Goa]]
|[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Dipankar Datta]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{sortname|Acharya Dev|Vrat}}
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Vikram Nath]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|{{sortname|Bandaru |Dattatreya}}
|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Ravi Shankar Jha]]
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[L. Narayana Swamy]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Ravi Ranjan]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Ritu Raj Awasthi]]
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[S. Manikumar]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Mangubhai C. Patel|Mangubhai Patel]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|[[BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Ravi Malimath]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Ramesh Bais]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|[[N.D.A.]]
|[[Dipankar Datta]]
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Anusuiya Uikey]]
|[[N. Biren Singh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Ramalingam Sudhakar]]
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Phagu Chauhan]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Biswanath Somadder]]
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu|kambhampati hari babu]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
|Regional
|[[Sandeep Mehta]]
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[La. Ganesan]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Sandeep Mehta]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|{{sortname|Raghubar|Das}}
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|Regional
|[[S. Muralidhar]]
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Ravi Shankar Jha]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|{{sortname|Kalraj|Mishra}}
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava]]
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|{{sortname|Lakshaman|Acharya}}
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Maheshwari]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{sortname|R. N.| Ravi}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Munishwar Nath Bhandari]]
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|{{sortname|Tamilisai|Soundararajan}}
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|[[Indrasena Reddy]]
|[[Manik Saha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Akil Kureshi]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{sortname|Anandiben|Patel}}
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Rajesh Bindal]]
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Gurmit Singh (general)]]
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]]
|[[Raghvendra Singh Chauhan]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]
|[[T. S. Sivagnanam]]
|} ...

== Events ==
=== January ===
* 1 January
** [[Death of Anjali Singh|Anjali Singh]] is killed while riding her scooter in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Anjali Singh: The woman who was dragged to death in Delhi's hit-and-run case |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64159823 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref>
** [[Kashmir conflict]]: Four [[civilian]]s are killed and six others injured when two terrorists [[2023 Rajouri attacks|open fire]] against [[Hindus|Hindu]] people's homes in [[Rajouri district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajouri attack: Terrorists barged into Hindu homes, opened fire after confirming identity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajouri-terror-attack-jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-barge-into-hindu-houses-kill-civilians-2316140-2023-01-02 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=India Today |date=2 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2 January
** Protests are reported in some parts of Jammu and Kashmir in response to the previous day's quadruple killing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajouri: Tension in Kashmir after five killed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64143191|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2 January 2022}}</ref>
** The [[Supreme Court of India]] upholds the legality of the [[Government of India|government]]'s decision to [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetise]] all [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=India's top court upholds legality of 2016 currency ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-government-business-modi-397ca5ebd3084cd57c27f94fbebd8420 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
** [[2023 Rajouri attacks|Rajouri attacks:]] Two children are killed and four other people are injured by an [[explosion]] outside the home of one of the four Hindus who were killed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2023-01-02 |title=J&K Rajouri {{!}} Two killed, four injured in Dangri village blast |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-killed-in-blast-at-rajouris-dangri-village/article66329258.ece |access-date=2023-01-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*4 January – The [[Competition Commission of India]] rejects an appeal from [[Google]] over its ruling in October that Google's dominant position in the [[search engine]] market and control of the [[Google Play|Android app store]] violated [[India]]'s antitrust laws.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=2023-01-04 |title=India tribunal declines Google's request to block Android antitrust ruling |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/indian-tribunal-declines-interim-stay-google-android-related-antitrust-ruling-2023-01-04/ |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>
*9 January – The historic [[Shahi Masjid Prayagraj|Shahi Masjid]] in Saidabad area of [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], is demolished as part of a road-widening project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2023-01-17 |title=Another historic mosque being bulldozed in UP |url=https://cjp.org.in/another-historic-mosque-being-bulldozed-in-up/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref>
*13–29 January – [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
*18 January – Several Indian wrestlers, most notably [[Bajrang Punia]], [[Vinesh Phogat]] and [[Sakshi Malik]], protest at the [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]], [[New Delhi]] against the [[Wrestling Federation of India|Wrestling Federation of India (WFI)]]. Vinesh Phogat accused WFI president [[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]] of [[sexual harassment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2023 |title=Wrestlers say protest against Wrestling Federation of India will continue until demands are met |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/wrestlers-say-protest-against-wrestling-federation-of-india-will-continue-until-demands-are-met-2323272-2023-01-18 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== February ===
* 26 February – [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi]] is arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in [[Delhi liquor scam|liquor policy case]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Pranav |date=2023-02-26 |title=AAP's Manish Sisodia arrested by CBI in Delhi liquor policy case |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/aaps-manish-sisodia-arrested-by-cbi-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-371506-2023-02-26 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Business Today (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 28 February – Manish Sisodia and [[Satyendra Jain]] resign from their ministerial positions following the arrests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=Delhi News Live Updates: Arrested AAP ministers Manish Sisodia, Satyendar Jain resign from Delhi cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-news-live-updates-manish-sisodia-cbi-aap-bjp-8466945/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== March ===
* 2 March – Election results are declared for legislative assembly elections in three states; the BJP retains [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]] and [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]] and hung assembly on [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-03-02 |title=BJP and allies retain power in Tripura, Nagaland; hung verdict in Meghalaya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-and-allies-retain-power-in-tripura-nagaland-hung-verdict-in-meghalaya/article66573421.ece |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 18 March – [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] initiated a crackdown against the "[[Waris Punjab De]]", a Punjab-based organisation, headed by radical [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan separatist]], [[Amritpal Singh (activist)|Amritpal Singh]], arresting 78 persons and detaining several others for questioning. The eventual number of arrests was reported as 112.<ref name="IE Khalistan">{{cite news |title=As Amritpal Singh's followers run amok, a brief history of the Khalistan movement |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2023-02-24 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/amritpal-singh-khalistan-movement-punjab-history-8465056/ |quote=Openly pushing the separatist idea of Khalistan, Amritpal challenges the theory of nationalism, and draws parallels between the idea of Sikh sovereignty and Hindu Rashtra. He even dresses like Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, calling him his “inspiration”.}}</ref><ref name="AJ arrests">{{Cite news |title=India arrests more than 100 people in manhunt for Sikh separatist |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=20 March 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/20/india-arrests-more-than-100-people-in-manhunt-for-sikh-separatist}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |title='Bhindranwale 2.0': Radical Khalistan Sympathiser Amritpal Singh Active In Punjab |newspaper=NDTV News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/bhindranwale-2-0-radical-preacher-and-khalistan-sympathiser-amritpal-singh-very-active-in-punjab-3810442 |quote=Often escorted by armed supporters and donning a flowing white 'chola' and a navy-blue turban, radical preacher and Khalistan sympathiser Amritpal Singh has been very active for some time in Punjab.}}</ref><ref name="Print Feb 2023">{{cite news |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2023-02-23 |title=Radical activist Amritpal storms Ajnala police station with supporters, secures aide's release |url=https://theprint.in/india/radical-activist-amritpal-storms-ajnala-police-station-with-supporters-secures-aides-release/1394086/ |newspaper=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Radical preacher Amritpal Singh issue: Habeas corpus petition moved in HC seeking his 'release' |newspaper=Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/radical-preacher-amritpal-singh-issue-habeas-corpus-petition-moved-in-hc-seeking-his-release/3015120/ }}</ref>}}
* 23–24 March – [[Rahul Gandhi]] is disqualified as a member of parliament in the [[Lok Sabha]] after being found guilty of defamation by the [[Surat]] court. Gandhi was subsequently sentenced to two years in jail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Rahul Gandhi disqualified by Parliament after conviction in 'Modi surname' case |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rahul-gandhi-disqualified-by-parliament-after-conviction-in-modi-surname-case-11679647251196.html|access-date=2023-03-24|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
* 31 March – [[Indore stepwell collapse]]: Thirty-six people are killed and 17 others are injured when a [[stepwell]] collapses during prayers at a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2023-03-31 |title=Thirty-six dead after floor of Indian temple collapses |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/30/people-trapped-in-well-in-indore-india-after-temple-floor-collapses |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== April ===
* April (Exact Date Unknown) – India surpasses [[China]] as the [[List of countries by past and projected future population#Estimates between the years 2020 and 2050 (in thousands)|world's most populous country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf |website=www.un.org |access-date=9 July 2022 |page=10}}</ref>
* 1 April – A new [[income tax]] law comes into effect. It is a significant change on the old 1961 statute, and contains a controversial "angel tax" provision seeking to capture some of the income entering the country from foreign [[investor]]s funding India's [[start-up]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Angel Tax Spreads its Wings Over Nonresident Investors |url=https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report-international/indias-angel-tax-spreads-its-wings-over-nonresident-investors |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=news.bloombergtax.com |date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 4 April – Seven people are killed and eleven others are injured in an [[avalanche]] in [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Avalanche sweeps away tourists in northeast India; 7 killed |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-avalanche-himalayas-tourists-killed-eb3ce612337614000499ec53ed23b1bd |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
* 12 April – Four [[Indian Army|soldiers]] are killed in a [[mass shooting]] incident at a [[military base]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Authorities say the shooting is not terror-related.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four soldiers killed in shooting at Indian army base in Punjab |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/12/firing-incident-at-india-military-station-punjab |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 April – Twelve people are killed and 28 others are injured when a [[Bus plunge|bus falls]] into a gorge in [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-04-15 |title=12 killed, 28 injured after bus falls into gorge in Maharashtra's Raigad |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/12-killed-28-injured-after-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-maharashtras-raigad/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 15 April – Gangster [[Atique Ahmed]] and his brother and gangster Ashraf Ahmed killed in a shootout in [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Atiq Ahmad, his brother Ashraf shot dead in Prayagraj, 3 attackers arrested |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gangsterturnedpolitician-atiq-ahmad-his-brother-ashraf-shot-dead-101681578709934.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HTq">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/main-baat-guddu-muslim-atiq-ahmad-brother-shot-dead-as-they-were-speaking-101681580294623.html|title='Main baat Guddu Muslim...': Atiq Ahmad, brother shot dead as they were speaking|access-date=16 April 2023|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2023 }}</ref>
* 23 April – Radical [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan separatist]], [[Amritpal Singh]] is arrested following his surrender after the gurudwara, in which he was surrounded by police forces in Moga, Punjab. He was then sent to Dibrugarh central jail in Assam under NSA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title='Waris Punjab De' chief Amritpal Singh arrested from Punjab's Moga in joint operation; sent to Assam's Dibrugarh jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece |website=TheHindu |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423073440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== May ===
* 3 May – [[2023 Manipur violence]]: [[Ethnic violence]] breaks out between [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Meitei people|Meitei]] communities in the state of [[Manipur]]. At least 73 people are killed.
* 10–13 May – The [[Indian National Congress]] won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] by getting 135 out of 224 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results: Congress wins by biggest vote share in 34 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-results-congress-wins-by-biggest-vote-share-in-34-years-101683976728769.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 19 May – [[Reserve Bank of India]] announced that it will withdraw all [[Indian 2000-rupee note|2000-rupee note]] in circulation by September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dugal |first1=Ira |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aftab |date=2023-05-20 |title=India to withdraw 2,000-rupee notes from circulation |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-withdraw-2000-rupee-notes-circulation-central-bank-2023-05-19/ |access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>
* 28 May –
** The [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]] is inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].
** [[2023 Manipur violence]]: 33 tribal [[militant]]s are killed by [[Indian Army|soldiers]] during an operation in [[Manipur]], following ethnic clashes in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Zarir |date=2023-05-28 |title=Around 33 tribal militants killed in clashes in India's Manipur -minister |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/around-33-tribal-militants-killed-clashes-indias-manipur-minister-2023-05-28/ |access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref>
* 29 May – [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] defeats [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] in the [[2023 Indian Premier League final]] by 5 wickets.
* 30 May – Ten [[Vaishno Devi]] [[pilgrims]] are killed and 57 others are injured as a bus falls from a bridge in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

=== June ===
* 2 June – [[2023 Odisha train collision]]: train number 12841 [[Coromandel Express]] running at {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} collides with a [[freight train]] (Goods Train) in [[Odisha]]'s [[Balasore district]]. The accident happened around 19:30 IST near [[Bahanaga Bazar railway station|Bahanaga Bazar station]] when the train was on the way to [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] from [[Shalimar railway station]] near Kolkata. More than 20 coaches were derailed. Over 900 were injured and more than 280+ people have been reported to have been killed. Train number [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express|12864 SMVT Bengaluru–Howrah SF Express]] travelling towards Howrah at {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} hit the derailed coaches of the Coromandel Express and ended up derailing 8 of its own coaches. A total of three trains were involved in this disaster.
* 17 June – At least 96 people die during a [[heat wave]], which began two days before, in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-18 |title=Nearly 100 die as India struggles with a sweltering heat wave in 2 most populous states |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-uttar-pradesh-bihar-heat-wave-deaths-03e68826845734d1a703851b23de6849 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

=== July ===
* 1 July
**[[2023 Maharashtra bus accident]]: 26 bus passengers die when a bus catches fire on Samruddhi Expressway in [[Buldhana]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=26 bus passengers charred to death after vehicle catches fire on Samruddhi Expressway in Maharashtra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/25-bus-passengers-charred-to-death-after-vehicle-catches-fire-on-samruddhi-expressway-in-maharashtra/article67029937.ece |access-date=2023-07-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
**The state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] is struck by a severe heat wave, leading to at least 121 deaths in two cities. The scorching temperatures have resulted in [[heat stroke]] and other related conditions, causing widespread distress and casualties among the affected population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweltering heat kills over 120 in northern Indian state: Report |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/sweltering-heat-kills-over-120-in-northern-indian-state-report/2926704 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>
*2 July – [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split]]: [[Ajit Pawar]] along with other [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] party leaders join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] led [[Maha Yuti]] alliance.
*7 July – The CBI arrests three individuals; two engineers and a technician; believed to be responsible for the Odisha train collision.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= India police arrest three rail staff over Odisha train disaster|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/7/indian-police-arrest-three-rail-staff-over-odisha-train-disaster |work= AL JAZEERA |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
*12 July – [[2023 North India floods]]: Heavy rain and [[flash flood]]s kill at least 41 people in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= At least 41 dead after heavy rain and flash floods in northern India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/12/india/india-himachal-pradesh-rain-flood-deaths-intl-hnk/index.html |work= CNN |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
*18 July – 26 parties for [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]] alliance to fight against [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance in the [[2024 Indian general election|upcoming general elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Nitish Kumar was not on board with INDIA name as...:'If all of you are okay' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-what-is-india-alliance-slogan-all-you-need-to-know-101689743543047.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*19 July
** A [[power transformer]] explodes at the Namami Gange project site in [[Uttarakhand]], leaving 15 dead and 7 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Uttarakhand: 15 killed after power transformer explodes in Chamoli, 'have called for magisterial inquiry,' says CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-chamoli-power-transformer-explosion-casualties-8848035/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
** 5 suspected terrorists are arrested by CCB in [[Bangalore]], said to have planned a bombing in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Major terror plot averted in Bengaluru, 5 suspects arrested |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/major-terror-plot-averted-in-bengaluru-5-suspects-arrested/articleshow/101915727.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*20 July – [[2023 Manipur violence]]: A video of two women being paraded naked on the streets and subjected to blatant acts of [[sexual assault]] and [[gang rape]] by a group of tribal men in [[Manipur]] goes viral, triggering outrage across the country. According to reports, the incident happened on 4 May.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-horror-police-arrests-alleged-mastermind-behind-parading-two-tribal-women-naked/articleshow/101976133.cms | title=Manipur police arrests main culprit in 'shameful' incident of parading 2 tribal women naked, CM Biren Singh says - the Economic Times | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=20 July 2023 }}</ref>
*31 July
**[[2023 Jaipur Express killings]]: constable Chetan Singh kills his superior and three [[civilian]]s due to ill mental health.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rpf-constable-who-killed-4-on-board-jaipur-mumbai-express-dismissed-from-service/articleshow/102780311.cms | title=RPF constable who killed 4 on board Jaipur-Mumbai Express dismissed from service | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 August 2023 }}</ref>
**[[2023 Haryana riots]] break out across [[Nuh district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Monu Manesar and how is he linked to Haryana communal clashes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-monu-manesar-bajrang-dal-cow-vigilante-nuh-gurugram-haryana-violence-communal-clashes-2414589-2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=India Today |date=August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== August ===
* 2 August – [[Rajya Sabha]] passes the [[Forest Conservation Act, 1980|Forest Conservation Act Amendment Bill]], which allows diversion of forest land for security and strategic purposes, amid an opposition walk-out over the [[2023 Manipur violence|ongoing violence in Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Puja |date=2023-08-02 |title=Rajya Sabha passes Forest Conservation (Amendment) Bill |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-forest-conservation-amendment-bill-11690981820331.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* 4 August – The controversial Delhi Ordinance Bill, which gives power to the central government on appointments and transfers of officials of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital]], is passed in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Delhi Ordinance Bill passed in Rajya Sabha, receives support from 131 MPs |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/delhi-ordinance-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-receives-support-from-131-mps-against-opposition-s-102-11691427579508.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* 4 August – An 18 year old [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] aspirant dies by suicide in [[Kota, Rajasthan]] leaving behind a suicide note.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2023 |title=Happy Birthday Papa': Kota student in suicide note, told friends 'I'm next in line' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kota-student-suicide-note-mentions-birthday-wish-for-father-sorry-note-neet-aspirant-dies-by-suicide-kota-hostel-2416132-2023-08-04 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=INDIA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2023 |title='Happy Birthday Papa,' wrote Kota student in heartbreaking suicide note |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/happy-birthday-papa-wrote-kota-student-in-heartbreaking-suicide-note-392866-2023-08-04 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=Business Today}}</ref>
* 7 August – [[Rahul Gandhi]]'s membership in the [[Lok Sabha]] is reinstated following the [[Supreme Court of India]] accepting his plea & staying conviction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=2023-08-07 |title=Rahul Gandhi back in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/lok-sabha-restores-rahul-gandhis-membership/article67167220.ece |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 10 August – [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]] wins a [[Motion of no confidence in India|no confidence motion]] moved by the [[INDIA Alliance]] after a opposition walkout from the [[Lok Sabha]] in response to the [[Manipur violence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=No-confidence motion: Modi govt wins trust test |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-modi-govt-wins-trust/articleshow/102614632.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* 14 August – [[Ashoka University]] accepts the [[resignation]] of assistant [[professor]] Sabyasachi Das, who authored a paper taking a critical stance against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s electoral victory in the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Author of 'Democratic backsliding' paper quits Ashoka University |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/author-of-democratic-backsliding-paper-quits-ashoka-university/article67195504.ece |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 23 August – [[Chandrayaan-3]] becomes the first [[space mission]] to land near the [[Lunar south pole]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=India makes historic landing near Moon's south pole |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66594520 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 28 August – 2 students die by suicide in [[Kota, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-28 |title=2 Suicides Within 4 Hours: Age Bar Must For Kota Coaching, Doctor Says |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kota-student-suicide-rajasthan-after-23-suicides-this-year-age-bar-for-kota-coaching-what-doctor-says-4335321 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-28 |title=Kota Student Suicide: Two More Students Die By Suicide In Rajasthan's Kota. |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/kota-student-suicide-two-more-students-die-by-suicide-in-rajasthan-s-kota-2023-08-28-889491 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=INDIA TV}}</ref>
* 29 August – [[Government of India]] reduces the price of domestic [[liquefied petroleum gas]] by 200 rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=As elections near, LPG price is slashed by Rs 200 a cylinder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/union-cabinet-approves-cutting-lpg-prices-by-rs-200-per-cylinder-8914753/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 31 August – The [[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project|OCCRP]] releases a report alleging that [[Vinod Adani]] committed [[insider trading]] through offshore entities in the [[Adani Group]] and the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] committed perjury in investigation against the group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Prasenjit |date=2023-08-31 |title=Explained {{!}} Decoding the OCCRP's Adani report |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/explained-decoding-the-occrps-adani-report/article67257280.ece |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== September ===
* 1 September – Clashes between [[Maharashtra Police]] and Maratha reservation agitators at [[Jalna, Maharashtra]] following indefinite hunger strike by [[Manoj Jarange-Patil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2023-09-02 |title=FIR against 250 after Maharashtra cops clash with Maratha quota agitators, Oppn slams lathi charge |url=https://theprint.in/india/fir-against-250-after-maharashtra-cops-clash-with-maratha-quota-agitators-oppn-slams-lathi-charge/1743655/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2 September – [[India]] launches [[Aditya-L1]], its first [[Sun|solar]] observation mission to observe the [[Stellar corona|solar corona]], [[photosphere]], and [[chromosphere]] and to study [[solar wind]]s and [[solar flare]]s, and their effect on Earth and [[Space weather|near-space weather]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title=Aditya-L1: India successfully launches its first mission of the Sun |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66643805 |access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref>
* 9–10 September – In [[List of G20 summits|G20 summit]] held in [[New Delhi]], a consensus is achieved in the form of ''Delhi Declaration.'' The summit also witnessed [[African Union]] getting a permanent membership in [[G20]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=The African Union is joining the G20, a powerful acknowledgement of a continent of 1 billion people |url=https://apnews.com/article/g20-membership-africa-economy-india-ae58459261bc2722b54da422debc5b83 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2023-09-09 |title=G-20 Summit clinches New Delhi Declaration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/g-20-summit-adopts-new-delhi-declaration/article67289646.ece |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
**CNN reports that president [[Droupadi Murmu]] and prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] using the term of [[Bharat (term)|Bharat]] instead of India name in connection with a [[G20]] gathering, leading to speculating on a possible [[Geographical renaming|name change for the country]].<ref name="CNN 20 September 2023">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Akanksha |title=Opinion: It's not just about its colonial past. Here's what India's possible name change is all about |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/opinions/india-name-change-modi-parliament-special-session-singh/index.html |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=CNN |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 13 September – [[2023 Anantnag encounter]]
*19 September – [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2023]] (IAST: Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam), was introduced in Lok Sabha on during the special session of Parliament. This legislation seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the directly elected Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women.
**20 September – Lok Sabha passes the bill with 454 votes in favour and two against.
**21 September – The Rajya Sabha passes the bill unanimously with 214 votes in favour and none against.
**28 September 2023 – President Murmu signs the bill.
* 28 September – [[2023 Manipur violence]]: More than 80 people are injured during [[riot]]s during [[protest]]s over the [[Murder in Indian law|murder]] of two [[Meitei people|Meitei]] students in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curfew in parts of India's Manipur after protests over killing of students |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/28/curfew-in-parts-of-indias-manipur-after-protests-over-killing-of-students |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== October ===
* 4 October – [[2023 Sikkim flash floods]]:
** At least 14 people are killed and 100 others are missing after a [[cloudburst]] causes severe flooding in [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Helen |last1=Regan |first2=Akanksha |last2=Sharma |first3=Sania |last3=Farooqui |date=2023-10-05 |title=Glacial lake bursts in India leaving 100 missing and 19 dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/05/india/india-sikkim-floods-search-damage-climate-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
** The [[South Lhonak Lake|Lhonak Lake]] bursts its banks, causing major flooding and impacting 22,000 people. It its the worst such disaster in the region in over 50 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Subrata Nag |last2=Dash |first2=Jatindra |date=2023-10-05 |title=Himalayan lake flooding in India kills 18, nearly 100 missing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/fourteen-dead-102-missing-after-indian-glacial-lake-bursts-bank-heavy-rain-2023-10-05/ |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref>
** Large parts of the [[Teesta Barrage|Teesta Dam]] are washed away, with multiple large bridges also being destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Zoektocht naar meer dan honderd vermisten in Indiase deelstaat Sikkim |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2492939-zoektocht-naar-tientallen-vermisten-bij-overstromingen-india |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref>
* 9 October – The death toll of the floods in [[Sikkim]], [[Northeast India]], rises to 74.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Meer lichamen gevonden na overstromingen en dijkdoorbraak India, 74 doden |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2493456-meer-lichamen-gevonden-na-overstromingen-en-dijkdoorbraak-india-74-doden |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}</ref>
* 17 October – The [[Supreme Court of India]] refuses to legalize [[same-sex marriage]] saying it is up to [[Parliament of India|parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=India's Supreme Court refuses to legalize same-sex marriage, saying it's up to Parliament |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-lgbtq-marriage-discrimination-f8be8a20f5d895ffadd6eb98960677cb |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 29 October –
** [[Kalamassery convention centre bombing]]: An [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] [[explode]]s at a [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]' [[prayer meeting]] at the Zamra International Convention Center in [[Kalamassery]], [[Kerala]], killing six people and wounding 36 others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Explosive device blows up at convention center in south India killing at least one and wounding 36 |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-explosion-kerala-jehovahs-witness-kerala-samra-d2ae9b7e8ebdf8a008977c8f7f86751a |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
** [[2023 Andhra Pradesh train collision]]: On 29 October 2023 at around 7pm a moving [[Visakhapatnam]]-[[Rayagada]] [[passenger train]] derailed after colliding with the [[Visakhapatnam]]-[[Palasa]] [[passenger train]] near [[Kottavalasa Junction railway station]] in [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] killing at least 13 and injuring 50.<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 13 dead, 50 injured as 2 passenger trains collide in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/at-least-10-dead-25-injured-as-2-passenger-trains-collide-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/104808661.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2023}}</ref>

=== November ===
* 1 November – [[2023 IIT-BHU gang rape]]: A 22 year old [[B.Tech]] student is [[Gang rape|gang raped]] by 3 members of the [[BJP IT Cell]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* 7 November – [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assemble]] elections for [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]] and Phase-I elections for [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]] was held.
* 15 November – [[2023 Doda bus accident]]: A bus carrying passengers slides off the road and falls down a 300-foot valley in [[Doda district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], killing at least 39 people and injuring 19 others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-15 |title=39 killed, 17 injured as bus falls into deep gorge in JK's Doda; PM announces ex-gratia |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/many-feared-dead-after-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-district/articleshow/105229774.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 19 November – [[2023 Cricket World Cup final]]: [[India]] loses to [[Australia]] in the final match of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].
* 29 November –
** [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]]: 41 construction workers are rescued from a road tunnel collapse after being trapped for more than two weeks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/india-tunnel-rescue-41-workers-trapped-in-collapsed-tunnel-for-17-days-will-soon-be-rescued/1f37b341-7627-4b3c-ad99-0365595359c7 | title=All 41 workers pulled out of Indian tunnel collapse | date=29 November 2023 }}</ref>
** The [[Government of India|Central Government]] signs a peace agreement with the [[United National Liberation Front]] the oldest [[Meitei people|Meitei]] insurgent group in [[Manipur]] and the [[Northeast India|Northeast]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Centre signs peace deal with UNLF, oldest insurgent group in the northeast. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-signs-peace-deal-with-unlf-oldest-insurgent-group-in-the-northeast-101701263444189.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=Manipur's UNLF signs peace pact with Centre: Why is this agreement being called 'historic'? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/manipurs-unlf-signs-peace-pact-with-centre-why-is-this-agreement-being-called-historic-13446842.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== December ===
* 1 December - 26 students die by suicide in [[Kota, Rajasthan]] in 2023 which is one of the highest ever in history.<ref>{{Cite news |title=26th NEET suicide in Kota: 22-yr-old hangs self in hostel. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/another-kota-student-takes-own-life-the-26th-this-year/articleshow/105637105.cms |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-31 |title=Year Of Highest Student Suicides In Kota, Many Steps To Prevent Them |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kota-suicides-2023-year-of-highest-student-suicides-in-kota-many-steps-to-prevent-them-4773989 |access-date=2023-12-31 |work=NDTV India}}</ref>
* 3–4 December - Election results for five states declared - [[BJP]] wins [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]], [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]] and [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] wins [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]] and [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] wins [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram.]]
* 11 December - The [[Supreme Court of India]] upholds the constitutionality of the cancellation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=SC upholds abrogation of Article 370, says move was part of 70-year-old exercise to integrate J&K to the Union. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 13 December - [[2023 Indian Parliament breach]]: Two individuals entered the [[Lok Sabha]] chamber from the public gallery. One of the individuals jumped onto the tables where the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) were seated and released a yellow-colored smoke canister. The other individual allegedly chanted slogans. This caused chaos and panic within the house, leading to the immediate adjournment of the session. Two other individuals were detained outside the building.
* 17 December - Nine workers are killed and three others are injured in an [[explosion]] at a factory in [[Nagpur district]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 workers killed, 3 injured in blast at fire factory in western India |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/9-workers-killed-3-injured-in-blast-at-fire-factory-in-western-india/3084977 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>
* 19 December - [[2023 Indian Parliament breach]]: 49 [[Lok Sabha]] MPs are suspended from parliament for taking part in protests relating to a security breach in parliament, bringing the total number of suspensions to 141, 95 from the Lok Sabha, and 46 from the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-19 |title=Parliament winter session: India opposition fury as 141 MPs suspended |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67724698 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
* 21 December - Four [[Indian Army|Indian soldiers]] are killed and three others are injured after gunmen opened fire against two army vehicles in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=4 Indian soldiers killed and 3 wounded in an ambush by rebels in disputed Kashmir |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-india-pakistan-rebels-army-738f00207eee974a23360e0c09f8625f |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 23 December - Locals in Indian-controlled [[Kashmir]] say the [[Indian Army]] [[torture]]d three detainees to death, with five other surviving detainees reporting that they were also subjected to torture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Anger in remote parts of Indian-controlled Kashmir after 3 are killed while in army custody |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-india-pakistan-civilian-killings-25e82a1940f42a2c08671dea95d8e439 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 28 December - At least 13 people are killed when a bus catches fire after [[Head-on collision|colliding head-on]] with a truck on a highway in [[Guna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=13 dead as bus catches fire after colliding with dumper in Madhya Pradesh's Guna |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-accident-killed-bus-catches-fire-accident-in-guna-2481288-2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=India Today |date=28 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
=== January ===
*1 January
**[[N. C. Debbarma]], 80, politician, [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura MLA]] (since 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-ipft-supremo-nc-debbarma-passes-away-8355294/|title=Tripura ruling alliance partner IPFT supremo NC Debbarma passes away|work=Indian Express|date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
**[[R. K. Krishna Kumar]], 84, entrepreneur ([[Tata Sons]], [[Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/former-tata-sons-director-rk-krishnakumar-dies-in-mumbai-358492-2023-01-01|title=Former Tata Sons director RK Krishnakumar dies in Mumbai|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
*2 January – [[Siddeshwar Swami]], 82, Hindu religious leader<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sangamesh Menasinakai|date=Jan 3, 2023 |title=Siddheshwar Swami Death News: Karnataka seer Siddheshwar Swamiji passes away at 82 after prolonged illness {{!}} Hubballi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/karnataka-seer-siddheshwar-swamiji-passes-away-at-82-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/96690942.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*3 January
**[[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap]], 59, politician, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra MLA]] (since 2009)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-01-03 |title=Blow to BJP in Pune as influential MLA Laxman Jagtap passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/blow-to-bjp-in-pune-as-influential-mla-laxman-jagtap-passes-away/article66332850.ece |access-date=2023-01-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*4 January
**[[Thirumagan Evera]], 46, politician, [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu MLA]] (since 2021)
**[[Beeyar Prasad]], 61, lyricist (''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'', ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'', ''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyricist, poet Beeyar Prasad passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/01/04/popular-lyricist-poet-beeyar-prasad-dead.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
*7 January
**[[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]], 73, politician, [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam MLA]] (1996–2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Former Assam Minister Nazrul Islam Passes Away - News Live |url=https://newslivetv.com/former-assam-minister-nazrul-islam-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
**[[Tehemton Erach Udwadia]], 88, surgeon and gastroenterologist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Tehemton Erach Udwadia Passes Away: भारतातील लेप्रोस्कोपीचे जनक डॉ. तेहेमटन उडवाडिया यांचे निधन {{!}} 🇮🇳 LatestLY मराठी |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/socially/india/dr-tehemton-erach-udwadia-father-of-laparoscopy-in-india-passes-away-430315.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
[[File:Keshari_Nath_Tripathi_-_Kolkata_2016-07-01_5591.JPG|177x177px|thumb|center|Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
*8 January – [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]], 88, politician, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh MLA]] (1977–1980, 1989–2007), governor of [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] (2014–2019) and twice of [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Former Bengal governor Keshari Nath Tripathi passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/former-bengal-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-passes-away-101673156807918.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*9 January – [[Rehman Rahi]], 97, poet<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=KL News |date=2023-01-09 |title=Rehman Rahi Is No More |url=https://kashmirlife.net/rehman-rahi-is-no-more-308050/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 10 January - [[Sara Aboobacker]], 86, writer
[[File:Sharadyadavjdu.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Sharad Yadav]]
* 12 January
**[[Sharad Yadav]], 75, politician from [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/sharad-yadav-passes-away-confirms-his-daughter-article-96948044|website= Timesofindia.com|title=Former Union minister Sharad Yadav passes away, condolences pour in|date= 12 January 2023|accessdate = 12 January 2023}}</ref>
**[[Sidharth Sharma]], 28, cricketer
**[[Sanjay Chauhan (screenwriter)|Sanjay Chauhan]], 62, screenwriter
* 13 January - [[Mani Prasad]], 90, classical vocalist
* 14 January
**[[Mansa Ram]], 82, politician, [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh MLA]] (1967–1977, 1982–1985, 1998–2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |date=2023-01-14 |title=हिमाचल प्रदेश के पूर्व कैबिनेट मंत्री मनसा राम का निधन, शिमला के IGMC में ली आखिरी सांस |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/mansa-ram-death-himachal-pradesh-former-cabinet-minister-mansa-ram-passes-away-ann-2308209 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
**[[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]], 76, politician
* 18 January
**[[Jagdish Nehra]], 79, politician, [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana MLA]] (1982–1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sirsa/former-haryana-irrigation-minister-jagdish-nehra-passed-away-2023-01-18|title=हरियाणा: पूर्व शिक्षा एवं सिंचाई मंत्री जगदीश नेहरा का निधन, दो दिन बाद थी घर में शादी|website=www.amarujala.com|language=hi}}</ref>
**[[Prabhaben Shah]], 92, social worker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/padma-shri-awardee-prabhaben-shah-passes-away-8390480/|title=Padma Shri awardee Prabhaben Shah passes away|work=Indian Express|date=19 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 19 January
**[[Abdul Ghani Azhari]], 101, Islamic scholar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/01/19/renowned-scholar-from-jammu-abdul-ghani-azhari-passes-away/|title=Renowned scholar from Jammu Abdul Ghani Azhari passes away|website=thechenabtimes.com|date=19 January 2023 }}</ref>
**[[Kuldip Singh Dhillon]], 72, Indian-British property developer and polo player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg2.net/kuldip-singh-dhillon-who-was-infamously-nicknamed-sooty-by-polo-pal-king-charles-iii-dies-at-72/|title=Kuldip Singh Dhillon, who was infamously nicknamed 'Sooty' by polo pal King Charles III, dies at 72|website=www.gg2.net|date=23 January 2023 }}</ref>
**[[Nilmani Phookan Jr]], 89, poet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-assamese-poet-nilmani-phookan-passes-away.html|title=Noted Assamese poet Nilmani Phookan passes away|website=nenow.in|date=19 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 21 January
**[[Harjit Singh Arora]], 61, Indian Air Force officer, [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|vice chief of the air staff]] (2019–2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-former-air-force-chief-air-marshal-harjit-singh-arora-passes-away-last-rites-to-be-held-at-brar-square-23304559.html|title=पूर्व वायु सेना प्रमुख एयर मार्शल हरजीत सिंह अरोड़ा का निधन, बरार स्क्वायर में होगा अंतिम संस्कार|website=www.jagran.com|language=hi}}</ref>
**[[Ravipudi Venkatadri]], 100, activist
* 22 January
**[[Sabir Ali (decathlete)|Sabir Ali]], 67, decathlete
**[[Siddheshwar Prasad]], 92, politician
* 23 January
**[[E. Ramdoss]], 66, film director, screenwriter (''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'', ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'') and actor<ref>{{cite news |title=அதிர்ச்சி.! பிரபல தமிழ் நடிகர் & இயக்குனர் ராமதாஸ் மாரடைப்பால் மரணம்.. |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/actor-e-ramadoss-passed-away-due-to-heart-attack.html |access-date=23 January 2023 |publisher=Behind Woods |date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
**[[Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]], 93, theoretical physicist
**[[Sudheer Varma (actor)|Sudheer Varma]], 34, actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudheer: Sudheer Varma Kalidindi death news: Tollywood actor Sudheer Varma Kalidindi dies by suicide at 34 {{!}} Visakhapatnam News - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/actor-sudheer-varma-dies-by-suicide-at-34/articleshow/97266479.cms |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 January 2023 }}</ref>
[[File:Balkrishna_Doshi.JPG|177x177px|thumb|center|B. V. Doshi]]
* 24 January – [[B. V. Doshi]], 95, architect ([[CEPT University]], [[Tagore Memorial Hall]], [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]), [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] winner (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrated architect Balkrishna Doshi passes away at 95 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/24/celebrated-architectbalkrishna-doshi-passes-away-at-95-2540948.html |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/arts/balkrishna-doshi-dead.html|title=Balkrishna Doshi, Modernist Indian Architect, Is Dead at 95|first=Fred A.|last=Bernstein|work=The New York Times |date=24 January 2023|accessdate=25 January 2023|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
* 25 January – [[Shantabai Kamble]], 99, writer<ref>{{cite web|last1=पुढारी|title=पहिल्या दलित स्त्री लेखिका शांताबाई कांबळे यांचे निधन|date=25 January 2023 |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/pune/444995/shantabai-kamble-passed-away/ar}}</ref>
* 26 January – [[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]], 92, stuntman (''[[Thamarai Kulam]]'', ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'', ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Legendary stunt choreographer Judo Rathnam passes away at 92 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/26/legendary-stunt-choreographer-judo-rathnam-passes-away-at-92-39286.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=26 January 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Jamuna_Telugu_Actress.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Jamuna]]
* 27 January – [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], 86, actress (''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'', ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]'') and politician, [[Lok Sabha|MP]] (1989–1991)<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2023 |title=Veteran Telugu actress Jamuna passes away at 86 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/veteran-actress-jamuna-passes-away-8407179/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Legendary Telugu actor Jamuna no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/legendary-telugu-actor-jamuna-no-more/article66438628.ece/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
* 28 January - [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]], 74, writer
* 29 January
**[[Naba Das]], 61, politician, [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha MLA]] (since 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/india/odisha-health-minister-naba-das-passed-away-after-bullet-injury-he-died-during-treatment-in-hospital/687346|title=गोळीबारात जखमी झालेले आरोग्यमंत्री नाबा दास यांचं निधन, डॉक्टरांच्या प्रयत्नांना अपयश!|website=zeenewsindia.com|date=29 January 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
**[[Mandeep Roy]], 73, actor (''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]'', ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'', ''[[Benkiya Bale]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.publictv.in/veteran-comic-actor-mandeep-roy-passes-away-at-74-after-cardiac-arrest/|title=Veteran comic actor Mandeep Roy passes away at 74 after cardiac arrest|website=english.publictv.in|date=29 January 2023 }}</ref>
**[[Vatti Vasant Kumar]], 67, politician, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh MLA]] (2004–2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/former-andhra-pradesh-minister-vatti-vasanta-kumar-passes-away/articleshow/97410575.cms|title=Former Andhra Pradesh minister Vatti Vasant Kumar passes away|newspaper=Times of India|date=29 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 30 January – [[K. V. Tirumalesh]], 82, writer and poet<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted writer K.V. Tirumalesh no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/noted-writer-kv-tirumalesh-no-more/article66449374.ece |access-date=30 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Shanti_Bhushan_2012.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Shanti Bhushan]]
* 31 January
**[[Shanti Bhushan]], 97, Indian lawyer and politician, [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|minister of law and justice]] (1977–1979)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/senior-advocate-shanti-bhushan-is-no-more | title=Former Law Minister and Senior Advocate Shanti Bhushan no more | publisher=Bar and Bench | date=31 January 2023 | accessdate=31 January 2023}}
</ref>
**[[Bombay Sisters|C. Lalitha]], 84, Carnatic vocalist

=== February ===
* 1 February - [[Parimal Dey]], 81, footballer
[[File:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Information & Broadcasting, Shri Manish Tewari presenting the Limca Book of Record ‘People of the Year’2013 to Dr. K Vishwanath, at a function, in New Delhi on April 10.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|K. Viswanath]]
* 2 February
**[[K. Viswanath]], 92, actor and filmmaker<ref name="Legendary director K Viswanath passes away">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Legendary director K Viswanath passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legendary-director-k-viswanath-passes-away/articleshow/97561105.cms |access-date=2 February 2023 |date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202194202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legendary-director-k-viswanath-passes-away/articleshow/97561105.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023}}</ref>
**[[Rahul Prakash]], 39, politician
* 3 February - [[Anthony Fernandes]], 86, bishop
[[File:Vani_Jairam_2014_FF_(cropped).jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Vani Jairam]]
* 4 February – [[Vani Jairam]], 77, playback singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-singer-vani-jayaram-passes-away/articleshow/97601063.cms|title=Veteran singer Vani Jairam found dead at Chennai home|work=The Times of India |date=February 4, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* 5 February – [[T. P. Gajendran]], 68, actor, comedian and director<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-director-tp-gajendran-passes-away/article66473670.ece|title=Tamil actor-director TP Gajendran passes away|work=The Hindu |date=February 5, 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* 6 February - [[B. K. S. Varma]], 74, painter
* 8 February
**[[Subimal Mishra]], 79, novelist
**[[Ignatius Paul Pinto]], 97, bishop
* 12 February - [[Narayan Satham]], 73, cricketer
* 13 February - [[Lalita Lajmi]], 90, painter
* 14 February
**[[Javed Khan Amrohi]], 73, actor
**[[Kudarikoti Annadanayya Swamy]], 87, judge
* 16 February
**[[Tulsidas Balaram]], 86, footballer
**[[Jatu Lahiri]], 86, politician
* 17 February
** [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]], 56, actor
** [[Vijay Kichlu]], 92, singer
** [[John Mason (schoolmaster)|John Mason]], 78, schoolmaster and educationist
** [[Amritpal Chotu]], comedian and actor
* 18 February
** [[Taraka Ratna]], 39, actor
* 19 February
**[[Mayilsamy]], 57, actor and comedian<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Kollywood mourns the demise of actor Mayilsamy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kollywood-mourns-the-demise-of-actor-mayilsamy/articleshow/98056433.cms |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
**[[S. N. M. Ubayadullah]], 81, politician
* 20 February
** [[Bela Bose]], 79, actress, dancer
** [[Om Prakash Kohli]], 87, politician
* 22 February
** [[Shahnawaz Pradhan]], 41, actress, comedian
** [[Kanak Rele]], 85, dancer, choreographer
** [[Subi Suresh]], 41, actress
* 23 February - [[Hasan Ali Khan]], 71, businessman
* 24 February – [[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat]], 89, agriculturist, politician
* 25 February - [[S. M. Razaullah Ansari]], 90, historian
* 27 February – [[Srutimala Duara]], 57, academician, writer

=== March ===
[[File:Satish Kaushik on the sets of Mr. Kabaadi.jpg|thumb|177x177px|[[Satish Kaushik]].]]
* 1 March
**[[Pintu Nanda]], 45, actor
**[[Neela Ramgopal]], 87, Carnatic vocalist
* 2 March
** [[Chandrashekhar Dasgupta]], 82, diplomat, civil servant
** [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]], 90, judge
[[File:Satyabrata_Mookherjee_speaking_at_a_three-day_Global_Symposium_on_Taming_the_Future_through_Project_Management_in_2003_(cropped).jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
* 3 March
**[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]], 90, advocate
**[[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]], 81, novelist
* 4 March – [[Joseph Gabriel Fernandez]], 97, bishop
* 6 March
**[[Kuppuswami Sampath]], 75, footballer
**[[M. A. Ramlu]], 96, academic
* 7 March
** [[Prafulla Kumar Jena]], 91, metallurgist
** [[Jitendra Nath Mohanty]], 95, philosopher
* 8 March
** [[Satish Kaushik]], 66, actor and filmmaker
** [[Randhir Singh (cricketer)|Randhir Singh]], 65, cricketer
* 9 March – [[Samaraditya Pal]], 84, advocate
* 10 March - [[Dhiruben Patel]], 96, novelist
* 11 March – [[R. Dhruvanarayana]], 61, politician
* 13 March
**[[Pradeep Uppoor]], 64, film producer
**[[K. Vijayarama Rao]], 87, IPS Officer
* 14 March – [[Ved Pratap Vaidik]], 78, journalist, political analyst
* 15 March – [[Sameer Khakhar]], 70, actor
* 16 March - [[Anna Sujatha Mathai]], 89, poet
* 18 March – [[Joseph Powathil]], 92, archbishop
* 21 March
**[[Jag Mohan Nath]], 92, Indian Air Force officer
**[[K. P. Dandapani]], 76, lawyer
**[[Y. R. Meena]], 76, judge
* 23 March - [[Abhay Chhajlani]], 88, journalist
* 24 March – [[Pradeep Sarkar]], 67, director
[[File:Innocent_Vincent.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Innocent]]
* 26 March – [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], 75, actor, film producer, writer and politician
* 29 March
** [[Girish Bapat]], 72, politician
** [[Vivan Sundaram]], 79, artist
** [[Yerra Narayanaswamy]], 91, politician
* 30 March - [[Sujan Singh Bundela]], 76, politician
* 31 March
**[[Sarah Thomas (writer)|Sarah Thomas]], 88, novelist
**[[Sandipan Thorat]], 90, politician

=== April ===
[[File:Parkash Singh Badal 2014.jpg|thumb|177x177px|[[Parkash Singh Badal]].]]
* 1 April – [[Swarna Ram]], 83, politician
* 2 April – [[Salim Durani]], 88, cricketer
* 3 April – [[T. B. Radhakrishnan]], 63, judge
* 4 April
** [[Suneet Chopra]], 81, politician
** [[Rockstar Ramani Ammal]], 69, singer
* 5 April – [[Sudhir Naik]], 78, cricketer
* 6 April – [[Jagarnath Mahto]], 56, politician
* 7 April
** [[Prabir Ghosh]], 78, author
** [[Kalamandalam Devaki]], 76, dancer
* 9 April – [[Jalabala Vaidya]], 86, actress
* 12 April
** [[Keshub Mahindra]], 99, businessman
** [[Uttara Baokar]], 79, actress
* 13 April - [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]], 93, Sunni Islamic scholar
* 15 April
** [[Atique Ahmed]], 60, gangster
** V. T. Joseph, 89, actor
** [[Kanithi Viswanatham]], 90, politician
** [[Khalid Azim]], 49, politician
* 18 April
** [[Abdul Azeem]], 62, cricketer
** [[Chandita Mukherjee]], 70, filmmaker
** [[Ajai Singh]], 88, Lieutenant General
* 20 April – [[Pamela Chopra]], 75, singer
* 21 April - [[Trilochan Kanungo]], 82, politician
* 22 April - [[Sunil Kumar Podder]], 86, molecular biologist and biophysicist
* 24 April - [[Kedar Bodas]], 59, classical vocalist
* 25 April
** [[Parkash Singh Badal]], 95, politician
** [[Himangshu Mohan Choudhury]], 82, civil servant
* 26 April
** [[Mamukkoya]], 76, actor
** [[Chandan Ram Das]], 65, politician
** [[Isidore Fernandes (bishop)|Isidore Fernandes]], 76, bishop
** [[Jay Mala]], 64, journalist
* 27 April – [[Kaur Singh]], 74, boxer
* 28 April – [[Ranajit Guha]], 99, historian

=== May ===
* 1 May - [[M. Chandran (politician)|M. Chandran]], 76, politician
* 2 May – [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], 89, author and activist
* 3 May – [[Manobala]], 69, actor, comedian and filmmaker<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-03 |title=Actor, director and producer Manobala passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-director-and-producer-manobala-passes-away/articleshow/99955868.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil actor-director Manobala passes away in Chennai |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/03/tamil-actor-director-manobala-passes-away.html |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
* 4 May – [[Karaikudi Mani]], 77, [[mridangam]] player
* 6 May - [[Nabeesa Ummal]], 91, academic
* 7 May - [[Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]], 70, Sunni Sufi Islamic scholar
* 8 May
** [[Vishwanath Mahadeshwar]], 63, politician
** [[Samaresh Majumdar]], 79, writer
* 9 May – [[Mohan Maharishi]], 83, director
* 12 May - [[Jethabhai Rathod]], 86, politician
* 13 May - [[Ram G. Takwale]], 90, academic administrator
* 15 May - [[Chow Tewa Mein]], 80, politician
* 16 May
** [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]], 90, gangster
** [[P. K. R. Pillai]], 92, film producer
* 17 May - [[S. P. Hinduja]], 87, businessman
* 18 May – [[Rattan Lal Kataria]], 71, politician
* 21 May - [[Chungkhokai Doungel]], 82, politician
* 22 May
[[File:Sarath_Babu_IFFI_2009.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Sarath Babu]]
**[[Sarath Babu]], 71, actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Sarath Babu in critical condition with multi-organ failure, on ventilator support |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/veteran-actor-sarath-babu-in-critical-condition-with-multi-organ-failure-on-ventilator-support-report-101682335870113.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
**[[Aditya Singh Rajput]], 32, actor
**[[Vaibhavi Upadhyay]], 38, actress
* 23 May - [[Nitesh Pandey]], 51, actor
* 26 May
**[[Micky Jagtiani]], 70, Indian-origin Emirati billionaire businessman
**[[Govindray H. Nayak]], 89, writer
* 30 May
**[[Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)|Gurdial Singh]], 99, mountaineer
**[[Ved Kumari Ghai]], 91, Sanskrit scholar
* 31 May - [[Vellayani Arjunan]], 90, writer

=== June ===
* 2 June - [[Jayant Sahasrabuddhe]], 57, paramilitary activist
* 3 June - [[Aamir Raza Husain]], 66, actor
* 4 June
**[[Sulochana Latkar]], 94, actress
**[[Iliyas Azmi]], 88, politician
* 7 June
**[[Ivan Menezes]], 63, Indian-born British-American business executive
**[[Banani Ghosh]], 88, musician
* 11 June - [[Mangal Dhillon]], 65, actor
* 12 June - [[Kazan Khan]], 50, actor
* 14 June
**[[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]], 86, statistician
**[[Sharda (singer)|Sharda]], 89, singer
* 16 June - [[Anadi Charan Das]], 88, politician
* 18 June
**[[Poojappura Ravi]], 86, actor
**[[Navroze Contractor]], 79, filmmaker
* 20 June - [[M. A. Kuttappan]], 76, politician
* 21 June - [[Sylvester da Cunha]], 92, advertising professional
* 22 June - [[P. Sabanayagam]], 101, IAS officer
* 24 June - [[S. M. Cyril]], 86, nun and educationist
* 25 June
**[[Tapas Das]], 68, singer-songwriter and guitarist
**[[Raj Karan Singh]], 87, politician
* 26 June
**[[Hardwar Dubey]], 73, politician
**[[C. V. Dev]], 83, actor
* 27 June - [[P. Chitran Namboodirippad]], 103, writer
* 30 June - [[Bir Devinder Singh]], 73, politician

=== July ===
* 1 July - [[Sampat Prakash]], 86, trade unionist
* 2 July - [[K. Jayaram]], 74, photographer
* 3 July
**[[Sudakshina Sarma]], 88, singer and musician
**[[Yashpaul]], 86, classical singer
* 7 July - [[Namboothiri (artist)|K M Vasudevan Namboothiri]], 97, painter and sculptor
* 8 July - [[Tarun Chatterjee]], 78, judge
* 9 July - [[Rajani Duganna]], 78, politician
* 11 July - [[Ravindra Mahajani]], 77, actor and director
* 13 July - [[Kalyan Jain]], 88, politician
* 17 July - [[Mangala Narlikar]], 80, mathematician
* 18 July - [[Oommen Chandy]], 79, politician
* 21 July - [[Mahabhashyam Chittaranjan]], 84, author and composer
* 24 July - [[Jayant Savarkar]], 87, actor
* 25 July - [[Shirish Kanekar]], 80, journalist
* 26 July
**[[Surinder Shinda]], 70, singer
**[[Umakanta Bairagi]], 80, Tokari geet musician
* 27 July - [[Bapusaheb Parulekar]], 94, politician
* 30 July - [[Kavita Singh (scholar)|Kavita Singh]], 58, art historian
* 31 July
**[[Vakkom Purushothaman]], 95, politician
**[[Rusi Cooper]], 100, cricketer and lawyer

=== August ===
* 2 August - [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]], 57, art director
* 3 August
**[[Sunil Dev]], 75, cricketer
**[[Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor]], 80, poet and lyricist
* 4 August
**[[N. Vittal]], 85, civil servant
**[[Achyut Yagnik]], 77, journalist
* 5 August - [[Shreyas Hareesh]], 13, racing rider
* 6 August - [[Gaddar]], 74, poet
* 7 August - [[Ambareesh Murty]], 51, entrepreneur
* 8 August - [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], 68, director
* 9 August
**[[Hari Narke]], 60, writer
**[[Polali Jayarama Bhat]], 71, banker
* 10 August - [[Nibedita Pradhan]], 60, politician
* 11 August - [[Bikash Sinha]], 78, physicist
* 13 August - [[M. R. S. Rao]], 75, scientist
* 15 August
**[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]], 74, footballer
[[File:Bindeshwar_Pathak.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Bindeshwar Pathak]]
**[[Bindeshwar Pathak]], 80, sociologist
* 16 August - [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]], 87, scientist
* 20 August - [[Gulzar Azmi]], 89, cleric
* 22 August - [[C. R. Rao]], 102, mathematician and statistician
* 24 August - [[Seema Deo]], 81, film actress
* 25 August - [[V. A. Andamuthu]], 82, politician
* 26 August
**[[Dev Kohli]], 80, poet and lyricist
**[[K. P. Hariharaputhran]], 79, film editor
* 27 August
**[[Jayanta Mahapatra]], 94, poet
**[[Des Raj Kali]], 52, Punjabi writer and journalist
* 29 August - [[Sarojini Balanandan]], 85, politician
* 31 August - [[Aparna P. Nair]], 33, actress

=== September ===
* 2 September
**[[R. S. Shivaji]], 66, actor and director
**[[Surjya Narayan Patro]], 74, politician
* 3 September - [[Piloo Reporter]], 84, cricket umpire
* 6 September
**[[Arun Kumar Sinha (IPS)|Arun Kumar Sinha]], 60, IPS officer
**[[Malini Rajurkar]], 82, classical singer
**[[Aditya Dicky Singh]], 57, wildlife conservationist
* 8 September
**[[G. Marimuthu]], 57, actor and director
**[[Ajit Ninan]], 68, political cartoonist
* 13 September - [[Manik Bhide]], 88, classical music vocalist
* 16 September
**[[Gita Mehta]], 79, writer and filmmaker
**[[C. R. Omanakuttan]], 80, writer
* 17 September - [[Sikkil Sisters|Sikkil Neela]], 85, flutist
* 18 September
**[[Riaz Ahmed (volleyball)|Riaz Ahmed]], 84, volleyball player
**[[Tarachand Patel]], 81, politician
* 19 September - [[Babu (actor)|Babu]], 60, actor
* 21 September
**[[Akhil Mishra]], 67, actor
**[[Saroja Vaidyanathan]], 86, choreographer
[[File:KG_George.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|K. G. George]]
* 24 September - [[K. G. George]], 77, filmmaker
* 27 September - [[Soumendu Roy]], 90, cinematographer
* 28 September
[[File:Monkombu_Sambasivan_Swaminathan_-_Kolkata_2013-01-07_2674.JPG|177x177px|thumb|center|M. S. Swaminathan]]
**[[M. S. Swaminathan]], 98, agronomist
**[[Ashwin Dani]], 79, businessman
* 30 September - [[Praful Bhavsar]], 97, space scientist

=== October ===
[[File:Major Ahluwalia with Mr. Bishan Singh Bedi.jpg|thumb|177x177px|[[Bishan Singh Bedi]].]]
* 1 October
**[[Parveen Amanullah]], 65, politician
**[[Tripurari Sharma]], 67, playwright, stage director and screenwriter
* 2 October - [[Satyaram Reang]], 80, folk artist
* 4 October
**[[Telesphore Toppo]], 83, bishop
**[[P. Jayadevi]], 65, director, producer and screenwriter
* 5 October - [[Anathalavattom Anandan]], 86, politician
* 10 October - [[Karthyayani Amma]], 101
* 12 October
**[[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]], 83, politician
**[[Nayan H. Desai]], 77, poet
* 13 October - [[P. V. Gangadharan]], 80, film producer and businessman
[[File:Minister_of_State_for_Youth_Affairs_&_Sports,_Dr._M.S._Gill.jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|M. S. Gill]]
* 15 October
**[[M. S. Gill]], 87, politician
**[[Ghulam Nabi Khayal]], 84, poet
* 17 October
**[[Kundara Johny]], 71, actor
**[[Wasil Doolwal]], 36, political activist
* 19 October - [[Bangaru Adigalar]], 82, spiritual guru
* 23 October
**[[Bishan Singh Bedi]], 77, cricketer
**[[Birendra Nath Datta]], 88, academician
**[[Daya Saran Sinha]], 82, judge
* 24 October - [[P. Veldurai]], 73, politician
* 26 October
**[[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]], 82, politician
**[[Malay Roy Choudhury]], 83, poet
**[[Babanrao Dhakne]], 85, politician
* 27 October - [[Swarup Nayak]], 76, musician
* 30 October
**[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]], 67, politician
**[[Sarat Barkotoky]], 88, politician
**[[Renjusha Menon]], 35, actress

=== November ===
* 1 November
**[[Leela Omchery]], 94, singer and writer
**[[Saraswati Pradhan]], 98, politician
* 2 November - [[Junior Balaiah]], 70, actor
* 3 November
**[[Gieve Patel]], 83, poet
**[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]], 74, politician
* 7 November
**[[Maheswar Mohanty]], 67, politician
**[[D. B. Chandregowda]], 87, politician
**[[Arputhan]], 52, film director
* 9 November
**[[Kalabhavan Haneef]], 63, actor
**[[Ashutosh Tandon]], 63, politician
**[[K. A. Francis]], 75, painter
* 10 November
[[File:Smriti_Irani_meeting_the_Governor_of_Tripura_Padmanabha_Balakrishna_Acharya_(cropped).jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Padmanabha Acharya]]
**[[Padmanabha Acharya]], 92, politician
**[[Ganga (actor)|Ganga]], 63, actor
[[File:Chandra-mohan-stills-tollywoodtv_(5).jpg|177x177px|thumb|center|Chandra Mohan]]
* 11 November - [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], 80, actor
* 13 November - [[Basudeb Acharia]], 81, politician
* 14 November
**[[Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi]], 94, businessman
**[[Subrata Roy]], 75, businessman
* 15 November
**[[P. K. Narayanan Nambiar]], 96, musician
**[[N. Sankaraiah]], 102, politician
**[[Gurmeet Singh Kooner]], 75, politician
* 16 November - [[Kailash Bhansali]], 82, politician
* 17 November - [[B. N. Goswamy]], 90, art critic and historian
* 18 November - [[S. Venkitaramanan]], 92, RBI Governor
* 19 November
**[[Sanjay Gadhvi]], 57, film director and writer<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanjay Gadhvi, director of Dhoom franchise, dies of heart attack at 57|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-gadhvi-director-of-dhoom-franchise-dies-at-57-9033051/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2023-11-19}}</ref>
**[[C. L. Porinchukutty]], 91, artist and art educator
* 21 November
**[[S. S. Badrinath]], 83, founder and chairman emeritus of Sankara Nethralaya
**[[R. Ramachandran (Kerala CPI politician)|R. Ramachandran]], 71, politician
**[[P. Vatsala]], 84, novelist
[[File:Justice_Fathima_Beevi.JPG|177x177px|thumb|center|Fathima Beevi]]
*23 November - [[Fathima Beevi]], 96, judge
*24 November - [[Rajkumar Kohli]], 93, director
*25 November - [[B. Sasikumar]], 74, Carnatic music violinist
*27 November - [[Zaverilal Mehta]], 96, photographer
*30 November - [[Subbalakshmi]], 87, actor

=== December ===
*1 December - [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]], 71, Khalistani separatist
* 2 December
**[[A. Deivanayagam]], 88, politician
**[[V. Lakshmibai]], 78, mathematician
[[File:Dr. Leelavati.jpg|thumb|171x171px|[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]]]
* 3 December
**[[Thanga Darlong]], 103, folk music artist
**[[M. Kunjaman]], 74, economist
[[File:Vijaykanth at the Sagaptham Audio Launch.jpg|thumb|172x172px|[[Vijayakanth]]]]
* 5 December
**[[Dinesh Phadnis]], 57, actor
**[[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]], 67, politician
* 8 December
**[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], 86, actress<ref>{{cite web|title=Legendary Kannada actress Leelavathi passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-kannada-actress-leelavathi-passes-away/article67618427.ece|website=The Hindu|date=8 December 2023|access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
**[[Kanam Rajendran]], 73, politician
* 13 December
**[[Ram Prakash]], 84, politician
**[[K. Kunhiraman (born 1943)|K. Kunhiraman]], 80, politician
*15 December - [[Anup Ghoshal]], 78, playback singer
* 16 December
**[[Sailakshmi Balijepally]], 49, paediatrician
**[[Jayanta Das]], 54, actor and director
*19 December - [[V. Mohini Giri]], 85, social worker and activist
*23 December - [[Bonda Mani]], 60, actor and comedian
*28 December - [[Vijayakanth]], 71, actor and politician

==See also==
{{Wikinews|India}}
{{portal|2020s|Current events|India}}

===Country overviews===
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of modern India]]
* [[Outline of India]]
* [[Government of India]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[Years in India]]

===Related timelines for current period===
* [[2020s in political history]]
* [[2020s]]
* [[21st century]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Year in Asia|2023}}
{{Years in India}}

[[Category:2023 in India| ]]
[[Category:2023 by country|India]]
[[Category:2023 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2020s in India]]
[[Category:Years of the 21st century in India]]

Ramopakhyana

2025-10-31T04:05:50Z

AsliKhan99: started the info w/ sources.

{{Short description|Section of Indian epic Mahabharata}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:MAKARA, Bharata begs Rama to return from exile (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bharata begs Rama to return from exile, from Vana Parva]]
'''''Rāmopākhyāna''''' is a section of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', telling the story of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]], a tale best known from the other great Sanskrit epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]''.

== Content ==
The story comprises 704 verses spread across book 3 (the ''[[Vana Parva]]'', also known as the ''Aranyaka-parva'' or ''Aranya-parva''). In the standard numbering of the chapters of book 3, it comprises chapters 257–75.<ref>Avadesh Kumar Singh, "''Ramayana'' in the ''Mahabharata'': A Study of 'Ramopakhyayana' in the ''Mahabharata''", in ''Textuality and Inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, Meaning and Metamorphosis'', ed. by Pradeep Trikha (New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2006), pp. 32-38 (p. 33).</ref>

At the beginning of the ''Ramopakhyana'' section of the ''Mahabharata'', the character [[Yudhishthira]] has just suffered the abduction of his wife and been exiled to the forest. Asking whether there has ever been someone more unfortunate than himself, he is told the comparable story of Rama and Sita as a moralising tale, counseling him against despair.<ref>Avadesh Kumar Singh, "''Ramayana'' in the ''Mahabharata'': A Study of 'Ramopakhyayana' in the ''Mahabharata''", in ''Textuality and Inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, Meaning and Metamorphosis'', ed. by Pradeep Trikha (New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2006), pp. 32-38 (p. 34).</ref> The account of Rama and Sita in the ''Rāmopākhyāna'' is noted for treating Rāma as a human rather than a divine hero; in not mentioning Sita's banishment following her return to Ayodhya; and in not mentioning how she disappears into the earth thereafter.<ref name=":0">W. J. Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), under "''Rāmopākhyāna'' (‘The Story of Rāma’)", {{ISBN|9780198610250}}.</ref>

=== Plot summary ===
[[Markandeya]] begins with the ancestry of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]], after which [[Ravana|Ravana’s]] ancestry is narrated which deviates from that in the Ramayana. It begins with Prajapati ([[Brahma]]), who fathers [[Pulastya]], the father of Vaishravana ([[Kubera]]). When Vaishravana deserts his father to serve Prajapati, Pulastya, in anger, creates another son, [[Vishrava|Vishravas]]. Prajapati favors Vaishravana, granting him dominion over [[Lanka]]. Vishravas fathers Ravana and [[Kumbhakarna]] with [[Kaikesi]], [[Vibhishana]] with Malini and [[Khara (Mythology)|Khara]] and [[Shurpanakha]] with Raka. These offspring dwell in the Gandhamadana mountains and perform intense penance, earning boons from Brahma. Ravana requests invincibility except against humans; Kumbhakarna asks for endless sleep; and Vibhishana seeks righteousness and is granted immortality. Ravana later overthrows Kubera and seizes Lanka, earning a curse. Vibhishana, loyal to Kubera, departs with him. Ravana then begins to terrorize the gods. They complain to Brahma, who reveals that [[Vishnu]] has already incarnated to destroy Ravana. The gods are instructed to sire sons through ''[[vanara]]'' to aid in this mission. Dundubhi becomes the servant [[Manthara]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=Hans van (Johannes Adrianus Bernardus) |url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata02buit |title=The Mahabharata |date=1975 |publisher=Chicago [etc.] : University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-84649-1 |pages=723-727}}</ref>

[[Dasharatha]]'s eldest son Rama is born, endowed with extraordinary virtues. Dasharatha announces plans to appoint Rama as his heir. Manthara informs queen [[Kaikeyi]], who reminds the king of an old promise to grant her two boons. She demands that her son [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] be made king, and that Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] be exiled. Rama, Lakshmana, and Rama’s wife Sita depart for the forest. After Dasharatha dies, Bharata refuses the throne, serving instead as regent from [[Nandigrama]]. Rama resides in the [[Dandakaranya|Dandaka]] forest, where he maims Shurpanakha, prompting her to flee to her brother Ravana. Ravana consults his old minister [[Maricha]]. Though wary, Maricha is coerced into aiding Ravana. Disguising himself as a golden deer, Maricha lures Rama away from his hermitage. Sita asks Rama to capture the deer. Rama pursues and kills it, but as Maricha dies, he mimics Rama’s voice, calling for help. Alarmed, Sita sends Lakshmana to assist. Though skeptical, he eventually goes after Rama. Ravana then appears in disguise before Sita, attempting to seduce her. When she rebuffs him, he abducts her. The vulture [[Jatayu]] witnesses this and attempts to stop Ravana. Jatayu berates Ravana and attacks, but Ravana wounds him severely. As Sita is carried off, she drops her jewelry as a trail, and later, her robe in view of five apes on a mountain plain. Rama and Lakshmana return to find her gone. During their search, they find the dying Jatayu, who tells them of Ravana’s crime before dying. Continuing south, the brothers encounter the demon Kabandha, who captures Lakshmana. Together they slay [[Kabandha]], who is revealed to be a cursed [[Gandharva]]. Freed, he instructs them to seek out the monkey [[Sugriva]], who can help locate Ravana’s stronghold in Lanka.<ref name=":02" />

Rama, grieving for Sita, is comforted by Lakshmana. They ascend Mount Rishyamuka and meet Sugriva, who shows Sita’s robe. They form an alliance: Rama will kill Sugriva’s rival [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], and Sugriva will help find Sita. In the forest of Kishkindha, Sugriva challenges Vali. Vali's wife [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] warns him, but he suspects her of betrayal. In the ensuing duel, Rama kills Vali on Sugriva’s signal. Sugriva then claims Kishkindha and Tara. Rama spends four months on Mount Malyavat during the rainy season. Meanwhile, Ravana confines Sita and has her guarded by demonesses who threaten to eat her. Despite this, Sita remains devoted to Rama. The demoness [[Trijata]] recounts a prophetic dream from the rakshasa Avindhya: Ravana, cursed to impotence, will die along with his followers; Vibhishana will survive and rule on Mount Shveta. Portents begin to emerge, foretelling Rama’s victory and his eventual reunion with Sita. Ravana visits Sita in full regal splendor and attempts to woo her with promises and praise. Sita scorns his advances. Though rejected, Ravana remains courteous and refrains from harming her. As autumn arrives, Rama notes the season’s change and begins to suspect that Sugriva is neglecting his promise. He sends Lakshmana to remind the monkey king of their agreement. Sugriva welcomes Lakshmana and reports that search parties have been dispatched and should return soon. Together they inform Rama. All parties return empty-handed except for the one that went south. After two months, [[Hanuman]] and his group are spotted playfully ravaging a nearby grove, lifting Rama’s spirits.<ref name=":02" />

At Rama’s request, Hanuman recounts their journey: they had entered a cave where they encountered the ascetic Prabhavati in a celestial palace. She fed them and directed them to the ocean’s shore. At the ocean, despairing of finding Sita, the monkeys resolved to fast unto death. While discussing Jatayu, they are joined by his brother Sampati, who, upon hearing of Jatayu’s death and Rama’s grief, reveals the location of Lanka. Encouraged, Hanuman leaps across the ocean, discovers Sita, and informs her of Rama’s alliance with the monkey armies. Sita gives him tokens to prove their encounter. The monkey forces rally to Rama, and he advances with Hanuman leading the vanguard. They arrive at the ocean. Rama rejects various ideas for crossing it and eventually prays, after which the ocean god appears in a dream. Rama threatens him, prompting the deity to advise that the monkey Nala construct a causeway. The causeway is built, and Vibhishana visits Rama, who acknowledges him as the rightful king of the rakshasas. The army takes a month to cross over into Lanka. Ravana fortifies the city. [[Angada]] is sent as an envoy to demand Sita’s release. Enraged, Ravana refuses, but Angada escapes.<ref name=":02" />

Rama launches his war against Lanka, and the battle culminates in the city's devastation. Ravana personally enters the battle, while other rakshasas confront Lakshmana and the monkey generals. [[Prahasta]] is slain by Vibhishana. Dhumraksha scatters the monkeys but is killed by Hanuman. Ravana then commands Kumbhakarna to fight. Kumbhakarna wreaks havoc on the monkey forces and captures Sugriva. Lakshmana slays Kumbhakarna, and he and Hanuman also defeat Vajravega and Pramathin. Ravana now sends his son [[Indrajita|Indrajit]] into the fray. Indrajit battles with Lakshmana, Angada, and later Rama, eventually subduing them. Rama and Lakshmana become ensnared in a net of magical arrows. Vibhishana revives them and introduces a [[yaksha]] messenger from Kubera who brings water that enables them to see their invisible foes. Lakshmana then kills Indrajit. Ravana, devastated by the loss of his son, considers killing Sita in vengeance but is persuaded by the sage Avindhya to instead confront Rama. The monkey warriors devastate Ravana’s forces. In desperation, Ravana resorts to magic. Indra’s charioteer Matali appears and instructs Rama on how to defeat the demon. Rama and Ravana engage in a climactic duel, and Rama kills Ravana with an enchanted arrow, causing him to disintegrate.<ref name=":02" />

The gods honor Rama for his victory. He grants Lanka to Vibhishana. Avindhya brings Sita before Rama, but he refuses to accept her, stating that he has merely fulfilled his duty. This shocks Sita and the others. Brahma, along with the gods [[Agni]], [[Vayu]], and the [[Dikpālas|Dikpalas]]—and [[Dasharatha]] himself—appear. Sita appeals to the elements to affirm her purity. Vayu, Agni and Varuna vindicate her. Reassured by Brahma and Dasharatha, Rama accepts Sita and is told that he is destined to rule Ayodhya. He rewards Avindhya and Trijata, and receives boons from Brahma: righteousness, victory, and the revival of the fallen monkeys. Sita grants Hanuman immortality for as long as Rama’s name endures. Rama returns to the mainland on the Pushpaka chariot, generously rewarding the monkey warriors. He appoints Angada as the young king and reunites with his brothers Bharata and Shatrughna. Vasistha and Vamadeva perform Rama’s coronation. He allows Sugriva and Vibhishana to leave, and returns the Pushpaka chariot to Kubera. Rama goes on to perform ten ''[[Ashvamedha|ashvamedha yajna]]''.<ref name=":02" />

== Origins ==
According to W. J. Johnson, 'most current scholarship believes it to have been derived from a memorized version of the story drawn from the northern recension of the ''Rāmāyaṇa'' prior to the completion of that text as we now have it'.<ref name=":0" />

== Editions and translations ==

* [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (trans.), ''[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa]'' (Calcutta: Bharata, 1883–96). In this widely used translation, the ''Ramopakhyayana'' appears at book 3, chapters [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03275.htm 275]-90.
* Peter Scharf, ''Ramopakhyana: The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata. An Independent-study Reader in Sanskrit'' (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), {{ISBN|978-1-136-84655-7}}.
* Pendyala Venkata Subrahmanya Sastry worte a critical analysis of Ramopakhyana by [[Errana]] entitled ''Ramopakhyanamu-Tadvimarsanamu'' (1938) in [[Telugu language]], who is one of the authors of Mahabharata.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pendyala Venkata Subrahmanya Sastry |title=Ramopakhyanamu-Tadvimarsanamu |date=1938 |publisher=The Vidvagnana Manoranjani Mudraksharasala |location=Pithapuram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.371940 |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Mahabharata}}
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]

Digha, Nadia

2025-10-28T18:07:49Z

AsliKhan99:

{{other uses|Digha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Digha
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.945888|N|88.545409|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.6147
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6945
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 7412459
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03216
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Haringhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haringhata]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Digha''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Kalyani subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|29|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Kalyani subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|6|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Punglia | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Punglia]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|4|15|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Darappur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Darappur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|5|10|N|88|32|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Lalpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Lalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|2|53|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chanduria | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chanduria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|2|40|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Shimurali | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shimurali]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|2|0|N|88|30|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Priyanagar | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Priyanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|1|18|N|88|29|28|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Jangal | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangal, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|1|42|N|88|28|48|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Madanpur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Madanpur, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|88|29|48|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Saguna | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Saguna, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|59|20|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Kulia | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kulia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Simhat | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Simhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|35|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Subarnapur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Subarnapur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|33|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Digha | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= Digha, Nadia (CT)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|40|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kalyani |label-size14=13 | numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Kalyani, West Bengal]] (M)|label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|3|50|N|88|32|0|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Chakdaha |label-size15=13 | numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Chakdaha]] (M)|label-color15=#800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|57|31|N|88|29|43|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gayespur |label-size16=13 | numbered16=M| mark-title16= [[Gayespur]] (M)|label-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|25|N|88|34|30|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Haringhata |label-size17=13 | numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Haringhata]] (M)|label-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|2|32|N|88|36|55|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Chaugacha| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Chaugacha]] (R)| shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|31|49|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Mohanpur| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Mohanpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|3|41|N|88|30|40|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Palpara| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Palpara]] (R)| shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|59|0|N|88|25|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= University of Kalyani| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[University of Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|31|28|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= AIIMS Kalyani| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|28|40|E}}|label23= Hooghly| labela23=River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=11| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none}}

===Location===
Digha is located at {{coord|22.945888|N|88.545409|E|display=inline}}.

Digha is not shown in Google maps. The map of Haringhata CD block, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', shows Digha south of [[Simhat]], which is also shown in Google maps. The map in the census handbook identifies the presence of high school/ inter college in Digha. While Jagulia is identified in 2011 census as a separate place, Bara Jagulia is not identified as a separate place, and the area appears to be part of Digha.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Haringhata CD block, page 559| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 12 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is part of the large alluvial plain formed by the Ganges-Bhagirathi system. The Kalyani subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi/ Hooghly]] on the west. Topographically, Kalyani subdivision is a part of the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 17 October 2020}}</ref> The smallest subdivision in the district, area-wise, has the highest level of urbanisation in the district. 76.73% of the population lives in urban areas and 23.27% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Digha had a total population of 6,916, of which 3,456 (50%) were males and 3,460 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 510. The total number of literate persons in Digha was 5,968 (93.16% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Digha covered an area of 2.0986 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated source, hand pump. It had 692 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 7 nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital. Among the educational facilities it had 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 2 senior secondary schools. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library, 1 reading room. Two important commodities it produced were vegetable, paddy. It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Bara Jaguli Gopal Academy is a Bengali-medium boys only institution established in 1921. The school has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 1,200 books, 7 computers and a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101709005/bara-jaguli-gopal-academy.html | title = Bara Jaguli Gopal Academy | publisher = Schools.org.in | access-date = 11 October 2020}}</ref>

Raj Laxmi Kanya Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1955. The school has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 2,541 books, 10 computers and playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101708706/raj-laxmi-kanya-vidyapith.html | title = Raj Laxmi Kanya Vidyapith | publisher = Schools.org.in | access-date = 11 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Rahasya Romancha Series

2025-10-24T01:50:26Z

AsliKhan99: started a post initial version.

{{Short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = Abhirup Ghosh
| country = [[India]]
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| num_seasons = 3 
| num_episodes = 17 
| language = Bengali Hindi
| company = Edgy Entertainment
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|08|09|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|11|27|df=y}}
}}

'''''Rahasya Romancha Series''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] web series. Initially conceived as a thriller movie, it was turned into a web series, streaming on the Bengali [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{cite news |title=আসছে নতুন সিনেমা, ‘রহস্য রোমাঞ্চ সিরিজ’ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/rudranil-ghosh-priyanka-sarkars-rahasya-romancho-series-filming-on/ |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=28 April 2018 |language=bn}}</ref> It is produced by Edgy Entertainment and directed by Abhirup Ghosh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Abhirup Ghosh of Rahasya Romancha Series and Byadh fame |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/hoichois-the-bengal-scam-bima-kando-hits-the-right-notes-with-a-dark-plot-and-quirky-characters/cid/1898592 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 November 2022}}</ref> Season 1 was released in August 2019, with [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], ''Souman Bose'', [[Kanchan Mullick]], [[Saayoni Ghosh]] and [[Biswanath Basu]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Abhirup |title=In this season of love, Abhirup Ghosh writes about the intricacies of directing a lovemaking sequence |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/in-this-season-of-love-abhirup-ghosh-writes-about-the-intricacies-of-directing-a-lovemaking-sequence/301633 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=10 February 2023}}</ref>

The second season was released in March 2020. [[Rudranil Ghosh]] plays a crime boss running an organization of hired killers. [[Rajdeep Gupta]], Shaoli Chattopadhyay, and [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] play other pivotal roles.<ref name="indianexpress 2">{{cite web | url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-saoli-chattopadhyay-shares-her-experience-of-shooting-hoichoi-web-series-rahasya-romancha-series-2-200989/ | title=বরাবর এমন চরিত্র চেয়েছি যা আমার নিজের ভাল লাগবে: শাঁওলী | work=The Indian Express | date=13 March 2020 | access-date=9 July 2020 | author=Debnath, Shanoli |language=bn}}</ref>

The third season was released in November 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=ওয়েব দুনিয়ায় তৃতীয় মরশুমে কতটা জমাটি হল ‘রহস্য রোমাঞ্চ সিরিজ’? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/here-is-the-review-of-hoichois-rahasya-romancha-series-3/ |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=28 November 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Saurav Das]] plays the role of a private investigator with [[Cotard delusion|Cotard's Syndrome]] (a rare neuropsychiatric condition in which the patient denies existence of one's own body to the extent of delusions of immortality). [[Saayoni Ghosh]], [[Kanchan Mallick]], [[Rukma Roy]] and Saoli Chattopadhyay also played the lead roles. [[Rudranil Ghosh]] appeared a cameo as ''Jhontu Da''.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 must-watch gripping Bengali thrillers (web series) on Hoichoi with complex characters, crisp storytelling and riveting twists |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-must-watch-gripping-bengali-thrillers-web-series-hoichoi-complex-characters-crisp-storytelling-riveting-twists |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patil |first1=Apoorva |title=11 Interesting Bengali Web Series To Binge Watch On Popular Streaming Platforms |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/11-interesting-bengali-web-series-to-binge-watch-on-popular-streaming-platforms-589475.html |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=5 January 2023}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Season 1 (2019)
| episodes1 = 5
| released1 = {{Start date|2019|08|09}}

| color2 = #273746
| link2 = #Season 2 (2020)
| episodes2 = 6
| released2 = {{Start date|
2020|03|13}}

| color3 = #1C2833
| link3 = #Season 3 (2020)
| episodes3 = 6
| released3 = {{Start date|2020|11|27}}

}}

==Season 1 (2019)==
On 9 August 2019, Hoichoi launched the first season of the Rahasya Romancha Series with 5 episodes. A review of the series in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commented favourably on the actors' performances, but found the story lines largely predictable.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/hoichoi-web-series-priyanka-sarkar-rudranil-ghosh-starrer-rahasya-romancho-series-review-129641 | title=ওয়েব সিরিজ রিভিউ: 'রহস্য রোমাঞ্চ সিরিজ'-এ রোমাঞ্চ নয়, শুধুই কৌতূহল জাগে | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=10 August 2019 | access-date=9 July 2020 | author=Debnath, Shanoli | trans-title=Web Series Review: 'Mystery Thriller Series' without any thrills, only some curiosity |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Jhontu Motors 1
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Jhontu Motors 2
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh|
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Shokuni 1
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Shokuni 2
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Jhorer Raat
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Season 2 (2020)==
Season 2 of the series was released on 13 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Abhirup Ghosh decodes designing the Rahasya Romancha Series 2 climax rain sequence |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/director-abhirup-ghosh-decodes-how-the-rain-sequence-was-designed-for-rahasya-romancha-series-2-climax/cid/1824593 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#273746 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Jhontu Motors: Origin - Part 1
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Jhontu Motors: Origin - Part 2
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh|
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Jhontu Motors: Origin - Part 3
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Crime Writer
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Gym Instructor
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Kalo Nekre
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|03|13}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Season 3 (2020)==
On 27 November 2020 hoichoi released the third season of the Rahasya Romancha Series with brand new six episodes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Story of science and web series |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/story-of-science-and-web-series/cid/1799346 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> In this season Saurav das made his appearance by playing the role of an iconic character named 'Mora'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rrs-3-connects-the-dots-for-the-audience/cid/1798617|title = RRS 3 connects the dots for the audience |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/rahasya-romancha-series-3-release-date-cast-name-plot-trailer-teaser/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120143459/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/rahasya-romancha-series-3-release-date-cast-name-plot-trailer-teaser/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 January 2023|title=Rahasya Romancha Series 3 Release Date Cast Name Plot Trailer & Teaser}}</ref>

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#1C2833|overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Homecoming
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Code Name Kalo Nekre
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Dead Man Walking
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Locked Room Murder
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Shokuni Level 2 Part 1
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Shokuni Level 2 Part 2
|DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|11|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt10773060}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-rahasya-romancha-series-bengali-web-series-online Rahasya Romancha Series] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Rahasya-Romancha-Series/0NLSW0VNEI4VM5S2UZUCGI19LV Rahasya Romancha Series] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management

2025-10-11T12:05:00Z

AsliKhan99: brief correct structure based on references additionally and added references

{{Short description|Business institute in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Agricultural extension
| native_name =
| image = National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management logo.png
| established = 1987
| director = Dr. Saravanan Raj ,<ref>{{cite web |title=Director (Agricultural Extension)e |url=https://www.manage.gov.in/facultyStaff/faculty/dg.asp |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| type = Autonomous, Under [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]], [[Government of India]]
| city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{url|www.manage.gov.in}}
| other_name = MANAGE
| language = English
| postgrad = 132 PGDM(ABM)
| colours = Green and white
}}

'''National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management''', known as '''MANAGE''', formerly '''National Centre for Management of Agricultural Extension at Hyderabad''', is an autonomous [[Agricultural extension|extension]] and [[agribusiness]] management institute located in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India. The aim of the institute is to instill managerial and technical skills to Extension Officers, managers, scientists and administrators in the [[Agricultural economics|agricultural economy]], to enable them to provide support and services to farmers and fishermen for practicing [[sustainable agriculture]].

== History ==
The institute was established in 1987 as the 'National Centre for Management of Agricultural Extension at Hyderabad', by the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]], [[Government of India]] as an autonomous institute, from which its acronym MANAGE is derived. Its status was elevated to that of a National Institute in 1992 and re-christened with its present name - the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management(MANAGE)

Recently, MANAGE Hyderabad received the "Education Leadership Award", Telangana Education Leadership Awards - 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmoasia.org/telangana.html|title=Telangana Leadership Awards|last=Bhatia|first=Dr. R. L.|website=www.cmoasia.org|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[List of business schools in Hyderabad, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management}}
* {{Official}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}
{{Research institutes in Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1987]]

Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur

2025-09-02T23:20:07Z

AsliKhan99: brief add section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Fashion of Radhika Merchant

2025-09-02T19:37:26Z

AsliKhan99: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant#Fashion]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

Shivrinarayan

2025-08-15T03:51:45Z

AsliKhan99: correct intro as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sheorinarayan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.73|N|82.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 235
| population_total = 8107
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =CG
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shivrinarayan''' also known as '''Sheorinarayan''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] located at the ''Triveni Dhara'' of [[Mahanadi]], [[Shivnath River|Shivnath]] and [[Jonk River|Jonk]] River in [[Janjgir-Champa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Ramayana==
Shivrinarayan has a significant role in the life of [[Lord Rama]]. Lord Rama along with his wife [[Sita]] and his younger brother [[Lakshaman]] had started his Vanvas (exile) in the [[Bastar district]] (more precisely [[Dandakaranya]] region) of Chhattisgarh. They lived more than 10 years of their total 14 years of Vanvas (forest exile) in different places of [[Chhattisgarh]]. One of the notable places is Shivrinarayan which is located in [[Janjgir-Champa district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state. Shivrinarayan was named after an old female ascetic named [[Shabari]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/28/stories/2007092851440400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218193252/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/28/stories/2007092851440400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-18|title=A novel attempt |last=Raj|first=Sundara|date=2007-09-28|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref>

When [[Lord Rama|Ram]] visited [[Shabari]] she said "I do not have anything to offer other than my heart, but here are some berry fruits. May it please you, my Lord." Saying so, Shabari offered the fruits she had meticulously collected to Rama. When Rama was tasting them, Lakshmana raised the concern that Shabari had already tasted them and therefore unworthy of eating. To this Rama said that of the many types of food he had tasted, "nothing could equal these berry fruits, offered with such devotion. You taste them, then alone will you know. Whomsoever offers a fruit, leaf, flower or some water with love, I partake it with great joy."

==Geography==
Sheorinarayan is located at {{coord|21.73|N|82.58|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Seorinarayan.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sheorinarayan]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|235|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sheorinarayan had a population of 8107. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sheorinarayan has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 53%. In Sheorinarayan, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Shivrinarayan Math==

Shivrinarayan Math is centuries old Hindu temple as well as institution located in the town of Shivrinarayan. It was established during the eighth century. It is a heritage centre and bears tremendous importance from Historical and Religious perspective.

== Ram Van Gaman Path ==
Shivrinarayan is one of the 9 spots identified by the State Government which will be restored and developed as an integral part of [[Ram Van Gaman Path]]. Shivrinarayan is the place where Shabri tasted the berry fruits for their sweetness to be given to Lord Rama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ ज्ञान : शिवरीनारायण - Shivrinarayan |url=https://www.chhattisgarhgyan.in/2017/02/shivrinarayan-chhattisgarh.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=छत्तीसगढ़ ज्ञान}}</ref>

Ram Van Gaman Path connects the places where Lord Rama halted during his exile expanding from the North of Chhattisgarh ([[Koriya district|Koriya]]) to the South ([[Sukma]]). The State Government has earmarked 75 places out of which 9 will be developed in the first phase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Van Gaman Path In Chhattisgarh – An Overview |url=http://ramvangamanpath.com/ram-van-gaman-path-in-chhattisgarh-overview/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Janjgir-Champa}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Janjgir-Champa district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Raigavan Dam

2025-07-27T18:16:33Z

AsliKhan99: started basic entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Raigavan Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Raigavan Dam D02845
| dam_crosses = local river
| location = Kalam
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2090|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|19.74|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1987<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Raigavan_D02845 | title=Raigavan D02845 | accessdate=22 March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|11259|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|4920|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4867677|76.2570047|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Raigavan Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on local river near Kalam, [[Osmanabad district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|19.74|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2090|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|12703.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=25 October 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219204531/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Madhangeeswarar Temple

2025-07-11T09:36:46Z

AsliKhan99: put up basic location from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Matangesvara Temple.JPG|thumb|Matangesvara Temple, at Kanchipuram.]]
'''Madhangeeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the town of [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Dedicated to [[Shiva]], the temple is believed to have been constructed by the [[Pallavas]] at the end of the 8th century. The peculiarity of the shrine is that the ''[[dvarapalas]]'' have four hands.

==Nearest Hindu Temple==
*Arulmigu Thirumagaraleeswar Temple, Magaral

== References ==
{{commons category|Madhangeeswarar Temple, Kanchipuram}}
* {{cite book|title=Pallava Antiquities - 2 Vols|page=71|author=G. Jouveau-Dubreuil|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1994|isbn=9788120605718}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Kargyak

2025-06-10T18:28:03Z

AsliKhan99: made a post v1!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kargyak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kargiakh
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Kargyak South Lungnak Zanskar India Oct22 A7C 03612-13 Pano.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kargyak from the south
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.0636558|N|77.2268041|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.764
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4,120
| population_total = 429
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = https://kargil.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kargyak ''' (also '''Kargiakh''', '''Kurgiakh''') is a small village in the Lungnak valley in [[Zanskar|Zanskar tehsil]], [[Kargil district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. The village is situated on the right bank of the Kargiakh Chu (river) about {{Convert|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Padum]] on the [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road#Padum_to_Shingo_La_pass|Padum-Darcha highway (NPD road)]]. The economy is largely agrarian and the main religion is Buddhism.

==Description==
Kargyak (elevation {{cvt|4,120|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2024 |title=Node: Kargyak |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/11758878940 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref>) is a small village in the Lungnak valley on the right bank of the Kargiakh Chu (river). It is located at a distance of {{Convert|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Padum on the Padum-Darcha road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2024 |title=Padum - Kargyak route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=33.4691%2C76.8782%3B33.0636%2C77.2267#map=10/33.2668/77.0533&layers=C |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The distance from [[Darcha]] in [[Lahaul]] is {{Convert|63.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}, the road climbing over the {{Convert|5,091|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Shinko La]] pass. Kargyak village has an area of {{Convert|176.40|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CensusKargilB" />{{rp|page=80}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:House Kargyak Lungnak Zanskar Oct22 A7C 04595.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional house]]
[[File:Chortens Kargyak Zanskar Oct22 A7C 03616.jpg|left|thumb|Buddhist chortens near Kargyak]]
As per the 2011 Census, Kargyak had 74 households with a population of 429. Females comprised 49.4% of the population. The literacy rate was 40.6%. 98.8% of the population belonged to [[scheduled tribes]].<ref name="CensusKargilB">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kargil, Jammu & Kashmir -- Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=3 Part XII B|location=}}</ref>{{rp|pages=80-81}} The pre-dominant religion is Buddhism.<ref name="CensusKargilA" />{{rp|page=48}}

== Governance ==
Kargyak village comes under the '''[[Testa, Zanskar#Governance|Testa Gram Panchayat]]''' [[Panchayati raj in India|local self-government]] body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Directory: LGD - Panchayat - Kargil - Jul24.xls |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]}}</ref>

==Amenities==
Kargyak has a pre-primary and primary school. There is mobile phone service and electricity supply. Piped water supply is provided from springs through canals.<ref name="CensusKargilA">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kargil, Jammu & Kashmir -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII A|location=}}</ref>{{rp|pages=147,148,151}}

==Fauna and flora==
W.N. Koelz trekked through Kargyak in July 1933. He found herds of yak and a few horses. He reported that there were few birds. He sighted many [[Horned lark|horned larks]] and Tibetan pigeons. Other birds included [[Snow pigeon|snow pigeons]], [[Bearded vulture|lammergeiers]], red-capped [[Common linnet|linnets]] and black and white [[Finch|finches]]. Wild flowers included [[geranium]], [[Columbine (plant)|columbine]], [[Ranunculus|buttercup]], two species of [[pedicularis]] among others.<ref name="Koelz33"/>{{rp|page=83}}

==Economy==
[[File:Kargyak.jpg|thumb|Fields ready for harvest in September]]
The economy is largely agrarian. On a trek in July 1933, W.N. Koelz reported that [[barley]] was being cultivated. He found the valley was green with rich plant growth due to several springs and streams.<ref name="Koelz33">{{Cite book |last=Sinopoli |first=C.M. |title=The Himalayan Journey of Walter N. Koelz: The University of Michigan Himalayan Expedition, 1932–1934 |publisher=[[List_of_museums_and_collections_at_the_University_of_Michigan#Museum_of_Anthropology|Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-915703-80-7 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>{{rp|page=83}} With low annual precipitation, irrigation through channels from streams fed by snow-melt is used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2024 |title=Kargil - Ladakh: The climate and soil condition of the district |url=https://kargil.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=LAHDCK – Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil}}</ref> In 2011, 35.8% of the cultivated land was irrigated.<ref name="CensusKargilA" />{{rp|page=152}}

==Transport==
The village is served by public/private buses.<ref name="CensusKargilA"/>{{rp|page=149}}

== Tourism ==
[[File:Gonbo Rangjon North View Road Zanskar Oct22 A7C 03604.jpg|thumb|NPD road from Kargyak towards Gumbok Rangan]]
Kargyak is a popular way point on the Darcha - Padum trekking route as it is the first village in Zanskar after crossing Shinko La.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The spectacular [[Gumbok Rangan]] peak is located {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Kargyak. Several tent campsites cater to trekkers, bikers and motorists.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Gumbok Rangan]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Kargyak}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Zanskar tehsil]]

Medhavi Skills University, Sikkim

2025-05-31T18:38:15Z

AsliKhan99: put up new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|University in Sikkim, India}}
{{Notability|reason=nothing to read in this article|date=July 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Medhavi Skills University
| image = Medhavi Skills University official Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto = Skill. Empower. Liberate
| established = 2021
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], NCVET, DGT, NSDC, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 21001:2018
| type = Private
| chancellor = Pravesh Dudani
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Amiya Singh
| director = Kuldip Sarma
| city = Bermoik, West Sikkim, Ratamatey Thangsing, Barnyak-Barthang GPU, / Topakhani, Lower Chisopani, Singtam Bazar, Singtam
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| country = India
| postcode = 737134
| coordinates =
| logo = Medhavi Skills University Logo.png
| website = https://www.msu.edu.in/
}}
'''Medhavi Skills University, Sikkim''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Skill University (India)|skill university]] with campuses located in both Singtam and Bermiok, [[Sikkim]]. Founded in 2021 under the auspices of the Medhavi Foundation, it aims to deliver skill-based and job-oriented academic programs to students. The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], the National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET), and the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSDC, Medhavi Skills University and INIFD entered into Tripartite Alliance to Boost Skills-based Education in Fashion & Interior Design field - News Live |url=https://newslivetv.com/nsdc-medhavi-skills-university-and-inifd-entered-into-tripartite-alliance-to-boost-skills-based-education-in-fashion-interior-design-field/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |first=Press |date=June 2023 |title=Medhavi Skills University introduces new-age work-integrated curriculum to bridge the skill gap |work=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/medhavi-skills-university-introduces-new-age-work-integrated-curriculum-to-bridge-the-skill-gap/1616551/}}</ref>

The Bermiok campus, located at Ratamatey Thangsing, Barnyak-Barthang GPU, along with the Singtam campus, facilitates the university's vision by offering diverse educational programs and contributing significantly to the regional educational landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medhavi Skills University, Bermiok - Admission 2024, Fees, Courses, Placement, Ranking |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/medhavi-skills-university-bermiok |access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref>

==Courses and programs==

Across both locations, Medhavi Skills University offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields like business administration, computer applications, commerce, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medhavi Skills University, Bermiok Fees Structure & Courses List 2024-25 |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/medhavi-skills-university-bermiok |access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Sikkim}}
{{Sikkim topics}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Universities in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:Gangtok]]

{{India-school-stub}}

Nawagarh (Janjgir–Champa district)

2025-04-23T00:48:27Z

AsliKhan99: put up basic location w/ infobox

{{Not to be confused with|Nawagarh}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nawagarh
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Nawagarhiya
| settlement_type = [[Nagar panchayat]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|51|12|N|82|39|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Janjgir-Champa]]
}}

'''Nawagarh''' is a ''[[nagar panchayat]]'' in [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir–Champa]], in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

According to the 2011 Indian census, the ''nagar panchayat'' had a population of more than 8,000, but 2025 estimates put this closer to 11,700. The municipality is divided into 15 electoral wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawagarh Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801953-nawagarh-chhattisgarh.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Janjgir-Champa district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Henry Willock

2025-04-18T20:18:32Z

AsliKhan99: made new info basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[Image:Fath Ali Shah Qajar Firman in Shikasta Nastaliq script January 1831.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]] honors George Willock (Henry's brother) with the [[Order of the Lion and the Sun]]]]
'''Sir Henry Willock''' (1790{{spaced ndash}}August 17, 1858) was a [[lieutenant-colonel]] and the British Envoy to [[Persia]] from 1815-1826.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/whowaswho/whowaswho.html |title=Who was who in Central Asia (British) |work=bl.uk |publisher=The British Library |accessdate=20 February 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024202756/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/whowaswho/whowaswho.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the chairman of the [[East India Company]] (EIC) in 1844–45.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/people_of_historial_note_buried_in_the_borough_m_to_z.htm |title=People of historical note buried in the borough M to Z |work=richmond.gov.uk |publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Civic Centre |accessdate=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027180834/http://richmond.gov.uk/home/leisure_and_culture/local_history_and_heritage/people_of_historial_note_buried_in_the_borough_m_to_z.htm |archivedate=27 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= News of the Week |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vswhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA820 |newspaper=The Spectator |date=12 July 1845 |accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref> Willock married Elizabeth Davis, daughter of EIC Director and orientalist [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]], in 1826.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire|last=Burke|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Burke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCZBAQAAMAAJ|year=1860|publisher=Harrison and Sons|location=London|page=271}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willock, Henry}}

[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]

{{UK-business-bio-1790s-stub}}

Lalkuan–Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express

2025-04-04T14:38:19Z

AsliKhan99: put up basic location w/ refs

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lalkuan-Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|08|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} (LKU)
| stops = 10
| end = {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|262|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC Chair car, General Unreserved, Chair car, Sleeper
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15059 / 15060
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 15059 / 15060 '''Lalkuan–Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express''' is an [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} and {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} in India.

It operates as train number 15059 from {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} to {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} and as train number 15060 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Uttrakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Delhi.<ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/moradabad-delhi-upline-affected-for-one-hour], ''amarujala.com'', 7 November 2016</ref>

==Coaches==
The 15059 / 60 Lalkuan Junction – Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express has one AC Chair Car, six Non AC chair car, five general unreserved and two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].<ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/udham-singh-nagar/intercity-train-from-laalkua-to-delhi-will-start-from-july], ''amarujala.com'', 25 March 2016</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 15059 {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} – {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|262|km|0|abbr=on}} in 6 hours 30 mins (40 km/h) and in 6 hours 50 mins as the 15060 {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} – {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} Intercity Express (38 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is less than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 15059 / 60 Lalkuan Junction – Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Lalkuan Junction}} via {{rws|Kashipur Junction}}, {{rws|Moradabad Junction}}, {{rws|Hapur Junction}}, {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}} to {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}}.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/lalkuan-anand-vihar-intercity-express-15059/49880/949/7322 15059 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/anand-vihar-lalkuan-intercity-express-15060/49939/7322/949 15060 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalkuan-Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Haldwani-Kathgodam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Aniruddha Dave

2025-01-28T17:07:49Z

AsliKhan99: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
'''Aniruddha Bhailal Dave''' is an Indian politician. He is a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency]] since 8 December 2022. He is a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Mandvi Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Aniruddha Bhailal Dave pips Congress |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/mandvi-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15341551.htm |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2022-12-08 |title=Mandvi Election Result 2022 Live Updates: BJP Wins in This Gujarat's Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mandvi-1-election-result-2022-live-news-updates-bjp-aap-congress-gujarat-counting-of-votes-today |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
During the Gujarat Cyclone, he stated that the flood situations will normalize in 48 hours, which surprised many intellectuals. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biparjoy Cyclone: विधायक अनिरुद्ध दवे ने कहा - 48 घंटे के अंदर स्थिति हो जाएगी सामान्य वीडियो - हिन्दी न्यूज़ वीडियो एनडीटीवी ख़बर |url=https://ndtv.in/videos/cyclone-biparjoy-biparjoy-cyclone-mla-anirudh-dave-said-situation-will-be-normal-within-48-hours-706011 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Aniruddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bikramjit Singh Khalsa

2024-09-22T18:38:04Z

AsliKhan99: Created A Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

'''Bikramjit Singh Khalsa''' is an Indian politician who belongs to [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. He was elected twice for [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Dakha Assembly constituency]] in 1997<ref>{{cite news |title=SAD's Ayali retains Dakha, only seat AAP lost in district |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/sads-ayali-retains-dakha-only-seat-aap-lost-in-district-381176 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> and from [[Khanna Assembly constituency]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=First time ever: Khanna MLA to sit with Oppn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/first-time-ever-khanna-mla-to-sit-with-oppn/ |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref> He is chief Partliment Secretary 2007 to 2012.He is also elect Punjab Public Service Commission Member for six year.
He is a [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] Candidate for [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]] for the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Badals not in SAD's first list of 7 candidates, 2 Hindus named |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/badals-not-in-sads-first-list-of-7-candidates-2-hindus-named/articleshow/109277597.cms |access-date=24 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Lok Sabha polls: SAD announces first list of 7 candidates for Punjab, fields Chandumajra from Anandpur Sahib |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/ls-polls-sad-announces-first-list-of-7-candidates-for-punjab-fields-chandumajra-from-anandpur-sahib/article68061352.ece |access-date=24 April 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalsa, Bikramjit Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-SAD-politician-stub}}

Mendu

2024-08-27T02:56:44Z

AsliKhan99:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mendu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|36|55|N|78|06|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hathras district|Hathras]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12001
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mendu''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Hathras district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mendu had a population of 12,002. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Mendu has an average literacy rate of 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Mendu, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hathras district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hathras district]]

{{Hathras-geo-stub}}

2020 Tata Open Maharashtra – Singles

2024-08-19T14:52:35Z

AsliKhan99: new

{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament event|2020|Tata Open Maharashtra|
| champ = {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý]]
| runner = {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov]]
| score = 7–6(7–2), 5–7, 6–3
| draw = 28 (4{{abbr| Q | Qualifiers}} / 3{{abbr| WC | Wild Cards}})
| seeds = 8
| type = singles doubles
| after_year = 2022
| main_name = Maharashtra Open
}}

{{main|2020 Tata Open Maharashtra}}

[[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]] was the defending champion,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/kevin-anderson-maharashtra-open-ivo-karlovic-1424391-2019-01-05|title=Kevin Anderson beats Ivo Karlovic to win Maharashtra Open title|website=India Today|date=5 January 2019 }}</ref> but chose not to participate this year.

[[Jiří Veselý]] won the title, defeating [[Egor Gerasimov]] in the final, 7–6(7–2), 5–7, 6–3.

[[Jiří Veselý]] saved 6 match points en route to the title – 2 match points against [[Ilya Ivashka]] in quarterfinal and 4 match points against [[Ričardas Berankis]] in semifinal.

==Seeds==
The top four [[seed (tennis)|seeds]] receive a [[bye (tennis)|bye]] into the second round.
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benoît Paire]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kwon Soon-woo]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Caruso]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov]] ''(final)''
}}

==Draw==

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
|RD1=Semifinals
|RD2=Final

|team-width=175

|RD1-seed1=6
|RD1-team1={{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]
|RD1-score1-1=62
|RD1-score1-2=4
|RD1-score1-3=
|RD1-seed2=8
|RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov]]'''
|RD1-score2-1='''77'''
|RD1-score2-2='''6'''
|RD1-score2-3=

|RD1-seed3= 
|RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý]]'''
|RD1-score3-1=68
|RD1-score3-2='''77'''
|RD1-score3-3='''79'''
|RD1-seed4=2
|RD1-team4={{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis]]
|RD1-score4-1='''710'''
|RD1-score4-2=63
|RD1-score4-3=67

|RD2-seed1=8
|RD2-team1={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov]]
|RD2-score1-1=62
|RD2-score1-2='''7'''
|RD2-score1-3=3
|RD2-seed2= 
|RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý]]'''
|RD2-score2-1='''77'''
|RD2-score2-2=5
|RD2-score2-3='''6'''
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed03=Q
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Rosol|L Rosol]]
| RD1-score03-1=3
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=Q
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Marcora|R Marcora]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Taro Daniel|T Daniel]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''79'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=WC
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sasikumar Mukund|S Mukund]]
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=67
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|GER}} [[Peter Gojowczyk|P Gojowczyk]]
| RD1-score07-1=65
| RD1-score07-2=4
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=6
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''77'''
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''77'''
| RD1-score11-2='''77'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|GER}} [[Yannick Maden|Y Maden]]
| RD1-score12-1=64
| RD1-score12-2=65
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=Q
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|N Milojević]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''77'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Hoang|A Hoang]]
| RD1-score14-1=65
| RD1-score14-2=4
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Lorenzi|P Lorenzi]]
| RD1-score15-1=2
| RD1-score15-2=3
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=8
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov|E Gerasimov]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benoît Paire|B Paire]]
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2=4
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=Q
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Marcora|R Marcora]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Taro Daniel|T Daniel]]
| RD2-score03-1='''77'''
| RD2-score03-2=66
| RD2-score03-3=3
| RD2-seed04=6
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD2-score04-1=64
| RD2-score04-2='''78'''
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed05=4
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kwon Soon-woo|S-w Kwon]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''77'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]]
| RD2-score06-1=3
| RD2-score06-2=65
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=Q
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|N Milojević]]
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=2
| RD2-seed08=8
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov|E Gerasimov]]'''
| RD2-score08-1=2
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''

| RD3-seed01=Q
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Marcora|R Marcora]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2=64
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=6
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''77'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kwon Soon-woo|S-w Kwon]]
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=61
| RD3-score03-3=4
| RD3-seed04=8
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov|E Gerasimov]]'''
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2='''77'''
| RD3-score04-3='''6'''

| RD4-seed01=6
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|J Duckworth]]
| RD4-score01-1=62
| RD4-score01-2=4
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=8
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Egor Gerasimov|E Gerasimov]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=7
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Caruso|S Caruso]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=3
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed02=WC
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=4
| RD1-score02-3=5

| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý|J Veselý]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Donskoy|E Donskoy]]
| RD1-score06-1=3
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed09=5
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Fabbiano|T Fabbiano]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=0
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]]
| RD1-score11-1=2
| RD1-score11-2='''77'''
| RD1-score11-3=1
| RD1-seed12=Q
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Viktor Troicki|V Troicki]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2=64
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed13=PR
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cedrik-Marcel Stebe|C-M Stebe]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivo Karlović|I Karlović]]
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2=4
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed01=7
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Caruso|S Caruso]]
| RD2-score01-1=65
| RD2-score01-2=4
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý|J Veselý]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''77'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''77'''
| RD2-score03-2='''77'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=3
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Stefano Travaglia|S Travaglia]]
| RD2-score04-1=65
| RD2-score04-2=63
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=5
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=w/o
| RD2-score05-2=
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=Q
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Viktor Troicki|V Troicki]]
| RD2-score06-1=
| RD2-score06-2=
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=PR
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|GER}} [[Cedrik-Marcel Stebe|C-M Stebe]]
| RD2-score07-1=62
| RD2-score07-2=1
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis|R Berankis]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''77'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý|J Veselý]]'''
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3='''713'''
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2=1
| RD3-score02-3=611

| RD3-seed03=5
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yūichi Sugita|Y Sugita]]
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=64
| RD3-score03-3=2
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis|R Berankis]]'''
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2='''77'''
| RD3-score04-3='''6'''

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý|J Veselý]]'''
| RD4-score01-1=68
| RD4-score01-2='''77'''
| RD4-score01-3='''79'''
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis|R Berankis]]
| RD4-score02-1='''710'''
| RD4-score02-2=63
| RD4-score02-3=67
}}

==Qualifying==

===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Zhizhen]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ilya Ivashka]] ''(moved to main draw)''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Viktor Troicki]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Haase]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Roberto Marcora]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Lukáš Rosol]] (qualified)'''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Lukáš Rosol]]'''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Roberto Marcora]]'''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Viktor Troicki]]'''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Zhizhen]]
| RD1-score1-1=3
| RD1-score1-2=2
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=WC
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|LAT}} [[Ernests Gulbis]]
| RD1-score3-1=4
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Rosol]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
| RD2-score1-1=2
| RD2-score1-2=5
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Rosol]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''7'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=65
| RD1-score1-2='''78'''
| RD1-score1-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|TUN}} [[Malek Jaziri]]
| RD1-score2-1='''77'''
| RD1-score2-2=66
| RD1-score2-3=62

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Filippo Baldi]]
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Marcora]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=2
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=64
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Marcora]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''77'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=Alt
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aslan Karatsev]]
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=4
| RD1-score1-3=4
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Karlovskiy]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nicola Kuhn]]
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Viktor Troicki]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Karlovskiy]]
| RD2-score1-1=2
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Viktor Troicki]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=2
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|POR}} [[Frederico Ferreira Silva]]
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=65
| RD1-score3-3=4
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Haase]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=3
| RD1-score4-2='''77'''
| RD1-score4-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Haase]]
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2020/891/mds.pdf Singles Draw]
*[http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2020/891/qs.pdf Qualifying Draw]

{{2020 ATP Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tata Open Maharashtra - Singles, 2020}}
[[Category:2020 Tata Open Maharashtra|Singles]]

Tiruttangal railway station

2024-06-10T23:19:12Z

AsliKhan99: started first info added tags

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tiruttangal
| type = [[Regional rail]] & [[Light rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tiruttangal Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Thiruttangal railway station
| address = [[Thiruthangal]], [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.4774|77.8110|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{Convert|90|m}}
| line = Virudunagar–Sengottai line
| other = [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1932}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TTL
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{abbrlink|Madurai|Madurai railway division}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 265,111 (per year) 726 (per day)
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2022–23
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Virudunagar–Sengottai line}}
| map_state =
}}

'''Tiruttangal railway station''' (station code: TTL) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Madurai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=9 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=System Map|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1447829025185-sysmap.pdf|website=Southern Railway zone|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=14 July 2016|page=1|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> It serves [[Tiruttangal]], located in [[Virudhunagar district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="annual_earnings">{{cite web |title=Annual Originating Passengers & Earnings for the year 2022-23 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104303/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024 |page=1}}</ref>

==Background==
The station was established during 1932. The station survived a closure during 1984 with strong protests from the residents of [[Thiruthangal]], when the [[Southern Railway zone]] initiated such an action.<ref name="lift">{{cite news|title=Thiruthangal railway station gets facelift|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thiruthangal-railway-station-gets-facelift/article5034158.ece|access-date=14 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2013|location=Thiruthangal}}</ref>

==Structure and amenities==
The station lies on the line between {{stnlnk|Virudhunagar Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Tenkasi Junction}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Paucity of staff at Srivilliputtur station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/paucity-of-staff-at-srivilliputtur-station/article5122583.ece|access-date=14 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2013|location=Srivilliputhur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=S. Chidambaram|title=Trail of woes for rail passengers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/trail-of-woes-for-rail-passengers/article5169517.ece|access-date=14 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2013|location=Virudhunagar}}</ref> The station saw major facelift in its facilities for passengers, when R. Chandramogan, a native and resident of [[Thiruthangal]] donated {{INRConvert|30|l}} for raising the level of platform after the [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]], which wasn't done the respective authorities citing [[credit crunch|fund crunch]]. Also [[reverse osmosis]] purified water, parcel room, coach indicators and [[wheelchair ramp]] for [[physically challenged]] were established.<ref name="lift"/>

== Performance and earnings ==

For the FY 2022–23, the annual earnings of the station was {{INRConvert|25548196}} and daily earnings was {{INRConvert|69995}}. For the same financial year, the annual passenger count was 265,111 and daily count was 726. While, the footfall per day was recorded as 1335.<ref name="annual_earnings" />

==Notable places nearby==
* [[Badrakali Amman temple, Sivakasi]]
* [[Ninra Narayana Perumal temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1932]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Madurai railway division]]

Love, A Rather Bad Idea

2024-06-09T01:02:41Z

AsliKhan99: updated details additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|2010 novel by Anirban Mukherjee}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Love, A Rather Bad Idea
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:Love, A Rather Bad Idea.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Anirban Mukherjee]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| publisher = Srishti Publishers, New Delhi
| release_date = 2010
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]] and [[Hardcover]])
| pages = 220
| isbn = 978-93-8034-904-6
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Love, a Rather Bad Idea''''' is a 2010 [[novel]] written by [[Anirban Mukherjee]], an alumnus of [[IIT Delhi]] and [[IIM Calcutta]]. It is a contemporary take on the young Indian graduate student. Set against the dazzle of the college festival at IIT Delhi, the book uses humor to bring out the various facets of student life and the related trade offs around aspirations, career, friendship and social belonging.

==Synopsis==
The story is about Samar Pratap, a quirky, ambitious and popular student at IIT Delhi. He and his band of friends – Skimpy, Jiya and Pranav – together live an upbeat life on campus. While Jiya is the college heart-throb, Pranav is the sports head with a righteous outlook to things and Skimpy, son of rich [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] parents, has a charmed existence full of creative plans to woo his dream girl. Their interaction with each other and other members of the IIT campus brings out many interesting, poignant and hilarious moments.

In due course of time the inevitable institute politics enters their lives as Samar is picked as the frontrunner for the top job on campus. The ensuing dilemmas threaten to break up their friendship and tosses up some difficult choices for Samar and his friends.

The book is Anirban Mukherjee's first novel and is largely based on his experiences during his stay at IIT Delhi and IIM Calcutta.

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100111035455/http://www.anirbanmukherji.com/
* http://blish.in.com/books-i-read/post/love_a_rather_bad_idea_in-209589.html{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* https://www.scribd.com/doc/24822289/Love-a-rather-bad-idea-By-Anirban-Mukherjee

[[Category:2010 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]

{{2010s-novel-stub}}

Mopeds India Limited

2024-02-06T20:55:26Z

AsliKhan99: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Indian motorcycle manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mopeds India Limited
| logo =
| type =
| foundation = 1962, [[Coimbatore]]
| hq_location = [[Coimbatore]]
| key_people = [[KLV Group]], Founders, [[K.L.Vardarajan]], MD
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Suvega]]
| num_employees = 500–600
| dissolved = 1988
| homepage =
}}

'''Mopeds India Limited''' was a [[moped|two-wheeler]] manufacturer based in India that produced and marketed the [[Suvega]] range of mopeds through technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]] of [[France]]. Its first model was the Motobécane [[Mobylette]] sold under the name Suvega Super 50.<ref>{{cite news|title= The French revolution | url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-french-revolution/article432934.ece |work= The Hindu | date= 18 May 2010 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> It was the first company in India to launch Mopeds in India which was the largest selling two-wheeler segment till 80's and was India's highest-selling moped throughout the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mopeds Take the Slow Road to Extinction |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mopeds-take-the-slow-road-to-extinction-1276159 |accessdate=27 April 2016 |work=DNA – Daily News Analysis}}</ref>

==History==
The company was incorporated in [[Coimbatore]] as Mopeds India Limited by the textile group [[KLV Group|KLV]] under [[K.L.Varadarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Suvega Mopeds, the pride of Kovai| url=http://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/suvega-mopeds-the-pride-of-kovai-2/#.VyCkBNJ97IU|work=The Covai Post|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The manufacturing plant was set up in the early 1960s in [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]].<ref>{{cite news|title= The French revolution | url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-french-revolution/article432934.ece |work= The Hindu | date= 18 May 2010 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The first model, the [[Motobécane]] [[Mobylette]], was designed in 1949 in [[France]] and was manufactured in several countries for the next 48 years, selling close to over 14 million mopeds. The company had a racing team as well and between the 1960s and 1980s it won most of the competition under the 50cc class in [[Sholavaram]] races. The company was closed in 1988. At one time, it was the largest manufacturer of mopeds in the country. The company operated as a public company.
[[File:Motobecane Mobylette vr grey TCE.jpg|thumb|left|Motobécane Mobylette was manufactured in India as Mopeds India Suvega]]

==Models==
The models manufactured by Mopeds India were

* Suvega Super 50 – The original Motobécane Mobylette and the largest selling model.
* Suvega 717 –
* Suvega Samrat – Indianised Moped with a Fuel tank placed like a motorcycle
* Suvega Super Delux –

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Two wheelers in India}}

[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Moped manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988]]