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Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih

2026-05-06T11:51:21Z

Asissantra:

{{Short description|Indian poet, novelist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih
| image = Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih . jpg.jpg
| birth_date = 4 April 1964
| occupation = Poet, novelist, writer
| language = [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[English language|English]]
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list
|''Funeral Nights''
|''The Distaste of the Earth''
|''The Yearning of Seeds''
|''Time's Barter: Haiku and Senryu''
|''Around the Hearth''
|''Lapbah: Stories from the North-East''
|''Late-Blooming Cherries: Haiku Poetry from India''
|''Dancing Earth: An Anthology of Poetry from North-East India''}}
}}

'''Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih''' (born 4 April 1964) is an Indian poet, novelist and writer. Born and brought up in [[Sohra]] (aka [[Cherrapunjee]]) but living in [[Shillong]], he writes in two languages: [[Khasi language|Khasi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name=PI>{{cite web |title=Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Poetry International |url=https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-6289_Nongkynrih |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>

He is a faculty member at [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in [[Shillong]], [[India]].<ref name=NEHU>{{cite web |title=Faculty profile: K. S. Nongkynrih |website=North-Eastern Hill University |url=https://nehu.ac.in/faculty/display/275/K.S.%20Nongkynrih |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> His most notable work is the 1024-page, epic novel ''Funeral Nights'', published in 2021.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |title=Funeral Nights by Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih review – an ode to storytelling |work=The Guardian |date=17 July 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/17/funeral-nights-by-kynpham-sing-nongkynrih-review-an-ode-to-storytelling |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=Wire>{{cite news |title=Book review: Kynpham's ''Funeral Nights'' is an unconventional novel about the Khasis |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-kynphams-funeral-nights-is-an-unconventional-novel-about-the-khasis |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> He was awarded the Shakti Bhatt Prize in 2024 for his body of work.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=Fabulist writer Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih wins Shakti Bhatt award |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/fabulist-writer-kynpham-sing-nongkynrih-wins-shakti-bhatt-award-9605432/ |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Guardian]]'' called Nongkynrih's novel ''Funeral Nights'' "an enchanting and revealing epic ensemble", adding that "reading it feels like being exposed to the warmth of the fire, listening in on an honest conversation between friends."<ref name=Guardian/>

''[[The Conversation Australia]]'' nominated his second novel,''The Distaste of the Earth'', as one of the ''Best Books of 2024'' and praised its "Aesop-like vision of our contemporary moment" and described it as "Part poetry, part philosophy and part critique".<ref>name=TCA>{{cite news |title=Best Books of 2024: our experts share their standout reads |work=The Conversation Australia |url=https://theconversation.com/best-books-of-2024-our-experts-share-their-standout-reads-244149 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

== Works ==
{{expand section|date=October 2025}}
|His fictional works in English and Khasi include ''Funeral Nights'' (2021),<ref>{{cite web|title=Author Page: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=And Other Stories Publishers |url=https://www.andotherstories.org/authors/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Goyal |first1=Sana |title=Funeral Nights by Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih review – an ode to storytelling |website=The Guardian |date=17 July 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/17/funeral-nights-by-kynpham-sing-nongkynrih-review-an-ode-to-storytelling |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''The Distaste of the Earth'' (2024),<ref>{{cite web|title=The Distaste of the Earth Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Penguin India |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/the-distaste-of-the-earth/ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''Around the Hearth: Khasi Legends'' (2007),<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Author page: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Penguin India |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>'' U Sier Lapalang: A Khasi Tale '' (2005)<ref>{{cite web|title=U Sier Lapalang: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Katha |url=https://books.katha.org/product/u-sier-lapalang/ |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> and'' Ki Kyrwoh: Ki Khana Phawer '' (''A Collection of Moral Stories'') (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki Kyrwoh: Ki Khana Phawer: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=North-Eastern Hill University Library |url=http://library.nehu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=177754&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=516101 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

|His plays in English and Khasi include ''Manik, A Play in Five Acts'' (2018),<ref>{{cite web|title=Manik: A Play in Five Acts: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Northeast Reads |url=https://northeastreads.com/books/manik-a-play-in-five-acts/ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> '' Ki Miet ka Jingtriem: Ka Sawangka ha ki Lai Bynta'' (2011) <ref>{{cite web|title=North-Eastern Hill University Library: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=North-Eastern Hill University Library |url=http://library.nehu.ac.in/bib/97766 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> and '' Ka Jingngiew Ka Mynsiem Briew: Ka Sawangka ha ki Lai Bynta'' (2022) <ref>{{cite web|title=North-Ka Jingngiew Ka Mynsiem Briew: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Jaintia Eastern College |url=https://jecollege.org/wp-content/uploads/FYUP-Syllabus-Khasi.pdf|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> |'' Manik '' was published in Hindi by Setu Prakashan as '' Manik Raitong: Paanch Akt ke Natak '' (2023) <ref>{{cite web|title=Manik Raitong: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Setu Prakashan |url=https://www.setuprakashan.com/books/manik-raitong-by-kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/?srsltid=AfmBOoplGZP6QenMpLDEaOg4V5WneU0Z6tf70jX6MhREFqPIUpISqvZW |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
|His Khasi play '' Ki Miet ka Jingtriem'' (''Nights of Terror'') was adapted into a film and serialised by Doordarshan Kendra Shillong (2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki Miet ka Jingtriem: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=DD Meghalaya Official |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/xpCHdFkR-uo |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

|Among his poetry collections in English and Khasi are ''Moments'' (1992),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nongkynrih |first1=Kynpham Singh |title=Google Books: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |date=1992 |publisher=Writers Workshop |isbn=978-81-7189-360-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16kXAAAAIAAJ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''The Sieve: Love Poems'' (1992),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nongkynrih |first1=Kynpham Singh |title=Google Books: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |date=1992 |publisher=Writers Workshop |isbn=978-81-7189-359-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18JlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''The Yearning of Seeds'' (2011),<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Author page: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=HarperCollins Publishers India |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''Time's Barter: Haiku and Senryu'' (2015),<ref name="auto"/> ''Ka Samoi jong ka Lyer'' (''The Season of the Wind'') (2002),<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Archive: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Internet Archive |url=https://ia801504.us.archive.org/32/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.464634/2015.464634.Ka-Samoi_text.pdf |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''Ki Mawsiang ka Sohra'' (''The Ancient Rocks of Cherra'') (2002),<ref>{{cite web|title=Speak Your Roots: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Speak Your Roots |date=29 July 2023 |url=https://www.speakyourroots.com/post/ki-mawsiang-kulong-kumah-ka-sohra-da-i-kynpham-sing-nongkynrih |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''Ki Jingkynmaw'' (''Remembrances'') (2002)<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Archive: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464665 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> and '' Ka Jingshai ha ka Miet'' (''Light in the Night'') (2023)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nongkynrih |first1=Kynpham Singh |title=Google Books: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |date=2023 |publisher=Pine Cones Publications |isbn=978-93-5914-988-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrHJ0AEACAAJ |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> |''The Yearning of Seeds'' was translated into Bengali as'' Jibanta Shikarer Setu '' by the Translation Department of Calcutta University (Calcutta University, 2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Jibanta Shikarer Setu: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Calcutta Comparatists 1919 |url=https://calcuttacomparatists.in/publications/ |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

|He also has several nonfictional works in English and Khasi, including '' Hiraeth and the Poetry of Soso Tham: A Study of the Great Unconventional Elegy and the Poetry of the Khasi National Bard '' (2011),<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiraeth and the Poetry of Soso Tham: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=North-Eastern Hill University Library |url=http://library.nehu.ac.in/bib/160535 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref> ''Ban Sngewthuh ia ka Poitri'' (''Understanding Poetry'') (1998)<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Archive: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=Internet Archive |date=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464877 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> and '' Ka Pyrkhat Niam ki Khanatang'' (''Sacred Myths and the Religious Content'') (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ka Pyrkhat Niam ki Khanatang: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/cb11609480 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

|His most notable coedited works are ''Anthology of Contemporary Poetry from the Northeast'' (2003),<ref name=PI/> ''Dancing Earth: An Anthology of Poetry from North-East India'' (2009),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ngangom |first1=Robin S. |last2=Nongkynrih |first2=Kynpham Singh |title=Google Books: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310220-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1OfLmmI8kwC |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> ''Late-Blooming Cherries: Haiku Poetry from India'' (2024)<ref name="auto"/> and ''Lapbah: Stories from the Northeast'' (Vols I & II, 2025)<ref name="auto1"/>

|*|[[Nigel Jenkins]] described his poetry as 'an exuberant, liberating, "sad and happy" conflation of social satirist, political sleuth and whistle-blower, hymnist of embattled nature, love poet and people’s remembrancer.'<ref>name="HCPI">{{cite web|title=The Yearning Of Seeds:Poems: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=HarperCollins Publishers India |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book-details/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/ |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Veer Shankar Shah Raghunath Shah National Tribal Award (From the Madhya Pradesh Government, 2008) <ref>{{cite web|title=Khasi writer wins Madhya Pradesh's first national award |website=Oneindia |date=October 2008 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/10/01/khasi-writer-wins-madhya-pradeshs-first-national-award-1222843075.html |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* The Bangalore Review June Jazz Award (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=June Jazz & 8 years of TBR: Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih |website=The Bangalore Review|date=14 June 2021 |url=https://bangalorereview.com/2021/06/june-jazz-8-years-of-tbr/ |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* SPARROW Literary Award (2022) <ref>{{cite web|title=SPARROW-R. Thyagarajan Literary Award 2022 |website= Meghalaya Monitor|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/tag/sparrow-r-thyagarajan-literary-award-2022/ |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* Shakti Bhatt Prize (2024)<ref name=IE/>
* Meghalaya State Literary Award/ U Tirot Sing Award for Arts and Literature (2026)<ref>{{cite web|title=Guv Gives Away Awards to Achievers on R-Day |website=Meghalaya Monitor |date=January 2026 |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/guv-gives-away-awards-to-achievers-on-r-day/|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.andotherstories.org/authors/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih/ And Other Stories author page]
* [https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-6289_Nongkynrih Poetry International profile]
* [https://www.monash.edu/arts/monash-indigenous-studies/literary-commons/literary-commons-participants/kynpham-sing-nongkynrih]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nongkynrih, Kynpham Sing}}
[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Novelists from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Adrija Roy

2026-05-05T15:42:43Z

Asissantra: details

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1999)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adrija Roy
| nickname =
| image = Shivam Khajuria and Adrija Roy attended the launch of the ‘ITA Anthem’ to celebrate 25 Years of the India Television Academy Awards (cropped).jpg
| caption = Roy in 2025
| image_size =
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|07|04|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-roy-celebrates-her-birthday-in-dubai/articleshow/92653324.cms|title=Adrija Roy celebrates her birthday in Dubai|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| years_active = 2015–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| spouse =
| partner = Vignuesh Iyer (2026–present)
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''|''[[Imlie]]''|''[[Anupamaa]]''}}
}}
'''Adrija Roy''' (born 4 July 1999) is an Indian television actress<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/shubho-noboborsho-adrija-roy-to-gourab-roy-chowdhury-here-is-whats-keeping-bengali-celebs-busy-on-poila-boishakh/photostory/90854355.cms?picid=90854389|title=Shubho Noboborsho! Adrija Roy to Gourab Roy Chowdhury: Here is what's keeping Bengali celebs busy on 'Poila Boishakh'; topic:07/7; Adrija Addy Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> who is best known for her portrayal of Subhaga in ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]'', Mou in ''Mou Er Bari'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-adrija-addy-roy-on-mou-er-bari-completing-one-year-its-a-collective-effort-we-are-a-big-happy-family/articleshow/93907929.cms|title=Actress Adrija Addy Roy on 'Mou Er Bari' completing one year: It's a collective effort; we are a big happy family|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Charu Roy Chowdhury in ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]'',<ref name=":0" /> Imlie Rana Reddy in ''[[Imlie]]''<ref name="Imlie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/imlie-new-promo-adrija-roy-play-bar-singer-imlie-catches-attention-nri-agastya-upadhyay-aka-sai-ketan-rao/|title=Imlie New Promo: Adrija Roy to play a bar singer Imlie who catches the attention of NRI Agastya Upadhyay aka Sai Ketan Rao|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 August 2023 }}</ref> and Aadhya Kapadia in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.

==Early life==
Roy was born on 4 July 1999 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-adrija-addy-roy-rings-in-her-birthday-in-goa/articleshow/101482552.cms|title=Actress Adrija Addy Roy rings in her birthday in Goa|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=4 July 2023 }}</ref> In late 2022, she shifted to [[Mumbai, Maharastra]] for better career opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-addy-roy-aka-new-imlie-to-priyanka-bhattacharjee-bengali-actors-who-recently-moved-to-mumbai-for-career/photostory/103892171.cms?picid=103892348|title=Adrija Addy Roy aka new Imlie to Priyanka Bhattacharjee: Bengali actors who recently moved to Mumbai for career; topic:05/7; Adrija Addy Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref name="dream">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-addy-roy-on-her-mumbai-dreams-i-was-waiting-for-this-moment-with-bated-breath/articleshow/97486342.cms|title=Adrija Addy Roy on her Mumbai dreams: I was waiting for this moment with bated breath|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
After a brief dating for about seven months, Roy got engaged to her boyfriend, entrepreneur Vignuesh Iyer, in an intimate ceremony on 25 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anupamaa actress Adrija Roy to get engaged on January 25 - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anupamaa-actress-adrija-roy-to-get-engaged-on-january-25-exclusive/articleshow/127235131.cms|access-date=2026-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adrija Roy on her engagement: It feels fantastic to make my relationship official|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adrija-roy-on-her-engagement-it-feels-fantastic-to-make-my-relationship-official/articleshow/127630886.cms|access-date=2026-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2016, Roy made her television debut with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series ''Bedini Moluar Kotha''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-consider-raj-chakraborty-as-my-guru-says-adrija-addy-roy/articleshow/85934137.cms|title="I consider Raj Chakraborty as my guru," says Adrija Addy Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=5 September 2021 }}</ref> Roy continued to play many pivotal and lead roles in several [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series. She became known and accepted from ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]'' where her character Subhaga was loved so much and that gave her immense fame and popularity as an actress.

In February 2023, Roy made her debut in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] television as one of the titular leads, Devi "Charu" Roy Chaudhary Bannerjee, opposite [[Mohit Kumar (actor)|Mohit Kumar]] and later opposite [[Kunal Jaisingh]], and alongside Rachi Sharma, in the [[Colors TV]] series ''[[Durga Aur Charu]],'' until it went off-air in April 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/colors-show-durga-aur-charu-feature-rachi-sharma-adrija-roy-lead-roles-10-year-leap/|title=Colors show Durga Aur Charu to feature Rachi Sharma and Adrija Roy in lead roles after 10-Year leap|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>

From September 2023, she played third generation protagonist, Imlie Rana Reddy (formerly Chaudhary) in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Imlie]],'' opposite [[Sai Ketan Rao]] until the show went off-air in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/adrija-roy-new-hindi-mega-serial-imli-3-netizens-accused-of-story-copying-from-love-biye-aajkal-serial-after-promo-launches-soc-671671-2023-09-02|title=Adrija Roy new hindi mega-serial Imlie 3 accused of stealing the story of Bengali serial Love Biye Azkal|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|language=Bangla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan Reacts As Adrija Roy's Bids Adieu To Imlie; See Post|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sumbul-touqeer-khans-reacts-as-adrija-roys-bids-adieu-to-imlie-see-post/articleshow/109935033.cms|access-date=2024-05-11|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In the same month, she stepped in the shoes of [[Sana Sayyad]] as Dr. Palki Khurana, opposite [[Baseer Ali]] and [[Paras Kalnawat]] in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''<ref name="Kundali1">{{Cite web|title=Kundali Bhagya EXCLUSIVE: Adrija Roy to be paired opposite Paras Kalnawat post leap?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/kundali-bhagya-exclusive-adrija-roy-to-be-paired-opposite-paras-kalnawat-post-leap-1304442|access-date=2024-05-23|website=Pinkvilla|date=11 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kundali2">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Adrija Roy Replaces Sana Sayyad In Kundali Bhagya; It Will Be Exciting To Play Palki, Says The Actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-adrija-roy-replaces-sana-sayyad-in-kundali-bhagya-it-will-be-exciting-to-play-palki-says-the-actress/articleshow/110362942.cms|access-date=2024-05-23|website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> until the show went off-air in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's confirmed! After seven and a half years, Kundali Bhagya to end on December 6; Shakti Anand expresses shock|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-confirmed-after-seven-and-a-half-years-kundali-bhagya-to-end-on-december-6-shakti-anand-expresses-shock/articleshow/115455915.cms|access-date=2024-11-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Following which, she replaced Alisha Parveen Khan as Raahi "Aadhya/Chhoti Anu" Kapadia Kothari, opposite Shivam Khajuria in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Anupamaa]]'' in the same month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anupamaa: Alisha Parveen Suddenly Replaced By Adrija Roy In Rupali Ganguly's Show, Says 'I Am Clueless'|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/anupamaa-alisha-parveen-suddenly-replaced-by-adrija-roy-in-rupali-ganguly-show-says-i-am-clueless-article-116522880|access-date=2024-12-21|website=Times Now News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Anupamaa" />

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" |2018
| ''Inner Me''
| Addy
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/arpan-basaks-short-film-inner-me-will-give-you-a-reality-check/articleshow/67622202.cms|title=Arpan Basak's short film 'Inner Me' will give you a reality check!|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=21 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2019
| ''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''
| Tusu
|rowspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-approached-by-raj-chakrabarty-for-his-next/articleshow/67489543.cms|title=Adrija approached by Raj Chakrabarty for his next|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=11 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2021
| ''Golper Mayajaal''
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/golper-mayajaal/articleshow/81745457.cms|title='Golper Mayajaal'|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=29 March 2021 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| ''Bedini Moluar Kotha''
| Urmimala
| rowspan="10" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krushal-ahuja-to-debattama-saha-tolly-artists-who-recently-made-debut-in-hindi-shows/photostory/99687353.cms?picid=99688527|title=Krushal Ahuja to Debattama Saha: Tolly artists who recently made debut in Hindi shows; topic:5/10; Adrija Addy Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2016–2017
| ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''
| Subhaga Mohapatra / Shoimaa
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-adrija-addy-roy-enjoys-a-holiday-mood-in-dubai/articleshow/92588630.cms|title=Actress Adrija Addy Roy enjoys a holiday mood in Dubai|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]''
| Diya Singha
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017–2018
| ''[[Sanyashi Raja]]''
| Rani Bimboboti Rai / Bimbo / Mejo Bourani
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-gets-a-break-from-shooting/articleshow/64061609.cms|title=Adrija gets a break from shooting|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=7 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/shaheb-chatterjee-is-all-praise-for-co-actor-adrija/articleshow/64122240.cms|title=Shaheb Chatterjee is all praise for co-actor Adrija|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2019
|rowspan="2"| ''Thakumar Jhuli''
| Princess Kalabati
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-adrija-addy-roy-bags-a-role-in-thakumar-jhuli/articleshow/68253139.cms|title=Actress Adrija Addy Roy bags a role in 'Thakumar Jhuli'|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=5 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| Princess Malonchamala
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/thakumar-jhuli-adrija-auddy-roy-to-play-malanchamala/articleshow/69162939.cms|title=Thakumar Jhuli: Adrija Auddy Roy to play Malanchamala|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=3 May 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019–2020
| ''Mongolchandi''
| Khullona
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-roy-loves-her-character-in-khullona/articleshow/74100781.cms|title=Adrija Roy loves her character in Khullona|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=12 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-will-watch-movies-and-utilise-the-break-mangal-chandi-actress-adrija-addy-roy/articleshow/74688164.cms|title=I will watch movies and utilise the break: Mangal Chandi actress Adrija Addy Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]''
| Devi Roychowdhary
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-roy-is-excited-about-the-new-storyline-of-durga-durgeshwari/articleshow/76474294.cms|title=Adrija Roy is excited about the new storyline of Durga Durgeshwari|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=20 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/backtowork-people-wearing-masks-and-ppe-kits-on-set-seem-normal-now-says-tv-actress-adrija-roy/articleshow/76649947.cms|title=#BackToWork: People wearing masks and PPE kits on set seem normal now says TV actress Adrija Roy|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=26 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021–2022
| ''Mou-Er-Bari''
| Moubani Sen Gangopadhyay
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/domestic-violence-is-a-punishable-offence-women-shouldnt-keep-quiet-because-of-family-reputation-says-adrija-addy-roy-backing-her-shows-new-track/articleshow/90569398.cms|title=Domestic violence is a punishable offence; women shouldn't keep quiet because of family reputation says Adrija Addy Roy on her show's new track|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=31 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/exclusive-actress-adrija-addy-roy-on-mou-er-bari-ending-its-journey-it-will-take-time-to-come-out-of-mous-character-and-become-adrija-again/articleshow/95235625.cms|title=Exclusive: Actress Adrija Addy Roy on Mou Er Bari ending its journey: It will take time to come out of Mou's character and become Adrija again|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=November 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''Bikram Betal''
| Rani Kornabati
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/adrija-roy-is-excited-about-being-a-part-of-vikram-betal/articleshow/80745752.cms|title=Adrija Roy is excited about being a part of Vikram Betal|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=8 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2023
| ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
| Devi "Charu" Roy Choudhary
| rowspan="4" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adrija-roy-and-rachi-sharma-open-up-about-their-roles-in-durga-aur-charu-after-the-10-year-leap/articleshow/97492814.cms|title=Adrija Roy and Rachi Sharma open up about their roles in 'Durga Aur Charu' after the 10 year leap|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=31 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mohit-kumar-rachi-sharma-adrija-roy-and-riya-shukla-roped-in-to-play-the-leads-in-durga-aur-charu-after-the-leap/articleshow/97324602.cms|title=Exclusive: Mohit Kumar, Rachi Sharma, Adrija Roy and Riya Shukla roped in to play the leads in Durga Aur Charu after the leap|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2023–2024
| ''[[Imlie]]''
| Imlie Rana
| <ref name="Imlie" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/imlie-new-promo-agastya-and-imlie-agree-for-contract-marriage-8578350.html|title=Imlie New Promo: Agastya And Imlie Agree For Contract Marriage|website=[[News 18]]|date=15 September 2023 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2024
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Dr. Palki Khurana
|<ref name="Kundali1"/><ref name="Kundali2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kundali Bhagya EXCLUSIVE: Imlie's Adrija Roy on replacing Sana Sayyad as Palki; 'It will be challenging'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/kundali-bhagya-exclusive-imlies-adrija-roy-on-replacing-sana-sayyad-as-palki-it-will-be-challenging-1309190|access-date=2024-05-24|website=Pinkvilla|date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2024–present
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
| Aadhya "Rahi" Kapadia
|<ref name="Anupamaa">{{Cite web|title=Anupamaa: Adrija Roy REPLACES Alisha Parveen in Rupali Ganguly-led drama to play Rahi opposite Shivam Khajuria|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/anupamaa-adrija-roy-replaces-alisha-parveen-in-rupali-ganguly-led-drama-to-play-rahi-opposite-shivam-khajuria-1364226|access-date=2024-12-24|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2021
| ''Boyfriends & Girlfriends''
| Shreya
| rowspan="3"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dujone (TV series)|Dujone]]''
| Kalki
|
|-
! scope="row"|2023
| ''Ghoshbabur Retirement Plan''
| Nandita
|<ref name="dream"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/ranjit-mallicks-ott-debut-explores-life-after-retirement/articleshow/102700319.cms|title=Ranjit Mallick's OTT debut explores life after retirement|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2020
| ''Ashe Pashe Thak Sararat''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| ''Teri Meri Dosti''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=10608938}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Adrija}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Ranveer Singh filmography

2026-05-04T17:47:22Z

Asissantra: adding bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Ranveer_Singh_promoting_Bajirao_Mastani.jpg|alt=|thumb|Singh at a promotional event for ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' in 2015]]
Indian actor [[Ranveer Singh]] made his acting debut with [[Yash Raj Films]]' romantic comedy ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'', opposite [[Anushka Sharma]].<ref name="BH-films2">{{cite web |date=10 December 2022 |title=12 Years of Ranveer Singh: From Band Baaja Baaraat to Gully Boy, 6 must-watch films of the actor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/12-years-ranveer-singh-band-baaja-baaraat-gully-boy-6-must-watch-films-actor/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] for his performance.<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web |date=29 January 2011 |title=56th Filmfare Awards 2010, A Night Of Glitz N' Glamour |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/jan/31-56th-filmfare-awards-2010-a-night-of-glitz-n-glamour-011105.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203012043/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/jan/31-56th-filmfare-awards-2010-a-night-of-glitz-n-glamour-011105.asp |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Glamsham.com. Fifth Quarter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd}}</ref> He then appeared opposite Sharma again the company's ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' (2011). In 2013, Singh received critical acclaim for playing a melancholic thief in ''[[Lootera]]'',<ref>{{cite news |date=18 November 2011 |title=Sonakshi comfortable with Indian look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sonakshi-comfortable-with-indian-look-146145-2011-11-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120212648/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sonakshi-comfortable-with-indian-look/1/160503.html |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=India Today, Inc}}</ref> and later on starred in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s romantic drama ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'', alongside [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref name="ht2013-11-15">{{cite news |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=15 November 2013 |title=Movie review: Bhansali's Ram-leela is his best ever, say critics |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie-review-bhansali-s-ram-leela-is-his-best-ever-say-critics/article1-1151490.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115083944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie-review-bhansali-s-ram-leela-is-his-best-ever-say-critics/article1-1151490.aspx |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2014, Singh appeared in the action film ''[[Gunday]]'', alongside [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref name="casting">{{Cite web |title=YRF's Ranveer – Arjun starrer titled Gunday |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1557072/YRFs-Ranveer-Arjun-starrer-titled-Gunday |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222192807/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1557072/YRFs-Ranveer-Arjun-starrer-titled-Gunday |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=30 August 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="cast&crew">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title=Gunday Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunday/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731042531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunday/cast/ |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=30 July 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In the same year, he appeared in [[Shaad Ali]]'s directorial ''[[Kill Dil]]'', the film was critically panned, however his performance along with the fellow leads were appreciated. In the next year, he starred in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ensemble comedy-drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh, Prashant |date=8 June 2013 |title=Ranveer Singh set to replace Ranbir Kapoor? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-set-to-replace-ranbir-kapoor/story-MFVgr8dEtYf5adLJYWZqEI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232507/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-set-to-replace-ranbir-kapoor/story-MFVgr8dEtYf5adLJYWZqEI.html |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and portrayed [[Bajirao I]] in Bhansali's historical drama ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=21 October 2014 |title=Exclusive: Ranveer Singh shaves his head for Bajirao Mastani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Exclusive-Ranveer-Singh-shaves-his-head-for-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/44887453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216022938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Exclusive-Ranveer-Singh-shaves-his-head-for-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/44887453.cms |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It won Singh [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Worldwide 2015 – Dilwale Nearing Prem Ratan Dhan Payo |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1734 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117060809/http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1734 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="win2">{{cite news |date=15 January 2016 |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165017/http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=16 January 2016 |work=Filmfare}}</ref> After the 2016 commercially average film, ''[[Befikre]]'' directed by Aditya Chopra, he starred in Bhansali's historical drama ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018) as [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref name="joshi">{{cite web |date=24 November 2017 |title=CBFC chief Prasoon Joshi: No comment on 'Padmavati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/prasoon-joshi-no-comment-on-padmavati/articleshow/61764089.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="business">{{cite news |date=9 October 2017 |title=Padmavati trailer: Sanjay Leela Bhansali's new film looks grand, spellbinding and very expensive! |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/padmavati-trailer-sanjay-leela-bhansali-shahid-kapur-deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh/story/261682.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> In the same year, Singh appeared as a corrupt policeman in Rohit Shetty's action film ''[[Simmba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title=Simmba Box Office Collection Prediction: Ranveer Singh, Ajay Devgn set to wow you! Rohit Shetty crossover film set to bag big amount |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-simmba-box-office-collection-prediction-day-1-ranveer-singh-ajay-devgn-rohit-shetty-crossover-film-to-earn-rs-20-crore-analyst-says-77757 |access-date=13 July 2019 |website=[[Zee Business]]}}</ref>

Singh received praise for Zoya Akhtar's 2019 musical drama film ''[[Gully Boy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2019 |title=QuickE: Amol Palekar on NGMA Controversy; 'Gully Boy' Reviews |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-news-today-amol-palekar-on-ngma-controversy-gully-boy-premiere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174729/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-news-today-amol-palekar-on-ngma-controversy-gully-boy-premiere |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |website=Thequint.com}}</ref> His performance as a rapper inspired by the life stories of rappers [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] and [[Naezy]] won him another Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagrecha |first1=Vayushi |date=16 February 2020 |title=Gully Boy Bags 13 Awards At Filmfare; Breaks All the Records |url=https://ladpoint.com/gully-boy-bags-13-awards-at-filmfare-breaks-all-the-records/4206/ |accessdate=14 March 2020 |work=LADPOINT |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321123124/https://ladpoint.com/gully-boy-bags-13-awards-at-filmfare-breaks-all-the-records/4206/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Farhan Akhtar ecstatic as Gully Boy breaks record to win most awards for a single film ever at Filmfare 2020 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/farhan-akhtar-ecstatic-gully-boy-breaks-record-win-most-awards-single-film-ever-filmfare-2020-508270 |accessdate=14 March 2020 |work=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324095823/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/farhan-akhtar-ecstatic-gully-boy-breaks-record-win-most-awards-single-film-ever-filmfare-2020-508270 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, Singh starred in the sports drama film ''[[83 (film)|83]]''. The film was a commercial setback despite positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranveer Singh to Play Kapil Dev in Kabir Khan's Next On 1983 World Cup |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singh-to-play-kapil-dev-in-kabir-khan-film-on-india-1983-world-cup-victory-1527253.html |access-date=26 September 2017 |work=News18}}</ref> It was followed by the film ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]],'' the film was rated well by the critics and audiences alike, however due to lack of marketing and fewer footfalls in multiplexes post [[COVID-19]], the movie underperformed at the box office. He then starred in ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]'', which was both a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vetticad, Anna MM |date=13 May 2022 |title=Jayeshbhai Jordaar movie review: No 'jor' in this male saviour saga that can't even capitalise on Ranveer Singh's loveliness |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jayeshbhai-jordaar-movie-review-no-jor-in-this-male-saviour-saga-that-cant-even-capitalise-on-ranveer-singhs-loveliness-10669441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515014408/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jayeshbhai-jordaar-movie-review-no-jor-in-this-male-saviour-saga-that-cant-even-capitalise-on-ranveer-singhs-loveliness-10669441.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |accessdate=15 May 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-11-18 |title=Ranveer Singh wraps up Cirkus shares photo with Rohit Shetty & Varun Sharma: "Shooting khatamn promotion ki planning shuru.." |url=https://mamaraazzi.com/2022/11/18/ranveer-singh-wraps-up-cirkus-shares-photo-with-rohit-shetty-varun-sharma-shooting-khatamn-promotion-ki-planning-shuru/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Mamaraazzi |language=en-US}}</ref> Singh further on received praise for reprising his role from ''[[Simmba]]'' in ''[[Singham Again]]'', his next film ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' (2023) was fairly successful.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Has Decent First Week |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052607/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7901 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Scores Big Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052612/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7902 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> He later starred in commercial blockbusters like ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025) and ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026) which became his highest grossing film and broke several records.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 January 2026 |title=Ranveer Singh’s ‘Dhurandhar’ Becomes Highest-Grossing Hindi-Language Film in India |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/dhurandhar-highest-grossing-hindi-film-india-1236624924/ |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 March 2026 |title=Dhurandhar: The Revenge Box Office: Jio Studios’ Ranveer Singh starrer crosses the Rs. 1000 crore mark worldwide, emerges as a global blockbuster |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/dhurandhar-revenge-box-office-jio-studios-ranveer-singh-starrer-crosses-rs-1000-crore-mark-worldwide-emerges-global-blockbuster |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 April 2026 |title=Ranveer Singh’s Dhurandhar franchise beats Baahubali, Pushpa, KGF; crosses Rs 3000 crore worldwide to become India’s biggest film series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranveer-singhs-dhurandhar-franchise-beats-baahubali-pushpa-kgf-crosses-rs-3000-crore-worldwide-to-become-indias-biggest-film-series/articleshow/130263629.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Films ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2010
! scope="row" |''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''
|Bittoo Sharma
|
|<ref name="BH-films2"/>
|-
|2011
! scope="row" |''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
|Ricky Bahl
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=9 December 2011 |title=Ladies VS Ricky Bahl Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ladies-vs-ricky-bahl/critic-review/ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-movie-review/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
! scope="row" |''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance in the song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]"
|<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2013 |title=Bombay Talkies gives Bollywood its anthem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bombay-talkies-gives-bollywood-its-anthem/story-e0KfCEsFAPJleppjEGlnGL.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Lootera]]''
|Varun "Vijay" Shrivastav
|
|<ref name="BH-films2" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|Ram Rajari
|
|<ref name="BH-films2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
! scope="row" |''[[Gunday]]''
|Bikram Bose
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=10 Years of Gunday: How this much appreciated Ranveer Singh-Arjun Kapoor starrer ended up in the bottom 250 list of IMDb, in the company of Deshdrohi, Humshakals, Race 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/10-years-gunday-much-appreciated-ranveer-singh-arjun-kapoor-starrer-ended-bottom-250-list-imdb-company-deshdrohi-humshakals-race-3/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Finding Fanny]]''
|Gabo Eucharistica
|English film; cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2013 |title=After Ramleela, Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone to share screen space in Finding Fanny Fernandes |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1901468/report-after-ramleela-ranveer-singh-and-deepika-padukone-to-share-screen-space-in-finding-fanny-fernandes |access-date=20 October 2013 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Kill Dil]]''
|Dev Sharma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=14 November 2014 |title=Kill Dil movie review: Ranveer, Parineeti are buried under despite their best efforts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kill-dil-movie-review-it-begins-badly-plods-away-the-way-it-began-and-ends-worse/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
! scope="row" |''[[Hey Bro]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance in the song "Birju"
|<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2015 |title=Watch: Amitabh Bachchan, Hrithik Roshan, Ajay Devgn, Ranveer Singh in special song 'Birju' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-amitabh-bachchan-hrithik-roshan-ajay-devgn-ranveer-singh-in-special-song-birju/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
|Kabir Mehra
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=5 Years of Dil Dhadakne Do: Ranveer Singh relives his character 'Kabir Mehra' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/5-years-dil-dhadakne-ranveer-singh-relives-character-kabir-mehra/ |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|[[Peshwa Bajirao|Peshwa Bajirao I]]
|
|<ref name="BH-films2" />
|-
|2016
! scope="row" |''[[Befikre]]''
|Dharam Gulati
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=21 July 2017 |title=Befikre review: Ranveer, Vaani do entertain us if that's all you ask for |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/befikre-review-ranveer-singh-vaani-kapoor-do-entertain-if-that-is-all-you-ask-for/story-VNgbzzBwJhvlLVVp8bCpfM.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
! scope="row" |''[[Padmaavat]]''
|[[Alauddin Khalji|Sultan Alauddin Khilji]]
|
|<ref name="BH-films2" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Teefa in Trouble]]''
|Himself
|[[Pakistani]] film; special appearance
|<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=Whoa! Ranveer Singh makes a special appearance in Ali Zafar's Pakistani film Teefa In Trouble! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/whoa-ranveer-singh-makes-special-appearance-ali-zafars-pakistani-film-teefa-trouble/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723062744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/whoa-ranveer-singh-makes-special-appearance-ali-zafars-pakistani-film-teefa-trouble/ |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Simmba]]''
|Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Panchal |first=Komal RJ |date=28 December 2018 |title=Simmba actor Ranveer Singh: Rohit Shetty is a bonafide big screen director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/simmba-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-5512805/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2019
! scope="row" |''[[Gully Boy]]''
|Murad Ahmed
|
|<ref name="BH-films2" />
|-
|2020
! scope="row" |''[[Ghoomketu]]''
|Himself
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2020 |title=Ghoomketu trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui struggles to make it big in Bollywood, Ranveer Singh-Sonakshi recreate DDLJ scene |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ghoomketu-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-struggles-to-make-it-big-in-bollywood-ranveer-singh-sonakshi-recreate-ddlj-scene/story-V4GlvX3bhkLKsXunK4bJFJ.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! scope="row" |''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
|Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao
|Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |date=26 May 2021 |title=Details of Ranveer Singh and Ajay Devgn's cameos in Sooryavanshi |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/details-of-ranveer-singh-and-ajay-devgns-cameos-in-sooryavanshi-48472.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|[[Kapil Dev]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Kajol |date=17 May 2019 |title=Just in: Ranveer Singh to begin shooting for '83 in Glasgow |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/just-in-ranveer-singh-to-begin-shooting-for-83-in-glasgow-33930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525181552/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/just-in-ranveer-singh-to-begin-shooting-for-83-in-glasgow-33930.html |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
! scope="row" |''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''
|Jayeshbhai Jordaar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Ranveer Singh on signing YRF comedy Jayeshbhai Jordaar : 'Most solid on-paper material I've come across' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranveer-singh-on-signing-yrf-comedy-jayeshbhai-jordaar-most-solid-on-paper-material-ive-come-across-6705811.html |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
|Roy Chauhan & Roy Shenoy
|[[Double role]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's Cirkus is a period comedy set in the 1960's |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-scoop-ranveer-singh-rohit-shettys-cirkus-period-comedy-set-1960s/ |access-date=10 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|Rocky Randhawa
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2021 |title=First Look: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt begin Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani shoot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/first-look-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-begin-karan-johar-film-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-727697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824091545/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/first-look-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-begin-karan-johar-film-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-727697 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=India TV}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" |''[[Singham Again]]''
|[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao
|
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Saibal | title=''Singham Again'' Review: Bloated, Scattershot Addition To Cop Universe | website=NDTV | date=2024-11-01 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singham-again-review-bloated-scattershot-addition-to-cop-universe-2-stars-6920085 | access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| rowspan=2|Hamza Ali Mazari / Jaskirat Singh Rangi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=CONFIRMED! Ranveer Singh teams up with Aditya Dhar for his next backed by Jio Studios and B62 Studio; exciting details out!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-ranveer-singh-teams-aditya-dhar-next-backed-jio-studios-b62-studio-exciting-details/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref>
|-
| 2026
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |title=BREAKING: Dhurandhar ends with the promise of a sequel; to release on Eid, on March 19, 2026; clash with Toxic, Dhamaal 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dhurandhar-ends-promise-sequel-release-eid-march-19-2026-clash-toxic-dhamaal-4/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2016
! scope="row" |''[[Ranveer Ching Returns]]''
|Ranveer Ching & Maa Ching
|[[Double role]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2017 |title=Ranveer Singh and Rohit Shetty's 'Ranveer Ching Returns' impresses |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-and-Rohit-Shettys-Ranveer-Ching-Returns-impresses/articleshow/53774643.cms |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170311113601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ranveer-Singh-and-Rohit-Shettys-Ranveer-Ching-Returns-impresses/articleshow/53774643.cms |archivedate=11 March 2017 |accessdate=11 March 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018
! scope="row" |''Captain Ching Rises''
|Captain Ching
|
|<ref>[http://www.socialsamosa.com/2018/10/captain-ching-rises-expert-review/ Ching's 'Captain Ching Rises' bizarreness has worked for it loudly: Experts]</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''Made In India''
|Ranveer Ching
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinebuster.in/rohit-shettys-made-in-india-features-ranveer-singh-represents-desi-chinese-in-a-desi-style/|title=Rohit Shetty’s ‘Made in India’ features Ranveer Singh, represents desi Chinese in a desi style!|work=Cinebuster.in|date=1 June 2022|accessdate=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row" | ''Agent Ching Attacks''
|Agent Ching
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/agent-ching-attacks-ad-launch-ranveer-singh-enhances-hype-allu-arjun-deepika-padukone-atlees-aa22xa6-atlee-sir-creating-something-never-experienced-indian-cinema/|title=Agent Ching Attacks ad launch: Ranveer Singh enhances hype for Allu Arjun-Deepika Padukone-Atlee’s AA22xA6: “Atlee sir is creating something you have NEVER experienced in Indian cinema before!”|last=Seta|first=Fenil|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 October 2025|accessdate=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Show
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2021–2022
! scope="row" |''[[The Big Picture (Indian TV series)|The Big Picture]]''
|Host
|Game show
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2021 |title=What is The Big Picture, the Game Show hosted by Ranveer Singh? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/what-is-the-big-picture-the-game-show-hosted-by-ranveer-singh-4024748.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024050111/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/what-is-the-big-picture-the-game-show-hosted-by-ranveer-singh-4024748.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=News 18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
| rowspan="4" |Himself
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh compares Maheep Kapoor to 'malai kofta', says he loves being objectified: 'I am just a piece of meat' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranveer-singh-compares-maheep-kapoor-to-malai-kofta-says-he-loves-being-objectified-i-am-just-a-piece-of-meat-8128450/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906034709/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranveer-singh-compares-maheep-kapoor-to-malai-kofta-says-he-loves-being-objectified-i-am-just-a-piece-of-meat-8128450/ |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''
| rowspan="2" |Documentary series
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/romantics-ranveer-singh-gets-moist-eyed-talks-first-meeting-aditya-chopra-told-saw-audition-saw-25-year-career-front-ive/|title=The Romantics: Ranveer Singh gets MOIST-eyed as he talks about his first meeting with Aditya Chopra: "He told me, 'When I saw your audition, I saw a 25-year career in front of me. I've not seen an audition like that'"|last=Seta|first=Fenil|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2023-02-15|accessdate=2024-08-10}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" |''[[Angry Young Men (mini series)|Angry Young Men]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Angry-Young-Men/0PCKSMVTFQD30VBOCO3CMTDIXJ|title=Angry Young Men|work=[[Prime Video]]|accessdate=2025-01-21}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row" |''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2025/09/17/the-bads-of-bollywood-premiere-netflix/86186072007/|title=When does 'The Ba***ds Of Bollywood' release? Premiere date, cast, more|last=Shafiq|first=Saman|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2025-09-17|accessdate=2025-09-20}}</ref>
|}

== Music video appearances ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
!Year
!Title
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}.
|-
|2014
! scope="row" |"My Name Is Ranveer Ching"
|[[Ching's Secret]]
|
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |"Dil Jashn Bole"
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup]] anthem
|<ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=ICC World Cup 2023 Official Anthem 'Dil Jashn Bole' Out. Features Ranveer Singh, Dhanashree Verma |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023/icc-world-cup-2023-official-anthem-dil-jashn-bole-out-features-ranveer-singh-dhanashree-verma-4406256 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Album
! scope="col" |Composer
! scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! scope="row" |"Aadat Se Majboor"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl (2011) – Music Review by Mitesh Saraf |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m111211041136 |access-date=26 December 2014 |work=Planet Bollywood}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Aadat Se Majboor (Remix)"
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
! scope="row" |"Asli Hip Hop"
| rowspan="7" |''[[Gully Boy]]''
| rowspan="7" |[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]], Dub Sharma, Ankur Tewari, Spitfire, Sez on the Beat, [[Rishi Rich]], Karsh Kale
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Gully Boy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gully-boy-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1450525267 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174802/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gully-boy-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1450525267 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Mere Gully Mein"
|-
! scope="row" |"Doori Poem"
|-
! scope="row" |"Doori"
|-
! scope="row" |"Kab Se Kab Tak"
|-
! scope="row" |"Ek Hee Raasta"
|-
! scope="row" |"Apna Time Aayega"
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |"What Jhumka?"
|''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|[[Pritam]], [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=What Jhumka ? (From "Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani") - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/what-jhumka-from-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-single/1696969400 |access-date=12 July 2023 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ranveer}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Nakalat Saare Ghadle

2026-05-04T03:16:41Z

Asissantra: added initial data needs work

{{Short description|2017 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nakalat Saare Ghadle.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| story =
| based_on =
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| open_theme = "Nakalat Saare Ghadle" by Mangesh Borgaonkar and Kirti Killedar
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 467
| producer = [[Swapnil Joshi]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2017|11|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|05|17|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
}}

'''''Nakalat Saare Ghadle''''' ({{translation|''Everything Happened Unknowingly''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] television series which aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘नकळत सारे घडले’ मालिकेत येणार नवा ट्विस्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/new-twist-series-nakalat-saare-ghadle/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 27 November 2017 and ended on 17 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakalat Saare Ghadle completes 200 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/nakalat-saare-ghadle-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/65059496.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Nupur Parulekar and Harish Dudhade in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेता स्वप्नील जोशीची पहिली टेलिव्हिजन निर्मिती ‘स्टार प्रवाह’वर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/star-pravah-new-marathi-serial-nakalat-sare-ghadle-swapnil-joshi-1582541/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of the Hindi TV series ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' which was initially based on [[Manju Kapur]]'s 2011 novel ''[[Custody (novel)|Custody]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=परीच्या वाढदिवसाला नेहा आईने दिले अनोखे सरप्राईज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/unique-surprise-given-nehas-mother-her-birthday-nakalat-saare-ghadle/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot of ''Nakalat Saare Ghadle'' revolves around two next-door neighbors with contrasting personalities: Prataprao "Pratap," an arrogant businessman, and Dr. Neha, a compassionate [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]] yearning for motherhood. Their lives intertwine as their egos clash, taking them on a journey of self-discovery and love. Pratap, haunted by a troubled past, holds a pessimistic view of relationships, while Neha embraces the unpredictability of life. Their interactions are characterized by intense debates and constant disagreement as they struggle to find common ground. Both individuals possess strong convictions and are unwilling to compromise. However, fate steps in, creating an unexpected connection when their paths cross through Pari, Pratap's daughter from his ex-wife Maya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major twist in Nakalat Saare Ghadale and Shatada Prem Karave's Maha Sangam episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/major-twist-in-nakalat-saare-ghadale-and-shatada-prem-karaves-maha-sangam-episode/articleshow/63644598.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Dr Neha and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Prataprao; are neighbors who got off on the wrong foot and dislike each other, but are brought together by destiny and their mutual love for Pari, Pratap's daughter from his ex-wife Maya.

Following the betrayal of being left for a richer man, Pratap loses trust in relationships and love. Maya and Pratap's son, Aditya, is brainwashed by Dhaval who is the new man in Maya's life. This makes it difficult for Pratap to establish a relationship with Aditya. Pratap also finds it hard to connect with his daughter, Pari, who was only 6 months old when Maya left him.

Neha who loves children, but cannot conceive due to a medical issue develops a deep connection with Pari. Initially, Pratap and Neha hate each other due to several misunderstandings. However, they enter into a marriage of convenience for Pari's sake. Pratap marries Neha in order to get Pari's [[Child custody|custody]] while Neha marries him to give Pari the motherly love she was deprived of.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Nupur Parulekar as Neha Dixit / Neha Pratap Rangde-Patil
* Harish Dudhade as Pratap Rangde-Patil
* Sanvi Ratnalikar as Pari Pratap Rangde-Patil

=== Recurring ===
* Swapnali Patil as Maya
* [[Surekha Kudachi]]
* Anuradha Rajadhyaksha
* Umesh Damle
* Ashish Gade
* Supreet Kadam
* Sarika Banaraswale
* Prasad Limaye
* Hitarth Patil
* Mayur Pawar
* Sudesh Mhashilkar
* Astad Kale<ref>{{Cite web |title=अस्ताद काळे नकळत सारे घडले या मालिकेत साकारणार ही भूमिका |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/aastad-kale-will-be-nakalat-saare-ghadle/amp/ |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Meera Sarang

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' ये है मोहब्बतें
|3 December 2013
|[[StarPlus]]
|19 December 2019
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Avanu Mathe Shravani'' ಅವನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಶ್ರಾವಣಿ
|16 June 2014
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|30 June 2017
|rowspan="9"|Remake
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'' கல்யாணம் முதல் காதல் வரை
|3 November 2014
|[[Star Vijay]]
|27 January 2017
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Mon Niye Kachakachi]]'' মন নিয়ে কাছকাছি
|12 January 2015
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|19 September 2015
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]'' പ്രണയം
|6 July 2015
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|28 April 2017
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Nakalat Saare Ghadle'' नकळत सारे घडले
|27 November 2017
|[[Star Pravah]]
|17 May 2019
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Ennenno Janmala Bandham]]'' ఎన్నెన్నో జన్మల బంధం
|18 October 2021
|[[Star Maa]]
|1 September 2023
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Modhalum Kaadhalum]]'' மோதலும் காதலும்
|24 April 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
|21 June 2024
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Premachi Gosht]]'' प्रेमाची गोष्ट
|4 September 2023
|[[Star Pravah]]
|5 July 2025
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Ishtam Mathram]]'' ഇഷ്ടം മാത്രം
|26 August 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8821312}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/nakalat-saare-ghadle/15707 ''Nakalat Saare Ghadle''] at [[JioHotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Priyaar Priyo

2026-05-03T02:58:47Z

Asissantra: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian Assamese language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Munin Barua]]
| producer = Abdul Mannan Faruk
| starring = [[Zubeen Garg]] [[Aradhana Buragohain]] [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]]
| cinematography = Pradip Daimary
| editing = Samujjal Kashyap
| music = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|11|10|Assam|ref1=}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget = ₹75 lakhs
| gross = 1.8 crores
}}

'''''Priyaar Priyo''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese-language]] [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Munin Barua]] and produced under Azaan Films.<ref>{{Citation |title=Priyaar Priyo Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/assamese/movie-details/priyaar-priyo/movieshow/61590436.cms |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=«Priyaar Priyo» (2017) |url=https://en.kinorium.com/1977607/ |language=en |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Pranjal |date=2017-11-09 |title=Assamese Film 'Priyaar Priyo' To be Release Tomorrow |url=https://kothasobi.com/assamese-film-priyaar-priyo-to-be-release-on-november-10/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=KothaSobi.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyaar Priyo on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/priyaar-priyo |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Interactive |first=I. A. |title=Online tickets for PRIYAAR PRIYO (ASSAMEE), Cheap ticket booking for PRIYAAR PRIYO (ASSAMEE): Cinépolis India |url=http://awsalbprodindweb-2130045684.ap-south-1.elb.amazonaws.com/synopsis/priyaar-priyo-assamee |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=awsalbprodindweb-2130045684.ap-south-1.elb.amazonaws.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It marked the final film of Munin Barua as a director in his lifetime, before he died on 7 April 2018. It is the [[Assamese cinema#List of highest-grossing Assamese films|9th highest grossing Assamese film]].

== Cast ==

* [[Zubeen Garg]] as Bishnujyoti Bezbaruah
* [[Aradhana Buragohain]] as Priya Baruah
* Pranjal Saikia as Brikodar Phukan
* [[Gunjan Bhardwaj]] as Priyonath Nath
* Sunita Kaushik as Hiya
* Bikram Rajkhowa as Priyo Ranjan Talukdar
* Nikumoni Baruah as Priya's mother
* Saurabh Hazarika as Bhaskar Borah
* Pabitra Baruah as Sripati
* Siddhartha Sharma as M.L.A. Priyo Ranjan's bodyguard
* Manjula Barua (guest appearance)
* Tridip Lahon
* Sasanka Samir
* Achinta Shankar as Dipu
* [[Barsha Rani Bishaya]] and [[Aimee Baruah]] (Special appearance in the song "Priyar Priyo')

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Priyar Priyo
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 October 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:50
| label =
| producer = Zubeen Garg
| prev_title = [[Mission China]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[The Underworld (film)|The Underworld]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track List
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 20:50
| title1 = O Priya
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Bornali Kalita, [[Ritrisha Sarma]]
| lyrics1 = Zubeen Garg
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Akuli Bikuli
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Nahid Afreen
| lyrics2 = Zubeen Garg
| length2 = 7:04
| title3 = Priyar Priyo
| extra3 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Neel Akash, [[Kumar Bhabesh]]
| lyrics3 = Diganta Bharati
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Priyaro Priyaro Bosono
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Mayurpankhi
| lyrics4 = Sasanka Samir
| length4 = 3:48
}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{dts|format=dmy|2018-05-27}}
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[Prag Cine Awards]]
| Best Popular Actor (Male)
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2018-05-28 |title=Prag Cine Awards North-East 2018: Best director award for Utpal Barpujari |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/prag-cine-awards-north-east-2018-best-director-award-for-utpal-barpujari.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyaar Priyo |url=https://s1.pragplay.com/movie/guest/detail/priyaar-priyo |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=s1.pragplay.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress-Popular
| [[Aradhana Buragohain]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor in Male
| Pranjal Saikia
|{{won}}
|-
| Jury's Special Award
| [[Munin Barua]]
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt8228606}}

[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men

2026-04-29T05:24:20Z

Asissantra: adding new entry

{{Short description|2014 book by Rajeev Bhattacharyya}}

{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men
| image = Rendezvous_with_Rebels.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Military science]]
| genre = Political Science
| set_in =
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2014
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages = 328
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-5136-316-3
| isbn_note = Hardcover
| oclc = 903436428
| dewey =
| congress = 2014362210
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

'''''Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men''''' is a [[non-fiction]] political science book based on interviews of several militant organizations from [[Northeast India|North East India]]. It is written by journalist [[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]] and published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2014.

== Overview ==
[[Rajeev Bhattacharyya]], a journalist and author of multiple books, walked to [[Myanmar]], stayed there and interviewed [[Southeast Asia]]'s [[Insurgency|insurgent]] group's leaders like [[S. S. Khaplang]], [[Paresh Baruah]], [[I. K. Songbijit]] and other leaders of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with rebels: journey to meet India's most wanted men |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25167803-rendezvous-with-rebels |website=[[Goodreads]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers India]] |access-date=23 November 2025 |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with rebels: journey to meet India's most wanted men |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL31130334M/Rendezvous_with_rebels |website=[[Open Library]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers India]] |access-date=3 December 2025 |date=2014}}</ref>

Bhattacharyya was reportedly detained in Myanmar during his journey for visiting the country without valid documents but freed later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Samudra Gupta |title=Guwahati-based journalist detained in Myanmar freed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/guwahatibased-journalist-detained-in-myanmar-freed/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ULFA leader detained in Myanmar alongwith Indian scribes |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ulfa-leader-detained-in-myanmar-alongwith-indian-scribes/20111204.htm |access-date=23 November 2025 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=4 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Bhattacharyya, however, refuted the report about his detention through an article in ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Rajeev |author1-link=Rajeev Bhattacharyya |title=My Journey Through No Man's Land To An Insurgent Base |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/my-journey-through-no-mans-land-to-an-insurgent-base_b_6766914 |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=27 February 2015}}</ref>

Bhattacharyya walked on nearly 800 kms on a treacherous path and stayed in the ULFA and [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-(K)]] camps for the interviews. Journalist [[Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty]] interviewed Mr. Bhattacharyya about his journey to conclude in a book, where Bhattacharyya stated that he was never questioned by any Government agency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barooah Pisharoty |first1=Sangeeta |author1-link=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |title=Portrait of anonymity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/portrait-of-anonymity/article7105031.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 April 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916123835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/portrait-of-anonymity/article7105031.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He stayed covertly in the region of Myanmar for nearly four months and interviewed top rebel leaders of India’s northeast region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Atul K |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/15-Sep-2015/meeting-india-s-most-wanted-men |title=Meeting India’s most wanted men |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201222245/https://dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/15-Sep-2015/meeting-india-s-most-wanted-men |archive-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During his journey, Bhattacharyya witnessed that China has begun actively backing the separatist groups of [[Northeast India]] after formation of the [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Rajeev |author1-link=Rajeev Bhattacharyya |title=Are North East rebels planning to form a government in exile? |url=https://scroll.in/article/733493/are-north-east-rebels-planning-to-form-a-government-in-exile |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=11 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Sanjay Kumar from ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' reviewed and wrote "For Beijing, Myanmar is very important. What Bhutan is to India, Myanmar is to China."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |title=The Truth Behind Insurgency on the Indo-Myanmar Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/the-truth-behind-insurgency-on-the-indo-myanmar-border/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

Reviewing the book for ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', Uddipan Dutta, witnessed that the author had the journey to [[Myanmar|Burma]] and back lasted after for three months. Dutta wrote, "Until Bhattacharyya’s interview with Baruah, the ULFA chief had remained an enigma. In fact, even the intelligence agencies had no idea how he looked at that time as only three photographs of Baruah had appeared in the media at regular intervals."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Uddipan |title=Understanding insurgents |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/understanding-insurgents/article8244432.ece |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=17 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Gaurav Choudhury reviewing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that he author also spends time with [[S. S. Khaplang]], the Naga chief and godfather of the region, who has firmed up an alliance with rebel outfits from [[Manipur]] and Assam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Gaurav |title=Rendezvous With Rebels: Indian journalism writes a new chapter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/rendezvous-with-rebels-indian-journalism-writes-a-new-chapter/story-4NKuzeotWJToasIqOF0keI.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Gargi Gupta of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]'' wrote in her review, "It was a top-secret assignment, a cloak and dagger affair as the journalists had to hoodwink the Indian army, hot on Baruah's heel."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gargi |title=Book Review: Rendezvous With Rebels; Journey To Meet India’s Most Wanted Men |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-rendezvous-with-rebels-journey-to-meet-india-s-most-wanted-men-2088580 |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=5 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' stated that the book covered the antecedents of armed movements in northeast till 2011 – mostly through firsthand accounts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K Thakur |first1=Atul |title=In the Company of Rebels {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-the-company-of-rebels-65463 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=19 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Rendezvous_with_Rebels_Journey_to_Meet_I.html?id=T17dswEACAAJ Rendezvous with Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men] {{ISBN|978-9351363163}}
* [https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Vadakizhakku_Poraligaludan_Ragasiya_Sand.html?id=A7CvzgEACAAJ Vadakizhakku Poraligaludan Ragasiya Sandhippu / வடகிழக்கு போராளிகளுடன் ரகசிய சந்&] (Tamil Edition) {{ISBN|978-9386737496}}

[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Political science books]]
[[Category:21st-century books]]
[[Category:Military-related organizations]]
[[Category:English-language books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Books about military personnel]]

News Nation TV

2026-04-25T17:23:04Z

Asissantra: adding a data

{{short description|Indian news channel}}
{{other uses|News Nation (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = News Nation
| logo = News nation logo.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = 12 February 2013
| network = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] and online
| headquarters = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| owner = News Nation Network Pvt. Ltd.
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| picture_format = [[1080p]] [[HDTV]] {{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)}}
| area = India
| website = {{URL|newsnationtv.com}}
| online_serv_1 = News Nation Live TV
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.newsnationtv.com/liveTV Watch Live]
}}
'''News Nation''' is an Indian [[free to air]] [[Hindi]]-language [[television news]] channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedish.in/2014/02/news-nation-up-uttarakhand-added-on-dd.html|title=News Nation UP Uttarakhand New News Channel Added |publisher=freedish.in}}</ref> News Nation is owned by News Nation Network Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dthnews.com/2014/02/news-nation-uputtarakhand-news-tvc.html|title=News Nation UP/Uttarakhand News TVC added on DD-Freedish & Dish TV |publisher=dthnews.com}}</ref>

In September 2022, journalist [[Anil Yadav]] resigned from the channel saying that there is pressure from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] to cover up government scams, to run shows which have a "Hindu-Muslim agenda" and criticize only the politicians of other parties. He further alleged that the channel gets Rs. 17-18 crore a year from the government and that's why News Nation can't report against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title='No critical word on Modi or Yogi, bring in Hindu-Muslim': News Nation reporter quits |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/09/13/no-critical-word-on-modi-or-yogi-bring-in-hindu-muslim-news-nation-reporter-quits-4 |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref>

==Network==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2025}}
The network has a bouquet of TV channels, with News Nation being the flagship national Channel in Hindi, other regional channels include:
*'''News State Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand''': News Nation Network's first regional Hindi news channel launched in 2014. It has news from all [[List of districts in India|88 districts]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], besides covering major stories from major cities and towns.
*'''News State Madhya Pradesh/ Chhattisgarh''': In 2018, News Nation Network launched its second regional Hindi news channel for [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].
*'''News State Maharashtra Goa''', a [[Free To Air|Free To Air (FTA)]] [[Marathi-language]] news channel for the audience of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]] was launched in 2022. It was shut down after one year of airing due to less increment in [[Target rating point|TRP]]. However, it was relaunched as [[YouTube]] channel 2024.

==See also==
*[[List of television stations in India]]
*[[News Nation Assam]]
*[[Godi media]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Television news in India}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mass media in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Television channels based in Noida]]
[[Category:Godi media]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Kumar Tuhin

2026-04-25T03:42:54Z

Asissantra: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kumar Tuhin
| office = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to]] [[Netherlands]]
| term_start = 6 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Reenat Sandhu]]
| office1 = Director General of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]
| term_start1 = 20 December 2021
| term_end1 = 21 November 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh K. Patnaik]]
| successor1 = Nandini K Singla
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to]] [[Hungary]]
| term_start2 = November 2018
| term_end2 = November 2021
| predecessor2 = Rahul Chhabra
| successor2 = Partha Sathpaty
| spouse = Deepa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|06|08}}
| birth_place = [[Chhapra|Chapra]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Netarhat Residential School]] [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]] [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]]
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|High Commissioner of India to]] [[Namibia]]
| term_start3 = July 2015
| term_end3 = October 2018
| predecessor3 = S P Mann
| successor3 = Prashant Agrawal
| children =
| image = Kumar Tuhin Ambassador (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Kumar Tuhin''' (born 8 June 1967) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] from the 1991 batch of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who currently serves as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Indian Ambassador to]] [[Netherlands]]. Before, this he served as Director General of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) and also served as an [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Indian Ambassador]] to [[Hungary]] and as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Indian High Commissioner]] to [[Namibia]]. Before joining the [[Indian Foreign Service]] he worked in the [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]].

== Education ==
Kumar Tuhin was born on 8 June 1967 in [[Bihar]] and received his early education at Braj Kishore Kinder Garten, [[Chhapra]] during 1976–1977. He was then admitted at [[Netarhat Residential School]] in 1978. From 1983 to 1985, he completed his high schooling at [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]. He joined [[IIT Kanpur]] in 1985 to study [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]. He then studied at [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]], where he was placed on the Roll of Honour for the year 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCRA ROLL OF HONOUR {{!}} IRIMEE |url=https://www.irimee.in/scra_roll_of_honour.php |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.irimee.in}}</ref> After graduating in 1990 he worked in the [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]] for few years.

== Career ==
After training at the [[Foreign Service Institute, India|Foreign Service Institute]] in New Delhi, he was allotted Chinese as his foreign language. He served in the Consulate General of India, [[Hong Kong]] (it was then called Commission of India, Hong Kong as it was still a UK territory) from 1993 to 1995, during which he obtained his advanced diploma from the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]. Thereafter, he served as Second Secretary /First Secretary at the [[Embassy of India, Beijing]] from 1995 to 1999.

He subsequently served at the Permanent Mission of India to the UN Offices in Geneva from 1999 to 2002 looking after, among others, specialized agencies of the [[United Nations]]. He served in the Indian Embassy in Hanoi from 2005 to 2009, and as Deputy Consul General at the Consulate General of India in San Francisco from 2009 to 2012. The Indian Consulate General in San Francisco then had a very large consular jurisdictional area, covering states up to Hawaii, Alaska and New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Consul General of India visits the Sikh American community in New Mexico|date=21 February 2012 |url=https://indiacurrents.com/new-consul-general-of-india-visits-the-sikh-american-community-in-new-mexico/|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref>

=== High Commissioner to Namibia ===
Kumar Tuhin was appointed as the High Commissioner of India to Namibia on 23 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumar Tuhin appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to the Republic of Namibia|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25395/kumar+tuhin+appointed+as+the+next+high+commissioner+of+india+to+the+republic+of+namibia|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> He completed his assignment in October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian high commissioner completes mission|url=https://kundana.com.na/posts/indian-high-commissioner-completes-mission|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074350/https://kundana.com.na/posts/indian-high-commissioner-completes-mission|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his tenure in Namibia, Mr. Tuhin laid the foundations for the establishment of a Centre of Excellence in Information Technology (CEIT) at the [[Namibia University of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (CEIT)|url=https://www.nust.na/?q=news/centre-excellence-information-technology-ceit|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Namibia appreciates India's support|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/171655/archive-read/Namibia-appreciates-Indias-support|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> During the visit of President of India to Namibia in 2016, Tuhin was the signatory from the Indian side of the MoU on cooperation between the Namibia Institute for Public Administration and Management, (NIPAM) and the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian President Addresses a Joint Session of the Namibian Parliament|url=https://parliament.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=view&id=262}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In Sep 2018, Mr. Tuhin was the signatory from the Indian side of the agreement between the NIPAM and the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NIPAM and LSBNAA sign MoU on capacity building|url=https://www.lelamobile.com/content/76767/NIPAM-and-LSBNAA-sign-MoU-on-capacity-building/|accessdate=6 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> India-Namibia economic relations received specific boost during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web|title=India wants improvement on N$2.3 billion trade with Namibia|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/india-wants-improvement-on-n2-3-billion-trade-with-namibia|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY HON. TOM ALWEENDO, MP MINISTER OF MINES AND ENERGY THE OCCASION OF THE SKY INVESTMENT CUTTING AND POLISHING FACTORY OPENING|url=http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/2ba_Minister%20Speech_Sky%20Investment%20Cutting%20and%20Polishing%20Factory%20Opening.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Ambassador to Hungary ===
Tuhin was appointed as the [[Ambassador]] of India to Hungary on 26 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumar Tuhin appointed as next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Hungary|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31249/kumar+tuhin+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+bosnia+amp+herzegovina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918204143/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31249/Kumar+Tuhin+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Bosnia+amp+Herzegovina|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 18, 2020|last=|first=|date=|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> For his work in Hungary, Mr. Tuhin has indicated economic sectors as priority areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIG POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCING INDIA-HUNGARY ECONOMIC COOPERATION|url=https://dteurope.com/diplomacy/big-potential-for-enhancing-india-hungary-economic-cooperation/}}</ref> During his stint in Hungary, political exchanges between India and Hungary strengthened with the visits of External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar|Dr. S. Jaishankar]] to Hungary from 25 to 27 August 2019 (which was Minister Jaishankar's first visit to Hungary after assuming office),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Hungary and Bosnia & Herzegovina : Press Releases |url=https://www.eoibudapest.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=14 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.eoibudapest.gov.in}}</ref> of Minister of Jal Shakti [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] to Hungary from 14 to 17 October 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Hungary and Bosnia & Herzegovina : Press Releases |url=https://www.eoibudapest.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=18 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.eoibudapest.gov.in}}</ref> and of Hungarian Foreign Minister [[Péter Szijjártó]] to India from 14 to 17 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary to India (January 14-17, 2020) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/incoming-visit-detail.htm?32309/Visit+of+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade+of+Hungary+to+India+January+1417+2020}}</ref> The parent Indian company of Kischemicals in [[Sajóbábony]] decided in Nov 2020 to increase their investment by Euro 32 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kischemicals is to increase its manufacturing capacity in Sajóbábony - VIDEO REPORT - Hungarian Investment Promotion Agency |url=https://hipa.hu/news/kischemicals-is-to-increase-its-manufacturing-capacity-in-sajobabony/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=hipa.hu}}</ref> The 6th Indian Film Festival in Hungary was organized during Dec 2020-Jan 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhur Bhandarkar's Indu Sarkar To Be Screened At The 6th Indian Film Festival In Hungary & Bosnia |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/madhur-bhandarkars-indu-sarkar-to-be-screened-at-the-6th-indian-film-festival-in-hungary-bosnia/}}</ref> The Indian Tourism Office participated in Utazas Travel Expo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Hungary and Bosnia & Herzegovina : Press Releases |url=https://www.eoibudapest.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=22 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.eoibudapest.gov.in}}</ref> from February 27- March 1, 2020 and a number of Indian companies participated in Sirha Budapest 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXHIBITIONS & TRADE SERVICES INDIA PVT LTD |url=https://twitter.com/ExhibitionsPvt/status/1225363345840074752}}</ref> In recognition of his contribution, the Department of Indian Studies of the [[Eötvös Loránd University]] (ELTE University), [[Budapest]] honoured Tuhin with "Amicus Facultatis" award on 10 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Mr. Kumar Tuhin received the |url=https://ind.elte.hu/en/content/h-e-mr-kumar-tuhin-received-the-amicus-facultatis-award.e.1943 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ind.elte.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kihirdette a Kari Tanács az idei Kari Díjakat |url=https://www.btk.elte.hu/content/kihirdette-a-kari-tanacs-az-idei-kari-dijakat.t.5509 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.btk.elte.hu |language=hu}}</ref> Tuhin completed his tenure in Hungary in Nov 2021 and returned to India to assume charge as the Director General of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, an autonomous organization under the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]].

=== Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina ===
On 14 May 2019, Kumar Tuhin was concurrently accredited as the Ambassador of India to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumar Tuhin concurrently accredited as the next Ambassador of India to Bosnia & Herzegovina|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31249/kumar+tuhin+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+bosnia+amp+herzegovina|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> He presented his credentials to Mr. [[Željko Komšić|Želјko Komšić]], Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiH Presidency Chairman Želјko Komšić received letters of credence from the newly appointed Ambassador of the Republic of India to BiH, with residence in Budapest, Kumar Tuhin|url=http://www.predsjednistvobih.ba/saop/default.aspx?id=85937&langTag=en-US|website=www.predsjednistvobih.ba|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

=== Operation Ganga in Hungary ===
Immediately after the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on 24 Feb 2022, the Govt of India launched [[Operation Ganga]] to evacuate stranded Indian students in [[Ukraine]]. Given Tuhin's previous experience in Hungary, he was deputed to lead the Operation Ganga in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-03-01 |title=Ukraine crisis: Flight carrying 222 Indian nationals departs from Budapest |url=https://theprint.in/world/ukraine-crisis-flight-carrying-222-indian-nationals-departs-from-budapest/854274/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and he took charge in Budapest on 25 Feb 2022 itself. Over a span of two weeks, he successfully coordinated the complex task of evacuating more than 6000 Indian students from Ukraine through 32 special flights operating out of Budapest airport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-03-07 |title=Members of Indian community in Budapest With Embassy of India To Make Operation Ganga successful |url=https://www.indoeuropean.eu/members-of-indian-community-in-budapest-with-embassy-of-india-to-make-operation-ganga-successful/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Indoeuropean.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGFThbYorG4 |title=Russia Ukraine War: Kumar Tuhin ने बताया कि वॉर जोन में अभी भी कितने भारतीय फंसे हैं |language=en |access-date=2024-05-07 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Given the small border between Hungary and Ukraine, initially it was estimated that about 800-900 Indian students would cross through the Hungarian border,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pithode |first=Tarun |title=Operation Ganga: The Diary of a Public Servant |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2023 |isbn=978-9-3564-0440-3 |pages=10–11}}</ref> but because of border crossing difficulties at Ukraine-Romania and Ukraine -Poland borders, the number of students crossing through the Hungarian border surged manifold and almost one third of the total 22500 students <ref>{{Cite web |title=Around 22,500 Indians have returned from Ukraine to India from 1 February - 11 March, 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1807629 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> were evacuated through Operation Ganga in Hungary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-06 |title=India begins last leg of 'Operation Ganga', asks students to reach Hungarian City Center between 10 am-12 pm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-begins-last-leg-of-operation-ganga-asks-students-to-reach-hungarian-city-center-between-10-am-12-pm/articleshow/90030417.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-03-06 |title=Super 30 oversees execution of 'Operation Ganga' in Hungary |url=https://theprint.in/india/super-30-oversees-execution-of-operation-ganga-in-hungary/860989/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other details ==
In the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]], he has served in various capacities including as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India]] in-charge of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)#Development Partnership Administration|Development Partnership Administration]] from 2012 to 2015. His responsibilities included the capacity building programmes of the government of India, including the flagship [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC)]] scheme as well as setting up of Centres of Excellence in IT and Vocational Training Centres as also implementation of grant projects in some regions of the world.

Mr. Tuhin has attended a leadership programme at the [[Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies]] at the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defence University]] in USA.

He speaks Hindi, English, Chinese and French.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director General |url=https://iccr.gov.in/about-us/director-general |website=ICCR |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

== Publication ==
Tuhin has published an article entitled “India's development cooperation through capacity building” in the book “India's Approach to Development Cooperation” published by Routledge, 2016.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Sachin|url=https://www.routledge.com/Indias-Approach-to-Development-Cooperation/Chaturvedi-Mulakala/p/book/9780367874179|title=India's Approach to Development Cooperation|last2=Mulakala|first2=Anthea|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138947733|edition=1st|location=Abingdon, Oxon|pages=29–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Approach to Development Cooperation|isbn = 9781317365532|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s237CwAAQBAJ&dq=kumar+tuhin+san+francisco&pg=PT32|accessdate=6 May 2020|last1 = Chaturvedi|first1 = Sachin|last2 = Mulakala|first2 = Anthea|date = 14 April 2016| publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuhin, Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Hungary]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Namibia]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]]
[[Category:Netarhat Residential School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Sarayu Velpula

2026-04-23T18:19:18Z

Asissantra:

{{short description|Indian chess player (born 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Velpula Sarayu
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| title = [[Woman International Master]] (2025)
| peakrating = 2443 (October 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/45075204/chart|title=Velpula Sarayu|website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref>
| FideID = 45075204
}}
'''Velpula Sarayu''' (born 3 April 2006) is an Indian [[chess]] player. She is a former National Under-13 Girls champion 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.chess-results.com/tnr430618.aspx?lan=1&art=1|title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 33rd National Under-13 Girls Chess Championship 2019|website=archive.chess-results.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214232809/https://archive.chess-results.com/tnr430618.aspx?lan=1&art=1 |archive-date=14 December 2024 }}</ref> 38th National Junior Girls Chess Championship 2024 runner-up<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chess-results.com/tnr1008900.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=11|title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 38th National Junior Girls Chess Championship 2024|website=chess-results.com}}</ref> and National Under-17 Girls 2023 runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s1.chess-results.com/tnrWZ.aspx?lan=1&art=0&SNode=S0&tno=757077|title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 33rd National Under-17 Girls Chess Championship - 2023|website=s1.chess-results.com}}</ref>
She received the title of [[Woman International Master]] in 2025.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarayu, Velpula}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]
[[Category:Game players from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu sportspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Woman International Masters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Chiki Sarkar

2026-04-21T19:02:00Z

Asissantra:

{{Short description|Indian book publisher (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chiki Sarkar
| image =
| caption = Chiki Sarkar
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India (now [[Kolkata]], West Bengal)
| occupation = Publisher
| parents ={{plainlist}}
* [[Aveek Sarkar]] (father)
{{endplainlist}}
| awards =
| website = {{URL|juggernaut.in}}
| yearsactive = 1998–present
}}

'''Chiki Sarkar''' is a book publisher from Kolkata born in 1979. She is the lead founder of [[Juggernaut Books]].

==Background==
Chiki Sarkar was born into a [[Bengali people|Bengali family]], the daughter of [[Aveek Sarkar]], a journalist proprietor, and his wife Rakhi Sarkar. Aveek Sarkar belongs to the family which runs the [[Kolkata]]-based [[ABP Group|Ananda Bazaar Patrika]] Media Group, which was first founded in 1876.

== Career ==
She started her career in publishing with the London-based company [[Bloomsbury Publishing]].She worked there for seven years, and later moved to Delhi in 2006 and joined [[Random House]]. In 2011 Chiki Sarkar became the publisher at [[Penguin Books India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/books/penguin-india-appoints-chiki-sarkar-as-publisher-371363.html| title=former editor in chief of Random House India, has been appointed publisher of Penguin India| publisher=CNN-IBN| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chiki-sarkar-on-juggernaut-to-become-india-s-first-phone-publisher-115092201056_1.html| title=Chiki Sarkar on 'Juggernaut' to become India's first phone publisher| work=Business Standard| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-chiki-sarkar-s-juggernaut-is-ready-to-roll-2129001| title=Juggernaut, Chiki Sarkar's publishing start-up| work=Daily News and Analysis| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://afmagazine.in/home/shobhaa-de-in-conversation-with-chiki-sarkar/| title=Shobhaa De in Conversation With Chiki Sarkar| access-date=20 February 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321163209/http://afmagazine.in/home/shobhaa-de-in-conversation-with-chiki-sarkar/| archive-date=21 March 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambafrance-in.org/Writers-etc-Rana-Dasgupta-in| title=Rana Dasgupta in conversation with Chiki Sarkar| publisher=ambafrance-in.org| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-chiki-sarkar-111083000012_1.html| title=Lunch with BS: Chiki Sarkar| work=Business Standard| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> In 2013, publishers Penguin Books and [[Random House]] merged and Sarkar was made the India publishing head. Two years later, in 2015, she set up her own publishing company [[Juggernaut Books]].

A [[World Economic Forum]] Young Global Leader,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140311/nation-current-affairs/article/14-indians-wefs-young-global-leaders-class-2014|title=14 Indians in WEF's Young Global Leaders class of 2014|date=11 March 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en}}</ref> Sarkar is also a Fortune India's Most Powerful Women,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/chiki-sarkar?year=2020|title=Chiki Sarkar – Most Powerful Women in 2020 – Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com}}</ref> Forbes 2018 W-power trailblazers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2018-wpower-trailblazers/2018-wpower-trailblazers-chiki-sarkar-is-a-publisher-of-the-millennials/49587/1|title=2018 W-Power Trailblazers: Chiki Sarkar is a publisher of the millennials |website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> and Economic Times's Rising Women Leaders of 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/corporate-dossier/india-incs-rising-women-leaders-2015-life-is-messy-accept-it-says-chiki-sarkar-from-penguin-random-house-india/articleshow/46701991.cms|title=India Inc's Rising Women Leaders 2015: Life is messy, accept it, says Chiki Sarkar from Penguin Random House India|date=27 March 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

===Career timeline===
*[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] 1999–2006
*[[Random House]] 2006–2011 founding publisher
*[[Penguin Books India]] 2011–2013<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/34699/juggernaut-by-chiki-sarkar/| title=So This Is Why Chiki Sarkar Quit Penguin Random House India| publisher=thebetterindia.com| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/04/17/chiki-sarkar-exits-penguin_n_7084326.html| title=Chiki Sarkar, 4 Others Quit Penguin Random House India| work=huffingtonpost.in| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
*[[Penguin Random House]] 2013–2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/chiki-sarkar-named-publisher-of-penguin-random-house-india/article5809319.ece| title=Chiki Sarkar named Publisher of Penguin Random House India| work=Business Line| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
*[[Juggernaut Books]] founder-publisher 2015–present<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/757239/chiki-sarkar-launches-a-new-publishing-company-with-audacious-new-digital-strategies| title=Chiki Sarkar launches a new publishing company with audacious new digital strategies| work=scroll.in/| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-chiki-sarkar-goes-electronic-in-new-publishing-venture/| title=Why Chiki Sarkar goes electronic in new publishing venture| work=indianexpress.com/| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/publishing-company-juggernaut-launched-114333| title=Chiki Sarkar, Durga Raghunath launch publishing company 'Juggernaut'| work=abplive.in| access-date=20 February 2016| archive-date=20 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320213720/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/publishing-company-juggernaut-launched-114333| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Juggernaut Books==
In 2015, Sarkar set up her own publication house, [[Juggernaut Books]], a publishing company with its own app.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/chiki-sarkar-and-durga-raghunath-talk-about-juggernaut-with-jaya-bhattacharji-rose/article7720019.ece| title=A way ahead for words| work=The Hindu|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/what-chiki-sarkar-wants-you-to-know-about-her-new-publishing-house-juggernaut-books/| title=What Chiki Sarkar wants you to know about her new publishing house, Juggernaut Books| work=Vogue|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/hottest-young-executive-2015-penguin-india-chiki-sarkar/story/215939.html| title=Great Book Value| work=businesstoday.in| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/chiki-sarkar-penguin-random-house-penguin-books-india/story/209139.html| title=Her Own Woman| work=businesstoday.in| access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Juggernaut's investors include [[Nandan Nilekani]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://inc42.com/flash-feed/juggernaut-secures-2-mn-from-nandan-nilekani/|title=Chiki Sarkar's New Mobile First Publishing Startup, Juggernaut, Secures $2 Mn From Nandan Nilekani & Others – Inc42 Media|date=23 September 2015|work=Inc42 Media|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US}}</ref> Neeraj Aggarwal and [[Bharti Airtel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vEuoRh9bs6BVqU93VJ7UXJ/Bharti-Airtel-buys-stake-in-Juggernaut-Books.html|title=Bharti Airtel buys stake in Juggernaut Books|last=Choudhary|first=Vidhi|date=4 December 2017|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

The Juggernaut app has its own writing platform for amateur writers to upload their stories directly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/bharti-airtel-acquires-stake-in-juggernaut-books-a-digital-platform-for-books-and-to-submit-amateur-writing-4241117.html|title=Bharti Airtel acquires stake in Juggernaut Books, a digital platform for books and to submit amateur writing|website=Tech2|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

Juggernaut has published books written by the following authors:
*[[Abhijit Banerjee]], [[Esther Duflo]]
*[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kohinoor: The Story of the World's Most Infamous Diamond|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|last2=Anand|first2=Anita|date=11 December 2016|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228086|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Arundhati Roy]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Things That Can and Cannot Be Said|last1=Roy|first1=Arundhati|last2=Cusack|first2=John|date=5 August 2016|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9788193284100|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Aditya Tiwari]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |title=Over the Rainbow: India's Queer Heroes |publisher=Juggernaut |year=2023 |isbn=9789353451752}}</ref>
*[[Nandini Sundar]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Burning Forest: India's War in Bastar|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|date=17 October 2016|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228000|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Perumal Murugan]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Goat Thief|last=results|first=search|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228499|location=S.l.|language=en|translator-last=Raman|translator-first=N. Kalyan}}</ref>
*[[Shyam Saran]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=How India Sees The World: From Kautilya to Modi: Kautilya to the 21st Century|last=Saran|first=Shyam|date=15 August 2017|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228406|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Manu S. Pillai]]
*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy's XI: The Great Indian Cricket Story|last=Sardesai|first=Rajdeep|date=15 October 2017|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228482|location=S.l.|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Century is not Enough: My Roller-coaster Ride to Success|last=Ganguly|first=Sourav|date=24 February 2018|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228567|location=S.l.|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Twinkle Khanna]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad|last=Khanna|first=Twinkle|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228055|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sunny Leone]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sweet Dreams|last=Leone|first=Sunny|date=6 June 2016|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9788193237229|language=en}}</ref>
*Yasser Usman<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy|last=Usman|first=Yasser|date=31 March 2018|publisher=Juggernaut|isbn=9789386228581|location=S.l.|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rajat Gupta]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Rajat |title=Mind Without Fear |publisher=Juggernaut Books}}</ref>
*Abdullah Khan [https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/abdullah-khan-author-of-patna-blues-on-his-long-struggle-to-become-a-writer/article28099627.ece Abdullah Khan, author of ‘Patna Blues’, on his long struggle to become a writer]
*[[Tony Joseph]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Tony|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article29409611.ece|title=New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India}}</ref>
* [[Anirban Mahapatra]]
Juggernaut books has stopped functioning since 2020.

==External links==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/chiki_sarkar_how_india_s_smartphone_revolution_is_creating_a_new_generation_of_readers_and_writers TED-Talk: Chiki Sarkar: How India's smartphone revolution is creating a new generation of readers and writers]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Book publishing process |state=collapsed}}
{{Penguin Random House}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Chiki}}
[[Category:Indian book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian women publishers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sarkar family]]

List of Catholic bishops in India

2026-04-21T16:24:06Z

Asissantra:

{{short description|None}}

The following is a list of living '''Catholic bishops of India''' sorted by [[ecclesiastical province]] and [[diocese]]. The bishops of India include two [[major archbishop]]s, one each of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar]] and the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara]] churches, and one of the four [[Patriarch#Extant Latin Rite patriarchates|titular patriarchs]] of the [[Latin Church]]. There are 6 Indian [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]], 4 of whom are electors. All the Catholic bishops of India are members of the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India]].
[[File:India Catholic Dioceses.svg|thumb|right|300px|Latin rite provinces and dioceses of the Catholic church in India. The dioceses making up a province have different shades of the same colour]]

==Overview==
A summary of the number of bishops in India:{{#tag:ref|This summary does not include the Indian bishops serving abroad and the Nuncio. It was last updated on 14 February 2026.|group=note}}
* Major archbishops: 2
* Titular patriarch: 1
* Metropolitan archbishops: 33
* Bishops: 133
* Bishops of curia: 1
* Coadjutor bishops: 2
* Auxiliary bishops: 24
* Bishop-elect: 2
* Archbishops/bishops emeriti: 92
:'''Total: 290'''

* Cardinals: 6
** Electors: 4
** Non-electors: 2

* Vacant sees: 4
** Apostolic administrators: 2
** Diocesan administrators: 2

== Latin Catholic Provinces ==

===Ecclesiastical Province of Agra===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Raphy Manjaly]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Albert D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]]}}
* Bishop [[John Carvalho]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajmer|Diocese of Ajmer]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Pius Thomas D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajmer|Diocese of Ajmer]]|}}
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Ignatius Menezes]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajmer|Diocese of Ajmer]]}}
* Bishop [[Louis Mascarenhas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Diocese of Allahabad]]
* Bishop [[Ignatius D’Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly|Diocese of Bareilly]]
* Bishop [[Joseph Kallarackal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaipur|Diocese of Jaipur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Oswald Lewis (bishop)|Oswald Lewis]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaipur|Diocese of Jaipur]]}}
* Bishop [[Wilfred Gregory Moras]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jhansi|Diocese of Jhansi]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Peter Parapullil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jhansi|Diocese of Jhansi]]}}
* Bishop [[Gerald John Mathias]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucknow|Diocese of Lucknow]]
* Bishop [[Bhaskar Jesuraj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meerut|Diocese of Meerut]]
* Bishop [[Devprasad John Ganawa]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udaipur|Diocese of Udaipur]]
* Bishop [[Eugene Joseph]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Varanasi|Diocese of Varanasi]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Bangalore===
*Metropolitan archbishop [[Peter Machado]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Arokia Raj Satis Kumar]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Joseph Sosainathan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Bernard Moras]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]]}}
* Bishop [[Derek Fernandes]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Belgaum|Diocese of Belgaum]]
* Bishop [[Henry D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bellary|Diocese of Bellary]]
* Bishop [[Anthony Swamy Thomasappa]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur|Diocese of Chikmagalur]]
* Bishop [[Robert Miranda (bishop)|Robert Michael Miranda]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga|Diocese of Gulbarga]]
* Bishop [[Duming Dias]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Karwar|Diocese of Karwar]]
* Bishop [[Peter Paul Saldanha]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]}}
* Bishop [[Francis Serrao]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Kannikadass William Antony]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Thomas Vazhapilly]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]]}}
* Bishop [[Duming Dias]], apostolic administrator of the (vacant) [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shimoga|Diocese of Shimoga]]
* Bishop-elect [[Leslie Clifford D’Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi|Diocese of Udupi]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Gerald Isaac Lobo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi|Diocese of Udupi]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Bhopal===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Alangaram Arockia Sebastian Durairaj]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Archdiocese of Bhopal]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Leo Cornelio]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Archdiocese of Bhopal]]}}
* Bishop [[Joseph Thykkattil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwalior|Diocese of Gwalior]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Joseph Kaithathara]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwalior|Diocese of Gwalior]]}}
* Bishop [[Thomas Mathew Kuttimackal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Indore|Diocese of Indore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Chacko Thottumarickal]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Indore|Diocese of Indore]]}}
* Bishop [[Jesu Gaspar Valan Arasu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jabalpur|Diocese of Jabalpur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Gerald Almeida]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jabalpur|Diocese of Jabalpur]]}}
* Bishop [[Peter Rumal Kharadi]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jhabua|Diocese of Jhabua]]
* Bishop [[Augustine Madathikunnel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa|Diocese of Khandwa]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Bombay===
* Metropolitan archbishop [[John Rodrigues]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Dominic Savio Fernandes]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Stephen Eustace Victor Fernandes]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]
** {{font colour|grey|Cardinal [[Oswald Gracias]], Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Auxiliary Bishop emeritus [[Bosco Penha]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Auxiliary Bishop emeritus [[Percival Joseph Fernandez]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Auxiliary Bishop emeritus [[Allwyn D'Silva]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Auxiliary bishop emeritus [[Agnelo Rufino Gracias]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]}} [Was also the former Apostolic Adimistrator of Jalandhar]
* Bishop [[Barthol Barretto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashik|Diocese of Nashik]]
** {{fontcolour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Lourdes Daniel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashik|Diocese of Nashik]]}}
* Bishop [[Simon Almeida]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Diocese of Poona]]
** {{fontcolour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Thomas Dabre]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Diocese of Poona]]}}
* Bishop [[Diocese of Vasai|Thomas D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vasai|Diocese of Vasai]]
** {{font colour|grey|Archbishop ''ad personam'' emeritus [[Felix Anthony Machado]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vasai|Diocese of Vasai]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Calcutta===
*Metropolitan archbishop [[Elias Frank]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Archdiocese of Calcutta]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Thomas D'Souza]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Archdiocese of Calcutta]]}}
* Metropolitan archbishop [[Elias Frank]], apostolic administrator of the (vacant) [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Asansol|Diocese of Asansol]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Cyprian Monis]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Asansol|Diocese of Asansol]]}}
* Bishop [[Paul Simick]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bagdogra|Diocese of Bagdogra]]
* Bishop [[Shyamal Bose]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baruipur|Diocese of Baruipur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Salvadore Lobo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baruipur|Diocese of Baruipur]]}}
* Bishop [[Stephen Lepcha]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Diocese of Darjeeling]]
** Coadjutor bishop-elect [[Edward Baretto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Diocese of Darjeeling]]
* Bishop [[Fabian Toppo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalpaiguri|Diocese of Jalpaiguri]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Clement Tirkey]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalpaiguri|Diocese of Jalpaiguri]]}}
* Bishop [[Nirmol Vincent Gomes]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Diocese of Krishnagar]]
* Bishop [[Fulgence Aloysius Tigga]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raiganj|Diocese of Raiganj]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Calicut===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Varghese Chakkalakal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calicut|Archdiocese of Calicut]]
* Bishop [[Alex Vadakumthala]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kannur|Diocese of Kannur]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Dennis Kuruppassery]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kannur|Diocese of Kannur]]
* Bishop [[Peter Abir Antonisamy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sultanpet|Diocese of Sultanpet]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[John Barwa]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]]
** Auxiliary bishop-elect [[Rabindra Kumar Ranasingh]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]]
* Bishop [[Varghese Thottamkara]], [[Congregation of the Mission|CM]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Balasore|Diocese of Balasore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Thomas Thiruthalil]], [[Congregation of the Mission|CM]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Balasore|Diocese of Balasore]]}}
* Bishop [[Sarat Chandra Nayak]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Berhampur|Diocese of Berhampur]]
* Bishop [[Aplinar Senapati]], [[Congregation of the Mission|CM]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rayagada|Diocese of Rayagada]]
* Bishop [[Kishore Kumar Kujur]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rourkela|Diocese of Rourkela]]
* Bishop [[Niranjan Sual Singh]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Diocese of Sambalpur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Lucas Kerketta]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Diocese of Sambalpur]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Delhi===
*Metropolitan archbishop [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archdiocese of Delhi]]
**Auxiliary bishop [[Deepak Valerian Tauro]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archdiocese of Delhi]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Vincent Michael Concessao]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archdiocese of Delhi]]}}
* Bishop [[Ivan Pereira]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar|Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]]
* Bishop [[Jose Sebastian Thekkumcherikunnel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar|Diocese of Jalandhar]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Franco Mulakkal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar|Diocese of Jalandhar]]}}
* Bishop [[Sahaya Thatheus Thomas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh|Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh]]
** {{font colour|gray|Bishop emeritus [[Ignatius Loyola Mascarenhas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh|Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Gandhinagar===
*Metropolitan archbishop [[Thomas Ignatius MacWan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Archdiocese of Gandhinagar]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Stanislaus Fernandes]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Archdiocese of Gandhinagar]]}}
* Bishop [[Athanasius Rethna Swamy Swamiadian]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad|Diocese of Ahmedabad]]
* Bishop [[Sebastiäo Mascarenhas]], [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baroda|Diocese of Baroda]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Godfrey de Rozario]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baroda|Diocese of Baroda]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Goa and Daman===
*Cardinal [[Filipe Neri Ferrao]], Metropolitan Archbishop Patriarch of the [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]{{#tag:ref|The Archbishop of Goa and Daman also carries the title of the [[Patriarch of the East Indies]].|group=note}}
**Auxiliary bishop [[Simião Purificação Fernandes]] of the [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
* Bishop [[Agnelo Pinheiro|Francisco Antonio Agnelo Jacinto Pinheiro]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sindhudurg|Diocese of]] Sindudurg [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sindhudurg|Sindhudurg]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Anthony Alwyn Fernandes Barreto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sindhudurg|Diocese of Sindhudurg]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Guwahati===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[John Moolachira]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Archdiocese of Guwahati]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Thomas Menamparampil]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Archdiocese of Guwahati]]}}
* Bishop [[Thomas Pulloppillil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bongaigaon|Diocese of Bongaigaon]]
* Bishop [[Albert Hemrom]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dibrugarh|Diocese of Dibrugarh]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Joseph Aind]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dibrugarh|Diocese of Dibrugarh]]}}
* Bishop [[Paul Mattekatt]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Diphu|Diocese of Diphu]]
* Bishop [[Benny Varghese Edathattel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Itanagar|Diocese of Itanagar]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[John Thomas Kattrukudiyil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Itanagar|Diocese of Itanagar]]}}
* Bishop [[George Palliparambil]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Miao|Diocese of Miao]]
** Auxiliary Bishop [[Dennis Panipitchai]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Miao|Diocese of Miao]]
* Bishop [[Michael Akasius Toppo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tezpur|Diocese of Tezpur]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Hyderabad===
* Cardinal [[Anthony Poola]], Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Archdiocese of Hyderabad]]
* Bishop [[Paul Prakash Saginala]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuddapah|Diocese of Cuddapah]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Prasad Gallela]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuddapah|Diocese of Cuddapah]]}}
* Bishop [[Prakash Sagili]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khammam|Diocese of Khammam]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Paul Maipan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khammam|Diocese of Khammam]]}}
* Bishop [[Johannes Gorantla]], [[O.C.D.|OCD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Diocese of Kurnool]]
* Bishop [[Dhaman Kumar Karanam|Karnam Dhaman Kumar]], [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Diocese of Nalgonda]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Joji Govindu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Diocese of Nalgonda]]}}
* Fr. Duggimpudi Vijaya Paul Reddy, diocesan administrator of the (vacant) [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal|Diocese of Warangal]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Imphal===

* Metropolitan archbishop [[Linus Neli]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Archdiocese of Imphal]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Dominic Lumon]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Archdiocese of Imphal]]}}
* Bishop [[James Thoppil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima|Diocese of Kohima]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Jose Mukala]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima|Diocese of Kohima]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Madras and Mylapore===
* Metropolitan archbishop [[George Antonysamy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Malayappan Chinnappa]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]}}
* Bishop [[Anthonisamy Neethinathan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput|Diocese of Chingleput]]
* Bishop [[Lephonse Thomas Aquinas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbatore|Diocese of Coimbatore]]
* Bishop [[Arulappan Amalraj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ootacamund|Diocese of Ootacamund]]
* Bishop [[Ambrose Pitchaimuthu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Diocese of Vellore]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Madurai===
* Metropolitan archbishop [[Antonysamy Savarimuthu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Archdiocese of Madurai]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop-emeritus [[Antony Pappusamy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Archdiocese of Madurai]]}}
* Bishop [[Thomas Paulsamy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dindigul|Diocese of Dindigul]]
* Bishop [[Nazarene Soosai]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar|Diocese of Kottar]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop Emeritus [[Peter Remigius]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar|Diocese of Kottar]]}}
* Bishop [[Albert George Alexander Anastas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Diocese of Kuzhithurai]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Jerome Dhas Varuvel]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Diocese of Kuzhithurai]]}}
* Fr. Motcharajan Michael, diocesan administrator of the (vacant) [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Palayamkottai|Diocese of Palayamkottai]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop Emeritus [[Jude Gerald Paulraj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Palayamkottai|Diocese of Palayamkottai]]}}
* Bishop [[Lourdu Anandam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai|Diocese of Sivagangai]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop Emeritus [[Jebalamai Susaimanickam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai|Diocese of Sivagangai]]}}
* Bishop [[Savarimuthu Arokiaraj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli|Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]]
* Bishop [[Stephen Antony Pillai]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|Diocese of Tuticorin]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop Emeritus [[Yvon Ambroise]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|Diocese of Tuticorin]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Nagpur===
* Metropolitan Archbishop [[Elias Joseph Gonsalves]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nagpur|Archdiocese of Nagpur]]
* Bishop [[Malcolm Sequeira]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati|Diocese of Amravati]]
* Bishop [[Bernard Lancy Pinto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad|Diocese of Aurangabad]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Bishop [[Ambrose Rebello]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad|Diocese of Aurangabad]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Patna===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Sebastian Kallupura]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[William D'Souza]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]}}
* Bishop [[Peter Sebastian Goveas]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah|Diocese of Bettiah]]
* Bishop [[Kurien (Ciriaco) Valiakandathil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bhagalpur|Diocese of Bhagalpur]]
* Bishop [[James Shekhar]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Buxar|Diocese of Buxar]]
* Bishop [[Cajetan Francis Osta]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur|Diocese of Muzaffarpur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[John Baptist Thakur]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur|Diocese of Muzaffarpur]]}}
* Bishop [[Francis Tirkey]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea|Diocese of Purnea]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Angelus Kujur]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea|Diocese of Purnea]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Pondicherry and Cuddalore===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Francis Kalist]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
*Bishop [[Lawrence Pius Dorairaj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Diocese of Dharmapuri]]
*Bishop [[Jeevanandam Amalanathan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Diocese of Kumbakonam]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Francis Antonysamy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Diocese of Kumbakonam]]}}
*Bishop [[Arulselvam Rayappan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Diocese of Salem]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Sebastianappan Singaroyan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Diocese of Salem]]}}
* Bishop Sagayaraj Thamburaj of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore|Diocese of Tanjore]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Raipur===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Victor Henry Thakur]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Raipur|Archdiocese of Raipur]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Joseph Augustine Charanakunnel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Raipur|Archdiocese of Raipur]]}}
* Bishop [[Antonis Bara]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Diocese of Ambikapur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Patras Minj]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Diocese of Ambikapur]]}}
* Bishop [[Emmanuel Kerketta]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jashpur|Diocese of Jashpur]]
* Bishop [[Paul Toppo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raigarh|Diocese of Raigarh]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Ranchi===
* Metropolitan archbishop [[Vincent Aind]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Archdiocese of Ranchi]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Felix Toppo]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Archdiocese of Ranchi]]}}
* Bishop [[Theodore Mascarenhas]], [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Diocese of Daltonganj]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Gabriel Kujur]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Diocese of Daltonganj]]}}
* Bishop [[Julius Marandi]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dumka|Diocese of Dumka]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Sonatan Kisku]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dumka|Diocese of Dumka]]
* Bishop [[Linus Pingal Ekka]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gumla|Diocese of Gumla]]
* Bishop [[Jojo Anand]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hazaribag|Diocese of Hazaribag]]
* Bishop [[Telesphore Bilung]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jamshedpur|Diocese of Jamshedpur]]
* Bishop [[Binay Kandulna]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khunti|Diocese of Khunti]]
* Bishop [[Visuvasam Selvaraj]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Blair|Diocese of Port Blair]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Aleixo das Neves Dias]], [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Blair|Diocese of Port Blair]]}}
* Bishop [[Vincent Barwa]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simdega|Diocese of Simdega]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Shillong===
* Metropolitan Archbishop [[Victor Lyngdoh]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Archdiocese of Shillong]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Bernard Laloo]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Archdiocese of Shillong]]
* Bishop [[Lumen Monteiro]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross|CSC]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Agartala|Diocese of Agartala]]
* Bishop [[Stephen Rotluanga]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross|CSC]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Diocese of Aizawl]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Joachim Walder]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Diocese of Aizawl]]
* Bishop [[Ferdinand Dkhar]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jowai|Diocese of Jowai]]
* Bishop [[Wilbert Marwein]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nongstoin|Diocese of Nongstoin]]
* Bishop [[Andrew Raksam Marak|Andrew Marak]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura|Diocese of Tura]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Jose Chirackal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura|Diocese of Tura]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Thiruvananthapuram===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Thomas J. Netto|Most Rev. Dr. Thomas J. Netto]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Soosa Pakiam|Maria Callist Soosa Pakiam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
** Auxiliary Bishop [[Christudas Rajappan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Bishop [[James Raphael Anaparambil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Diocese of Alleppey]]
* Bishop [[Selvarajan Dasan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Neyyattinkara|Diocese of Neyyattinkara]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop-emeritus [[Vincent Samuel]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Neyyattinkara|Diocese of Neyyattinkara]]}}
* Bishop [[Selvister Ponnumuthan]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Punalur|Diocese of Punalur]]
* Bishop [[Paul Antony Mullassery]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Stanley Roman]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]]}}

===Ecclesiastical Province of Verapoly===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Antony Valumkal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus [[Francis Kallarackal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]}}
* Bishop [[Antony Kattiparambil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Diocese of Cochin]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Joseph Kariyil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Diocese of Cochin]]}}
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[John Thattumkal]], [[Priestly Society of Saint Joseph Benedict Cottolengo|SSC]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Diocese of Cochin]]}}
* Bishop [[Ambrose Puthenveettil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram|Diocese of Kottapuram]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Joseph Karikassery]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram|Diocese of Kottapuram]]}}
* Bishop [[Sebastian Thekethecheril]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayapuram|Diocese of Vijayapuram]]
** Auxiliary bishop [[Justin Alexander Madathiparambil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayapuram|Diocese of Vijayapuram]]

===Ecclesiastical Province of Visakhapatnam===
* Metropolitan archbishop [[Udumala Bala Showreddy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]]
** {{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus [[Mallavarapu Prakash|Prakash Mallavarapu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]]}}
* Bishop [[Jaya Rao Polimera]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eluru|Diocese of Eluru]]
* Bishop [[Bhagyaiah Chinnabathini]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Guntur|Diocese of Guntur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Bali Gali]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Guntur|Diocese of Guntur]]}}
* Bishop [[Doraboina Moses Prakasam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nellore|Diocese of Nellore]]
** Coadjutor bishop [[Anthony Das Pilli]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nellore|Diocese of Nellore]]
* Bishop [[Vijaya Kumar Rayarala]], [[Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions|PIME]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Srikakulam|Diocese of Srikakulam]]
* Bishop [[Joseph Raja Rao|Joseph Raja Rao Thelegathoti]], [[Company of Mary|SMM]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayawada|Diocese of Vijayawada]]

==Syro-Malabar Ecclesiastical Provinces==

===Province of Eranakulam - Angamaly===
*Major Archbishop Mar [[Raphael Thattil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Eranakulam-Angamaly]]
**Archbishop Mar [[Joseph Pamplany]], major archiepiscopal administrator of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Eranakulam-Angamaly]]
**{{font colour|grey|Major Archbishop emeritus Cardinal Mar [[George Alencherry]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Eranakulam-Angamaly]]}}
**{{font colour|grey|Archbishop ''ad personam'' Mar [[Antony Kariyil]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]], major archiepiscopal vicar emeritus of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Eranakulam-Angamaly]]}}
**{{font colour|grey|Auxiliary Bishop emeritus Mar [[Thomas Chakiath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Eranakulam-Angamaly]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[John Nellikunnel]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Idukki|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Idukki]]
*Bishop Mar [[George Madathikandathil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kothamangalam|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[George Punnakottil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kothamangalam|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kothamangalam]]}}

===Province of Changanassery===
*Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Thomas Joseph Tharayil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan archbishop emeritus Mar [[Joseph Perumthottam]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[Jose Pulickal]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kanjirappally|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirapally]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Mathew Arackal]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kanjirappally|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirapally]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Joseph Pallikaparampil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]]}}
**{{font colour|grey|Auxiliary Bishop emeritus Mar [[Jacob Muricken]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palai|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[George Rajendran Kuttinadar]], [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay]]

===Province of Faridabad===
*Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Faridabad|Syro-Malabar Archeparchy of Faridabad]]
**Auxiliary bishop Mar [[Jose Puthenveettil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Faridabad|Syro-Malabar Archeparchy of Faridabad]]
* Bishop Mar [[Vincent Nellaiparambil]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bijnor|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bijnor]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[John Vadakel]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bijnor|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bijnor]]}}
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Gratian Mundadan]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]], Apostolic Visitor emeritus, Bishop emeritus of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bijnor|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bijnor]]}}
* Bishop Mar [[Mathew Nellikunnel]], [[Congregation of St. Theresa of the Child Jesus|CST]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Thomas Thuruthimattam]], [[Congregation of St. Theresa of the Child Jesus|CST]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Gorakhpur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]}}

===Province of Kalyan===
* Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]] of the [[Archeparchy of Kalyan|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kalyan]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Thomas Elavanal]], [[Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament|MCBS]] of the [[Archeparchy of Kalyan|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kalyan]]}}
* Bishop Mar [[Ephrem Nariculam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chanda|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chanda]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Vijay Anand Nedumpuram]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chanda|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chanda]]}}
* Bishop Mar [[Jose Chittooparambil]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Rajkot|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Gregory Karotemprel]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Rajkot|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot]]}}

===Province of Shamshabad===
* Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Antony Prince Panengaden]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Shamshabad]]
** Auxiliary bishop Mar [[Joseph Kollamparambil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Shamshabad]]
** Auxiliary Bishop Mar [[Thomas Padiyath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Shamshabad]]
* Bishop Mar [[Joseph Thachaparambath]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Adilabad|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Adilabad]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Joseph Kunnath]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Adilabad|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Adilabad]]}}

===Province of Tellicherry===
*Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Joseph Pamplany]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Tellicherry|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus Mar [[George Njaralakatt]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Tellicherry|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]}}
**{{font colour|grey|Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus Mar [[George Valiamattam]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Tellicherry|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[James Patteril]], [[Claretians|CMF]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Belthangady|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Lawrence Mukkuzhy]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Belthangady|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[Joseph Erumachadath]], [[Missionary Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament|MCBS]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bhadravathi|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bhadravathi]]
*Bishop Mar [[Jose Porunnedom]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mananthavady|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavay]]
**Auxiliary Bishop Mar [[Alex Tharamangalam]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mananthavady|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavady]]
*Bishop Mar [[Remigiose Inchananiyil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thamarassery|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thamarassery]]
*Bishop Mar [[Sebastian Adayanthrath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Mandya|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mandya]]

===Province of Thrissur===
*Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Andrews Thazhath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]]
**Auxiliary Bishop Mar [[Tony Neelankavil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]]
*Bishop Mar [[Sebastian (Jobby) Pozholiparampil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Hosur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Hosur]]
*Bishop Mar [[Pauly Kannookadan]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
*Bishop Mar [[Peter Kochupuruckal]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palghat]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Jacob Manathodath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palghat]]}}
*Bishop Mar [[Paul Alappatt|Paul Alappat]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ramanathapuram|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram]]

===Province of Ujjain===
* Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Sebastian Vadakel]], [[Missionary Society of St Thomas the Apostle|MST]] of the [[Archeparchy of Ujjain|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Ujjain]]
* Bishop Mar [[Joseph Kollamparampil]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Jagdalpur|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur]]
* Bishop Mar [[James Athikalam]], [[Missionary Society of Saint Thomas|MST]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Sagar|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Anthony Chirayath]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Sagar|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar]]}}
* Bishop Mar [[Joseph Kodakallil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Satna]]
** {{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus Mar [[Matthew Vaniakizhakel]], [[Vincentian Congregation|VC]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Satna]]}}

===Archdiocese of Kottayam===
*Metropolitan Archbishop Mar [[Mathew Moolakkattu]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
** Auxiliary Bishop Mar [[Jose Pandarassery]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
** Auxiliary Bishop Mar [[Geevarghese Aprem Kurisummoottil]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]

==Syro-Malankara Ecclesiastical Provinces==

===Province of Trivandrum===
*Major Archbishop Cardinal [[Baselios Cleemis| Baselios Mor Cleemis]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Syro-Malankara Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
**Bishop [[Antony Silvanos Kakkanatt|Antony Mar Silvanos]] (born Kakkanatt) of the Curia of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Syro-Malankara Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]] and Apostolic Visitor for Syro-Malankara faithful resident in Oceania
**Auxiliary bishop [[John Kuttiyil|Yoohanon Mar Alexios]] (born John Kuttiyil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Syro-Malankara Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
* Bishop [[Mathews Mar Pachomios]] (born Kadavil), [[Order of the Imitation of Christ|OIC]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki]]
*Bishop [[Vincent Paulos|Vincent Mar Paulos]] (born Kulapuravilai) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Marthandom]]
*Bishop [[Mathew Polycarpos Manakkarakavil|Mathew Mar Polycarpos]] (born Manakkarakavil) of the [[Diocese of Mavelikara|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Mavelikara]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emertius [[Joshua Ignathios|Joshua Mar Ignathios]] (born Kizhakkeveettil) of the [[Diocese of Mavelikara|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Mavelikara]]}}
*Bishop [[Thomas Eusebius|Thomas Mar Eusebius]] (born Naickamparampil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Parassala|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Parassala]]
*Bishop [[Samuel Irenios Kattukallil|Samuel Mar Irenios]] (born Kattukallil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom]] (born Kalloor) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]}}

===Province of Tiruvalla===
*Metropolitan Archbishop [[Thomas Mar Koorilos]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla]]
*Bishop [[Joseph Thomas Konnath|Joseph Mar Thomas]] (born Konnath) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Bathery]]
*Bishop [[Yoohanon Theodosius Kochuthundil|Yoohanon Mar Theodosius]] (born Kochuthundil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha]] and Apostolic Visitor for Syro-Malankara faithful resident in Europe
**{{font colour|grey|Bishop emeritus [[Abraham Julios|Abraham Mar Julios]] (born Kackanatt) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha]]}}
*Bishop [[Geevarghese Makarios Kalayil|Geevarghese Mar Makarios]] (born Kalayil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur]]

===Directly under the Holy See===
* Bishop [[Thomas Anthonios Valiyavilayil|Thomas Mar Anthonios]], [[Order of the Imitation of Christ|OIC]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon]]

==Indian bishops serving abroad==

===Diocesan bishops and equivalent===
* Archbishop [[Alex Kaliyanil|Alex Thomas Kalayanil]] (born Valiyavilayil), [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bulawayo|Archdiocese of Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}}
* Archbishop [[Susai Jesu]], [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate|OMI]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Keewatin–Le Pas|Archdiocese of Keewatin–Le Pas]], Canada {{flagicon|Canada}}
* Bishop Mar [[Joy Alappat]] of the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Chicago]], USA {{flagicon|United States of America}}
* Bishop [[Philippos Stephanos Thottathil|Philippos Mar Stephanos]] (born Thottathil) of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Exarchate in the United States|Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Mary, Queen of Peace of USA and Canada]] {{flagicon|United States of America}} {{flagicon|Canada}}
* Bishop [[Georges Varkey Puthiyakulangara]], [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Bergé|Diocese of Port-Bergé]], Madagascar {{flagicon|Madagascar}}
* Bishop Mar [[Jose Kalluvelil]], of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga]], Canada {{flagicon|Canada}}
* Bishop Mar [[Joseph Srampickal]] (born Benny Mathew) of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Preston|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain]] {{flagicon|Great Britain}}
* Bishop Mar [[Stephen Chirappanath]], Apostolic Visitor for the Syro-Malabar faithful in [[Europe]] {{flagicon|Europe}}
* Bishop [[Rozario Menezes]], [[Company of Mary|SMM]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lae|Diocese of Lae]], Papua New Guinea {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}}
* Bishop [[Siby Mathew Peedikayil]], [[Heralds of Good News|HGN]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aitape|Diocese of Aitape]], Papua New Guinea {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}}
* Bishop [[Earl K. Fernandes|Earl Kenneth Fernandes]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus|Diocese of Columbus]], USA (Indian Origin) {{flagicon|United States of America}}
* Bishop Mar [[John Panamthottathil]], [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] of the [[St. Thomas the Apostle Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Melbourne|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne]], Australia {{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}}
* Bishop [[Kuriakose Mar Osthathios]] (born Thadathil), Apostolic Visitor for the Syro-Malankara faithful in [[Europe]] {{flagicon|Europe}}
* Auxiliary Bishop-elect [[Joshy George Pottackal]], [[Carmelites |O.Carm.]] of [[Diocese of Mainz]], Germany {{flagicon|Germany}}

===Apostolic nuncios and papal representatives===
* Archbishop [[Francis Chullikatt|Francis Assisi Chullikatt]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Bosnia and Herzegovina|Apostolic Nuncio to Bosnia and Herzegovina]] {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to Montenegro|Apostolic Nuncio to Montenegro]] {{flagicon|Montenegro}}
* Archbishop Mar [[Kurian Mathew Vayalunkal]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Algeria|Apostolic Nuncio to Chile]] {{flagicon|Chile}}
* Archbishop Mar [[George Panamthundil]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Kazakhstan|Apostolic Nuncio to Kazakhstan]] {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to Kyrgyzstan|Apostolic Nuncio to Kyrgyzstan]] {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to Tajikistan|Apostolic Nuncio to Tajikistan]] {{flagicon|Tajikistan}}

===Roman curia {{flagicon|Vatican City}}===
* Cardinal Mar [[George Koovakad|George Jacob Koovakkad]], prefect of the [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]], and member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]]

===Retired===
* Archbishop [[Blasco Francisco Collaço]], Apostolic Nuncio emeritus to [[Apostolic Nunciature to Swaziland|Swaziland]] {{flagicon|Swaziland}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to Lesotho|Lesotho]] {{flagicon|Lesotho}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to South Africa|South Africa]] {{flagicon|South Africa}}, [[Apostolic Nunciature to Namibia|Namibia]] {{flagicon|Namibia}} and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Botswana|Botswana]] {{flagicon|Botswana}}
* Archbishop Mar [[George Panikulam]], [[Apostolic Nunciature to Uruguay|Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Uruguay]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
* Archbishop Mar [[George Kocherry]], [[Apostolic Nuncio to Bangladesh|Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}}
* Bishop emeritus Mar [[Jacob Angadiath]] of the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Chicago]], USA {{flagicon|United States of America}}
* Bishop emeritus Mar [[Bosco Puthur]] of the [[St. Thomas the Apostle Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Melbourne|Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne]], Australia {{flagicon|Australia}}

==Apostolic nuncio {{flagicon|Vatican City}}==
* ''Vacant''

==Indian cardinals==
; Electors
* [[Mar (title)|Mor]] [[Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal|Baselios ''Cardinal '' Cleemis Thottunkal]], Major Archbishop of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]], Head of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Malankara Catholic Church]] and President of Synod of Syro-Malankara Church, member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]] and [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]], age {{age|1959|6|15}}.
* [[Filipe Neri Ferrao|Filipe Neri ''Cardinal'' Ferrao]], Metropolitan Archbishop Patriarch of [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Goa and Daman]], and member of [[Dicastery for Evangelization]] in Section for Fundamental Questions regarding Evangelization in the World, age {{age|1953|1|20}}.
* [[Anthony Poola|Anthony ''Cardinal'' Poola]], Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]], and member of [[Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development]], age {{age|1961|11|15}}.
* [[Mar (title)| Mar]] [[George Koovakad|George Jacob ''Cardinal'' Koovakkad]], Prefect of the [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue]] and member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]], age {{age|1973|08|11}}.

; Non-electors
* [[Oswald Gracias|Oswald ''Cardinal'' Gracias]], Metropolitan Archbishop emeritus of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay]], member of [[Council of Cardinals]] and [[Dicastery for Legislative Texts]], age {{age|1944|12|24}}.
* [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[George Alencherry| George ''Cardinal'' Alencherry]], Major Archbishop Emeritus of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Eranakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam–Angamaly]], member of the [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches]] and International Council for Catechesis, former Head of the [[Syro-Malabar]] Church and former President of the Synod of Syro-Malabar Church, age {{age|1945|4|19}}.

==See also==
* [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
* [[List of cathedrals in India]]
* [[Territories of Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
* [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://cbci.in Catholic Bishops' Conference of India website]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/country/IN-precedence.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/binqv.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catholic bishops of India}}
[[Category:Catholic Church in India|Bishops]]
[[Category:Lists of Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops in India| ]]
[[Category:India religion-related lists]]

Caitu Silva

2026-04-19T01:16:19Z

Asissantra: entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Caitu Silva
| birth_name = Caetano Silva
| image = Caitu Silva in 2016.jpg
| caption = Silva in 2016
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Mickky Pacheco]]
| successor1 = [[Churchill Alemao]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2019)
| other_party = [[Goa Vikas Party]] (until 2019)
| spouse =
| children =
| education = 5th Pass
| alma_mater =
| profession = Businessman
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Caetano Rossario''' "'''Caitu'''" '''Silva''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]] in the [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Goa Vikas Party]]. He joined [[Indian National Congress]] in April 2019.<ref>[http://myneta.info/goa2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=157 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ex-benaulim-mla-silva-joins-cong/articleshow/68972387.cms Ex-Benaulim MLA Silva joins Cong]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/parliamentary-polls-see-aap-rising-in-salcete/articleshow/69489966.cms Parliamentary polls see AAP rising in Salcete]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/caitu-silva-is-an-indian-not-portuguese-rules-mha/articleshow/57172405.cms Caitu Silva is an Indian, not Portuguese, rules MHA]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silva, Caetano}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Benaulim]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa Vikas Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Sardhana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:27Z

Asissantra: made basic article basic info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = 44. [[Sardhana]] ४४. सरधना
| constituency_no = 44
| loksabha_cons = [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| mla = [[Atul Pradhan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| map_image = 44-Sardhana.svg
| map_caption = Incumbent MLA Atul Pradhan
}}

'''Sardhana Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Central Legislative Assembly|Indian Legislative Assembly]], in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] region of India.<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sardhana.html|title=Sardhana Assembly constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sardhana Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sardhana.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ramji Lal Sahayak
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Faten Singh Rana
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ramji Lal Sahayak
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. V. Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Jamadar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Nazir Ahmad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Balvir Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Syed Zakiuddin
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Abdul Wahid Qureshi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Amar Pal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Vijaypal Singh Tomar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |Ravindra Pundir
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Chandra Veer Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangeet Singh Som]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Atul Pradhan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardhana<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Atul Pradhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:118573}}
|percentage = 48.75
|change = {{increase}}16.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sangeet Singh Som]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100373}}
|percentage = 41.27
|change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Dhama
|votes = {{formatnum:18140}}
|percentage = 7.46
|change = {{decrease}}16.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:883}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{decrease}}0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18200}}
|percentage = 7.48
|change = {{decrease}}1.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243206}}
|percentage = 67.22
|change = {{decrease}}4.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}8.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardhana<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sangeet Singh Som]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97921}}
|percentage = 40.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Atul Pradhan
|votes = {{formatnum:76296}}
|percentage = 31.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hafiz Imran Yaqoob
|votes = {{formatnum:57239}}
|percentage = 23.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Vakil Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3920}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1087}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21625}}
|percentage = 9.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:239251}}
|percentage = 71.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Meerut district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Samayanallur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:53Z

Asissantra: made the post initial version!

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Samayanallur''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Madurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It was a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party =
| mla =
| name = Samayanallur
| electors= 411,325
| reservation = SC
| abolished= 2008
}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[P. Kakkan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. Baluchamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[A. Sivakumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| N. Soundarapandian
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[M. Kalirajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[P. Ponnambalam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[A. Tamilarasi|A. Tamilarasi Ravikumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.23}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Tamilarasi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=124,656 |percentage=43.45% |change=1.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Lakshmi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=119,012 |percentage=41.48% |change=-11.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Baskaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=35,684 |percentage=12.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Palanivelu Swamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,005 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Veerapandi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,532 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavel Rajan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=927 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. G. Rajasingh |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=766 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanichamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=760 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthukrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=629 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=476 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Thamilappandi |party=Independent politician |votes=460 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,644 |percentage=1.97% |change=-8.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=286,907 |percentage=69.75% |change= 17.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 411,325 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnampalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,060 |percentage=52.67% |change=25.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kasthuri Sivasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,136 |percentage=41.86% |change=-18.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinna Raja |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,803 |percentage=2.61% |change=-4.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Jeyaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,337 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. B. Swaminathan |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,141 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thirumaraimuthalvan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,026 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Paulraj |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Muthiah Muthuganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pandy |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=270 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Pandi |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,924 |percentage=10.81% |change=-21.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,277 |percentage=51.92% |change= -8.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 354,936 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101,807 |percentage=60.01% |change=31.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Raja Selvaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,159 |percentage=27.21% |change=-42.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pandiammal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,363 |percentage=6.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanivel Rajan Solai |party=Janata Party |votes=4,790 |percentage=2.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Palanivel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,332 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavel Rajan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,122 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Baskar |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=159 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. G. Rajasingh |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jeevaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,648 |percentage=32.80% |change=-8.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=169,638 |percentage=60.86% |change= 5.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,129 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kalirajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,161 |percentage=69.98% |change=43.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Soundarapandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,705 |percentage=28.32% |change=-9.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sarvathikari |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=734 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lakshmiperiyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=263 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Perumal |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=252 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subbiyan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=251 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Raguparan |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Arasan Alias Boominathan |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,456 |percentage=41.66% |change=30.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=133,126 |percentage=55.72% |change= -11.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,314 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 31.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Soundarapandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,360 |percentage=38.06% |change=-2.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Eraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,410 |percentage=26.68% |change=-31.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Maruthaimuthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,106 |percentage=20.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Muthian Muthuganesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,629 |percentage=13.29% |change=-45.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lakshmi Periyasami |party=Independent politician |votes=472 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vellaisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pandi |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jerayaman |party=Independent politician |votes=61 |percentage=0.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,950 |percentage=11.38% |change=-6.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=140,212 |percentage=67.40% |change= -4.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,675 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sivakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,883 |percentage=58.44% |change=4.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,746 |percentage=40.58% |change=-4.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lakshimi Perisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=394 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Renuga |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnamaravarthy |party=Independent politician |votes=336 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,137 |percentage=17.86% |change=9.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,731 |percentage=71.62% |change= 8.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,057 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Baluchamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,612 |percentage=53.61% |change=9.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subashchandra Bose |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,958 |percentage=45.50% |change=30.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnappan |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muniyandi |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,654 |percentage=8.11% |change=-10.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,410 |percentage=62.69% |change= 3.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,150 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Samayanallur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,019 |percentage=44.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Karuthanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,658 |percentage=25.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subhas Chandra Bose |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,484 |percentage=15.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vadivelu |party=Janata Party |votes=9,733 |percentage=12.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=685 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rakkan |party=Independent politician |votes=526 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karmegam |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,361 |percentage=18.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,448 |percentage=59.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,768 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9.98|78.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Suryapet Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:23Z

Asissantra: made initial post w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Suryapet
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (91-Suryapet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Suryapet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,22,769
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Jagadish reddy Guntakandla.jpg
| constituency_no = 91
}}
'''Suryapet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] that includes the city of [[Suryapet]]. It is one of the four constituencies in [[Suryapet district]]. It has been part of [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency]] since 2009.

As of 2023, [[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] represents the constituency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Suryapet Assembly Election 2014 |url=http://indianballot.com/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-2014-location-34-4270.html}}</ref>{{update after|2028}}

==Extent of the constituency==
The assembly constituency comprises the following ''mandals'':{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Suryapet mandal|Suryapet]]
|-
| [[Athmakur (S) mandal|Athmakur (S)]]
|-
| [[Chivemla]]
|-
| [[Penpahad]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Assembly
!Duration
!Name of MLA
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|Hyderabad Legislative Assembly (Gen.)
|1952-56
|[[Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Hyderabad Legislative Assembly (Res.)
|1952-56
|{{ill|Uppala Malsoor|te|ఉప్పల మల్సూర్}}
|-
|Second AP Legislative Assembly (Gen.)
|1957-62
|Bheemireddi Narasimha Reddy
|-
|Third AP Legislative Assembly
|1962-67
| rowspan="2" |Uppala Malsoor
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Fourth AP Legislative Assembly
|1967-72
|-
|Fifth AP Legislative Assembly
|1972-78
|Yedla Gopaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Sixth AP Legislative Assembly
|1978-83
|Annumulapuri Parandamulu
|-
|Seventh AP Legislative Assembly
|1983-85
|Eda Deviah
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Eighth AP Legislative Assembly
|1985-89
|Daida Sundaraiah
|-
|Ninth AP Legislative Assembly
|1989-94
|[[Sudarshan Akarapu|Akarapu Sudarshan]]
|-
|Tenth AP Legislative Assembly
|1994-99
|Akarapu Sudarshan
|-
|Eleventh AP Legislative Assembly
|1999-04
|Dosapati Gopal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[State Assembly elections in India, 2004#Andhra Pradesh|Twelfth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|2004-09
|Vedasu Venkaiah
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections|Thirteenth AP Legislative Assembly]]
|2009-14
|[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|First TS Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 June 2014|title=Plum posts for Nalgonda leaders|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/plum-posts-for-nalgonda-leaders/article6079377.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120144503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/plum-posts-for-nalgonda-leaders/article6079377.ece|archive-date=20 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|2014-18
|rowspan=3|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Second TS Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 2020|title=SEC suspends Nereducherla Commissioner’s decision, election postponed to Tuesday|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sec-suspends-nereducherla-commissioners-decision-election-postponed-to-tuesday/article30667091.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128141937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sec-suspends-nereducherla-commissioners-decision-election-postponed-to-tuesday/article30667091.ece|archive-date=28 January 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|2018-2023
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Third TS Legislative Assembly]]
|2023-incumbent
|}

==Election results ==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Suryapet (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]|votes=75,143|percentage=36.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]|votes=70,537|percentage=34.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sankineni Venkateswar Rao|votes=40,407|percentage=19.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vatte Janaiah Yadav|votes=13,907|percentage=6.73|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Marri Nehemiah|votes=1,072|percentage=0.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Maram Venkat Reddy|votes=961|percentage=0.46|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=774|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,606|percentage=2.23|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,06,669|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Suryapet (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]|votes=68,650|percentage=37.34|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]|votes=62,683|percentage=34.10|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sankineni Venkateswar Rao|votes=39,240|percentage=21.35|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dongari Venu|votes=4,871|percentage=2.65|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Perumalla Venkanna|votes=1,875|percentage=1.02|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=820|percentage=0.45|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=5,967|percentage=3.24|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,83,832|percentage=87.08|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Suryapet (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]|votes=43,554|percentage=25.22|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sankineni Venkateswar Rao|votes=41,335|percentage=23.93|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]|votes=39,175|percentage=22.68|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Patel Ramesh Reddy|votes=38,529|percentage=22.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Beeravolu Sri Harsha|votes=2,797|percentage=1.62|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Beeravolu Somi Reddy|votes=1,621|percentage=0.94|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Muppani Linga Reddy|votes=1,448|percentage=0.84|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dasari Narendar|votes=1,202|percentage=0.70|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=722|percentage=0.42|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=2,219|percentage=1.29|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,72,701|percentage=79.90|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Suryapet (Assembly constituency)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30502|title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Suryapet 2009}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party =Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]]
| votes =57,014
| percentage =37.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Poreddy Chandrasekhar Reddy|votes=50,817|percentage=33.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Bandaru Dhanunjaya Goud|votes=24,696|percentage=16.35|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.14|79.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Tarari Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:14Z

Asissantra: made basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarari Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 196-Tarari constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vishal Prashant]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = 
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|196]]
| established = 1951 (as Tarari cum Piro) 1957 (renamed to Piro) 2010 (renamed to Tarari)
| electors = 304,027
| reservation = None 
| abolished = 
}}

''' Tarari Assembly constituency''' (formerly '''Piro Assembly constituency''') is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC), [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] and [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/arrah.html | title=Arrah Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Area/Wards==
Tarari assembly constituency consists of:<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 20 December 2013 }}</ref>

* [[Tarari, Bihar|Tarari]] CD block
* [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]] CD block
* Gram Panchayats: Amai, Bachari, Bharsar, Nonar, Katar, Narayanpur, Sukhrauli and Piro ([[Nagar Panchayat]]) of [[Piro, Bihar|Piro]] CD block.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The list of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing Tarari constituency is as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-2008: See [[Piro Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Sunil Pandey|Narendra Kumar Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sudama Prasad]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Bihar|2024^]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Vishal Prashant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}
^By-poll

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Tarari<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Tarari">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Tarari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04196.htm |access-date=8 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208045855/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04196.htm |archive-date=8 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vishal Prashant]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96887}}
|percentage = 49.59
|change = +41.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madan Singh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:85423}}
|percentage = 43.72
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Pathak
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2364}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2271}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4078}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11464}}
|percentage = 5.87
|change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195382}}
|percentage = 64.26
|change = +8.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing = 
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Bihar|Bihar Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Tarari<ref name="NDA wins all four seats in Bihar bypolls; Prashant Kishor’s party fails to make a mark in debut">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=NDA wins all four seats in Bihar bypolls; Prashant Kishor's party fails to make a mark in debut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nda-wins-all-four-seats-in-bihar-bypolls-prashant-kishors-party-fails-to-make-a-mark-in-debut/article68902409.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123145616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nda-wins-all-four-seats-in-bihar-bypolls-prashant-kishors-party-fails-to-make-a-mark-in-debut/article68902409.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vishal Prashant]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=78,755|percentage=48.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju Yadav|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|votes=68,143|percentage=42.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=3,560|percentage=2.20|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,612|percentage=6.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,61,170|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tarari, Bihar|Tarari]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudama Prasad]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:73945}}
|percentage = 43.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Pandey @ Sunil Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:62930}}
|percentage = 37.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kaushal Kumar Vidhyarthi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13833}}
|percentage = 8.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jantantrik Vikas Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:6177}}
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Santosh Singh Chandrawanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:2278}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumari Sanchana
|votes = {{formatnum:2196}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudama Prasad S/O Ramji Seth
|votes = {{formatnum:1591}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2550}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change = -1.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11015}}
|percentage = 6.48
|change = +6.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169857}}
|percentage = 55.63
|change = +2.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Tarari<ref name="Tarari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Tarari Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/tarari |accessdate=8 December 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208045150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/tarari |archivedate=8 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sudama Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:44050}}
|percentage = 28.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Gita Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:43778}}
|percentage = 28.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Akhilesh Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40957}}
|percentage = 26.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lal Bihari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7832}}
|percentage = 5.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2736}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Sanjay Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:2425}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Shri Bhagwan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1391}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3858}}
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:272}}
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153002}}
|percentage = 53.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Relic Stupa of Vaishali

2026-03-30T20:50:02Z

Asissantra: adding bio

{{Short description|Archaeological site in India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Vaishali relic stupa
|native_name =
| image = Relicstupa-vaishali.jpg
| image_size = 250
|alt =
|caption = The relic stupa of Vaishali
| map_type = India
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]
| location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Vaishali district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.99|N|85.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| sect =
| architecture_type = [[Stupa]]
| architecture_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]]
| year_completed = c. 5th century BCE
| height_max =
| materials = Clay, brick and earth
| functional_status = Preserved
| administration = [[Licchavis of Vaishali]]
|length =
|width =
}}
The '''Relic Stupa of Vaishali''' is a brick and clay [[stupa]] built by the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Licchavi]] king to contain relics of [[the Buddha]]. It has been dated to c. 5th century BCE and is considered to be the earliest archaeologically known stupa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Sita Ran |title=A Note on Ancient Architecture of Vaisali |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1968 |volume=30 |pages=49–52 |jstor=44141446 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141446 |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2024-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919153723/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141446 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Fogelin2015>{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948239 |pages=82–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&q=an+archaeological+history+of+indian+buddhism |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921210719/https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&q=an+archaeological+history+of+indian+buddhism |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2010, the stupa has been considered a tentative site under the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]] list, in the category of the [[Silk Road sites in India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Silk Road Sites in India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5492/ |website=UNESCO |access-date=2024-08-25 |archive-date=2022-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501084120/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5492 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Buddha's ashes Stupa, Vaishali, Bihar.jpg|thumb|Buddha's Relic Stupa, Vaishali, Bihar]]

==History==
[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] formed the capital of the [[Licchavis of Vaishali|Licchavis]] who ruled from up until 468 BCE. The stupa itself was uncovered in 1958 following excavations at the site.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dilip |title=Archaeology of Vaishali |date=1986 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=9788185205083 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLq1AAAAIAAJ&q=relic+stupa+vaishali}}</ref> The stupa itself is made of brick and has a [[clay]] core that has been enlarged several times.<ref name= Fogelin2015 /> The excavators noted that the final brick addition was contemporary with a nearby 3rd century BCE [[Mauryan|Mauryan empire]] column which would therefore mean that the clay core predated the Mauryans. They also found that the relics within the stupa had been removed at a later date. This would match up with the history of [[Ashoka]] who is said to have redistributed the relics of the Buddha in the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674915251 |page=260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&q=relic+stupa+vaishali}}</ref>

[[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] sources including the [[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]] have stated that the Licchavis of Vaishali were one of the groups that were designated to receive a portion of the cremated remains of the [[Buddha]] and that they built a shrine/stupa to enshrine it at their capital. Thus it can be stated that this clay stupa held either one of the original Eight Great Relic Stupas of the Buddha's remains or held the ashes from the Buddha's cremation which were to be given to the Buddha's family at Kapilvastu, as detailed in the Sutta.<ref name= Fogelin2015 /> The description of the casket's contents was "ashy earth, and also contained a piece of gold leaf, two glass beads, a small conch and a punch-marked copper coin",<ref>Samye Translations, "Vaishali", ''Nekhor: Circling the Sacred'', 2012.</ref> which describes more closely the ash relics than the bone relics. The relic casket itself has been kept at [[Patna Museum]] since 1972.

The original structure measured 26' in diameter at its base. The enlargements of the stupa took place in three phases and had four platforms that pointed in the four cardinal directions, possibly so that offerings could be placed on them.<ref name= Fogelin2015 />

==Preservation==
Despite the site being protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], concerns were raised in 2014 about possible security and management issues that are affecting the site. Due to flooding in the region and a lack of drainage, waterlogging has been noted to be a potential threat to the stupa's structural integrity. There are also no security guards deputed at the site.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Piyush Kumar |title=Ancient stupa in a shambles - Neglect agony for 5th century Buddha relic in Vaishali |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/ancient-stupa-in-a-shambles-neglect-agony-for-5th-century-buddha-relic-in-vaishali/cid/316714 |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=Telegraph India |date=2014 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415130834/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/ancient-stupa-in-a-shambles-neglect-agony-for-5th-century-buddha-relic-in-vaishali/cid/316714 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]

Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

2026-03-26T10:13:46Z

Asissantra: added a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which was enacted to prohibit indecent representation of women through [[film]], [[web series]], advertisement or in publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner. If any [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT platforms]] presented women as a [[Sex|sex object]] or showing [[nudity]] and obscenity towards women in its [[Web series|shows]], then it would be a punishable offence and this may lead to [[Ban (law)|banning]] of the series or its OTT platform.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wcd.nic.in/irwp.htm# |title=Indescent Representation of Women |access-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403092258/http://wcd.nic.in/irwp.htm# |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{citation
|title = Arrest Punjabi singers – Jazzy B, Honey Singh & Diljit Dosanjh: Istri Jagriti Manch (IJM)
|url = http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2013/01/02/arrest-punjabi-singers-jazzy-b-honey-singh-diljit-dosanjh-istri-jagriti-manch-ijm/
|access-date = 3 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130107123146/http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2013/01/02/arrest-punjabi-singers-jazzy-b-honey-singh-diljit-dosanjh-istri-jagriti-manch-ijm/#
|archive-date = 7 January 2013
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Moksha |last2=Pendyal |first2=Keerti |date=2021 |title=Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 - Protection from Malicious Content or Chilling Free Speech |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3967857 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3967857 |s2cid=246621872 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1986-12-23 |title=Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1768}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1986]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights legislation]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Sex laws in India]]
[[Category:1986 in women's history]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Subhash Phal Desai

2026-03-25T09:55:50Z

Asissantra: general expanded details for accuracy further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
| name = Subhash Phal Desai
| birth_name = Subhash Uttam Phal Desai
| image = Subhash Phal Desai in July 2024.png
| caption = Phal Desai in 2024
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1966|08|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], India
| residence = [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]]
| office =Minister of Social Welfare, River Navigation, Archives and Archeology, Government of Goa, Ex-Deputy Speaker of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
| term_start = 30 March 2022
| term_end = 9 April 2022
| predecessor = [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Prasad Gaonkar]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Vasudev Gaonkar]]
| successor2 = [[Prasad Gaonkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = Shubha Phal Dessai
| children = 2
| education = Bachelor of Science Diploma In Computer Application
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]] [[Goa University]]
| profession = Dealer in Iron Ore & Transport Contractor
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Subhash Uttam Phal Desai''' (born 20 August 1966) is an Indian politician who serves as a Minister of Social Welfare, River Navigation, Archives and Archeology in the [[Government of Goa]]. He was also a former Deputy Speaker of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] and member of Goa Legislative assembly from [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]. He also served as a vice-chairman of Entertainment Society of Goa (ESG), who also jointly conduct [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) with [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. He is the member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/goa2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=65|title=Subhash Uttam Phal Dessai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SANGUEM(SOUTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/italian-swami-impresses-with-recitation-of-sanskrit-shlokas/articleshow/59961877.cms|title=sanskrit: Italian swami impresses with recitation of Sanskrit shlokas | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/This-is-how-much-your-MLA-is-worth/110754.html This is how much your MLA is worth]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/m/news_details.php?id=6904|title=Wives of 2 MLAs get prominent positions in BJP's new Executive (By: GOANEWS DESK, PANAJI)|website=Goa News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phal Desai, Subhash}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bara, North 24 Parganas

2026-03-23T15:14:20Z

Asissantra: new

{{Other uses|Bara (disambiguation){{!}}Bara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bara
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.915231|N|88.772246|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.736
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 5,172
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743289
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03216
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon Dakshin]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bara''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Gaighata (community development block)|Gaighata]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bangaon subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=600| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|4|0|N|88|47|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bangaon subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: place of tourist interest Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|41|N|88|46|53|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chandpara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chandpara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|47|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhekati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhekati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|54|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Bara, North 24 Parganas (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|46|16|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Chikanpara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chikanpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|57|36|N|88|47|24|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhakuria| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Dhakuria, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|47|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Shimulpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Shimulpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|58|10|N|88|47|3|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Sonatikiri| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sonatikiri]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|3|18|N|88|49|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Bangaon| numbered8=M| mark-title8=[[Bangaon]] (M) | shape-color8= #800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|55|28|N|88|46|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Thakurnagar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Thakurnagar]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|4|N|88|53|8|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Bagdah| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bagdah, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|20|N|88|43|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Gaighata| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gaighata, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|3|53|N|88|45|38|E}} | label-pos12=top|label12= Gopalnagar| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gopalnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|19|N|88|51|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Helencha| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Helencha]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|11|N|88|42|6|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Nahata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Nahata]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|2|16|N|88|44|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Palla| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Palla, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|2|13|N|88|52|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Petrapole check post| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Petrapole]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|10|N|88|45|43|E}} | label-pos17=bottom| label17=Bibhutibhusan|labela17=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|4|50|N|88|47|35|E}} | label18= Ichhamati River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 16| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|0|N|88|52|40|E}} | label19= Betna River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 100| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}
Bangaon subdivision has 6 police stations including 1 women PS, 3 [[Community development block]]s, 3 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 38 [[gram panchayat]]s, 363 [[mouza]]s, 355 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 7 [[census town]]s. The municipality is at [[Bangaon]]. The census towns are: [[Chandpara]], Chhekati, [[Sonatikiri]], [[Dhakuria, North 24 Parganas|Dhakuria]], [[Chikanpara]], Shimulpur and Bara. The subdivision has its headquarters at Bangaon.<ref name=handbook2013/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

===Location===
Bara is located at {{coord|22.915231|N|88.786246|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map was a part of Jessore district from 1883.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.39429/2015.39429.Jessore-District-Gazetteers_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers, Jessore by L.S.S. O’Malley | work= Chapter II: History, Page/ Section 44 | publisher = Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1912 |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadia.gov.in/District%20Gazetteer/Ch11%20-%20General%20administration.PDF | title = District Gazetteer | work= Chapter IX: General Administration, Page 150| publisher = Egiye Bangla |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> At the time of [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]] the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the police station areas of Bangaon and Gaighata of Jessore district in India and the area was made a part of 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/ | title = Jessore District Information | publisher = Khujbo.com | access-date = 11 May 2018 | archive-date = 16 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174925/http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The renowned novelist, [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]] (of ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' fame) belonged to this area and many of his writings portray his experience in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Bibhutibhushan | title = Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 22 June 2021}}</ref> It is a flat plain located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> In the densely populated area, 16.33% of the population lives in the urban areas and 83.67% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bara had a total population of 5,172, of which 2,643 (51%) were males and 2,529 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 446. The total number of literate persons in Bara was 4,087 (86.48% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 322778, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Bara covered an area of 1.736 km2. It had 4 km roads. The protected water-supply involved hand pumps. It had 3,654 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 TB hospital, 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities, it had 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school and 1 higher secondary school. The nearest college was 5 km away at [[Thakurnagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Kukri

2026-03-22T04:18:41Z

Asissantra: brief enhance intro after review further and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Knife associated with the Gurkhas of Nepal}}
{{hatnote|"Khukri", "Khukuri", and "Kukuri" redirect here. For other uses, see [[Kukri (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Kukri
| image = Polished kukri noBG.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| origin = [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
| type = [[Edged and bladed weapons|Bladed melee weapon]], [[utility knife|utility tool]]
| is_bladed = Yes
| service = {{circa|7th century}} – present<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Kukri History: Khukuri House|url=https://www.khukuriblades.com/kukri_history/#:~:text=But%20other%20suggest%20that%20the,Nepal,%20originated%20in%20ancient%20times.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529044937/https://khukuriblades.com/khukuri_history/|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=8 November 2020|website=www.khukuriblades.com}}</ref>
| used_by = [[Gurkha]]s, [[Khas people]] and [[Kirat]]s {{small| (natively)}}
| wars = {{ubl
| [[Anglo-Nepalese War|Gurkha War]]
| [[Anglo-Afghan Wars]]
| [[Sino-Nepalese War]]
| [[Third Nepal–Tibet War]]
| [[World War I]]
| [[World War II]]
| [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]]
| [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Indo-Pakistani War]]
| [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|1967 Sino-Indian War]]
| [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Third Indo-Pakistani War]]
| [[Falklands War]]
| [[Kargil War]]
| [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|War in Afghanistan (1978–present)]]
}}
| weight = {{cvt|450| – |900|g|lb|0}}
| length = {{cvt|40| – |45|cm}}
| width =
| height =
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type =
}}

The '''kukri''' ({{IPAc-en|Lang|ˈ|k|ʊ|k|r|i}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kukri {{!}} Meaning of Kukri by Lexico|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/kukri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621034713/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kukri|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2020|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> or '''khukuri''' ({{langx|ne|[[:ne:खुकुरी|खुकुरी]]}}, {{IPA|ne|kʰukuri|pron}}) is a type of [[knife]] or short [[sword]] with a distinct recurve in its [[blade]] that originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It serves multiple purposes as a melee weapon and also as a regular cutting/chopping tool throughout most of [[South Asia]]. The ''kukri'', ''khukri'', and ''kukkri'' spellings are of [[Nepali English]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |title=Illustrated Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1998 |location=Great Britain |isbn=140532029-X}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}}

The kukri is the national weapon of [[Nepal]], traditionally serving the role of a basic [[utility knife]] for the [[Nepali language|Nepali]]-speaking [[Gurkha]]s, and consequently is a characteristic weapon of the [[Nepali Army]].<ref name="gurkhabde.com">{{Cite news|last=Latter|first=Mick|date=2013-03-26|title=The Kukri|url=https://www.gurkhabde.com/the-kukri/|access-date=2022-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814072935/https://www.gurkhabde.com/the-kukri/|archive-date=2013-08-14 |website=Welcome to the Gurkha Brigade Association|language=en-GB}}</ref>

There are many myths surrounding the kukri since its earliest recorded use in the 7th century—most notably a traditional custom that the blade must draw blood before being sheathed, when its sole purpose is considered as a fighting weapon.

In addition to its use in combat, the kukri is also used for a variety of other purposes. It is used by farmers and laborers for cutting crops and clearing brush, and by hunters for skinning and cleaning game. It is also used as a tool for cooking, woodworking, and even as a ceremonial object in some Nepalese religious traditions.

== History ==
[[File:Gambhir Singh Rayamajhi.jpg|thumb|left|Colonel Gambhir Singh Rayamajhi Kshetri, a [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhali]] Commander armed with a Khukuri in his left hand and [[Talwar]] on his right]]

Researchers trace the origins of the blade back to the domestic [[sickle]] and the prehistoric bent stick used for hunting and later in hand-to-hand combat.<ref name=Burton>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Sword |author=Richard Francis Burton |publisher=Dover |year=1987 |location=London |isbn=0-486-25434-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt |author-link=Richard Francis Burton }}</ref> Similar implements have existed in several forms throughout the Indian subcontinent and were used both as weapons and as tools. It might have derived from the ancient Indian saber called ''[[nistrimsa]]'' (निस्त्रिंश), itself possibly based on the Greek [[kopis]] brought by [[Alexander the Great]]'s forces to India in the 4th century BC.<ref>{{cite book|author=Duncan Head|title=Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, 359 BC to 146 BC: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons|date=1982|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=9780904417265|page=136}}</ref> [[Richard Francis Burton|Burton]] (1884) writes that the [[British Museum]] housed a large kukri-like [[falchion]] inscribed with writing in [[Pali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Book of the Sword, by Richard F. Burton—A Project Gutenberg eBook |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61751/61751-h/61751-h.htm |website=www.gutenberg.org |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> Among the oldest existing kukri are those belonging to Drabya Shah (c. 1559), housed in the National Museum of Nepal in [[Kathmandu]].

The kukri came to be known to the Western world when the [[East India Company]] came into conflict with the growing [[Gorkha Kingdom]], culminating in the [[Gurkha War]] of 1814–1816.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=The Gurkha Welfare |date=2024-11-27 |title=The History of The Kukri |url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/news/the-history-of-the-kukri/#:~:text=The%20kukri%20knife%20is%20an,a%20weapon%20and%20a%20tool. |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=The Gurkha Welfare Trust |language=en}}</ref> It gained literary attention in the 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]'' by Irish author [[Bram Stoker]]. Despite the popular image of Dracula having a stake driven through his heart at the conclusion of a climactic battle between Dracula's bodyguards and the heroes, Mina's narrative describes his throat being sliced through by Jonathan Harker's kukri and his heart pierced by Quincey Morris's [[Bowie knife]].<ref>Stoker, Dacre and Ian Holt (2009). ''Dracula the Un-Dead''. Penguin Group. p. 306.</ref>

All Gurkha troops are issued with two kukris, a Service No.1 (ceremonial) and a Service No.2 (exercise); in modern times, members of the [[Brigade of Gurkhas]] receive training in its use. The weapon gained fame in the Gurkha War and its continued use through both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] enhanced its reputation among both Allied troops and enemy forces. Its acclaim was demonstrated in North Africa by one unit's situation report. It reads: "Enemy losses: ten killed, our nil. Ammunition expenditure nil."<ref>Reagan, Geoffrey (1992). ''Military Anecdotes''. Guinness Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85112-519-0}}. p. 180.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=140>
File:1-4th_Gurkhas_at_kit_inspection_showing_kukris_(Photo_24-98).jpg|Gurkhas at kit inspection showing kukri in France during World War I
File:Ghurkas advance through a smokescreen up a steep slope in Tunisia, 16 March 1943. NA1096.jpg|Ghurkas in action in Tunisia, 16 March 1943
</gallery>

== Design ==
[[File:Knife (Kukri) with Sheath MET 36.25.831a b 001 Apr2017.jpg|thumb|Example with notch and flared hilt]]
The kukri is designed primarily for chopping. The shape varies a great deal from being quite straight to highly curved with angled or smooth spines. There are substantial variations in dimensions and blade thickness depending on intended tasks as well as the region of origin and the smith that produced it. As a general guide the spines vary from {{convert|5-10|mm|abbr=on}} at the handle, and can taper to {{convert|2|mm|abbr=on}} by the point while the blade lengths can vary from {{convert|26-38|cm|abbr=on}} for general use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Dexter |date=2022-06-23 |title=7 Of The Best Kukri Knife Options |url=https://blademag.com/buyers-guides/best-kukri |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=BLADE Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

A kukri designed for general purpose use is commonly {{convert|40-45|cm|abbr=on}} in overall length and weighs approximately {{convert|450-900|g|abbr=on}}. Larger examples are impractical for everyday use and are rarely found except in collections or as ceremonial weapons. Smaller ones are of more limited utility, but very easy to carry.

Another factor that affects its weight and balance is the construction of the blade. To reduce weight while keeping strength, the blade might be hollow forged (or, alternatively, hollow ground), or a [[Fuller (weapon)|fuller]] is created. Kukris are made with several different types of fuller including ''tin Chira'' (triple fuller), ''Dui Chira'' (double fuller), ''Ang Khola'' (single fuller), or basic non-tapered spines with a large bevelled edge.

[[File:Kukri-reihe.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kukris with a variety of blade shapes and sizes, with thin fullers]]
Kukri blades usually have a notch (''karda'', ''kauda'', ''Gaudi'', ''Kaura'', or ''Cho'') at the base of the blade. Various reasons are given for this, both practical and ceremonial: that it makes blood and sap drop off the blade rather than running onto the handle and thereby prevents the handle from becoming slippery;<ref>{{cite episode |title=Episode 3 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/i/p00jvf2t/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808221831/http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/p00jvf2t/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |series=In the Highest Tradition |last=Wooldridge |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Wooldridge |network=[[BBC]] |station=[[BBC Two]] |airdate=20 November 1989 |time=13 minutes 25 seconds |quote=Here if I may describe, you see a little pattern there, which some people say that it has got some religious significance, but I doubt very much. In fact, that is just so that when you have blood on the kukri, it just sort of naturally drips there, it doesn't get onto your hand and starts clogging up and that is what it is for, that little nick there.}}</ref> that it delineates the end of the blade whilst sharpening; that it is a symbol representing a cow's foot, or [[Shiva]]; or that it can catch another blade or kukri in combat. The notch may also represent the teats of a cow, a reminder that the kukri should not be used to kill a cow, an animal revered and worshipped by Hindus. {{citation needed|reason=Relief cut for differential tempered edge|date=July 2016}} The notch may also be used as a catch, to hold tight against a belt, or to bite onto twine to be suspended.{{original research inline|date=August 2016}}

The handles are most often made of [[hardwood]] or [[water buffalo]] [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]], but [[ivory]], [[bone]], and [[metal]] handles have also been produced. The handle quite often has a flared butt that allows better retention in draw cuts and chopping. Most handles have metal bolsters and butt plates which are generally made of [[brass]] or steel.

[[File:Knife (Kukri) with Sheath, Small Knife, Belt, Pouch and Box MET 36.25.826a g 001 Mar2017.jpg|thumb|Example with decorated belt and scabbard]]
The traditional method of handle attachment in Nepal is a partial length "blind" [[Tang (tools)|tang]] stuck to the grip with a combination of adhesives and tight fit, although a full length tang peened over the butt plate has become popular in the more modern versions.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} A "slab" or "sandwich" tang, the full size and shape of the grip and exposed along the front and back, is mainly used on some military models but has not become widespread in Nepal itself.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

The kukri typically comes in either a decorated wooden scabbard or one which is wrapped in leather. Traditionally, the scabbard also holds two smaller blades: an unsharpened ''chakmak'' to burnish the blade, and another accessory blade called a ''karda''. Some older style scabbards include a pouch for carrying flint or dry tinder.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

== Use ==

[[File:Survival training heats up 160830-M-YN982-241.jpg|thumb|Kukri as a tool during survival training]]
The kukri is effective as a hatchet-like chopping tool or weapon due to its forward balance, and the expanding curve of the "belly" causes it to automatically bite in when drawn across a target which makes for an efficient draw cut.

While most famed from use in the military, the kukri is the most commonly used multipurpose tool in the fields and homes in Nepal. Its use has varied from building, clearing, chopping firewood, digging, slaughtering animals for food, cutting meat and vegetables, skinning animals, and opening cans.

The kukri is versatile. It can function as a smaller knife by using the narrower part of the blade, closest to the handle. The heavier and wider end of the blade, towards the tip, functions as an axe or a small shovel.

The kukri often appears in [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] [[heraldry]] and is used in many traditional, [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-centric rites such as [[wedding]] ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=BBC - A History of the World - Object : The Fisher Kukri|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/FzDrekacQHusof2P4WULgw#:~:text=The%20Kukri%20is%20the%20national%20symbol%20of%20Nepal.,-It%20is%20a&text=At%20Dashain,%20the%20Hindu%20religious,the%20national%20symbol%20of%20Nepal.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017172851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/FzDrekacQHusof2P4WULgw|archive-date=17 October 2020|access-date=8 November 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=140>
File:Rai-Kirati Shaman in Eastern Nepal.jpg|A [[Rai people|Rai]]-[[Kirati people|Kirati]] priest wearing a kukri on his waist
File:Rai_People_Mundumic_Ritualistic_religious_tradition.jpg|Kukri in traditional religious worship of [[Rai people]]
File:Gurkha IOC 3.jpg|[[Gurkha Contingent]] officer with a kukri attached to his belt
File:Coat of arms of Nepal (1962–2008).svg|Coat of arms of Nepal 1962–2008, with crossed kukris
</gallery>

== Manufacture ==

The Biswakarma [[Kami (caste)|Kami caste]] has inherited the traditional art of kukri-making.<ref name="kami">{{Cite web|url=https://himalayan-imports.com/kami.html|title=Kamis, Khukuri makers of Nepal|website=himalayan-imports.com|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125193415/https://himalayan-imports.com/kami.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern kukri blades are often forged from [[spring steel]], sometimes collected from recycled [[Suspension (vehicle)|truck suspension units]].<ref name="kami"/> The [[tang (tools)|tang]] of the blade usually extends all the way through to the end of the handle;{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} the small portion of the tang that projects through the end of the handle are hammered flat to secure the blade. Kukri blades have a hard, tempered edge and a softer spine. This enables them to maintain a sharp edge, yet tolerate impacts.

Kukri handles, usually made from hardwood or buffalo horn, are often fastened with a kind of tree sap called ''laha'' (also known as "Himalayan epoxy"). With a wood or horn handle, the tang may be heated and burned into the handle to ensure a tight fit, since only the section of handle which touches the blade is burned away. In more modern kukri, handles of cast [[aluminium]] or [[brass]] are press-fitted to the tang; as the hot metal cools it shrinks, locking onto the blade. Some kukri (such as the ones made by contractors for the modern Indian Army), have a very wide tang with handle slabs fastened on by two or more rivets, commonly called a [[full tang]] (''panawal'') configuration.

Traditional profiling of the blade edge is performed by a two-man team; one spins a grinding wheel forwards and backwards by means of a rope wound several times around an axle while the sharpener applies the blade. The wheel is made by hand from fine river sand bound by ''laha'', the same adhesive used to affix the handle to the blade. Routine sharpening is traditionally accomplished by passing a ''chakmak'' over the edge in a manner similar to that used by chefs to [[sharpening steel|steel]] their knives.

Kukri scabbards are usually made of wood or metal with an animal skin or metal or wood covering. The leather work is often done by a ''[[Sirki|Sarki]]''.

==Anatomy==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Kukri BLADE Terminology.jpg|thumb|Blade terminology]]

[[File:Kukri, karda & chakmak.jpg|thumb|A kukri (top) with the traditional ''karda'' (middle) and ''chakmak'' (bottom); used as a utility knife and a sharpening tool respectively]]

; Blade:
* Keeper (''Hira Jornu''): Spade/diamond shaped metal/brass plate used to seal the butt cap.
* Butt Cap (''Chapri''): Thick metal/brass plate used to secure the handle to the tang.
* Tang (''Paro''): Rear piece of the blade that goes through the handle.
* Bolster (''Kanjo''): Thick metal/brass round shaped plate between blade and handle made to support and reinforce the fixture.
* Spine (''Beet''): Thickest blunt edge of the blade.
* Fuller/Groove (''Khol''): Straight groove or deep line that runs along part of the upper spine.
* Peak (''Juro''): Highest point of the blade.
* Main body (''Ang''): Main surface or panel of the blade.
* Fuller (''Chirra''): Curvature/hump in the blade made to absorb impact and to reduce unnecessary weight.
* Tip (''Toppa''): The starting point of the blade.
* Edge (''Dhaar''): Sharp edge of the blade.
* Belly (''Bhundi''): Widest part/area of the blade.
* Bevel (''Patti''): Slope from the main body until the sharp edge.
* Notch (''Cho''): A distinctive cut (numeric '3 '-like shape) in the edge. Used as a stopper when sharpening with the ''chakmak''.
* Ricasso (''Ghari''): Blunt area between the notch and bolster.
* Rings (''Harhari''): Round circles in the handle.
* Rivet (''Khil''): Steel or metal bolt to fasten or secure tang to the handle.
* Tang Tail (''Puchchar''): Last point of the kukri blade.

[[File:DAP scabbard Terminology.jpg|thumb|Scabbard terminology]]
; Scabbard:
* Frog (''Faras''): Belt holder specially made of thick leather ({{convert|2-4|mm|abbr=on}}) encircling the scabbard close towards the throat.
* Upper Edge (''Mathillo Bhaag''): Spine of the scabbard where holding should be done when handling a kukri.
* Lace (''Tuna''): A leather cord used to sew or attach two ends of the frog. Especially used in army types.
* Main Body (''Sharir''): The main body or surface of the scabbard. Generally made in semi oval shape.
* Chape (''Khothi''): Pointed metallic tip of the scabbard. Used to protect the naked tip of a scabbard.
* Loop (''Golie''): Round leather room/space where a belt goes through attached/fixed to the keeper with steel rivets.
* Throat (''Mauri''): Entrance towards the interior of the scabbard for the blade.
* Strap/Ridge (''Bhunti''): Thick raw leather encircling the scabbard made to create a hump to secure the frog from moving or wobbling (not available in this pic).
* Lower Edge (''Tallo Bhag''): Belly/curvature of the scabbard.

== Classification ==
[[File:Knife (Kukri) with Sheath, Small Knife and Pouch MET 36.25.828a-d 002june2014.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.6|Broader, Western style]]
[[File:Knife (Kukri) with Sheath, Two Small Knives and Pouch MET 36.25.829a-e 004june2014.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|Thinner, Eastern style]]
Kukris can be broadly classified into two types: Eastern and Western. The Eastern blades are originated and named according to the towns and villages of [[Eastern Nepal]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Kukris made in locations like [[Chainpur, Kosi|Chainpur]], [[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]], and [[Dhankuta]] in Eastern Nepal are excellent and ornate knives.<ref>Visit Nepal '98: By The Official Travel Manual of Visit Nepal '98 VNY'98 Secretariat, 1998</ref>

Western blades are generally broader. Occasionally the Western style is called ''Budhuna'', (referring to a fish with a large head), or ''baspate'' (bamboo leaf) which refers to blades just outside the proportions of the normal ''Sirupate'' blade. Despite the classification of Eastern and Western, both styles of kukri appear to be used in all areas of Nepal.

There are kukri modelled on the one used by the Gorkhali General [[Amar Singh Thapa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bladeforums.com/threads/wednesday-evening-with-amar-singh-thapa-khukuri.674412/|title= Wednesday evening with Amar Singh Thapa Khukuri|website=bladeforums.com|date= 9 September 2009|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> The real one is archived at [[National Museum of Nepal]] and is more curvy in nature than other traditions.
{{-}}

== Military adoption ==
[[File:Gurkhas exercise DM-SD-98-00170.jpg|thumb|[[Brigade of Gurkhas]] on exercise, kukri scabbard on belt]]
The kukri is in standard service with various regiments and units within the [[Indian Army]], such as the [[Assam Rifles]], the [[Kumaon Regiment]], the [[Garhwal Rifles]] and the various [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]. Outside of its native region of South Asia, the kukri also is in service with the [[Brigade of Gurkhas]] in the [[British Army]] and [[Gurkha Contingent]] of the [[Singapore Police Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patial|first=R.C.|date=2019-10-17|title=Knowing The Khukri|url=https://salute.co.in/knowing-the-khukri/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108074936/https://salute.co.in/knowing-the-khukri/|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=8 November 2020|website=Salute To The Indian Soldier − Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sujan|date=19 July 2019|title=I Witnessed the Kargil War. That's Why I Won't Celebrate It.|url=https://thewire.in/security/kargil-war-20-years|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031171016/https://thewire.in/security/kargil-war-20-years|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=8 November 2020|website=The Wire − India}}</ref> The kukri is not only the staple weapon, but is also the recognisible symbol of all Gurkha military regiments and units throughout the world, so much so that some [[English language|English]]-speakers refer to the weapon as a "Gurkha blade" or "Gurkha knife".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gurung|first=Tim I.|date=2018-04-06|title=A brief history of the Gurkha's knife – the kukri|url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/04/brief-history-gurkhas-knife-kukri/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Bolo knife}}
* {{annotated link|Falcata}}
* {{annotated link|Husa knife}}
* {{annotated link|Khopesh}}
* {{annotated link|Klewang}}
* {{annotated link|Kopis}}
* {{annotated link|Parang (knife)|Parang}}
* {{annotated link|Puukko}}
* {{annotated link|Machete}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Knives}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

[[Category:Nepal]]
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Military knives]]
[[Category:Machetes]]
[[Category:National symbols of Nepal]]

Vasudeo Kamath

2026-03-18T16:36:32Z

Asissantra: made new stub first draft!

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vasudeo Kamath
| image = Vasudeo Kamath in 2018.png
| alt = 
| caption = Kamath in 2018
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age | 1956}}
| birth_place = [[Karkala]], [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Painter and portrait artist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}
'''Vasudeo Kamath''' (born 1956) is an Indian painter and portrait artist known for his realistic style and contributions to contemporary Indian art. In 2025, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]] for his significant contributions to the field of art.<ref name="PIB_2025">{{cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Padma Shri Artist Shri Vasudeo Kamath Showcases Special Exhibition on the Life of Lord Buddha during the First Exposition of Buddha’s Holy Relics in Kalmykia, Russia |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181063&reg=3&lang=2 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref><ref name="NIE_Culture">{{cite web |date=2025-11-17 |title=The artist behind Ayodhya Ram temple's hall: On being a keeper of culture |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Nov/17/the-artist-behind-ayodhya-ram-temples-hall-on-being-a-keeper-of-culture |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025: Osamu Suzuki, Sharda Sinha, PR Sreejesh, among recipients |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/padma-awards-2025-osamu-suzuki-sharda-sinha-pr-sreejesh-among-recipients-12919584.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250417051211/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/padma-awards-2025-osamu-suzuki-sharda-sinha-pr-sreejesh-among-recipients-12919584.html |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kamath was born in 1956 in [[Karkala]], a town in the [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="IE_Everyday">{{cite web |date=2018-05-11 |title=Finding god in the everyday: Indian artist Vasudeo Kamath’s paintings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/finding-god-in-the-everyday-indian-artists-vasudeo-kamath-paintings-5171984/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref> He pursued his formal education in fine arts at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in [[Mumbai]], where he earned his G.D. Art diploma in 1977.<ref name="NIE_Culture" /> During his formative years, he was deeply influenced by the everyday life and spiritual atmosphere of his surroundings, which later became a recurring theme in his work.<ref name="IE_Everyday" />

==Career and style==
Kamath is primarily recognized for his mastery of [[Realism (arts)|realism]]. His body of work spans various genres, including portraiture, landscapes, and mythological themes. He often works with oil and watercolors, focusing on the play of light and shadow to create a sense of depth and life in his subjects.<ref name="DH_Masses">{{cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Taking art to the masses |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/taking-art-masses-2002936 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>

He has been a vocal advocate for traditional realistic art, conducting numerous workshops and demonstrations to make art more accessible to the public. He believes in the importance of foundational skills and "taking art to the masses" rather than keeping it restricted to elite circles.<ref name="DH_Masses" />

==Notable works==
* Ayodhya Ram Temple: Kamath was commissioned to create the artwork for the interior hall of the [[Ayodhya Ram Temple]]. His work there involves large-scale depictions of various episodes from the [[Valmiki Ramayana]].<ref name="NIE_Culture" />
* Ram Lalla Idol: He was one of the renowned artists selected to prepare a model/sketch for the [[Ram Lalla]] idol for the Ayodhya temple.<ref name="HT_Model">{{cite web |date=2023-01-29 |title=Renowned artist Vasudeo Kamath to prepare model for Ram Lalla’s idol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/renowned-artist-vasudeo-kamath-to-prepare-model-for-ram-lalla-s-idol-101675012187502.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>
* Portraiture: As a distinguished portrait artist, Kamath has painted several prominent figures, including a portrait of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and Indian actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name="NIE_Culture" /><ref name="IE_Everyday" />

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025) — Awarded for his distinguished service in the field of Art.<ref name="PIB_2025" />
* He has received various other accolades throughout his career for his contribution to realistic painting and his efforts in art education.<ref name="DH_Masses" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamath, Vasudeo}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Nicholas Gilman

2026-03-17T02:18:38Z

Asissantra: made new entry - done

{{Short description|American Founding Father and politician (1755–1814)}}
{{redirect|Senator Gilman}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nicholas Gilman Jr.
| image = Nicholas Gilman, by John Ramage (1787–1794).png
| imagesize = 240px
| jr/sr1 = United States Senator
| state1 = [[New Hampshire]]
| term_start1 = March 4, 1805
| term_end1 = May 2, 1814
| preceded1 = [[Simeon Olcott]]
| succeeded1 = [[Thomas W. Thompson]]
| office2 = Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from New Hampshire's [[New Hampshire's at-large congressional district|at-large]] district
| term_start2 = March 4, 1789
| term_end2 = March 3, 1797
| predecessor2 = ''District created''
| successor2 = [[Jonathan Freeman (representative)|Jonathan Freeman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1755|8|3}}
| birth_place = [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]], [[Province of New Hampshire]], [[British America]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1814|5|2|1755|8|3}}
| death_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| resting_place = Exeter Cemetery, Exeter
| nationality =
| party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = merchant, state treasurer, [[New Hampshire's At-large congressional district|U.S. Representative at-large]], politician
| profession =
| signature = Nicholas Gilman Signature.svg
| website =
| footnotes =
| caption = [[Portrait miniature]] by [[John Ramage (artist)|John Ramage]], 1787–1794.
}}

'''Nicholas Gilman Jr.''' (August 3, 1755{{spaced ndash}}May 2, 1814) was an American [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]], a soldier in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]], a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]], and a signer of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], representing [[New Hampshire]]. He was a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] during the first four Congresses and served in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] from 1805 until his death in 1814. His brother [[John Taylor Gilman]] was also very active in New Hampshire politics, serving as [[Governor of New Hampshire]] for 14 years, as well as a principal benefactor of [[Phillips Exeter Academy]]. Their childhood home in [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]] is now the [[American Independence Museum]].

==Family background and early life==
[[File: Nicholas Gilman Treasurer New Hampshire.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Order by Nicholas Gilman, Treasurer of New Hampshire, Exeter, 1781]]
Gilman was born in Exeter, [[Province of New Hampshire]], to Ann (Taylor) and Nicholas Gilman,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wooa0JNsqJ4C&q=Ann+(Taylor)+Nicholas+Gilman&pg=PA255|title = Signers of the Constitution: Historic Places Commemorating the Signing of the Constitution|year = 1976}}</ref> the second son in a family of six children. Gilman had four brothers and one sister who were named (from oldest to youngest) John, Nicholas, Nathaniel, Elizabeth, Samuel, and Daniel. He also had two brothers who died before a year of age. Born during the [[French and Indian War]], he was soon aware of the military responsibilities that went with citizenship in a New England colony. After attending local public schools, he became a clerk in his father's trading house, but the growing rift between the colonies and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] quickly thrust Gilman into the struggle for independence. New England merchants, in particular, resented Parliament's attempt to end its "salutary neglect" of the financial and political affairs of the colonies by instituting measures to raise and to enforce the raising of revenue measures that many Americans considered violations of their rights as British citizens. Gilman's father, along with [[Nathaniel Folsom]] and [[Enoch Poor]], emerged as a leader of the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] cause in Exeter.

He represented his community in the New Hampshire Provincial Congresses, which met just after hostilities broke out at [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Lexington and Concord]] in 1775 and which later drafted the state constitution. During the [[American Revolution]] he served as the state's treasurer. His oldest brother, John, was a sergeant in Exeter's company of militia that marched to fight the Redcoats around Boston. Nicholas remained behind but was an ardent supporter of the Patriot cause, and he likely trained with the local militia regiment.

==Revolutionary War==
[[File:Coat of arms of Nicholas Gilman.svg|175px|thumb|left|Coat of Arms of Nicholas Gilman]]
In November 1776, a committee of the state legislature appointed Gilman to serve as adjutant, or administrative officer, of the [[3rd New Hampshire Regiment]]. That unit was in the process of a complete reorganization under the direction of its commander, Colonel [[Alexander Scammell]]. Scammell used Gilman's administrative skills to organize a force from the limited manpower available, which consisted of new recruits from around the state and veterans of the [[Trenton Princeton campaign]]. In time the 3rd New Hampshire would be recognized as one of the mainstays of General [[George Washington|George Washington's]] [[Continental Army]].

Because New Hampshire lay along the major invasion route from Canada to New York, Washington assigned its regiments a key role in the strategic defense of the northern states. In the spring of 1777 Gilman and the rest of the officers and men of the 3rd New Hampshire marched to [[Fort Ticonderoga]] on [[Lake Champlain]] to participate in an attempt by American forces to halt the advance of a powerful army of British and German regulars and Indian auxiliaries under General [[John Burgoyne]]. Difficulties in coordinating the efforts of several different states turned Gilman's first military experience into one of defeat. The veteran British troops outflanked the fort, and only at the last minute did the garrison, including the 3d New Hampshire, escape capture by making a dangerous night.
The American retreat lasted through the early summer until a combination of British transportation difficulties and delaying tactics employed by the Continentals finally slowed the enemy advance. This delay allowed time for a mass mobilization of New England militia, including a [[Evans' Regiment of Militia|New Hampshire Regiment of volunteers]] led by John Langdon and Gilman's father. It also provided Major General [[Horatio Gates]] with time to establish new positions near [[Saratoga, New York]], to block Burgoyne's further advance, and then, once Gates had a numerical advantage, to cut off the British line of withdrawal to Canada. During this campaign, Gilman was busily employed in supervising the training and readiness of Scammell's men. He participated with his unit in two important battles at [[Battles of Saratoga|Freeman's Farm]], where Burgoyne's units were so pummeled that Burgoyne was eventually forced to surrender his whole army.
[[File:Nicholas Gilman, by Albert Rosenthal after Edward Greene Malbone (1900).jpg|thumb|258x258px|Portrait by [[Albert Rosenthal]] after [[Edward Greene Malbone]], 1900.]]
Neither Gilman nor Scammell was granted a respite after this great victory. Less than a week after the British surrender, the 3rd New Hampshire set out to reinforce Washington's main army near [[Philadelphia]]. The American capital had recently fallen to a larger British force, and the New Englanders had to spend a harsh winter in the snows of [[Valley Forge]]. That winter encampment put the units of the Continental Army to their supreme test, a time of suffering and deprivation from which they emerged as a tough, professional combat team. Gilman's administrative skills came to the fore at this time. When Washington selected Colonel Scammell to serve as the Continental Army's Adjutant General, Scammell made Gilman his assistant. Promotion to the rank of captain followed in June 1778.

For the remainder of the war, Gilman found himself in close proximity to the military leaders of the Continental Army. His duties in carrying out the myriad tasks necessary to keep a force in the field placed him in daily contact with Washington, [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron von Steuben]], [[Henry Knox]], [[Nathanael Greene]], and others. He personally saw action in the remaining battles fought by Washington's main army, including [[Battle of Monmouth|Monmouth]] and [[Siege of Yorktown (1781)|Yorktown]], while continuing to hold his captain's commission in the New Hampshire Line. The death of Colonel Scammell, however, during the preliminary skirmishing before Yorktown robbed him of much of the joy of that great victory. Following the death of his father in late 1783, he retired from military service and returned to Exeter to assume control of the family's business.

==Statesman==
[[File:Nicholas Gilman House Exeter.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Exeter, New Hampshire, home of Hon. Nicholas Gilman]]
At the close of the Revolution, Gilman was elected one of the 31 original members of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Bryce|title=Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies|publisher=Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.|year=1938|isbn=|location=Strasburg, Va.|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nicholas Gilman | New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati|url=http://www.nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org/nicholas-gilman/|access-date=May 17, 2019|website=nhsocietyofthecincinnati.org}}</ref> Gilman's career as merchant proved short-lived. His career as statesman continued for decades. Gilman's service as a Continental Army officer had exposed him to many of the ideas of such prominent nationalists as Washington and [[Alexander Hamilton]]. Their influence, his family's own tradition of service, and his special skill at organization all combined to divert the young veteran into a political career. In 1786, the New Hampshire legislature appointed Gilman to the [[Continental Congress]]. He was also selected in 1786 to represent the state at the [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Annapolis Convention]]. Although he was unable to attend, his selection recognized Gilman's emergence as a nationalist spokesman since the convention had been called specifically to address the country's serious economic problems and the inability of the separate states or Congress to solve them. He was one of two people representing New Hampshire.

The outbreak of unrest and latent insurrection in western [[Massachusetts]] in late 1786 further strengthened Gilman's commitment to changing the [[Articles of Confederation]]. That same year, he helped to suppress the [[Paper Money Riot]]. He was pleased to serve his state as a representative at the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] that met in July 1787. Although he and fellow New Hampshire delegate [[John Langdon (politician)|John Langdon]], his father's former commanding officer, reached Philadelphia after the proceedings were well under way, they both immediately joined in the debates and helped hammer out the compromises needed to produce a document that might win approval in every state and region.

[[File:George Washington Nicholas Gilman order.jpg|thumb|right|175px|General orders of [[George Washington]]: the bottom section (May 24, 1779) names Captain Nicholas Gilman, of the [[Third New Hampshire Regiment]] as assistant to the adjutant general]]
During the subsequent struggle to secure New Hampshire's ratification of the Constitution, Gilman remained in New York as a member of the Continental Congress, but he kept in close touch with his brother, John, who was one of the leaders of the states ratification forces. Working in tandem, the brothers used all of their considerable political influence to engineer a 57–47 victory in the final vote.

When the First [[United States Congress|Congress]] of the new United States of America convened in New York in 1789, Gilman was in attendance as a member of the House of Representatives, a seat he filled for four terms. During this period the Gilman brothers came to prominence in New Hampshire politics. John became governor, a post he held for fourteen terms, while Nicholas embarked on a career in the state legislature. After returning to Exeter, Nicholas resumed his own political career in 1800, serving a term as state senator.

During this time, Gilman's political loyalties began to change. Ever a staunch nationalist, he had supported the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] while that party led the fight for a more binding union of the states. However, once that concept was firmly established, Gilman became increasingly concerned with the need to protect the common man from abuses of power by government. As a consequence, he gave his support to the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] that was beginning to form around [[Thomas Jefferson]]. In 1801, he accepted the appointment from Jefferson as a federal bankruptcy commissioner. Following one unsuccessful attempt for the Senate in 1802,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-06 |title=The Founding Fathers: New Hampshire |url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/founding-fathers-new-hampshire |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref> he was then elected to the [[United States Senate]] in 1804 as a Jeffersonian. On June 17, 1812, he voted against the war against Britain, but the Senate voted 19 to 13 for the war. Although Gillman rarely spoke at length in legislative debate, his peers recognized his political prowess. He remained an influential member of the Senate until his death in 1814 while he was returning home from Washington during a recess.

Gilman summarized his belief in the importance of a strong national government on the day after he signed the Constitution. He called the new supreme law of the land "the best that could meet the unanimous concurrence of the States in Convention; it was done by bargain and Compromise, yet, notwithstanding its imperfections, on the adoption of it depends (in my feeble judgment) whether we shall become a respectable nation, or a people torn to pieces ... and rendered contemptible for ages." Those words typified Gillman, but his modesty failed to mask the justifiable pride he obviously felt in the accomplishment of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] in which Gilman had played no small part.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1790–1899)]]
* [[Ladd-Gilman House]]
* [[List of New Hampshire historical markers (151–175)#161|New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 161]]: Ladd-Gilman House

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{ACMH| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/gilman.htm| title = "Nicholas Gilman" in ''Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution text''}}
{{CongBio|G000215}}
{{commons category}}

==External links==
*[https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/ The American Revolution Institute]
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000215 Gilman's biography at U.S. Congress website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234549/http://www.independencemuseum.org/aim_about.asp American Independence Museum, Exeter, New Hampshire]
* [http://www.seacoastnh.com/Famous-People/Framers-of-Freedom/The-Gilmans-of-Exeter/ The Gilmans of Exeter, SeacoastNH.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005091234/http://phillips.exeter.edu/Publications/Non_sibi/fall_2003/auction.html Portrait of Nicholas Gilman by Ramage, Passion for the Past, now in Winterthur Museum, Phillips Exeter Academy]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XSDnxlK1sMUC State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing Manchester, NH 1903]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EDFMAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22edward+gilman%22+ipswich&pg=RA5-PA214 The Gilmans of America, Searches into the History of the Gillman or Gilman Family, Alexander William Gillman, Elliot Stock, London, 1895]
* {{Find a Grave|4711}}
* [http://www.seacoastnh.com/Famous-People/Framers-of-Freedom/The-Gilmans-of-Exeter/ Framers of Freedom: The Gilman Family]

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=Seat established}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from New Hampshire|House of Representatives]] from [[New Hampshire's at-large congressional district|New Hampshire's at-large (Seat 2) congressional district]]|years=1789–1797}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jonathan Freeman (representative)|Jonathan Freeman]]}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box|class=2|state=New Hampshire| before = [[Simeon Olcott]]| after = [[Thomas W. Thompson]] | years =1805–1814| alongside=[[William Plumer]], [[Nahum Parker]], [[Charles Cutts]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{USSenNH}}
{{United States Constitution signatories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilman, Nicholas}}
[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Continental Army staff officers]]
[[Category:Gilman family (New Hampshire)|Nicholas]]
[[Category:United States senators from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Constitution of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Exeter, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:American Congregationalists]]
[[Category:1755 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:New Hampshire Democratic-Republicans]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators]]
[[Category:Federalist Party United States representatives from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:19th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:18th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1802 United States elections]]

Aditi Singh (actress)

2026-03-14T08:35:29Z

Asissantra:

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{for|other people with the same name|Aditi Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditi Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = {{csv|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| parents = Jainendra Pratap Singh Shraddhha Singh
| relatives = [[Aditya Pancholi]] (uncle)
}}
'''Aditi Singh''' is an Indian actress. She made her Telugu film debut in ''[[Guppedantha Prema]]'' in 2016.

==Personal life==
Born in Delhi to Shraddhha Singh and Jainendra Pratap Singh (former [[Bollywood]] actor, in ''[[Dayavan]]'', ''[[Kohraam]]'', ''[[Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin]]'' and many other films), Singh was brought up in [[Mumbai]] where she did her schooling from [[Jamnabai Narsee School]], [[Juhu]] and further completed her studies from [[Mithibai College]] of Arts. The niece of actor [[Aditya Pancholi]] through her mother,<ref>[http://www.goodtimes.com.pk/aditi-singh-on-crossing-over-from-tollywood/ "Aditi Singh On Crossing over from Tollywood"], 1 July 2018. ''Good Times''.</ref> her family roots are from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>Web Desk (6 November 2018), [http://tnst.thenews.com.pk/latest/390435-roaming-in-karachi-feels-like-walking-in-homecity-mumbai-indian-actress-aditi-singh "Aditi Singh: Roaming in Karachi feels like taking a walk in Mumbai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000307/http://tnst.thenews.com.pk/latest/390435-roaming-in-karachi-feels-like-walking-in-homecity-mumbai-indian-actress-aditi-singh |date=11 November 2018 }}, ''The News International''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref>

Her exposure to films from a very young age kindled her interest in acting, which inclined her to participate in several school plays and skits. Also having singing as a hobby, Singh became the lead singer in the school band in 9th grade, winning several interschool competitions.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She was trained in classical [[kathak]] [[dance in India]] by the late [[Sitara Devi]]'s daughter Jayanti Mala.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==Career==
Singh started her career at a young age, featuring in a Clean & Clear viral advertisement at age 15.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She then played the female lead in the Telugu romance movie ''[[Guppedantha Prema]]''. She turned 17 while filming this movie. She received good feedback for her debut film.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} She appeared in another Telugu film, ''Nenu Kidnap Iyanu'', starring [[Posani Krishna Murali]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nenu-kidnap-iyanu-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Nenu Kidnap Iyanu Telugu Movie Review | Mahanubavudu Telugu Movie Review | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT | date=6 October 2017 }}</ref> She appeared in Pakistani film ''[[Wajood (2018 film)|Wujood]]''. In 2019 she was given the lead role in another Pakistani film project ''Chaa Jaa Re.''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pakistanicinema.net/2019/01/02/first-teaser-of-aditi-singhs-dance-number-from-chaa-jaa-re-is-out/ |title=First Teaser of Aditi Singh's Dance Number From "Chaa Jaa Re" is Out |date=2 January 2019 |website=PakistaniCinema.net |language=en-US |access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Guppedantha Prema]]'' ||Sandy|| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|2017
|''Nenu Kidnap Iyanu''
|Mirinda
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Wajood (2018 film)|Wajood]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1151810/5-reasons-were-excited-for-javed-sheikhs-movie-wajood |title=5 Reasons We're Excited For Javed Sheikh's Movie 'Wajood' |first=Muna |last=Moini |work=HIP |date=7 February 2017 |publisher= |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513033451/http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1151810/5-reasons-were-excited-for-javed-sheikhs-movie-wajood |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fashionuniverse.net/celebrities-at-the-launch-of-javed-shiekh-upcoming-movie-wajood/ |title=Celebrities at the Launch of Javed Shiekh upcoming Movie Wajood |publisher= |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428010018/http://www.fashionuniverse.net/celebrities-at-the-launch-of-javed-shiekh-upcoming-movie-wajood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/02/06/danish-taimoor-talks-to-us-about-his-upcoming-film-wajood/ |title=Danish Taimoor talks to us about his upcoming film 'Wajood' |first=Momin Ali |last=Munshi |date=6 February 2017 |publisher= |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129050155/https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/02/06/danish-taimoor-talks-to-us-about-his-upcoming-film-wajood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |||Jessica|| [[Urdu]] || [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]]
|-
|''Beti''
|Reema Shah
|[[Hindi]]
|Short Film
|-
|2024
|''[[Gautama Buddha Matha]]''
|[[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Mahāmāyā]]
|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|[[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan film]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8128052}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aditi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Highway Nights

2026-03-11T08:27:11Z

Asissantra: added info

{{Short description|Indian drama short film}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Highway Nights
| image =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shubham S Singh]]
| writer = Shivani Mehra
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Akhilesh Chaudhary]]
*[[Shivani Mehra]]
*[[Shorya Singh]]
*[[Shubham S Singh]]
*[[Elisha Kriis]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Prakash Jha]]
*[[Mazel Vyas]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Surjodeep Ghosh]]
| editing = [[Santosh Mandal]]
| music = [[Advait Nemlekar]]
| released = {{Film date|2021}}
| runtime = 20 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Highway Nights''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] short film directed by Shubham S Singh. [[Prakash Jha]] and [[Mazel Vyas]] play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Filmmaker and actor Prakash Jha's latest short, Highway Nights, is a subtle take on social struggles |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/nov/12/filmmaker-and-actor-prakash-jhas-latest-short-highway-nights-is-a-subtle-take-on-social-struggles-36915.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The plot revolves around a truck driver who gives a lift to a young female sex worker, and learns her story. It is inspired by interviews with sex workers who look for customers along Indian highways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Spoke With Sex Workers Along Highways. Here's What I Learned. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sex-workers-india-prostitution-highways-film/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Vice.com |date=20 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prakash Jha]] as Sitaram
* [[Mazel Vyas]] as Manju

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|18349438}}

[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]

{{2020s-drama-film-stub}}
{{India-film-stub}}
{{Short-drama-film-stub}}

Reginald Fernandes

2026-03-05T10:51:34Z

Asissantra: adding new entry

{{Short description|Indian writer and musician (1914–1994)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reginald Fernandes
| image = Reginald Fernandes (Reginaldo Fernandes).jpg
| caption = Fernandes during his youth
| birth_name = Reginaldo Fernandes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|6|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Siolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|musician}}
| years_active = 1930s–1994
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|11|13|1914|6|14|df=y}}
| death_place =
}}

'''Reginaldo''' "'''Reginald'''" '''Fernandes''' (14 June 1914 – 13 November 1994) was an Indian writer, musician and cultural figure active in [[Music of Goa|Goan Konkani music]]. He was known for having written a vast number of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''romans'' novels, over a hundred in number. He has been called the "King of Konkani Fiction".<ref name="Venita">{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/06/14/magazines/buzz/the-king-of-konkani-fiction/|title=The King of Konkani Fiction|last=Desk|first=N. T.|date=2017-06-13|website=The Navhind Times|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>

==Career==
Fernandes was active for many decades in the world of the Konkani ''romans'', his career spanning over six decades. His first novel was published in 1932, and the last one, called ''Perdida'', made it to the stands in 1994.<ref name="ToI">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 14, 2016|title=Reginaldo Fernandes: A votary of Konkani {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Reginaldo-Fernandes-A-votary-of-Konkani/articleshow/52737582.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
His first novel was ''Lindorf''.

He sold up to 5000 copies of his books, according to news reports, and some were reprinted; yet "the pundits of the Konkani language did not find any merit in his literature, probably because it was written in the Roman script."<ref name="ToI" />

Fernandes wrote fiction and romance, with an "imaginative approach" toe "effective descriptions of the situation".<ref name="Venita" /> "Many readers would anxiously wait until his next book would be out in the market.<ref name="Venita" /> There were many instances where he books became the best-sellers," says an article in ''The Navhind Times''.<ref name="Venita" />

He was a writer, and a versatile musician trained in the trumpet and violin.<ref name="Venita" /> Reginald led his own bad, and would perform at weddings, parties, hotels, feasts and ''tiatr'' (Konkani theatre performances).<ref name="Venita" /> He has also performed out of India, and was an artiste at the [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Venita" />

His band was called ''Reggie and his Melodians''.Before that, he also was a key performer in bands such as ''Nellie's Dance Band'', ''Vincente Carmine and his Orchestra'', ''Mikey and Johnie's Orchestra'', and ''Alfred Rose's Rose Buds'', besides others. Fernandes is also known to have contributed to the music of the Bollywood film industry.<ref name="ToI" />

==Personal life==
Fernandes was born on 14 June 1914, in the village of [[Siolim]], and studied at the [[parochial school]] at Siolim village. He later moved to [[Bombay]]. He began writing in 1932, while he was employed at the band of a Maharaja's palace in what today is [[Gujarat]]. He also played at the palace of the palace of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]].

His full name was Reginaldo Basil Fernandes, and his parents were the clarinet player Antonio Caridade Fernandes and Carmelina. He lived at Siolim's ''Aframento Vaddi'', a local believed to have been immortalised in the Goa traditional ''mando'' song-form as ''Siole dongra sokolu...'' (Beneath the hills of Siolim), according to the writer Domnic Fernandes, writing in 2009.

Fernandes had to become the breadwinner of the family at an early age, after his father died of a paralytic stroke. He left for Bombay by the coastal steam-ship, and began writing in 1932, to overcome homesickness, according to Domnic Fernandes.

Fernandes died in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|last=href="https://www.goanconnection.com/cb-profile/10-francis">Francis|title=Goan Novelist Late Mr. Reginald Fernandes|url=https://www.goanconnection.com/blogs/goan-personalities/goan-novelist-late-mr-reginald-fernandes|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Goan Connection|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Claim on large body of work==
There is some disagreement on how many novels and novellas Fernandes actually wrote, the number ranging from more than a hundred to 190. During his 101st birth centenary celebrations in June 2015, it was noted that he had written some 190 Konkani novels, besides being an accomplished musician, lyricist and playwright.<ref name="Herald">{{Cite web|title=Siolkars remember Reginald Fernandes|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Siolkars-remember-Reginald-Fernandes/89974|access-date=2021-01-13|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Impact and response==
According to ''The Times of India'' though he "wrote extensively in Romi Konkani [but]...is virtually unknown to the younger generation as little effort was made to recognise him and his works".<ref name="ToI" /> The Kuwait Goan Association honoured him for his contribution to the Konkani language, while shortly before his death he was bestowed with the Goa State Cultural Award for 1992–93.

Dale Luis Menezes has argued:

<blockquote>Reginald Fernandes’ writing career spans almost 40 years. This period that stretched around 1955-1992, Fernandes wrote more than 120 novels or what in Concanim came to be known as ''romans'' or ''romaxeo'' (pl.). The Concanim ‘romans’ is not adequately studied, neither in the history of Konknni literature nor in the history of Goan literature. Fernandes’ writings give the impression of pulp on first glance: they were printed on cheap paper, the books were pocket-sized, the plots were formulaic and revolved around love stories, crimes, and magic realism, and the language used had a touch of the dramatic in it. Perhaps this is the reason why dominant canons of Konkani and Goan literature never seriously considered the writings of Fernandes – or indeed other writers in the genre of ‘romans’ – as legitimately constituting literature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reginald Fernandes Archives|url=http://alzulaijgoa.com/tag/reginald-fernandes/|website=The Al-Zulaij Collective|date=16 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>

==Tributes==

Venita Gomes, writing in ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' ''Buzz'' has stated:

<blockquote>One of Goa’s finest and prolific Roman Konkani writers, popularly known as ''Romanxincho Patxai'' (King of Fiction), Reginald Fernandes, has written over 200 novels creating a lasting impression on the minds of innumerable readers.<ref name="Venita" /></blockquote>

==Related trivia==
{{Prose|date=August 2023}}
* Reginald Fernandes hailed from the village of Siolim in Goa, where his work and life is often remembered in recent times, especially during his anniversaries.
* He is known for his violin, and owned a trumpet autographed by the noted Jazz musician [[Louis Armstrong]].<ref name="Herald" />
* During recent commemorative events of his life, a little table where he wrote most of his many ''romanses'' was also sometimes displayed.<ref name="Herald" />
* Reginald is credited with playing his "golden trumpet" for the band ''Rose Buds'' run by the noted Konkani singer and composer [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]].<ref name="Herald" />
* Siolim and its environs has a group called ''The Friends of Reginald''.<ref name="Herald" />
* Many books authored by Goans are lost to time and poor protection. But [[Brazinho Soares]], a collector of Konkani books published from many of the past decades, has at least 96 out-of-print potboilers and other memorabilia connected with Reginald, as of June 2015.<ref name="Herald" />
* Reginald would write novels with their titles named in subsequent alphabetical order, from A-to-Z, according to former president of the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]], [[Tomazinho Cardozo]].<ref name="Venita" />
* As a lyricist, Fernandes contributed to some memorable Konkani songs, both aired on the ''Emissora de Goa'' Portuguese-run radio station, as well as the ''All India Radio'', which has operated in Goa after 1961. His songs were sung by Allen Costa, Ansu Rodrigues, Georgina Jacques and Johny Sylvester, who were permanent artistes of the ''Emissora de Goa'' radio station.<ref name="ToI" />
* He is known to have composed solos, duets, trios, mandos and dulpods, the last two being traditional Goan songs. His most popular is the farewell Konkani evergreen hit ''Adeus Korchea Vellar'' (''Now is the Time to Say Goodbye'').<ref name="ToI" />
* Reginal Fernandes is credited with having penned some 100 songs set them to music. He wrote and presented many great ''tiatrs''' (traditional Konkani songs) with the greats of the Konkani stage.<ref name="ToI" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Reginald}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]

Mathar Kula Manikkam

2026-03-04T04:58:19Z

Asissantra: added a post first draft!

{{short description|1956 film by T. Prakash Rao}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mathar Kula Manikkam
| image = Mathar Kula Manikkam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| producer = A. Shankara Reddy
| writer = [[C. V. Sridhar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Noukadubi]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = P. L. Roy
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| studio = Lalitha Films<ref name="Swatantra">{{Cite magazine |year=1956 |title=Matharkula Manikkam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWcPAQAAIAAJ |magazine=Swatantra |page=48 |volume=11}}</ref>
| distributor = Vahini Studios
| released = {{film date|1956|12|20|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 1956 |title=Mathar Kula Manikkam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19561220&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 February 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 197 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Mathar Kula Manikkam''''' ({{translation|A gem among women}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. It is based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s 1906 novel ''[[Noukadubi]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=13 January 1957 |title=மாதர்குல மாணிக்கம் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1957-01-13/kalki1957-01-13.pdf |access-date=18 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=107–108 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The screenplay and dialogue were written by [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]] and [[C. V. Sridhar]], respectively. The film was simultaneously made in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the title ''[[Charana Daasi]]'', both versions were critical and commercial successes.

== Plot ==
The film is based on two couples – where the first couple Dr. Chandra Shekar and Parvathi and the second couple is Ravi and Lakshmi. Ravi and Lakshmi are happy lovers. Ravi is summoned and asked to marry another girl forcibly. Since his father's life and honor are at stake, Ravi agrees to the marriage. Simultaneously, another marriage takes place in the same village; Dr. Chandra Shekar visits his best friend's sister marriage, but the marriage is canceled at the last moment due to the dowry demands from the groom's family. To keep up his friend's prestige, Shekar marries his sister, Parvathi. Due to the sudden marriage, the couple hasn't seen each other. Thereby because marriage is happening without his wish, Ravi has also not seen the bride's face. Both the bridal parties are traveling on the same train, which meets with a disastrous accident. In the accident, Ravi's parents and wife are killed. Parvathi was lying unconscious in bridal dress and Ravi mistakes her as his wife and takes her to home. Shekar thinks that both his friend & wife are dead.

Before it is too late, Ravi realizes his terrible mistake. He keeps it secret from Parvathi and engaged himself in the relentless task of finding Parvathi's husband and restoring them. Before he could succeed, there arise clashes between him and Lakshmi because she mistakes Parvathi as Ravi's wife. Parvathi also discovers the truth and fled from Ravi's house with shame and agony, She fells into a river and fate again intervened to be saved by her own mother-in-law and lands in her husband Shekar's house. Living in her in-law's she is not able to reveal her identity because of a hesitation that Shekar may doubt her virginity. Meanwhile, fate again struck; Lakshmi gets mentally sick because of the cheating done by Ravi and she is admitted in Shekar's hospital; only during the time of treatment Lakshmi, Shekar, and their families come closer. Their parents want to make the marriage. Parvathi also happily agrees to make remarriage to her husband. During the time of the engagement, Ravi arrives and reveals the entire truth. Shekar also accepts Parvathi wholeheartedly and both of them thank Ravi. Lakshmi also says sorry to him. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ravi & Lakshmi.

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credit of the film
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Chandrasekar
* [[A. Nageswara Rao]] as Ravi
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]]
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
* Friend Ramasami
* Balaji
* C. V. V. Panthulu
* M. A. Ganapathi Bhat
* M. S. Natarajan
* K. M. S. Mani
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Parvathi
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] as Lakshmi
* [[P. Kannamba]]
* [[M. N. Rajam]]
* [[K. R. Chellam]]
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
;Dance
* [[Kumari Kamala|Kamala Lakshmanan]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* Rita
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film is based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s novel, ''The Wreck''. The director [[T. Prakash Rao]] chose to replace the boat crash sequence in the novel with a train accident in the film, inspired by a real event that took place near [[Ariyalur]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=20 October 2012 |title=Blast from the Past – Mathar Kula Manikkam 1956 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mathar-kula-manickam-1956/article4016223.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215030941/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mathar-kula-manickam-1956/article4016223.ece |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=21 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[C. V. Sridhar]], then an up-and-coming writer, was recruited as the dialogue writer.<ref name="Swatantra" /> The film was shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu languages, with the Telugu version titled ''[[Charana Daasi]]''.<ref name="thehindu" /> ''Mathar Kula Manikkam'' was the only Tamil film in which [[Anjali Devi]] and Savitri co-starred.<ref name="DinaMani">{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=ப. |date=13 February 2016 |title=அஞ்சலி தேவி: 2. எங்கெங்கு காணினும்...! |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/02/13/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-2.-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9/article3271921.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153254/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/02/13/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-2.-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9/article3271921.ece |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=114–115 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Anbe Enthan Vaazhvil" || Ghantasala & P. Leela || rowspan=11|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 02:13
|-
| "Malaiyae Asainthalum.... Shanthi Ethu Vazhvile" || rowspan=3|T. M. Soundararajan || 04:01
|-
| "Ye Manitha.... Bommalattamithu" || 04:13
|-
| "Boologamada Idhu Boologamada" || 04:10
|-
| "Payaname Kadduvom" || Tiruchi Loganathan || 04:03
|-
| "Naalum Nalla Naalu" || Tiruchi Loganathan & A. P. Komala || 07:12
|-
| "Thean Idhazh Meley" || Jikki || 03:12
|-
| "Enkke Tharamaadi" || V. N. Sundharam || 02:15
|-
| "Yennintha Jaalamada" || rowspan=2|P. Leela || 03:48
|-
| "Sri Lalitha Dhayabhariyae" || 03:36
|-
| "Maasatru Uyarntha Maragathame" || P. S. Vaidhegi || 03:14
|-
| "Denjaru Aiyaa Denjaru" || T. V. Rathnam & G. Kasthoori || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 04:50
|-
| "Isaiyarase Kala Nidhiye" || rowspan=2|P. Susheela || rowspan=4|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 09:16
|-
| "Kaadhalin Jothi Idhe" || 04:08
|-
| "Inai Yedumillaa" || Ghantasala & P. Susheela || 2:23
|-
| "Oho..Anathaiyai Paarai Un" || P. Susheela || 2:42
|}

== Release ==
''Mathar Kula Manikkam'' and ''Charanadasi'', the Tamil and Telugu versions respectively, were released the same year and were box-office successes.<ref name="thehindu" /> The former helped Gemini Ganesan and Anjali Devi establish a career in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name="DinaMani" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3VTAAAAYAAJ |title=Film World |publisher=T.M. Ramachandran |year=1964 |pages=145 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308054719/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3VTAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=8 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:1956 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana

2026-03-03T23:39:03Z

Asissantra: adjust details after review also and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana
| image = Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Rajesh Vakil
| producer = [[K C Bokadia]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|2|7}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Rajesh Vakil, starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]] and [[Prem Chopra]]. The film is the remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal]]''.

==Plot==
Kanhaiya ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]) lives with his mother in a small rural town in India, and makes a living singing and dancing at wedding, birthdays, and other important ceremonies in the community along with Bhola ([[Shakti Kapoor]]), a young man whom Kanhaiya's mother had offered house and shelter when he was lost in a fair. Chanchal, community's powerful Thakur and Zamindar Raghuvir Singh's daughter, who throws pranks on Kanhaiya often, falls in love with him eventually, and asks him to approach her father for her hand in marriage. Bhola and Kanhaiya's mother approaches him accordingly, but are insulted, severely beaten and thrown out. Kanhaiya's mother tells Bhola not to disclose this incident to Kanhaiya but as a result of severe thrashing, insult and shock, Kanhaiya's mother dies and this incident makes Bhola disclose all that what had happened at the Thakur's house, leaving Kanhaiya enraged to avenge her death from the arrogant Thakur. When Thakur finds out that it was his daughter who had proposed marriage, he feels insulted and speechless for beating Bhola and his mother due to her daughter's actions. Thakur, angry with her daughter, fix her marriage to his friend Thakur Pratap Singh's son Ranjit, much against her wishes. He also apologizes to Kanhaiya and invites him to sing for his daughter's wedding. During her marriage ceremony, Chanchal apologizes for her father's actions and tells him that she truly loved him, but due to society and caste pressure she surrendered and agreed to her father's decision. This is overheard by Ranjit and he decides to cancel his marriage with Chanchal. But his father consoles him and tells him not to cancel the marriage but to keep her as a sex slave and marry a girl of his choice because Chanchal will bring much fortune with her, and that Thakur Pratap can control her family through Chanchal. But this is somehow heard by Thakur Raghuvir, and he decides to abandon the marriage.

High on rage, Ranjit, with his goons, attack Kanhaiya and inflicts him with a serious injury by a poisonous weapon. No one comes to help Kanhaiya due to fear of Thakur Pratap. It is then when Kanhaiya is helped by with Janki, a young woman, living with her mentor, Dayal, who works for Thakur Pratap Singh. Dayal who used to earn money by beating himself and showing his tolerance, is met upon by Janki, who urges him to find some good work. Dayal finds work in a house of a mistress called Shanti. Janki also lives with Dayal, and her living and education is financed by Shanti. One day Janki sees Shanti in an uncompromising position with Thakur Pratap, and gets to know that Thakur Pratap often used to come to her house. Shanti falls ill and needs immediate medical treatment which costed ₹50000. Thakur Pratap lends her the money on one condition that in case Shanti doesn't survive, Janki should take the position of Shanti. Unfortunately Shanti dies, and Janki gets caught in a situation where either she needs to repay the amount to Thakur Pratap or follow his orders and come to his bed room at the night. Dayal feels helpless and seeks help of Kanhaiya to rescue her. Janki falls in love with Kanhaiya but Pratap considers Janki his mistress, doesn't permit anyone to come near her, leave alone marry her. Kanhaiya calls in Janki and marries her in a Temple. Eventually, Pratap learns of the incident, and he and his son Ranjit tries to avenge from the death of Kanhaiya. They come to fight with Kanhaiya but the villages, mobilized by Thakur Raghuvir, attack the father & son duo and beat them up, saving Kanhaiya. The story ends with Kanhaiya and Janki being happily married.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104854/|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dam Dam Dafli Bajaoon"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 2
| "Jhoom Jhom Kahta Hai"
| Udit Narayan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 3
| "Banno Re Aise Kyun"
| Udit Narayan, [[Anand Kumar (singer)|Anand Kumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Mandir Toote To"
| Udit Narayan
|-
| 5
| "Nakhre Dikha Ke Dil Ko Chur"
| Udit Narayan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 6
| "Kangana Kunware Kangana"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0104854|Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana}}

* {{Youtube|MUjwFjIANZI|''Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana''}} at MovieMinesHD Channel

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Keelu Gurram (2005 film)

2026-03-03T21:56:38Z

Asissantra: added new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keelu Gurram
| image = Keelu Gurram (2005 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Saichandra Creations Unit
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Thotapalli Madhu
}}
| based_on = 
| producer = Sama Mahipal Reddy Sama Tirumala Reddy Sama Malla Reddy
| starring = [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] [[Nakkhul|Nakul]] [[Satyam Rajesh]] [[Tanu Roy]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kodi Lakshman
| editing =
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Saichandra Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|2|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Keelu Gurram''''' ({{Translation|Magical horse}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and starring [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]], [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]], [[Nakkhul|Nakul]], [[Satyam Rajesh]] and [[Tanu Roy]]. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]] as Charan
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] as Chantigadu
*[[Nakkhul|Nakul]] as Bala Bheema
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]
*[[Tanu Roy]] as Rajani
*[[Madhumitha|Swapna Madhuri]]
*Apoorva
*[[Ravali (actress)|Ravali]]
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Sadhu
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Pinni
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Shakeela]]
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Lawyer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Keelu Gurram |url=https://mymazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Keelu+Gurram.amp.html |access-date=11 February 2024 |language=en |date=8 February 2005 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211052132/https://mymazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Keelu+Gurram.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Aa Keelu Gurramla" is reused from Rajkumar's own Tamil composition "June July" from ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' (2000).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aa Keelu Gurramla
| length1 = 4:25
| all_lyrics = Sai Sri Harsha.
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| title2 = Chal Chal Gurram
| length2 = 4:38
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title3 = Kiss Kiss Kiss
| length3 = 4:04
| extra3 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| title4 = Ko Ko Ko Koyila
| length4 = 4:14
| extra4 = Rajesh, [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| title5 = Sari Sari Gama
| length5 = 4:45
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Malathi, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| total_length = 22:06
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 4 February 2005 alongside ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' and ''Arey'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news256.html|title=4 films this week|date=3 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105005121/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news256.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/27/stories/2009112750160800.htm|title=Double impact|date=27 November 2009|last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201061123/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/27/stories/2009112750160800.htm|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=11 February 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one out of five and wrote that "Kodi Rama Krishna disappoints the Telugu film lovers with ''Keelu Gurram''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-keelugurram.html|title=Movie review - Keelugurram|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=4 February 2005|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712185608/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-keelugurram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The name of the movie and that of the director, Kodi Ramakrishna, are enough to draw the audience to the theatre. But the hope of a promising entertainment diminishes as we watch a routine drama of love between two childhood friends".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2005/02/05/stories/2005020513400200.htm|title=A big letdown|date=5 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213848/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2005/02/05/stories/2005020513400200.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579786}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]

Kanalkkattu

2026-03-03T21:22:43Z

Asissantra: added citations as per guidelines and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanalkkattu
| image = Kanalkkattu.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = [[film producer|Siyad Koker]]
| writer = [[Lohithadas]]
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mammootty]]|[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]}}
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = [[Kokers Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|07|04}}
| runtime = 153 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Kanalkkattu''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1991|1991]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Lohithadas]]. It stars [[Mammootty]], and [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], in lead roles with [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Shari, [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]], [[Mohan Raj]] and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] in supporting roles. The movie is remembered for the performance of K. P. A. C. Lalitha.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-kpac-lalitha-romanced-mammootty-on-screen-for-kanalkkattu/articleshow/89770703.cms | title=When KPAC Lalitha romanced Mammootty on screen for 'Kanalkkattu' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/mammootty-remembers-kpac-lalitha-shares-experience-working-with-her-1.7289609 | title=മരണമേ, നീയെന്തിന് മനുഷ്യർക്കിടയിലിങ്ങനെ മതിൽ തീർക്കുന്നു- മമ്മൂട്ടി | date=24 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actresses-who-made-a-mark-in-the-comedy-genre/photostory/67832780.cms | title=Malayalam actresses who made a mark in the comedy genre | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Narayanan, commonly known as Nathu Narayanan, is a local rowdy. One day, Bhaskaran Nair, a house owner seeks his help in order to evacuate his rented house. He is not able to find Narayanan, and asks his friend Ramu, who repudiates Bhaskaran Nair for trying to drag Narayanan into a life of crime. Bhaskaran Nair goes home after he is not able to find Narayanan. Narayanan shows up at his home at night and agrees to evacuate his home. Next day, Narayanan goes into the house and fights with the Nephew of the squatter Menon, scaring him. Eventually, the nephew runs away and Narayanan is able to free the house from the squatter. Bhaskaran Nair pays Narayanan some money, which he squanders very quickly.

Narayanan also gets some money to marry Omana, who is a house help.

Benny is an honest engineer who is unwilling to sign on the bills belonging to corrupt contractor Ayyappan Nair. Ayyappan Nair wants to put Benny in a hospital, so that the replacement can sign his bills. He goes to Karim Bhai for help, who asks Narayanan to do the job of breaking hands and legs of Benny. Narayanan manages to make Benny fall from his scooter using a rope on a bridge. But during the altercation that follows, he accidentally kills him by pushing him into a river from the top of a bridge. The death is declared as an accident.

Narayanan is repentant, and starts helping Asha, the wife of Benny. One day, he accidentally goes to her workplace drunk, and explains how his father also was killed by someone the same way and his mother didn't take care of him afterwards.

Asha, who was already suspicious about the death of Benny, decides to give a petition to the police for a new enquiry. Police finds the rope used to trip Benny from his scooter.

Narayanan informs this to Ayyappan Nair and goes hiding. Karim Bhai says to Ayyappan Nair that if Narayanan is caught by the police, he could lead the police to Karim Bhai and Ayyappan Nair. Therefore he decides to kill Narayanan.

Karim Bhai goes to Ramu's home and attacks him. Narayanan decides to surrender after seeing Asha once. But while going to her house, he is attacked by Karim Bhai. Narayanan eventually manages to overpower Karim Bhai and choke him to death with his belt.

The film ends when Narayanan goes to Asha's house and falls on her feet, begging for forgiveness.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as Nathu Narayanan
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Ramu
*[[Jayaram]] as Benny
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Asha
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Omana, accidentally Nathu's wife
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Subair|P. P. Subair]]
*[[M. S. Thripunithura]]
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Moideen
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Benny's mother
*[[Mohan Raj]] as Karim Bhai
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Ayyappan Nair
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Ramu's wife
*[[T. P. Madhavan]]
*[[Beena Antony]]
*[[Thesni Khan]]
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Thomas Kutty
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Chethikkinungi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kaithapram]]
|-
| 2 || "Saanthwanam" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Kaithapram]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271588}}

{{A. K. Lohithadas}}

[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Rambha Rambabu

2026-03-03T18:27:05Z

Asissantra: adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rambha Rambabu
| image = Rambha Rambabu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = Paatibandla Ananda Rao (dialogues)
| story = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| producer = G. Mattayya M. S. R. Prasad
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] Parijaata
| music = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| cinematography = Kabirlal
| editing = Murali-Ramaiah
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Durga Movies<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kvTY51w9Yc |title=Ramba Rambabu (overview) |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990||}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rambha Rambabu''''' is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film, produced by G. Mattayya and M. S. R. Prasad under the Sri Lakshmi Durga Movies banner and directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] and Parijaata, with music composed by Madhavapedhi Suresh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ramba-rambabu-movie/17911 |title=Ramba Rambabu (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720141730/http://www.gomolo.com/ramba-rambabu-movie/17911 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''Hit'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5135?ed=Tolly |title=Ramba Rambabu (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124011031/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5135?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is based on Tamil film ''[[Rambayin Kaadhal (1956 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]]'' (1956).

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where a callow, Rambabu, strongly aims to knit apsara [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], for which everyone mocks him. Besides, his mother, Janakamma, fixes an alliance, and his sly maternal uncle, Garalakantam, ploys to fuse his daughter Chittitalli with him for wealth. Ergo, Rambabu conducts immense penance and triumphs on the ground, Rambha, whom he weddings, with the blessing of [[Narada]]. Janakamma denies it, so she schemes with Garalakantam to detach them, but in vain. After a few comic incidents, Rambha & Rambabu affront Narada, and then he wittily divulges the secret to [[Indra]], who cages Rambha. With willpower, Rambabu lands in heaven, counterstrike Indra, and retrieves Rambha. Eventually, Rambabu sets foot in hell, where he covertly spots the judiciary of [[Yama]], views the sins of humanity, which he unveils, and proclaims the remedies. Thus, no sinners walk towards hell when Yama confronts Indra in the inducement of Narada, and a battle erupts. Soon, they admitted the cause and gave Rambha & Rambabu a call. In a rage, Indra is about to onslaught Rambabu, which Rambha bars. Hence, he turns her into a statue, and Rambabu is shocked. Here, as a flabbergast, it's all Rambabu's dream. At last, Janakamma forcibly gears up his splice, and fortunately, the bride, Padmakshi, is the same Rambha in his dream. Finally, the movie ends happily with Rambabu marrying her.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rambabu
*Parijaata as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Narada|Narada Maharshi]]
*[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as [[Yama|Yama Dharma Raju]]
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Garalakantam
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Chitra Gupta
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Priest
*Thyagaraju as Bhetalla
*K. K. Sarma
*Kaasi Viswanath
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as Sarva Mangalam
*Kakinada Shyamala as Janakamma
*Sridevi as Chittitalli

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ramba Rambabu
| type = film
| artist = Madhavapedhi Suresh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:37
| label = Cauvery Audio
| producer = Madhavapedhi Suresh
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by Madhavapedhi Suresh and it is released on Cauvery Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3741/Rambha%20Rambabu%20(1990)/ |title=Ramba Rambabu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Rambha Rambha"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:52
|-
|2
|"Priyatham Piluvakumaa"
|Mullapudi Sastry
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:22
|-
|3
|"Koora Koora Gongoora"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Susheela
|4:29
|-
|4
|"Balamani Raave"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Mano
|4:45
|-
|5
|"Vagdanamulu" (Padyam)
|Paatibandla Ananda Rao
|Madhavapeddi Ramesh
|1:09
|}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - KAD Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}

[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:1990 comedy films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]

Nippu Ravva

2026-03-03T18:24:47Z

Asissantra: enhanced references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nippu Ravva
| image = Nippu_Ravva.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| producer = M. V. Srinivas Prasad
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Vijayashanti]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]] [[Raj–Koti]] [[A. R. Rahman]] '''(Score)'''
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = [[Gautham Raju]]
| studio = Yuvarathna Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|9|3}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nippu Ravva''''' ({{translation|'' Fire Spark''}}) is a 1993 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by M.V.Srinivas Prasad on Yuvarathna Arts banner and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], and music composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] & [[Raj–Koti]], while the background score was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. ''Nippu Ravva'' and ''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]'', also starring Balakrishna, were released on the same day and both ran for over 100 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=BalaKrishna: బాలకృష్ణ అరుదైన ఆ రికార్డుకు 27 ఏళ్లు |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nandamuri-balakrishna-rare-record-completes-27-years-his-films-nippu-ravva-and-bangaru-bullodu-released-same-day-ta-595106.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028115334/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nandamuri-balakrishna-rare-record-completes-27-years-his-films-nippu-ravva-and-bangaru-bullodu-released-same-day-ta-595106.html |archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> It was dubbed into Tamil and Hindi as ''Suriya'' and ''Mawaali Raaj'', respectively. It was also the last collaboration to mark actors, Balakrishna and Vijayashanthi together after featuring in several films previously and this was their 17th last pair.

==Plot==
The film begins with a doughty Suryam produced before the judiciary as a murder convict sentenced to 7 years. Right away, he absconds from prison and abducts a sports star, Vijaya, the sibling of local [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Indrani. Currently, he hides her in a remote forest area where its tribes regard him. Vijaya makes various attempts to escape but, fortuitously, is rescued by Suryam. Then, Vijaya understands his virtue, inquires about him, and he spins rearward. Suryam is a [[Trade union|trade union leader]] at Balagam coal mines owned by a spiteful Balagam Dhanraj who suppresses the workers under his toe. Anyhow, Suryam always encounters his malpractices. The chief engineer & his family maintain a cordial relationship with him.

Once, the engineer detects that [[Godavari]] water will drown the mines and notifies Dhanraj that he keeps a deaf ear for his greed. He walks to shield the workers, but it is too late. The water floods the mines, endangering the lives of hundreds. Suryam succeeds in bailing out the miners he can when he files a case against Dhanraj and claims indemnity. During the tribunal, Dhanraj intrigues by assassinating the engineer via his sidekick Dasu. Plus, he makes workers accountable for the catastrophe and calls off the lawsuit. Be aware that Suryam chases Dasu when the wicked cop, SI Prabhakar, screens him with fake alibis. Suryam raises an interstellar movement that shakes the country, intensifying his hunger strike. To distract his initiation, Dhanraj's son Kumar drags Suryam's sister Bharati away and molests her. Ergo, Dhanraj orders to slay her, but Suryam defends when Dasu and imprisons him.

Presently, Suryam aims to knit Kumar with Bharati. Hearing it, Vijaya endears him and is determined to aid in his mission. As of today, Suryam's stand-off Indrani for Kumar instead of Vijaya, while swapping Kumar, skips in the verge. Meanwhile, Bharati conceives, and Indrani knows the injustice that happened to her. So, she proceeds legally for justice but fails, which besmirches Bharati. Now, Indrani & Vijaya support Suryam in seizing Kumar, and he moves to the forest. On the way, he attempts to kill Suryam, but he is guarded by him when he reforms. Now, Dhanraj onslaughts on the woods, and heavy action occurs. At last, Suryam ceases the baddies, and the court declares him guilty with a death sentence. Finally, the movie ends with Suryam stepping for his penalty.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Suryam
* [[Vijayashanti]] as Vijaya
* [[Shobana]] as dancer (Special Appearance)
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Balagam Dhanraj
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Labour Minister
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lawyer Buildup Masthan Rao
* [[Tiger Prabhakar|Kanada Prabhakar]] as S.I. Prabhakar
* [[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]] as Gundappa
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Engineer
* [[Babu Antony]] as Dasu
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Labour Officer
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Kumar
* Prasanna Kumar as Sudhakar
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Constable
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Koyadora
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Coolie
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]] as Constable
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as S.P.Indrani
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Lawyer Gayatri
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasturi]] as Bharathi
* Shilpa as Labour Minister's daughter
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Labour Minister's wife
* [[Baby Shamili]] as Engineer's daughter
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nippu Ravva
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]] and [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 33:33
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Bappi Lahiri]] [[Raj–Koti]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The songs featured in the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] with [[Raj–Koti]] composing only one song "Randi Kadilirandi".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/state-rowdy-to-nippu-ravva-here-are-bappi-lahiris-superhit-compositions-for-telugu-films-4777670.html | title=State Rowdy to Nippu Ravva, Here Are Bappi Lahiri's Superhit Compositions for Telugu Films | date=16 February 2022 }}</ref> It was released by the [[Lahari Music]] Company.

Raj-Koti duo was initially signed on to compose the background score. They called in their former keyboardist [[A. R. Rahman]] (who had by then risen to fame in Tamil with Roja), for assistance. Nippu Ravva was delayed and when Rahman was called, Roja had not released. Rahman ended up doing a major part of the score and its programming and arrangement, Raj-Koti suggested Rahman himself be credited for the whole score. After delays, the film was released in 1993, by when Roja became a major musical success. The makers happily agreed to credit Rahman for the score due to his fame.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:33
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Time Enta
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:24

| title2 = Kamuni Patnam
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 5:08

| title3 = Hai Shabba
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 5:21

| title4 = Raavayya Raavayya
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 7:14

| title5 = Gulebakavali Kavalikato
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 5:02

| title6 = Randi Kadili Randi
| lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 5:15
}}

; Hindi
#" Gaal Gulaabi" - [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
#"Mawali Raj Aa Gaya" - [[Suresh Wadkar]]
#"Rang Rangeela Mausam Aaya" - [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]

Ganapavaram mandal

2026-03-01T12:43:58Z

Asissantra:

{{other uses|Ganapavaram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ganapavaram mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.70|N|81.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Ganapavaram, West Godavari district|Ganapavaram]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 February 2016|pages=48,326}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 99.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 64,963
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Ganapavaram mandal''' is one of the 20 [[mandal]]s in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>AP GO Number 158, Part-I, Extraordinary dated 16-Feb-2023 for GO MS No:54, Revenue (Lands IV), dated 16-02-2023</ref> It is under the administration of [[Bhimavaram revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Ganapavaram, West Godavari district|Ganapavaram]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=West Godavari District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=18 February 2016|pages=428}}</ref> Ganapavaram Mandal is bounded by [[Nidamarru]] Mandal towards west, [[Pentapadu]] Mandal towards North, [[Undi]] Mandal towards South, [[Unguturu, West Godavari district|Unguturu]] Mandal towards North . [[Tadepalligudem]], [[Bhimavaram]], [[Tanuku]], [[Eluru]] are the nearby Cities to Ganapavaram. It is located 55 km from Eluru and 22 km from Bhimavaram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 64,963 with 18,622 households. The total population constitute, 32,519 males and 32,444 females —a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males. 5,894 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,957 are boys and 2,937 are girls. The literacy rate stands at 68.35% with 44,406 literates.<ref name=census />

The mandal does not have any sort of Urban population and Area.<ref name="census"/>{{rp|24}}

== Governance ==

=== Administration ===

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has thirty villages and twenty five panchayats, of which all of them are villages.<ref name="census" /> Velagapalle is the smallest Village and [[Ganapavaram, West Godavari district|Ganapavaram]] is the biggest Village in terms of population<ref name=map /><ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of West Godavari District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=15|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121729/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=15|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|style=width:650px;|
#Agraharagopavaram
#Ardhavaram
#Cherukuganuma Agraharam
#Chinaramachandrapuram
#Dasulakumudavalli
#[[Ganapavaram, Eluru district|Ganapavaram]]
#Jagannadhapuram
#Jallikakinada
#Kasipadu
#Kesavaram
#Komarru
#Kommara
#Kothapalle
#Moyyeru
#Muggula
#Mupparthipadu
#Pippara
#Saripalle
#Seethalamkonde Padu
#Vakapalle
#Valluru
#Varadarajapuram
#Veereswarapuram
#Velagapalle
#Venkatrajapuram
}}

{{refbegin}}
;Notes
:(†) Mandal headquarter
{{refend}}

=== Politics ===
Ganapavaram mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#West Godavari district|mandals]] under [[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by mandal parishad, [[Zilla Parishad High School|zilla parishad]], government and private schools, which are both aided and unaided, under the administration of the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Working Groups|url=http://childinfo.ap.nic.in/SSA_FeedbackForms/WorkingGroups/group4.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151650/http://childinfo.ap.nic.in/SSA_FeedbackForms/WorkingGroups/group4.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

Important colleges in Ganapavaram are S C B R Govt Junior College, Chanakya Junior College, (CH.VPMR) Government Degree College and Smt. Gottumukkala Swaraswathi Degree College. There are many schools in Ganapavaram. Gurajada Vidyaniketan, Vidya Jyothi Merit School and Maria Montessori School teaches in English medium whereas, [[Zilla Parishad High School]]s in Telugu medium.

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Eluru district]]

Wazir Ali Khan

2026-02-27T03:18:52Z

Asissantra: improved article

{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{one source|date=April 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = '''Asif Jah Mirza Wazir Ali Khan'''
| title = [[Nawabs of Oudh|Nawab of Oudh]] ''Marhoom-wa-Muqfoor''<ref group="nt">Posthumous title</ref>
| image = WazirAliKhan.jpg
| caption =
| succession = 4th [[Nawab of Awadh]]
| reign = 21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798
| coronation = 21 September 1797, [[Lucknow]]
| full name = Asif Jah Mirza Wazir Ali Khan

|
| predecessor = [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]
| successor = [[Saadat Ali Khan II]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = Nishapuri
| dynasty = [[Awadh]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
| birth_date = 19 April 1780
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Kingdom of Awadh]]
| death_date = 15 May 1817
| death_place = [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| burial_place = Kasia Bagan, Kolkata, India
}}

'''Wazir Ali Khan''' (19 April 1780 – 15 May 1817) was the fourth [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab]] of [[Kingdom of Awadh]] from 21 September 1797 to 21 January 1798 and the adopted son of [[Asaf-ud-Daula|Asaf-Ud-Daulah]].

==Life==
[[File:Samuel Davis - Wazir Ali's supporters attack Davis's house - Benares - January 1799.png|thumb|left|Attack on [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]]' House (14{{nbsp}}January 1799)]]
Asaf-ud-Daulah, who had no son,<ref name=":0" /> adopted Ali, the son of his sister. At 13 years of age, Ali was married at the cost of £300,000 in [[Lucknow]].

After the death of his surrogate father in September 1797, he ascended to the throne (''[[musnud]]''), with the support of the British. Within four months they accused him of being disloyal. Sir [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]] (1751–1834) then moved in with 12 battalions and replaced him with his uncle [[Saadat Ali Khan II]].<ref name=":0" />

Ali was granted a pension of 300,000 Rupees and moved to [[Benares]]. The government in [[Calcutta]] decided that he should be removed further from his former realm.<ref name=":0" /> [[George Frederick Cherry]], a British resident, relayed this order to him on 14{{nbsp}}January 1799 during a breakfast invitation at which Ali had appeared with an armed guard. During the ensuing argument, Ali struck Cherry a blow with his saber, whereupon the guards killed the resident and two more Europeans. They then set out to attack the house of [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]], the Magistrate of Benares, who defended himself on the staircase of his house with a [[pike (weapon)|pike]] until rescued by British troops.<ref>{{cite book|title=Views of Medieval Bhutan: the diary and drawings of Samuel Davis, 1783| first1=Samuel| last1=Davis| first2=Michael| last2=Aris| year=1982| publisher=Serindia| url=https://archive.org/stream/ViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris/Views%20of%20Medieval%20Bhutan%20--%20the%20Diary%20and%20Drawings%20of%20Samuel%20Davis%201783%20Michael%20Aris#page/n29/mode/2up|page=54}}</ref> The affair became known as the [[Massacre of Benares]].

Subsequently, Ali assembled a rebellious army of several thousand men. A quickly assembled force commanded by General Erskine moved into Benares and "restored order" by 21 January. Ali fled to [[Azamgarh]]<ref name=":0" /> then to Butwal, [[Rajputana]] where he was granted asylum by the Raja of [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":0" /> On the request of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]], the Raja turned Ali over to the British on the condition that he neither be hanged nor be put in fetters. Ali surrendered to the British authorities in December 1799 and was placed in rigorous confinement at Fort William, Calcutta.

The colonial government complied with this: Ali spent the rest of life – 17 years – in an iron cage in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/s/13lf|title=পাতা:কলিকাতা সেকালের ও একালের.djvu/৯৮১ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|website=bn.wikisource.org|language=bn|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> He was buried in the Muslim graveyard of ''Kasi Baghan''.

== Children ==
*Mirza Jalaluddin Haidar Ali Khan Bahadur born 1798, married and got Issue
**Nawab Mubarak ud-Daula, who moved to Ottoman Empire
*Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan
*Sahibzadi Saadatunnisa Begum

==Timeline==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box

| title=[[Nawab of Oudh|Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik of Oudh]]

| years=21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798

| before=[[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah|Asaf ad-Dowla Amani]]

| after=[[Saadat Ali Khan II|Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Sa`adat `Ali Khan II Bahadur]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==Literature==
* Baillie, Laureen (Hrsg.): ''Indian Biographical Archiv;'' München, {{ISBN|3-598-34104-0}}, Fiche 492
* Davis, John Francis (1795–1890); [https://archive.org/details/vizieralikhanorm00davi Vizier Ali Khan; or, The massacre of Benares: a chapter in British Indian history .. (1871)] (Orig. 1844) {{PD-notice}}
* Higginbotham, J. J.; ''Men Whom India has Known''. 1874
* Ray, Aniruddha; ''Revolt of Vizir Ali of Oudh at Benares in 1799;'' in: Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 49th Session, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 1988: S 331–338
*''Kartoos'' by [[Habib Tanvir]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=स्पर्श भाग 2|publisher=NCERT|isbn=81-7450-647-0|location=New Delhi|pages=127|language=hi|chapter=कारतूस|chapter-url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?jhsp1=14-14}}{{|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="nt"/>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://lucknow.nic.in/Wazir.htm National Informatics Centre, Lucknow – Rulers of Awadh]
* [http://oudh.tripod.com/misc/noosec.htm#wak NAWABS OF OUDH & THEIR SECULARISM – Dr. B. S. Saxena]
* [http://www.indiancoins.8m.com/awadh/AwadhHist.html#WazirAliKhan HISTORY OF AWADH (Oudh) a princely State of India by Hameed Akhtar Siddiqui] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010901224326/http://www.indiancoins.8m.com/awadh/AwadhHist.html#WazirAliKhan |date=1 September 2001 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Wazir}}
[[Category:1780 births]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Oudh State|Wazir]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Yali Dream Creations

2026-02-17T22:25:42Z

Asissantra: made a bio needs work!

{{short description|Indian comics publishing company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=May 2022}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox publisher
|name = Yali Dreem
Creations (YDC)
|numemployees =
|owner =
|revenue =
|imprints =
|genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Action fiction|Action]]
*[[Horror fiction|Horror]]
*[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
*[[Fantasy]]
*[[Science fiction]]
*[[Superhero]]}}
|topics =
|publications = [[Comics]]
|headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India and [[San Jose, California]]
|image =
|country = United States, India
|successor =
|founders = {{plainlist|
*Asvin Srivatsangam
*Vivek Rangachari}}
|founded = {{start date and age|2012}}
|predecessor =
|traded_as =
|status =
|caption =
|url = {{URL|yalidreamcreations.com}}
}}

'''Yali Dream Creations LLC''', known as '''YDC''', is an [[Indian comics|Indian comic books]] publisher, focused on creating original stories using [[comics]] and [[graphic novel]]s. YDC was founded in 2012 by Asvin Srivatsangam, and published its first graphic novel in 2013, written by [[Shamik Dasgupta (writer)|Shamik Dasgupta]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The name 'Yali' (யாளி) was inspired from [[Hindu mythology]]. '''[[Yali (mythology)|Yali]]''' ([jaːɭi]; also known as '''Vyala''' or '''Vidala''' in [[Sanskrit]]) is a mythical creature seen in many Hindu temples, often sculpted onto the pillars.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://bleedingcool.com/tv/the-village-is-indias-first-comic-live-action-adaptation-from-amazon/ The Village Is India's First Comic Live Action Adaptation From Amazon - '''Bleedingcool''']
*[https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2022/04/29/amazon-prime-launches-video-on-demand-in-india-announces-40-titles/?sh=6346e2914530 Amazon Prime Launches Video-On-Demand In India, Announces 40 Titles]
*[https://culturepopcorn.com/vigilante-justice-is-yali-dream-creations-next-exclusive-interview-its-founder/ Vigilante Justice is Yali Dream Creations next: an Exclusive Interview with {{sic|i|t's|nolink=y}} Founder]
*[https://culturepopcorn.com/shamik-dasgupta-interview-cannot-anything-comics/ Shamik Dasgupta : I cannot do anything else but comics]
*[https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/asvin-srivatsangam-s-graphic-novel-rakshak-gets-a-silver-screen/article_21296e34-445b-11ea-a258-93199b4ac540.html Asvin Srivatsangam's Graphic Novel 'Rakshak' Gets a silver screen adaptation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205113226/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/asvin-srivatsangam-s-graphic-novel-rakshak-gets-a-silver-screen/article_21296e34-445b-11ea-a258-93199b4ac540.html |date=5 February 2020 }}
* [http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/yali-dream-creations-ceo-hopes-rakshak-will-inspire-more-film-adaptations-of-comics-in-india Yali Dream Creations' Rakshak became the first superhero comic book series which will be adapted on silver screen. Helmed by noted filmmaker Sanjay Gupta]
* [https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/24/sanjay-gupta-to-adapt-superhero-graphic-novel-rakshak-16190.html Sanjay Gupta to adapt superhero graphic novel Rakshak]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/25/sanjay-gupta-to-adapt-superhero-graphic-novel-2080482.html Director Sanjay Gupta acquires the rights Rakshak Origin Series]
* "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Comic-to-cinema-Desi-vampires-set-to-curdle-blood-of-horror-fans/articleshow/51283908.cms?from=mdr Comic to cinema: Desi vampires set to curdle blood of horror fans]".
* [http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/yali-dream-creations-comic-the-caravan-soon-to-get-a-bollywood-movie-treatment 'The Caravan' goes Bollywood]
* [http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/anitracks-media-to-launch-graphic-novel-the-caravan-at-comic-con-bangalore-quick-qa-with-shamik-dasgupta-creator-and-writer-of-the-graphic-novel Asvin Srivatsangam's Yali Dream Creations launches 'The Caravan']
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200206014802/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/it-39-s-a-bird-it-39-s-a-plane-it-39-s-an-indian-woman/cid/1313903 It's a bird, it's a plane - It's an Indian woman]". ''Telegraph India''.
* [http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2014/01/09/interview-yali-dream-creations-owner-asvin-srivatsangam-the-man-behind-the-new-graphic-novel-revolution-in-india,/ Asvin Srivatsangam's interview on 'Devi Chaudhurani' and its graphic novel adaptation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206051931/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2014/01/09/interview-yali-dream-creations-owner-asvin-srivatsangam-the-man-behind-the-new-graphic-novel-revolution-in-india,/ |date=6 February 2016 }}
* "[http://indiacomic.blogspot.com/2014_05_01_archive.html The story Devi Rising]".
* [http://www.thegraphicslate.com/comics/people-comics/mumbai-film-comics-convention-viewpoint-needs-change/2015/12 Mumbai Film & Comics Convention: A viewpoint on what needs to change]
* [http://yalidreamcreations.com/ Yali Dream Creations official website]

[[Category:Comic book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Comic book publishing companies of the United States]]

Adi Srinivasa Perumal Temple

2026-02-17T21:07:59Z

Asissantra: place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Adi Srinivasa Perumal Kovil
| image = Adimoolaperumal.j.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Adi moola Srinivasa Perumal Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Adimoola Venkatramanaswamy Temple, Mookanur, [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1386|N|78.2577|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Dharmapuri district]]
| location = Mookanur
| elevation_m = 517.59
| deity = Adi Srinivasa Perumal ([[Vishnu]]), Padmavathi Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Pallava dynasty
| website =
}}

'''Adi moola Srinivasa Perumal Temple''' or '''Adi moola Venkataramanaswamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in a village called Mookanur, in the [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], it is believed to have been built by the [[Pallava dynasty]]. It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple is Constructed in the foot hill of a mountain Dedicated entaierly to Vishnu. This structure was earlier maintained by [[Tenkalai]] [[Brahmins]] and now is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], follows the [[Vaikhanasa|Vaikhanasa agama]] and is a pure [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] temple. There is no [[Ganesha]] shrine inside the temple complex. The divine-deity is the ''Kula-devata'' of many [[Brahmins]] and [[Gounder]]'s in the [[Dharmapuri district]].

[[File:Kodimaram.j.jpg|thumb|Kodimaram and Garudaazhwar Shrine]]

==Legend==
The temple priests claim that this temple is older than [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]] hence, called "Adi Srinivasa Perumal". The legend of the temple states that When [[Bhrigu]] visited [[Vaikuntha]], Vishnu's abode, the deity was absorbed in meditation with his feet being attended to by his consort, the goddess [[Lakshmi]]. Feeling dishonoured by the lack of appropriate welcome, a furious Bhrigu kicked Vishnu on the chest. [[Vishnu]] stirred and apologised to the sage by massaging his feet. During this act, he squashed the extra eye that was present on the sole of Bhrigu's foot, which destroyed the sage's egotism. The sage, impressed by Vishnu's act, declared Vishnu to be the deity worthy of the dedication of the [[yajna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam: TTD Online, TTD Darshan, Tirupati Temple Legend, Architecture & More |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/tirumala-tirupati-devasthanam-all-about-the-tirupati-temple-its-legend-architecture-and-more-1632477971-1 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> [[Lakshmi]] was outraged by the sage's misdemeanour and Vishnu's silence at the act, since she was spiritually associated with the chest of her consort. The goddess departed from [[Vaikuntha]], arriving on Earth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-21 |title=History of Tirupati Balaji temple |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/history-of-tirupati-balaji-temple/articleshow/68206101.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After the departure of the goddess Lakshmi, Lord Vishnu was so sad and he also left Vaikuntha, he decieded to step his foot first on this Mountain, Where the temple is currently present. Till now a huge foot print can be seen on top of the hill. The temple priests show's a huge depression created on the mountain due to the pressure of Lord Vishnu as he was huge when he entered Earth from [[Vaikuntha]].

there are 2 temples associated to the same mountain and The main temple on the top of the mountain with the footprint. People go trekking to visit the lord above the mountain

==History==
The Temple has carvings and symbols similar to the [[Pallavas]] and [[Pandyas]] Architecture. as this region was Ruled by pallavas the temple must be built by the pallavas of the 8th century.<ref>https://www.dharmapuri.tn.nic.in/history.htm</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple has two [[Mandapa]]'s one for maaraige and annadhanam and other for the Bhakthas to sit and worship. The Kalyanam cum annadhanamandapa was built around 1900s and the other mandapa was built probably by [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. the sanctoum sanctorum is believed to be built by Pallavas of 8th century and the temple on the hill is believed as ''Swayambu''. There are two entrances for the temple . The main entrance faces is East and other one faces north. The Mula vighraha faces east and the mula vigraha present on the mountain faces north (Facing [[Thirupathi]]).

==Shrines==
There are separate shrines for Perumal and Thayar. Perumal is not so tall and he showers his blessings with four arms. Padmavathi Thayar also has four hands. There is a belief that if a person chants [[Lalita Sahasranama]] front of the goddess, Devi will remove your obstacles and give what the person wishes in a short period of time. There are shrines for all the [[Alvars]] Poygai Alvar, Putattalvar, Peyalvar, Thirumalisai Alvar, Nammalvar, Kulasekhara Alvar, Periyalvar Thondaradippodi Alvar, ThiruPanalvar, Thirumangai Alvar, Madhurakavi, Andal and Acharyars such as [[Ramanuja]] and [[Nathamuni]] too. There is small shrine for Ganesha and Bhairava outside the temple.

==Festivals and religious practices==
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community of the [[Tenkalai]] sect. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. ''Abishekam'' takes place during Saturdays and many devotees donate cows or donate grains and rice by [[Tulabhara]]. The temple is visited by ver few people in the weekdays and high crowd on Saturdays.[[Lord Vishnu]] showers his blessing just like the [[Venkateshwara]] in [[Thirupathi]].

==Significance==
It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. It is also believed that Bhrigu maharishi worshiped the lord here and Ramanuja had also visited this temple when he left from [[Chidambaram]] to [[Melkote]]. The foot print of [[Maha Vishnu]] can be seen till now and is considered so sacred that only people who did so many good deeds can have a ''darshan'' of his foot print. there is a pond on top of the mountain which is called ''vatra kulam'' meaning a pond which has never dried even at high temperatures.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Sadanam Krishnadas Nair

2026-02-10T03:14:26Z

Asissantra: made first stub needs work!

{{Orphan|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sadanam Krishnadas Nair
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1969|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Koonathara]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|03|18|1969|05|10|df=y}}
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Kathakali Actor]], [[Actor]]
}}

'''Sadanam Krishnadas Nair''' (1969-2018) was a well-known actor of [[Kathakali]] from the [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]], in [[South India]]. He was born on 10 May 1969 in the village of Koonathara near [[Shoranur]]. He was joined at Sadanam Kathakali academy in the month of June 1983 and started the training under [[Kalanilayam Balakrishnan]], a great master of Kathakali. He has also received the best traditional training from the legendary Kathakali actor-scholar [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]] at the same school. Sadanam Krishnadas has made his first appearance on the stage in 1983 October, enacted the role of Krishna very brilliantly and lovely. From 1984 until his death, he had been working as a Kathakali actor with the school's Kathakali troupe, various clubs and festivals all over India and in several foreign countries. Krishnadas served in his alma mater Sadanam for many years and he was a very prominent Kathakali actor to work with any leading roles in the repertory or the newly written stories. Kathakali lovers in northern kerala as well as in southern kerala, highly appreciates Krishnadas Nair's wide range capacity to enact excellently the leading anti-hero roles such as [[Ravana]], [[Keechaka]], [[Duryodhana]] (also called Kathi characters), Hanuman (white beard, vella thadi character), Kattalan (black beard, karutha thadi), Chuvanna thadi (red beard character), Pacha (the green or noble characters). He had an untimely death on 19 March 2018, aged just 49.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|jstor=41306516|last1=Vanderstoel |first1=Graeme |title=Reviewed work: CHARUDATTAM (KATHAKALI JULIUS CAESAR), Sadanam Harikumaran |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |year=2011 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=569–572 |doi=10.1353/atj.2011.0022 |s2cid=162341949 }}</ref>
*<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/throwing-light-on-finer-aspects/article7207037.ece|newspaper=thehindu.com|title=Throwing light on finer aspects - Thrissur - The Hindu|accessdate=2017-01-29}}</ref>
*<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/skilled-acts-of-tribute/article4977429.ece|newspaper=thehindu.com|title=Skilled acts of tribute - The Hindu|accessdate=2017-01-29}}</ref>
*<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/plumbing-depths-of-emotion/article4366976.ece|newspaper=thehindu.com|title=Plumbing depths of emotion - Thrissur - The Hindu|accessdate=2017-01-29}}</ref>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sadanam Krishnadas}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Delhi High Court

2026-02-03T11:57:58Z

Asissantra: minor update

{{Short description|High Court in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Delhi High Court 
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1966|10|31}}
| jurisdiction = [[Delhi]]
| location = Shershah Road, Justice SB Marg, New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6090|N|77.2361|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[President of India|Presidential]] with [[advice and consent|confirmation]] of [[Chief Justice of India]]
| website = [http://delhihighcourt.nic.in delhihighcourt.nic.in]
| chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief Justice]]
| chiefjudgename = [[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]]
| termstart = 21 January 2025
}}

The '''High Court of Delhi''' is the [[High courts of India|high court]] in [[Delhi]], India. It was established on 31 October 1966, through the ''Delhi High Court Act, 1966.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=History of the High Court of Delhi |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/history |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref> Below it are 11 Subordinate Courts that oversee smaller judicial districts. The court gets its powers from Chapter V in Part VI of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: what is the sources of powers of a High Court? |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=6 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1919, the High Court of Judicature at [[Lahore]] exercised [[jurisdiction]] over the then provinces of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Delhi]]. This continued until the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], establishing the dominions of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].

On 15 August 1947 the High Courts (Punjab) Order, 1947 established a new High Court for the territory of what was then East Punjab. The India (Adaptation of Existing Indian Laws) Order, 1947 provided that any reference in an existing Indian law to the High Court of Judicature at Lahore, be replaced by a reference to the High Court of East Punjab.

The High Court of East Punjab started functioning from [[Shimla]] in a building called "[[Peterhoff, Shimla|Peterhoff]]". This building burnt down in January 1981.

When the Secretariat of the Punjab Government shifted to [[Chandigarh]] in 1954–55, the High Court also shifted to [[Chandigarh]]. The High Court of Punjab, as it is later came to be called, exercised jurisdiction over Delhi through a Circuit Bench which dealt with the cases pertaining to the [[Union Territory of Delhi]] and the Delhi Administration.

In view of the importance of Delhi, its population and other considerations, [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] thought it was necessary to establish a new High Court of Delhi. This was achieved by enacting the Delhi High Court Act, 1966 on 5 September 1966.

The High Court of Delhi initially exercised jurisdiction not only over the Union Territory of Delhi, but also [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The High Court of Delhi had a Himachal Pradesh Bench at [[Shimla]] in a building called Ravenswood. The High Court of Delhi continued to exercise jurisdiction over Himachal Pradesh until the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 was enforced on 25 January 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=History of the Delhi High Court |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/history |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref>

==Chief Justice and Judges==
The Chief Justice of the High Court of Delhi is appointed by the [[President of India]], in consultation with the [[Chief Justice of India]]. During the appointment, the [[Chief Justice of India]] is required to consult with two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. For all other High Courts in India, the Chief Justices are appointed by the [[President of India]], as provided under Article 217 of the Constitution, in consultation with the [[Chief Justice of India]] and the Governor of the State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: How are Chief Justices of High Courts appointed? |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=6 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref> The Chief Justice is the senior-most sitting judge of the High Court in a State. Besides performing judicial functions, he/she also exercises administrative powers, as provided under Article 229 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: What is the role of the Chief Justice of the High Court |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=6 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref>

The current [[Chief Justice]] of this court is Justice [[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]]. He was appointed on 21 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=Chief Justice (CJ) and Sitting Judges |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/current#:~:text=Chief%20Justice%20Manmohan-,Acting%20Chief%20Justice%20Manmohan,College%20of%20University%20of%20Delhi. |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref>

===Judges of the Delhi High Court===
The Judges of High Court of Delhi (other than the Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court) are appointed by the [[President of India|President]] by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with the [[Chief Justice of India]], and on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the High Court of Delhi. The [[Chief Justice of India]] is required to consult with two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of the High Court is also required to consult his two senior-most puisne Judges before recommending a name for appointment to the High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: How are judges appointed to the High Court of Delhi? |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=6 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref> The Judges of the Delhi High Court are guided by the code of ethics as stated in ''‘Restatement of Values of Judicial Life’'' adopted by [[Supreme Court of India|the Supreme Court of India]], vide its resolution dated 7 May 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: Is there a code of ethics for the High Court Judges? |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=5 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref>

Currently, the sanctioned strength of Judges of the High Court of Delhi is 45 permanent Judges and 15 Additional Judges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=FAQs: How many judges, other than the Chief Justice, does the High Court of Delhi have? |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/faq?page=6 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=The High Court of Delhi}}</ref> Following is the list of sitting Judges of the High Court of Delhi:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/cjsittingjudges.asp |title=Chief Justice and sitting Judges of Delhi HC |work=High Court of Delhi }}</ref>

{{See also|List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court}}

==Original side civil jurisdiction==
The High Court of Delhi is territory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi High Court (Original Side) Rules, 2018|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/writereaddata/upload/Notification/NotificationFile_0XY08957.PDF|website=Delhi High Court}}</ref> This means that [[Civil law (common law)|civil cases]] can be filed directly in the High Court, whereas the High Court generally only has [[Appellate jurisdiction|appellate civil jurisdiction]] otherwise. The other High Courts which have original side jurisdiction are Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Courts|url=https://dakshindia.org/indian-courts/|website=Daksh|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==Backlog==
As per the report released on 2006–08, Delhi High court has a long list of pending cases. The backlog is such that it would take 466 years to resolve them. In a bid to restore public trust and confidence, Delhi court spent 5 minutes per case and disposed of 94,000 cases in 2008–10.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/At-5-minutes-per-case-Delhi-high-court-clears-94000-in-2-years/articleshow/13663493.cms | title=At 5 minutes per case, Delhi high court clears 94,000 in 2 years | date=30 May 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Former Chief Justices==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=50%
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Chief Justices
! colspan="2" |Tenure
|-
!Start
!End
|-
! 1
| [[K. S. Hegde]]
| 31 Oct 1966
| 16 Jul 1967
|-
! -
| [[M. K. M. Ismail]] (acting)
| 17 Jul 1967
| 13 Nov 1967
|-
! 2
| [[I. D. Dua]]
| 14 Nov 1967
| 01 Aug 1969
|-
! 3
| [[H. R. Khanna]]
| 01 Aug 1969
| 22 Sep 1970
|-
! 4
| [[Hardayal Hardy]]
| 22 Sep 1971
| 15 May 1972
|-
! 5
| [[Narain Andley]]
| 15 May 1972
| 04 Jun 1974
|-
! 6
| [[T. V. R. Tatachari]]
| 04 Jun 1974
| 16 Oct 1978
|-
! 7
| [[V. S. Deshpande]]
| 16 Oct 1978
| 27 Mar 1980
|-
! 8
| [[Prakash Narain]]
| 08 Jan 1981
| 06 Aug 1985
|-
! 9
| [[Rajinder Sachar]]
| 06 Aug 1985
| 22 Dec 1985
|-
! 10
| [[D. K. Kapur]]
| 22 Dec 1985
| 20 Aug 1986
|-
! 11
| [[T.P.S. Chawla]]
| 20 Aug 1986
| 16 Aug 1987
|-
!-
| [[R. N. Aggarwal]] (acting)
| 16 Aug 1987
| 21 Aug 1987
|-
! 12
| [[Yogeshwar Dayal]]
| 21 Aug 1987
| 18 Mar 1988
|-
! 13
| [[Rabindranath Pyne]]
| 18 Mar 1988
| 28 Sep 1990
|-
! 14
| [[Milap Chand Jain]]
| 28 Nov 1990
| 21 Jul 1991
|-
!15
| [[G. C. Mittal]]
| 05 Aug 1991
| 04 Mar 1994
|-
! 16
| [[M. Jagannadha Rao]]
| 12 Apr 1994
| 21 Mar 1997
|-
! 17
| [[Mahinder Narain]]
| 21 Mar 1997
| 30 Dec 1999
|-
! 18
| [[Sam Nariman Variava]]
| 31 Dec 1999
| 15 Mar 2000
|-
! 19
| [[Arijit Pasayat]]
| 10 May 2000
| 19 Oct 2001
|-
!20
| [[S. B. Sinha]]
| 26 Nov 2001
| 01 Oct 2002
|-
! 21
| [[B. C. Patel]]
| 05 Mar 2003
| 07 Aug 2005
|-
! 22
| [[Markandey Katju]]
| 12 Oct 2005
| 10 Apr 2006
|-
! 23
| [[Mukundakam Sharma]]
| 04 Dec 2006
| 09 Apr 2008
|-
! 24
| [[Ajit Prakash Shah]]
| 11 May 2008
| 12 Feb 2010
|-
! 25
| [[Dipak Misra]]
| 24 May 2010
| 10 Oct 2011
|-
!26
| [[Justice D Murugesan|D Murugesan]]
| 26 Sep 2012
| 10 Jun 2013
|-
! -
| [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]] (acting)
| 10 Jun 2013
| 01 Sept 2013
|-
! 27
| [[N. V. Ramana]]
| 02 Sep 2013
| 16 Feb 2014
|-
! -
| [[Badar Durrez Ahmed]] (acting)
| 17 Feb 2014
| 20 Apr 2014
|-
! 28
| [[G. Rohini|Gorla Rohini]]
| 21 Apr 2014
| 13 Apr 2017
|-
! -
| [[Gita Mittal]] (acting)
| 14 Apr 2017
| 10 Aug 2018
|-
! 29
| [[Rajendra Menon]]
| 11 Aug 2018
| 06 Jun 2019
|-
! 30
| [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel]]
| 07 Jun 2019
| 12 Mar 2022
|-
! -
| [[Vipin Sanghi]] (acting)
| 13 Mar 2022
| 27 Jun 2022
|-
!31
| [[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| 28 Jun 2022
| 08 Nov 2023
|-
!-
| [[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan]] (acting)
| 09 Nov 2023
| 28 Sep 2024
|-
!32
| [[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan]]
| 29 Sep 2024
| 04 Dec 2024
|-
! -
|Vibhu Bakhru (acting)
| 05 Dec 2024
| 20 January 2025
|}

== Judges elevated to Supreme Court ==

=== Currently serving ===
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header" width="92%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of the Judge
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Date of Appointment as Judge
! rowspan="2" |Date of elevation to Supreme Court
! rowspan="2" |Date of Retirement
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Immediately preceding office
|-
!As HC Judge
!As Supreme Court Judge
!Total tenure {{small|(including both SC and HC)}} 
|-
!1
|[[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan]]
|[[File:Justice_Manmohan.jpg|alt=|91x91px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{dts|2008|3|13|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2024|12|5|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2027|12|16|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2008|3|13|2024|12|5}}
|{{ayd|2024|12|5|2027|12|16|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2008|3|13|2027|12|16}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|33rd CJ]] of Delhi HC
|}

=== Former Judges ===
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header" width="92%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of the Judge
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Date of Appointment as Judge
! rowspan="2" |Date of elevation to Supreme Court
! rowspan="2" |Date of Retirement
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Immediately preceding office
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
!As HC Judge
!As Supreme Court Judge
!Total tenure {{small|(including both SC and HC)}} 
|-
!1
|Srinivasachar Ranganathan
|
|{{Dts|1977|11|14|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1987|10|5|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1992|10|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|14|1987|10|4|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1987|10|5|1992|10|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1977|11|14|1992|10|30|duration=on}}
|Judge of Delhi HC
|
|-
!2
|[[Yogeshwar Dayal]]
|
|{{Dts|1974|2|28|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1991|3|22|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|1994|8|2|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1974|2|28|1991|3|21|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|22|1994|8|2|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1974|2|28|1994|8|2|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Delhi High Court|13th CJ]] of Delhi HC
|Died in office
|-
!3
|'''[[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]]'''
|'''[[File:Justice B.N. Kirpal.jpg|alt=|94x94px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|'''{{Dts|1979|11|20|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|1995|9|11|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|2002|11|7|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1979|11|20|1995|9|10|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1995|9|11|2002|11|7|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1979|11|20|2002|11|7|duration=on}}'''
|'''[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gujarat High Court|13th CJ]] of [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat HC]]'''
|'''31st Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!4
|Devinder Pratap Wadhwa
|
|{{Dts|1983|8|12|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1997|3|21|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2000|5|4|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1983|8|12|1997|3|20|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1997|3|21|2000|5|4|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1983|8|12|2000|5|4|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|28th CJ]] of [[Patna High Court|Patna HC]]
|
|-
!5
|'''[[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]'''
|[[File:Justice Y.K. Sabharwal.jpg|alt=|93x93px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|'''{{Dts|1986|11|17|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|2000|1|28|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|2007|1|13|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1986|11|17|2000|1|27|duration=on}}'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" |'''{{ayd|2000|1|28|2007|1|13|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|1986|11|17|2007|1|31|duration=on}}'''
|'''[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]'''
|'''36th Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!6
|Arun Kumar
|
|{{Dts|1990|7|13|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2002|10|3|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2006|4|11|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|13|2002|10|2|duration=on}}
| align="center" |{{ayd|2000|10|3|2006|4|11|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1990|7|13|2006|4|11|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|23rd CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|
|-
!7
|[[Dalveer Bhandari]]
|[[File:The Judge of the Supreme Court of India, Justice Dalveer Bhandari delivering the inaugural address at the All India Conference of the Central Administrative Tribunal, in New Delhi on November 06, 2011 (cropped).jpg|131x131px]]
|{{Dts|1991|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2005|10|28|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2012|4|27|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2005|10|27|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2005|10|28|2012|4|27|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2012|4|27|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|34th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|Resigned from office
|-
!8
|[[D. K. Jain|Devinder Kumar Jain]]
|
|{{Dts|1991|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2006|4|10|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2013|1|24|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2006|4|9|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2006|4|10|2013|1|24|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1991|3|19|2013|1|24|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|
|-
!9
|[[Swatanter Kumar]]
|
|{{Dts|1994|11|10|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2009|12|18|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2012|12|19|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|10|2009|12|17|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2009|12|18|2012|12|19|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1994|11|10|2012|12|19|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|37th CJ]] of [[Bombay High Court|Bombay HC]]
|
|-
!10
|[[Madan Lokur]]
|[[File:The Judge, Supreme Court of India, Justice Madan B. Lokur delivering the valedictory address, at the 35th National Symposium of Heads of Police Training Institutions, in New Delhi on March 24, 2017 (cropped).jpg|alt=|95x95px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|1999|2|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2012|6|4|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2018|12|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|2|19|2012|6|3|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2012|6|4|2018|12|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1999|2|19|2018|12|30|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|33rd CJ]] of [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]]
|
|-
!11
|[[Vikramajit Sen]]
|
|{{Dts|1999|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2012|12|24|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2015|12|30|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2012|12|23|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2012|12|24|2015|12|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2015|12|30|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Karnataka High Court|26th CJ]] of [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka HC]]
|
|-
!12
|[[Arjan Kumar Sikri]]
|
|{{Dts|1999|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2013|4|12|format=dmy}}
|{{Dts|2019|3|6|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2013|4|11|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2013|4|12|2019|3|6|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|1999|7|7|2019|3|6|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|31st CJ]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana HC]]
|
|-
!13
|[[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]]
|[[File:Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul.jpg|alt=|101x101px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2001|5|3|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2017|2|17|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|12|25|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2001|5|3|2017|2|16|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2017|2|17|2023|12|25|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2001|5|3|2023|12|25|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|38th CJ]] of [[Madras High Court|Madras HC]]
|
|-
!14
|'''[[Sanjiv Khanna]]'''
|'''[[File:Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna.jpg|alt=|88x88px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]'''
|'''{{Dts|2005|6|24|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{Dts|2019|1|18|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{dts|2025|5|13|format=dmy}}'''
|'''{{ayd|2005|6|24|2019|1|17|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|2019|1|18|2025|5|13|duration=on}}'''
|'''{{ayd|2005|6|24|2025|5|13|duration=on}}'''
|'''Judge of Delhi HC'''
|'''51st Chief Justice of India'''
|-
!15
|[[Shripathi Ravindra Bhat]]
|[[File:Justice S R Bhat.jpg|alt=|99x99px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2004|7|16|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2019|9|23|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|10|20|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2004|7|16|2019|9|22|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2019|9|23|2023|10|20|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2004|7|16|2023|10|20|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|36th CJ]] of [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan HC]]
|
|-
!16
|[[Hima Kohli]]
|[[File:Justice Hima Kohli.jpg|alt=|84x84px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|{{Dts|2006|5|29|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|8|31|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2024|9|1|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2006|5|29|2021|8|30|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2021|8|31|2024|9|1|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2006|5|29|2024|9|1|duration=on}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Telangana High Court|3rd CJ]] of [[Telangana High Court|Telangana HC]]
|
|}

==Judges elevated as Chief Justices==
==District Courts==
{{Main| Courts in Delhi}}
The [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] has 7 District Courts Complex that function under the High Court of Delhi. These 7 are physical locations of the district courts, whereas actually there are 11 district courts headed by individual District Judges. The Tis Hazari complex, Rohini complex and Saket complex hosts 2 Districts each, while the Karkardooma complex hosts 3 Districts and the remaining 3 complexes (Patiala, Dwarka and Rouse Avenue) host 1 District each.

The list of 7 District Courts Complex in Delhi is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cde;"
! S.No.
! Year of establishment
! Districts
! Name of Court
|-
| align=center|1
| align=center| 1958
| [[Central Delhi]] and [[West Delhi]]
| Tis Hazari Courts Complex
|-
| align=center|2
| align=center| 1977
| New Delhi
| [[Patiala House Courts Complex]]
|-
| align=center|3
| align=center| 1993
| Jamnapaar (East Delhi, North-East Delhi and Shahdara)
| Karkardooma Courts Complex
|-
| align=center|4
| align=center| 2005
| North Delhi and North-West Delhi
| Rohini Courts Complex
|-
| align=center|5
| align=center| 2008
| South-West Delhi
| Dwarka Courts Complex
|-
| align=center|6
| align=center| 2010
| South Delhi and South-East Delhi
| Saket Courts Complex
|-
| align=center|7
| align=center| 2019
| Central Delhi and CBI Courts or labour Court.
| Rouse Avenue Courts Complex<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rouse-avenue-court-complex-opens-today/articleshow/68787666.cms |title=Rouse Avenue court complex opens today |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2019 }}</ref>
|}

==Notable cases==
Notable cases decided or involving the High Court include:

* ''[[Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation]]''
* ''[[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi]]''
* ''[[University of Oxford v. Rameshwari Photocopy Service]]''
* ''[[Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation]]''
* ''[[Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India]]''
* ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]''
* ''[[Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others]]''

==See also==
* [[Subordinate courts of Delhi High Court]]
* [[2011 Delhi bombing]], at the Delhi High Court

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/ Official website]

{{High courts of India}}
{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delhi High Court| ]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government of Delhi]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:High courts of India]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1966]]

Tuvvur

2026-02-03T09:32:52Z

Asissantra: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tuvvur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Tuvvur Railway Station.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tuvvur Railway Station
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|6|0|N|76|17|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29991
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679327
| registration_plate = KL-
| website = WWW.Tuvvurinfo.blogspot.in
| footnotes =
}}
''' Tuvvur'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tuvvuronline.blogspot.in/2015/12/brief-description-about-tuvvur.html|title=തുവ്വൂരിനെ കുറിച്ച് - Brief Description About Tuvvur|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref> is a village in [[Malappuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. This village has mosques, temples, churches and people of different religions are living in this village.

[[File:Government Model L P School, Tuvvur, Kerala.jpg|thumbnail|Model School, Tuvvur]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Tuvvur had a population of 29991 with 14237 males and 15754 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thuvvur Village Population - Nilambur - Malappuram, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627485-thuvvur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Education==
* Govt. Higher Secondary School, Tuvvur
* Govt. High School, Neelancheri
* Tharakkal AUP School, Tuvvur
* GLPS, Tuvvur
* GMLPS, Mampuzha
* GMLPS, Akkarakkulam
* GMLPS, Mundakkodu
* ALPS, Akkarappuram

==Transportation==
Tuvvur village is connected to other parts of India by road and rail. Approximately six kilometers of State Highway 39 (SH 39) which runs between Perumbilavu and Nilambur, passes through Tuvvur. Additionally, [[Pandikkad]], located on a State Highway 73 (SH 73) connecting [[Valanchery]] and [[Nilambur]] is about 9 km from Tuvvur. The nearest airport is in [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]], and the closest railway station is Tuvvur on the [[Nilambur]] Road-[[Shoranur]] line.

==Image Gallery==
<gallery>
File:GMLP School Mampuzha 2 Tuvvur, Kerala.JPG|G.M.L.P. School, Mampuzha
File:GMLP School Mampuzha, Tuvuur, Kerala.JPG|G.M.L.P. School Mampuzha
File:Tuvvur Grama Panchayath Office.JPG|Tuvvur Grama Panchayath Office
File:Village Office Tuvvur.JPG|Village Office Tuvvur
</gallery>
For more images see:

* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plants_of_Tuvvur Plants of Tuvvur]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Insects_of_Tuvvur Insects of Tuvvur]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Nilambur area]]

{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

East Coast Road

2026-02-02T04:44:34Z

Asissantra: content fix

{{short description|Road in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=August 2012}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2010}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| name = East Coast Road
| country = IND
| type =
| route =
| state = Tamil Nadu
| maint = [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department, Tamil Nadu]], [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC)
| map = East coast road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.svg
| map_notes = '''East Coast Road''' highlighted in black
| length_km = 777
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[Chennai]]
| junction =
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Kanyakumari]]
| districts = [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Viluppuram district|Vilupuram]], [[Puducherry district|Pondicherry]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Nagapattinam District|Nagapattinam]], [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]], [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]], [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukottai]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]], [[Tuticorin District|Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| alternate_name = ECR
| states = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| cities = [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Karaikal]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Muthupet]], [[Adirampattinam]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Uvari]], [[Kanyakumari]].
}}

'''East Coast Road''' ('''ECR'''), combination of '''SH-49, NH-332A, NH-32''', officially known as '''Mutthamizh Arignar Kalaignar Road''', is a two-lane highway (now being partially widened to four lanes from [[Chennai]] to [[Mamallapuram]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], built along the [[Coromandel Coast|Bay of Bengal coast]] . It connects Tamil Nadu's state capital [[Chennai]] with [[Kanyakumari]] via [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Sirkali]], [[Akkur, Nagapattinam]], [[Thirukkadaiyur]], [[Tharangambadi]], [[Karaikal]], [[Nagore]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Muthupet]], [[Adirampattinam]], [[Manora Fort, Thanjavur|Manora]], [[Manamelkudi]], [[Mimisal]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Thiruchendur|Tiruchendur]], [[Uvari]], [[Kudankulam]].<ref name="ex1">{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/chennaikanyakumari-ecr-to-be-converted-into-fourlane-road/article7249545.ece | title=ECR to be converted into four lane road | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=14 April 2016| date=2015-05-26 | author=Staff Reporter }}</ref> The total length of the road is about 777 km between Chennai and Kanyakumari.

ECR once existed from [[Chennai]] to [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], later it has been extended to [[Cuddalore]] and then to [[Nagapattinam]] and then [[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]] via [[Ramanathapuram]] and finally up to [[Kanyakumari]].

The highway is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] maintained by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under the [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Highways and Minor Ports]] and Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNRIDC). It was a two-lane highway, and has plans to widen into four-lane divided highway till [[Kanyakumari]]. It is the most preferred alternate route for southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

The [[Chennai]] neighbourhoods on ECR are [[Thiruvanmiyur]], [[Kottivakkam]], [[Palavakkam]], [[Neelankarai]], [[Injambakkam]], Panaiyur, Uthandi, Muttukadu, [[Covelong]] and Vilambur.

== History ==
Prior to its completion, the East Coast Road mainly consisted of village roads. The connecting link then was the [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]] (SH-49A) till [[Mahabalipuram]]. [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] was reached from Chennai through the still existent route via [[Tambaram]], [[Tindivanam]] along [[NH45]]. In 2000, the State government signed a concessionaire agreement with the TNRDC in order to improve the road, at a cost of [[Indian rupee|{{INR}}]] 60 [[crore]].<ref name="pppsh">{{cite web|url=http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/Compendium_State_Highways.pdf|title=Compendium PPP Projects in State Highways|publisher=Infrastructure India|access-date=29 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425145038/http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/Compendium_State_Highways.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> The 113-km long stretch from Akkarai to Pondicherry, dotted with resorts and beach houses, became a toll facility in March 2002 and was widened into a two-lane road from a small winding road passing through 154 villages.<ref name="ECRSetToExpand">{{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = After a decade on fast lane, ECR is set to expand | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 23 February 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2922388.ece | access-date = 26 Feb 2012}}</ref>

In 2010, TNRDC announced that toll collections had reached an all-time high at {{INR}} 1.08 crore in December 2009 against the {{INR}} 54.67 lakh collected in April 2002 when toll operations started.<ref name="alltimehigh">{{cite news|title=Monthly toll collection on ECR touches all-time high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article676131.ece|first=Deepa|last=Ramakrishnan|date=3 January 2010|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>

== Four laning ECR ==

The ECR starts at [[Thiruvanmiyur]] in Chennai and is a part of the Chennai City roads till Uthandi. From Uthandi the beachway section starts as a toll road. The speed of the vehicles on this road is restricted to a maximum of 80 km/h. The State Government widened most of East Coast Road to a four lane divided, open access highway by 2015.

The ECR was made a toll road in April 2002. The ECR till Hanumanthai near [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] is 113.2 km long and has a total of 22 bends. On an average 10,000 passenger car units (PCUs) use the road during rush hour and a total of 40,000 PCUs daily, up from about 5,000 daily before the construction of the road. The process of acquiring land for widening the 11.4-km stretch from [[Thiruvanmiyur]] to Akkarai covering six revenue villages (including Thiruvanmiyur, [[Kottivakkam]], [[Palavakkam]], [[Neelankarai]], [[Injambakkam]] and [[Vettuvankani]]), which is under the control of the Highways Department, is under way.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2477401.ece Report for immediate ECR 4-laning till Mamallapuram]</ref> The stretch currently has width varying between 50 ft and 80 ft. After widening at a sanctioned cost of {{INR}} 3,540 million, the stretch would be uniformly {{convert|30.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and would have six lanes, a 1.2-m-wide median, footpath-cum-stormwater drain. ECR extends up to Hanumanthai. On the way to Hanumanthai, a famous location Marakkanam is situated. On the ECR road right side famous Bhoomiswarar Temple is situated. It is believed that Sri Bhoomiswara is the God for Bhoomi, hence, many perform pooja before buying land placing the sale agreement on his holy feet. Hence real estate promoters also rush to this location.<ref>{{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H.
| title = ECR widening work to start next year | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 22 June 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3555793.ece?homepage=true | access-date = 22 Jun 2012}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align =
| header_background =
| footer = The ECR before 2012; some parts remain 2 lanes.
| footer_align = 
| footer_background =
| width =
| background color =
| image1 = East Coast Road Chennai.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| image2 = East coast road.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
}}
*'''[[Marundeeswarar Temple]]'''- Located about 4 km from Adyar and is one of the temples on the East Coast Road. Technically, this marks the beginning of the coastal road.
*'''[[Sholinganallur Prathyangira Devi Temple]]''' – The temple is located close to the junction and halfway down the link road of ECR and OMR. The Goddess, Shri Maha Prathyangira Devi is throned, gigantic and powerful. Regular [[poojas]] are offered every day and special poojas during festive season.
* '''[[Cholamandal Artists' Village]]''' – Founded in 1966, by [[K.C.S. Paniker]], now an art destination in the state.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
*'''[[Dakshinchitra|DakshinaChitra]]''' – It is a center for the traditions of art, folk performing arts, craft and architecture of India with an emphasis on the traditions of South India. A project of the Madras Craft Foundation (MCF), a non-profit organisation. DakshinaChitra opened to the public in December 1996. The center occupies ten acres overlooking the Bay of Bengal, at Muttukadu, twenty five kilometers south of Chennai, on the East Coast Road.
*'''[[Muttukadu boat house]]''' – Located at 23 km from Adayar, this area is maintained by the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation, and offers rowing, wind surfing, water skiing, and speedboat riding.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
*'''[[Thameemul Ansari|Thameem Ansari Darga]]''' – Located at Kovalam or Covelong is a Muslim shrine.
*'''[[Covelong]]''' – Located at 26 km from Adayar, this bay is the site of a colonial Dutch Fort, and a fishing village with wind surfing opportunities.
*'''[[Tiger Cave (India)|Tiger Cave]]''' – ancient place with large rocks located before five kilometres from Mamallapuram.
*'''[[Thiruvidandai]]''' – One of the 108 important places of vaishnavites, this small hamlet houses the temple of Nithyakalyana perumal.
*'''[[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] – Center for herpetology'''
*'''[[Mahabalipuram]]''' – A UNESCO World Heritage Site with Pallava sculptures and shore temples.
*'''[[Kalpakkam]]''' - India's 1st indigenously built Nuclear powerplant present here.
*'''[[Sadras]]''' – A Dutch fort that is in ruins now. First battle between the British and the Dutch was fought here.
*'''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''' is a Union Territory of India. It is a former French colony, consisting of four non-contiguous enclaves, or regions, and named after the largest region, [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]]. The territory was officially known as Pondicherry until 2006 when it was renamed Puducherry.
*'''[[Cuddalore]]''' – Cuddalore, is a municipality in Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu also the 1st capital of Tamil Nadu during the British government rule. [[Thiruvanthipuram]], [[Thirupathiripuliyur]] temples and [[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]] are located in Cuddalore
*'''[[Chidambaram]]''' - The World famous Chidambaram Nataraja Hindu Temple - [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]] is Located in this town which comes under Cuddalore District. Near by [[Pichavaram Mangrove Forest|Pichavaram Mangrove forest]] is located which is the largest mangrove forest of Tamil Nadu and also a famous tourist spot.
*'''[[Alamparai Fort]]''' – is the ruins of an old Moghul fort which was destroyed by the British in the 1700s.
*'''[[Tharangambadi]]''' – is a town in the Nagapattinam district. It was a Danish colony from 1620 to 1845, and in Danish it is still known as Trankebar/Tranquebar. Danish Museum, [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]], [[Fort Dansborg]] were situated here.
*'''[[Karaikal]]''' – Karaikal is a port city in the Union Territory of Puducherry. It is a former French colony. Nearby the famous Hindu temple for Lord Saneeshvara which is located at [[Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple|Thirunallaru]].
*'''[[Nagore]]''' -Nagore is a town in the Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located approximately 12 km south of Karaikal and 5 km north of Nagapattinam. Tiruvarur, Mayiladuthurai are nearby towns. It has a population of approximately 30,000.
*'''[[Velankanni]]''' -Velankanni has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY – Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Government of India.
*'''[[Thiruthuraipoondi]] -''' Thiruthuraipoondi is a major town in Thiruvarur District and has a taluk on its own. It is situated 27 km from Thiruvarur.
*[[Muthupet Dargah|'''Muthupet'''-]] Muthupet is a small panchayat town in Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk of Thiruvarur District. It is situated 53 km from Thiruvarur.
*'''Mallipattinam ([[Manora Fort, Thanjavur|Manora Fort]])''' – Mallipattinam is a coastal village of [[Pattukkottai]] in Thanjavur District with a fort.
*'''[[Adhirampattinam]] Beach'''-Adhirampattinam is [[Thanjavur district]] is important costal town connecting chennai to thoothukudi through east coast road.
*'''[[Sethubavachathram]] Beach'''-Sethubavachatram is important for fishing in thanjavur district
*'''[[Manamelkudi]] beach''' -manamelkudi is a coastal village of Pudukkottai District with a kodiyakadu beach.
*'''[[Mimisal]] Beach'' Mimisal is a coastal village of Pudhukottai District with GPM beach
*'''[[Thondi]]''' - Famous for Beach and nearby mangrove forest. One of the Historic town of Tamil Nadu, This town acted as [[Pandya dynasty|Pandian Dynasty's]] Port.
*'''[[Ramanathapuram]]''' – hosts the Raja Palace. Famous Tourist places Nearby are [[Rameswaram]], [[Devipattinam]], [[Kilakarai|keezhakarai]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Dhanushkodi]], etc.
*'''[[Erwadi|Erwadi Dargah]]''' – hosts an Islamic shrine of Ramanathapuram district.
*'''[[Thoothukudi]]''' – Thoothukudi also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
*'''[[Thiruchendur]]''' – A famous Murugan Temple Located in this town which comes under Thoothukudi District
*'''[[Kulasekharapatnam|Kulasekharapattinam]]''' - Famous for Dhasara(navarathri) Festival and also upcoming [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO's]] second space port which comes under Tuticorin District
*[[Uvari]] - The ancient and famous Shiva temple Uvari Suyambulingaswamy temple is located in this village. RC Christian Churches ( St.Antony's Major Shrine & Selvamatha Church (Kappal Matha Church) are also located here.
*'''[[Kudankulam]]''' - India's largest atomic power station ([[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]]) is located here. It comes under Tirunelveli district
*'''[[Vattakottai Fort]]''' – Vattakottai Fort was built in the 18th century as a coastal defence-fortification and barracks in the erstwhile Travancore kingdom
*'''[[Kanyakumari ]]''' – It is the southernmost city of peninsular/contiguous India and is a popular tourist destination

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703134041/http://www.tnrdc.com/ecrproject.asp TamilNadu Roadways Corporation site on ECR]
*[http://tnrdc.com/toll-rates/ ECR Toll Rates]
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Tamil Nadu Highway Network}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Roads in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Roads in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State highways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Scenic roads in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]

Nilesh Naik

2026-01-13T21:09:48Z

Asissantra: adding a details

{{short description|Indian environmental activist and farmworker (1970–1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nilesh Naik
| image = Nilesh Naik.jpg
| caption = A photograph taken during Naik's [[cremation]] wearing a floral [[garland]] in 1995
| monuments = Nilesh Naik Memorial, Keri, Ponda, Goa, India
| birth_name = Nilesh Mohan Naik
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1970|5|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Savoi-Verem]], [[Goa]], India
| resting_place = [[Thapar Group|Thapar]]-[[DuPont]] factory site, Keri, Ponda, Goa, India
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|15|27|39.69|N|74|0|47.21|E|display=inline,title}}
| death_cause = [[Murder]] (gunshot wounds to the chest)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|1|23|1970|5|22|df=y}}
| death_place = Keri, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], Goa, India
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* Goa's first environmental [[martyr]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FW6AAAAIAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon|title=Social Policy|date=November 10, 1995|publisher=American Institute for Social Justice|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* India's first direct environmental martyr}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Environmental activist]]|[[farmworker]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHMGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|title=Global Business, Local Law: The Indian Legal System as a Communal Resource in Foreign Investment Relations|first=Amanda|last=Perry-Kessaris|date=April 22, 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317128076 |via=Google Books}}</ref>}}
| movement = Anti-[[nylon 6,6]] movement
}}
'''Nilesh Mohan Naik''' (22 May 1970 – 23 January 1995) was an Indian [[environmental activist]] and farmworker belonging to the [[scheduled tribe]] community. He was [[shot to death]] during the [[Nylon 6,6]] agitation at Keri plateau, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]. He is popularly known as [[Goa]]'s first environmental [[martyr]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dupont |url=https://www.livinghistoriesgoa.com/dupont |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Living Histories Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nylon 6,6 agitation: Tributes offered at martyr's memorial |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Nylon-66-agitation-Tributes-offered-at-martyr%E2%80%99s-memorial/170363 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=oHeraldo|date=28 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A shredded project - India Environment Portal {{!}} News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development {{!}} India, South Asia |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/9062/a-shredded-project/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Nilesh Mohan Naik was born on 22 May 1970 to Rekha Gawde at [[Savoi-Verem]], Goa. He belonged to the [[scheduled tribe]] community<ref name=":3" /> and had three brothers, including Naresh Mohan Naik and Mahesh Naik. On 27 October 2020, Naresh, aged 40, died suffering injuries from a [[road accident]] at Savoi-Verem.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Savoi-Verem local dies, two others injured in accident |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/SavoiVerem-local-dies-two-others-injured-in-accident/166914 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Martyrdom==
Around 1980s, the Goa Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) acquired land at Bhoot Khamb, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] for the production of [[Nylon 6,6]]. The {{INRConvert|6|b|year=1980}} project was started by American multinational company, [[DuPont]] in collaboration with Indian business conglomerate, [[Thapar Group]]. Despite the usage of two hazardous chemicals, [[hexamethylenediamine]] and [[adipic acid]], the project was declared as "pollution free". Later the locals became aware of the environmental hazards which would pose danger to the [[water resources]] and bagayats plantations thereafter beginning a long-drawn [[Political demonstration|agitation]] that lasted for several years.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Leading from the front: Dr Dattaram Desai |url=https://www.thegoan.net//leading-from-the-front-dr-dattaram-desai/11939.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7W5AAAAIAAJ&q=nilesh+naik+nylon+66 |title=Multinational Monitor |date=1995 |publisher=Corporate Accountability Research Group |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Edelman |first1=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_0wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT519 |title=Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions 'from Below' |last2=Hall |first2=Ruth |last3=Jr |first3=Saturnino M. Borras |last4=Scoones |first4=Ian |last5=White |first5=Ben |last6=Wolford |first6=Wendy |date=2017-08-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-62240-0 |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 October 1994, the plant was attacked by the villagers which cost the authorities almost {{INRConvert|10|m|year=1994}}. On 17 January 1995, Dr. Dattaram Desai, [[convener]] of the Anti-Nylon 6,6 Citizens Action Committee and two other activists were arrested, stripped and assaulted at the police station.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byZ_AAAAMAAJ&q=nilesh+naik+nylon+66 |title=Fish Curry and Rice: A Source Book on Goa, Its Ecology, and Life Style |date=2002 |publisher=Goa Foundation |isbn=978-81-85569-48-2 |language=en}}</ref> On 18 January 1995, the church supported, All Goa Citizens Committee for Social Justice and Action (AGCCSJA) wrote to the then Goa Governor, [[Gopala Ramanujam]] expressing their distress over the government's move to subdue the opposition against the project.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shiva |first=Vandana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_PsAAAAMAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+dupont |title=Ecological Costs of Economic Globalisation: The Indian Experience |date=1997 |publisher=Research Foundation for Science, Technology & Ecology |language=en}}</ref>

On 23 January 1995, a busload of U.S. DuPont officials along three police jeeps were greeted by 70 protesters mainly women and children that were sitting on the road that lead to the factory. When the women refused to let the officials pass, the police present, advised the DuPont officials to return at [[Panjim]] wherein they met then Goa Chief minister, [[Pratapsingh Rane]] and demanded to take a strict action on the activists. Around 4:30 pm, two busload of [[Goa Police]] opened fired at the protesters without any prior warning to disperse, Naik was shot at [[point blank range]] while trying to save a woman from police atrocities and died from [[gunshot wounds]] to the chest soon after he was admitted to a nearby hospital,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=DuPont |url=https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1995/03/mm0395_11.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.multinationalmonitor.org}}</ref> while others suffered minor injuries at Bhoot Khamb, Ponda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=protest against multinational nylon plant intensifies after shootings |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/02/03/protest-against-multinational-nylon-plant-intensifies-after-shootings&post_id=46735 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ucanews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wapner |first1=Paul Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqdNvioIOzAC&pg=PA139 |title=Principled World Politics: The Challenge of Normative International Relations |last2=Ruiz |first2=Lester Edwin J. |last3=Falk |first3=Richard A. |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0065-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Following his death, the protesters as an act of vengeance assaulted the police, stripped some of them and chased them into the woods. Next they headed towards the company's office and burnt down everything. The company later shut down its services in Goa and relocated at [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Low |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlnYdli67h4C&pg=PA317 |title=Global Ethics and Environment |date=2002-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-64249-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dantas |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon+6,6 |title=The Transforming of Goa |date=1999 |publisher=Other India Press |isbn=978-81-85569-45-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cremation==
The morning after Naik's murder, his body was taken to the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] bus station wherein a crowd of around 400 people were assembled to escort his body to his native village at [[Savoi-Verem]] and then to the factory site where he was [[cremated]]. The body was displayed in an open van, garlanded with flowers, around late afternoon the numbers bulged to more than 4,000 people gathered at the factory site. The leaders of the Anti-nylon 6,6 negotiated with the Thapar-DuPont Ltd. (TDL) security force to evacuate the site and factory officials were apprised that their presence would provoke violence, they later agreed to leave the site, escorted by the committee members.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPrAAAAMAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+dupont |title=Revista del sur: publicación de la Red del Tercer Mundo |date=1995 |publisher=Instituto del Tercer Mundo |language=es}}</ref>

Many eminent [[Goans]] spoke at Naik's funeral, thereafter he was hailed as the first martyr of the Goan environmental movement.<ref name=":4" /> The throng present, later renamed the plateau in his honour but before his [[pyre]] was set on fire, a large explosion was witnessed at the factory site and a massive cloud of smoke rose from the TDL administrative complex, where the [[electricity generator]] was blown away.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wielenga |first=Bastiaan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iu5IAQAAIAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik |title=Towards an Eco-just Society |date=1999 |publisher=Centre for Social Action |language=en}}</ref>

The company officials were shocked over the issue that followed to the demise of Naik, said TDL manager, Sam Singh. He also further stated that they had no plans moving out of Goa. After several meetings with DuPont and Thapar officials, the government remained quiet on the Nylon 6,6 issue, although Goa Chief minister, Rane eliminated many administrative obstacles for the factory but complained that the opposition were against the development of Goa.<ref name=":4" />

==Aftermath==
On 23 January 1995, Chief minister, Rane ordered a [[judicial inquiry]] into the shooting and rewarded {{INRConvert|25|k|year=1995}} to Naik's family.<ref name=":2" /> The then [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], Leader of Opposition, [[Surendra Sirsat]] stated that no [[mass movement (politics)|mass movement]] can be suppressed by the police.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampat |first=Preeti |title=The Goan Impasse: Land Rights and Resistance to SEZs |url=https://www.academia.edu/12839559}}</ref> The managing director of the plant, Virendra (Sam) Singh mourned the death of Naik from the police shooting and was willing to meet up with the locals to clear up the misunderstanding that took place.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmvtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon |title=Trade Union Record |date=1995 |publisher=All-India Trade Union Congress |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 January 1995, [[Republic Day (India)|India's 46th Republic Day]], the activists unfolded the national flag at the Thapar-DuPont factory as a gesture of their opposition after a shutdown was imposed on 24 January 1995 to protest the shootings that took place. The church groups and [[environmentalists]] of Goa deemed the Thapar DuPont Nylon 6,6 plant as an "unwanted guest". According to the [[Goa Police]] sources, they had first burst [[tear gas]] shells to disperse the protesters blockade at the road. But it backfired and engendered the crowd to go on a rampage which resulted in lighting up a police van and three jeeps, assaulted several policemen, kidnapped four of them and stripped some of them. They also stated that the violent mob also plundered a company's office at the nearby [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] town.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Protests Work? {{!}} |url=https://goastreets.com/do-protests-work/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=goastreets.com|date=30 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sampat |first=P |title=Right to Land and the Rule of Law: Infrastructure, Urbanization and... |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1618&context=gc_etds |journal=Academicworks.cuny.edu}}</ref>

On 27 January 1995, Dr. Desai told the media at [[Panaji]] that the protests will now be stepped up to provide a clear message of solidarity to DuPont.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eCwAAAAIAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon+6,6 |title=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1995 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |language=en}}</ref> The project initially was set to produce nylon [[Staple (textiles)#Filament fiber|filament]] and industrial tire-cord [[yarn]] and promised 600 jobs to the locals. M. K. Jos of the citizens committee stated that the jobs promised was simply not worth for the {{INR}}6 billion project.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-ttAAAAMAAJ&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon+6,6 |title=Manorama Year Book |date=1996 |publisher=Manorama Publishing House. |language=en}}</ref> Jos further stated that the church groups were mobilizing people for a "unified drive" against the American multinational company since the 1980s when the two companies had planned to start their factory in Goa.<ref name=":2" /> It is also said that chief minister, Rane and other politicians of the Goa Legislative Assembly had favoured the project as it was expected to become the state's largest industrial infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Ambrose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejbWQvCo1FwC&q=Nilesh+Naik+Nylon |title=From Democratic Socialism to Neo-liberalism: The Story of India's Democracy |date=2014 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-93-82396-12-3 |language=en}}</ref>

A panel of [[legislators]] who had made a study on the project, recommended it to be ended due to its multiple effects posing danger to the environment.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Corporate |date=2005-06-10 |title=Dupont Company Profile |url=https://corporatewatch.org/dupont-company-profile/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Corporate Watch |language=en-GB}}</ref> A village local, Dolu Babu Kolekar stated that after decades residing at the village, the newly built plant had been a blockade to religious sites present. [[Claude Alvares]], an environmentalist said the factory plant is nearby [[Mangueshi]] which happens to be Goa's foremost famous Hindu temple complex and the [[Old Goa]] church complex which is about {{cvt|15|km}} away, he further added that it's also close to the Opa water works which was Goa's vital source of drinking water during the 1990s.<ref name=":2" />

==Legacy==
A ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]]'' (a square stone [[memorial]], typically 6 feet across) was constructed in Naik's name at Bhoot Khamb plateau, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] known as the Nilesh Naik Memorial, which included a [[tombstone]] bearing the [[epitaph]] "Martyr of the anti-Nylon-66 agitation Nilesh
Mohan Naik". On 29 January 2021, at Naik's 26th [[death anniversary]], the villagers of Querim and [[Savoi-Verem]] along with the members of the [[Nayak (title)|Naik]] clan paid floral tributes at the memorial, they also demanded the [[Government of Goa]] to build a hall or ''Ravindra Bhavan'' in his name, stating that it'll be essential for neighbouring ''[[panchayats]]'' such as Verem [[Vagurbem]], [[Volvoi]] and Querim, Ponda.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bad Chemistry For Dupont |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1995-03-26/bad-chemistry-for-dupont-intl-edition |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=27 March 1995 }}</ref>

A village local, Dinesh Naik also stated that there's ample of vast land available at the Querim [[plateau]], Ponda some of which could be utilised to construct the hall. He further added that every year the locals remember Naik but no government representatives visit the memorial.<ref name=":1" /> Since Naik's death, significant organizations including the [[Catholic Church]] and the then [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] opposition party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], had shown their full support behind the campaign.<ref name=":4" />

Naik is also remembered thrice a year when the [[national flag]] is hosted on [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic day]] (26 January), [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence day]] (15 August) and [[Goa Liberation Day]] (19 December) at his memorial in Bhoot Khamb plateau, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[Floriano Vaz]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mandgoa.blogspot.com/2009/01/nilesh-naik-goas-first-green-martyr.html?m=1 Nilesh Naik - Goa's first green martyr remembered]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IhGPUKtHNA4&feature=youtu.be RG Priol at Nylon 66 martyr site, Nilesh Naik was shot dead in police firing]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pEwJENK2zTI&feature=youtu.be Goan Youth Sacrifice His Life For Goans Against Nylon 6,6 Plant At Keri Ponda]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YE32zATO6pA&feature=youtu.be 25th death anniversary of late Nilesh Naik | nilon66 case | report by Dinesh Naik | MyTV reports]

{{Subject bar
|portal1 = India
|d-search = Q115135482
|portal2 = Asia
|portal3 = 1990s
|portal4 = Biography
|portal5 = Agriculture
|portal6 = Hinduism
|portal7 = Environment
|portal8 = Socialism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Nilesh}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:1990s protests]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Youth activists]]
[[Category:Farmworkers]]
[[Category:Activists from Goa]]
[[Category:Environmental killings]]
[[Category:1995 murders in India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]

Akshay Das

2025-12-21T09:12:33Z

Asissantra: new

{{Short description|Indian coach and footballer (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name= Akshay Das
| image =
| fullname = Akshay Das
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|1|4}}
| birth_place = Sabalpur, [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| currentclub = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] (head coach)
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Yazdani Club-73
| years1 = –
| clubs1 = Sunrise Club
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1998–1999
| clubs2 = SAIL FC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1999–2001
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2001–2002
| clubs4 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2002–2003
| clubs5 = [[ITI Sports Club|ITI Bangalore]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2003–2004
| clubs6 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2004–2005
| clubs7 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8 = 2005–2006
| clubs8 = [[United SC|Eveready]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| years9 = 2006–2007
| clubs9 = Calcutta Port Trust
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2007
| clubs10 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps10 =
| goals10 =
| years11 = 2007–2008
| clubs11 = [[Viva Kerala Football Club|Viva Kerala]]
| caps11 =
| goals11 =
| nationalyears1 = 1999–2000
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| ntupdate =
| manageryears1 = 2013–2014
| managerclubs1 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] (assistant)
| manageryears2 = 2014–2015
| managerclubs2 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
| manageryears3 = 2015–
| managerclubs3 = [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]] (coach)
| manageryears4 = 2019–
| managerclubs4 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur U17]] (coach)
| manageryears5 = 2023–
| managerclubs5 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
}}

'''Akshay Das''' (born 4 January 1977) is an Indian football coach and former [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]].<ref name="akd" >{{Cite web |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTYz |title=Akshay Das |website=Orisports |accessdate=14 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name="scroll" >{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/857927/the-rise-the-fall-and-the-road-ahead-for-indias-own-la-masia-tata-football-academy |title=The rise, the fall and the road ahead for India’s own La Masia – Tata Football Academy |website=Scroll.in |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref> He is currently the head coach of the [[Odisha football team]]. He has also represented [[India national under-20 football team|India]] at the youth level internationally.

==Club career==
Das represented local clubs in Odisha before playing for SAIL club in the [[Calcutta Football League]]. Das later went to play for the major Kolkata club [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] for the two seasons from 1999 till 2001 and later returned to play during the 2004 season.<ref name="akd" /> He won the [[Durand Cup]] in the 2004 edition for East Bengal which defeated their rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in the final.<ref name=final>{{cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|date=11 November 2004|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/chandan-brace-seals-victory-over-bagan-durand-cup-east-bengal-claim-title-for-16th-time/cid/1042673|title=Chandan brace seals victory over Bagan - DURAND CUP - East Bengal claim title for 16th time|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

He has also played for major clubs like [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] and [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] in the Goa league and has also played for [[United SC|Eveready SC]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]].

Das represented the state team of [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]] in the 2004, 2005 and 2008 editions.<ref name="akd" />

==International career==
Das was selected for the Indian youth team that toured Mauritius in 1999. He represented the [[India national under-20 football team|Indian U19]] team at the [[2000 AFC Youth Championship qualification|2000 AFC Youth Championship qualifiers]] held at Sri Lanka in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as-u19-00.html|title=AFC Youth Championship 2000|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
Das was appointed the assistant coach of the [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] team for the [[2013–14 Santosh Trophy]] season and served under the head coach [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (footballer)|R. P. Singh]].<ref name="sambad" >{{Cite web |url=https://sambadenglish.com/rajendra-singh-state-team-coach-santosh-trophy/ |title=Rajendra Singh To Be State Team Coach For Santosh Trophy |website=Sambad English |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219095502/https://sambadenglish.com/rajendra-singh-state-team-coach-santosh-trophy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following season, Das was appointed the head coach of the [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] team for the [[2014–15 Santosh Trophy]]. In 2023, he was re-appointed as the head coach of Odisha for the [[2023–24 FIFA Santosh Trophy|2023–24 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-team-for-77th-santosh-trophy-announced/ |title=Odisha Team For 77th Santosh Trophy Announced |website=odishabytes.com |date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>

He is serving as the senior coach of the [[Tata Football Academy]]<ref name="scroll"/> and [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur FC Youth]].<ref name="jfc" >{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-to-conduct-trials-for-u17-team-at-tfa |title=Jamshedpur FC to conduct trials for U17 team at TFA |website=fcjamshedpur.com |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref>

==Honours==

'''East Bengal'''
* [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html |title=India 2000/01 |website=RSSSF |accessdate=19 February 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Durand Cup]]: 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-previous-durand-cup-final-match-kolkata-derby-result-eb-v-mb/article67264770.ece|title=East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan, Kolkata derby: When East Bengal won the Durand Cup final in 2004|work=Sportstar|date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[IFA Shield]]: 2000
* [[McDowell's Cup]]: 2000

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{WorldFootball.net|akshay-das}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Akshay}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Footballers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:National Football League (India) players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]

Serow

2025-12-15T23:52:26Z

Asissantra: fixed issues

{{short description|Genus of goat-antelope ('Capricornis')}}
{{other uses}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Serow<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Grubb|pages=703-705|id=14200788}}</ref>
| image = Serow Capricornis sumatraensis.JPG
| image_caption = [[Mainland serow]] (''Capricornis sumatraensis'') at [[Dusit Zoo]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].
| taxon = Capricornis
| authority = [[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1837
| type_species = ''[[Mainland serow|Antilope thar]]''<ref name=msw3/>
| type_species_authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1831
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Capricornis crispus]]'' 
''[[Capricornis rubidus]]'' 
''[[Capricornis sumatraensis]]'' 
''[[Capricornis swinhoei]]''}}
The '''serow''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ}}, or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛr|oʊ}}) is any of four [[species]] of medium-sized [[goat]]-like or [[antelope]]-like mammals in the genus '''''Capricornis'''''. All four species of serow were, until recently, classified under ''[[Naemorhedus]]'', which now only contains the [[goral]]s.

==Extant species==
This genus has been analyzed, studied and reclassified a number of times. In 2005, ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' (3rd ed.) listed six different species (''C. crispus'', ''C. milneedwardsii'', ''C. rubidus'', ''C. sumatraensis'', ''C. swinhoei'', and ''C. thar''), with two subspecies of ''C. milneedwardsii''.<ref name=msw3/> The current consensus recognises the following four species, with ''milneedwardsii'' and ''thar'' demoted to subspecies of ''C. sumatraensis'':<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |title=''Capricornis sumatraensis'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Phan, T.D. |author2=Nijhawan, S. |author3=Li, S. |author4=Xiao, L. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T162916735A162916910 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T162916735A162916910.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Nihonkamoshika-akita.JPG|120px]] || ''Capricornis crispus'' || [[Japanese serow]]|| [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]], and [[Shikoku]] in [[Japan]]
|-
|[[File:Serow Capricornis sumatraensis.JPG|120px]] || ''Capricornis sumatraensis'' || [[Mainland serow]]|| Eastern [[Himalayas]], eastern and southeastern [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Southeast Asia]], and on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumatra]]
|-
|[[File:Capricornis rubidus.jpg|120px]] || ''Capricornis rubidus'' || [[Red serow]]||[[East India]], southern Bangladesh and northern [[Myanmar]]
|-
|[[File:長鬃山羊.jpg|120px]] || ''Capricornis swinhoei'' || [[Taiwan serow|Taiwan]] or Formosan serow||[[Taiwan]]
|-
|}

Serows live in south-central, southeast and [[eastern Asia]]. Their coloration varies by species, region, and individual. However, the different species are not particularly [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], as both males and females have beards and small horns (which are often shorter than their ears).

Like their smaller relatives, the gorals, serows are often found grazing on rocky and forested hillsides, though typically at a lower elevation in places where the two species' [[territory (animal)|territories]] overlap; gorals tend to be wary and typically retreat to higher elevations and steeper mountainsides. Serows are slightly larger and slower-moving, and somewhat less agile, than gorals; however, they can still nimbly climb up or down the slopes to escape predation or to find appropriate shelter during cold winters or hot summers. Serows, unlike gorals, make use of their [[preorbital gland]]s in territorial scent marking.

Fossils of serow-like animals date as far back as the late [[Pliocene]], two to seven million years ago. The common ancestor species of the [[Caprinae]] subfamily may have been very similar to modern serows. 

The serow subfamily population as a whole is considered endangered. Most serow species are included in the red list of IUCN with decreasing populations. The Japanese serow is better protected than the other sub-species of serows.<ref name=rubidus>{{cite iucn |title=''Capricornis rubidus'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T3815A214430673.en |last1=Shepard |first1=C. |year=2022 |article-number=e.T3815A214430673 |accessdate=31 August 2022 |amends=2021}}</ref><ref name=crispus>{{cite iucn |author=Tokida, K. |date=2020 |title=''Capricornis crispus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T3811A22151909 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3811A22151909.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=swinhoei>{{cite iucn |author=Chiang, P.J. |author2=Pei, K.J-C. |date=2008 |title=''Capricornis swinhoei'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T3810A10096148 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3810A10096148.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="iucn"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Serow |volume=24 |short=x}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.3}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1140380}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Serows| ]]

The Sangai Express

2025-10-18T07:56:31Z

Asissantra:

{{Short description|Indian English Daily newspaper}}
'''''The Sangai Express''''' is a daily newspaper based in [[Imphal]] published in English and [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (Manipuri) languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJosDwAAQBAJ |title=IS THERE A WAR LIKE SITUATION IN MANIPUR? |date=2017-06-30 |publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust |language=en}}</ref> The English language newspaper has circulation of 27,513 copies.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-bcuAMfzBMC&q=the+sangai+express+largest+circulated |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=2008 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> The Meitei language version is the largest circulated newspaper in that language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (languages wise) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf |website=AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS}}</ref> Politician [[Sapam Nishikant Singh]] is the newspaper's publisher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-02-18 |title=Manipur 2022: Won't take salary, will contribute to LAD fund, says Sapam Nishikant Singh |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/02/18/manipur-2022-wont-take-salary-will-contribute-to-lad-fund-says-sapam-nishikant-singh/ |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=EastMojo |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Newspapers in India|state=Manipur}}{{India-newspaper-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangai Express}}
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]

National Highway 24B (India, old numbering)

2025-10-14T17:31:15Z

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 30 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Kamarupi script

2025-08-22T15:35:48Z

Asissantra: added info

{{Short description|Ancient Assamese script}}
{{Disputed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Kamarupi script
| altname = Kamrupi script
| type = [[Abugida]]
| SHline =
| SHtype =
| SHform =
| typedesc =
| languages = [[Sanskrit]] & [[Kamarupi Prakrit]]<ref>Māmaṇi Raẏachama Goswāmī (1996), ''Rāmāyaṇa from Gangā to Brahmaputra'', p.98 The Gachtal pillar inscription composed in old Assamese script and language, rather Kamrupi dialect, referring to the yavana invasion from Bengal, with the date saka 1284</ref>
| creator =
| date =
| published =
| time = 5th-13th century
| fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
| fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
| fam5=[[Gupta script|Gupta]]<ref name="salomon-gupta">'The terminology for the various premodern Brahmi-derived scripts is, however, largely unstandardized and typically made up ad hoc, due mainly to the lack of attested indigenous terms for many of them (2.1.1). D. C. Sircar broadly categorizes the stages of development into "Early," "Middle," and "Late Brahmi" periods, corresponding (in northern India) to the third through first centuries B.C., the first century B.C. through third century A.D., and the fourth through sixth centuries A.D., respectively (HEP 113), though others refer to his "Late Brahmi" as "Gupta script".' {{harvcol|Salomon|1998|p=19}}</ref>
| print =
| sisters =
| children = [[Assamese alphabet]]<ref name=Assamdistrictgazetteers/>
| sample = Kanai_Baraxiboa_rock_inscription.png
|sample_map_caption =
| unicode =
| iso15924 =
| iso15924 note =
| note =
}}
'''Kamarupi script'''<ref>"The Assamese script of the period from the fifth to the thirteenth century may be termed as the ancient Assamese script or the Kamarupi script" {{harv|Goswami|1983|p=23}}</ref> (Kamrupi script, ancient Assamese script)<ref name=Assamdistrictgazetteers /> was the script used in ancient [[Kamarupa]] from as early as 5th century to 13th century, from which the modern [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]] script eventually evolved.<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1983|p=27}}</ref> In the development of the Assamese script, this phase was followed by the medieval and then by the modern Assamese scripts.<ref>"The Kamarupi script developed into the medieval Assamese script and the latter into the modern Assamese script" {{harv|Goswami|1983|p=27}}</ref>

Though the script development was in general agreement with the development in Bengal and Bihar,<ref>"The detailed discussion above shows that the broad pattern of the development of writing in Assam was in line with that in Bengal-Bihar." {{harvcol|Bhattacharya|1969|p=535}}</ref> it had local peculiarities.<ref>"The Assam inscriptions discussed above furnish the documentary evidence of how the eastern version of the north Indian writing style developed in Assam with an admixture of some local peculiarities." {{harvcol|Bhattacharya|1969|p=537}}</ref> The angular and calligraphic style of writing prevalent to its west is not found in this development.<ref>"The predominantly angular style of writing of the Bengal-Assam copper plates is not to be found in the Assam copper plates; nor is the formal 'calligraphical' style so conspicuous in Bengal-Bihar for a limited period of time represented here." {{harvcol|Bhattacharya|1969|p=536}}</ref>

==History==
The Kamarupi script originated from [[Gupta script]],<ref>"The ''a, i, ka, ga, na, ta, da, na, ma, ra'' and ''va'' of the Umachal and Barganga inscriptions are fairly similar to those of the Allahabad inscription (of Samudragupta)" {{harv|Lahiri|1991|p=59}}</ref> which in turn developed from [[Brahmi script]]. It developed on its own in Kamarupa, till the Nidhanpur copper-plate issued by [[Bhaskarvarman]] from his military camp at [[Karnasubarna]], which took on [[Kutila]] characteristics.<ref>"...Nidhanpur grant belongs to a later date having many elements from the so called western style of writing. This grant can be said to have been written in ''Kutila'' alphabets." {{harv|Verma|1976|p=40}}</ref> Sometimes, Kamarupi script origins are traced to [[Siddham script|Kutila script]], which is not widely accepted.<ref>{{cite book |title=Puraratna: emerging trends in archaeology, art, anthropology, conservation, and history : in honour of Shri Jagat Pati Joshi, Volume 2 |first1=Jagat Pati |last1=Joshi |first2=Chedarambattu |last2=Margabandhu |first3=Arun Kumar |last3=Sharma |first4=Ranvir Singh |last4=Bisht |year=2002 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |page=430 }}</ref>

The [[Kamarupa inscriptions]] were engraved during this development period, and they display the development of this script in this period. The scripts of the 5th-century [[Umachal rock inscription|Umachal]] and [[Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription|Nagajari-Khanikargaon]] rock inscriptions are nearly identical to the eastern variety of the [[Gupta script]],<ref>{{Harv|Lahiri|1991|pp=58–59}}</ref> which over the centuries evolved into the proto-Assamese script of the 12th-century Kanai-Boroxiboa inscriptions.<ref>{{Harv|Lahiri|1991|pp=57–58}}</ref>

S. N. Sarma has observed that the Assamese script pertaining to the period from the 6th century to the twelfth century can be termed as the ancient Kamrupi script. The Kamrupi script took the form of the old Assamese script in the latter period.<ref name=Assamdistrictgazetteers>''Assam district gazetteers - Volume 6'' (1976), Page 478 "S. N. Sarma has observed that the Assamese script pertaining to the period from the 6th century to the twelfth century can be termed as the ancient Kamrupi script."</ref>

==Descendants==
In late medieval period, three variations came to be used, {{enum|''Gargaya'' used around Gargaon|''Bamonia'', used by [[Brahmin]]s in preparation of Sanskrit texts|''Kaitheli'' used by the [[Kayastha]]s and called ''Lakhri'' in Kamrup.}}<ref>''Les Langues Ecrites Du Monde: Releve Du Degre Et Des Modes D'Utilisation'' (1978), p.39</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kamarupi Prakrit]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sureshchandra |date=1969 |title=The Evolution of Script in Northeastern India from CAD 400 to 1200 with Special Reference to Bengal |publisher=University of London}}
* {{cite book|last=Bora|first=Mahendra|title=The Evolution of Assamese Script|publisher=[[Axom Xahitya Xabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]]|year=1981|location=Jorhat, Assam}}
* {{cite journal|last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |title=The Assamese Script |journal=Journal of the Assam Research Society |volume=27 |year=1983 |publisher=Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti}}
* {{cite book|last=Lahiri
|first=Nayanjot|title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=1991|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC}}
* {{cite book |last=Verma |first=Thakur Prasad |title=Development of Script in Ancient Kamrupa |year=1976 |publisher=Asam Sahitya Sabha}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Gupta scripts]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Kamrupi culture]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Kamarupa]]

Assam State Election Commission

2025-07-21T05:54:56Z

Asissantra: made

{{Short description|Autonomous and statutory body in Indian state}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Assam State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
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| formed = May 1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
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| jurisdiction = [[Assam]]
| headquarters =
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| website = {{URL|https://sec.assam.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Assam State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of Election Commission. Assam State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Assam State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Assam.

== History and Administration ==

Assam State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Assam state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

Assam State Election Commission postponed Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) election in March'20 due to Covid pandemic.<ref name="aec ref1" />

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Assam States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="aec ref1">{{cite news |title=Elections deferred in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/elections-deferred-in-assam-and-arunachal-pradesh/cid/1756168 |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="asec ef9">{{cite news |title=Assam: State Election Commission set to hold KAAC poll, appoints returning officers {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/30230/assam-state-election-commission-set-to-hold-kaac-poll-appoints-returning-officers.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=Indiablooms.com |date=10 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<ref name="asec ref8">{{cite news |title=Assam Phase 1 Elections 2021: Voting Date, Constituency Seat List, Key Candidates; All You Need to Know |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-assam-phase-1-elections-2021-voting-date-constituency-seat-list-key-candidates-all-you-need-to-know/378308 |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=www.outlookindia.com/ |date=26 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.<ref name="aec ref2">{{cite news |title=Repoll in 42 rural booths in Assam on Friday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/repoll-in-42-rural-booths-in-assam-on-friday/cid/1677854 |access-date=8 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Assam State Election Commission consists of Chief Elector Officer<ref name="sec ref3" /> and as many members and staff specified as are required by the Acts of respective state Governments. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Shree Alok Kumar, is the Chief Election Commissioner of Assam.<ref name="aec ref1" /> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.<ref name="asec ref5">{{cite news |title=Bora Appointed State Election Commissioner of Assam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/sep/30/bora-appointed-state-election-commissioner-of-assam-666840.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Assam State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.secassam.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208141756/https://www.secassam.in/ |date=2021-12-08 }}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Local elections in Assam]]
[[Category:Local government in Assam]]
[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]

Colin Methven

2025-06-27T17:50:16Z

Asissantra: data

{{short description|Indian-born Scottish footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name= Colin Methven
| image =
| fullname = Colin John Methven<ref>{{Hugman|13526|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=2}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rothmans Football Yearbook 1988–89 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-356-15879-9 |editor-last=Rollin |editor-first=Jack |edition=19th |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rothmansfootball0000unse_c5r2/page/66/mode/2up 66] |oclc=655312435}}</ref>
| position = [[Defender (football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 = –1974
| youthclubs1 = Leven Royals
| years1 = 1974–1979
| years2 = 1979–1986
| years3 = 1986–1990
| years4 = 1990–1991
| years5 = 1990–1993
| years6 = 1993–1994
| clubs1 = [[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]]
| clubs2 = [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]
| clubs3 = [[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]
| clubs4 = → [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]] (loan)
| clubs5 = [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]
| clubs6 = [[Barrow A.F.C.|Barrow]]
| caps1 = 154
| caps2 = 296
| caps3 = 175
| caps4 = 12
| caps5 = 97
| caps6 = 7
| totalcaps = 741
| goals1 = 15
| goals2 = 21
| goals3 = 11
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 = 3
| goals6 = 0
| totalgoals = 50
}}

'''Colin John Methven''' (born 10 December 1955) is a Scottish former professional [[association football|footballer]].

A [[defender (football)|centre-half]], Methven began his career with [[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] in 1974, whilst also working as a mineworker. He went on to make 154 league appearances and score fifteen goals in five years, before joining [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] in September 1979 for a fee of £30,000.

Methven remained at [[Springfield Park (Wigan)|Springfield Park]] for seven years, making close to 300 appearances for the club and scoring 21 goals. He was part of the team that won the [[Football League Trophy|Freight Rover Trophy]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.wiganathletic.com/news/2013/june/freight-rover-85-where-are-they-now/
|title=FREIGHT ROVER 85 WHERE ARE THEY NOW?
|publisher=wiganathletic.com
|date=1 June 2013 |accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref> He was the club's captain when [[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]] came in for his services in 1986 for £20,000.

He made his debut for the Seasiders on the opening day of the [[1986–87 in English football|1986–87]] season in a goalless draw with [[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] at [[Bloomfield Road]] and became a virtual ever-present for the next four years.

Methven was a "footballing" centre-half who enjoyed going up for attacking corners, as evidenced by his 50 career league goals, and he was voted Player of the Year for two consecutive years by Blackpool's fans, who were angry when he was sold to [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]] in November 1990 after an earlier loan spell at [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle]]. In his early days of his short spell as Blackpool manager, [[Graham Carr]] declared that Methven was "neither fast enough nor good enough for [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] football".<ref>{{cite book|author=Roy Calley|title=Blackpool: A Complete Record 1887-1992|publisher=Breedon Books Sport|year=1992|ISBN=1-873626-07-X}}</ref>

In the final game of the [[1990–91 in English football|1990–91]] season, on 11 May 1991, Methven helped Walsall to a 2–0 win at Blackpool, denying the hosts automatic promotion to [[Football League Third Division|Division Three]].

In 1998, Wigan Athletic fans voted Methven as the club's Best Football League Player of All-Time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiganlatics.premiumtv.co.uk/page/LegendsDetail/0,,10429~75126,00.html|title=Latics Legends: Colin Methven|accessdate=17 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007194255/http://www.wiganlatics.premiumtv.co.uk/page/LegendsDetail/0%2C%2C10429~75126%2C00.html|archivedate=7 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Methven finished his career with [[Barrow A.F.C.|Barrow]] in 1994.

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Sources
* {{cite book|author=Roy Calley|title=Blackpool: A Complete Record 1887-1992|publisher=Breedon Books Sport|year=1992|ISBN=1-873626-07-X}}

==External links==
* {{NeilBrownPlayers|player3/colinmethven}}

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Veersingh Bhuriya

2025-06-10T16:38:34Z

Asissantra:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Veersingh Bhuriya''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Thandla Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thandla Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Thandla Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/thandla-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thandla assembly election results 2023: Thandla Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/thandla-assembly-result-12194 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuriya, Veersingh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Hammira Raso

2025-05-12T10:49:14Z

Asissantra: added details

{{Short description|Hindi-language poem by Jodharaja}}
{{distinguish|text=the texts by the same name attributed to Sharangdhara and Mahesh}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Hammīra Rāso
| author = Jodharaja
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code = hi
| translator = Brajnath Bandyapadhyaya
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| subject = Legendary biography of [[Hammiradeva]]
| genre =
| set_in = 13th-14th century India
| pub_date =
}}
'''''Hammira Raso''''', also called ''Hammir Raso'' or ''Hamir Raso'', is an 18th or 19th century CE [[Hindi]]-language poem by Jodharaja. It contains a legendary biography of the 14th century king ''Rao'' Hamir (Hammir or [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambore]]). Much of the text describes the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|conflict]] between Hamir and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]], presenting Hamir as a hero.

== Author ==

Jodharāj or Jodharāja, composed ''Hammira Raso'' sometime between 1728 CE and 1823 CE.{{sfn|Siba Pada Sen|1979|p=129}} He was a court poet, and composed the text for his patron, ''Raja'' Chandrabhan of [[Neemrana|Nimrana]]. Hammira Raso contains a brief autobiographical section that provides details about the poet. According to it, Jodharāja was a [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahman]] born in [[Bijawar]] in the province of Rat, to a man named Balakrishna. Jodharāja was an accomplished astronomer, astrologer, [[pandit]], and a poet. His patron Chandrabhan gifted him "property, clothes, wealth, horses, houses and so on". Chandrabhan requested him to write an account of the conflict between Alauddin Khalji and Hamir.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=54}}

== Plot ==

=== Hammira's ancestors ===

The poet describes his patron Chandrabhan as a descendant of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], and as the ruler of a prosperous kingdom. The poem begins with a description of the [[Agnikula]] legend, according to which the four major [[Rajput]] clans including the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s, emerged from a [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] ritual fire pit. After a [[Kshatriya]] king kills [[Parashurama]]'s father, Parashurama slaughters the Kshatriyas, leaving no one to protect the sages and priests from demons (asuras / [[rakshasa]]s). Seven sages - Gautama, Lomaharśana, Bhṛgu, Atteriya, Bharadvāj, Garg and Vasiṣṭha - perform a fire ritual while chanting [[Sama Veda]] hymns. Then the four Rajput clans unexpectedly emerge from the fire pit.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=54}}

Chauhan, the progenitor of Hamir's clan, carries four weapons (sword, dagger, knife and bow) in his four arms. [[Durga|Shakti]], the lion-riding goddess carries ten weapons in her ten arms, blesses him. Brahma instructs Chauhan to overcome all dangers for protecting his religion. The hero fights demons and seeks blessings of the goddess, who becomes his clan goddess (''[[kuladevi]]'') and is named "Ashapuri".{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|pp=54-56}}

Many generations after Chauhan, a ruler named ''Raja'' (or ''Rao'') Jeyat Chohan is born in the village of Barbagao. During a hunting expedition in a forest, he pursues a white boar, and encounters the sage (''rishi'') Padam. The sage blesses him, and asks him to establish a hill fort and worship [[Shiva]] there.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=56}} The sage describes the particular hill area as full of tantric power.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=118}} After returning to his court, the king starts building a fortified town, which is named Ranthambor. The [[Bhils]], who inhabit the mountain, acknowledge his power and recognize him as their sovereign.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=55}} During the construction of the fort, the wall of the [[portico]] keep falling even after being raised several times. The king then decides to sacrifice himself, and asks the foundation to be built on his body. Two of his loyal Bhil associates - Ravana and Basava - declare that the fort actually belonged to the Bhils, and the king is merely its nominal owner. They offer to be sacrificed in place of the king, asking the king to take care of Ravana's son Bhoj. Accordingly, the two Bhils are beheaded and their heads are used as foundation stones. The wall built on this foundation does not collapse.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=56}}

=== Alauddin's rise to power ===

Meanwhile, [[Indra]] becomes afraid that the sage Padam's [[tapasya|austere penances]] would make the sage more powerful than him. Therefore, Indra tries to disturb the sage's penance by sending [[apsara]]s (celestial nymphs) and [[kinnara]]s (celestial musicians). The sage resists the temptation for several seasons, but is ultimately attracted to the nymph [[Urvashi]]. When Urvashi leaves him, he dies in disappointment. The main characters of ''Hammira Raso'' are born out of the various parts of the sage's body: "the body of Ala-uddin was made of his head, that of Hamir of his breast, and those of Muhammad Shah and Mir Gabru of his hands."{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|pp=56, 63-64}}

Auspicious signs mark the birth of ''Rao'' Hamir. In contrast, Alauddin is born in a royal family, but his mother abandons him for being ugly, and replaces him with a good-looking infant born to a [[carding|carder]]. Alauddin is brought by the carder's family and does not know about his true ancestry. Nevertheless, during role-play games, he plays a king, while the infant who replaces him plays a carder.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=65}}

Meanwhile, a widow prays at the temple of the Sharaoji sect near [[Delhi|Dehli]] {{sic}}. (The poet describes Sharaoji as a Buddhist sect, but states that the widow was blessed by the ''[[tirthankara]]'' [[Parshavanatha|Parasnath]], who is actually a [[Jain]] figure.) As a result, she is blessed with good-looking twins, Basant Pal and Tej Pal. She also finds a treasure of gold and diamonds. When the boys grow up, they decide to build two temples at the meeting place of the Sharaoji sect on the [[Girnar|Grinar]] {{sic}} hill. A pandit tells them that there is no point in building temples, because an emperor destined to destroy all temples had been born, and had been living at the home of a carder. The two brothers visit the carder's home, and present valuable gifts to Alauddin. Alauddin tells them he is just a poor carder: he initially refuses the gifts, and later distributes them among his playmates. The twins extoll Alauddin as their prince, and seek his permission to build the temples. Alauddin declares that he plans to destroy all the temples, because the gods had cursed him to a miserable life, but would make an exception for the twins' temples. Meanwhile, the emperor learns about Alauddin's identity, and brings him to the royal palace.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|pp=65-66}}

Sometime later, Alauddin marries a princess from [[Kandahar]], and ascends the throne a year after his marriage. He then besieges and captures 84 forts across India. During a hunting expedition, Alauddin discovers that his queen was having an affair with his general Muhammed Shah. Fearing that his queen would commit suicide, Alauddin spares the general's life. But, he exiles the general from the kingdom, and threatens to destroy anyone who protects the general. The general departs from Delhi with his family, soldiers, servants, slaves, elephants and carriages. He seeks refuge from several princes, both Hindu and Muslim, including the rulers of "[[Khandesh|Kandesh]], Kabul, Multan, Kashmir, [[Gujarat|Guzerat]], [[Gondwana|Gandwana]] and [[Bengal]]". All of them decline to shelter him, fearful of Alauddin. Ultimately, ''Rao'' Hamir of Ranthambore grants him asylum.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|pp=67-68}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=[[Ravana]] conquered the three worlds and had perfect control over the gods, men and [[Nāga|serpents]]; but when he made [[Rama|Raghunath]] his enemy, the splendid and strong fort of Lanka was sacked, burnt and pulled io the dust. Who can subdue Alauddin? If you think you can, you will certainly be destroyed.
|source = Alauddin's [[herald]], warning Hamir against giving asylum to Muhammad Shah, in ''Hammira Raso''{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|p=199}}
}}
Hamir gives Muhammad Shah a ''[[jagir]]'' worth 500,000 rupees and a palace for residence, despite a warning from Alauddin's [[herald]]. Alauddin then sends multiple ''[[firman]]s'' to Hamir, offering him as much land and gold he desires, in return for handing over Muhammad Shah. However, Hamir refuses the offer, saying he will never break his promise. Alauddin then decides to besiege Ranthambore, against the advice of his ''[[vizier|vazir]]'' Mihram Khan. Alauddin's herald describes Ranthambore as a prosperous and powerful kingdom. He also states that Hamir was a deeply religious Hindu who had demolished all mosques in his territory, replacing them with temples.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=198-204}}

=== The war between Alauddin and Hamir ===

Alauddin marches to Ranthambore with a large army, which includes a large number of Hindus. Some petty chiefs of Ranthambore flee in fear, but several loyalists stand by Hamir. In initial confrontations, Hamir's forces defeat Alauddin's army, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. As the siege continues, Hamir prays to Shiva, and hears a divine voice commanding him to continue to fight to death, and declaring that his name and heroism will become immortal. Hamir's forces continue to achieve successes against the invading army. Alauddin invokes [[Pir (Sufism)|Muslim Pirs]], but Hindu deities descend from heaven and defeat them in a violent contest. More battles follow, with Hamir's army reinforced by his vassals including the ruler of [[Chittor Fort|Chitor]], and Alauddin's forces reinforced by Arabs and [[Sultanate of Rum|Rumanians]]. Hamir's forces win the first battle, and later, Alauddin's army captures the fort of his vassal Randhir.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=206-222}}

Alauddin then marches to demolish the temples at Alanpur, but Hindu deities scare him away. On Mihram Khan's advice, Alauddin builds a dam to access the fort of Ranthambore, but Padam appears in form of a man and overflows the dam. Hamir holds festivities in his fort, including a performance by the talented dancer Chandrakala. Alauddin watches the performance from outside, and feeling insulted, orders an archer to injure Chandrakala. Muhammad Shah recognizes the archer as his younger brother Mir Gabru, and offers to shoot an arrow at Alauddin in revenge. Hamir tells him not to commit the sin of [[regicide]], and on his order, Muhammad Shah shoots the royal umbrella over Alauddin's head instead.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=222-225}}

Sarjan Shah, a merchant of the Sharaoji sect, allies with Alauddin, and conspires against Hamir to avenge his father's death. He throws animal hides into the grain stores of Ranthambore, rendering them unusable for the vegetarian Hindus. Alauddin once again sends a firman to Hamir, offering to end the siege, in return for Chandrakala the dancing girl, Hamir's virgin daughter Dewal Kimari, ''Paresh'' the [[philosopher's stone]], and Muhammad Shah. An angry Hamir rejects the demands, and instead asks Alauddin to hand over his favorite queen Begum Chimna, ''Chintamani'' the philosopher's stone, and his four commanders. Hamir then prepares for the final battle, and sends his son Ratan Singh to Chitor.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=222-229}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=left |salign=left
|quote=Know that the firmness of Hamir, the pride and stubbornness of [[Ravana]], the truth of Raja [[Harischandra]], and the skilful archery of [[Arjuna|Arjun]] are unequalled in their potency, superior to the fear of death, to the love of life and kingdom. Is death to be feared when it brings an endless glory both here and hereafter? |
source=Hamir, rejecting Muhammad Shah's request to be surrendered to Alauddin, in ''Hammira Raso''{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|p=227}}
}}
In the ensuing battle, Hamir's forces outperform Alauddin's forces. Muhammad Shah and his brother Mir Gabru die in a combat with each other, fighting for the opposing sides. Alauddin makes a final attempt at reconciliation, promising to return to Delhi and to restore Hamir's territories to him in addition to giving him 52 additional ''[[pargana]]s''. Hamir rejects the offer, and continues the battle, losing his Bhil general Bhoj in the process. After suffering more setbacks, Alauddin sends a herald to Hamir, asking for a pardon, and promising to return to Delhi. Hamir refuses to end the battle, and his troops capture Alauddin. Hamir asks his soldiers not to kill Alauddin, declaring that it is a sin to kill an emperor "because he gives food to thousands of souls." He releases Alauddin, asking the emperor to return to Delhi.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=242-245}}

Hamir's soldiers collect a variety of materials from the Delhi camp, including ensigns, and return to Ranthambore. When Hamir's wife Asha sees the Delhi ensigns from a distance, she assumes that the invaders had won, and orders a [[jauhar|mass suicide of women]] to avoid falling into enemy hands. When Hamir enters the fort, he sees the dead bodies of the women, including his wife and his daughter. He decides to commit suicide, offering his head to Shiva. When Sarjan Shah calls Alauddin to Ranthambore, Alauddin admires Hamir, and orders the beheading of Sarjan Shah for being disloyal to Hamir.{{sfn|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879|pp=242-247}}

== Legacy ==

Historian Kalika Ranjan Kanungo describes ''Hammira Raso'' as a [[pseudohistory|pseudo-historical]] poem.{{sfn|Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo|1987|p=121}} According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], while the work is of "little historical value", it is useful as an evidence of Hammira's reputation for "chivalry, gallantry and bravery in war."{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=107}}

According to Alastair Dick, ''Hammira Raso'' is the earliest extant text that uses the word "[[sitar]]" to describe the musical instrument now widely known by that name.{{sfn|James Sadler Hamilton|1989|p=62}}

== See also ==
* [[Hammira Mahakavya]], another text on Hammira of Ranthambore

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Brajnath Bandyapadhyaya |title=Hamir Rasa or a History of Hamir, Prince of Ranthambore |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |issue=48 |pages=186–252 |ref={{harvid|B. Bandyapadhyaya|1879}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=James Sadler Hamilton |title=Sitar Music in Calcutta |year=1989 |publisher=Publisher:Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120812109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP5Wzqq7I80C&pg=PA62 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo |title=Archaeology of Orissa: with special reference to Nuapada and Kalahandi |year=1987 |isbn=9788121200950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ0eAAAAMAAJ |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya }}
* {{cite book |editor=Siba Pada Sen |title=Historical Biography in Indian Literature |year=1979 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKIfAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.349284/page/n77/mode/2up Hamir Raso]'' in Hindi

[[Category:Hindi poetry]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]