Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vikram Doraiswami

2026-05-05T15:52:43Z

Asis: Created article

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Vikram Doraiswami 2022.jpg
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 19 March 2026
| predecessor = [[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]
| office1 = [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]
| president1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start1 = 22 September 2022
| term_end1 = 18 March 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Gaitri Issar Kumar]]
| successor1 = [[Periasamy Kumaran]]
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| president2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start2 = October 2020
| term_end2 = September 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Riva Ganguly Das]]
| successor2 = [[Pranay Kumar Verma]]
| office3 = Ambassador of India to the [[Republic of Korea]]
| president3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = April 2015
| term_end3 = July 2018
| predecessor3 = Vishnu Prakash
| successor3 = Sripriya Ranganathan
| office4 = Ambassador of India to [[Uzbekistan]]
| president4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor4 = A. Gitesh Sarma
| successor4 = Vinod Kumar
| term_start4 = October 2014
| term_end4 = March 2015
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| spouse = Sangeeta Doraiswami
| children = 1, Son
| party =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|07|11|df=yes}}
| website =
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
}}

'''Vikram Kumar Doraiswami''' (born 11 July 1969) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) who is currently serving as the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]. Prior to this appointment, he was the [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]], the [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]] and as the Indian Ambassador to [[Republic of Korea]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Vikram K. Doraiswami appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35646/Shri+Vikram+K+Doraiswami+appointed+as+the+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+the+United+Kingdom |website=Ministry of External Affairs |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Doraiswami was born to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] military family. His father was an [[Indian Air Force]] officer who fought in the [[Bangladesh Liberation war]], a country to which Doraiswami eventually became High Commissioner.<ref name="father">{{cite news |title=My father took part in Liberation War as pilot: Indian envoy |url=https://banglanews24.com/english/national/news/bd/87334.details |access-date=29 August 2022 |agency=Bangla news |date=22 December 2020}}</ref> He studied in schools all over India before eventually acquiring undergrad and graduate degrees in History at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[University of Delhi]]. He worked for a year as a journalist at [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] magazine while sitting for the Civil Services exam.<ref name="doraiswami"/>

==Diplomatic career==
He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] as part of the 1992 batch. After his training completed from the [[LBSNAA]] and [[SSIFS|FSI]], he was posted to the Commission of India in [[Hong Kong]] in May 1994 as Third Secretary. He studied [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] by taking an elective diploma at the New Asia Yale-in-Asia Language School of the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]. In September 1996, he was assigned to the [[Embassy of India, Beijing|Embassy of India in Beijing]], where he served for almost four years.<ref name="doraiswami"/>

After returning to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in New Delhi in 2000, Mr. Doraiswami was appointed Deputy Chief of Protocol (Ceremonials). He served in this role for two years before being seconded to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister’s Office]] in 2002, where he later held the position of Private Secretary to the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and later [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web |title=Full text of "Gazette of India, 2004, No. 428" |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.2004.428/W_25_2011_111_djvu.txt |website=Internet Archives |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2006, Mr. Doraiswami was posted to the [[Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations]] in [[NYC|New York]] as Political Counsellor. In October 2009, he was appointed [[Consul General]] of India in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]. In July 2011, he returned to the MEA in [[New Delhi]] as Head of the Division for the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], a position he held until early October 2012. During this time, he also served as Coordinator for the Fourth [[BRICS]] Summit in New Delhi in March 2012. From October 2012 to October 2014, he was [[Joint Secretary]] of the Americas Division of the MEA.<ref>{{cite web |title=How India’s Top Diplomats Countered Pakistan’s Narrative During Operation Sindoor |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/how-indias-top-diplomats-countered-pakistans-narrative-during-operation-sindoor-get-to-know-them-117867/ |website=Indian Masterminds |date=15 May 2025 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to Uzbekistan===
He was appointed [[Ambassador]] of India to [[Uzbekistan]] in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador’s Profile – Embassy of India, Seoul |url=https://indembassy.or.kr/profile.php |website=Embassy of India, Seoul |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to South Korea===
on 13 April 2015, he was appointed as the Ambassador of India to [[South Korea]] in [[Seoul]].<ref name="doraiswami">{{cite news |title=Vikram Kumar Doraiswami appointed as next Ambassador of India to Uzbekistan |url=http://www.uzdaily.com/en/post/27826 |access-date=29 August 2022 |agency=UZ Daily}}</ref>

===High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh===
He has served as High Commissioner of India to [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=New Indian High Commissioner-designate to Bangladesh Vikram Doraiswami arrives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/05/new-indian-high-commissioner-designate-to-bangladeshvikram-doraiswami-arrives-2206245.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Doraiswami likely to become new Indian High Commissioner |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=15 August 2022 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/215885/vikram-doraiswami-likely-to-become-new-indian-hc |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> During his tenure, the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] made a state visit to [[India]] from 5–8 September 2022, [[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] on water sharing of the [[Kushiyara River]], marking the first water-sharing agreement between the two countries since the ''Ganges Water Sharing Treaty'' of 1996. The two leaders also agreed to initiate negotiations for a [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement|CEPA]] to strengthen bilateral trade. The visit further emphasized improving [[transport]] and connectivity between India and Bangladesh, including railway enhancements and the development of sub-regional and trilateral highway projects involving [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand connectivity]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Hasina has worked on commitment of zero tolerance for terrorism in Bangladesh: Indian envoy Vikram Doraiswami |work=[[ANI News]] |date=28 May 2022 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/sheikh-hasina-has-worked-on-commitment-of-zero-tolerance-for-terrorism-in-bangladesh-indian-envoy-vikram-doraiswami20220528223917/ |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

===High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom===
In December 2022, Vikram Doraiswami presented his credentials as [[High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]] to [[Charles III]] at [[Buckingham Palace]], becoming the first Indian envoy to be received by the King following the death of [[Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Doraiswami takes charge as Indian High Commissioner to UK |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vikram-doraiswami-takes-charge-indian-high-commissioner-to-uk-2004140-2022-09-23 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian High Commissioner presents credentials to King Charles |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 December 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indian-high-commissioner-presents-credentials-to-king-charles/article66241854.ece |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam Terror attack]] in 2025, an interview by Doraiswami with [[Yalda Hakim]] on [[Sky News]] gained widespread attention, during which he discussed issues related to [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|How Pakistan Armed Forces is sponsoring terrorism against India and in the world]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan: Indian envoy’s photo ‘proof’ of Pak-sponsored terror |work=[[NDTV]] |date=21 July 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-pakistan-live-look-whos-behind-him-indian-envoys-photo-proof-of-pak-sponsored-terror-8368696 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's high commissioner urges Pakistan to take 'off ramp' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm_My5zRfB0 |website=YouTube |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India’s high commissioner urges Pakistan to take ‘off-ramp’ in conflict |work=[[Sky News]] |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://news.sky.com/video/indias-high-commissioner-urges-pakistan-to-take-off-ramp-13364119 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

During his tenure, Doraiswami also contributed to advancing bilateral trade and economic relations between [[India]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. These efforts culminated in the conclusion of a [[India–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement]] between the two countries aimed at strengthening economic and commercial cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-UK trade pact expected to come into force by first half of 2026: British envoy |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 January 2026 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-uk-trade-pact-expected-to-come-into-force-by-first-half-of-2026-british-envoy/articleshow/126302798.cms |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India-UK FTA may come into force soon: Official |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 February 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-uk-fta-may-come-into-force-soon-official/articleshow/128830135.cms |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India’s Middle-Power Strategy Won It a Reprieve From Trump’s Sky-High Tariffs |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=3 February 2026 |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/india/indias-middle-power-strategy-won-it-a-reprieve-from-trumps-sky-high-tariffs-31c23668 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India’s middle-power strategy and tariff reprieve explained (summary) |work=LiveMint |date=4 February 2026 |url=https://www.livemint.com/global/indias-middle-power-strategy-won-it-a-reprieve-from-trumps-s-sky-high-tariffs-11770168450004.html |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keir Starmer and Narendra Modi seal UK-India trade deal |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=5 July 2025 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d08628d3-c02a-4541-8a42-de7616c40717 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India-UK FTA finalised 10 days ago, Vikram Doraiswami tells News18 |work=[[News18]] |date=5 March 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/india-uk-fta-finalised-10-days-ago-vikram-doraiswami-tells-news18-what-went-on-behind-the-scenes-ws-kl-9463913.html |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to China===
On March 19, 2026, Doraiswami has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Vikram K. Doraiswami appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the People’s Republic of China |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40920/Shri_Vikram_K_Doraiswami_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China
|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=19 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India ambassador to China adopts Chinese name Wei Jiameng |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/story/india-ambassador-china-adopts-chinese-name-wei-jiameng-diplomatic-tradition-2885888-2026-03-23 |website=India Today |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Sangeeta Doraiswami and they have one son. Vikram Doraiswami's interests include reading, sports, fitness, travel and Jazz. He speaks [[Chinese language|Chinese]], some [[French language|French]] and [[Korean language|Korean]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India in brief |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3010730&ref=mobile |website=Korea JoongAng Dail |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApzCgHncVlo MEET THE ENVOY: INDIAN HIGH COMMISSIONER | DBC NEWS]

[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to South Korea]]

Government College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar

2026-05-02T18:21:36Z

Asis: Started first details initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date = October 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| former_name = Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
| motto = In Pursuit of Technical Excellence
| name = Government College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar
| other_name = G.E.C.A
| image =
| image_size =
| type = [[Technical education]] and Research institution
| established = 1960
| principal = Dr. Sanjay Dambhare
| city = [[Aurangabad]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|52|0.38|N|75|19|24.1|E|display=inline}}
| logo = Government engineering College Aurangabad.jpg
| website = {{URL|geca.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]],<ref>[http://www.naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid-as-on-August-2019.xls NAAC list]</ref> [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]<ref>https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/Get_Institute_Id.pdf AICTE</ref>
}}

'''Government College of Engineering, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar ''' ('''GECA''') formerly known as '''Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad''' is an autonomous engineering Institute in [[Maharashtra]] state of India. It is affiliated with the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] and was established in 1960. The construction of the college was started in 1957 and was completed in 1960. Later on, it included the extension building that presently houses the Electronics and Telecommunication Department, Computer Science Engineering Department and Master of Computer Application Department. The recently constructed classroom complex houses the classes of first year students of all branches along with the Information Technology Department.

== Departments ==

=== Civil engineering ===

Civil engineering is a traditional branch of engineering and is amongst the founding courses when the institution was started. The department is located in the 'Annexe' building of the college. The Department of Civil Engineering conducts both full time and part time undergraduate courses in Civil engineering. It also conducts a postgraduate programme in Water Resources Engineering, Structural Engineering, and a part time Post-Graduate programme in Soil Engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad|url=http://geca.ac.in/dep-civil-home.aspx|access-date=2020-09-08|website=geca.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Electronics and telecommunication engineering ===
The Department of E&TC started U.G. Course B.E.(E&TC) in 1986 with sanctioned intake of 40, enhanced to 60 in 1996. Department also runs full time Post Graduate Course M.E. (EC) and Recognized Research centre leading to Ph.D. (Electronics Engineering). Part time BE (E&TC) and part time ME (EC) are also run to give opportunity to working graduates and diploma holders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad|url=http://geca.ac.in/dep-entc-home.aspx|access-date=2020-09-08|website=geca.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Computer science and engineering ===
The Department of CSE started U.G. Course B.E.(CSE) in 1986 with a sanctioned intake of 40, later enhanced to 60 in 1996. The Department also runs the full time Post Graduate Course M.E. (CSE) and Recognized Research centre leading to Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering). Part time BE (CSE) and part time ME (CSE) are also run to give the opportunity to working graduates and diploma holders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad|url=http://geca.ac.in/dep-cse-home.aspx|access-date=2020-09-08|website=geca.ac.in}}</ref>

== Student life ==

=== Team Cybrotics (Robotics Club Of GECA) ===
Team Cybrotics of Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad is a group of robotics enthusiasts who have been fabricating robots since 2010. They have been participating in [[ABU Robocon]], an International Robotic Contest for last 9 years. The National level competition ([[Robocon India]]) of ABU Robocon is being organised by [[Doordarshan]] and the winner of this national level competition gets the chance to represent India at the international level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAISe|url=http://robocon.geca.ac.in/|access-date=2020-09-08|website=robocon.geca.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Team Techrovers ===
The Team Techrovers of Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad is a team of students working in the field of robotics and automation since 2019. This team has worked on many UAVs, open source robots, EVs, and combat robotics, earning awards including state and national level prizes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAISe|url=http://techrovers.website2.me/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=techrovers.website2.me}}</ref>

== See also ==
Other Government Engineering [[Colleges]] (GECs) in Maharashtra:

* [[College of Engineering, Pune]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Amravati]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Chandrapur]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Karad]]
* [[Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Nanded
* [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]], Mumbai

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government College Of Engineering, Sambhaji Nagar }}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hanu Raghavapudi

2026-04-30T14:17:52Z

Asis:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hanu Raghavapudi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hanumanth Rao Raghavapudi
| birth_place = [[Kothagudem]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter}}
| yearsactive = 2012{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Hanumanth "Hanu" Rao Raghavapudi''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is best known for directing the notable [[romantic drama]] ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (2022) and [[neo-noir]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] ''Fauzi'' (2026).

== Education and career ==
Raghavapudi hails from [[Kothagudem]] of [[Telangana]]. He studied up to graduation there and completed his [[Master of Computer Application|MCA]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" />

He worked as an assistant director for movies ''[[Aithe]]'', ''[[Okkadunnadu]]'' and as associate director for ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' with director [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Chitchat with Hanu Raghavapudi|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-hanuraghavapudi.html|publisher=Idlebrain|accessdate=15 August 2012}}</ref> He made his debut with ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'',<ref name="IBN1">{{cite news|title=SS Rajamouli buys shares in 'Andala Rakshasi'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ss-rajamouli-buys-a-share-of-andala-rakshasi/274932-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730025205/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ss-rajamouli-buys-a-share-of-andala-rakshasi/274932-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2012|accessdate=1 August 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN|IBN]]|date=26 July 2012}}</ref> and also directed the short film, ''I Am Famous'' along with feature films ''[[Krishna Gadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'', [[Lie (film)|''Lie'']] and ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''.

In 2022, Raghavpudi directed the film ''[[Sita Ramam]]'', a period drama set in 1964, produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dulquer Salmaan to play Lieutenant Ram in Hanu Raghavapudi's period film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dulquer-salmaan-to-play-lieutenant-ram-in-hanu-raghavapudi-s-period-film-1705277-2020-07-28|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]''
| || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/andala-rakshasi-love-sunny-side-down/article3753709.ece|title=Andala Rakshasi — Love, sunny side down|website=The Hindu|date=11 August 2012|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]''
| ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Lie (film)|''Lie'']]
| ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''
| ||
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/padi-padi-leche-manasu-director-hanu-raghavapudi-5511946/|title=My cinematic grammar is more effective in Padi Padi Leche Manasu|website=The Indian Express|date=27 December 2018|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Telugu Film]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Telugu]] (Nominated) || <ref>{{Cite web | title=Winners Of The 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 - Telugu {{!}} Filmfare.com | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/telugu/winners | access-date=2025-02-15 | website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|[[Fauzi (film)|Fauzi]]}} || || <ref> {{cite news |title=Prabhas and Director Hanu Raghavapudi kick off new film Fauji with grand puja ceremony, watch pics |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/prabhas-and-director-hanu-raghavapudi-kick-off-new-film-fauji-with-grand-puja-ceremony-watch-pics-article-12799521.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=17 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|nm2380725}}
* {{Facebook|DirectorHanuRaghavapudi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavapudi, Hanu}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]

Subrata Paul

2026-04-27T20:44:30Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1986)}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=February 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Subrata Paul
| image = Subrata Pal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Paul training with India in 2008
| fullname = Subrata Paul
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Sodepur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| height = 1.85 m<ref name="int.soccerway.com" />
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 = 2002–2004
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| years1 = 2004–2007
| clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2007–2009
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps2 = 31
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2009–2012
| clubs3 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| caps3 = 40
| goals3 = 1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.com/news/pfc-shows-no-mercy/|title=PFC shows no mercy|date=20 May 2010}}</ref>
| years4 = 2012–2013
| clubs4 = [[United SC|Prayag United]]
| caps4 = 15
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2013
| clubs5 = → [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]] (loan)
| caps5 = 6
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2014
| clubs6 = → [[FC Vestsjælland|Vestsjælland]] (loan)
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2014–2015
| clubs7 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps7 = 26
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2015
| clubs8 = → [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] (loan)
| caps8 = 15
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2016–2017
| clubs9 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps9 = 11
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2016–2017
| clubs10 = → [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
| caps10 = 24
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2017–2019
| clubs11 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps11 = 43
| goals11 = 0
| years12 = 2020–2022
| clubs12 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps12 = 6
| goals12 = 0
| years13 = 2021
| clubs13 = → [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (loan)
| caps13 = 4
| goals13 = 0
| years14 = 2022
| clubs14 = → [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
| caps14 = 0
| goals14 = 0
| totalcaps = 222
| totalgoals = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2006
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2007–2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 67
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[AFC Challenge Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008 India]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015 India]]|}}
{{Medal|RU| [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008 Maldives & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|RU| [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013 Nepal]]|}}
}}

'''Subrata Paul''' ({{langx|bn|সুব্রত পাল}}; born 24 December 1986) is an Indian former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]. Considered one of India's best goalkeepers, he was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the [[government of India]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Manasi |date=2020-03-28 |title=The best goalkeepers India has produced |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/best-indian-goalkeepers-indian-football-indian-super-league-bengaluru-fc-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-gurpreet/article31190754.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123155411/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/best-indian-goalkeepers-indian-football-indian-super-league-bengaluru-fc-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-gurpreet/article31190754.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 December 2023|title=Goalkeeper Subrata Paul brings an end to his illustrious football career |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/goalkeeper-subrata-paul-brings-an-end-to-his-illustrious-football-career |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Mohun Bagan===
A graduate of the [[Tata Football Academy]], Paul started his senior career with [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] in 2004. During the 2004 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] final against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] on 5 December 2004, [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] forward [[Cristiano Júnior]] lost his life after he and Paul collided. Following the incident, lack of facilities and medical professionals during the game was highlighted, leading to significant changes in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/12/10/1012doctor.html|title='When Cristiano collapsed, no doctor was around'|date=14 December 2004|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214160631/http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/12/10/1012doctor.html|archive-date=14 December 2004|url-status=live}}</ref>

===East Bengal===
Subrata was signed by local rivals [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] in 2007. He was an important figure for his team during the time he spend for the Kolkata-based club and was adjudged the [[I-League]]'s best goalkeeper in 2007 for his outstanding shot-stopping abilities, an example of which was in [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'s [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] winning campaign of 2007, resulting in his team qualifying for the [[AFC Cup 2008]]. Subrata appeared 31 times in the league for East Bengal and was the first choice 'keeper for the Kolkata-based team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12942/Subrata_Pal.html|title=Subrata Pal|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010000841/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12942/Subrata_Pal.html|archive-date=10 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pune===
On 2 June 2009, Subrata joined [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/898|title=Pune FC signs Subrata Pal|author=Subhajyoti Banerjee|publisher=IndianFootball.Com|date=2 June 2009|access-date=3 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614121752/http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/898|archive-date=14 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> In the middle of the [[I-League 2009-10]] season, Subrata had a trial stint with Canadian side [[Vancouver Whitecaps FC|Vancouver Whitecaps]] in the summer of 2010. Subrata expressed his desire to play abroad in the professional leagues of North America, Europe and Asia. He later said that "There was no offer coming from any club agent of any country during the Asian Cup. But I am looking for any offer to play abroad. Europe is the best place to play. But I am game to go to countries like South Korea, Japan, Australia and even the West Asian countries like Qatar, Saudi Arabia."<ref>{{cite web|title=I am not a spiderman, says Subrata Paul|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/interviews/I-am-not-a-spiderman-says-Subrata-Paul/articleshow/7327921.cms|website=The Times of India|date=20 January 2011 |access-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125031215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/interviews/I-am-not-a-spiderman-says-Subrata-Paul/articleshow/7327921.cms|archive-date=25 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Prayag United===
Paul signed for [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] of the [[I-League]] on 9 May 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paul for United|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|work=The Calcutta Telegraph|access-date=10 May 2012|location=Calcutta, India|date=10 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|archive-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 7 October 2012 against [[Air India FC|Air India]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]], a match Prayag won 5–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prayag United 5–1 Air India: Ranti Martins' hat-trick grounds the Airmen|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93651/prayag-united-vs-air-india/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104091417/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93651/prayag-united-vs-air-india/report|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Paul started off well in the [[2011-12 I-League]], impressing the new coach, however his form would soon wear thin. On 29 December 2012, Prayag United lost to I-League struggles [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]. The next seven matches from the aforementioned defeat, his team lost 5 and drew once and this was enough for his coach to replace Subrata with [[Sangram Mukherjee]] in the remaining league matches of the season.

===Rangdajied United===
Subrata signed a contract with [[Indian Super League]] to play in the new league which was to start in 2014.<ref name=ISLSigning>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=I-League: Rangdajied United to loan Gouramangi, Subrata and three more IMG-R players|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/league-rangdajied-united-loan-gouramangi-091836612.html|work=Yahoo News|access-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204003740/http://in.news.yahoo.com/league-rangdajied-united-loan-gouramangi-091836612.html|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to signing-up for the ISL, the [[I-League]] clubs refused to sign Subrata as they were all opposed to the Indian Super League,<ref name=ISLSigning/> but, on 20 November 2013, despite rejecting ISL signed players earlier, [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] of the [[I-League]] agreed to sign Paul along with fellow ISL contracted players [[Gouramangi Singh]], [[Sandesh Jhingan]], [[Manandeep Singh]], and [[Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam|Tomba Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Amoy|title=Rangdajied United to loan Gouramangi, Subrata and three more IMG-R players|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|access-date=10 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011152738/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-rangdajied-united-to-loan-gouramangi-subrata-and-three-more-img-r-players|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied Bolster Their Squad With National Stars|url=http://i-league.org/?p=9291|work=I-League|access-date=20 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231641/http://i-league.org/?p=9291|archive-date=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He made his debut in the [[I-League]] on 22 November 2013 against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong]] in which he played the whole match as Rangdajied drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong vs. Rangdajied United 1–1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/22/india/i-league/lajong-sc/arhima-club/1585344/|work=Soccerway|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230809/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/22/india/i-league/lajong-sc/arhima-club/1585344/|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===FC Vestsjaelland===
On 9 January 2014, it was confirmed that Paul had signed for [[FC Vestsjælland]] of the [[Danish Superliga]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhuri|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/subrata-pal-talks-experiences-fc-vestsjaelland|title=Subrata Pal talks about his experiences at FC Vestsjælland|website=Sportskeeda|date=2 March 2014|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005163317/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/subrata-pal-talks-experiences-fc-vestsjaelland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Deepti Patwardhan|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vGkmDDVwM1dU7rWrUVXgWP/Indian-footballers-on-the-move.html?facet=amp|title=Indian footballers on the move|website=Live Mint|date=7 May 2015|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528152358/http://www.livemint.com:80/Leisure/vGkmDDVwM1dU7rWrUVXgWP/Indian-footballers-on-the-move.html|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> thus becoming the fourth Indian footballer to play professionally abroad, the second to join a top-tier European side, and the first Indian goalkeeper to play abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indisk landsholdmålmand er landet i Danmark|url=http://fcvvikings.dk/index.php?id=51&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3435|work=FC Vikings|access-date=9 January 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> Despite signing on as member of the squad, he did not make any appearance for the first team and only appeared with the reserve squad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/football-5-indian-footballers-signed-by-overseas-clubs/4 |title=5 Indian footballers who were signed by overseas clubs |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126133520/https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/football-5-indian-footballers-signed-by-overseas-clubs/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Mumbai City FC===
Subrata was drafted in by [[Indian Super League|ISL]] club [[Mumbai City FC]] during the 2014 edition of the league and was the first choice 'keeper for his team until 2015, appearing 26 times in the league format. Subrata's performance was notable but not enough to help his team into the semi-finals.<ref name="int.soccerway.com" />

===Salgaocar===
Subrata joined [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] of the [[I-League]] on loan from [[Mumbai City FC]] for the season as fellow Indian international [[Karanjit Singh]], the regular 'keeper of Salgaocar would miss most of the [[2014-15 I-League]] season due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=ubrata Paul joins Salgaocar on loan|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2014/12/24/7358612/subrata-paul-joins-salgaocar-on-loan|publisher=Goal|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230071343/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2014/12/24/7358612/subrata-paul-joins-salgaocar-on-loan|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===DSK Shivajians===
After spending the [[2016 Indian Super League|2016 ISL season]] with [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]], Paul was loaned to [[I-League]] side [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]] on 15 December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=DSK Shivajians sign five Indian players for I-League|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/dsk-shivajians-sign-five-indian-players-for-i-league/articleshow/56000155.cms|access-date=15 December 2016|work=Times of India|date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219073136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/dsk-shivajians-sign-five-indian-players-for-i-league/articleshow/56000155.cms|archive-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jamshedpur===
On 23 July 2017, Pal was selected in the second round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|access-date=2 November 2017|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172202/https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club in their first ever match on 18 November 2017 against Paul's former club, [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]. Pal started the match and kept the clean sheet as Jamshedpur drew the match 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 0-0 Jamshedpur|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324225248/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the season concluded, Pal was awarded the [[Indian Super League]] Golden Glove Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL Golden Glove 2017-18|url=https://twitter.com/IndSuperLeague/status/975054100936052738|website=Indian Super League (Twitter)|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=11 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211123935/https://twitter.com/IndSuperLeague/status/975054100936052738|url-status=live}}</ref> A month later it was announced that Pal had been retained by the club for the 2018–19 season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Md. Rafique Ali Sardar signs extension till 2020|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/md-rafique-ali-sardar-signs-extension-till-2020|access-date=23 April 2018|work=Jamshedpur FC|date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421101945/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/md-rafique-ali-sardar-signs-extension-till-2020|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Later career and retirement===
After leaving Jamshedpur in 2019, Paul joined [[Hyderabad FC]] in 2020. He played six matches for Hyderabad with two clean sheets before being loaned out to [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2021-01-26 |title=ISL: Veteran Indian goalkeeper Subrata Paul joins SC East Bengal on loan from Hyderabad FC |url=https://scroll.in/field/985139/isl-veteran-indian-goalkeeper-subrata-paul-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720205153/https://scroll.in/field/985139/isl-veteran-indian-goalkeeper-subrata-paul-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then signed by Mohun Bagan in January 2022 on a loan deal for the remainder of their season.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 28 January 2022|title=Mohun Bagan rope in veteran goalkeeper Subrata Paul |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-rope-in-veteran-goalkeeper-subrata-paul |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209160902/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-mohun-bagan-rope-in-veteran-goalkeeper-subrata-paul |url-status=live }}</ref> After not playing for more than a year, Pal announced retirement from professional football on 8 December 2023 at the age of 36.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-12-08 |title=Spiderman hangs up his boots: Veteran Indian goalkeeper Subrata Paul announces retirement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/subrata-pal-indian-football-team-goalkeeper-announces-retirement-isl-golden-boot-arjuna-award-winner/article67618583.ece |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209160903/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/subrata-pal-indian-football-team-goalkeeper-announces-retirement-isl-golden-boot-arjuna-award-winner/article67618583.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
Subrata has played for India at all age groups. He rose to prominence with the Under-23 team in the Pre-Olympic qualifiers where he pulled off 3 saves in a crucial penalty shootout against Myanmar hence enabling India to qualify for the Group stage. In the group stages his goalkeeping abilities helped India pull off an unexpected draw at home against the formidable Iraq.

In 2007, he replaced [[Sandip Nandy]] as the Indian Senior Team's number 1 for the Nehru Cup in 2007 where he was adjudged the best goalkeeper in a competitive field which included the likes of [[Mosab Balhous]].

===Nehru Cup 2007===
Paul was noted for his sharp goalkeeping as part of [[Baichung Bhutia]]'s successful [[India national football team|Indian]] team of the [[Nehru Cup International Football Tournament 2007|Nehru Cup]] 2007. His saves were noted in the semi-finals against [[Kyrgyzstan]],<ref>{{cite news
|title = Bhaichung leads dazzling display: India demolish Kyrgyzstan 3–0 to make final for first time
|author = Jaydeep Basu
|publisher = The Telegraph (Kolkata)
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070827/asp/sports/story_8241762.asp
|date = 27 August 2007
|access-date = 30 August 2007
|location = Kolkata, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033412/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070827/asp/sports/story_8241762.asp
|archive-date = 30 September 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> which enabled India to reach the finals of this tournament for the first time.
In the final, India faced Syria, against whom they had lost an earlier group stage match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/23ind.htm|title=Valiant India go down to Syria|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165036/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/23ind.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In this match, he staved off wave after wave of attack by the Qasioun Eagles.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news
|title = This is the beginning of Indian football: Bhaichung
|author = Press Trust of India
|author-link = Press Trust of India
|publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]
|url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-achieve-rare-football-feat-lift-nehru-cup/47687-5.html
|date = 29 August 2007
|access-date = 30 August 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171148/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india-achieve-rare-football-feat-lift-nehru-cup/47687-5.html
|archive-date = 30 September 2007
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
India defeated Syria by a 1–0 margin to win the tournament for the first time. Coach [[Bob Houghton]] said that "Subrata was splendid in goal",<ref name=cnn/> while ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote:
: India owed the triumph immensely to an impeccable performance under the bar by Subrata Paul. His anticipation in cutting off Syria’s aerial forays was the most striking feature of the contest.<ref>{{cite news
|title = India wins Nehru Cup
|author = Vijay Lokapally
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/30/stories/2007083062172500.htm
|date = 30 August 2007
|access-date = 30 August 2007
|location = Chennai, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006055305/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/30/stories/2007083062172500.htm
|archive-date = 6 October 2008
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

===AFC Challenge Cup 2008===
He was part of the victorious [[India national football team]] in the [[AFC Challenge Cup 2008]].
His important saves especially in the finals helped India qualify for the [[2011 AFC Asian Cup]] for the first time in 24 years.

===Nehru Cup 2009===
He was also part of the victorious [[India national football team]] in the [[Nehru Cup International Football Tournament 2009]]
He was involved in three spectacular saves, and put the Cup back in India's hands. Due to his keeping, India won the final match 5–3 on penalties. He stopped the deciding shot on goal to help India clinch the Nehru cup.

===AFC Asian Cup 2011===
He was the goalkeeper for the Indian football Team in the [[AFC Asian Cup 2011]]. He made more than 35 saves in the whole tournament and has become one of the stars of the team since. After the game against South Korea, he made the headlines by some leading newspapers who were calling him 'Spiderman', 'real MVP (Most Valuable Player)' and with headlines like 'Indian team GK, 16 times super-save! Who is this guy?'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref> To these references, he humbly said, "I am not a spiderman, just a novice learning my goalkeeping. I am happy that I have made those saves and done something for the team and country."
[[The Times of India]] said that Pal was the best performer among the Indians in the Asian Cup in Doha where they lost all their group matches. Had it not for Pal's heroics, India would have lost by bigger margins in all the three matches.

===World Cup 2014 Qualifiers===
He was also the first choice goalkeeper for India in their World Cup Qualifier match against [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]]. Subrata even captained the side in a warm-up practice match for this tie, which India won against Qatar 2–1. He could not repeat his heroics against the UAE side as he was sent off in the first 30 minutes, and India were reduced to 9 men. India lost that game 3–0 as a result of two penalties and ultimately the tie 4–2.

===World Cup 2018 Qualifiers===
He was named the captain of the [[India national football team]] by coach [[Stephen Constantine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Subrata Pal named new captain by Constantine|work=Indian football and beyond by Chris Punnakkattu Daniel | www.chrispd.de |date=11 March 2015|url=http://www.chrispd.de/wordpress/2015/03/11/subrata-pal-named-new-india-captain-by-stephen-constantine/|publisher=Chris Punnakkattu Daniel|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110038/http://www.chrispd.de/wordpress/2015/03/11/subrata-pal-named-new-india-captain-by-stephen-constantine/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> on 11 March 2015. Under his captaincy the team reached the second round after defeating [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]] on aggregate of 2–0 on the first round of qualification.

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|24 May 2022}}<ref>{{Soccerway|subrata-pal/72870}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United SC|Prayag United]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|15||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||15||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|6||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Vestsjælland|Vestsjælland]] (loan)
|[[2013–14 Danish Superliga|2013–14]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Danish Superliga]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|14||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||0
|-
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
| rowspan="2" |I-League
|15||0||5{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||20||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|14||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|11||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||11||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|10||0||2{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="6" |Indian Super League
|18||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|15||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||15||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
|15||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||15||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|6||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (loan)
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|0||0||0||0||1{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||1||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!155!!0!!8!!0!!1!!0!!164!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
''Statistics accurate as of 16 June 2017''<ref>{{NFT player|id=12942|accessdate= }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps
|-
|rowspan=10|[[India national football team|India]]
|2007||7
|-
|2008||12
|-
|2009||6
|-
|2010||9
|-
|2011||10
|-
|2012||5
|-
|2013||8
|-
|2014||2
|-
|2015||6
|-
|2017||2
|-
|colspan="2"|Total||67
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[AFC Challenge Cup]]: [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008]]
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]]; runner-up: [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]], [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013]]
* [[Nehru Cup]]: [[2007 Nehru Cup|2007]], [[2009 Nehru Cup|2009]], [[2012 Nehru Cup|2012]]
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series|2017]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Arjuna Award]]: 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[East Bengal Club Season Awards|East Bengal "Player of the Season Award"]]: 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=488|title=Bodyline-Kingfisher East Bengal Award function held today|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116013957/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=488|archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=493|title=Subrata Pal gets East Bengal Player of the Year Award|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116090547/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=493|archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Subrata lives with his family in Sodepur (Kolkata). Subrata is married to Debasmita Mukherjee Pal, the daughter of ex-Indian goalkeeper Debashish Mukherjee, since 2012.

===Awards and nominations===
In 2016 Subrata got the Arjuna Award, the most prestigious award of Sports in India. In 2015, Subrata Pal was nominated for the Times of India Sports Awards along with the likes of [[Sunil Chhetri]], [[Syed Rahim Nabi]], [[Bala Devi]] and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports-awards/toisa_home.cms|title=The Times of India Sports Awards 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125024348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports-awards/toisa_home.cms|archive-date=25 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="int.soccerway.com">{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/subrata-pal/72870/|title=India – S. Pal – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703043336/http://int.soccerway.com/players/subrata-pal/72870/|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|location=Kolkata|url =https://thehardtackle.com/2012/prayag-united-sc-team-analysis-and-season-preview-2012-13/|title=Prayag United SC: Team Analysis and Season Preview 2012–13|date=2 August 2012|access-date=25 October 2015|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|first=Kunwar Deep|last=Singh|archive-date=4 August 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120804174151/https://thehardtackle.com/2012/prayag-united-sc-team-analysis-and-season-preview-2012-13/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}

==External links==
* {{FIFA player}}
* {{NFT player}}
* {{Soccerway}}

{{India Squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}}
{{Indian Super League Golden Glove}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Subrata}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Pune FC players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:Rangdajied United FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:2011 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:FC Vestsjælland players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]

Yogesh Vaidya (writer)

2026-04-26T20:01:47Z

Asis: Created pg

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language writer and poet (Born: 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
'''Yogesh Madhusoodan Vaidya''' is an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] writer, poet, essayist, and translator. He was born on 23 December 1962 in [[Bagasara]], [[Gujarat]], and his native place is [[Junagadh]]. He holds a diploma in civil engineering. Vaidya has authored several works, including the poetry collections ''Hu J Dariyo, Hu J Bhekhad'' (1998), and ''Bhattkhadaki'' (2023), the long narrative poem ''Nekham'' (2025), and the essay collection ''Navo Utaro'' (2024). His translations of [[Assamese poetry]] are collected in ''Samprat Asamiya Kavita'' (''Contemporary Assamese Poetry''; 2023). He received the 2025 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Bhattkhadaki''. Vaidya edited an online magazine ''Nisyandan''.<ref name="Sharma 2008">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |author-link=Radheshyam Sharma |date=2008 |title=Saksharno Sakshatkar (Question-based Interviews with biographical literary sketches) |volume=12 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |pages=141–150 |oclc=43853110}}</ref><ref name="Sahitya Akademi">{{cite web |date= |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2025 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2025.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2024">{{cite news |title=પુસ્તક સાથે મૈત્રી |newspaper=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |date=12 May 2024 |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/magazine/rasrang/news/friendship-with-books-sanjay-bhave-son-of-swatibehan-bhave-133005561.html |language=gu |access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2026">{{cite news |title=શ્રેષ્ઠ પુસ્તકો: વાંચવાં જેવાં પુસ્તકો |newspaper=Divya Bhaskar |date=11 January 2026 |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/magazine/rasrang/news/books-to-read-20260111-136894401.html |language=gu |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |editor-last=Jadav|editor-first=Jayendrasinh|last=Trivedi|first=Dipak|title=Book Review: Asamiya Kavitani Asmita|magazine=[[Shabdasrishti]]|date=November 2023|publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]|location=Gandhinagar|pages=187–197|issn=2319-3220|language=gu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, Yogesh}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Gujarati]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Gadgil formula

2026-04-23T01:27:33Z

Asis: Started a info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Formula assessing central state planning}}
The '''Gadgil formula''' is named after [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]], a social scientist and the first critic of Indian [[planning]]. It was evolved in 1969 for determining the allocation of central assistance for state plans in [[India]]. Gadgil formula was adopted for distribution of plan assistance during [[Five-year plans of India#Fourth Plan (1969–1974)|Fourth]] and [[Five-year plans of India#Fifth Plan (1974–1979)|Fifth Five-Year Plans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/gadgil.pdf|title=A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans|author=[[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]|date=1997-02-24|accessdate=2010-09-17}}</ref>

==Gadgil Formula==

The Gadgil formula was formulated with the formulation of the third Five-Year Plan for the distribution of plan transfers amongst the states. It was named after [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil|D. R. Gadgil]], then deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. The central assistance provided for in the first three plans and annual plans of 1966–1969 lacked objectivity in its formulation and did not lead to equal and balanced growth in the states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cds.edu/download_files/wp419.pdf |title=TAX DEVOLUTION AND GRANT DISTRIBUTION TO STATES IN INDIA Analysis and Roadmap for Alternatives |author=[[R.Mohan]] and [[D. Shyjan]] |year=2009 |accessdate=2011-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007092615/http://cds.edu/download_files/wp419.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-07 }}</ref> The [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] (NDC) approved the following formula:

1. Special Category states like [[Assam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Nagaland]] were given preference. Their needs should be met first, out of the total pool of Central assistance.

2. The remaining balance of the Central assistance should be distributed among the remaining states on the basis of the following criteria:
* 60 per cent on the basis of [[Population (human biology)|population]];
* 7.5 per cent on the basis of tax effort, determined on the basis of individual State's per capita tax receipts as a percentage of the State's per capita income;
* 25 per cent on the basis of per capita state income, assistance going only to States whose per capita incomes are below the national average;
* 7.5 per cent for special problems of individual states.

The reasoning behind the given weights:

i. '''Population'''

In a country like India, population acts as an apt measure to represent the requirements of the people because a major portion of the population lives below the poverty line. This proposition was also supported by the empirical data which showed a negative correlation between population of states and their per capita income.

ii. '''Tax effort'''

This is an important factor to measure the potential of the state as far as its own resources are concerned. This relative measure incentivizes the states to undertake measures to increase their own potential through various tax measures.

iii. '''State per capita income'''

A problem regarding unequal development amongst the states was faced in the earlier plans because of larger states with their large plans were able to get a larger share of resources from the centre. This led to increased inequalities amongst the states. Therefore, to make the distribution fairer to the smaller states with a lesser than national per capita average income were given extra share in the resources.

iv. '''Special problems'''

This factor was introduced so as to provide enough resources to states to overcome problems like droughts, famines etc. In the absence of this share, such states would have suffered huge losses because of these problems and the implementation of their plans could have been hindered. This was a discretionary element in the formula which required proper scrutiny of the states situation by the Finance Commission.

v. '''Irrigation and power projects'''

These projects have been in the process of implementation before the fourth plan was formulated. They needed extra resources for the successful completion of these projects.

==Background==

The offer of financial assistance from the centre to the states for implementing planned development has been an extremely important matter right from the beginning of the Indian Planning process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.ucsc.edu/~boxjenk/apsa.pdf|title=THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM|author=[[Kenneth Kletzer]] and [[Nirvikar Singh]]|date=July 1996|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref> The constitution divides the responsibilities between the Union government and the state governments. There was an imbalance between responsibilities assigned to the states and the revenue resources possessed by them to carry out those responsibilities. The transfer of resources for development purposes under the Plans came to be made under [[Article 282]] of the [[Constitution]]. The states were highly dependent on the Union government for financing their development plans because the extra resources on which states could bank on were largely concentrated with the Union government.

There was a need for a separate body to look into the division of resources. Therefore, the finance commission was appointed in 1951 for the allocation of resources of revenue between the central and the state governments. It was held responsible for examining their liabilities, the resources of the states, their budgeted promises and the effort undertaken to fulfil their commitment. Each five year, the finance commission puts in its recommendations on the proportion of the total collections to be allocated to each of the states. The Planning Commission which was formed soon after the framing of the [[constitution of India]] looked into the problems of financing development, which had added to the old problem of financial relations. It came into being because the issue of formulating development plans and implement them efficiently for the development of the economy was not only a very important but also a necessary one. This commission provides for a settlement between the centre and the states in two categories:

# Division of revenues
# Grants in special cases

The centre adds to state resources by conferring fixed percentage of revenue from [[taxation]] and from other sources to the states. However, this does not ensure a proper balance in distribution. There are states which are poorer or more backward than the others and therefore require central finances on a much larger scale than the others. This is why recommendations for special grants were introduced. Hence in this manner, the extra resources controlled by the centre were shared with the states to finance the state plans. However, this system in turn induced the states to undertake those schemes in which they got a higher share of the central finances and therefore a steady central assistance was given to the states for a planned period. The [[Grant (money)|grants]] were supposed to be given to the states which did not have enough capital assets that would have earned them enough money to pay for loans taken from the centre. They were provided to the states outright according to their needs. But in reality, no correlation was found between grants and the need for them.

The first Five Year Plan had provision of only a marginal central assistance which did not play an important part. Due to this, in the second five-year plan, substantial importance was given to it. And in the third five-year plan, the states had laid more stress on planning and had become critical. In fact, they were given a choice set of various schemes with various proportions of grants and loans attached. This led to an obvious result. The states with larger resources and power could choose schemes with a greater share of grants in them. On the other hand, poor states had to finance almost all their plans by the loans given by the central government. Consequently, there were huge variations in the averages of grants and loans received by the states. A developed state which had resources got 40% as grants; an under-developed state which had no resources got 12% as grants while the average was 22% . The commissions did not have a distinct criteria which was used while allocation of resources. As a result, the states were dissatisfied when they realised that the larger states were getting a bigger share in the pie.

Therefore, in 1965 when the fourth plan was being thought of, the states demanded for a set of firm objective criteria for the distribution of central assistance. The planning commission left it on the states to decide on the criteria. But no agreement was reached in the National Development Council (NDC). Thus, the planning commission thought of an award system, where the finance commission had the discretion to award states in times of need after a proper scrutiny of their situation. In 1968, Planning Commission induced the state governments to come to an agreement. The system of varying proportions of grants and loans from scheme to scheme was abolished. Central assistance to states was now given uniformly in blocks. Each state got 70% loans and 30% grants. There was no special manoeuvrability and therefore no special advantage on the part of the bigger states. This type of settlement also faced problems because of the artificial division between the plan and the non-plan expenditures. The former type of expenditure was to be looked after by the finance commission awards and the latter by central assistance given by either NDC or the Planning Commission. The loan part which was given to the state had gotten accumulated and for some of the states the loan obligation and repayments were bigger than the assistance they got. In 1969, after the draft the fourth five-year plan was presented, the Planning Commission officially discussed with the states the impact of the Finance Commission Awards on their finances. Great variations in the provision of these awards were witnessed amongst the states. Some states had a substantial surplus and other states could not even meet their budgetary responsibilities.

Another problem was of the ways and means advances. To overcome the temporary difficulties faced by the state governments, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] provided this facility so that the states could balance their balance sheet and remain solvent. This was the extra debt that was to be cleared quickly. After the droughts and famines hit India, states had huge overdrafts year after year. Therefore, it was recommended by the Planning commission that resources must first be set aside for meeting the deficits of the states and then help in enabling states to put the new resources into their plans. This was an effort towards bringing non plan and plan expenditures together. This has partially helped in solving the problem of artificial division of expenditures into plan and non-plan expenditures.

The other problem was that the total division of resources did not lead to equality in the development in the states. The larger states with their own resources could have a larger plan and the states with less of own resources at their disposal could only have smaller plans. This led to unequal patterns of development in the country. This problem was partly solved by providing 10% of the total resources to states with lesser per capita income than the national average in the formula. This solution led to two other problems:

# The states at the margin suffered a loss due to this as the state, even marginally upper than the national average could not avail of its rightful share
# Even after giving no central assistance to certain states, their per capita plan expenditure was larger than those states which entirely depended on central assistance for the finance of their plans. And it was inevitable for the government not to give any central assistance to these states

The Gadgil Formula, though well-intentioned, did not achieve much success in reducing inter State disparities. For instance, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, which came under the low income category at the time, received below average Plan assistance and Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, just managed to get Plan assistance equal to all the States’ average. Therefore, there was an increasing clamour for modification of the formula, especially from the economically backward states.

==Modified Gadgil Formula==

The formula was modified on the eve of the formulation of the [[Five-year plans of India#Sixth Plan (1980–1985)|Sixth Plan]]. The 10 percent indicator for ongoing power and irrigation projects was dropped and the share of per capita income was increased to 20 percent, to be distributed to those states whose per capita incomes were below the national average. The modified Gadgil formula continued for the Sixth and the Seventh Plans.
Compared to the allocations in the Fourth and Fifth Plans, the allocations during the Sixth and the Seventh Plans show a definite shift in favour of the poorer states. All the low income states, except Tamil Nadu, received Plan assistance higher than the average income of the 14 states taken into consideration at the time. This can certainly be attributed to the higher weightage given to per capita income as per the modification.
[[Per capita income]] serves as a suitable proxy for changes in the economy. If the states are ranked according to their per capita income as well as their per capita Plan assistance and the rank correlation coefficient is worked out, it should give a fair idea of the effectiveness of the modified Gadgil Formula in terms of progressivity. The [[rank correlation]] coefficients worked out for the four Plan periods are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Plan Period !! Rank Correlation Coefficient
|-
| IV || (-)0.17
|-
| V || (-)0.04
|-
| VI || (-)0.66*
|-
| VII || (-)0.72**
|-
|}
Notes: *Significant at 5 percent level **Significant at 1 percent level

The low income states received better allocations during all the four Plan periods, as there is a negative correlation. However, for the Fourth and the Fifth Plans, the correlation coefficients are not significant, which shows that allocations in these periods were only marginally progressive. In the Sixth and the Seventh Plan periods, there was a marked improvement in the progressivity of Plan allocations, as can be deduced from the statistically significant correlation coefficients. Therefore, the modified Gadgil formula resulted in a more progressive distribution of Central Plan assistance.

In the period spanning the beginning of the Fourth Plan to the Seventh Plan, the dependence of the states on Central Plan Assistance for financing their Plan outlays has been declining for all states. Despite this trend, the low income states depended heavily on Central Plan assistance for funding their outlays, despite this assistance increasing considerably after the modification made to the Gadgil formula. Also, it has been seen that the states with a higher per capita outlay are usually the high income states. Therefore, unless the distribution of the Central Plan assistance is made sharply progressive, narrowing down of inter State differentials in per capita outlays will be impossible.

While Plan outlays have increased by over nine times, Central Plan assistance has increased only by half the amount from the Fourth to the Seventh Plan period. This is the reason for persistent inter state inequality. The centre has resorted to funding states for the implementation of Centrally Sponsored Schemes, which form 80 percent of Plan Assistance. This has led to the sidelining of the states’ own Plan outlays. Due to the problem of increasing gaps between the assistance provided and outlay of the states, calls for further revision of the Gadgil Formula increased, which resulted in the next revision of the formula in 1990.

==Gadgil-Mukherjee Formula==

The National Development Council (NDC) meeting held on October 11, 1990; discussed and approved a New Revised formula. The new revised formula is popularly known as Gadgil-Mukherjee formula after the name of then deputy chairman of Planning commission and the former [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee|Dr.Pranab Mukherjee]]. The new revised formula as approved by NDC is given in the following table.
Criteria for inter-state allocation of Plan Assistance

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Criteria''' !! '''Weight''' (%)
|-
| Population || 55
|-
| Per Capita Income || 25
|-
| Fiscal Management || 5
|-
| Special Problems || 15
|-
| Total|| 100
|-
|}

Under the new revised formula, Population was given maximum weightage by considering it as most important factor for the allocation of central assistance, but in comparison with old Gadgil formula the weightage has been reduced by 5 percentage points.

The share of Per Capita Income has increased from 20% to 25%. Out of 25%, 20% will continue to be allocated on the principle of The [[Deviation method]] (The per capita state domestic product is calculated by taking an average of per capita state domestic product whose actual data are available, for the latest three years.) to those states whose per capita income is below the average national per capita income and the rest 5% will be allocated to all states on the principle of The Distance method (The distance of per capita income of each state from the state which has the highest per capita income is calculated, then these values are multiplied with the respective value of the population of each state. This was done to meet the objections like, less developed states were allocated less and given low weightage, also the states whose per capita income were slightly higher than the average national per capita income, were deprived of share under this particular criterion.

Fiscal management, as a new criterion has been introduced with 5% weightage by discarding the earlier Tax effort criterion which was given 10% weightage in old Gadgil formula. Fiscal management criterion is to be assessed on the basis of a state's actual resource mobilization for its plan in comparison with the target agreed upon the Planning Commission. Therefore, this criterion is considered to be more comprehensive for fiscal efficiency than The Tax effort criterion. The [[Fiscal Management]] was given only 5% weightage due to the danger arises from the manner in which it is defined. It can develop an unhealthy competition among the states to show their resources less at the time of preparing initial resource estimates.

The remaining 5% weightage of Tax effort has been given to The Special problems criterion due to which its weightage increased from 10% to 15%. The NDC has defined special problems under these seven heads:

# Coastal areas
# Flood and drought prone areas
# Desert problems
# Special environmental issues
# Exceptionally sparse and densely populated areas
# Problem of slums in urban areas
# Special financial difficulties for achieving minimum reasonable plan size.

By comparing the new revised Gadgil formula with the old Gadgil formula as a whole, only 85% of the total central assistance has been distributed on the basis of four well defined criteria, whereas, in the old Gadgil formula these criteria were given 90% weightage.

==The Gadgil Formula in 2000==

At the advent of the 21st century the formula was reviewed and the component of ‘performance’ by the respective states was adopted. The allocation accruing to the states under this head was 7.5 percent. Within this, 2.5 percent of the allocation was based on tax efforts of the states, 2 percent for fiscal management at state level and 1 percent for undertaking population control measures. Special attention was also paid to the sluggish improvements in female literacy and 1 percent allocation was set aside taking female literacy into account. Timely completion of externally funded projects and land reforms undertaken accounted for the remainder of the 7.5 percent figure.

==The Gadgil Formula-based grants after NITI Ayog 2015==

As the Planning Commission has been dismantled, the Gadgil formula based grants have also been discontinued.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Deepali Pant Joshi]], Centre State Transfers, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 38, No 24 (June 14–20, 2003) pp. 2375–2376
* R Ramalingom and KN Kurup, Plan Transfers to States: Revised Gadgil Formula: An Analysis, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 26, No 9/10 (March 2–9, 1991) pp. 501–506

[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Economic planning in India]]
[[Category:State government finances in India]]

Rajgir, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:08Z

Asis: Created a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajgir
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1952
|abolished = 2007
|electors = 59,191
|mla = Atma Ram
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Rajgir Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ghan Shyam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Wazir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Guler Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Milkhi Ram Goma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Atma Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Milkhi Ram Goma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=3 | Atma Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,829 |percentage=49.15% |change={{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,611 |percentage=45.97% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vidya Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,200 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=588 |percentage=1.53% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,218 |percentage=3.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,308 |percentage=64.72% |change= {{decrease}}5.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,191 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,018 |percentage=41.83% |change={{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,763 |percentage=38.33% |change={{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=6,005 |percentage=16.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=451 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=440 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Kumari |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=229 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,255 |percentage=3.50% |change= {{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,906 |percentage=70.71% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,790 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,708 |percentage=44.99% |change={{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,276 |percentage=33.73% |change={{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Kalyan |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=4,968 |percentage=16.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh Heer |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,292 |percentage=4.24% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal Singh Dogra |party=All India Rashtriya Janata Party |votes=225 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,432 |percentage=11.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,469 |percentage=65.92% |change= {{decrease}}5.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,862 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,035 |percentage=55.96% |change={{increase}}24.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,090 |percentage=38.70% |change={{decrease}}15.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=671 |percentage=2.34% |change={{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haria Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=377 |percentage=1.32% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=187 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,945 |percentage=17.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,654 |percentage=70.73% |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,517 |percentage=54.04% |change={{increase}}18.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,861 |percentage=31.43% |change={{decrease}}20.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piar Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,930 |percentage=11.71% |change={{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prahash |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=184 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=161 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,656 |percentage=22.61% |change= {{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,014 |percentage=64.96% |change= {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,909 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,646 |percentage=51.88% |change={{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atma Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,306 |percentage=35.60% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,028 |percentage=9.88% |change={{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haria |party=Independent politician |votes=384 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Jogi |party=Independent politician |votes=158 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,340 |percentage=16.28% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,522 |percentage=67.80% |change= {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,736 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,358 |percentage=48.77% |change={{increase}}15.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shambhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,717 |percentage=35.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piar Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,583 |percentage=8.25% |change={{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guler Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=988 |percentage=5.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Chand Premi |party=Janata Party |votes=168 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}45.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,641 |percentage=13.76% |change= {{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,187 |percentage=68.68% |change= {{increase}}16.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,310 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Guler Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=6,571 |percentage=46.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram Goma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,729 |percentage=33.29% |change={{decrease}}13.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piaru |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,519 |percentage=10.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wazirchand |party=Independent politician |votes=803 |percentage=5.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praaksh Dhaugary |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhakhirdu |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,842 |percentage=12.97% |change= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,206 |percentage=52.02% |change= {{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,704 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wazir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,852 |percentage=46.63% |change={{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guler Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,776 |percentage=33.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shambhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=824 |percentage=9.97% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakhirdu |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phula Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratto Alias Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,076 |percentage=13.03% |change= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,261 |percentage=32.52% |change= {{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,956 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wazir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,877 |percentage=36.78% |change={{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,034 |percentage=28.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,484 |percentage=14.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moni |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,041 |percentage=9.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=898 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhania |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=8.00% |change= {{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,540 |percentage=39.97% |change= {{increase}}12.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,200 |ref = |change= {{increase}}102.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghan Shyam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,585 |percentage=45.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=830 |percentage=23.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Dev |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=720 |percentage=20.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=9.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=755 |percentage=21.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,468 |percentage=24.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,926 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|32.07|75.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]

Youngistaan Foundation

2026-04-13T13:56:09Z

Asis: Created a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Youngistaan Foundation
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = Youngistaan Foundation.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into = 
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|2014}}
| founder = Arun Daniel Kumar Yellamaty
| founding_location =
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = Non-Governmental Organization
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| focus = Social Welfare and Humanitarian Services
| professional_title = 
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = India
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| membership = 
| num_members_year = 
| language = 
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title5 =
| leader_name5 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| ror_id = 
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = 
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|youngistaanfoundation.org}}
| remarks =
| former_name = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
'''Youngistaan Foundation''', is a [[non-governmental organization]] based in [[India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: Masks come off, Covid stays on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-masks-come-off-covid-stays-on/articleshow/78052069.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trans community hit hard by pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Trans-community-hit-hard-by-pandemic/articleshow/76669274.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Mohammed |title=Samaritans from Youngistan foundation felicitated by VC Sajjanar |url=https://www.siasat.com/samaritans-youngistan-foundation-felicitated-vc-sajjanar-1892955/ |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> that work towards providing humanitarian assistance to underprivileged communities and addressing societal issues.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Youngistaan Foundation, NSS of MGIT Host World's Largest Festival Of Democracy Town Hall |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/youngistaan-foundation-nss-of-mgit-host-worlds-largest-festival-of-democracy-town-hall-892260 |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adke |first1=Arti |title=Youngistaan Foundation Celebrates World Environment Day with an Inspiring Trek |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/youngistaan-foundation-celebrates-world-environment-day-with-an-inspiring-trek-801030 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=5 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=City youngsters trek Khajaguda Hills to celebrate World Environment Day |url=https://telanganatoday.com/city-youngsters-trek-khajaguda-hills-to-celebrate-world-environment-day |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Hyderabad: Youngistaan organises unique trek |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-youngistaan-organises-unique-trek-801081 |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Feeding Hyderabad's homeless |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2015-02-17/Feeding-Hyderabads-homeless/131914 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=City NGO along with Telangana State Tribal, Women and Child Welfare Minister support 300 tribal families |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/city-ngo-along-with-telangana-state-tribal-women-and-child-welfare-minister-support-300-tribal-families-626159 |website=thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Youngistaan Foundation is an Indian non-profit organization founded in 2014 by Arun Daniel Kumar Yellamaty.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Hyderabad-based NGO Youngistaan Founder Honored in US |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/281023/meridian-global-citizen-award-for-arun-daniel-yellamaty-kumar.html |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Hyderabad: Honour for Youngistaan Foundation for services during pandemic |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-honour-for-youngistaan-foundation-for-services-during-pandemic |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=MK |first1=Mithun |title=From food to meds, volunteer groups in Telangana step up to help senior citizens in need |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/food-meds-volunteer-groups-telangana-step-help-senior-citizens-need-121264 |website=The News Minute |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Arun established the organization to encourage active participation in addressing societal issues, especially those impacting underprivileged communities in India, through diverse programs and initiatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Youngistaan Foundation to organize a special public dialogue on the occasion of 'World Day against Trafficking in Persons' |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/youngistaan-foundation-to-organize-a-special-public-dialogue-on-the-occasion-of-world-day-against-trafficking-in-persons/ |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611063236/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/youngistaan-foundation-to-organize-a-special-public-dialogue-on-the-occasion-of-world-day-against-trafficking-in-persons/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNICEF and Youngistaan Foundation Distribute 1500 Hygiene Kits Among Garbage Collectors to combat COVID-19 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/unicef-and-youngistaan-foundation-distribute-1500-hygiene-kits-among-garbage-collectors-to-combat-covid-19/ |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=1 November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A digital step towards change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-digital-step-towards-change/article18349945.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en-IN |date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=One year of Lockdown: 'Annapurna' proved life-saver for many |url=https://telanganatoday.com/one-year-of-lockdown-annapurna-proved-life-saver-for-many |website=Telangana Today |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='They just want someone to hear them' — Telangana helpline for elderly see spike in calls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/they-just-want-someone-to-hear-them-telangana-helpline-for-elderly-see-spike-in-calls-6405792/ |website=The Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

Youngistaan Foundation is headquartered in Hyderabad,<ref>{{cite web |title=NGO helps beggars get transformation in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Jan/08/ngo-helps-beggars-get-transformation-in-hyderabad-1747361.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=8 January 2018}}</ref> Telangana, with operations in various cities across India, including Delhi, Bangalore,<ref>{{cite web |title=NGOs reach out to flooded areas with food packets during Hyderabad rains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/NGOs-reach-out-to-flooded-areas-with-food-packets-during-Hyderabad-rains/articleshow/54483858.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref> Pune, and Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Afreen |first1=Saima |title=Feeding furry friends |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/apr/21/feeding-furry-friends-2132975.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Afreen |first1=Saima |title=Tales we tell |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/jun/09/tales-we-tell-2154453.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

Youngistaan Foundation operates five core programs and multiple need-based initiatives addressing social issues such as hunger,<ref>{{cite web |title=Youngistaan: Engaging youth in community work |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/call-of-the-young/article23645371.ece |website=thehindu.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref> homelessness, gender equality,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Journal |first1=The CSR |title=CSR: Youngistaan Foundation celebrates Menstrual Hygiene Day |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-news-youngistaan-foundation-celebrates-menstrual-hygiene-day/ |website=The CSR Journal |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Young Minds From Hyderabad, Gather to Break Period Taboos |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/280523/youngistaan-foundation-world-menstrual-hygiene-day.html |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Youngistaan Holds Special Event to Mark International Day for Girl Child |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/telangana/youngistaan-holds-special-event-mark-international-day-girl-child-163823#google_vignette |website=Sakshi Post |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NGOs offer help to senior citizens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ngos-offer-help-to-senior-citizens/articleshow/74855203.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> education,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adke |first1=Arti |title=Hyderabad-based NGO working towards bringing equity in early childhood education at government Aided School |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/hyderabad-based-ngo-working-towards-bringing-equity-in-early-childhood-education-at-government-aided-school-820061 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=3 September 2023}}</ref> animal welfare,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duggal |first1=Shikha |title=Meet Hyderabad's menstrual warriors, animal heroes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/mar/12/meet-hyderabads-menstrual-warriors-animal-heroes-2115493.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> youth development,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Youngistaan Foundation inspires active citizenship among youth |url=https://telanganatoday.com/youngistaan-foundation-inspires-active-citizenship-among-youth |website=Telangana Today |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=10 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Youngistaan Foundation Inspires Active Citizenship among Youth |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090723/hyderabad-ngo-youngistaan-foundation.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref> democracy,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Anoushka Caroline |title=Hyderabad: Youngistaan members discuss strategies to improve voter turnout, elevate participation |url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/hyderabad-youngistaan-members-discuss-strategies-to-improve-voter-turnout-elevate-participation-729140 |website=newsmeter.in |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=NGOs in Hyderabad creating awareness to increase voter turnout |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ngos-creating-awareness-to-increase-voter-turnout |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=Festival of Democracy' Draws 50% First-Time Voters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/261123/festival-of-democracy-draws-50-first-time-voters.html |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> climate action, and emergency responses. These initiatives are aligned with nine United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) and aim to create a sustainable impact on individuals and communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Experts call for collective responsibility to curb human trafficking menace in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/experts-call-for-collective-responsibility-to-curb-human-trafficking-menace-in-tgana/articleshow/102242234.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khurana |first1=Amit |date=29 May 2023 |title=Empowering Women: Reflecting on Menstrual Hygiene Day and the CSR Initiatives Driving Change in India |url=https://crossbarriers.org/empowering-women-reflecting-on-menstrual-hygiene-day-and-the-csr-initiatives-driving-change-in-india/ |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=Cross Barriers}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=This Homeless Man's Transformation Will Make You Smile |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/this-homeless-mans-transformation-will-make-you-smile-648998 |website=NDTV.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=Hyderabad-based Youngistaan NGO founder selected for US project |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-based-youngistaan-ngo-founder-selected-for-us-project |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Notable associations===
Youngistaan Foundation collaborates with various stakeholders,<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Hyderabad: Painting competition held for government school children |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/hyderabad-painting-competition-held-for-government-school-children-584855 |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life-saving drug going at Rs 70k a vial in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/life-saving-drug-going-at-rs-70k-a-vial/articleshow/82694582.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=17 May 2021}}</ref> including government and police officials, civil societies,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad-based Youngistaan Foundation Founder Selected by U.S. Deptt. of State for the Prestigious IVLP Project |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2022/11/hyderabad-based-youngistaan-foundation.html |website=Business, Technology, Startups and Science News and Trends in India {{!}} IndianWeb2.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=26 November 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad's young team of 'transformers' surprise the homeless by giving them a makeover |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/1961/being-the-change.html |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref> NGOs, donors, and corporate partners.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2021 |title=Hyderabad NGO hosts 'Women in Leadership - Enabling Young Leaders'panel discussion |url=https://newsmeter.in/pressreleases/hyderabad-ngo-hosts-women-in-leadership-enabling-young-leaderspanel-discussion-675226 |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref> Notable government partners include UNICEF, the Department of School Education,<ref>{{cite web |title=They make a difference |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/they-make-a-difference/article4674924.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en-IN |date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Telangana State Police,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad NGO joins hands with Telangana police to support tribal families |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-ngo-joins-hands-with-telangana-police-to-support-tribal-families-622016 |website=thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: 40% oxygen concentrators ordered by individuals amid Covid crisis |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/hyderabad/article/hyderabad-40-oxygen-concentrators-ordered-by-individuals-amid-covid-crisis/755474 |website=www.timesnownews.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=11 May 2021}}</ref> Women’s Safety Wing,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khurana |first1=Amit |title=Empowering Women: Reflecting on Menstrual Hygiene Day and the CSR Initiatives Driving Change in India |url=https://crossbarriers.org/empowering-women-reflecting-on-menstrual-hygiene-day-and-the-csr-initiatives-driving-change-in-india/ |website=Cross Barriers |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=29 May 2023}}</ref> SHE Teams,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haseeb |first1=Ahssanuddin |title=Govt, NGOs Become 'Active' To 'Help And Care' Elderly In Hyderabad |url=https://www.hydnews.net/govt-ngos-become-active-to-help-and-care-elderly-in-hyderabad/ |website=#KhabarLive {{!}} Breaking News, Analysis, Insights |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=28 March 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> T-Hub,<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=Hyderabad: NGO gesture to priests, pastors |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-ngo-gesture-to-priests-pastors-629731 |accessdate=8 June 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Telangana State Innovation Cell (TSIC), TASK (Telangana State), GHMC,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dasari |first1=Sharon |title=Unshackle the bondage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/Aug/01/unshackle-the-bondage-2600589.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=1 August 2023}}</ref> WE-Hub,<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Indians offering to help parents of those who are abroad |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/coronavirus-indians-offering-to-help-parents-of-those-who-are-abroad-1.1585039484194 |website=gulfnews.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=24 March 2020}}</ref> the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, and the Women and Child Welfare Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: Fund-starved NGOs feel the heat as scores continue to seek help |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/fund-starved-ngos-feel-the-heat-as-scores-continue-to-seek-help/articleshow/75637515.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Corporate partners include Synchrony,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Youngistaan Foundation Honours volunteers who helped during COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/youngistaan-foundation-honours-volunteers-who-helped-during-covid-19-pandemic-668702 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Dr. Reddy’s, JP Morgan, [[Wipro]], and IKEA.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Dept of State selects Hyderabad-based Youngistaan Foundation Founder for IVLP Project |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/business/us-dept-state-selects-hyderabad-based-youngistaan-foundation-founder-ivlp-project |website=Sakshi Post |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=25 November 2022}}</ref> These collaborations enable efforts to address various societal issues and contribute positively within communities,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Youngistaan Foundation along with Telangana State Police extends its Relief Support to tribal families in Nallamalla Forest |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/youngistaan-foundation-along-with-telangana-state-police-extends-its-relief-support-to-tribal-families-in-nallamalla-forest-622035 |website=www.thehansindia.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 May 2020}}</ref> making tangible differences in people's lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: Youngistaan Foundation holds session with young girl innovators, social entrepreneurs |url=https://theprint.in/india/hyderabad-youngistaan-foundation-holds-session-with-young-girl-innovators-social-entrepreneurs/1188508/ |website=ThePrint |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Activists hit up famous spots in Hyderabad to create awareness on periods |url=https://telanganatoday.com/activists-hit-up-famous-spots-in-hyderabad-to-create-awareness-on-periods |website=Telangana Today |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=28 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Menstrual Hygiene Day 2021: Youngistan Foundation Hyderabad Holds Virtual Discussion on Action and Investment in Safe Menstruation |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/lifestyle/menstrual-hygiene-day-2021-youngistan-foundation-hyderabad-holds-virtual-discussion |website=Sakshi Post |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en |date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murdeshwar |first1=Sachin |title=Open Graph Meta Tags: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://globalprimenews.com/2020/06/03/youngistaan-foundation-along-with-telangana-state-tribal-women-and-child-welfare-minister-support-300-tribal-families/ |website=Global Prime News |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Borah |first1=Prabalika M. |title=Youngistaan Foundation's Man up programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/youngistaan-foundation-man-up-programme-arun-daniel-yellamty/article26853585.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=en-IN |date=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murdeshwar |first1=Sachin |title=Open Graph Meta Tags: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://globalprimenews.com/2020/06/22/city-ngo-along-with-minister-for-education-smt-sabitha-indra-reddy-help-priests-and-pastors/ |website=Global Prime News |accessdate=8 June 2024 |date=22 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Group Of Youngsters In Hyderabad Is Doing Something Amazing. This Is Their Story. |url=https://www.storypick.com/homeless-people-transformation/ |website=storypick.com |accessdate=8 June 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Youngistaan Foundation has received the following awards and recognitions:
* Social Media for Empowerment Award at the 2017 South Asia Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner 2017 |url=https://sm4e.org/winner-2017/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Social Media for Empowerment Award for South Asia, DEF |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Outstanding Young Persons Award by [[Junior Chamber International]] (JCI) in 2017.
* Young Achiever of the Year-Social Service Award at the Sakhi Media Excellence Awards 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=సేవకు వందనం: 'యంగిస్తాన్‌ ఫౌండేషన్‌'కు సాక్షి పురస్కారం {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/family/sakshi-excellence-award-young-achiever-year-award-winner-arun-daniel-yellamaty |website=www.sakshi.com |accessdate=8 June 2024 |language=te}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 2014]]
[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Children's charities based in India]]

Royal India

2026-04-10T10:22:17Z

Asis: Created data.

{{Short description|Restaurant in Raleigh, North Carolina}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Royal India storefront.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The storefront of Royal India in Raleigh, North Carolina]]
[[File:Royal-India-Raleigh-Chef-Balbir-Singh-Baba.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Royal India's chef - Balbir Singh "Baba"]]

'''Royal India''' is one of the oldest Indian restaurants in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2010/04/05/daily41.html|title=Morrisville restaurateur opens Wilmington eatery - Triangle Business Journal|website=Triangle Business Journal|access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref> It was established in 1990 off Capital Boulevard, which is a section of [[U.S. Route 1 in North Carolina]]. Royal India has received reviews for the best [[Indian cuisine]] from media outlets based in the Triangle area of North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/reader-survey-2005/Content?oid=1201602|title=Reader Survey 2005|website=Indy Week|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref> There is a dramatic increase in the population of South Asian Indians in the neighboring city of [[Morrisville, North Carolina|Morrisville]], where Indian population jumped from 4 percent in 2000 to 20 percent in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/print-edition/2013/11/29/triangles-little-india.html|title=Triangle's Little India - Triangle Business Journal|website=Triangle Business Journal|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref> This allowed establishment of many new Indian restaurants in Western Raleigh, Cary and Morrisville. Over the years, Royal India has marketed in diverse communities. Royal India hosted an ethnic food event - [http://ethnosh.org Ethnosh] in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gadaboutfood.com/bringing-ethnosh-to-raleigh/|title=Bringing Ethnosh to Raleigh|website=gadaboutfood.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-26}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://royalindiannc.com}}

{{Restaurants in Raleigh, North Carolina}}
{{Coord|35.8337|-78.5841|type:landmark_region:US-NC|display=title}}

[[Category:Indian restaurants in the United States]]
[[Category:Restaurants in North Carolina]]

Indira Gandhi National Open University

2026-03-29T18:06:41Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Indian public university}}
{{about|the open university in Delhi, India|other uses|Indira Gandhi University (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indira Gandhi National Open University
| image = IGNOU logo.svg
| caption = Logo of IGNOU
| other_name = IGNOU
| motto = जन-जन का विश्वविद्यालय<ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=IGNOU Official Website |url=https://www.ignou.ac.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110154547/https://www.ignou.ac.in/ |archive-date=10 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=IGNOU}}</ref>
| motto_lang = hi
| mottoeng = The People's University
| top_free_label = Regional centres
| top_free = 67 (including 11 Recognized Regional Centres – RRCs)
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1985||}}
| type =[[National University|National]] [[Open university (concept)|open university]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor = Uma Kanjilal
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| administrative_staff = 831<ref>{{Citation |title=Administration Division |work=IGNOU Profile |pages=171 |year=2023 |url=http://ignou.ac.in//userfiles/Profile%202023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428164806/http://ignou.ac.in//userfiles/Profile%202023.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-format=PDF |url-status=deviated |place=New Delhi |publisher=Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU }}</ref>
| students = 3,093,583 (2024)
| address = Maidan Garhi
| city = New Delhi
| province = New Delhi
| postalcode = 110068
| country = India
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|151.32|acre}}
| language = {{hlist|English|[[Hindi]]}}
| free_label1 = No. of Certificates Awarded
| free1 = 4603173<ref name="official" />
| free_label2 = No. of Programmes on Offer
| free2 = 333<ref name="official" />
| colours = Deep Sky Blue {{Colour box|#00ADF2}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Commonwealth of Learning|COL]]|[[Distance Education Council|DEC]]}}
| endowment = ₹88,65,99,162
| budget = ₹955,88,01,906
| officer_in_charge = Secretary, Department of Higher Education, [[Government of India]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| website = {{URL|www.ignou.ac.in}}
}}

'''Indira Gandhi National Open University''' ('''IGNOU''') is a [[National university|public]] [[Open university (concept)|open]] and [[Distance education|distance learning university]] located in [[Delhi]], India. Named after the former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]], the university was established in 1985 with a budget of {{INR}}20 million, after the [[Parliament of India]] passed the ''Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985'' (IGNOU Act 1985).<ref name=Act>{{cite web|title=Indira Gandhi National Open University, 1985 |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/IGNOUACT-1985.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134753/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/IGNOUACT-1985.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref> IGNOU, operated by the [[Government of India]] is the [[List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment|world's largest university]], with enrollment of over 3,000,000 students. It provides 333 academic programs through its 21 Schools of Studies, supported by a network of 67 Regional Centres and 2,257 Learner Support Centres (LSCs).<ref name="official" />

IGNOU has achieved an all-time high in total registrations, reaching {{formatnum:753286}} for the 2023–24 period (covering the admission cycle of July 2023 and January 2024). Of these, {{formatnum:352354}} students enrolled in bachelor's degree programs, with the Bachelor of Arts (BAG) being the most popular, garnering {{formatnum:109840}} registrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Neeti |date=28 November 2024 |title=IGNOU Admissions (2023–24): Over 7.53 lakh students register; know why MA (Political Science) is the most popular programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ignou-admissions-over-7-53-lakh-students-register-dip-in-ug-increase-in-pg-courses-in-last-6-years-9642840/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101060224/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ignou-admissions-over-7-53-lakh-students-register-dip-in-ug-increase-in-pg-courses-in-last-6-years-9642840/ |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=IGNOU Admissions: Over 7.53 lakh students register; dip in UG, increase in PG courses in last 6 years |url=https://www.legalchariot.com/2024/11/ignou-admissions-over-7-53-lakh-students-register-dip-in-ug-increase-in-pg-courses-in-last-6-years-25.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127195101/https://www.legalchariot.com/2024/11/ignou-admissions-over-7-53-lakh-students-register-dip-in-ug-increase-in-pg-courses-in-last-6-years-25.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Legal Chariot}}</ref>

IGNOU had started a decentralisation process<ref>{{Cite web|title=Success story|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30176187.ece|access-date=2020-09-08|website=Frontline|date=14 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> by setting up five zones: north, south, east, west and north-east. The [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
has entrusted the responsibility of developing a Draft Policy on [[Open and Distance Learning]] and Online Courses to IGNOU.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IGNOU – Announcements – Latest – New Education Policy: Survey on Open and Distance Learning and Online Courses|url = http://ignou.ac.in/ignou/bulletinboard/announcements/latest/detail/New_Education_Policy_Survey_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning_and_Online_Courses-1676|website = ignou.ac.in|access-date = 11 October 2015}}</ref> IGNOU also partners up with other organizations to launch courses. IGNOU offers a [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] in Retail distance learning course in association with [[Retailers Association of India]] (RAI).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Retail-through-distance-mode/articleshow/2295768.cms|title=Retail through distance mode|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== History ==
Dipanshu Sharma, the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education and Social Welfare]] organized a seminar on 'Open University' in collaboration with the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], and the [[Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO]]. After the seminar recommendation, an open university in India was established on an experimental basis. Starting in 1974, the [[Government of India]] appointed an eight-member working group on the open university, the leading role was given to G. Parthasarathi, the then Vice-Chancellor of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].

The working group recommended that an open university be established through an act of Parliament as soon as possible. They stressed the importance of the university having jurisdiction over the entire country, ensuring that once it is fully operational, students in even the most remote areas can access its educational resources and degrees (Working Group Report, 1974). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title=ignou assignment submission last date 2026: जानिए पूरी जानकारी, जरूरी निर्देश और अंतिम तारीख - Arjun Panchariya Sindhu- official website |url=https://arjunpanchariya.in/ignou-assignment-submission-last-date-2026/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

To support effective instructional and management processes for the open university, the working group proposed several key measures, including: a streamlined admission process, age relaxation policies, the development of comprehensive reading materials, the creation of core groups of scholars in various disciplines, the establishment of study centers, the implementation of curricular programs, and opportunities for live interaction with instructors. Following these recommendations, the Union Government prepared a draft bill for the establishment of a National Open University; however, progress on this initiative was delayed for various reasons.
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:20em; max-width:25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background:#ccc;"| Vice Chancellors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* [[G. Ram Reddy]], 1985–1990
* [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]], 1990–1995
* [[Ram G Takwale]], 1995–1998
* A. W. Khan, 1998–2001
* H. P. Dikshit, 2001–2006
* [[V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai]], 2006–2011
* [[M. Aslam]], 2011–12
* Gopinath Pradhan, 2012–2013
* M. Aslam, 2013–2017
* [[Nageshwar Rao]]-2018–2024
*Prof. Uma Kanjilal, 2024–present<ref name="NewVC">{{Cite web |last=S(h)arma |first=Gautam |title=IGNOU appoints Prof Uma Kanjilal as new Acting Vice Chancellor, know about her academic achievements and more |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/ignou-appoints-prof-uma-kanjilal-as-new-acting-vice-chancellor-know-about-her-academic-achievements-and-more/ar-BB1qJfcf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111083105/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/ignou-appoints-prof-uma-kanjilal-as-new-acting-vice-chancellor-know-about-her-academic-achievements-and-more/ar-BB1qJfcf |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Authorities |url=https://www.ignou.ac.in/pages/10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111084432/https://www.ignou.ac.in/pages/10 |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=IGNOU}}</ref>
|}
[[File:IGNOUGATE.jpg|thumb|The front gate of the university campus in New Delhi]]

In 1985, the Union Government made a policy statement for the establishment of a national open university. A Committee was constituted by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] to chalk out the plan of action for the National Open University. On the basis of the report of the Committee, the Union Government introduced a bill in Parliament. In August 1985, both the Houses of Parliament passed the bill. Subsequently, the Indira Gandhi National Open University came into existence on 20 September 1985, named after the late prime minister.

In 1989, the first Convocation was held and more than 1,000 students graduated and were awarded their diplomas. IGNOU audio-video courses were the first broadcast by radio and television in 1990 and IGNOU awarded degrees received full recognition by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 1992 as being equivalent to those of other universities in the country.<ref>IGNOU Website: [http://www.ignou.ac.in/aboutus/milestones.htm Milestones] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423060207/http://www.ignou.ac.in/aboutus/milestones.htm |date=23 April 2007 }} (URL last accessed on 29 April 2007)</ref>

In 1999, IGNOU launched the first [[e-learning|virtual campus]] in India,<ref>Newsbytes: [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HDN/is_1999_July_6/ai_55097055 IGNOU Launches First Virtual University in India], 6 July 1999 (URL last accessed on 29 April 2007)</ref> beginning with the delivery of Computer and Information Sciences courses via the Internet.

{{as of| 2011}} IGNOU has served over three million students in India and 40 other countries abroad.<ref name="ignou-profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.ignou.ac.in/ignou/aboutignou/profile/2|title=Profile of IGNOU – Preamble|publisher=Ignou.ac.in|access-date=3 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216183845/http://www.ignou.ac.in/ignou/aboutignou/profile/2|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> These are the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Seychelles]], [[Mauritius]], [[Maldives]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Namibia]], [[Kenya]], [[Myanmar]], [[Vietnam]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[China]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Fiji]], [[France]], [[Ghana]], [[Gambia]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Madagascar]], [[Liberia]], [[West Indies]], [[Samoa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[Switzerland]], [[Nigeria]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Zambia]].

IGNOU is actively engaged in various initiatives through the SANKALP project in collaboration with the [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]] (MSDE). The university has signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with the [[Dr. Ambedkar Foundation]], under the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], to provide training for civil service aspirants from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] backgrounds. Additionally, IGNOU has established a knowledge partnership with the Capacity Building Commission (CBC) of the [[Government of India]] and has set up a Centre for Modern Indian Languages to promote [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]. The university's refresher courses have received recognition from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).

The university has introduced audiobooks for its Self-Learning Materials (SLMs) in management courses and has recorded promotional materials for its programmes in regional languages, including 23 recognized regional languages for the [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] programme. IGNOU has also signed an MoU with the [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC) to provide opportunities through skill-based courses, launching three such courses. Another MoU with the ''[[Dattopant Thengadi]]'' National Board for Workers Education & Development (DTNBWED) aims to provide training for workers in both organized and unorganized sectors. Under the ''[[Unnat Bharat Abhiyan]]'', the university has adopted over 90 villages, and as part of the celebration of [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]], 74 lectures have been completed. Notably, IGNOU's Regional Centre in [[Aizawl]] has been awarded the Government Online Excellence Award by the Department of Information and Communication Technology, [[Government of Mizoram]].

IGNOU was founded to serve the Indian population by means of [[distance learning|distance and open education]], providing quality higher education opportunities to all segments of society. It also aims to encourage, coordinate and set standards for distance and open education in India, and to strengthen the human resources of India through education.<ref>IGNOU Website: [http://www.ignou.ac.in/aboutus/objects.htm Objectives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423060333/http://www.ignou.ac.in/aboutus/objects.htm |date=23 April 2007 }} (URL last accessed on 29 April 2007)</ref><ref name=":0" /> Apart from teaching and research, extension and training form the mainstay of its academic activities. It also acts as a national resource center, and serves to promote and maintain standards of distance education in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ignourcblr.in/aboutus.html |title=About IGNOU |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> IGNOU hosts the Secretariats of the [[SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning]] (SACODiL) and the Global Mega Universities Network (GMUNET), initially supported by [[UNESCO]].

== Languages ==
The IGNOU offers education in undergraduate degree in different [[Modern Indian Language]] (MIL): [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=16 February 2023 |title=Kashmiri language introduced by IGNOU at under graduate level |url=https://theprint.in/india/kashmiri-language-introduced-by-ignou-at-under-graduate-level/1375099/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=In addition to these disciplines, the School has an elective basket of Modern Indian Languages on offer to undergraduates: Malayalam, Marathi, Odiya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Manipuri and, Nepali.}}</ref>

== International Presence ==
Established in 1996, the International Division of IGNOU, originally the International Cell, focuses on promoting collaborations with international educational institutions and inter-governmental agencies to enhance global access to higher education. It operates on a four-fold approach of collaboration, cooperation, coordination, and competition, providing comprehensive support services to overseas and foreign students in India, including admission, examination, and degree awarding. The division also serves as the nodal center for online programs for international students and coordinates international delegations and visits to the University.

On an international scale, IGNOU has formed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the Guyana Online Academy of Learning (GOAL) and [[MoU]] with the Open University of Kenya and maintains a strong presence in 88 countries, including 19 [[African nations]] connected through e-''Vidyabharti'' and e-''Arogya Bharti'' (e-VBAB) project of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], offering 51 programmes. [[Afghanistan]] was also included later. Additionally, the University has signed Memoranda of Collaboration (MoC) with Baikal State University of Russia, the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation|Financial University of Moscow]], and the [[Hellenic Open University]] (HOU) of [[Greece]]. Further, to promote its online programs internationally, it has introduced the Overseas Facilitator scheme and signed Memoranda of Agreement with 14 existing Overseas Study Centres in the first phase. Recently, MoAs were also signed with ICA Education Pvt. Ltd. in [[Nepal]] and the Centre for Open and Distance Education in [[Kenya]]. The university is also offering a Hindi Awareness Program in collaboration with the [[Central Hindi Directorate|Central Hindi Directorate (CHD)]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)]], with registration from 42 countries in its latest third batch. Furthermore, IGNOU operates 14 online facilitation centres and offers 168 programs (including 44 online programmes) through 25 Overseas Study Centres across 15 foreign countries, with a cumulative international student enrollment of approximately 92,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGNOU |url=https://www.ignou.ac.in/pages/180 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111120415/https://www.ignou.ac.in/pages/180 |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=IGNOU}}</ref>

== Schools ==
IGNOU has 21 schools of studies as listed below :-
# School of Agriculture (SOA)
# School of Humanities (SOH)
# School of Social Sciences (SOSS)
# School of Sciences (SOS)
# School of Education (SOE)
# School of Continuing Education (SOCE)
# School of Engineering and Technology (SOET)
# School of Management Studies (SOMS)
# School of Health Sciences (SOHS)
# School of Computer and Information Sciences (SOCIS)
# School of Law (SOL)
# School of Journalism and New Media Studies (SOJNMS)
# School of Gender and Development Studies (SOGDS)
# School of Tourism and Hospitality Service Management (SOTHSM)
# School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies (SOITS)
# School of Social Work (SOSW)
# School of Vocational Education and Training (SOVET)
# School of Extension and Development Studies (SOEDS)
# School of Foreign Languages (SOFL)
# School of Translation Studies and Training (SOTST)
# School of Performing and Visual Arts (SOPVA)

== Accreditation and recognition ==
IGNOU has been granted the authority to confer degrees by Clause 5(1)(iii) of the IGNOU Act 1985. IGNOU is also recognised as a Central University by the [[University Grants Commission of India]] (UGC).<ref>UGC Website: [http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/univmore.php?id=102 Universities Directory – Indira Gandhi National Open University] (URL last accessed on 29 April 2007)</ref> The [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) recognises IGNOU conferred degrees as on par with the degrees conferred by its members<ref>UGC: UGC Circular No. F1-52/2000 (CPP-II), 5 May 2004</ref><ref>AIU: AIU Circular No. EV/B(449)/94/176915-177115,14 January 1994</ref> and the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) recognises the ''[[Master of Computer Applications]]'' and ''[[Master of Business Administration]]'' program of IGNOU.<ref>[http://www.ignou.ac.in/aicte.htm AICTE: AICTE/Academic/MOU-DEC/2005, 13 May 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527143844/http://www.ignou.ac.in/aicte.htm |date=27 May 2007 }}</ref>

In 1993, IGNOU was designated by the [[Commonwealth of Learning]] (COL) as its first Centre of Excellence for Distance Education empowered "to actively participate in Commonwealth co-operative endeavors to identify, nurture, and strengthen open learning institutions throughout the Commonwealth, particularly in the Third World ..".<ref>COL Website: [http://www.col.org/colweb/site/pid/1835 IGNOU named "Centre of Excellence"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192602/http://www.col.org/colweb/site/pid/1835 |date=27 September 2007 }}, COMLEARN, October 1993 (URL last accessed on 29 April 2007)</ref>

IGNOU also operates as an accreditor for open university and distance education systems in India through the [[Distance Education Council]] (DEC). Authority to do so is granted under Clause 16 and Statute 28 of the IGNOU Act 1985.<ref>DEC Website: [http://www.dec.ac.in/stat_auth.htm Statutory Authority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110615/http://www.dec.ac.in/stat_auth.htm |date=3 February 2007 }}</ref>

IGNOU is accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with the highest grade of A++.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation Results |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/images/docs/AccreditationResults/54SC/54-SC--Cycle-1.pdf |website=www.naac.gov.in}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{main|List of IGNOU alumni}}

*[[Osthatheos Issac]] – Syriac Orthodox bishop
*[[Celina Jaitly]] – Indian actress
*[[Vaani Kapoor]] – Indian actress
*[[Deepika Padukone]] – Indian actress
*[[Chethana Ketagoda]] – Sri Lankan actress
*[[Barun Mazumder]] – Indian journalist
*[[Ashok Khemka]] – Indian bureaucrat
*[[K. Vijay Kumar]] – IPS officer
*[[K. H. Hussain]] – Indian designer
*[[Abhay Sopori]] – Indian musician
*[[Gyaneswar Patil]] – Indian politician
*[[Karthika Naïr]] – Indian poet
*[[B. Devendhira Poopathy]] – Indian poet and writer
*[[V. S. R. Murthy]] – Indian military officer
*[[Biswatosh Sengupta]] – Indian academic
*[[Ashraful Hussain]] – Indian social activist and politician
*[[Arjun Munda]] – former Chief Minister of [[Jharkhand]]
*[[Aman Raj]] – Indian golfer
*[[Kulwant Singh (general)|Kulwant Singh]] – former Indian army general
*[[Vineet Verma]] – Indian film director
*[[Deepak Kapoor]] – 22nd chief of Indian army
*[[Manoj Pande (civil servant)|Manoj Pande]] – Indian railway officer
*[[A. G. Perarivalan]] – Indian assassin
*[[Pushpa Preeya]] – Indian social activist
*[[Sudipta Chakraborty]] – Indian actress
*[[Aditya Bandopadhyay]] – ''[[LGBTQ (term)|LGBTQ]]'' rights activist
*[[Swapna Patker]] – Indian film producer
*[[Shiv Kumar Rai]] – Indian journalist

== See also ==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Education in Delhi]]
* [[Distance Education Council]]
* [[University Grants Commission (India)]]
* [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{[https://www.ignougalaxy.in/ignou-solved-assignment/ IGNOU GALAXY]}}

{{Universities and colleges in Delhi}}
{{Vice Chancellors of IGNOU }}
{{Delhi}}
{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in the Delhi}}
{{Open Education in India}}

{{coord|28.4945|N|77.2045|E|type:edu|display=title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indira Gandhi National Open University| ]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1985]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Open educational resources]]
[[Category:Open universities in India]]

Ketki Dave

2026-03-27T18:46:54Z

Asis:

{{short description|Indian actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ketki Dave
| image = KetkiDave.jpg
| caption = Dave in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|06|23}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Actor|Actress]], [[Stand-up comedian]]
| known for =
| yearsactive = 1983 – present
| parents = [[Pravin Joshi]] (father) [[Sarita Joshi]] (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rasik Dave]]|1983|2022|reason=his death}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Purbi Joshi]] (sister) [[Sharman Joshi]] (cousin) [[Manasi Joshi Roy]] (cousin) [[Arvind Joshi]] (uncle)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Ketki Joshi Dave''' (born 23 June 1960) is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] and [[television in India|Hindi television]] and has also starred in many [[Gujarati language|Gujarati films]] and theatre. She is widely popular for playing the character of Daksha Virani in the iconic tv soap opera ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', and its sequel ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]'' with her famous line "Aara ra ra ra".<ref name=hin/><ref name=family>{{cite news|title=All in the family|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13|access-date=13 November 2010|newspaper=India Today|date=13 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314005512/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080225-all-in-the-family-735405-2008-02-13 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> She has appeared in several films, including ''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]'', ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'', ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'', and ''[[Hello! Hum Lallan Bol Rahe Hain]]''. She has worked in many television productions, including the reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye 2]]'',<ref name=hin>{{cite news|title=Ketki Dave returns to small screen in negative role|last=Jagirdar|first=Sarabjit|work=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss Season 2]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Shilpa Shetty's 'Bigg Boss' kick-starts, contenders promise fireworks|work=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> and ''[[Behenein]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ketki Dave packs a new punch!|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|date=5 February 2010|work=Sampurn}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010610/spectrum/tv.htm The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television]. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2015.</ref>

==Personal life==
Ketki was born on 23 June 1960 to [[Sarita Joshi]], an actress,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarita Joshi has more work offers than her daughters! |url=http://m.fridaymoviez.com/news/sarita-joshi-has-more-work-offers-than-her-daughters |last=Singh |first=Monica |date=8 September 2010 |work=Sampurn |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127095956/http://m.fridaymoviez.com/news/sarita-joshi-has-more-work-offers-than-her-daughters |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Pravin Joshi]], a [[theatre director]]. She has a younger sister, [[Purbi Joshi]], who is also an actress and anchor. She was married to the actor [[Rasik Dave]]. They met in 1979 during a common stage play and then married in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-life-will-never-be-the-same-without-rasik-ketki-dave-talks-about-her-husband-actor-rasik-dave-who-passed-away-last-night/articleshow/93231224.cms | title=Life will never be the same without Rasik: Ketki Dave talks about her husband actor Rasik Dave who passed away last night | publisher=Times of India | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Trivedi, Tanvi}}</ref> Together they have a daughter Riddhi Dave and son Abhishek Dave. Riddhi is also a theatre actress. Rasik died on 29 July 2022 due to complications from kidney failure and was suffering for four years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahabharat-actor-rasik-dave-dies-at-65-dipika-chikhlia-ashoke-pandit-and-more-pay-condolences-3207960 | title=Mahabharat Actor Rasik Dave Dies At 65. Dipika Chikhlia, Ashoke Pandit And More Pay Condolences | publisher=NDTV | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Clarance, Daphne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alpana-buch-shares-what-rasik-dave-told-his-wife-ketki-before-passing-away/articleshow/93229541.cms | title=Alpana Buch shares what Rasik Dave told his wife Ketki before passing away | publisher=Times of India | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Doshi, Hasti}}</ref> Together, they ran a Gujarati theatre company called "Mudra".<ref>{{cite news|title=Couple Star In Comedy|date=10 April 2003|work=Leicester Mercury}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dave started her acting career through Gujarati play ''Vaisakhi Koel'' as a replacement actress. She was on a tour with her mother Sarita Joshi for her play and at the age of 13 or 14 performed for the first time on stage. Post theatre, she appeared in various roles on television, starting with [[Sai Paranjpye]]'s serial ''Ados Pados'' in 1984. In 1996 got recognition in the show ''[[Hasratein]]'' on Zee TV. Her role in the show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' made her a common name in households, where she played the loud character of Daksha Virani donning a big [[bindi]]. She also played the role of Dr. Madhavi Dholakiya in ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' which aired on Star Plus.<ref name=family/>

In 2006, she appeared on the celebrity couple dancing show ''[[Nach Baliye 2]]'' along with her husband; but was the first couple to get eliminated. In 2008, she contested in the ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|second season of Hindi Bigg Boss]]'', where she was evicted on 26th day due to lack of public votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81801|title=Ketaki is out of BB2|publisher=Bigg Boss 2 Official website|access-date=2008-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915232546/http://biggboss2.in.com/news.php?id=81801|archive-date=15 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role
|-
| 1984 || ''Ados Pados '' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Jeevan Mrityu'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' || Megha
|-
| 1996–1997 || ''[[Hasratein]]'' || Manasi
|-
| 2000–2008 || ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' || Daksha Virani
|-
| 2001 || ''Ye Dil Kya Kare'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' || Dr. Madhavi Dholakiya
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Nach Baliye 2]]'' || Contestant (10th place)
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Comedy Circus 1]]'' || Contestant
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]'' || Contestant (12th place)
|-
| ''[[Kaante Ki Takkar|Comedy Circus - Kaante Ki Takkar]]'' || Contestant
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010–2011 || ''[[Behenein]]'' || Nimafui
|-
| ''[[Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'' || Ketki Masi
|-
| 2012 || '' [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' || Herself
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012–2013 || ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' || Snehlata Khandeshi
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ki Housewife Hai... Sab Jaanti Hai]]'' || Sarla
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''1760 Saasumaa''
||Ganga Katariya
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Tamanna (TV series)|Tamanna]]'' || Baa
|-
| ''[[Naya Mahisagar]]'' || Diwaliben Mehta
|-
| 2017 || ''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]'' || Priya's mother
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' || Herself, Nandini's Mother
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mere Sai|Mere Sai Shradha aur Saburi]]'' || Kamla Tai
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''[[Balika Vadhu (season 2)|Balika Vadhu 2]]'' || Gomati Anjaariya
|-
|2022–2023; 2024 || ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]'' || Kunjbala Parikh
|-
| 2025–present || ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]'' || Daksha Virani
|-
|}

===Films===
All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]'' || Shyamoli ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1988 || ''[[Falak (1988 film)|Falak]]'' || Julie ||
|-
|'' [[Kasam (1988 film)|Kasam]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' || Herself ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999 || ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]'' || Vimala ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' || Koki Patel ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Parwana (2003 film)|Parwana]]'' || Kamini Haryanvi ||
|-
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' || Sarlaben Patel ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]'' || Geeta Thakur ||Punjabi Movie
|-
| 2006 || ''Love in Japan'' || Mrs. Mehta ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' || Bobby's mother ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Straight (2009 film)|Straight]]'' || Gujju Bai ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Hello! Hum Lallan Bol Rahe Hain]]'' || Gujarati lady ||
|-
| ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'' || Simran's mom ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sanam Re]]'' || Visitor's wife ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]'' || Sarla Mehta ||Gujarati film
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|ketki-dave}}
* {{IMDb name|0989106}}

{{Bigg Boss 2}}
{{Nach Baliye}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Ketki}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Armaan Jaffer

2026-03-27T17:00:41Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Armaan Jaffer
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|10|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], Maharashtra, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = Batsman
| family = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (uncle)
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2016/17–2022/23
| date = 11 April
| year = 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/960369.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Armaan Jaffer''' (born 25 October 1998) is an Indian cricketer who played for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in domestic competitions. He rose to fame after scoring a then-record 498 for Rizvi Springfield School against IES Raja Shivaji School in the 2010 Giles Shield tournament at [[Cross Maidan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/493790.html India news 22 December 2010 Armaan Jaffer breaks schools cricket record]</ref> Jaffer is the nephew of former cricketer [[Wasim Jaffer]].

Armaan was once again in news when he slammed three consecutive double hundreds. With this he scored 895 runs in 5 matches scored at an average of 223.75 in [[Cooch Behar Trophy]].<ref>[http://www.abplive.in/sports/arman-jaffer-creates-history-in-u-19-tournament-257886 Arman Jaffer creates history in U-19 tournament]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/u-19-world-cup-final-armaan-jaffer-2/ The God-Fathers: The story of Armaan Jaffer’s father]</ref>

In December 2015, he was named in 15 man squad for [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] in Bangladesh<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-under-19-world-cup-2016/content/story/954021.html Ishan Kishan to lead India at U19 World Cup]</ref>

In February 2016, he was added to [[Kings XI Punjab]] squad for INR 10 lakh.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/969473.html Armaan Jaffer sold to Kings XI Punjab for INR 10 lakh]</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] on 6 October 2016.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053457.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group A: Mumbai v Tamil Nadu at Rohtak, Oct 6-9, 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Mumbai in the [[2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament]] on 2 February 2017.<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079319.html |title=Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament, West Zone: Maharashtra v Mumbai at Vadodara, Feb 2, 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In November 2019, he was named in India's squad for the [[2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/kamlesh-nagarkoti-returns-to-indian-team-for-emerging-asia-cup/articleshow/71378153.cms|title=India Under-23s Squad|work=Time of India|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for India, against Nepal, in the Emerging Teams Cup on 14 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1202388.html |title=Group A, Asian Cricket Council Emerging Teams Cup at Savar (3), Nov 14 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=960369}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaffer, Armaan}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1998-stub}}

Nalanda University

2026-03-25T22:39:07Z

Asis: further update structure per sources additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Central university in Rajgir, Bihar, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox residential college
| name = Nālandā University
| native_name = Nālandā Vishwavidyalaya
| image = Nalanda Uni Logo.svg
| image_size = 200 px
| shield =

| caption =
| full_name =
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|Ā no bhadrāḥ kratavo yantu viśvataḥ|italics=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/administration/ivc-message/|title=Nalanda University motto|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709014020/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/administration/ivc-message/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mottoeng = Let noble thoughts come to us from all directions (''[[Rigveda]]'' 1.89.1)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vedapurana.org/single.php?s=519&secure&word=Aano+bhadra+krtavo+yantu+vishwatah|title=Veda and Pura meanings|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129111153/http://vedapurana.org/single.php?s=519&secure&word=Aano+bhadra+krtavo+yantu+vishwatah|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2014 |title=Financial Support to Nalanda University |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102642 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>
| visitor = [[President of India]]
| previous_names = Nalanda International University
| status = [[Research university]], [[International university]], [[Central university (India)]], [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INI)
| architectural_style = [[Vastu Shastra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archidust.com/blog/2024/07/01/new-nalanda-university-campus-in-rajgir-bihar-by-rajeev-kathpalia-partner-at-vastu-shilpa-consultants/|title=Vastu Shilpa Consultants|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127114411/https://www.archidust.com/blog/2024/07/01/new-nalanda-university-campus-in-rajgir-bihar-by-rajeev-kathpalia-partner-at-vastu-shilpa-consultants/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| motto_lang = sa
| colors = {{colour box|#040273}}{{colour box|#FFF8DC}}{{colour box|#880808}}
| established = {{start date and age| 25 November 2010|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/|title=Starting date of Nalanda University|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004160143/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Nalanda Mahavihara]]
| free_label = Affiliations
| free_text = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
| endowment = $210 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nalanda-university-an-ancient-centre-of-learning/article68321755.ece|title=Nalanda University financials|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nalanda-university-an-ancient-centre-of-learning/article68321755.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| president = [[Arvind Panagariya]] (Chancellor)
| dean = Sachin Chaturvedi (Vice Chancellor)
| undergraduates = None, ''Postgraduates Only''
| postgraduates = 1,038<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/international-community/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625151748/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/international-community/|url-status=dead |title=International Community - Nalanda University|archivedate=25 June 2024}}</ref>
| website ={{URL|https://nalandauniv.edu.in/}}
| logo = Nalanda University at dusk.jpg
| logo_size = 300px
| location_map = India
| publictransit =
}}

'''Nālandā University''' (informally '''NU;''' or [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: '''Nālandā Vishwavidyalaya''') is a [[central university (India)|central]] [[research university]] located in the ancient city of [[Rajgir]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. Designated by the government as an [[Institution of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] (INI) and excellence, Nālandā is the flagship university of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]] (MEA),<ref name="auto3"/> and was founded in 2010 as a successor to the [[Nalanda Mahavihara]] of medieval [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. It is an [[international university]] and is named for the [[Sanskrit]] words ''Na-Alam-Da'', meaning "The giver of [[Sacred lotus in religious art|lotus-stalks]]."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyduAAAAMAAJ | title=Nalanda and its Epigraphic Material | publisher=Sri Satguru Publications | author-link=Hiranand Sastri | first1=Hiranand | last1=Sastri | year=1986 | location=New Delhi | isbn=978-81-7030-013-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34050/1/11015851.pdf| title=Nalanda Mahavihara: An Historiographic Study of Its Art and Archaeology| first1=Stewart| last1=Mary| publisher=SOAS, University of London| date=1988| location=London| access-date=26 November 2024| archive-date=4 June 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604102933/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34050/1/11015851.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> It functions as a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] research institute, offering only [[Master's degree|Master's]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degrees. Traditionally regarded as a symbol of India's historical legacy, the new Nālandā University retains a celebrated status within the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihars-nalanda-was-oxford-cambridge-and-nasa-of-its-day-william-dalrymple-2690972-2025-03-08 | title = Bihar's Nalanda was Harvard, Oxbridge, Nasa of its day: William Dalrymple | publisher = India Today | date = March 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230222-nalanda-the-university-that-changed-the-world |title=BBC: Nalanda, the University that changed the world |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729175308/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230222-nalanda-the-university-that-changed-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedecorjournalindia.com/nalanda-university-a-modern-campus|title=Nalanda University: A Modern Campus Steeped in Ancient Heritage|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803154748/https://www.thedecorjournalindia.com/nalanda-university-a-modern-campus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecollector.com/nalanda-university-history|title=Nalanda University: An Ancient Indian Ivy-League Institution|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822215133/https://www.thecollector.com/nalanda-university-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/programmes/sanatana-hindu-studies-m-a|title=Sanatana Dharma studies at Nalanda University|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926090910/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/programmes/sanatana-hindu-studies-m-a/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/history-and-revival/|title=Revival of Sanatana Dharma at Nalanda|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802194336/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/history-and-revival/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/nalanda-university-from-destruction-to-revival-enn24061906393| title=Nalanda University: A Tale of Legacy, Destruction and Revival}}</ref>

The university was established by an [[List of Acts of the Parliament of India|Act of the Indian Parliament]] in 2010, with the [[President of India]] serving as the [[Visitor]].<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=Bill No. XLIX of 2011: The Nalanda University Bill, 2010 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-nalanda-university-bill-2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915214624/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Nalanda/Nalanda%20University%20Bill%202010.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> It is an international university supported by 18 member countries of the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2009 |title=Joint Press Statement of the 4th East Asia Summit on the Revival of Nalanda University, Cha-am Hua Hin, Thailand, 25 October 2009 |url=https://asean.org/joint-press-statement-of-the-4th-east-asia-summit-on-the-revival-of-nalanda-university-cha-am-hua-hin-thailand-25-october-2009/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=asean.org |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122936/https://asean.org/joint-press-statement-of-the-4th-east-asia-summit-on-the-revival-of-nalanda-university-cha-am-hua-hin-thailand-25-october-2009/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with the initial proposal being placed by the former President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2006 |title=Address to the Joint Session of the Bihar Legislature, Patna: Missions for Bihar's Prosperity |url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp280306-2.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=abdulkalam.nic.in |publisher=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President of India. National Informatics Centre. |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108111035/http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/sp280306-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Chancellor of the university was Nobel Laureate [[Amartya Sen]], followed by Singapore's Foreign Affairs Minister [[George Yeo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Revival |url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/history-and-revival/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Nalanda University |language=en-US |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802194336/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/history-and-revival/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Built at an initial cost of $210 million and spread over 485 acres, the campus is among the largest in India and the first in the country to implement a 'Net Zero' eco-recycling strategy.<ref>{{cite web | title=Net Zero campus | url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/net-zero-campus | access-date=21 June 2024 | archive-date=24 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624014458/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/net-zero-campus/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Nālandā University offers degree programmes in the School of Historical Studies (SHS), the School of Ecology and Environment Studies (SEES), the School of Buddhist Studies (SBS), the School of Philosophy and Comparative Religions (SPCR), the School of Languages and Literature/Humanities (SLLH), and the School of Management Studies (SMS). It also offers degrees in the study of the Sanātana Dharma, as well as diplomas in languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Pāli]], [[Old Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]]. The new campus in Rajgir was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on June 19, 2024 in the presence of officials, ambassadors and dignitaries from all 10 [[ASEAN]] members.<ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi at Nalanda University | website=[[The Times of India]]| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nalanda-universitys-net-zero-campus-eyes-golden-age-for-india/articleshow/111109934.cms}}</ref>

The university houses three distinct institutions that are part of the Nalanda vision of bringing the various sects of the [[Dharma|Dharmic]] community together. They include the Centre for Bay of Bengal, the Centre for Conflict Resolution and Peace Building, and the Common Archival Resource Centre.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Translation of Prime Minister's Statement at BIMSTEC Plenary Session (August 30, 2018) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/30332/Translation_of_Prime_Ministers_Statement_at_BIMSTEC_Plenary_Session_August_30_2018 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Nālandā University has subsequently established [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]]s and academic collaborations with numerous universities and research institutes worldwide, as well as [[Indian Council of World Affairs|ICWA]], [[Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar|IIPHG]], [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]], [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]], [[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute|ISEAS]], [[International Institute for Asian Studies|IIAS]] and [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Nalanda University {{!}} MoUs - Nalanda University | url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/mous/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428125025/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/mous/ | access-date=2025-05-10 | archive-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Nalanda University {{!}} School of Historical Studies - Nalanda University | url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/academics/shs/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428084903/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/academics/shs/ | access-date=2025-05-10 | archive-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

==The university==
[[File:Famed_Buddhist_Nalanda_University_ruins,_1993.jpg|thumb|Ancient Nalanda University]]

Nalanda University was established to emulate the ancient [[Buddhist]] university of [[Nalanda]] ([[Nalanda mahavihara]]), which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The idea to resurrect Nalanda University was endorsed in 2007 at the 2nd [[East Asia Summit]] by the sixteen member countries.<ref name="auto2"/> In 2009, during the 4th East Asia summit, [[ASEAN]] member states including Australia, China, Korea, Singapore and Japan promised further support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bikramaditya |first=Bibhuti |date=27 March 2007 |others=Patna Daily |title=Nalanda International University: A Great Initiative |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=8,3893,0,0,1,0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709044828/http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=8,3893,0,0,1,0 |archive-date=9 July 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008}}</ref> The [[Government of Bihar]] handed over land acquired from local people, to the university for its new campus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Puri |first=Anjali |date=2015-03-03 |title=Nalanda University: The view from close up |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nalanda-university-the-view-from-close-up-115030300038_1.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213085211/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nalanda-university-the-view-from-close-up-115030300038_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=8 September 2013 |title=International university in Nalanda my dream: CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/international-university-in-nalanda-my-dream-cm/articleshow/22406331.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/international-university-in-nalanda-my-dream-cm/articleshow/22406331.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Ashish |date=14 August 2008 |title=Nalanda University set to reopen in '10, Amartya on faculty? |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Nalanda_University_to_reopen_in_10/articleshow/3362587.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223092152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Nalanda_University_to_reopen_in_10/articleshow/3362587.cms |archive-date=23 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Ashok K. |date=28 May 2007 |title=Nalanda International University: A commendable initiative |url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=125171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023827/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=125171 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Merinews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Velloor |first=Ravi |date=21 May 2011 |title=George Yeo assures Indian state of Nalanda commitment |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/GeneralElection/News/Story/STIStory_671092.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045041/http://www.straitstimes.com/GeneralElection/News/Story/STIStory_671092.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=20 May 2013 |website=The Straits Times}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] also met External Affairs Minister [[S. M. Krishna|SM Krishna]] to receive reassurance that the Central Government would allocate sufficient funds to the project.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2011 |title=CM seeks funds for Nalanda university |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CM-seeks-funds-for-Nalanda-university/articleshow/8447417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032259/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CM-seeks-funds-for-Nalanda-university/articleshow/8447417.cms |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The architectural design was chosen on the basis of a global competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global competition for Nalanda university design |date=9 July 2011 |url=http://nalanda-international-university-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/global-competition-for-nalanda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822235319/http://nalanda-international-university-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/global-competition-for-nalanda.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global design competition for Nalanda university |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/news/global-design-competition-for-nalanda-university-news-education-lcvvOmfddbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226132248/http://www.sify.com/news/global-design-competition-for-nalanda-university-news-education-lcvvOmfddbc.html |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> The jury consisting of architects including [[Liu Thai Ker]] chose [[Pritzker Prize]] laureate [[BV Doshi]]'s firm, Vastu Shilpa Consultants as the winner of the design competition.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2013 |title=Winner of Design Competition |url=http://nalandauniv.edu.in/result.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612213104/http://www.nalandauniv.edu.in/result.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=Nalanda University}}</ref> The firm dbHMS provides the triple [[Carbon neutrality|net zero]] energy, water and waste strategic plan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-04 |title=Young entrepreneurs shaping sustainable growth in India |url=https://aceupdate.com/2014/03/04/young-entrepreneurs-shaping-sustainable-growth-in-india/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=ACE Update Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423045449/https://aceupdate.com/2014/03/04/young-entrepreneurs-shaping-sustainable-growth-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Original concepts associated with the project included "advancing the concept of an Asian community...and rediscovering old relationships."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |date=11 May 2008 |title=Nalanda to move from ruins to riches |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/nalanda-to-move-from-ruins-to-riches/articleshow/3029197.cms |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/nalanda-to-move-from-ruins-to-riches/articleshow/3029197.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and "acting as a bridge for students in different parts of Southeast Asia".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2022-03-26 |title=400-acre campus painted with nostalgia, an Asian melting pot — how Nalanda 2.0 is taking shape |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/400-acre-campus-painted-with-nostalgia-an-asian-melting-pot-how-nalanda-2-0-is-taking-shape/857227/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The university has been envisioned as an international institution of national importance<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2014 |title=Financial Support to Nalanda University |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102642 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330133800/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102642 |url-status=live }}</ref> and excellence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2009 |title=Nalanda University will be an international institution:PM |work=The Economic Times |agency=Agencies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/nalanda-university-will-be-an-international-institutionpm/articleshow/5157969.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-31 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170559/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/nalanda-university-will-be-an-international-institutionpm/articleshow/5157969.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It began its first academic session on 1 September 2014 with 15 students in the School of Historical Studies and the School of Ecology and Environmental studies. A hotel operated by [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] in [[Rajgir]] provided initial hostel accommodation.<ref name="start">{{cite web |title=Nalanda International University begins its first Session |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/09/nalanda-international-universitys-begins-its-first-session-today/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903182743/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/09/nalanda-international-universitys-begins-its-first-session-today/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014 |publisher=Bihar Prabha |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Chandan |last2=Kumar |first2=Roshan |date=1 September 2014 |title=Nalanda 2.0, 800 years on |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140902/jsp/frontpage/story_18789433.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140902/jsp/frontpage/story_18789433.jsp#.VAtWBoGSxAA |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Initially set up with temporary facilities in [[Rajgir]], a modern campus spanning over {{convert|400|acre|order=flip}} is under construction with over 80 percent having been completed by 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="next">{{Cite web |last=Rumi |first=Faryal |date=15 February 2020 |title='Nalanda University campus to be fully operational by December next year' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/vc-nu-campus-to-be-fully-operational-by-dec-next-year/articleshow/74141151.cms |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The university started functioning from its 455-acres new campus from January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Piyush |date=16 November 2019 |title=Nalanda University set to move to new campus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nu-set-to-move-to-new-campus/articleshow/72076750.cms |access-date=2021-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426183924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nu-set-to-move-to-new-campus/articleshow/72076750.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At least 200 villages surrounding the university will be attached to the university, reminiscent of the old [[Nalanda]].<ref name=":1" />

Nalanda University becomes the first plastic free campus of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2023 |title=Nalanda University becomes the first plastic free campus of Bihar. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/nalanda-university-becomes-bihar-first-plastic-free-campus-axs |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref> Water in the university is now being available in glass bottles instead of plastic bottles. Along with this, biogas will also be produced.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

For the academic year 2022-23, the University had 822 students in total. For the academic year 2023-24, the University had admitted 1038 students, out of which a total of 187 are international students (including Masters, Global PhD & Short Programmes as per January cycle).<ref name="auto1"/>

===Nalanda University Act===
On 28 March 2006 the eleventh President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] proposed the idea while addressing the Joint Session of the [[Bihar Legislature|Bihar Vidhan Mandal]] for the revival of Nalanda University.<ref name="auto5"/> In 2007 the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] passed a bill for the creation of a new university.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007-03-27 |agency=IANS |title=Plans to restore Nalanda's past glory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/plans-to-restore-nalanda-s-past-glory/story-wDBxywg3OM5cNkKb6nCD0I.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231825/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/plans-to-restore-nalanda-s-past-glory/story-wDBxywg3OM5cNkKb6nCD0I.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Nalanda University Bill, 2010<ref name="auto4"/> was passed on 21 August 2010 in [[Rajya Sabha]] and 26 August 2010 in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nalanda University Bill, 2010 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-nalanda-university-bill-2010 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |archive-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915214624/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Nalanda/Nalanda%20University%20Bill%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill received Presidential assent on 21 September 2010 thereby becoming an Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nalanda University Act, 2010 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/regionallanguages/THE%20NALANDA%20UNIVERSITY%20ACT,%202010%20(39%20OF%202010).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011041033/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/regionallanguages/THE%20NALANDA%20UNIVERSITY%20ACT,%202010%20(39%20OF%202010).pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 |access-date=2011-11-25}}</ref> The university came into existence on 25 November 2010, when the Act was implemented.

== Governance ==
The university's [[visitor]] is the [[President of India]]. The [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] and chairperson of the governing board is Prof. Arvind Panagariya. The interim [[vice-chancellor]] was Prof. Abhay Kumar Singh. The current Vice Chancellor is Professor Sachin Chaturvedi. The governing board comprises the chancellor, vice-chancellor, representative from member countries, a secretary, two representatives from the [[Government of Bihar]], a representative from the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], and three persons in the category of "Renowned Academician or Educationist", [[Arvind Sharma]], [[Lokesh Chandra]] and [[Arvind Panagariya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Governance at Nalanda University|url=https://www.nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/governance/|website=nalandauniv.edu.in|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174423/https://www.nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/governance/|archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

The first chancellor of the university was [[Amartya Sen]], followed by former Singapore Minister for Foreign Affairs [[George Yeo]]. They left citing concerns about autonomy and political interference in academic matters.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2015 |title=Modi govt does not want me to continue as Nalanda University chancellor: Amartya Sen |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-govt-does-not-want-me-to-continue-as-Nalanda-University-chancellor-Amartya-Sen/articleshow/46309975.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220154331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-govt-does-not-want-me-to-continue-as-Nalanda-University-chancellor-Amartya-Sen/articleshow/46309975.cms |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Amartya Sen's letter to Board members of Nalanda University |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/nalanda-university-letter-to-board-members/article6913582.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220061909/http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/nalanda-university-letter-to-board-members/article6913582.ece |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=The Hindu|date=19 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Nalanda C">{{cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Nirmala |date=25 November 2016 |title=Singapore's former foreign minister George Yeo resigns as chancellor of India's Nalanda University |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/singapores-former-foreign-minister-george-yeo-resigns-as-chancellor-of-indias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125100254/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/singapores-former-foreign-minister-george-yeo-resigns-as-chancellor-of-indias |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nalanda University's 'autonomy hit', chancellor George Yeo quits |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalanda-Universitys-autonomy-hit-chancellor-George-Yeo-quits/articleshow/55628741.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126122719/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalanda-Universitys-autonomy-hit-chancellor-George-Yeo-quits/articleshow/55628741.cms |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=26 November 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Vijay P. Bhatkar|Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar]] has been appointed the new chancellor on 25 January 2017 by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], in his capacity as Visitor to Nalanda University.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2017 |agency=IANS |title=Founder of Indian supercomputing Dr Bhatkar appointed new VC Nalanda University |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/nalanda-university-gets-a-new-vice-chancellor-dr-vijay-bhatkar-4495647/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128103305/http://indianexpress.com/article/education/nalanda-university-gets-a-new-vice-chancellor-dr-vijay-bhatkar-4495647/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=30 January 2017 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2017, Interim Vice-Chancellor Pankaj Mohan handed over charge to Professor Sunaina Singh.

== Schools and centres ==
Nalanda is exclusively a [[graduate school]], currently offering master's courses, and [[doctor of philosophy]] programmes.

Nalanda University has five functional Schools at present:
* School of Historical Studies
* School of Ecology and Environmental Studies
* School of Buddhist Studies, Philosophy and Comparative Religion
* School of Languages and Literature/Humanities
*School of Management Studies

The following schools are planned to start later, in a phased manner:
* School of International Relations and Peace Studies
* School of Information Sciences and Technology
* School of Business Management (Public Policy and Development Studies)<ref name="NUniversity Schools">{{cite web|title=The Seven schools of Nalanda University|url=http://nalandauniv.edu.in/school.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131230523/http://nalandauniv.edu.in/school.html|archive-date=31 January 2012|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>
Three centres — Centre for Bay of Bengal,<ref name="auto"/> Centre for Conflict Resolution and Peace Building, and Common Archival Resource Centre— will be operational soon.<ref name=next/>

The School of Languages and Literature/Humanities commenced its operations with one year Post-Graduate Diploma Programmes in Pali, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Korean and English in 2018. Master's and doctoral programmes commenced in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |title=School of Languages and Literature - Nalanda University |url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/academics/sll/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731084712/https://nalandauniv.edu.in/academics/sll/ |archive-date=2021-07-31 |access-date=2021-07-31}}</ref> It is planned to gradually expand to include other programmes in Indian and foreign languages.

== See also ==
* [[Education in Bihar]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]]
* [[International university]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=4 August 2010 |title=Oldest university on earth is reborn after 800 years |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/oldest-university-on-earth-is-reborn-after-800-years-2042518.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625125541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/oldest-university-on-earth-is-reborn-after-800-years-2042518.html |archive-date=25 June 2011}}
*{{Cite news |last=Garten |first=Jeffrey E. |date=2006-12-09 |title=Opinion {{!}} Really Old School |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/opinion/09garten.html |url-access=subscription |issn=0362-4331}}
*{{Cite news |last=Najar |first=Nida |date=2014-03-23 |title=Indians Plan Rebirth for 5th-Century University |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/asia/indians-plan-rebirth-for-5th-century-university.html |url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331}}
*{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yojana |date=2013-05-29 |title=India's ancient university returns to life |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22160989}}
*{{Cite web |last=Sauthoff |first=Patricia |date=7 October 2017 |title=Nalanda threat to ex-teacher |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nalanda-threat-to-ex-teacher/cid/1497375 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota}}
*{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Shreya Roy |date=29 October 2017 |title='It is a closed place': Why students are quitting Nalanda University |url=https://scroll.in/article/854841/it-is-a-closed-place-why-students-are-leaving-nalanda-university |website=Scroll.in}}
*{{Cite web |date=2022-02-12 |title=Nalanda University Opens Net zero Sustainable Campus, See in Pictures |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/nalanda-university-opens-net-zero-sustainable-campus-see-in-pictures-4765052.html |website=News18}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nalanda University}}
*{{official website|http://nalandauniv.edu.in/}}

{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}
{{Central universities of India}}
{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2014]]
[[Category:Postgraduate schools]]
[[Category:Education in Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Nalanda]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937

2026-03-25T18:01:12Z

Asis: put up first biography and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to recognise and remove doubts as to the validity of inter-marriages current among Arya Samajists.
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2302/1/A1937-19.pdf Act No. 19 of 1937]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 14 April 1937
| status = in force
}}

The '''Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937''' (Act No. 19 of 1937) is a legislation enacted by the British government in India during the pre-independence era to recognise inter marriages among [[Arya Samajis]].<ref name="theindianlawyer">{{cite web |title=ARYA MARRIAGE VALIDATION ACT, 1937 |url=http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a62.html |website=theindianlawyer.in |accessdate=4 August 2018 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227052021/http://www.theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Background ==
Arya Samajis, who formed an appreciable number of Hindu Indians, believed that the Hindu caste system prevailing in British-ruled India was not in consonance with Hinduism's sacred scriptures. British never tried to interfere with the customary marriage laws prevailing among different sects of the society. However, people from various sects, who opposed the caste system adopted concept of [[Arya Samaj]] and became Arya Samajis. Marriages took place between the Arya Samajis irrespective of the fact that prior to the marriage both the bride and bridegroom belonged to different castes or sub-castes or religion other than Hindu. As such they feared that these marriages could be declared invalid solely on the point that the parties before the marriage belonged to different castes between whom marriage was not permissible as per the custom prevailing at that time.

In order to address such an issue the select committee proposed a legislation which was enacted in order to validate all such marriages and recognise the marriage between two Arya Samajis as valid.<ref name="legalcrystal">{{cite web |title=Arya Marriage Validation Act 1937 Complete Act - Citation 133119 - Bare Act {{!}} LegalCrystal |url=https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/133119/arya-marriage-validation-act-1937-complete-act |website=www.legalcrystal.com |accessdate=4 August 2018 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Text of sec.2 of the act ==
Section 2 of the act was meant to validate all such marriages between Arya Samajis and this is the only substantial provision of the act:
{{quote|'''Marriage between Arya Samajis not to be invalid''': Notwithstanding any provision of Hindu Law, usage or custom to the contrary no marriage contracted whether before or after the commencement of this Act between two persons being at the time of marriage Arya Samajis shall be invalid or shall be deemed ever to have been invalid by reason only of the fact that the parties at any time belonged to different castes or different sub-castes of Hindus or that either or both of the parties at any time before the marriage belonged to a religion other than [[Hinduism]].<ref name="latestlaws">{{cite web |title=Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/central-acts-rules/civil-laws/arya-marriage-validation-act-1937/ |website=Latest laws |accessdate=4 August 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140903/https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/central-acts-rules/civil-laws/arya-marriage-validation-act-1937/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/stream/THEARYAMARRIAGEVALIDATIONACT/THE%20ARYA%20MARRIAGE%20VALIDATION%20ACT_djvu.txt "Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937"]

{{Arya Samaj by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya Marriage Validation Act}}
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Marriage law in India]]

{{India-law-stub}}
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]

Mayo College

2026-03-24T11:41:15Z

Asis: further update article after review and added references

{{Multiple issues
|{{Promotional|date=June 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Mayo College
| image = Mayo College, Ajmer, India - Badge.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Coat of arms]] of Mayo College
| motto = ''Let there be Light''
| location = {{ubl|Srinagar Road| [[Ajmer]] – 305001| India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private boarding school
| founded = {{start date and age|1875}}
| founder = [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The 6th Earl of Mayo]]
| authority = {{ubli|[[Board of Governors]] |Mayo College General Council}}
| specialist =
| principal = Saurav Sinha
| head = [[Oliver St John (civil servant)|Col. Sir Oliver St. John]]
| faculty =
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| ratio =
| language = English
| houses = 12
| colours = {{color box|red}} {{color box|yellow}} {{color box|blue}} {{color box|white}} {{color box|green}}
| mascot = [[Peacock]]
| nickname = Mayo
| publication = Mayoor, Cyber Quest
| website = [https://mayocollege.com/ www.mayocollege.com]
| head_label = Founder Headmaster
| chair_label = President of General Council
| chair = [[HH Maharaja Gajsingh of Jodhpur]]
| enrollment = 750
| campus = {{convert|74|ha}}
| annual_tuition = {{ubl| {{INR}}15,00,000 (residential)<ref name="mayo_fees">{{cite web |url=https://mayocollege.com/admissions/fees-structure/ |title=Fees Structure |date=16 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406210814/https://mayocollege.com/admissions/fees-structure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>| {{INR}}20,00,000 (international)<ref name="mayo_fees"/>}}
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| free_label = Former pupils
| free_text = [[List of Mayoites|Mayoites]]
}}
'''Mayo College''' (informally '''Mayo''') is a boys-only private boarding school in [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, India. It was founded in 1875 and named after [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|the 6th Earl of Mayo]], who was the [[Viceroy of India]] from 1869 to 1872, making it one of the oldest [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public]] boarding schools in India.

The idea for the college was proposed in 1869 by Colonel Walter. It was founded in 1875 and [[Oliver St John (civil servant)|Colonel Sir Oliver St John]] became its first principal.<ref>[http://mayocollege.com/AboutPrincipal.asp ''List of Principals of Mayo College''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032802/http://www.mayocollege.com/AboutPrincipal.asp |date=28 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 11 November 2007</ref> The founder intended to create an "[[Eton College|Eton]] of India". [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|The 2nd Baron Lytton]], Viceroy of India, said in a speech on campus in 1879:
: "The idea was well expressed long ago by Colonel Walter in an excellent and most suggestive report which may have influenced Lord Mayo when he founded the present college. In that very sensible report, Colonel Walter pointed out that what was then most needed for the education of India's young rulers and nobles was an Indian [[Eton College|Eton]]. Mayo is India's Eton and you are India's Eton boys".<ref>[http://mayocollege.com/AboutEtonIndia.asp ''Mayo College as India's Eton''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728075836/http://www.mayocollege.com/AboutEtonIndia.asp |date=28 July 2007 }} A speech by the Earl of Lytton in 1879</ref>
It aimed to provide the leaders of the [[princely states]] with an education similar to that given by Eton College. The British built Mayo for the sons of the Indian upper classes, particularly the princes and nobles of India. Mayo College holds the privilege of educating many members of the Indian Royal Families and also the Royal family of Oman, Said bin Taimur (the 13th Sultan of Muscat and Oman) attended Mayo College from 1922 to 1927 where he mastered English and Urdu.

== Coat of arms ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
The coat of arms was composed from the design furnished by [[Lockwood Kipling]], a former principal of the [[School of Arts, Lahore]], and father of [[Rudyard Kipling]].

In the upper centre of the shield are Mayo Arms and Quarterings, a [[Lion Rampant]] and an open hand. On the right and left are the sun and the moon, typical of Suryavanshi and Chandravanshi, the two great families of Rajputs. Below are the Panch Rang, the five sacred colours of the Rajputs, Red, Gold, Blue, White and Green. In the centre is a Rajput fort – two towers connected by a curtain. The supports are on the right: a [[Bhil]] warrior with string bow and full quiver of arrows. On the left a [[Rajput]], armed at all points, wearing a steel helmet with three plumes, a shield on his back, a dagger and katar in his belt, and a suit of chain covered with embroidered cloth and gauntlet on his hand.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The motto "Let there be Light" is derived from the Bible. The badge is a peacock, the sacred bird of Rajputana, standing on a double-edged, two-handed Rajput sword called Khanda.

== History and traditions ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Mayo_college_QE3_75.jpg|thumb|College building c. 1895]]

* Mayo's first student, H.H. Maharaja [[Mangal Singh Prabhakar|Mangal Singh]] of [[Alwar State|Alwar]], arrived at the school gates in October 1875 on the back of an elephant accompanied by 300 retainers and a menagerie of tigers, camels and horses.
* One of the school's traditions is meeting for tea on the lawns known as Mughal Gardens immediately after the Annual Prizegiving ceremony. It is believed that [[Mahendra Nath Kapur|M.N. Kapur]] (who went on to become one of Modern School New Delhi's most respected principals) did away with using a rope to divide English and Indian guests at this ceremony.
* The Annual Prizegiving, one of the oldest ceremonies at Mayo, has seen chief guests including Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, Lord Chelmsford, governor general of India, Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], last ruler of Kashmir, [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], ex-president of India, [[Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur]], [[Gayatri Devi]] of [[Jaipur]], [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]], [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]], ex-president of India, [[Karan Singh]], [[Indira Gandhi]], ex-prime minister of India, field marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]], Sayyid Faher Bin Taimur of Oman, [[Birendra Bir Bikram Shah|Birendra Shah]], King of Nepal, [[Khushwant Singh]], [[Madhavrao Scindia]], [[Peter Ustinov]], [[Jaswant Singh]] and [[LK Advani]].
* Other traditions at Mayo include an annual horseback parade by the students and sporting fixtures between Old Boys and current students, including a polo match.

== Mayo College General Council ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
There are more than 40 members of the Mayo College General Council including patron, life members, old boys' association representatives and MCGS old girls' representatives.

=== Council of monitors and sports captains ===
[[File:Monitors_Mayo_College_Ajmer.jpg|thumb|Monitors of batch of 1931-32]]
The school has a council of monitors consisting of students with posts dealing with school and house duties. There is a monitor and a prefect from each senior house. There are positions held by the students who excel in fields like academics, sports and co-curricular activities. Apart from the council of monitors, there are captains for each sport. Positions are held by the students of 12th class or, rarely, by juniors.

== Houses ==
There are twelve houses of which Eight are senior houses, 1 holding house (for Class 7) and three junior houses (for Class 4, 5 and 6)

The senior houses are Ajmer, Bharatpur, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kashmir and Rajasthan, Bikaner & Tonk, Colvin. The holding house is Oman. The junior houses are Ajaypal, Durgadas and Prithviraj.

Each house can accommodate 60–75 students, except for Oman which has a capacity of 120–130 students.

== Sports ==
Mayo College has sporting facilities afor students and staff consisting of playing fields for football and hockey and a cricket ground with a view of the Aravali Hills and an old red sandstone pavilion.

Horse riding was discontinued after Independence and revived again in 1993 with ten horses. Today, Mayo College has more than 60 horses and close to 250 boys and girls are trained. Mayo has ten polo players who practice at the Sawai Man Singh II polo ground. Students are trained in events like Show Jumping, Pig Sticking, Tent Pegging, Dressage, etc. Mayo College has participated in national level polo competitions and produced players like Himmat Singh Bedla, Nagender Singh, Pratap Singh, Sarveshwar Singh, Dhruv Singh. The school participated in the SUPA International Polo Tournament held in the UK in 2008. Mayo College actively participates in the Jodhpur polo season and the Delhi Horse Show.

There are sports facilities for students and staff consisting of playing fields for football, hockey and a cricket ground with a view of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Hills]] and a beautiful old red sandstone pavilion called ''Bikaner Pavilion''.<ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/cricket.asp Cricket] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405202708/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/cricket.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/football.asp Football] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405181403/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/football.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref>

The modern glass-backed courts for squash or the historic Fanshawe courts, open to the sky.<ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/squash.asp Squash] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405202703/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/squash.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/hockey.asp Hockey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405185602/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/hockey.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref> Mayo College has a nine-hole golf course<ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/golf.asp Golf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405180731/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/golf.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref> which was built recently. It also has many basketball courts. There is a standard 400m track. Athletics is one of the major seasonal and coaching sports. There are around 17 tennis courts on the campus. There are 5 all-weather synthetic courts and 4-5 clay courts in the senior school.<ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/tennis.asp Tennis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405202711/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/tennis.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref> The junior school has 4 clay courts. The 10m Shooting Range is used by boys and girls (from Mayo Girls) of all classes and is one of the best shooting range available at any school in India.<ref>[https://www.mayocollege.com/mayosite/air-riffle.asp Air Riffle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183251/http://mayocollege.com/mayosite/air-riffle.asp |date=2015-04-05 }}</ref>

===Cricket===
'''Mayo College Ground''' has hosted 19 [[First-class matches|first-class match]] stating in 1926 to 1986; since then, the ground has not [[first-class matches]] but regularly hosts other matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/878_f.html First-class matches]</ref>

== Publications ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Publications are supplied internally and sent to other public schools in India and abroad.

=== ''Mayoor'' ===
''Mayoor'' was established in the late 1960s by the principal, Jack Gibson. It is a major bi-monthly newsletter with college news, updates and photos. The editorial team consists of an editor-in-chief who is an English teacher in the school and a team of editors from the student community. ''Mayoor'' used to have a Hindi section with articles and poems. This was removed when an independent Hindi newsletter called ''Paridrishya'' was established in 2006.

=== ''The Mayo Mail'' ===
''The Mayo Mail'' is a weekly newsletter, established in 2008 by a group of students of Grade 7. It has become a publication which prints four fresh sheets every week and is called the "newspaper" of Mayo College. It consists of write-ups on school happenings and activities like the trademark Mayo "Tweets" and "Howlers".

=== ''Paridrishya'' ===
The independent Hindi magazine called ''Paridrishya'' was established in 2006. The magazine consists of articles, poems and jottings written by the school community. It has an editor-in-chief, who is a Hindi teacher in the school, and student editors.

=== ''Reflection'' ===
''Reflection'', established in 2007, is the student magazine. It is filled with poems, articles and facts that are illustrated with pictures. ''Reflection'' comes out three times a year.

=== ''College Magazine'' ===
The ''College Magazine'' is the yearbook of Mayo College. It has English and Hindi sections and contains reports, speeches, photographs, poems, articles and case studies of the school.

=== Other publications ===

* ''Cyber Quest'' is the IT magazine of Mayo College that contains technology-related articles and answers.
* ''Euphoria'' is an annual publication that reports on activities happening in the prize-giving function of the school.
* ''Zephyr – An Anthology of Poems'' is an annual publication that comes out in the prizegiving and contains the best poems written by the students.
* ''The Mayo Gazette'' is an annual publication that comes out during the prize-giving and contains the latest trivia of the school.

==School museum==
The Danmal Mathur Museum is housed in Jhalawar House, which it shares with the Art School. The museum showcases antiques and an armoury section. It is considered one of the best collections found in any in-school museum of the world.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040626150546/http://www.hinduonnet.com/jobs/0406/2004060900300800.htm Opportunities: The Mayo College, Ajmer]}}, ''The Hindu'', 9 June 2004</ref>

=== Postage stamp ===
[[File:Mayo College Postage Stamp.png|thumb|Mayo College stamp]]
On 12 April 1986, the [[Indian Postal Service]] released a stamp showing the main building of Mayo College. The multicoloured stamp was designed by India Security Press. The first-day cover shows the emblem of the college. The cancellation was designed by Nenu Bagga.<ref>[http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Issue%20Date/year/1986/month/4/MAIN%20BLDG%20MAYO%20COLLEGE Detailed stamp release information]</ref>[[File:Mayo college QE3 75.jpg|thumb|College building c. 1895]]

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|List of Mayoites}}

[[Alumni]] of Mayo College are known as Old Boys or [[Mayoites]].

<gallery>
File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|[[Hari Singh|Sir Hari Singh]] Bahadur, last ruler of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
File:K Natwar Singh.jpg|[[K. Natwar Singh]] (politician)
File:Amb - GU India Initiative - 2019-04-23.jpg|[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] (Diplomat)
File:Indra Sinha Portrait.jpg|[[Indra Sinha]] (writer)

File:NewsImage 32093.png|[[Amit Goyal]] (scientist and inventor)
File:Sunil Lanba.jpg|[[Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]] ([[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]])
File:NagendraSingh.jpg|[[Nagendra Singh]] (President of the International Court of Justice)
</gallery>Additionally, the school has educated two {{citation needed|date=August 2024}} sultans of Oman, one of whom is [[Said bin Taimur]].

Mayo College has educated members of royal families including [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], [[Benares State|Benares]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]], [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], [[Kutch State|Kutch]], [[Kota State|Kota]] and [[Dewas State|Dewas (Junior)]].

Sadashiv Rao II Puar of Dewas (Junior), [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]] of Junagadh, Yeshwant Rao Puar of Dewas (Junior),{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} [[Sawai Man Singh II]] of Jaipur, [[Hari Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharana [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], [[Arvind Singh Mewar]] of Mewar-Udaipur, [[Pragmulji III]] of Kutch, Prince [[Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur]] of Marwar-Jodhpur and [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]], erstwhile Maharaja of Tripura from the second oldest continuing ruling lineage after the Mikados of Japan.

Alumni from Mayo have served in the armed forces and others serve as members of parliament and senior civil servants. [[Jaswant Singh]] is one of the few Indian politicians to have been the Minister for Defence, Finance and External Affairs; [[K. Natwar Singh]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] was India's Ambassador to Pakistan and as External Affairs Minister, Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] is the former [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy Chief]].

Lt. Gen. [[Nathu Singh Rathore]], the second Indian officer to graduate from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], was a distinguished strategist who served as a Division Commander in Burma during the Second World War. He was offered the position of Commander in Chief of the Indian Army in 1949 but declined the position in favour of his senior, [[K M Cariappa]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanders, Lt Gen. Patrick Nicholas Yardley Monrad, (born 6 April 1966), Commander Field Army, since 2016 |date=1 December 2014 |work=Who's Who |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.271381 |access-date=1 August 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.271381|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Alumni have been Indian ambassadors to Morocco, Spain, Norway, Brazil, Libya, Switzerland and France.

The vice-chairman of [[Tata Motors]], [[Ravi Kant (Indian executive)|Ravi Kant]], erstwhile chairman of [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] Oil-India, Vikram Singh Mehta, erstwhile chairman emeritus of [[Nestlé]]-India, Narendra Singh of Sarila, former chairman of [[Air India]] and [[Indian Airlines]], Probir Sen, erstwhile chairman and MD of [[Axis Bank]], P.J. Nayak, member of the [[Bank of England]] Monetary Policy Committee, Sushil Wadhwani, the retired chief general manager and executive director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and erstwhile managing director of NABARD, Yashwant Thorat, as well as [[Rakesh Mohan]], who was deputy governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] all studied at Mayo. Mayo also has produced academic economists like [[Alok Bhargava]] who researches on [[food policy]] issues in [[Developing countries|developing]] and [[developed countries]] for formulating public policies. Mayo has produced scientists such as the eminent scientist in the field of electronic materials, [[Amit Goyal]].

Tikaraj Aishwarya [[Katoch]] of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], director of [[Indiabulls]], donated the Kangra Amphitheatre in memory of his great-grandfather Maharaja Jai Chand Katoch who was one of the first few students of Mayo College.

Actors who attended Mayo include [[Bobby Deol]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Ajay Mehta]], [[Tinnu Anand]], the filmmakers [[Pradip Krishen]] (also an environmentalist and writer of ''Trees of Delhi''), [[Samir Karnik]], [[Goldie Behl]], Heeraz Marfatia and the theatre personality, Amir Raza Husain.

Journalists who studied here include [[Vir Sanghvi]], [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] and [[Manvendra Singh]]. Writers include [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]] (''Red Earth & Pouring Rain'', ''[[Sacred Games (novel)|Sacred Games]]'') and [[Indra Sinha]] (''[[Animal's People]]'', shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize).

Red Fashion designer [[Raghavendra Rathore|Raghuvendra Rathore]], Celebrity Chef [[Jiggs Kalra]] and Artist [[Jaideep Mehrotra]] also studied here.

The school has produced sportsmen including [[Charu Sharma]], cricketer [[Arun Lal]], Col. Bhawani Singh, [[Padmanabh Singh|HH Sawai Padmanabh Singh of Jaipur]] and [[Lokendra Singh (polo player)|Lokendra Singh Ghanerao]] (all 3 captained India at polo over the years).

[[Eknath Ghate]], a mathematician and winner of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], is an alumnus of Mayo College.

[[Jai Pratap Singh]], politician and cabinet minister in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].

== See also ==
* [[Mayo College Girls School]]
* [[Daly College]]
* [[Scindia School]]
* [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]]
* [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
* [[Baldwin Boys High School]]
* [[Aitchison College]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mayo College}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991014042244/http://www.mayocollege.com/ Mayp College]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57856.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/878.html cricketarchive]
* [http://wikimapia.org/8350581/Mayo-College-School wikimapia]

{{Ajmer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni|*]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Round Square schools]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Kishori Shahane

2026-03-23T09:22:24Z

Asis:

{{short description|Indian film & television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kishori Shahane Vij
| image = Kishori Shahane 3.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Shahane at The Premiere autumn winter'15 collected by MAX
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|04|23|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kishori Shahane celebrates her birthday with family; says "Good days will come" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kishori-shahane-celebrates-her-birthday-with-family-says-good-days-will-come/articleshow/75317361.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_name = Kishori Shahane
| alma_mater = [[Mithibai College]]
| relatives = Anand Balraj Vij, alias Andy (Brother-in-Law)<ref name="Ashvin Borad">{{cite web |last1=Bollyy |first1=Team |title=Andy Balraj Announces his next production DIRTY EYES at his house while celebrating Jyothi Venkatesh's Birthday |url=https://bollyy.com/andy-balraj-annouces-his-next-production-dirty-eyes-at-his-house-while-celebrating-jyothi-venkateshs-birthday/ |website=Bollyy |language=en |date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
| awards = [[#Awards and achievements|Full list]]
| death_date = |
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| Dancer|Producer|Director}}
| years_active = 1986–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Deepak Balraj Vij]]|1993}}
| children = Bobby Vij
}}

'''Kishori Shahane Vij''' is an [[Indian classical dance|Indian classical]] and [[Indian folk dance|folk dancer]] and actress who works in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] movies and television. She is married to Hindi filmmaker [[Deepak Balraj Vij]]. She is a producer who helped to make a film about the life of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]].<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/One-life-one-Master/222303/ 'One Life, One Master'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614120938/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/One-life-one-Master/222303/ |date=14 June 2008 }} ExpressIndia, 29 September 2007, by Neha Madan</ref> She is known for appearing in shows like ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]'' in 2001, ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' and ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''. In 2019 she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi 2]]'' finishing at the fifth place. From October 2020 until January 2024, she played the role of Bhavani Chavan in ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 2 launch: Highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-marathi-2-launch-live-updates-5749245/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and Babita Singh Ahuja in ''Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye''.

== Early life and career ==
While at [[Mithibai College]], Kishori was crowned Miss Mithibai at the college known as the cultural hub of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin की भवानी को डांस में है महारत हासिल, डायरेक्टर का आया था Kishori Shahane पर दिल |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-bhavani-aka-kishori-shahane-facts-love-story-family-and-biography/352519 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref> She entered into Marathi films and shot to fame with ''[[Maherchi Sadi (film)|Maherchi Sadi]]'' and ''Wajva Re Wajva''. Her stage performances in plays like ''[[Moruchi Mavshi]]'' (Marathi) and ''Aadhe Adhure'' (Hindi), directed by [[Amal Allana]] bought her recognition as an actress. She worked in Marathi blockbuster films like Prem Karuya Khulllam khulla, Majha Pati Karodpati,[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]], [[Changu Mangu]], [[Saglikade Bombabomb]], ''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]'', and ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''. Her role in Hindi movies like ''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]'' and ''[[Red: The Dark Side]]'' directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]] put forward her ability to play different roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am happy that I kept myself busy: Kishori Shahane |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/i-am-happy-that-i-kept-myself-busy-kishori-shahane.html |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=ZEE Talkies |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225175757/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/i-am-happy-that-i-kept-myself-busy-kishori-shahane.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Deepak Balraj Vij]], a Hindi filmmaker noticed her talent. He directed ''[[Hafta Bandh]]'', ''[[Bomb Blast (1993 film)|Bomb Blast]]'' and two more films with her. During the making of ''Hafta Bandh'' in 1991, they grew closer and later got married. Kishori then switched over to Hindi TV serials and continued to work in Hindi and Marathi films. She became popular with her performance in serials like ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'', ''[[Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin]]'' and ''Sindoor''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Kishori Shahane and Deepak Vij's love story |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/kishori-shahane-and-deepak-balraj-love-story-bigg-boss-marathi-2-ssv-92-1960144/ |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=Loksatta |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

As a filmmaker, her Marathi film ''Mohatyachi Renuka'' won the Maharashtra State Award 2007 for best editing. The film was produced and directed by Kishori. Her next venture ''[[Malik Ek]]'' (Hindi) was based on the life of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] and had [[Jackie Shroff]] in the lead role. She then launched her next Marathi film ''Aika Dajiba''. She played the role of a transgender in the soap opera ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'', airing on [[Colors TV]], in 2016.

In 2020, she is seen in the drama series, ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]],'' playing the role of the matriarch of the Chavan family, Bhavani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Kishori Shahane: 6 Lesser-Known Facts About The Actress |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/happy-birthday-kishori-shahane-6-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=ZEE5 News |language=en}}</ref> This went on to be opined by many reviews as the most iconic villainess till date, winning her a number of Awards including [[Indian Television Academy Awards]], [[Indian Telly Awards]], [[Iconic Gold Awards]] for Best Actress in Negative Role.

== Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|1986
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|Heena
|[[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
|''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla''
|Seema
| rowspan="10" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''Anandi Anand''
|Shama
|-
|1988
|''Maza Pati Karodpati''
|Hema Deshmukh
|-
| rowspan="4" |1989
|''[[Saglikade Bombabomb]]''
|Mala Dharadhar
|-
|''Nasti Aafat''
|Mona
|-
|''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]''
|Shyamala Tavdaane
|-
|''Atmavishwas''
|Asavari Mangalkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Changu Mangu]]''
|Mini Khatle
|-
|''Dhumakool''
|Lalita Pradhan
|-
| rowspan="6" |1991
|''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]''
|Shobhana Kasture
|-
|''[[Hafta Bandh]]''
|Harish's Wife
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]''
|Sujata Kumar
|-
|''[[Maherchi Sadi]]''
|Vicky's Girlfriend
| rowspan="8" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''Bandal Baaz''
|Anju
|-
|''[[Jeeva Sakha]]''
|Julie
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''Gruhpravesh''
|Rita Fernandez
|-
|''Kinchali''
|Veena Anand
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
|''Aikava Te Navalach''
|Ragini
|-
|''Wajawa Re Wajawa''
|Megha
|-
|''Ram Rahim''
|Kishori Sare
|-
|''[[Bomb Blast (1993 film)|Bomb Blast]]''
|Naina
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|2001
|''Shirdi Sai Baba''
|(Producer and Director)
|-
|2004
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''
|Lavani Dancer (special appearance)
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Mumbai Godfather]]''
|Kamla
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]''
|Madhu Loc
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]''
|Mrs. Bhalla
|-
|''Mohatyachi Renuka''
|Renuka
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]''
|Teacher
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Red: The Dark Side]]''
|
|-
|''[[Fear (2007 film)|Fear]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Superstar (2008 Hindi film)|Superstar]]''
|Mrs. Saxena
|-
|2009
|''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]''
|Hema
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''Aika Dajiba''
|Rukmini
|-
|''[[Milenge Milenge]]''
|Cameo appearance
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Benny and Babloo]]''
|Tejaswini
|-
|''[[Malik Ek]]''
|Shakuntala
|-
|2011
|''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]''
|Mrs. Hanumant Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''Langar''
|Godavari
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein''
|Kaamwali Bai
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Policegiri]]''
|Sehar's Mother
|-
|''[[Yeda (film)|Yeda]]''
|Savitri Kulkarni
| rowspan="3" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''[[Ekulti Ek]]''
|Madhura
|-
|''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''
|Renuka Khot
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014
|''[[Ya Rab]]''
|Dr. Shabana
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Anuradha (2014 film)|Anuradha]]''
|Masterjee's Wife
|-
|''[[Kahin Hai Mera Pyar]]''
|Priya's Mother
|-
|''[[Nati (film)|Nati]]''
|Mahesh's wife
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|''[[Badlapur Boys]]''
|Mother
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Khairlanjichya Mathyawar (film)|Khairlanjichya Mathyawar]]''
|Surekha
| rowspan="3" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Dhurandhar Bhatawdekar''
|Pushpa Damle
|-
|''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]''
|College Principal
|-
|2016
|''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]''
|Bima
| rowspan="6" |[[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Simran (film)|Simran]]''
|Kumud
|-
|''[[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]]''
|Maya
|-
|''[[Heartbeats (2017 film)|Heartbeats]]''
|Sharda Zinta
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|''[[Blank (2019 film)|Blank]]''
|Dewan's Wife
|-
|2024
| ''[[Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Part 1]]''
| [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijaubai Bhonsale]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|Minister Rakesh Pradhan's Wife
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Hindi]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1993
|''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Chandni
|Episodes 1-2
|-
|1997-2001
|''Damini''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Damini's sister
|
|-
|2000
|''Jap Tap Vratt''
| rowspan="5" |[[Hindi]]
|Devi, Sandhya and Chhaya
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Shree Ganesh]]''
| Maharani [[Prasuti]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
|Sapna
|
|-
| ''[[Abhimaan (TV series)|Abhimaan]]''
| Sukanya Mohan Kumar Chauhan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
|Khushi's mother
|
|-
|''Bandini''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2005-2006
|''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
| rowspan="6" |[[Hindi]]
| Doctor
|
|-
|2005-2006
|''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
|Uma Agarwal
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Kabhie To Nazar Milao]]''
|Sunaina's mother
|
|-
|2006-2008
|''Solhah Singaarr''
|Triveni Tribhuvan Chaturvedi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Batayega Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya]]''
|Yashomati Raichoudhary
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Vrundavan''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Kartiki's mother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Aise Karo Naa Vidaa]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|Rani Maa
|
|-
|2010-2012
|''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
|Shaili's mother
|
|-
|2011
|''Don Kinare Doghi Aapan''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Asmita
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Swapnanchya Palikadle]]''
|Vasundhara
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013-2014
|''[[Pradhanmantri]]''
| rowspan="7" |[[Hindi]]
|[[Pupul Jayakar]]
|
|-
|''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
|Antara's mother
|
|-
|2014-2015
|''[[Everest (Indian TV series)|Everest]]''
|Sarita Rawat
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
|Episodic role
|Episode 40<ref>{{Cite web |title='Darr Sabko Lagta Hai' an unforgettable experience: Kishori Shahane - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/darr-sabko-lagta-hai-an-unforgettable-experience-kishori-shahane/articleshow/51455754.cms |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Intezaar''
|Episodic role
|
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|Guru Maa
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishori Shahane enters Shakti, to play Gurumaa - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kishori-shahane-enters-shakti-to-play-gurumaa/articleshow/54170550.cms |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''
|Padma Maan Singh
|
|-
|2017-2018
|''[[Jadubai Jorat]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Mallika
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmiti Sawant & Kishori Shahane in Jadubai Jorat - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/nirmiti-and-kishori-together/articleshow/59429809.cms |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Deep's aunt
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Kanala Khada]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Guest appearance
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 2)|Bigg Boss Marathi 2]]''
|Contestant
|(4th Runner Up) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 2: Meet the contestants |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/bigg-boss-marathi-2-meet-the-contestants-5750006/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 2: Kishori Shahne-Vij to enter the show? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-2-kishori-shahne-vij-to-enter-the-show/articleshow/69492795.cms |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2024
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Bhavani Nagesh Chavan
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta]]!''
|rowspan="2"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|rowspan="2"|Herself
|Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kitchen Kallakar]]''
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|Contestant
|Appearance as Bhavani
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pinkicha Vijay Aso!]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| Dr. Devyani, Plastic Surgeon
|Recurring Role
|-
| 2023–2025
| ''Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye''
| Babita Singh Ahuja
|
|
|-
|2025
|Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahi
|Grandmother
|
|
|-
|}

=== Theater ===

==== Marathi ====
* ''[[Moruchi Mavshi]]''
* ''Durga Zhali Gauri''
* ''Mi Tujhya Pathishi Ahe''
* ''Kandapohe Tuzya Ni Mazya Premache''
* ''Mahanatya Sahyadri''

==== Hindi ====
* ''Aadhe Adhure''
* ''Benny And Babloo''

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''The Chargesheet: Innocent or Guilty?''
|Gayatri Dixit
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charge Sheet: Catch Kishori Shahne's 'Political' Look In This New Web Series |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/charge-sheet-catch-kishori-shahne-s-political-look-in-this-new-web-series/5e0f3dc7d996471ad814dc3e |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and achievements ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
|2021
|[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Iconic Most Popular Negative Actress
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| {{won}}
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role - Jury]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1133214}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|kishori-shahane}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahane, Kishori}}
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra|Shahane, Kishori]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Zaildar

2026-03-17T13:47:23Z

Asis: updated details

{{Short description|Officer in charge of a Zail}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
'''Zaildar''' was an officer in charge of a [[Zail, British India|Zail]] which was an administrative unit of group of villages during the [[Sikh Empire]], [[British Indian Empire]] in Punjab and [[Dogra dynasty]] rule in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]. The [[Land grant|Settlement Officer]], with the advice of the [[Deputy commissioner#India and Pakistan|Deputy Commissioner]], was responsible for appointing Zaildars from amongst the men of the tribe or the area, thus reinforcing his preexisting social authority with the official sanction as the representative of the government.<ref name=zaildarapp1>1930, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36124/2015.36124.Punjab-Settlement-Manual_djvu.txt Punjab Settlement Manual], Punjab Government publications, point 235 and 578-282 on page 115, 272-273.</ref><ref name=zailbook1>[[Tan Tai Yong]], 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ZiMV7rqWUC&dq=zaildar&pg=PA1919-IA1 "The Garrison State: The military, government and society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 - 1947."], [[SAGE Publications]], page 118-119, {{ISBN|0761933360}}.</ref> Zaildars were the revenue-collecting officers also responsible for maintaining law and order. The [[Lambardar]] and Safedposh assisted the Zaildar. The Zaildar in turn assisted the Deputy Commissioner.<ref name="zailbook1" /> The Zaildar was more influential than the Lambardar (village head) because a Zail included several villages.<ref name="zailbook5">Rajit K. Mazumder, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&dq=zaildar&pg=PA97 "The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab."], Permanent Black, page 97, {{ISBN|8178240599}}.</ref>

==Influence of Zaildari system==
The position was important as it extended the influence of the colonial state into the villages.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar">The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black</ref> It also reinforced the already dominant social status of the Zaildar with official government sanction.<ref name=zailbook1/> The Zaildar exercised authority and patronage over the villagers.<ref name=zailbook1/>

==Appointment criteria==
Zails were established and demarcated by the [[District collector]] (also called Deputy Commissioner) during the land revenue settlement exercise. Settlement officers, with advice from the District collector and subject to the final approval of the state's Financial Commissioner,<ref name=zaildarapp1/> appointed a Zaildar to each Zail either on a hereditary basis, for one person's life or for a fixed tenure.<ref name=zaildarapp1/> The Zaildars were equivalent to the [[Chowdhury|Chaudharis]] of earlier times and were hand-picked by the higher authorities, who based their decision on issues such as caste or tribe, local influence, extent of landholding, services rendered to the state by him or his family, and personal character and ability.<ref name="Rajit Zaildar"/>{{rp|pages=97–98}}<ref name=zailbook1/><ref name=zailbook4>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 155.</ref> A Zaildar once appointed could only be removed from office for misconduct or neglect; removal on account of old age or disability was a harsh punishment and in such cases he could continue to operate through a representative.<ref name=zailbook3>Om Prakash Aggarawala, 1936, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CumVAAAAMAAJ "The Punjab Land Revenue Act: Act XVII of 1887 : with a Commentary"], Lahore Law Depot, page 140.</ref>

{{Blockquote
| text = ''"The introduction of the zaildari agency into any district must be approved by the local Government [Deputy Commissioner]. Any subsequent increase or decrease in the number of zaildars can be made under the orders of the Financial Commissioner, provided the percentage of the land revenue assigned for their emoluments is not exceeded ... No attempt should be made to fix the limits of zails, but the tribal organization and other important families of the tract should be explained in such detail as is necessary to enable Government to judge whether the agency should be introduced. Any proposals to appoint inamdars [also called safedposh] may be made in the same report. The opinions both of the Settlement Officer and of the Deputy Commissioner should be given. The report should be submitted to Government through the Commissioner and the Financial Commissioner, each of whom should record his views on the proposal made in it."''
| source = Punjab Settlement Manual, 1930 (point 578, page 272).<ref name=zaildarapp1/>
}}

==Role and remuneration of Zaildars==
Zaildars were essentially revenue ministers and representatives of the British Empire who received remuneration for their duties, life grants of either a fixed amount<ref name = "HisarRevSet">[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Revised Settlement of Hisar District, p. 37-40]</ref> or a grant equal to one per cent of the revenue of their zails from the assessment of any single village that they chose.<ref name = "Montgomery">''Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879–84'' By J. A. L. Montgomery</ref> Some of the responsibilities of the Zaildar corresponded to the responsibilities that fell under the Deputy Commissioner, such as revenue collection, mutations,{{clarify|date=September 2022}} local governance issues, related dispute resolution, etc. Other duties corresponded with the responsibilities that fell under the Settlement officer, such as revenue settlement, reassessments, preparation of maps, etc.<ref name=zaildarapp1/>

==Safedposh==
In addition to these life {{Transliteration|hi|inams}}, or grants, there were some ''Safedposhi'' grants of a semi-hereditary nature enjoyed by some of the leading agricultural families. They were semi-hereditary because one of the conditions of the grant was that on the death of an incumbent, his successor should, if possible, be a member of the same family.<ref name = "Montgomery"/>

==Abolition==
===India===
====Kashmir====
Kashmir took lead in abolition of the Zaildari system where it was abolished in 1950.<ref>
https://kashmirlife.net/the-fall-of-the-feudals-444/</ref>

====Rest of India====
Post the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, the system of Zails, Zaildars and Safedposh continued to exist till 1964. Then the system was abolished by CM of Punjab [[Partap Singh Kairon]] following demands from his ministers and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]], because of conflicts between the elected MLAs and the Zaildars. Police and Tehsil officers had been giving more weight to the opinions of Zaildars and this had undermined the MLAs.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.168| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987}}</ref> For the purpose, an amendment was carried out in Section 28 of The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 through Section 3 of Punjab Act 27 of 1964.

===Pakistan===
After India, Pakistan abolished Zaildari system in 1967.

==In popular media==
* [[Kapur Singh Ghuman]] wrote a book called ''Zaildar'' in 1972.<ref name=zailbook2>[[Kapur Singh Ghuman]], 1972, [https://books.google.com/books?id=STvMYgEACAAJ "Zaildar"].</ref>
* Punjabi movies with Zaildar in the title include ''Zaildar'' (1972), ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' (2016) and ''Nikka Zaildar 2'' (2017).<ref name=imdb1>[https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=zaildar&s=all "IMDB Zaildar"]</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[List of Zaildars by Zail]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Sarpanch]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Princely state]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]

Khushboo

2026-03-16T21:12:56Z

Asis: Details

{{wikt|خوشبو}}
'''Khushboo''' is a female given name of Persian origin, which means 'fragrance'. It may refer to:

==Film and television==
* [[Khushboo (1954 film)|''Khushboo'' (1954 film)]], a [[List of Bollywood films of 1954|1954 Bollywood film]]
* [[Khushboo (1975 film)|''Khushboo'' (1975 film)]], a Hindi drama film by Gulzar
* [[Khushboo (1979 film)]], a Pakistani film
* [[Khushboo (2008 film)|''Khushboo'' (2008 film)]], a Hindi romantic film by Rajesh Ram Singh
* [[Khushboo Bangla]], Indian TV channel broadcasting in the Bengali-language

==People==
* [[Khushboo (Pakistani actress)]] (1969-2024), Pakistani actress
* [[Khushboo Grewal]] (born 1984), Punjabi actress, VJ and singer from India
* [[Kushboo Ramnawaj]] (born 1990), Mauritian beauty pageant contestant
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] (born 1970), Indian actress, film producer and politician

==See also==
*[[Khushbu (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|given name}}

Lokesh Sathyanathan

2026-03-15T11:12:23Z

Asis: put up post

{{Short description|Indian long jumper (born 1999)}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Lokesh Sathyanathan
| fullname =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|12|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality =
| spouse =
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[Long jump]]
| club =
| worlds =
| nationals =
| headercolor =
| pb = '''Long jump:''' 8:21 m (2026)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Athletics at the 2019 South Asian Games|Long jump]]}}
}}

'''Lokesh Sathyanathan''' (born 21 December 1999) is an Indian [[Long jump|long jumper]]. He is the indoor [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record]] holder. Competing in the United States, he won the [[2026 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships|2026 NCAA Indoor Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Lokesh Sathyanathan|website=World Athletics|accessdate=14 March 2026|url= https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/lokesh-sathyanathan-14734782}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in [[Bengaluru]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], Sathyanathan is from a sporting family, his father, John played football for the Bangalore Police, and his sister, Monica, competed as a runner over 400 metres. Competing in the [[long jump]], he won the gold medal at the [[2018 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships]] in Sri Lanka and went on to represent India at the [[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships]] in Tampere, Finland.<ref name="lewis"> {{cite web|url= https://indiasportshub.com/lokesh-sathyanathan-the-incredible-comeback-story-of-indias-8-14m-long-jump-star/ |website=indiasporthub|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= Lokesh Sathyanathan: The Incredible Comeback Story of India’s 8.14m Long Jump Star |date=20 April 2025
}}</ref> Sathyanathan also won the gold medal the in the long jump the following year at the [[Athletics at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 South Asian Games]] in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-south-asian-games-day4|website=Olympics.com|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= South Asian Games: Suresh Kumar kicks off gold rush for India|date=4 Dec 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, he accepted a scholarship to study in the United States.<ref name="lewis"/> Competing for [[University of New Mexico]], Sathyanathan jumped 8.02 metres to win the Mountain West Championships in Clovis, California in May 2023 as a freshman, and went on to place 15th in the USTFCCCA Outdoor Championship, before transferring to [[University of Louisville]] the next year.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7201401?eventId=10229617|website=World Athletics|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= Mountain West Championships|date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://thebridge.in/amp/athletics/david-elakkiyadan-breach-8m-mark-in-long-jump-at-tamil-nadu-state-meet-42142|website=Thebridge.in|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= David, Elakkiyadan breach 8m mark in Long Jump at Tamil Nadu State Meet|date=28 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://eu.courier-journal.com/story/sports/college/louisville/2024/02/02/paris-summer-olympics-louisville-gabriela-leon-trey-allen-synclair-savage/72067853007/#|website=Courier-Journal|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= 2024 is an Olympics year. Here's a look at best Louisville athletes eyeing Paris Games}}</ref>

Sathyanathan joined [[Tarleton State University]] prior to the start of the 2025 indoor season. He placed 16th overall in the long jump at the [[2025 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships|2025 NCAA Indoor Championships]], earning Second Team All-American honours.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theflashtoday.com/2026/03/03/tarleton-state-track-and-field-has-five-athletes-earn-bids-to-2026-indoor-track-and-field-championships/|website=The Flash Today|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= Tarleton State Track and Field has five athletes earn bids to 2026 Indoor Track and Field Championships|date=
March 3, 2026 }}</ref> In April 2025, Sathyanathan competed at the 2025 Michael Johnson Invitational in [[Waco, Texas]], where he jumped a wind-assisted distance of 8.14 meters (+2.8 m/s) in the men’s long jump, winning the event and setting a new Tarleton State University all-conditions record.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://wacsports.com/news/2025/4/23/university-credit-union-wac-mens-outdoor-track-and-field-athletes-of-the-week-announced.aspx|website=wacsports|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= University Credit Union WAC Men’s Outdoor Track and Field Athletes of the Week Announced|date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7226182?eventId=10229617 |website=World athletics|accessdate=13 March 2026|title= Michael Johnson Invitational |date=18 April 2025}}</ref> In May, Sathyanathan jumped 7.87 meters twice in the men’s long jump to finish fourth overall at the NCAA West Preliminary Rounds in College Station.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theflashtoday.com/2025/05/31/victoria-cameron-and-the-womens-4x100-relay-punches-tickets-to-ncaa-national-championships-7-texans-heading-to-oregon/|website=The Flash Today|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= Victoria Cameron and the Women’s 4×100 Relay punches tickets to NCAA National Championships, 7 Texans heading to Oregon|date=May 31, 2025}}</ref> Competing at the [[2026 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships|2025 NCAA Outdoor Championships]] in Eugene, Oregon in June 2025, he jumped 7.83 metres to place fifth overall.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7222970?eventId=10229617|website=World athletics|accessdate=13 March 2026|title= NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships|date=14 June 2025}}</ref> In August 2025, he jumped 7.75 metres at the Indian Open, a World Athletics Bronze Level Continental Tour event in [[Bhubaneshwar]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Asiad, CWG Dreams For Lokesh Sathyanathan And Pavana Nagaraj|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/asiad-cwg-dreams-for-lokesh-sathyanathan-and-pavana-nagaraj/amp_articleshow/123229536.cms
|website=Times of India |accessdate=14 March 2026 |date=Aug 11, 2025}}</ref>

Competing in the United States for Tarleton State University in February 2026, he became the first Indian to jump over eight metres indoors, managing a jump of 8.01 metres at the 2026 Tyson Invitational in [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]], also registering three other jumps over 7.94 metres on the day.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/tyson-invitational-2026-long-jump-indoor-national-record-lokesh-sathyanathan|website=Olympics.com|accessdate=14 March 2026|title= Lokesh Sathyanathan leaps to new indoor long jump national record in Arkansas|date=15 Feb 2026}}</ref> The following month, he won the [[2026 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships|2026 NCAA Indoor Championships]] with a new Indian indoor national record jump of 8.21 metres on 13 March 2026 in Fayetteville.<ref>{{cite web|website=Flotrack|accessdate=13 March 2026|date=13 March 2026|title= NCAA D1 Indoor Track & Field Championships 2026 Live Updates, Results |url=https://www.flotrack.org/articles/15620110-ncaa-d1-indoor-track-field-championships-2026-live-updates-results}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url= https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kaalund-tharp-ncaa-indoor-championships|date=14 March 2026
|title= Kaalund and Tharp threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships
|access-date=14 March 2026| website=World Athletics}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Sathyanathan, Lokesh}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men long jumpers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Shaily Priya Pandey

2026-03-15T04:30:52Z

Asis: Created details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaily Priya Pandey
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| known_for = [[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]], [[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki|Jag Jaanani Maa Vaishnodevi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2016-present
}}

'''Shaily Priya Pandey''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se actress Shaily Priya Pandey expresses gratitude for her show completing 400 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kismat-ki-lakeeron-se-actress-shaily-priya-pandey-expresses-gratitude-for-her-show-completing-400-episodes/articleshow/105971001.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=Shaily Priya Pandey: Pandemic has taught us to take calculative risks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shaily-priya-pandey-pandemic-has-taught-us-to-take-calculative-risks-101653744943787-amp.html |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se actress Shaily Priya Pandey on how she balances her hectic shoot schedule amidst show's time leap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kismat-ki-lakeeron-se-actress-shaily-priya-pandey-on-how-she-balances-her-hectic-shoot-schedule-amidst-shows-time-leap/articleshow/100553286.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is primarily known for her roles such as Shraddha in [[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]], as Pavitra (title role) in [[Pavitra: Bharose Ka Safar]], as Bharti in [[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki|Jag Jaanani Maa Vaishnodevi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]] and as Nidhi Tripathi in [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |title=Shaily Priya Pandey Reflects on a Year of Triumphs |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/shaily-priya-pandey-reflects-on-a-year-of-triumphs-847917 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaily Priya, Abhishek Pathania's 'Kismat Ki Lakiro Se' completes 500 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaily-priya-abhishek-pathanias-kismat-ki-lakiro-se-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/109200257.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaily Priya Pandey: Post lockdowns, actors had to accept pay-cut without inhibitions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shaily-priya-pandey-post-lockdowns-actors-had-to-accept-pay-cut-without-inhibitions-101661434125302-amp.html |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Shaily was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].<ref name=":8" /> She graduated from [[Ramjas College]].<ref name=":8" /> She also studied performing arts at [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts|Shri Ram Centre]], [[Mandi House]], where she was actively involved in theatre.<ref name=":8" /> She made her first appearance in 2016 with TV series Queens Hain Hum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ishanair |date=2017-03-31 |title=Shaily Priya Pandey Is Expected To Face A Dilemma In Queens Hain Hum |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/03/shaily-priya-pandey-is-expected-to-face-a-dilemma-in-queens-hain-hum/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> After this, she appeared in [[Fear Files]] and Aye Zindgi in 2017.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
In 2018, Pandey played as Nidhi Tripathi in [[Zee TV]]'s soap opera [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]].<ref name="Jaffer">{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |title=Shines across Tv show 'Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/shines-across-tv-show-kismat-ki-lakeeron-se-761138 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
After this, she acted in [[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki|Jag Jaanani Maa Vaishnodevi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]] in [[&TV]]’s comedy series [[Shaadi Ke Siyape]] in the year 2019.<ref name="Jaffer"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-20 |title=TV actress Shaily Priya Pandey opens up on her character in the upcoming show Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actress-shaily-priya-pandey-opens-up-on-her-character-in-the-upcoming-show-kismat-ki-lakeeron-se/articleshow/93682748.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
In the year 2021, Pandey appeared in [[Azaad (TV channel)|Azaad]]’s drama series [[Pavitra: Bharose Ka Safar]] and in 2022, Shemaroo Umang’s [[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaily Pandey: As a TV artiste I have no qualms working for longer shifts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shaily-pandey-as-a-tv-artiste-i-have-no-qualms-working-for-longer-shifts-101678540406068-amp.html |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Project
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2016-2017
|Queens Hain Hum
|Janvi Seth
|Debut
(Lead)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Aye Zindgi
|Prerna Sinha
|
|-
|[[Fear Files]]
|Sarah
|
|-
|2018-2019
|[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se|Apke Aa Jane Se]]
|Nidhi Tripathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki|Jag Jaanani Maa Vaishnodevi]]
|Bharti
|Lead
|-
|[[Shaadi Ke Siyape|Shadi Ke Siyape]]
|Sweety
|
|-
|2021-2022
|[[Pavitra: Bharose Ka Safar|Pavitra : Bharose Ka Safar]]
|Pavitra
|Lead
(Title role)
|-
|2022-2024
|[[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]]
|Shraddha
|Lead
|-
| 2025–present
| ''Aye Dil Jee Le Zara''
| Anisha
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Project
!Notes
|-
|2021
|[[Kaun? Who Did It?]]
|
|-
|2022
|[[Cyber Vaar – Har Screen Crime Scene|Cyber Vaar]]
|
|-
|2025
|The Last Recipe
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9876182}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Shaily, Priya}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ancient Tamil music

2026-03-13T19:43:19Z

Asis: updated page

{{Short description|Music genre}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Yaarl.jpg|thumb|210px|''[[yazh|Yaazh]]'', Ancient Tamil music instrument]]
{{TNhistory}}
{{Indian classical music}}
{{Sangam literature}}
The '''ancient Tamil music''' is the historical predecessor of the [[Carnatic music]] during the [[Sangam period]] spanning from 500 BCE to 200 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Geetha|title=Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=D. K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0538-7|pages=111–112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=pannisai}}</ref>

Many poems of the classical [[Sangam literature]] were set to music. There are various references to this ancient musical tradition found in the ancient Sangam books such as ''[[Ettuthokai]]'' and ''[[Pattupattu]]''. The early narrative poem ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', belonging to the post-Sangam period (5th or 6th century) also mentions various forms of music practiced by the Tamil people.

Music was an integral part of the compositions of the Tamil Saiva saints such as [[Appar]], [[Siva Prakasar]], [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Manikkavasagar]] during the [[Hindu]] revival period between the 6th and the 10th century.

==Sangam music==

The Sangam age grammatical work ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'' mentions the various music pertaining to the five [[Sangam landscape|landscapes]] (''thinai'') of the Sangam literature. The five landscapes are associated with a particular mood of the poem and to give colour to these moods, each had a musical mood (''[[pann]]''), a melodic instrument (''[[yazh|yaazh]]'') and a percussion instrument (''parai''). For example, the ''neithal'' thinai, which dealt with the incidents around the seashore and the theme of elopement, had the musical mood of ''sevvazhi'', ''Vilari yaazh'' as the musical instrument and the ''navayapambai'' for the percussion. ''Tolkappiyam'' also mentions the musical form known as ''Paattu Vannam'' and various types of songs like ''Asiriapattu'', ''Neduven pattu'', ''Adivarai'', ''Seer'', ''Ahaval Osai'' and ''Vellosai'', which are classified on the basis of the musical quality, metrical structure etc. Most of the Sangam age poetry used one or more of these meters in their compositions. Poems of the ''Ettuthohai'' anthology, such as the ''[[Natrinai]]'', ''[[Paripaatal]]'' and ''[[Kaliththokai]]'' are extensively musical in nature and use various ''panns'' to create the mood.<ref name="carnatica.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/tmusic.htm|title=Tamil Music|website=www.carnatica.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

===Musical instruments===

Poems of the Sangam literature contain numerous mentions of the various musical instruments such as the ''Seerkazhi'', a stringed instrument of the [[Veena]] type and various percussion instruments such as ''murasu'' or ''muzham''. ''Pattupaatu'' contains a description of the ''[[yazh]]'', a stringed instrument. There were two types of ''yaazh'', ''Periyaazh'' or the 'large yaazh' contained 21 strings, whereas its more compact companion ''Siriyaazh'' had only seven strings. Two other types of ''yaazhs'', ''Makarayaazh'' with 19 strings and ''Sakottuyaazh'' with seven strings are also mentioned in ''[[Pattuppattu]]''. However, we have no further information on their actual appearance, mode of playing and the kind of melody generated by these instruments.

The [[flute]] was the most popular wind instrument during the Sangam period. ''[[Perumpanarruppatai]]'', one of the ''Pattupattu'' anthologies, describes the process of making the flute. The holes in the bamboo tube were bored using red-hot embers. The flute is also mentioned in the ''[[Kurincippattu]]'' as the instrument on which the shepherds played the ''ambal pann''. Among the other wind instruments were the ''Pili'', a small trumpet and ''Kanvidutumbu'' a larger flute), perhaps producing lower octaves. The flute also acted as a drone providing a constant pitch for vocalists and other instruments 'as long as the trunk of an elephant'.

The ''Murasu'', or the drum was the most popular percussion instrument. During festivals, the sound of Murasu conveyed joy and gaiety. ''Muzhavu'', another percussion instrument accompanied singers. The drum was also used as the war-drum, calling people to arms. ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' mentions that the ''murasu'' was one of the prized possessions captured from the defeated enemy in the battlefield. ''[[Malaipatukatam]]'' describes the method of constructing and tuning the ''murasu''. The sides were covered with skin, which were kept in position by leather straps. ''Malaipatukatam'' also mentions other percussion instruments such as ''udukkai'', a palm-sized drum, ''Muzhavu'', ''Siruparai'' and ''Tattai''. The sound ''tattai'' resembled the croaking of a frog. This was a crude folk instrument made using a bamboo stick. Numerous slits were made across the stick and sound was produced on it by striking it on a stone or any other hard surface. In the ''Kurincippattu'' peasant women use ''tattai'' to scare the birds from the paddy field.
A well-known percussion instrument is the ''mridangam'' (mathangam). It's a double headed drum used to accompany the ''veena'' (Yaazh) and the ''flute'' among other instruments.

List of Musical instruments used by ancient [[Tamil people]] was listed in [[Tirumurai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient music instruments mentioned in thirumurai |script-title=ta:திருமுறை குறிப்பிடும் இசைக்கருவிகள் |url=http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/mis-thi-isai-karuvi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214203/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/mis-thi-isai-karuvi.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |website=Shaivam}}</ref> dated between 6th and 11th century CE and include Akuli, Idakkai, Ilayam, [[Udukkai]], Yezhil, Kathirikkai, Kandai, Karathalam, Kallalaku, Kalavadam, Kavil, Kazhal, Kalam, Kinai, Kinkini, Kilai, Kinnaram, Kudamuzha, Kuzhal, Kaiyalaku, Kokkarai, Kodukotti, Kottu, Kombu, Sangu, Sachari, Sanchalam, Salari, Siranthai, Silambu, Sinam, Thagunicham, Thakai, Thadari, Thattazhi, Thathalagam, Thandu, [[Miruthangam|Thannumai]], Thamarugam, Thaarai, Thaalam, Thuthiri, Thunthubi, Thudi, Thuriyam, Thimilai, Thondagam, Naral Surisangu, Padagam, Padutham, Panilam, Pambai, Palliyam, Parandai, Parai, Paani, Paandil, Pidavam, Perigai, [[Melam|Mathalam]], Mani, Maruvam, [[Murasu]], Muravam, Murugiyam, Murudu, Muzhavu, Monthai, Yaazl, Vangiyam, Vattanai, Vayir, [[Veena]]i, Veelai, and Venkural.
[[File:Wiki-mridangam.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|210px|[[Miruthangam|''Thannumai'']]]]

===Musical notations===
In Tamil music, the [[Swara|sargam]] "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" of the Indian classical music were known by their Tamil names ''Kural (குரல்)'', ''Tuttam (துத்தம்)'', ''Kaikilai (கைக்கிளை)'', ''Uzhai (உழை)'', ''Ili (இளை)'', ''Vilari (விளரி)'' and ''Taram (தாரம்)''. There are notations for the notes in different octaves. For example, ''Kurai Tuttam'' and ''Nirai Tuttam'' refer to the ''ri'' (''rishabha'') note in the lower and upper octaves respectively.<ref name="carnatica.net"/>

===Moods===

''[[Raga]]'', which defines the mood of the Indian classical music was described by the ''[[Pann]]''. Specific ''panns'' were sung during worship and during religious and royal ceremonies. ''Maduraikanchi'' refers to women singing ''Sevvazhi pann'' to invoke the mercy of God during childbirth. In ''Tolkappiyam'', the five landscapes of the Sangam literature had an associated ''Pann'', each describing the mood of the song associated with that landscape.

The Sangam landscape was classified into five regions to describe the mood of the poem and to describe the intangibles of human emotions. While describing life and romance, the poets employed the background of the natural landscape and used the ''pann'' specific to that landscape to provide the mood. The ''neithal'' landscape, which is employed to convey the grief of separation of lovers had the associated ''sevvazhi pann'' expressing pathos.

==Post-Sangam music==

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The south Indian music system, which was indeed Tamil Pannisai, was erroneously named, for the first time, Karnataka sangeetham in the 12th century by a western-Chalukya king, Someswara Bhuloka Mamalla, in his ‘Manasoullasam', a monumental work that dealt with all the subjects under the sun, including music. In no other language in India, there existed at that time Sahityas (musical compositions) as they did in Tamil. Though most of the music manuals written from the 9th century onwards were in Sanskrit, the source materials for them — like the varieties of ‘ragas' ( pann) they had mentioned in their works — were all associated with the Tamil literary works, like ‘Silappadikaram', ‘Thevaram', and ‘Nalayira Divya Prabhandam'.."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Call-it-by-any-name-it-is-lsquoTamil-Isai/article15123803.ece | title= Call it by any name, it is 'Tamil Isai' | date= 1 February 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Indira | last=Parthasarathy | access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> |source= - Tamil scholar, '''Mu. Arunachalam''' in his book '''''Tamizh Isai Ilakkiya Varalaaru'''''.}}

===Evolution of ''panns''===
{{main | Pann}}
The post-Sangam period, between the third and the fifth centuries CE, Tamil music evolved to a different level of sophistication. ''Cilappatikaram'', written around the fifth century CE, describes music based on logical, systematic and scientific calculations in the arrangements of the dancers on the stage to represent the notes and ''panns''. ''Cilappatikaram'' contains several chapters dedicated to music and dance, of which the most famous is the ''kanal vari'' which is a duet between the hero [[Kovalan]] and his lady-love [[Madavi]]. ''Cilappatikaram'' contains musical terminology such as, ''azhaku'' and ''matthirai'' referring to the musical pitch and the smallest fraction of an audible sound distinguishable by the human ear. From these evolved the scales. One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the ''mullaippann'', a [[pentatonic]] scale composed of the notes ''sa ri ga pa da'' equivalent to C, D, E, G and A in the western notations. These fully [[harmonic]] [[musical scale|scales]], constitutes the ''raga'' ''[[Mohanam]]'' in the [[Carnatic music]] style. These scales can also be found in many eastern music systems such as the [[Chinese musicology|Chinese traditional music]].

''Mullaippann'' further evolved into ''Sempaalai'', a scale based on seven notes. The ancient Tamils also derived new ''panns'' by the process of modal shift of tonic and by the process of reallocating the pitch and beat of the notes. ''Cilappatikaram'' has an example of this in the chapter ''Arangetrukadai'', where the ''Pann Mercharupalai'' is changed to derive a new ''Pann''. The four original ''panns'' of ''maruthappann'', ''kurinchippann'', ''sevvazhi'' and ''sadari'' thus evolved into 103 ''panns'' with varying characterisations. Some of the ''panns'' and their equivalent Carnatic ragas were:

* ''Panchamam'' – ''[[Ahiri]]''
* ''Pazham Panchuram'' - ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]]''
* ''Meharahkkurinchi'' - ''Neelampari''
* ''Pazhanthakka Ragam'' - ''[[Arabhi]]''
* ''Kurinchi'' - ''[[Malahari]]''
* ''Natta Ragam'' – ''[[Kamavardhini|Panthuvarali]]''
* ''Inthalam'' - ''Nathanamakriya''
* ''Thakkesi'' - ''[[Kambhoji]]''
* ''Kausikam'' - ''[[Bhairavi (ragam)|Bhairavi]]''
* ''Nattappadai'' – ''[[Gambhiranata|Gambheeranaattai]]''

===Tamil Modal System===

The Important Modes of Tamil Music are grouped as Seven Great Modes (Ezh Perum Paalai). From them, 2 Modes are removed and remaining 5 are employed in
Tolkappiam, there they are mentioned as Yaazh instead of Paalai or Pann which is meant to denote Musical Scale or Raaga. Also the 5 Small
Modes of Tamil are derived from those 5 Great Modes. All of them are listed below, along with their Western and Carnatic equivalents :-
(This doesn't mean that these Systems predate Tamil Music System.).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tamil Modal system
|-
! 7 Great Modes / Heptatonics !! 5 Tinai Tolkappiam Yāḻ !! Eq. Carnatic Raga !! 7 Western Modes !! Western Scales !! 5 Small Modes / Pentatonics Yāḻiṉ pakuti !! Eq. Carnatic Raga !! Eq. Western Scales
|-
| SemPaalai || Mullai || Harikambodhi || Mixolydian || || MullaitheemPaaNi || Mohanam || Major Pentatonic
|-
| PadumalaipPaalai || Kurinji || Natabairavi || Aeolian || Minor Scale || Sendhurutti || Madhyamavati || Egyptian_Suspended
|-
| SevvazhipPaalai || --- || Todi with 2 Ma || Locrian || || --- || --- || ---
|-
| ArumPaalai || Paalai || Sankarabaranam || Ionian || Major Scale || Konrai || Suddha Saveri || Blues Major
|-
| KOdipPaalai || Marudham || Karaharapriya || Dorian || || Aambal || Suddha Dhanyasi || Minor Pentatonic
|-
| ViLaripPaalai || Neidhal || Todi || Phrygian || || Indhalam || Hindolam || Blues Minor
|-
| MerchemPaalai || --- || Kalyani || Lydian || || --- || --- || ---
|}

(Note:- Yāḻ denotes a 7-Note Heptatonic Scale and Yāḻiṉ pakuti denotes a 5-Note Pentatonic Scale)

The 7 Mode Set is self generative, with the 1st Mode, if we apply a method called Kural Thiribu or PannupPeyarttal (which is Tonic Shift, or Rotation), we will get the
rest of 6 Modes. The Last mode will yield back the 1st Mode, its Cyclic in same order. Same applies for the 5 Pentatonic Scale set, too. The English Term 'Tonic Shift'
is 1st coined by one Mr. VPK sundaram who was an important Tamil-Music Theorist and author of several Books and Articles in this topic. He coined the term in his book,
Pancha Marabu, in 1991(Page 3).

===Musical instruments===
''Cilappatikaram'' makes reference to five types of instruments: ''Tolkaruvi'' (lit. 'skin instruments' = percussion), ''Tulaikaruvi'' (lit. 'holed instruments' = wind instruments), ''Narambukaruvi'' (stringed instruments), ''Midatrukaruvi'' (vocalists) and ''Kanchakaruvi'' (gongs and cymbals). The flute and the ''yaazh'' were the most popular instruments, while there were numerous kinds of percussion instruments suited for various occasions. ''Cilappatikaram'' also contains detailed instructions on the art of tuning and playing the ''yaazh''.

==Devotional period==

Between the fifth and the sixth centuries the Tamil literature was dominated by a moralistic age during which a number of literary works of didactic nature were produced. These poets did not attach much importance to music in their compositions, being more concerned with ethics and morals of the people. However the underlying musical culture was not forgotten. For example, ''[[Tirukkural]]'' contains numerous allusions to music and the enjoyment of music. One famous example is the ''kural'' compares unfavourably the sweetness of the flute and the ''yaazh'' with the voice of children.

===Tevaram===
{{main|Tevaram}}

Tamil music revived with the advent of the Saiva and [[Vaishnava]] saints who composed thousands of hymns in popular language to spread their faith among common people. Saivite [[nayanmar]]s such as Appar, Thirugnana Sambanthar and [[Sundarar]] used the ancient ''panns'' to enable people to sing them in Temples. The Saiva ''[[Tevaram]]s'' and the Vaishna ''[[Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham]]s'' were instrumental in the revival and the popularisation of Tamil music. In addition to the ''panns'' for the melody, the ''Tevaram'' poems used '''santham''' (rhythm) such as ''thaana-thana-thaanaa-thanaa'' in their lyrics, providing a complete musical experience to the listener.

The traditional of religious singing continued for many centuries during which singers known as ''Othuvars'' sang the ''Tevaram'' songs in temples. The musical knowledge and skills were orally passed on through generations.
[[File:Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu - Hamsadhwani.wav|thumb|Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu]]

===Thiruppugazh===

{{main |Thiruppugazh}}

In the fifteenth century poet Arunagirinathar composed a series of poems known as ''[[Thiruppugazh]]''. Arunagirinathar represents a remarkable blend of Tamil literary genius, a high degree of devotion to Murugan and a musical expertise. Arunagirinathar was one of the first poet to set all his compositions to reverberating music in the style of "Santham" which means setting the verses within a certain length to conform with rhythm (''thala''). Arunagirinathar was the pioneer in the art of setting his poems to the sweet sounds of music. Just like the seven octaves in music, Arunagirinathar, is known as a ''santhakkavi'' – musical poet, uses certain repetitive phrases rhythmically to achieve movement and colour in his poems. By combining the Tamil hard or soft consonants and long or short vowels in different ways, Arunagirinathar produces hundreds of compound rhythmic words such as, ''tatta'', ''taatta'', ''tantha'', ''thaantha'', ''thaiya'', ''thanna'', ''thaana'', ''thanana'', etc. At the beginning of each poem in the ''Thiruppugazh'', Arunagirinathar gives the rhythm notations.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Parai - music instrument of south india.jpg
File:Uduku.JPG
File:Yaaz.jpg
File:"Tamil music troop".jpg
File:A tamil thappu.ogv|[[Parai Attam|Parai attam]]
File:A Sound from thappu- Tamilnadu.ogv|[[Parai Attam|Parai attam]]
File:Thannumai.jpg
File:Sangu.jpg
File:Parai attam.jpg
File:Venai.jpg
File:Thalam.jpg
File:Nadduvanka Thalam.jpg
File:A Drum instrument Thappu.JPG
File:Semakkalam.jpg
File:Thadduk kazhi.JPG
File:புல்லாங்குழல்.jpg
File:Semakkalam 2.jpg
File:Murasu.svg
File:A close-up of Pambai 1.JPG
File:Muzavu.jpg
File:திருவிழாவில் பறை.JPG
File:நாதசுரம்.JPG
File:Flat drum-India-TamilWord.18.2.jpg
File:7 mouthed pot (musical instrument).JPG
File:தமிழர் இசைக் கருவி 7.jpg
File:A depiction of Silambakattai.JPG
File:Thaarai Thappattai.jpeg
File:A closup of Urumi.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Tamil music]]
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Naattupurapaattu]]
* [[Pancha Marapu]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.tamilnation.org TamilNation]

{{Ancient music}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Tamil Music}}
[[Category:Tamil music]]
[[Category:Music history of India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]

Reservation in India

2026-03-12T23:56:35Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Form of affirmative action}}
{{Distinguish|Indian reservation|Indian reserve|text=[[Indian reservation]]s of Native Americans (dubbed "Indians") in the United States or [[Indian reserve]]s of First Nations (dubbed "Indians") in Canada}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

'''Reservation''' is a system of [[affirmative action]] in India that was established during the [[British Raj]]. Based on provisions in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], it allows the [[Government of India|union government]] and the [[States and Territories of India|states and union territories of India]] to allocate a specific percentage of '''''reserved quotas''' or '''seats''''', in higher education admissions, employment, [[Reserved political positions in India|political bodies]], etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soren |first=Chunuram |date=May 2022 |title=RESERVATION IN INDIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354024192 |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research |volume=10 |issue=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication|url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-bench-reservation|access-date=2020-12-19|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2020-06-11|title=Right to reservation is not a fundamental right, observes SC judge as parties withdraw plea for quota|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/right-to-reservation-is-not-fundamental-right-observes-judge-as-tn-parties-withdraw-plea-for-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/article31807732.ece|access-date=2020-12-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since its implementation, reservation has been a subject of massive debates and controversies over its impact, execution and effectiveness, significantly shaping the agendas of political parties and the actions of social groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-27 |title=Reservation as a political imperative |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/reservation-as-a-political-imperative/article32404792.ece |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

==History of reservation==

===Before independence===
Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before [[Independence of India|independence]] in the [[British Raj]]. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination has been made, for example, in 1881 and 1891.<ref name="ILI Law Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf|title=Rethinking Reservation in Higher EDUCATION in India|last=Laskar|first=Mehbubul Hassan|publisher=ILI Law Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081633/http://www.ili.ac.in/pdf/article_2.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012 |pages=29–30}}</ref> [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Chatrapati Shahu]] (aka Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj), the Maharaja of the [[princely state]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], introduced reservation in favor of non-[[Brahmin]] and backward classes, much of which came into effect in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of [[untouchability]]. His 1902 measures created 50 percent reservation for educationally deprived communities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghadyalpatil|first=Abhiram|date=2018-08-10|title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati of Kolhapur, a reformer ahead of his time|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PLkr7jdpCeZepho8RMVJbN/Rajarshi-Shahu-Chhatrapati-of-Kolhapur-a-reformer-ahead-of.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> In 1918, at the behest of several non-Brahmin organizations criticizing Brahmin domination of administration, the Mysore Raja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar]] created a committee to implement reservations for non-Brahmins in government jobs and education over the opposition of his Diwan [[M. Visvesvaraya|M. Viswesvaraya]], who resigned in protest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2020 }}</ref> On 16 September 1921, the first [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] government passed the first Communal Government Order (G. O. # 613), thereby becoming the first elected body in the Indian legislative history to legislate reservations, which have since become standard across the country.

The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Imperial parliament at Westminster]] introduced elements of reservation in the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence.<ref name="ILI Law Review" /> The depressed classes were provided some seats in 1919 before seeing further increase in 1925.<ref name="q721">{{cite book | last1=Boris | first1=E. | last2=Janssens | first2=A. | title=Complicating Categories: Gender, Class, Race and Ethnicity | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=International Review of Social History Supplements | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-521-78641-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWPGs-KXry4C&pg=PA59| page=59}}</ref>

In 1927, the [[Madras Presidency]] provided 44% reservation to Non-Brahmin Hindus, 16% to Brahmins, Muslims, Christians, and Anglo-Indians, and 8% to Scheduled Castes.<ref name="e289">{{cite book | last=Kandasamy | first=W.B.V. | title=Reservation for Other Backward Classes in Indian Central Government Institutions Like IITs, IIMs and AIIMS – A Study of the Role of Media Fuzzy Super FRM Models: A Study of the Role of Media Using Fuzzy Super Frm Models | publisher=Editura CuArt | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-59973-092-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrfdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212| page=212}}</ref><ref name="m317">{{cite web | title=69 percent quota: Advantage TN | website=The New Indian Express | date=2010-07-14 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/Jul/14/69-percent-quota-advantage-tn-169690.html}}</ref>

During the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference of June 1932]], the Prime Minister of Britain, [[Ramsay MacDonald]], proposed the [[Communal Award]], according to which separate representation was to be provided for [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Indian Christians]], [[Anglo-Indians]], and [[Europeans]]. The disadvantaged classes, roughly corresponding to the STs (Scheduled Tribes) and SCs (Scheduled Castes), were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: [[Mahatma Gandhi]] fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including [[B. R. Ambedkar]], had to favor it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate, with backward classes having more seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the [[Poona Pact]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transfer of Power in India |first=V. P. |last=Menon |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1957 |isbn=978-81-250-0884-2 |pages=49–50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxdwpfLfEeoC&pg=PA49}}</ref>

In 1942, the Scheduled Castes gained 8.5% reservation in central services and other facilities for the first time.<ref name="g301">{{cite book | last1=Yamamoto | first1=T. | last2=Ueda | first2=T. | title=Law and Democracy in Contemporary India: Constitution, Contact Zone, and Performing Rights | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Human Rights Interventions | year=2018 | isbn=978-3-319-95837-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 | access-date=2024-09-07 | page=33}}</ref>

===After independence===
After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favor of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SCs and STs) and after the 1980s in favour of OBCs (Other Backward Castes) and in 2019 for poor in the general category. The country's affirmative action program was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Development Report 2016|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|website=UNDP|access-date=21 March 2017|page=119}}</ref>

A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Untouchability in the Far East |jstor=2382914 |first=Herbert |last=Passin |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=October 1955 |pages=247–267|doi=10.2307/2382914 }}</ref>

In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 percent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 percent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 percent and 7.5 percent of vacancies in [[public sector]] and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Safeguards|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm|work=Department of Education|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063917/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref>

A significant change began in 1979 when the [[Mandal Commission]] or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes.<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|title=Who are the OBCs?|access-date=2006-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html |archive-date=27 June 2006 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Amit |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2006}}</ref> The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the [[Census of India prior to independence|1931 census]], thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent.<ref name=Ramaiah>{{Cite web |last=Ramaiah |first=A. |date=6 June 1992 |url=http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |title=Identifying Other Backward Classes |pages=1203–1207 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |access-date=2006-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230030051/http://www.tiss.edu/downloads/ppapers/pp1.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2005}}</ref> In 1980, the commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements.<ref name="Bhattacharya" /> It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls10/ses4/0507089201.htm |publisher=Parliament of India |access-date=2011-11-04}}</ref> In 2006, the Union government extended reservations for Other Backward Classes in institutes of higher education it substantially funded.<ref name="edu">{{cite web |title=How changes in the reservation system in 2006 sowed the seeds for today's campus tumult|date=4 April 2016 |url=https://scroll.in/article/805919/the-seeds-of-todays-ferment-in-central-universities-were-sown-in-2006|publisher=Scroll |access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref> In 2019 the government announces the 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker section of the general category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-15 |title=10% EWS quota comes into force |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-ews-quota-comes-into-force-5538567/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially, and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes."<ref>{{cite constitution |article=[[:s:Constitution of India/Part III|15]]|section=4 |country=India |language=en |ratified=1950 }}</ref> Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."<ref>{{cite constitution |article=46 |section=0 |country=India |language=en |ratified=1950 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(7).pdf|access-date=2013-09-08 }}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 percent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations.<ref name="sawhney" /> However, the recent amendment of the constitution exceeds 50% and also there are state laws that exceed this 50 percent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], the caste-based reservation stands at 69 percent and applies to about 89 percent of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dharmadhikari |first=Sanyukta |date=2021-03-29 |title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2024-04-03 |title=89% of Tamil Nadu's population already eligible for reservation, State tells Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/89-of-tamil-nadus-population-already-eligible-for-reservation-state-govt-tells-madras-high-court/article68024416.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 7 November 2022, [[Supreme Court of India]] by a 3:2 verdict in Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction carve out 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from [[Forward caste|unreserved classes]] for admission in educational institutions and government jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/quotas-poor-forward-castes-supreme-court-rule-8254179/|title=Quotas for poor among 'forward castes' upheld: Here's the case and what the SC has ruled|date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste-based reservation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-ews-quota-in-3-2-split-verdict-cji-in-minority/articleshow/95365168.cms|title=Supreme Court upholds EWS quota in 3-2 split verdict, CJI in minority|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/reservation-policy-cannot-stay-for-indefinite-period-says-supreme-court/article66108033.ece?homepage=true|title=Reservation policy cannot stay for indefinite period, says Supreme Court|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59.50% in central institutions.

On 1 August 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled 6:1 in favor of permitting states to create sub-quotas for Scheduled Castes and Tribes within their reservation schemes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Validity of Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/punjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Chief Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]] stated that Article 14 of the [[Constitution of India]] should be interpreted to mean "that the same law should apply to those who are similarly situated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories {{!}} Judgement Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-summary/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>" Justice [[Bela Trivedi]] provided the lone dissent, saying that states did not have the power to "tinker" with the 1950 Presidential List and that the sub-quotas violated Article 14. Justice [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B.R. Gavai]] concurred with Chief Justice Chandrachud, but added that the 'creamy layer' concept that applied to OBCs should apply to SC/ST groups as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories {{!}} Judgement Matrix |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-matrix/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reservation schemes==

{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{More citations needed section|date=December 2020}}
{{Cleanup MOS|section=section|date=April 2025|reason=grammar and capitalization at the beginning}}}}
[[File:Caste reservations in India.png|thumb|Caste reservations in universities and jobs of the [[Central govt of india|Central Govt.]]]]

===In employment===
Government and public sector will hire job seekers based on reservation percentage from two different categories :

# Reservation category (SC, ST, OBC, EWS and other minorities)
# Open category (General, SC, ST, OBC, EWS and other minorities).

While hiring, major priority is given to reservation category including 33% reservation for Women, priority in hiring is given by :

* Other minorities Women
* ST Women
* SC Women
* ST Men
* SC Men
* OBC Women
* OBC Men
* EWS Women
* EWS Men

and then after Open category will be considered.

Government and public sector hiring based on merit in open category and one more anomaly here i.e., priority in hiring is the same as for the reserved category.

The landmark initiative of Special Recruitment for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in Government jobs was started in Kerala in 1972 by Vella Eacharan. The 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]] case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjps-obc-pitch-how-stronger-new-backward-classes-panel-will-function-4617203/|title=BJP's OBC pitch: How stronger new backward classes panel will function|date=18 April 2017|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="sawhney">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1363234/ |title=Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992 |publisher=IndianKanoon.org |quote="(4) Reservation being an extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats. Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%.", "Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to being brought in the group would be treating equals unequally. It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it." |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>

In 1995, the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|77th amendment]] to the Constitution was made to amend [[s:Constitution of India/Part III#Article 16 .7BEquality of opportunity in matters of public employment. 7D|Article 16]] before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm |title=Seventy Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref> It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of ''consequential seniority'' to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend85.htm |title=Eighty Fifth Amendment |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>

The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend81.htm |title=Eighty First Amendment |date=29 August 1997 |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref> The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend82.htm |title=Eighty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>

The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in ''M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others'', mainly on the ground that these altered the [[basic structure doctrine|Basic Structure of the Constitution]]. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely [[enabling act|enabling provisions]]. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.<ref name="M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union Of India & Others on 19 October 2006">{{cite web |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/102852/ |title=M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India & Others on 19 October 2006 |quote="We reiterate that the ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse.", "As stated above, the impugned provision is an enabling provision. The State is not bound to make reservation for SC/ST in matter of promotions." |access-date=2012-08-22 |first=S. H.|last=Kapadia}}</ref>

In 2007, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the [[Allahabad High Court]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Promotion-quota-not-legally-sustainable-HC/articleshow/7220180.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126084309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-05/lucknow/28363783_1_consequential-seniority-promotion-quota-reservation |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Promotion quota not legally sustainable: HC |date=5 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=2012-08-10}}</ref> The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Supreme-Court-upholds-High-courts-decision-to-quash-quota-in-promotion/articleshow/12903017.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-28/lucknow/31451487_1_consequential-seniority-due-promotions-reservation |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion |date=28 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=2012-08-10}}</ref>

===In education===
Universities allot seats based on reservation percentage from the same two categories, that is :

# Reservation category
# Open category

Government Universities will allot based on the same priority as previously mentioned, along with, reservation percentage under consideration for entrance exams fees, for cut off marks, for allotment of seats and also applicable to other government schemes.

In India student aids are available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of student aids in India is based on merit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-can-you-guess-how-many-indians-get-merit-based-scholarships/20140901.htm|title=Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarship
|date=1 September 2014|work=Rediff|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref>

=== States ===
In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs).<ref name="AAPE">{{cite web|title=Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~ss5mj/Peereffects_April12_2011.pdf|publisher=Virginia University, Virginia|access-date=2011-11-05}}</ref> This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%<ref name="AAPE" /> by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]]). Some states and UTs have reservations for females which varies from 5% to 33.33%.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Percentages of reservation for each state<ref>{{cite report |title=Reservation guidelines |url=https://www.istm.gov.in/uploads/tenders/1608195566RIS.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812173659/https://www.istm.gov.in/uploads/tenders/1608195566RIS.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref>
!State/UT
![[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
![[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
![[Other Backward Class|OBC]]
![[Economically Weaker Section|EWS]]
!Other Reservations
!Total
|-
![[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2021-07-15 |title=A.P. govt announces 10% reservation for EWS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-govt-announces-10-reservation-for-ews/article35337212.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|15
|6
|29
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|
|12
|38
|
|
|50
|-
![[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY THIRD AMENDMENT) ACT 2000{{!}}Legislative Department {{!}} Ministry of Law and Justice {{!}} GoI |url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-eighty-third-amendment-act#:~:text=Arunachal%20Pradesh%20is%20a%20State,any%20law%20to%20that%20effect. |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=legislative.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|80
|
|
|
|80
|-
![[Assam]]
|7
|12
|27
|10
|
|56
|-
![[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=Patna high court strikes down Bihar govt's 65% reservation in jobs, education |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/patna-high-court-strikes-down-bihar-govts-65-reservation-in-jobs-education/articleshow/111131372.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|16
|1
|33
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Chandigarh]]
|
|
|27
|
|
|27
|-
![[Chhattisgarh]]
|13
|32
|14
|10
|
|69
|-
![[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|3
|9
|27
|
|
|39
|-
![[Delhi]]
|15
|7
|27
|10
|
|59
|-
![[Goa]]
|2
|12
|27
|10
|
|51
|-
![[Gujarat]]
|7
|14
|27
|10
|
|58
|-
![[Haryana]]
|20
|
|23
|10
|
|53
|-
![[Himachal Pradesh]]
|25
|4
|20
|10
|
|59
|-
![[Jharkhand]]
|10
|26
|14
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Karnataka]]
|17
|7
|32
|10
|
|66
|-
![[Kerala]]
|8
|2
|40
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Lakshadweep]]
|
|100
|
|
|
|100
|-
![[Madhya Pradesh]]
|16
|20
|14
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=No error in junking Maratha quota, won't review it: Supreme Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-error-in-junking-maratha-quota-wont-review-it-supreme-court/articleshow/99676859.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-06 |title=Supreme Court throws out Maratha quota law, cites 50% reservation cap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-quashes-maharashtra-law-granting-reservation-to-maratha-community-7302656/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|13
|7
|32
|10
|1(Orphan)
|63
|-
![[Manipur]]
|3
|34
|17
|
|
|54
|-
![[Meghalaya]]
|
|80
|
|
|
|80
|-
![[Mizoram]]
|
|80
|
|
|
|80
|-
![[Nagaland]]
|
|80
|
|
|
|80
|-
![[Odisha]]
|16
|22
|11
|10
|
|59
|-
![[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|16
|
|34
|
|
|50
|-
![[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|29
|
|12
|10
|
|51
|-
![[Rajasthan]]
|16
|12
|21
|10
|5 for MBC
|64
|-
![[Sikkim]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department Of Personnel {{!}} State Portal-Sikkim |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/department-of-personnel-public-grievances |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=sikkim.gov.in}}</ref>
|7
|18
|40
|
|20
|85
|-
![[Tamil Nadu]]
|18
|1
|50
|
|
|69
|-
![[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tspsc.gov.in/FAQ.jsp%3C/ | title=Telangana State Public Service Commission }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|15
|10
|29
|10
|
|64
|-
![[Tripura]]
|17
|31
|2
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Uttar Pradesh]]
|21
|2
|27
|10
|
|60
|-
![[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Determination of Post Based Roster Policy|url=https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf|language=hi|website=[[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]|date=22 May 2020|access-date=7 November 2022|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129135628/https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|19
|4
|14
|10
|
|47
|-
![[West Bengal]]
|22
|6
|17
|10
|
|55
|}
The exact percentages vary from state to state:

* In [[Tamil Nadu]], OBC reservation is divided into 26.5% Backward Caste, 3.5 Backward Caste (M) and 20% Most Backward Caste and 10.5% sub quota for Vanniyars, introduced by AIADMK in 2020,7% for DNT. The 7.5% for Vanniyars was quashed void by Madras High Court. The SC quota has 3% sub-quota for [[Arunthathiyar|Arunthatiyars]], introduced by DMK in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108754|title=Status of Reservation of OBC in Various States|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>
* In [[Maharashtra]] in addition to the reservation for SC/ST/OBC, there is 2% for SBCs, 3% for Nomadic Tribes – NT-A ([[Denotified Tribes|Vimukta jati]]), 2.5% for NT-B, 3.5% for NT-C ([[Dhangar]]), 2% for NT-D ([[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]]), 10% for SEBC ([[Maratha]]) and 1% for [[Orphan]].
* In Northeast India, e.g. in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram, reservation for ST in State Govt. jobs is 80% with only 20% unreserved. In the Central Universities of [[North-Eastern Hill University|NEHU]] (Shillong) and [[Rajiv Gandhi University]], 60% of seats are reserved for ST students.
* In [[West Bengal]], the OBC community is divided into OBC A & B.<ref name="anagrasarkalyan.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in|title=Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal|access-date=2015-02-02}}</ref> In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes (basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler, weaver etc.) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in the OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B, in both lists caste from both communities are there. But in higher educational institutes, till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary, secondary and higher secondary studies.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/reserv-1.html|title=BCW Department-Govt of West Bengal, Reservation|access-date=2015-02-02|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228185942/http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/reserv-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="anagrasarkalyan.gov.in" />

==Gender==

=== Cisgender women ===
The [[Women's Reservation Bill]] was passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favor and 1 against. As of March 2013, the [[Lok Sabha]] has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidates especially when applying reservation for educated women. The criticism points that the policy benefits women that have access to political capital through family circles and are faced with the burden of a huge learning curve. Again, women are divided among caste and class lines with this dichotomy playing an important role in deciding how the presence of women in the lowest tier of governance impact the problems faced by the women of the constituency<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M S|first=Navaneeth|title=Reservations for Women in Kerala's Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344275338|journal=International Journal of Law Management and Humanities|volume=3|pages=4}}</ref>

In Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 32% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration.<ref name="Deccan Herald 2014">{{cite web | title=33% reservation for women in all Gujarat state government jobs | website=Deccan Herald | date=13 October 2014 | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/435789/33-reservation-women-all-gujarat.html | access-date=2015-09-03}}</ref><ref name="dnax2014">{{cite web | title=Gujarat increases women's reservation to 33% in government jobs | website=dna | date=14 October 2014 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-increases-women-s-reservation-to-33-in-government-jobs-2025919 | access-date=2015-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Arora|first=N.D.|title=Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=SA5-PA19|isbn=978-0-07-009094-1}}</ref> From 2015 onwards Kerala has implemented a 55% reservation for all posts of its local self governing bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local body polls: Women fight on two fronts as parties reluctant to give out general seats|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/11/22/kerala-local-body-polls-parties-refuse-to-field-women-in-general-seats.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

On 28 September 2023, the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India]] was given ascension after having been introduced during the Special Session of the Parliament of India. The amendment seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the Lok Sabha and elected state legislative assemblies for women.

=== Transgender and non-binary people ===
In 2017, a drafting committee in Karnataka crafted a policy to create a 1% reservation for [[Hijra (South Asia)|transgender people]] in education and employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-27 |title=Transgender policy cleared by Karnataka cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/transgender-policy-cleared-by-karnataka-cabinet-4909196/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 21 July 2021, Karnataka implemented the policy, making the state the first in the country to provide one percent reservation for the transgender community in all government services. The government submitted a report to the High Court in this regard, informing that a notification had already been issued after amending the Karnataka Civil Service. The job could be given to males or females, from the same category, in case of the non-availability of transgender candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Is The First State To Provide 1% Reservation To Transgenders In Govt Services|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/karnataka-reservation-to-transgenders-in-govt-services-545457.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=India Times|date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

On April 6, 2015, the [[Tamil Nadu]] government's [[Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|BCC Department]] issued a government order classifying transgender persons under [[Other Backward Class]] status as a caste identity if lacking a community certificate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.A |first=Pon Vasanth |date=2017-05-16 |title=Withholding of my appointment orders unfair: transwoman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/transwoman/article18468533.ece |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (BCC) Department | url=https://www.mrb.tn.gov.in/GOs/bcmbc_e_28_2015.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806054501/http://www.mrb.tn.gov.in/GOs/bcmbc_e_28_2015.pdf | archive-date=6 August 2016 | access-date=7 June 2024 | url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Madras High Court]] struck down the order and directed the Tamil Nadu government to provide 1% horizontal reservations to the transgender community in education and employment, ruling that the GO violated Articles 14, 15, 16, 19 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India]], as well as the [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]] verdict.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigamany |first=Azeefa Fathima, Vidya |date=2024-06-02 |title=Madras HC directs TN government to implement horizontal reservation for trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madras-hc-directs-tn-government-to-implement-horizontal-reservation-for-trans-persons |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, the [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered the government of [[West Bengal]] to establish a 1% quota in public employment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=Calcutta HC orders 1% transgender quota in govt employments in West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/calcutta-high-court-directs-west-bengal-government-to-ensure-1-transgender-job-quota/articleshow/111046352.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Religion==
While courts have ruled that reservations on the basis of religion are unconstitutional, several state governments have allotted reservations to religious minorities or backward classes among religious minorities on the basis of socio-educational backwardness and representation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Faizee |first=Shameem |date=2010-02-23 |title=Reservation on basis of religion |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reservation-on-basis-of-religion/articleshow/5605613.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Expert Explains: A brief history of religion-based reservations in India; the question of Muslims' inclusion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/expert-explains-the-muslim-quota-question-9312311/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Tamil Nadu]] government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{Cite news|last=Viswanathan |first=S. |title=A step forward |newspaper=Frontline |volume=24 |issue=22 |date=16 November 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2422/stories/20071116502203400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120195956/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fline/fl2422/stories/20071116502203400.htm |archive-date=20 November 2010 }}</ref>

The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 percent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/interim-relief-to-ap-on-muslim-reservation/article304480.ece|title=Interim relief to AP on Muslim reservation|work=The Hindu|date=25 March 2010|access-date=2015-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-to-hear-govt-on-Muslim-quota/articleshow/15113941.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/india/32827015_1_muslim-sub-quota-central-educational-institutions-constitution-bench|archive-date=2013-06-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Supreme Court to hear govt on Muslim quota|date=24 July 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=2015-06-14}}</ref> The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-seeks-scs-approval-on-muslim-reservation/articleshow/30704696.cms?from=mdr|title=Centre Seeks SCs approval on Muslim Reservation|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> [[Kerala Public Service Commission]] has a quota of 12% for Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2020|title=Reservation chart by Kerala Public Service Commission|url=https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php/rotation-chart}}</ref> Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as [[List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities|backward Muslims]], making them eligible for reservation.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Criticism, controversies and protests==
The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with [[Hindu]] OBC communities.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/4-5-quota-fails-to-impress-Muslims-in-Uttar-Pradesh/articleshow/11213735.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510190929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/lucknow/30550356_1_muslims-christian-dalits-religion-based-reservation | archive-date=10 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh | url-status=live | date=23 December 2011}}</ref> It was alleged that the decision was announced as the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct.<ref name="Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Election-Commission-stalls-4-5-sub-quota-in-poll-states/articleshow/11455889.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/india/30619149_1_obc-quota-muslims-hindu-obcs | archive-date=10 May 2013 | title=Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states | date=12 January 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live | access-date=2012-05-28 }}</ref> Later, Justice Sachar, head of the [[Sachar Committee]] that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the [[Islam in India|Muslim community of India]], criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.<ref name="Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/228547/govt-trying-befool-minorities-quota.html | title=Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar | date=19 February 2012 | access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref>

On 28 May 2012, the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticized the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government.".<ref name="HC Quashes Center's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities">{{cite news | url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946 | title=HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities | date=28 May 2012 | access-date=2012-05-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529034931/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946 | archive-date=29 May 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Mandal Commission protests of 1990 ===
{{main|Mandal Commission protests of 1990}}
Mandal commission protests of 1990 were against reservation in government jobs based on caste in [[India]].

=== 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests ===
{{main|2006 Indian anti-reservation protests}}
The 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests were a series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], led by the [[Indian National Congress]]-headed multiparty coalition [[United Progressive Alliance]], to implement reservations for the [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education. This move led to massive protests, particularly from students and doctors belonging to the [[forward caste]]s, who claimed that the government's proposal was discriminatory, discarded [[meritocracy]] and was driven by ''[[Votebank|vote-bank politics]]''.

=== Agitations demanding more reservation ===
In 2008 and 2010, the [[Gujjar]] community in Rajasthan [[Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan|demanded]] reclassification from OBC to ST ([[Scheduled Tribes]]) for increased reservation benefits. They began violently protesting on the streets of Rajasthan and blocked several rail lines. Police firing on Gujjars began a tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Police and Gujjars. The violence ended with 37 people dead. Their move was opposed by the Meenas, the main ST community in Rajasthan.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 2019, the agitation restarted as Gujjars demanded 5% reservation, and began blocking trains to this effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ten-trains-affected-as-gujjar-quota-agitation-enters-day-3-1452589-2019-02-10|title=10 trains affected as Gujjar quota agitation enters Day 3|date=February 10, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

[[Jats]] have been demanding OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, they began an [[Jat reservation agitation|agitation]] to get this status. To this effect they began protesting by blockading roads and lines, but later the protests turned violent. Riots spread to Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, and even Rajasthan. The epicentre of the violence was in [[Rohtak|Rothak]], and almost ₹34000 crores ($4.8 billion) worth of property was damaged and 30 were killed. Bowing to the pressure, the Haryana government created a special category for Jats and other upper castes called BC, and appointed 10% reservation, but the measure was blocked in court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Jats, Marathas, and Patels Want Quotas, But Do They Need Them?|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/jats-patels-and-marathas-want-quotas-but-do-they-deserve-them|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref>

Beginning in 2015, the [[Patidar]] community (better known as Patel) began [[Patidar reservation agitation|agitating for OBC status]] in Gujarat. This movement consisted of massive demonstrations across the state, led by Hardik Patel. Later many of these protests turned violent, resulting in curfews across the state and crores worth of damage. Talks with the government broke down, and the violence restarted. After the Jat agitation began in 2016, the Patidars flared up again and led a march through Gujarat, but protests in several cities turned violent and the [[Rapid Action Force]] was sent in.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2016, the [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] community in Andhra Pradesh began leading protests to be classified in Backward Classes. The agitation became violent when in [[Tuni]], Kapu protestors set trains on fire.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-03|title=Andhra's caste reservation protests to return? Garp leaders chalk out action plan|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhras-caste-reservation-protests-return-garp-leaders-chalk-out-action-plan-53778|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2019, the [[Telugu Desam Party]] which had just been made opposition, tabled a bill to have a 5% sub-quota for Kapus out of EWS reservation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-17|title=Why trouble is brewing in Andhra over Garp reservation once more|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-trouble-brewing-andhra-over-garp-reservation-once-more-105610|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], the dominant caste of Maharashtra, have been agitating for OBC status since the 1990s. In 2016, after the rape and murder of a 15-year old Maratha girl in Kopardi, the Maratha community organized [[Maratha Kranti Morcha|massive protests]] throughout Maharashtra. Their demands included death for the accused as well as reservations for the Maratha community which makes up around 30% of the state's population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=Marathas 28% of state population, 84% of them from non-creamy layer: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/marathas-28-of-state-population-84-from-non-creamy-layer-report/articleshow/107866814.cms#:~:text=FEBRUARY%2021,%202024-,Marathas%2028%25%20of%20state%20population,%2084%25%20of%20them%20from%20non-creamy%20layer,-:%20Report |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Some road blocks turned violent in 2017 and 2018, but overall the protests were peaceful. Their demand was met when the Maharashtra government instituted a special SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes) category for them with 16% reservation.<ref name=":0" /> The Supreme Court of India later however, declared the SEBC reservation for Marathas as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Supreme Court declares Maratha quota law unconstitutional |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-declares-maratha-quota-law-unconstitutional/article34487043.ece|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

Brahmins (8-10% of Maharashtra), under the group Samast Brahmin Samaj have protested in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] & [[Sambhaji Nagar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-31 |title=Maharashtra Brahmins unhappy, want separate 4% reservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-brahmins-unhappy-want-separate-4-reservation/articleshow/67765301.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-23 |title=Brahmin community demands reservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/brahmin-community-demands-reservation/articleshow/80412555.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> been put forth 15 demands including "additional 4% reservations under EWS" and a fixed pension of Rs.5000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=After Marathas, now Brahmins to protest in Mumbai for reservations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-marathas-now-brahmins-to-protest-in-mumbai-for-reservations/story-LDdoR4DCAWbJ9J5gFclCTO.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> for their community citing the 'rise of economical backwardness amongst them and unemployment with only have 120 days of work'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-03 |title=After Marathas, Brahmins in Maharashtra seek reservation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-marathas-brahmins-in-maharashtra-seek-reservation/articleshow/66916397.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=have%20sought%20reservations.-,Anand%20Dave,%20chief%20of%20Akhil%20Bhartiya%20Brahman%20Mahasangh,%20has%20sought%20a,money%20to%20complete%20their%20education,%20and%20therefore,%20they%20need%20reservation.,-Dave%20said%20the |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Economic status ==
The Union Government tabled the [https://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Constitution-One-Hundred-and-Third-Amendment-Act-2019..pdf Constitution (One Hundred And Twenty-Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019] which provided 10% additional quota for the [[economically weaker sections]] amongst the erstwhile unreserved category students. The definition of 'economically weaker sections' will be defined by the State from time to time.<ref>
[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/et-explains-what-is-constitution-one-hundred-and-twenty-fourth-amendment-bill-2019/articleshow/67448343.cms ET Explains: What is Constitution (One Hundred And third Amendment) Bill, 2019?], The Economic Times, 9 January 2019.
</ref> The constitutional amendment has laid down that they will be restricted to people with household income less than 8 Lakh per annum and those who own agricultural land below five acres. ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' has commented that these criteria cover almost 100 percent of the population.<ref>
[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/in-depth-who-is-eligible-for-the-new-reservation-quota-for-general-category/story/308062.html In-depth: Who is eligible for the new reservation quota for general category?], Business Today, 8 January 2019.
</ref> Several petitions have been filed before the [[Supreme Court of India]] challenging the legality of this amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onelawstreet.com/challenge-to-reservation-for-economically-poor/|title=Challenge to reservation for economically poor|date=2019-02-11|website=1, Law Street|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

==Exclusions==
In the reservation system in India, the central government notifies castes as SC, ST, or OBC categories based on socio-historical background, while exclusion from reservation benefits is determined by an individual's socio-economic status, nativeness, and religion. For SC and ST individuals, pre-exclusion criteria are employed, while post-exclusion criteria are used for OBCs.<ref>{{cite report|title=Reservation Brochure|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reservation_Brochure-2.pdf }}</ref>

*For ST individuals, the following categories are not entitled to benefit from the reservation system:
** Immigration from a Scheduled State/UT to a non-Scheduled State/UT.{{efn|name=SCSTlimitation|a). If an individual has migrated recently and temporarily, they can't claim reservation in respect to the migrated state/UT but can claim it in respect to the state/UT of origin.
b). If individuals have migrated permanently in the recent past and have a notable population of the community in the migrated state/UT, the community is mostly notified as OBC or, in some cases, as SC.}}

* For SC individuals, the following categories are not entitled to benefit from the reservation system:
** Immigration from a Scheduled State/UT to a non-Scheduled State/UT.{{efn|name=SCSTlimitation}}
** Professing religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.{{efn|SC individuals who have converted to Christianity or its progeny generally fall into OBC categories in most states.}}
* For OBC's people the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system:
** Children of officials in high office as per the Constitution.{{efn|Included among the high office holders are the [[President of India]], the [[Vice-President of India]], Judges of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts chairman, the members of [[Union Public Service Commission]], members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes">{{cite web|title=Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 – Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others (16.11.1992)|url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf|work=National Commission for Backward Classes|access-date=2011-11-05}}</ref>}}
** Children of civil servants in high positions.{{efn|Included among this category are Class I or Class II officers, unless dead or incapacitated.<ref>[http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/OfficeMemorandum.pdf Office Memorandum], ncbc.nic.in, pp. 7–8</ref> The criteria used for Group A and B are the same as the employees of the Public sector.<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes" />}}
** Children of [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]] officers of high rank.{{efn|High ranks include the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the [[Indian Navy|Navy]], the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that-
# "the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]] (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel."
# "the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together"
# "if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes" />}}
** Children of professionals and those engaged in trade and industry.{{efn|If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, [[chartered accountant]], income tax consultant, financial or [[management consultant]], [[dental surgeon]], engineer, architect, [[computer specialist]], film artist or other film professionals, author, playwright, [[sports person]], sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife does not then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration. The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBCs and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes" />}}
** Children of property owners.{{efn|Included in this category are those who have [[irrigated land]] area which is equal to or more than 85% of the [[statutory]] ceiling area will be excluded from the reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes" />}}
** Children of people with annual income exceeding {{INR}}8,00,000{{efn|This income does not include salaried income and agricultural income}} (regarded as the "[[creamy layer]]").<ref name="National Commission for Backward Classes" />

Institutions of Excellence, research institutions, Institutions of National and Strategic Importance such as [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] and its ten constituent units, the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (Mumbai), the [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]] (Shillong), [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (Ahmedabad), the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (Thiruvananthapuram) and the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (Dehradun) do not have reservations for higher education.{{efn|Such institutions include the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] and its ten constituent units, the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (Mumbai), the [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]] (Shillong), [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (Ahmedabad), the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (Thiruvananthapuram) and the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (Dehradun).<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=23895|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=2015-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaresultup.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3335.pdf|title=Extraordinary Part II - Section I|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054931/https://indiaresultup.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3335.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} However Institutes of National Importance such as [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iima.ac.in/web/pgp/apply/domestic/important-information|title=Two-Year Post Graduate Programme in Management|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307213820/https://www.iima.ac.in/web/pgp/apply/domestic/important-information|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2020/reservation.html|title=Reservation of Seats|publisher=UCEED|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165735/http://www.uceed.iitb.ac.in/2020/reservation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NIT) and Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) have provision of reservation in admission process for undergraduate and graduate programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nitp.ac.in/php/facilities.php?pp=concession|title=Concessions Provided for Students|publisher=National Institute of Technology Patna}}</ref>

On 27 October 2015, the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-specialty medical courses are kept "unreserved, open and free" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151028/jsp/nation/story_50076.jsp*.VjByp89X6KA|title=No quota in higher medicine: SC|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=27 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Scheduled Caste (SC)
!Scheduled Tribe (ST)
!Other Backward Classes (OBC)<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=India |title=Supreme Court keeps stated salary and agriculture out of creamy layer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/supreme-court-keeps-stated-salary-and-agriculture-out-of-creamy-layer/cid/1827992 |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=ThePrint |title=Weeks before UP polls, Modi govt shelves proposal to change eligibility for OBC creamy layer |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/weeks-before-up-polls-modi-govt-shelves-proposal-to-change-eligibility-for-obc-creamy-layer/781628/ |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Economic Times |title=Govt takes OBC creamy layer to drawing board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-takes-obc-creamy-layer-to-drawing-board/articleshow/88841003.cms |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref>
!Economically Weaker Section (EWS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form of Certificate to be Produced by a Candidate Belonging to Ews Category |url=https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/19/PDF/EWS_Category_2022.pdf |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110755/https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/19/PDF/EWS_Category_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advertisement of Non-Faculty Posts (02/2023 to 06/2023) |website=National Institute of Technology Jalandhar |url=https://www.nitj.ac.in/nitj_files/links/Advt_02_to_06_of_23_(Non_Faculty)_95223.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The Economic Times |title=Rs 8 lakh income criterion for EWS more stringent than one for OBC creamy layer: Centre to Supreme Court |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-8-lakh-income-criterion-for-ews-more-stringent-than-one-for-obc-creamy-layer-centre-to-supreme-court/articleshow/88651219.cms |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) in direct recruitment in civil posts and services in the Government of India |website=Department of Personnel & Training |url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/ewsf28fT.PDF |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1. Reservation % of Government of India.
| style="text-align:center"| 15%
| style="text-align:center"| 7.5%
| style="text-align:center"| 27%
| style="text-align:center"| 10%
|-
|2. Is the criteria of 'Government Jobs' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility?
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Applicable. Children of governmental staff belonging to 'Group A' or equivalent categories are not eligible for OBC reservation. There are some criteria for 'Group B' staff also.
|Not Applicable.
|-
|3. Is the criteria of 'Income Limit' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility?
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Applicable. Annual family (other) income of 8 lakhs. Only 'Other Income' is considered. Salary and agricultural income not included while calculating annual family income.
|Applicable. Those with 'Annual family income of 8 lakhs' and above are not eligible. While calculating annual family income, all types of income – (including salary and agricultural income) are included.
|-
|4. Is the criteria of 'Limit on agricultural land' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility?
|Not Applicable
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Applicable. Those families with '5 acres of agricultural land and above' are not eligible.
|-
|5. Is the criteria of 'Limit on residential flat area' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility?
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Applicable. Those with 'Residential flat of 1000 sq. ft and above' are not eligible.
|-
|6. Is the criteria of 'Limit on residential plot area' applicable to this category for reservation eligibility?
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Not Applicable.
|Applicable. Those families with 'Residential plot of 100 sq. yards and above in notified municipalities' are not eligible. Those families with 'Residential plot of 200 sq. yards and above in other areas' are not eligible.
|-
|7. Is this reserved category eligible for the seats of (merit/ non-reserved) category?
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|8. Is the general category (non-reserved/ merit) eligible to apply in this reserved category?
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-size: 80%; font-style: italic;"|Note: The above table is valid as of January 31, 2023.
|}

==Creamy layer==
{{Main|Creamy layer}}

The term ''creamy layer'' was first coined in 1974 in the ''State of Kerala vs N. M. Thomas'' case when Justice VR Krishna Iyer said that the "benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class, thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole of the cake".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=5862|title=Supreme Court Of India – Judgement Information System|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054031/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=5862|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/scourge-of-reservation-the-invisible-creamy-layer.html|title=Scourge of reservation: The invisible creamy layer|publisher=The Pioneer}}</ref>

The 1992 [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]] judgement laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50.21 percent quotas, emphasised the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-order-reserved/|title=Explained: Order reserved|date=23 March 2015 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/building-a-just-society/|title=For an equitable society, reservations must be extended to private sector|date=23 October 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/plea-to-reconsider-judgment-in-indra-sawhney-case-of-1992/article1897463.ece|title=Plea to reconsider judgement in Indra Sawhney case of 1992|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2007 }}</ref> The creamy layer applies only to OBCs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cant-keep-SC/ST-creamy-layer-out-of-quota-benefits/articleshow/46914401.cms|title='Can't keep SC/ST creamy layer out of quota benefits' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 April 2015 |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993 and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, ₹4.5 lakh in 2008 and ₹6 lakh in 2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹8 lakh (in September 2017).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Raise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel/articleshow/47155884.cms|title=Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2015 }}</ref> In October 2015, the [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] (NCBC) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to ₹15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBC-panel-backs-off-wont-make-creamy-layer-reservation-criteria-stringent/articleshow/49545470.cms?|title=OBC panel backs off, won't make 'creamy layer' reservation criteria stringent|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 October 2015 }}</ref>

The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into "backward", "more backward" and "extremely backward" groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBC-sub-division-relaxing-creamy-layer-is-a-must-NCBC-tells-govt/articleshow/49532421.cms|title=OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Raise-creamy-layer-to-Rs-10-5-lakh-OBC-panel/articleshow/47155884.cms|title=Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel|work=The Times of India|date=5 May 2015 |access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref>

==Reservation in states==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2020}}

; Andhra Pradesh :
Andhra Pradesh state percentage of reservation is around 50%. Including the overall 1/3 reservation for women, 66.66% of seats are reserved in Andhra Pradesh in education and government jobs.

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 15%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 6%
{{•}} Backward Classes (A, B, C, D) – 27%
{{•}} Physically Handicapped (Blind, Deaf & Dumb and OPH) – 3% (1% each)
{{•}} Ex-servicemen (APMS only) – 1% (0.5% in general category)
{{•}} Women – 33.33% (in all categories, means 16.66% in general category)

Andhra Pradesh BC quota has sub-quotas for castes, classified in A, B, C and D. Addition of disabled, ex-serviceman, women in general category 16.66% makes total reservation percentage 66.66%.

; Arunachal Pradesh :
Arunachal Pradesh has 80% reservation for Scheduled Tribes.

; Assam :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 7%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 12%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 27%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

Assam provides sub quotas for several other communities such as Morans, [[Moamoria|Mataks]] and [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea Tribes]] in medical colleges under the OBC category. In November 2020, Assam's cabinet extended this reservation to [[Rajbongshi people|Koch-Rajbongshis]], [[Ahom people|Ahoms]] and [[Chutia people|Chutias]]. These six communities are demanding Scheduled Tribe status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-01|title=Poll-bound Assam reserves medical seats for 3 communities demanding ST status|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/poll-bound-assam-reserves-medical-seats-for-3-communities-demanding-st-status/article32996633.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In January 2019, Assam approved EWS reservation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-22|title=Assam Becomes Fourth State to Approve 10% Quota for Economically Weaker Sections|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/assam-becomes-fourth-state-to-approve-10-quota-for-economically-weaker-sections-2010167.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

; Bihar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Bihar assembly clears bill to hike reservation to 75% |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-assembly-clears-bill-to-hike-reservation-nitish-kumar-caste-survey-101699521752737.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>:

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 20%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 2%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 43%
{{•}}Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

First implemented in 1970 by [[Karpoori Thakur]], Bihar has a sub-quota within OBC quota of 18% for Extremely Backward Castes (EBCs) and 3% for Backward Caste women in government jobs and educational institutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html|title=203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2018|first=Madan|last=Kumar|title=EBC: Nitish bats for EBC quota in central jobs, varsities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-bats-for-ebc-quota-in-central-jobs-varsities/articleshow/62641063.cms|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> EWS reservation was implemented in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2019-01-21|title=10% reservation for EWS will be implemented in Bihar too, says Nitish Kumar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-reservation-for-ews-will-be-implemented-in-bihar-too-says-nitish-kumar/article26049906.ece|access-date=2021-03-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Reservation in the State of Bihar was increased on 9 November 2023.With the existing 10% quota for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), the effective quota will be 75%.
The main beneficiaries are the EBCs and OBCs, whose quota is proposed to be raised from 12% to 25% and 8% to 18% respectively. According to [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]], 36.01% of the population are EBCs, and 27.13% are OBCs.For SCs, the proposed new quota is 20%, up from the existing 14%. The SC population is estimated at 19.65%. The quota for STs, however, is proposed to be slashed from 10% to 2%. With most of the tribal areas going to Jharkhand after the bifurcation of Bihar in 2000, the tribal population in Bihar is less than 2%.

; Chhattisgarh :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 12% ( now 16%)
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 32% ( now 20%)
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 14%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – no provision

Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vijay Singh Thakur|date=Mar 2, 2020|title=Chhattisgarh: Ordinance on OBC quota hike to 27% has lapsed, says high court {{!}} Raipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-ordinance-on-obc-quota-hike-to-27-has-lapsed-says-high-court/articleshow/74437913.cms|access-date=2021-10-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

; Delhi :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes - 15%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes - 7%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes - 27%

Since Delhi is a Union territory and subject to the Central government, government jobs in Delhi are designated Central Government jobs. In a 2018 Supreme Court decision, it was decided that since Delhi is the capital and no one is an "outsider" there reservations in the territory should follow the all-India pattern. Furthermore, these reserved jobs are open from reserved communities from outside Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Amit Anand|date=30 August 2018|title=Delhi to follow pan India rule for SC/ST reservation, people from other states are entitled: SC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-to-follow-pan-india-rule-for-sc/st-reservation-people-from-other-states-are-entitled-sc/articleshow/65611847.cms|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

; Goa :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 2%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 12%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 27%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%
{{•}} Physically handicapped - 3%
{{•}} Ex-servicemen - 2%
{{•}} Sportspersons - 3%

In 2014, the quota for OBC reservation was raised from 19.5% to 27%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 16, 2014|title=Goa govt increases quota for OBCs in jobs to 27% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-govt-increases-quota-for-obcs-in-jobs-to-27/articleshow/28859873.cms|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In June 2019, Goa implemented EWS reservation in jobs and education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 23, 2019|title=Goa and J&K govt order 10% EWS quota to be implemented in jobs and education|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/goa-and-j-k-govt-order-10-ews-quota-to-be-implemented-in-jobs-and-education-1554512-2019-06-23|access-date=2021-02-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

; Gujarat :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 7%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 15%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 27%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

Gujarat also implemented a 33% reservation for general category women in government jobs. The government also banned reserved category applicants from competing for general category seats, but this was revoked in 2020. Similarly the women reservation was made cutting across all categories in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=Gujarat government in fix over its resolution for open category reservation|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/gujarat-government-in-fix-over-its-resolution-for-open-category-reservation-804120.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Gujarat was one of the first states to implement EWS reservation, which applies to general category candidates with less than ₹8 lakhs income, not including other assets like land.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-30|title=Gujarat govt sends EWS quota proposal to Centre to implement in colleges|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-government-ews-proposal-economically-weaker-sections-10-per-cent-reservation-in-colleges-to-centre-5755360/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

; Haryana :

{{•}}Scheduled Castes – 20%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 23%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%
{{•}}Ex-servicemen – 5%
{{•}}Sportspersons – 3%
{{•}}Physically handicapped – 3%

In Haryana OBCs are divided into A, B, C categories, each with 11%, 6% and 6% reservation respectively. Reservations in promotions are different, although still based on population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reservation Policy {{!}} Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Government of Haryana|url=http://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-policy-0|access-date=2021-03-31|website=haryanascbc.gov.in}}</ref> In 2021, Haryana passed a law mandating 75% reservation in private-sector jobs with incomes less than ₹25,000 for local candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Is Haryana's new reservation law constitutionally tenable?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-haryana-s-new-reservation-law-constitutionally-tenable-101615180936227.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court has quashed this law in 2023 asserting it was unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-17|title= High Court sets aside Haryana law guaranteeing 75% reservation to locals in private sector|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/high-court-sets-aside-haryana-law-guaranteeing-75-reservation-to-locals-in-private-sector/article67544320.ece/ |access-date=2023-11-17|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

; Himachal Pradesh :

{{•}}Scheduled Castes – 25%
{{•}}Scheduled Tribes – 4%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 20%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

In the Scheduled Areas which have a very high percentage of STs, such as [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] and [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] districts, percentage of ST reserved seats in government jobs are much higher.

; Jharkhand :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 10%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 26%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 14% <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Raises Reservations for SC, ST, OBC, EWS Groups to 77% |url=https://thewire.in/government/jharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref>
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

BC are currently classified as being in Annexure 1 and Annexure 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Castes under Category BC (ANNEXURE -II ) in Jharkhand|url=https://jharsewa.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/pdf/20/BC2.pdf|publisher=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref>

; Maharashtra :
{{•}} Scheduled Castes (SC) (13%)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Political reservation for OBCs, now a Maha issue|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/political-reservation-for-obcs-now-a-maha-issue-1065998.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes (ST) (7%)
{{•}} Other Backward Classes (OBC) (19%)
{{•}}{{•}} Special Backward Classes (SBC) (2%)
{{•}}{{•}} Nomadic Tribes – A (Vimukta jati) (3%)
{{•}}{{•}} Nomadic Tribes – B (2.5%)
{{•}}{{•}} Nomadic Tribes – C ([[Dhangar]]) (3.5%)
{{•}}{{•}} Nomadic Tribes – D ([[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]]) (2%)
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) – 10%

[[Maharashtra]] has 62% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-21|title=Bill for 16% Maratha quota for PG Medical admission passes Maharashtra legislature test - Key points to know|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-bill-for-16-maratha-quota-for-pg-medical-admission-passes-maharashtra-legislature-test-key-points-to-know-103020|access-date=2019-06-23|website=Zee Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet approves 10% quota for EWS in general category|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cabinet-approves-10-quota-for-ews-in-general-category/article25931445.ece|access-date=2019-06-23|website=@businessline|date=7 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

; Uttarakhand :

{{•}} Scheduled Castes – 19%
{{•}} Scheduled Tribes – 4%
{{•}} Other Backward Classes – 14%
{{•}} Economically Weaker Sections – 10%

[[Uttarakhand]] has 47% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. In addition to vertical reservation, the state gives 30% horizontal reservation to women, 5% to the ex-servicemen (ES), 4% to persons with disability (PWD), 2% to the dependants of freedom fighters (DFF), and 5% to the orphans residing in the state-run orphanages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Determination of Post Based Roster Policy|url=https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf|language=hi|website=[[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]|date=22 May 2020|access-date=7 November 2022|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129135628/https://psc.uk.gov.in/public/uploads/importantrecruitment/981719045.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam]]
*[[Backwardism]]
*[[Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents]]
*[[Court cases related to reservation in India]]
*[[Forward caste]]
*[[Reservation policy in Bihar]]
*[[Reserved political positions in India]]
*[[Caste politics]]
*[[Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Jat reservation agitation]]
*[[Reverse discrimination#India|Reverse discrimination in India]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*Shourie, Arun (2012). Falling over backwards: An essay on reservations and judicial populism. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. {{ISBN|978-93-5029-355-3}}
* {{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Manu|title=What If Reservations Had Come To An End In 1960?|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/what-if-reservations-had-come-to-an-end-in-1960/224881|access-date=10 April 2018|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=23 August 2004}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ncbc.nic.in/ National Commission for Backward Classes]
* [http://www.ncsc.nic.in/ National Commission for Scheduled Castes]
* [http://ncst.nic.in/ National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]
* [https://socialjustice.gov.in/ Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment]
* {{Cite web | title=Jharkhand Raises Reservations for SC, ST, OBC, EWS Groups to 77% | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/jharkhand-raises-reservations-for-sc-st-obc-ews-groups-to-77 | access-date=2025-02-21 | website=m.thewire.in}}

{{India topics}}
{{Reservation in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reservation In India}}
[[Category:Affirmative action]]
[[Category:Reservation in India| ]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

Baghi Sipahi (1958 film)

2026-03-09T21:05:54Z

Asis: minor edit

{{short description|1958 film by Bhagwaan Das Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baghi Sipahi
| image = Baghi Sipahi film.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bhagwan Das Varma]]
| producer = Bhagwan Das Varma
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Madhubala]] [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] [[Chandrashekhar (actor)| Chandrashekhar]] [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Dharam Vir
| studio = V.P. Productions
| distributor = V.P. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1958|02|27}} <ref name="rlbaghi">{{cite web|url= https://www.filmssongs.in/movies/detail/baghi-sipahi-i-1920 |title=Baghi Sipahi (1958)|accessdate=9 February 2025|publisher=filmssomngs.in}}</ref> (India)
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref name="rlbaghi" />
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Baghi Sipahi''''' ([[Hindi]] for "Rebel Soldier") is a 1958 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Bhagwan Das Varma]] and starring [[Madhubala]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] and [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Akbar|first=Katijia|title=I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala|publisher=Hay House|year=2011|isbn=9789381398210|location=|pages=143}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Baghi Sipahi (1958) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghi-sipahi-2504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226172951/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/baghi-sipahi-2504|url-status=live|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref name="EoIC">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |pages=131|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-579-58146-6 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BAGHI SIPAHI - Film / Movie|url=http://www.citwf.com/film27275.htm|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.citwf.com}}</ref> It is loosely based on the novel [[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]] ([[Latin]] for "Where are you going?") by [[Nobel Laureate]] [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], which has been adapted for the screen several times, including a [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|1951 American version]] that was nominated for several [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1472809650575|title=Academy Awards Database - AMPAS|website=awardsdatabase.oscars.org|access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> ''Baghi Sipahi'' was distributed and produced by V.P. Productions, an affiliate of [[Varma Films]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=|title=Baghi Sipahi - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baghi-sipahi/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011328/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baghi-sipahi/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-16|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

''Baghi Sipahi''’s narrative centers around the [[Roman Empire]]’s clash with [[Christianity]] and the harassment of Christians in its empire. Prominent among the persecuted Christians was the character played by ''Baghi Sipahi''’s lead actress [[Madhubala]], who in the early 1950s had been called “the biggest star in the world” by [[David Cort]] of ''[[Theatre Arts Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cort |first1=David |author-link1=David Cort |date=4 August 1952 |title=The Biggest Star in the World{{mdash}}and she's not in the Beverley Hills |language=en-US |pages=23–26 |work=[[Theatre Arts Magazine]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40FNAAAAYAAJ |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> ''Baghi Sipahi'' was the third collaboration between its filmmakers and Madhubala. Previously Madhubala and the filmmakers had collaborated in [[Neki Aur Badi]] (1949),<ref>{{cite web|title=Neki Aur Badi (1949) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/neki-aur-badi-1544/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222132818/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/neki-aur-badi-1544/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2020|access-date=24 July 2023|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> for which Varma Films was the distributor, and [[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal ]] (1951),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/badal-2/cast/ |title=Badal (1951) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]| access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> for which Varma Films was both the producer and the distributor. ''Baghi Sipahi'' was, however, the first time that Bhagwan Das Varma, one of the founders of Varma Films, had directed Madhubala.

''Baghi Sipahi’s'' distinctiveness arises from its creative fusion of East and West in cinema. The film transplants the epic struggle between the Roman Empire and early Christianity onto Indian soil, reimagining it through the prism of Bollywood conventions. The filmmakers vision comes to life not just through its narrative of love and rebellion, but also through its musical soul, composed by the legendary Shankar-Jaikishan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/302127238/Shankar-Jaikishan-Emperors-of-Music |title=Shankar Jaikishan Emperors of Music {{!}} Bollywood {{!}} Cinema Of India |website=[[Scribd]] |language=en |access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> Their soundtrack transforms the ancient Roman setting into a uniquely Indian experience, demonstrating how music can transcend cultural and historical boundaries. By marrying a classic tale of persecution and faith with the melodic traditions of Indian cinema, ''Baghi Sipahi'' creates a cinematic tapestry that is both familiar and at the same time refreshingly novel.

While ''Baghi Sipahi'' has joined the category of [[lost film| lost films]] with no known surviving copies, its songs—vital to an Indian film's commercial appeal<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v10i1/V10I1-1285.pdf |title= Role of Music Scores in the Success of Movies | journal = International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology|publisher= Om Ak Publications Press|last=Punia |first=Rutvi| date=2024|volume= 10 | pages=386-391| issn= 2454-132X }}</ref>—continue to exist in audio form.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://myswar.co/album/baghi-sipahi-1958|title=Baghi Sipahi (1958) | website=myswar.co|access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> Also, some [[film still|film stills]] of ''Baghi Sipahi'' survive and are available from the external links below. Finally, still surviving are visual video clips of two of the film’s songs.<ref>{{cite AV media| title = Baghi Sipahi (1958): Ruk Ja Musafir| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmcxIUx612c&list=RDFmcxIUx612c&start_radio=1| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 15 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media
| title = Baghi Sipahi (1958): Dil Lagane Wale Mat Sun| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVvF5wOcTVA&list=RDFmcxIUx612c&index=2&pp=8AUB| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 15 February 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Baghi Sipahi'' presents an intriguing cinematic portrayal of the ancient conflict between the [[Roman Empire]] and [[Christianity]], reimagined through the unique lens of Indian cinema. The film intertwines historical and fictional characters to capture the essence of love, sacrifice, and the fight for justice amidst tyranny.

[[File: Ranjan in Baghi Sipahi (1958).jpg|thumb|left| Ranjan in Baghi Sipahi (1958) |250x250px]]The story is set against the backdrop of Emperor [[Nero]]'s tyrannical reign, marked by the persecution of Christians. Key historical figures include Emperor Nero himself, his manipulative wife [[Poppaea]], and [[Claudia Acte|Acte]], a palace slave who once harbored unrequited love for Nero. Alongside these historical characters, the film introduces two key fictional figures: a Roman military commander and Ranjana, a devout Christian.

The narrative begins with the Roman military commander returning from war and discovering Ranjana, who is held as a hostage by the Emperor. Driven by his admiration for her, the commander persuades Nero to allow Ranjana to be with him as a reward for his service. Though initially resistant and resentful of the arrangement, Ranjana’s feelings gradually evolve into love for the commander, bringing a semblance of peace to their lives amidst the overarching turmoil.

As the Emperor's persecution of Christians intensifies, the kingdom is set ablaze, and Christians are wrongfully blamed for the disaster. Poppaea's influence on Nero exacerbates the situation, leading to increased brutality against the Christian community. The escalating tension and atrocities compel the commander to rebel against Nero’s regime. Fueled by his love for Ranjana and his sense of justice, the commander transforms into a rebel soldier, determined to protect her and the oppressed Christians.

[[File: Purnima in Baghi Sipahi (1958).jpg|thumb|right| Ranjan in Baghi Sipahi (1958) |200x200px]]The film progresses through a series of horrifying spectacles depicting Nero’s escalating irrationality and cruelty. The commander's rebellion gains momentum, culminating in a climactic struggle that sees him and his allies challenging Nero’s tyranny. In the end, Acte’s intervention proves crucial as she assists Nero with his suicide, leading to the Emperor’s demise and the eventual overthrow of his reign.

In conclusion, ''Baghi Sipahi'' offers a unique interpretation of the clash between the Roman Empire and early Christianity, exploring themes of love, sacrifice, and resistance against oppression through the distinctive lens of Indian cinema.

== Cast ==
*[[Madhubala]] as Ranjana
*[[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] as the Emperor
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)| Chandrashekhar]] as the military commander
*[[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]] as a palace slave
*[[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]] as the Emperor's wife
*[[Om Prakash]]
*[[Gope (actor)|Gope]]
*[[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of ''Baghi Sipahi'' was composed by [[Shankar–Jaikishan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=HindiGeetMala|title=Baghi Sipahi : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Baghi Sipahi (1958)|url=https://m.hindigeetmala.net/movie/baghi_sipahi.htm|access-date=2021-01-13|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Sharab-E-Ishq Ke Aage Muskurati Zindagi Ko Chhod Ke"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 2
| "Sama Ye Pyar Ka Bahar Ke Ye Mele"
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle|Asha Bhonsle]]
|-
| 3
| "Chinchan Pappulu Chhui Mui Mai Chhu Na Lena Mujhe"
| Manna Dey, Asha Bhonsle
|-
| 4
| "Dil Lagane Wale Mat Sun Meri Kahani"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Aye Dilbar Dil Wale Pyar Pe Marne Wale"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 6
| "O Beraham Tere Sitam Hum Pe Honge Kabtak"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Day
|-
| 7
| "Ruk Ja Musafir Pal Bhar Hi Ruk Ja"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 8
| "Maan Bhi Le Dil Tu Apni Ye Haar"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|}

== Reception ==

[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|''Quo Vadis'']], the 1951 American version of the screen adaptation of [[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]] that immediately preceded the release of ''Baghi Sipahi'' was a box-office hit.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=January 9, 1952|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety185-1952-01/page/n296/mode/1up|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> ''Baghi Sipahi'' was released seven years after the release of its American counterpart and was not successful at the box office.

A review by ''Thought'' disliked the fact that Madhubala was present in almost the whole film, but found her to be "vivacious" in her role. The sets and other actors were only formally praised. However, according to ''Thought'', the lavish war scenes were great in visuals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15YcAQAAMAAJ&q=Madhubala|title=Thought|date=1958|publisher=Siddhartha Publications|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0134300|title=Baghi Sipahi}}

[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s lost films]]
[[Category:Films based on Quo Vadis]]
[[Category:Films set in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Depictions of Nero on film]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation

2026-03-09T18:10:24Z

Asis: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Telangana Tourism Development Corporation
| logo = [[File:Tstdc logo.png]]
| motto = Telangana Zarur Aana
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2014|06|02}}
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| chief1_name = Mr. Patel Ramesh Reddy
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| jurisdiction = [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| agency_type = [[Tourism]], [[Ecotourism]], [[Hotel Management]]
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = Tourism [[Government of Telangana]]
| website = {{URL|https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Telangana Tourism Development Corporation (TGTDC)''' is a [[States of India|state]] [[Government of Telangana|government]] agency which promotes tourism in [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teachersbadi.in/2014/07/ts-gono1-establishment-of-telangana.html|title=TS GO No.1-Establishment of TSTDC}}</ref>

==Aims==
The aim of TGTDC is to provide infrastructure, conveyance and other facilities to tourists visiting Telangana. Part of its mission is also to promote unknown tourist spots in Telangana.

TGTDC owns a considerable transport fleet of 63 vehicles, which includes high-end Volvo and Mercedes Benz coaches, and other air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned coaches. The fleet will be deployed for conducting regular and on demand packages.

TGTDC have a chain of Haritha Hotels which are spread across the state of Telangana at all major tourist destinations with a size of 33 hotels which includes wayside amenities on major national highways.

[[Gellu Srinivas Yadav]] was appointed by the former [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], as the new chairman of the Telangana Tourism Development Corporation for a period of two years on 4 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-04-04 |title=Gellu Srinivas Yadav appointed TSTDC Chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gellu-srinivas-yadav-appointed-tstdc-chairman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404141341/https://telanganatoday.com/gellu-srinivas-yadav-appointed-tstdc-chairman |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Special attractions==

While focusing on the forefront of adventure and eco-tourism projects, TGTDC is organizing adventure clubs at [[Bhongir Fort]] for rock climbing activities and trekking, adventure jeep ride into the forest at [[Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jannaram in [[Adilabad District]].

TGTDC owns the largest water fleet - about 95, which includes small and big boats — when compared with any other tourism corporation. The corporation operates leisure based cruises and water sports at different lakes and rivers of the state, parasailing activity at [[Hussain Sagar]], etc., are very popular for leisure cruises apart from American pontoon boats.

TGTDC presents sound and light shows at [[Golconda Fort]], [[Shilparamam]] and the [[Taramati Baradari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140702/nation-current-affairs/article/heritage-tour-start-hyderabad |title=Heritage tour to start in Hyderabad|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2 July 2014 |accessdate=13 January 2019 }}</ref> These shows have recorded narrations (English, Hindi and Telugu) along with imaginative use of music, sound and light effects.

==Awards==
* National Tourism Award 2013-14 under the category Best Tourism friendly Golf Course.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://telanganatourisminfo.com/telangana-wins-national-tourism-award-2013-14/ |title=Telangana Received National Tourism Award 2013-14 |date=21 September 2015 |author=TelanganaTourism |work=Telanganatourisminfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/ Telangana Tourism], tourism.telangana.gov.in

{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourism in Telangana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:State tourism development corporations of India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]
[https://freejobsadda.in Telangana Police SI Syllabus in Telugu 2021]

MasterChef India – Hindi

2026-03-09T10:25:18Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Indian cooking reality television series}}
{{About|the Hindi series|versions in other languages|MasterChef India#Other versions}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MasterChefIndiaLogo.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Reality competition|Reality]]|[[Cooking show|Cookery]]}}
| based_on = ''[[MasterChef]]''
| writer =
| creator = [[Franc Roddam]]
| director =
| judges = ''see [[#Judges and host|judges]]''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 9
| num_episodes = 336
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 46–48 minutes
| company = [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]]
| network = {{ubl|[[Star Plus]] (seasons 1–6)|[[Sony Entertainment Television]] (season 7, 9)|[[SonyLIV]] (season 8)}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2010|10|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity MasterChef India]]'' ''[[Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad]]'' ''[[MasterChef India – Tamil]]'' ''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''
}}
'''''MasterChef''''' '''''India – Hindi''''' (or colloquially '''''MasterChef Hindi'''''; formerly '''''MasterChef India''''') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language competitive cooking reality television series based on ''[[MasterChef Australia]]'' and is part of ''[[MasterChef India (TV series)|MasterChef India]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endemol Shine Group's MasterChef returns to India |url=https://www.endemolshinegroup.com/endemol-shine-groups-masterchef-returns-to-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025203955/https://www.endemolshinegroup.com/endemol-shine-groups-masterchef-returns-to-india/ |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> The series features amateur and home chefs competing to win the title of 'MasterChef'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fox orders 'Idol'-style cooking competition |url=http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/11/fox-masterchef-gordon-ramsay-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127142943/http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/11/fox-masterchef-gordon-ramsay-.html |archive-date=January 27, 2010 |access-date=July 21, 2010}}</ref> The current line-up of judges consists of [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Kunal Kapur]], and [[Ranveer Brar]].'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2010 |title=When India cooks with an action hero |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v6YRIIOq9ngK48N95scYNN/When-India-cooks-with-an-action-hero.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403180948/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v6YRIIOq9ngK48N95scYNN/When-India-cooks-with-an-action-hero.html |archive-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref>'''''

==Format==
''MasterChef'' is based on the Australian series ''[[MasterChef Australia|MasterChef]]''. The competition takes place in the ''MasterChef'' soundstage located in [[Mumbai]], India which includes a large kitchen area with several cooking stations which is overlooked by a balcony, a well-stocked pantry, a freezer/fridge area and a fine-dining restaurant/seating dining area room used for certain challenges.

While the particular format of the season has slightly varied over the years, the following challenges have all been regularly featured:

* '''Skills Test''': Cooks are challenged to perform a list of common cooking techniques or styles, or to replicate a particular cooking method of a dish (i.e. steaks done to an exact wellness). This type of test is also sometimes used as an Elimination Test.
* '''Mystery Box''': Cooks are given a box with the same ingredients and they must use only those ingredients to create a dish within a fixed amount of time. The judges will select three dishes based on visual appearance, its taste and how well the contestants have used the given ingredient. The person who fulfils these three criteria will gain an advantage.
* '''Elimination Test''': After the challenge is explained, judges evaluate all dishes based on taste and visual appeal. The judges give feedback of every dish and nominate the least pleasant dish for elimination.
* '''Team Challenge''': The cooks are split into teams by either team captains or the judges. These challenges take place in a restaurant or pop-up restaurant taking the place of the staff of a particular restaurant. Guests taste both meals and vote for their favorite. The winning team advances, while the losing team will participate in the Pressure Test or face elimination based on the teams' performance.
* '''Pressure Test''': Another form of the Elimination Test, in which losing team members compete against each other to make a standard dish within a very limited amount of time that requires a great degree of cooking finesse. Each dish is judged on taste, visual appeal and technique, and the losing chef is eliminated.

Once the competition is reduced the finalists will compete against each other in a three-course cook-off. All courses of the meal are judged and an overall winner is crowned. The winner of seventh season won ₹ 25,00,000, a ''MasterChef'' trophy, and the title of ''MasterChef''. Some seasons have also added other prizes such as a cookbook deal.

== Judges and host ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center; font-size:90%; width: 60%;"
!Judges
!{{nowrap|Season 1}}
!{{nowrap|Season 2}}
!{{nowrap|Season 3}}
!{{nowrap|[[Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad|Juniors MasterChef]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 4|Season 4]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 5|Season 5]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 6|Season 6]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 7|Season 7]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 8|Season 8]]}}
![[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity MasterChef]]
!{{nowrap|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 9|Season 9]]}}
|-
! scope="row" |Ajay Chopra
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="9" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Akshay Kumar]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Farah Khan]]
| colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''Host'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
|-
![[Garima Arora]]
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Kunal Kapur]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
|-
!Paritosh Tripathi
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgray;" |
! Host
|-
![[Pooja Dhingra]]
| colspan="8" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Ranveer Brar]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
|-
![[Sanjeev Kapoor]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Chef Jolly|Surjan Singh Jolly]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Vikas Khanna]]
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
|-
![[Vineet Bhatia]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
![[Zorawar Kalra]]
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Judge'''
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray;" |
|}

==Series overview==
'''''MasterChef'''''
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Season
!Primary Network
!Online VOD
!No. of episodes
!First Aired
!Last Aired
!Prize money
!Winner
!Runner-up
|-
!1
| rowspan="6" |{{center|[[StarPlus]]}}
| rowspan="6" bgcolor=#ccc|—
| 21
|{{Nowrap|16 October 2010}}
|{{Nowrap| 25 December 2010}}
|₹1 [[crore]]
|Bgcolor=pink|{{nowrap|[[Pankaj Bhadouria]]}}
|Bgcolor=lightblue|{{nowrap|Jayanandan Bhaskar}}
|-
!2
|22
|{{Nowrap| 22 October 2011}}
|{{Nowrap|1 January 2012}}
|₹1 crore
|Bgcolor=pink|{{nowrap|[[Shipra Khanna]]}}
|Bgcolor=pink|{{nowrap| Salma Shazia Fathima}}
|-
!3
|70
|{{Nowrap|11 March 2013}}
|{{Nowrap|9 June 2013}}
|₹1 crore
|Bgcolor=lightblue|{{nowrap|[[Ripudaman Handa]]}}
|Bgcolor=lightblue|{{nowrap| Navneet Rastogi}}
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 4|4]]
|67
|{{Nowrap| 26 January 2015}}
|{{nowrap|12 April 2015}}
|₹1 crore
|Bgcolor=pink|Nikita Gandhi
|Bgcolor=pink|Neha Deepak Shah
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 5|5]]
|26
|{{Nowrap| 1 October 2016}}
|{{Nowrap|25 December 2016}}
|₹50 lakh
|Bgcolor=pink|Kirti Bhoutika
|Bgcolor=pink|Ashima Arora
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 6|6]]
|25
|{{Nowrap|7 December 2019}}
|{{Nowrap|1 March 2020}}
|₹25 lakh
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Abinas Nayak
|Bgcolor=pink|Oindrila Bala
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 7|7]]
|{{Center|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]}}
| rowspan="4" |{{Center|[[SonyLIV]]}}
|65
|{{Nowrap| 2 January 2023}}
|31 March 2023
|₹25 lakh
|Bgcolor=lightblue|{{nowrap|Nayanjyoti Saikia}}
|Bgcolor=pink|Shanta Sarmah
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 8|8]]
|bgcolor=#ccc|—
|40
|16 October 2023
|8 December 2023
|₹25 lakh
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Mohammad Ashiq
|Bgcolor=pink|Nambie Marak
|-
![[MasterChef India – Hindi season 9|9]]
|{{Center|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]}}
|45
|5 January 2026
|6 March 2026
|₹25 lakh
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Ajinkya and Vikram Gandhe
|Bgcolor=pink|Chandana and Saisri Rachakonda
|}'''''Junior MasterChef'''''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! {{Nowrap|Season}}
! Primary Network
! Online VOD
! No. of episodes
! First Aired
! Last Aired
! Prize money
! Winner
! Runner-up
|-
! [[Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad|1]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|{{N/A}}
|22
|{{Nowrap|17 August 2013}}
|{{Nowrap|2 November 2013}}
|₹25 [[lakh]]
| Bgcolor=lightblue|{{nowrap|Sarthak Bhardwaj}}
| bgcolor="pink" |{{nowrap|Sakshi Tripathi}}
|}'''''Celebrity MasterChef'''''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! {{Nowrap|Season}}
! Primary Network
! Online VOD
! No. of episodes
! First Aired
! Last Aired
! Prize money
! Winner
! Runner-up
|-
! [[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|1]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|55
|27 January 2025
|11 April 2025
|₹20 lakh
|Bgcolor=lightblue|[[Gaurav Khanna]]
|Bgcolor=pink|[[Nikki Tamboli]]
|}

=== Season 1 (2010) ===
MasterChef India 1 aired from 16 October 2010 to 25 December 2010 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.indiamag.in/masterchef-india-starts-today.html|title= Masterchef starts now}}</ref> Hosted by [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and Ajay Chopra, it was won by [[Pankaj Bhadouria]].

=== Season 2 (2011) ===
MasterChef India 2 aired from 22 October 2011 to 1 January 2012 on [[StarPlus]]. Hosted by [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and Ajay Chopra, it was won by [[Shipra Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Shipra-Khanna-wins-Master-Chef-2/articleshow/11314607.cms|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708104409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-31/tv/30576172_1_master-chef-masterchef-india-finale|url-status= live|archive-date= 8 July 2012|title=Shipra Khanna wins Master Chef 2|date=31 December 2011|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> [[Nita Mehta]] and [[Bijou Thaangjam]] also participated in the program.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/chef-saby-and-nita-mehta-masterchef-165|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111126084454/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tv-guide/chef-saby-and-nita-mehta-masterchef-165|url-status= dead|archive-date= 26 November 2011|title= Nita Mehta on MasterChef}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/MasterChef-2-has-helped-me-reclaim-my-life-Shipra-Khanna/articleshow/11326239.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817201723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/tv/30579267_1_masterchef-india-cookery-show-celebrity-chef |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-08-17 |title='MasterChef 2' has helped me reclaim my life: Shipra Khanna |date= 2012-01-02|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-01-03}}
</ref>

=== Season 3 (2013) ===
MasterChef India 3 aired from 11 March 2013 to 9 June 2013 on [[StarPlus]].<ref name="times">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Nach-Baliye-contestants-on-Masterchef/articleshow/18860996.cms 'Nach Baliye contestants on MasterChef']</ref> While the previous seasons were on weekends, this season aired during weekdays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MasterChef India 3: Food for entertainment|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/masterchef-india-3-food-for-entertainment/1119652/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606054051/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/masterchef-india-3-food-for-entertainment/1119652/|archive-date=6 June 2021|website=The Financial Express|date=4 November 2014 }}</ref> Hosted by [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and [[Sanjeev Kapoor]], it was won by [[Ripudaman Handa]].<ref name="times" /><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/My-dream-is-to-cook-for-Gordon-Ramsay-Doyel-sarangi/articleshow/20592906.cms I'd love to cook for Gordon Ramsay: Masterchef winner]</ref>

=== Season 4 (2015) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 4}}
MasterChef India 4 aired from 26 January 2015 to 12 April 2015 on [[StarPlus]]. For the first time in the history of MasterChef, a pure vegetarian format was introduced. Hosted by [[Sanjeev Kapoor]], [[Vikas Khanna]] and [[Ranveer Brar]], Written by Gunjan Joshi, it was won by Nikita Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/masterchef-india-4-judges-to-turn-into-singers-for-finale/ | title='MasterChef India 4' judges to turn into singers for finale | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 April 2015 | access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/masterchef-india-4-finale-live-winner-photos-nikita-bhakti-neha-628978 | title=Nikita Gandhi Wins 'Masterchef India Season 4'; Fans Congratulate Her | website=[[International Business Times]] | date=12 April 2015 | access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Season 5 (2016) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 5}}
'''MasterChef India 5''' aired from 1 October 2016 to 25 December 2016 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/A-short-order-full-of-flavour/article14646650.ece|title=A short order full of flavour|website=The Hindu|date=23 September 2016 |last1=Joshi |first1=Prachi }}</ref> Hosted by [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and Zorawar Kalra. Kirti Bhoutika won the competition, with Ashima Arora finishing in the second place.

=== Season 6 (2019) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 6}}
''MasterChef India 6'' aired from 7 December 2019 to 1 March 2020 on [[StarPlus]]. Hosted by [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Ranveer Brar]] and [[Vineet Bhatia]], Written by Gunjan Joshi. The winner was Abinas Nayak, with Oindrila Bala as the runner-up.

=== Season 7 (January - March 2023) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 7}}
The seventh season of the Hindi version of ''MasterChef India'' was announced on August 5, 2022, hosted by the judges [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Ranveer Brar]] and [[Garima Arora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/masterchef-india-promo-makers-announce-new-season-and-share-first-glimpse-watch-1176687|title=MasterChef India PROMO: Makers announce new season and share the first glimpse|date=August 14, 2022|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929035545/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/masterchef-india-promo-makers-announce-new-season-and-share-first-glimpse-watch-1176687|url-status=dead}}</ref> It aired from 2 January 2023 to 31 March 2023 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]] and was also streamed on [[SonyLIV]]. The winner was Nayanjyoti Saikia, who got prize money of ₹25,00,000 and the first runner-up was Santa Sarmah and second runner-up was Suvarna Bagul. They both got prize money of ₹5,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Shark Tank India 2 and MasterChef India 7 get a launch date, to replace Kaun Banega Crorepati 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shark-tank-india-2-masterchef-india-7-launch-date-replace-kaun-banega-crorepati-14-8305128/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=MasterChef India New Season: Vikas Khanna, Ranveer Brar And Garima Arora's Show To Premiere On THIS Date |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/masterchef-india-season-2-vikas-khanna-ranveer-brar-and-garima-aroras-show-to-premiere-on-this-date-10058011 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Jagran English}}</ref>

After the finale of season 7, it was revealed that a spinoff would premier, titled "''MasterChef India - MasterClass''". The show will feature the same judges and contestants as the 7th season of MasterChef, but instead the judges will cook for the contestants, teaching them skills and recipes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/masterchef-india-season-7-wow-the-show-isn-t-over-judges-cook-the-contestants-judge | title=MasterChef India Season 7: Wow! The show isn't over; judges cook for the contestants to judge }}</ref>

=== Season 8 (October - December 2023) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 8}}

The eighth season of the Hindi version of ''MasterChef India'' was announced on 7 July 2023,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/call-for-entries-for-masterchef-india-season-8-now-open-heres-how-you-can-apply-8285797.html | title=Call for Entries for MasterChef India Season 8 Now Open; Here's How You Can Apply | date=8 July 2023 }}</ref> hosted by the judges [[Pooja Dhingra]], [[Vikas Khanna]] and [[Ranveer Brar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/masterchef-india-pooja-dhingra-joins-chef-vikas-ranveer-as-co-judge-in-new-season-2426521-2023-08-25 | title='MasterChef India': Pooja Dhingra joins Vikas, Ranveer as judge in new season | date=25 August 2023 }}</ref> It premiered exclusively on [[SonyLIV]] from 16 October to 8 December 2023.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=MasterChef India Season 8 to stream on SonyLIV from October 16 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/masterchef-india-season-9-premiere-date-theme-and-what-vikas-khanna-kunal-kapur-ranveer-brar-studied-to-become-chefs-2997279}}</ref> The winner of this season was Mohammed Ashiq from Mangalore.

=== Season 9 (2026) ===
{{Main|MasterChef India – Hindi season 9}}

The ninth season of the Hindi version of ''MasterChef India'' was announced on October 2025, hosted by the judges [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Ranveer Brar]] and [[Kunal Kapur]]. It started airing from 5 January 2026 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]] and also streaming on [[SonyLIV]] <ref> {{cite web | url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/masterchef-india-2026-returns-premiere-date-timing-ott-platform-all-about-pride-of-india-theme-and-judges-article-153292514 | title=MasterChef India 2026 Returns: Premiere date, timing, OTT platform {{!}} All about 'Pride of India Theme' and judges | date=14 December 2025 }}</ref>. For the first time, The contestants participated in pairs. the winner of this season was Ajinkya and Vikram Gandhe from Nagpur

== Spin-offs ==
=== ''Junior MasterChef India'' ===
{{Main|Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad}}

''Junior MasterChef India'' premiered on 17 August 2013 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=Junior Masterchef India: A recipe to make children cry on TV |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/junior-masterchef-india-a-recipe-to-make-children-cry-on-tv-1046263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403173924/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/junior-masterchef-india-a-recipe-to-make-children-cry-on-tv-1046263.html |archive-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[First Post]]}}</ref> This was the first and the only season of the junior spin-off. The season was won by Sarthak Bhardwaj in the finale held on 2 November 2013.

=== ''Celebrity MasterChef'' ===
{{main|Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)}}

''Celebrity MasterChef'' premiered on Sony Entertainment Television on 27 January 2025. [[Farah Khan]], for the first time, joined as the host of the show. [[Vikas Khanna]] and [[Ranveer Brar]] reprised their role as judges from the original series. The season was won by [[Gaurav Khanna]] on 11 April 2025.

==Production==
In 2010, [[Star India]] licensed the rights for producing ''MasterChef India'' in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the sets MasterChef India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/on-the-sets-masterchef-india/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403181620/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/on-the-sets-masterchef-india/|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|date=3 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Season 1 opened with an average ratings of 2.6 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhuri wipes out Shah Rukh Khan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/madhuri-wipes-out-shah-rukh-khan-128359-2011-02-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403180137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/madhuri-wipes-out-shah-rukh-khan-128359-2011-02-11|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=India Today|date=11 February 2011 }}</ref> The following week, it garnered 2.5 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakhi Sawant beats Akshay Kumar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rakhi-sawant-beats-akshay-kumar/story-KKAYPZMXm4HFYwATdbiMZI.html|access-date=2 April 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 October 2010 }}</ref> Overall it ranged around over 2 and 3 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yum TV|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/yum-tv/story-8J7mWu56pnHgrLieiYtrTL.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 December 2010 }}</ref> The finale garnered the highest viewership rating of 4.2 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Master Chef India Finale garners 4.2 TVRs|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/master-chef-india-finale-garners-4-2-tvrs-113101801665_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606054925/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/master-chef-india-finale-garners-4-2-tvrs-113101801665_1.html|archive-date=6 June 2021|website=[[India Infoline]]}}</ref>

Season 2 premiered with 2.01 TVR and ended with 2.6 TVR.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masterchef India 3 opens with 2.2 TVR on Star Plus|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/masterchef-india-3-opens-with-22-tvr-on-star-plus?amp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403181239/https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/masterchef-india-3-opens-with-22-tvr-on-star-plus?amp|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=Indian Television dot com|date=21 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Season 3 opened with 2.2 TVR while the following weeks garnered a decent ratings between 2 and 2.3 TVR the finale became the most watched reality show of the week with 3.7 TVR.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title='Masterchef' finally scores in grand finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/masterchef-finally-scores-in-grand-finale/articleshow/20699834.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403174640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/masterchef-finally-scores-in-grand-finale/articleshow/20699834.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=The Times of India|date=22 June 2013 }}</ref>

Season 6 garnered low ratings ranging 0.8 and 1.1 TRP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BARC Weekly Ratings: 'Naagin 4', 'Kapil Sharma Show' Tops Charts|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/barc-weekly-ratings-16-january-naagin-4-the-kapil-sharma-show-tops-charts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403175827/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/barc-weekly-ratings-16-january-naagin-4-the-kapil-sharma-show-tops-charts|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|date=16 January 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://starplus.startv.in/show/masterchef-india-2/home_126.aspx Official website of MasterChef India Season 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414024717/http://starplus.startv.in/show/masterchef-india-2/home_126.aspx |date=14 April 2013 }}
* [http://starplus.startv.in/masterchef-kitchen-ke-superstar/ Official website of MasterChef India Season 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903215724/http://starplus.startv.in/masterchef-kitchen-ke-superstar/ |date=3 September 2013 }}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{MasterChef India}}
{{MasterChef}}

[[Category:MasterChef India| ]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Indian cooking television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Endemol]]
[[Category:Television series by Banijay]]

Emerging Kerala

2026-03-09T10:10:23Z

Asis: starting pg.

{{Short description|Economy of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = Emerging Kerala
| other_titles =
| image = Emergingkeralalogo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = "Come. Experience. And be part of it"
| chairperson = [[Government of Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| date = 12–14 September 2012
| venues = [[Le Méridien]], Kochi
| cities = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| participants =
| follows =
| precedes =
| website = {{URL|http://www.emergingkerala2012.org}}
}}

'''Emerging Kerala''' is a biennial investors' summit organized by the [[Government of Kerala]], [[India]]. The event brings together business leaders, investors, corporations, policy makers, and thought leaders. The summit serves as a platform to discuss and explore business opportunities in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/prime-minister-to-inaugurate-emerging-kerala-summit-492860 | title=Prime Minister to inaugurate Emerging Kerala summit | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=16 July 2012 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/emerging-kerala-the-investors-meet-to-be-held-on-september-12-2012/articleshow/11293535.cms?from=mdr | title="Emerging Kerala", the investors meet to be held on September 12, 2012 | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=29 December 2011 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>

==Investment options==
Twenty-six sectors have been identified and the following project profiles have been prepared by various departments, PSUs & other agencies for showcasing in 'Emerging Kerala 2012'<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/sectors.php |title=Sectors, Emerging Kerala |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915120327/http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/sectors.php |archive-date=2012-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tourism]]
* [[Healthcare services]]
* Manufacturing including [[Engineering]] & [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
* Projects under [[Small and medium enterprises|MSME]] Sector
* IT / ITES / IT Infrastructure
* [[Science & technology|Science & Technology]]
* Trade & Retailing
* [[Food]] & [[Agro-Processing|Agro Processing]] and Value-addition
* [[Port|Ports]], [[Shipbuilding]]
* [[Textile|Textiles]] & [[Garments]]
* [[Electronics]]
* Knowledge / [[Education|Education sector]]
* [[Green Energy]]
* [[Biotechnology|Bio-Technology]], [[Nanotechnology|Nano Technology]], [[Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[Urban infrastructure|Urban Infrastructure]] Development
* [[Infotainment]]
* [[Logistics]]
* [[Petrochemical|Petrochemicals]]
* Gas based Industries
* Airport Infrastructure, Airplane and Helicopter services
* Centers of Excellence
* Infrastructure development (Road, Rail, Power, Water Supply, Sewage)

== Emerging Kerala Global Connect 2012 ==
The first Emerging Kerala summit took place from 12 to 14 September 2012 at the Le Meridien International Convention Centre in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/about-us.php |title=Event, Emerging Kerala 2012, 12th - 14th September, le Meridien Convention Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151930/http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/about-us.php |archive-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The event was organized by the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC) to showcase investment opportunities in Kerala and demonstrate the state's readiness to attract investors. Various programs were held in connection with the summit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/emerging-kerala-investment-meet-to-see-51-nations-taking-part-261487 |title=Emerging Kerala investment meet to see 51 nations taking part | NDTV.com |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905070855/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/emerging-kerala-investment-meet-to-see-51-nations-taking-part-261487 |archive-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Hon'ble [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] inaugurated the three-day event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/prime-minister-to-inaugurate-emerging-kerala-meet-on-september-12-258673 |title=Prime Minister to inaugurate 'Emerging Kerala' meet on September 12 | NDTV.com |access-date=2012-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908064411/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/prime-minister-to-inaugurate-emerging-kerala-meet-on-september-12-258673 |archive-date=2012-09-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/manmohan-to-open-emerging-kerala/article3788382.ece|title=Manmohan to open Emerging Kerala|date=18 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref>
These include:
* Business meets
* Sectoral conclaves;
* Domestic and international road-shows
* Discussion and debates

Besides the inaugural session, the first Global connect had
* Plenary Sessions
* Sectoral presentations;
* Round tables.
* Business to Business (B2B) connects;
* Business to Government (B2G) connects.
* Cultural performances

The event and its related programs received support from the Government of Kerala and the Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC), as well as various trade and industrial organizations. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the National Association of Software and Services Companies ([[NASSCOM]]) were the event partners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/emerging-kerala-from-september-12-112010300076_1.html | title=Emerging Kerala from September 12 | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=21 January 2013 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ksidc-cii-ink-mou-for-emerging-kerala/articleshow/11299128.cms | title=KSIDC, CII ink MoU for 'Emerging Kerala' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 December 2011 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Results of the Summit ===
The meeting resulted in 45 project proposals, with an investment exceeding Rs. 40,000 crore. Notable projects include the expansion of [[Bharat Petroleum]] Corporation Ltd.'s [[Kochi Refinery]] and a joint venture worth Rs. 18,000 crore, [[Volkswagen]]'s engine assembly unit (Rs. 2,000 crore), a hospital and pre-cast concrete structure manufacturing unit (Rs. 570 crore), and a solar energy plant (Rs. 500 crore).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3898219.ece |title=The Hindu : States / Kerala : Emerging Kerala sets new goals for State |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917233713/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3898219.ece |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) announced the establishment of a Centre of Excellence in Entrepreneurship in Kerala. During a meeting, 43 business proposals were discussed involving various departments of the State and companies from the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Japan]], and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cii-to-form-coe-on-innovation-in-kerala-112062502026_1.html | title=CII to form CoE on innovation in Kerala | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=25 June 2012 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cii-kerala-to-set-up-centre-of-excellence-on-competition-innovation/articleshow/20542714.cms?from=mdr | title=CII Kerala to set up Centre of Excellence on competition, innovation | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | work=S Sanandakumar | date=11 June 2013 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>

The Government of Kerala will set up the Kerala State Investment Board to expedite the approval process for proposals. Amendments will be made to the Single-Window Clearance Act, including transitioning to an online application system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/investment-proposals-in-kerala-to-be-cleared-in-30-days-vijayan-119021101093_1.html | title=Investment proposals in Kerala to be cleared in 30 days: Vijayan | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=11 February 2019 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>

The [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (KINFRA) will develop one lakh square feet of built-up space in 16 months for incubators, with the first phase of 25,000 square feet scheduled for completion by May 2013. This project aims to establish the world's largest telecom incubator. Additionally, the State government plans to strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem by creating a Technology Innovation Zone on 10 acres in Kochi, with an initial investment of Rs. 100 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emerging-kerala-sets-new-goals-for-state/article3898219.ece | title=Emerging Kerala sets new goals for State | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=16 November 2021 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kinfra-subsidiary-to-set-up-incubation-unit-in-calicut-104060201045_1.html | title=Kinfra subsidiary to set up incubation unit in Calicut | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=18 March 2013 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>

==Mega projects==
A number of Mega projects are being conceptualized and developed in the State, the most prominent of which are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/mega-projects.php |title=Mega Projects, Emerging Kerala |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913011742/http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/mega-projects.php |archive-date=2012-09-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} : The project has been completed
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=silver}} : The project is under-development
* {{Color box|skyblue|border=silver}} : The project is in the planning stages
* {{Color box|#FFFF33|border=silver}} : The project has been proposed
* {{Color box|pink|border=silver}} : The project has been delayed or indefinitely postponed
* {{Color box|#BFC1C2|border=silver}} : The project has been halted/abandoned
}}
=== Projects by year ===
==== 2026 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=100px| Project Title
! width=10px| Location
! width=10px| Industry
! width=10px| Ownership
! width=10px| Expected Completion
! width=20px| Current status
|-
| World Trade Center (WTC Learning Park)
| Kozhikode (Poovangal)
| Convention and Exhibition Centre
| Private
| March 2026
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)
| Thiruvananthapuram to Kasaragod
| Transportation
| Central/State PSU
| 2033
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|}

==== 2025 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=100px| Project Title
! width=10px| Location
! width=10px| Industry
! width=10px| Ownership
! width=10px| Expected Completion
! width=20px| Current status
|-
| rowspan=3| IT Parks
| Kannur ([[Mattannur]])
| rowspan=3| IT Infrastructure
| rowspan=3| State Government
| rowspan=3| Not specified
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
| Kollam ([[Kottarakkara]])
|-
| Kollam ([[Kureepuzha]])
|-
| rowspan=3| Science Park
| Kannur ([[Paduvilayi]])
| rowspan=3| IT Infrastructure
| rowspan=3| State Government
| December 2033
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| Ernakulam ([[Kochi]])
| rowspan=2| Not specified
|-
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| Kochi Refinery Expansion
| Ernakulam ([[Thiruvaniyoor]])
| Petroleum
| Central PSU
| March 2029
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| Sea Port
| Kannur ([[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikode]])
| Infrastructure
| State Government
| March 2030
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
| Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility
| Pathanamthitta ([[Enadimangalam]])
| Environment
| Central Government
| Not specified
| style="text-align:center; background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| Industrial Corridor Development
| Palakkad ([[Pudussery Central]], [[Kannambra]])
| Infrastructure
| State PSU
| Not specified
| style="text-align:center; background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|}

==== 2024 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=100px| Project Title
! width=10px| Location
! width=10px| Industry
! width=10px| Ownership
! width=10px| Expected Completion
! width=20px| Current status
|-
| [[Cochin International Airport|CIAL]] International Terminal Building Expansion
| Ernakulam ([[Nedumbassery]])
| Airports & Aviation
| Central Government
| October 2026
| style="text-align:center; background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| Small Hydro Electric Project
| Thrissur ([[Peringalkuthu Dam]])
| Power Generation
| State PSU
| May 2028
| style="text-align:center; background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| Integrated Green Hydrogen Plant
| Ernakulam ([[Nedumbassery]])
| Petroleum
| State PSU
| Not specified
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|}

=== Other Maga Projects ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=10px| No.
! width=50px| Project Title
! width=10px| Proposed Year
! width=10px| Expected Completion
! width=400px | Project Details
! width=30px| Current status
|-
| 1
| Supplementary Gas Infrastructure Project
| 2015
| Not specified
| align="left" | A joint venture company, Kerala Gail Gas Limited (KGGL), has been established between the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation|KSIDC]] and [[GAIL]] Gas Limited. KGGL will undertake activities such as city gas distribution in Kerala, the establishment of CNG stations for [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses, a gas training institute, and spur lines from GAIL's main pipeline. Additionally, the company will set up small gas-based power generating plants. The total estimated investment for the project is ₹2,000 crores ($400 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Mar/14/gas-project-hopes-still-in-pipeline-458582.html | title=Gas project hopes still in pipeline | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Pramod Thomas | date=14 March 2013 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
| 2
| [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport]]
| 2015
| 2024
| align="left" | The Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport is an ambitious project of the [[Government of Kerala]], being developed at [[Vizhinjam]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The project adheres to the Landlord Port Model, wherein dredging, reclamation, and essential infrastructure such as breakwaters and quays will be undertaken by [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Vizhinjam International Seaport Ltd.]], a wholly owned subsidiary of the Government of Kerala. Port operations will be managed through a public-private partnership (PPP) model. A private operator will construct, operate, and maintain the terminal superstructure for a period of 30 years. The port development, along with its supporting infrastructure, is planned in phases, with an estimated cumulative cost of ₹7000 Crores ($1.4 billion). Upon completion, the port will offer a total quay length of 2000 meters across three phases, primarily catering to container transshipment, while also accommodating other cargo types like multi-purpose and break bulk goods.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/breakwater-construction-of-vizhinjam-port-completed-trial-run-by-june-says-minister/article68133087.ece | title=Breakwater construction of Vizhinjam port completed, trial run by June, says Minister | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 May 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Completed
|-
| 3
| [[Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram|Digital Science Park Phase IV]]
| 2018
| Not specified
| align="left" | The Digital Science Park under construction in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], will be India's first digital [[science park]]. Announced in the 2022-23 state budget, the [[Government of Kerala]] allocated ₹1000 crore for the development of four science parks to leverage advancements in science and technology. The first of these parks is being established near the Digital University of Kerala in [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] Phase IV, [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]]. [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation stone for the park on April 25, 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/digital-science-park-partners-with-global-hardware-leader-in-landmark-investment/articleshow/114400791.cms | title=Digital Science Park to partner with major hardware company | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Krishnachand.K | date=20 October 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| 4
| [[Kochi Metro|Kochi Metro Rail Project]]
| 2012
| 2024 (Delayed)
| align="left" | The project envisions constructing a world-class Light Mass Rapid Transit (LMRTS) system in [[Kochi]] to enhance the quality of life in the Greater Kochi metropolitan area. By improving regional connectivity and reducing overcrowding, traffic congestion, travel time, air, and noise pollution, the project aims to significantly uplift the region.

Spanning a total of 25 kilometers, the LMRTS will feature 21 stations from [[Aluva]] to Pettah. The proposed construction method involves an elevated viaduct supported by pre-stressed concrete U-shaped girders. To execute this project, a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) named [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]] has been established. The estimated project cost is ₹4500 crores ($900 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kochi-metro-phase-ii-delays-land-acquisition-extension-affects-construction-timeline/articleshow/115462410.cms | title=Delays hit KMRL phase II | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 November 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| 4
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Monorail|Monorail Project in Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2012
| Not specified
| align="left" | This is a prestigious single-rail mass transit project of the [[Government of Kerala]], spanning a 28.4-kilometer route between [[Kazhakoottam]] and [[Balaramapuram]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]. A monorail is a rail-based transportation system supported and guided by a single rail. This monorail will be elevated on a track along the median of the main road, minimizing land acquisition as only junctions require widening. Each train will consist of four cars, accommodating over 200 passengers, and will travel at a safe speed of 40 kilometers per hour. The estimated total project cost is ₹3408 Crores ($682 million). A detailed traffic study is being conducted by the National Transportation Planning & Research Centre (NATPAC).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2024/09/21/new-route-proposed-thiruvananthapuram-metro.html | title=New Proposal to Revise Capital's Metro Rail Alignment: Details of the Latest Plan | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | work=M A Anuj | date=21 September 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
| 5
| [[Kozhikode Light Metro]]
| 2021
| Not specified
| align="left" | The Kozhikode Light Metro Project is a proposed Light Rail Transit (LRT) system comprising a single line with 14 stations. The 13.3-kilometer first phase of the project is currently underway and is being overseen by the Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited (KRTL). Despite facing numerous setbacks due to security and budgetary challenges, the estimated ₹2,773 crore (US$347 million) project is anticipated to be completed by 2026. Upon completion, the Light Metro is expected to significantly alleviate traffic congestion and improve commuting conditions for residents.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/May/11/kmrl-plans-to-go-lightram-metro-route-in-thiruvananthapuram-and-kozhikode | title=KMRL plans to go LighTram Metro route in Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Aishwarya Prabhakaran | date=11 May 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
| 6
| [[Silver Line (K-Rail)]]
| 2020
| Not specified
| align="left" | The Silver Line is a proposed [[higher-speed rail]] line in [[India]] that would connect [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital, with [[Kasaragod]] in Kerala. With an operating speed of 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph) and a maximum design speed of 220 kmph (55 mps), structures being engineered for 250 kmph (69.5 mps), the line would reduce travel time between the two cities to less than four hours, compared to the current 10 to 12 hours. The proposed stations along the 532-kilometer (331-mile) corridor include [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kottayam]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Thrissur]], [[Tirur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], and [[Kasaragod]]. The project is currently suspended by the state government pending approval from the central government.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-silverline-broad-gauge-decision-k-rail-project-update-1.10163723 | title=Silverline: State's Move Crucial as Project Awaits Final Clearance | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=14 December 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
| 7
| Kochi GIFT City
| 2017
| Not specified
| align="left" | The proposed GIFT City, [[Kochi]], is a global financial and trade hub under development on a 220-hectare site at [[Ayyampuzha]], near [[Aluva]] in [[Ernakulam district]]. This early-bird project is part of the Kochi-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (KBIC). A joint venture between the state and central governments, the project is anticipated to create over 50,000 jobs upon completion. Land acquisition is currently underway. Beyond attracting prominent companies, it is expected to generate approximately ₹1 lakh crore in investments. The project is slated for completion by 2025, aiming to become a prominent IT and trade hub.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/after-palakkad-industrial-smart-city-project-approval-kerala-expecting-green-signal-for-kochi-gift-city-project/articleshow/112884599.cms | title=Approval Pending for Kochi Gift City; Palakkad Emerges as Key Hub in Kochi-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor | publisher=Samayam Malayalam | work=Lijin Kadukkaram | date=29 August 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| 8
| [[Air Kerala]] airlines
| 2014
| 2025
| align="left" | It is a proposed airline project, promoted by the [[Government of Kerala]], registered as a subsidiary of the [[Cochin International Airport Limited]] (CIAL). In March 2015, the board of directors of the airline decided to defer the start of commercial operations until a clear picture of relevant government rules emerged. In July 2024, Afi Ahmed's private company, Zettfly Aviation, announced that they had received a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Civil Aviation to operate scheduled commuter air transport services for three years. Zettfly plans to use Ahmed's Air Kerala domain name to market their services. It would be the first regional airline to be based in Kerala. Zettfly is working to obtain an Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) and will start operations with three ATR 72-600 aircraft. Being set up as an "ultra low-cost airline", Ahmed plans to start out with three ATR 72-600 aircraft and grow its fleet to 20 for international expansion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/air-kerala-to-take-off-in-the-new-year-kerala-s-first-private-airline-to-starts-service/articleshow/116580534.cms | title=Air Kerala Set to Launch in the New Year; First Private Airline from Kerala Begins Operations | publisher=Samayam Malayalam | work=Lijin Kadukkaram | date=23 December 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| 9
| [[Palakkad Industrial Smart City]]
| 2024
| Not specified
| align="left" | The Union Cabinet approved the [[Palakkad]] industrial city, part of a 12-city initiative under the National Industrial Corridor Development program. The city will be built on 1,710 acres, with an estimated investment of ₹28,602 crore. [[Palakkad]] is a key component of the Kochi-Bengaluru industrial corridor, expected to attract ₹10,000 crore in Kerala. The [[Government of Kerala]] acquired 82% of the land in 2022. The project received approvals from the National Industrial Corridor Trust Board and the Environment Ministry. A special purpose vehicle, Kerala Industrial Corridor Development Corporation, has been formed. Once the master plan and detailed project report are finalized, the tendering process will begin.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/business/business-news/2024/12/12/palakkad-industrial-smart-city-land-transfer.html | title=Central Government Allocates Rs 100 Crore for 105.2-Acre Industrial Smart City in Palakkad | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=12 December 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
|style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| 10
| [[Kerala Nuclear Power Station]]
| 2024
| Not specified
| align="left" | The central government has expressed readiness to approve a nuclear power plant project in Kerala, provided that the state secures the necessary land. [[Cheemeni]] in [[Kasaragod district]] has been suggested as a potential site. The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) has highlighted the need to generate 10,000 MW of electricity to meet the state's growing power requirements. The proposed nuclear power plant is part of this plan to strengthen Kerala's energy infrastructure. There have also been talks about utilizing thorium-based nuclear technology for the project.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-could-get-n-plant-if-land-for-site-is-provided-union-minister-to-state-govt/articleshow/116641650.cms | title=Kerala could get nuclear plant if land for site is provided: Union minister to state government | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Surendra Singh | date=25 December 2024 | accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref>
|style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|}

=== Other projects ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=10px| No.
! width=200px| Project Title
! width=10px| Proposed Year
! width=10px| Proposed Location
! width=30px| Current status
|-
| 1
| Petroleum Chemicals & Petrochemical Investment Region ([[PCPIR]])
| 2013
| [[Kochi]] and [[Coimbatore]]
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
| 2
| Kochi-Palakkad National Investment and Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ)
| 2014
| [[Palakkad]] and [[Kochi]]
| style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| 3
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam]] (IIIT)
| 2014
| [[Kottayam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Completed
|-
| 4
| Electronic Hub at [[Kochi]]
| 2012
| [[Kochi]]
| style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|-
| 5
| [[Titanium Sponge Plant]] Project
| 2010
| [[Chavara]], [[Kollam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Completed
|-
| 6
| [[Oceanarium]] Project
| 2011
| [[Puthuvype]], [[Kochi]]
| style="background:#BFC1C2;"| Halted
|-
| 7
| Gas Based Power Project
| 2012
| [[Cheemeni]], [[Kasargode]]
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|}

==Updates mega projects in Kerala==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+Trouism in Kerala
! width=400px |Project
! width=150px |Location
! width=150px |Status
|-
|[[Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park]]
|[[Chadayamangalam]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|-
|[[Vagamon Glass Bridge]]
|[[Vagamon]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+World Class Station
! width=400px |Project
! width=150px |Location
! width=150px |Status
|-
| [[Ernakulam Junction railway station]]
| [[Ernakulam]]
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| [[Kollam Junction railway station]]
| [[Kollam]]
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram railway station]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
| [[Thrissur railway station]]
| [[Thrissur]]
| style="background:skyblue;"| In the planning stages
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+Tunnel
! width=400px |Project
! width=150px |Location
! width=150px |Status
|-
|[[Kuthiran Tunnel]]
|[[Kuthiran|Kunthiran]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+Airport
! width=400px |Project
! width=150px |Location
! width=100px |Status
|-
|[[Kannur International Airport|Kannur international airport]]
|[[Kannur]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|-
| [[Sabarimala Greenfield Airport]]
| [[Manimala]] & [[Erumely]], [[Kottayam]] District
| style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
| [[Bekal Airport]]
| [[Bekal]]
| style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
| [[Thiruvambady Airport]]
| [[Thiruvambady]]
| style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
|[[Kerala Seaplane|Kerala seaplane]]<nowiki/>e<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi to Munnar in 25 minutes on seaplane: Expected ticket charges, booking platforms and environmental concerns |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/11/12/kochi-munnar-seaplane-ticket-cost-booking-luggage.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/11/11/kochi-munnar-seaplane-service-tourists-successful.html]
|[[Kochi]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Frrey
!Project
!Location
!Status
!Notes
|-
|[[Kochi Water Metro]]
|[[Kochi]]
|{{yes|Completed}}
|The construction work started in 2016 and its first route between [[Vyttila]] and [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] was inaugurated in February 2021 by [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]. It was officially inaugurated and opened to passengers by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 April 2023. Kochi Water Metro is expected to become fully operational by 2035 with a daily commuter-count of 1.5 lakh passengers. It is also described as possibly the largest electric boat metro transportation infrastructure being implemented in the world.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Semi high speed in kerala
!Project
!Location
!Time
!Status
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Vande Bharat Express|Vanda Bharat express]]
|[[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Kottayam)]]
| 08hrs 05mins |08hrs 5mins
|{{yes|Completed}}
|India's 15th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting [[Kasaragod]] with state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[Kerala]]. The train service was officially inaugurated on 25 April 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]. As of July 2023, it is the best-performing Vande Bharat Express train service with an average occupancy of 183 per cent, according to official data.
|-
|[[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]]
||07hrs 55mins
|{{yes|Completed}}
|India's 33rd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting [[Kasaragod]] with state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[Kerala]]. It is the second Vande Bharat Express in Kerala as well as India's first [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] coloured semi-high speed train. The service was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].
|-
| [[Silver Line (K-Rail)]]
| Kasaragod- Thiruvananthapuram
| 4 hrs
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
| Proposed [[higher-speed rail]] line in [[India]] that would connect [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city, and [[Kasaragod]] of [[Kerala]] state.[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]], [[Tirur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod]] will be the stations in this corridor.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Railway line
!Project
!Location
!Note
!Status
|-
|[[Nilambur–Nanjangud line|Nilambur-Nanjangud line]]
|[[Nanjangud]] ([[Karnataka]]) to [[Nilambur]] ([[Kerala]]) through [[Wayanad]] district of Kerala and [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiri]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]].
|Railways have reportedly made the move following the intervention of technocrat E. Sreedharan who had certified the viability of the proposed line from Nilambur to Mysuru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-15 |title=Railways to conduct final location survey of Nilambur-Nanjangud line |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/railways-to-conduct-final-location-survey-of-nilambur-nanjangud-line/article66853713.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
|[[Sabarimala Railway]]
|[[Angamaly]] ([[Ernakulam|Ernakulam district]])
[[Erumeli]]([[Kottayam|Kottayam district]])
|Sabarimala Railway is a proposed 111-kilometre (69 mi)-long railway line in Kerala, India, that will run from Angamaly to Erumeli. It was sanctioned in 1998 by Indian Railways. The line's name comes from the fact that it will provide a railway facility to pilgrims visiting the Sabarimala Temple (which number more than the total population of Kerala).
| {{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
|+Urban Rapid in Kerala
! width=400px |Project
! width=150px |Location
! width=100px |Type
! width=150px |Phase(s)
! width=100px |Status
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kochi Metro|Kochi metro]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kochi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rapid transit]]
|Phase I – 25 station|Phase l - 25
|{{yes|Completed}}
|-
|Phase II – 11 station
|style="background-color:#FFFACD;"| Under-development
|-
|Phase III– station 14
|style="background-color:#FFEF00;"| Proposed
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Metro|Thiruvananthapuram light metro]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[light rapid transit]]
|Phase I – 19 station
|{{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|-
|[[Kozhikode Light Metro|Kozhikode light metro]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Medium-capacity rail system|Light rapid transit]]
|Phase I – 22 station
|{{nom|Delayed/Indefinitely Postponed}}
|}

== Permanently Halted/Abandoned Projects ==
The following are major infrastructure projects that have been permanently suspended or abandoned due to a combination of environmental, financial, and administrative challenges, resulting in delays or complete termination.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|-
! width=10px| No.
! width=150px| Project Title
! width=10px| Location (District)
! width=500px| Reason for Halting
|-
| 1
| [[Aranmula International Airport]]
| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| align="left" | Proposed in [[Aranmula]], this private airport project faced strong opposition from local residents and environmentalists. The airport was to be located on land that was believed to be ecologically fragile, and the [[Kerala High Court]] later ruled in favour of the opposition, leading to the project's permanent cancellation.
|-
| 2
| Hydro Power Projects in Silent Valley
| [[Palakkad]]
| align="left" | The Silent Valley Hydroelectric Project, which was proposed in the 1970s, was permanently shelved following widespread protests by environmental activists and local communities. The project was believed to be a major threat to the biodiversity of the Silent Valley forest, part of the [[Western Ghats]].
|-
| 3
| Athirappilly Hydroelectric Project
| [[Thrissur]]
| align="left" | The Athirappilly hydroelectric project was halted after widespread protests from environmental groups and local communities. The project would have affected the biodiversity-rich region near the [[Athirappilly Falls|Athirappilly waterfalls]], and concerns about environmental destruction and displacement led to its cancellation.
|-
| 4
| Vizhinjam Mother and Child Hospital
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| align="left" | The construction of a mother and child hospital in [[Vizhinjam]], was halted midway due to issues in project management, budget overruns, and bureaucratic delays. While initially approved to provide healthcare facilities to underserved areas, it remains unfinished due to administrative hurdles.
|-
| 5
| Gas-Based Power Plant
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| align="left" | Proposed to provide cleaner energy, this gas-based power plant in Thiruvananthapuram was halted after initial planning due to concerns over fuel availability and environmental clearances.
|-
| 6
| Karapuzha Irrigation Project
| [[Wayanad]]
| align="left" | This irrigation project was initiated to help farmers in the [[Wayanad]] region but has faced multiple delays due to budget overruns and environmental concerns. The project remains unfinished despite being planned decades ago.
|-
| 7
| Kannur Aerotropolis
| [[Kannur]]
| align="left" | The Kannur Aerotropolis, envisioned as an airport city with industrial and commercial hubs, remains stalled due to land acquisition disputes and insufficient private sector interest. The project was meant to boost economic activity in the [[Kannur]] region but is currently in limbo.
|-
| 8
| [[Kerala Seaplane]]
| [[Kollam]]
| align="left" | The Kerala Seaplane project, initially met with mixed reactions, faced significant setbacks. Protests from fishing communities over concerns about livelihood and the environment forced the project to relocate. Despite efforts to gain community support, the project was ultimately abandoned due to operational challenges and mounting losses. The aircraft remained grounded, and the government's expert committee was unable to complete its assessment.
|}

==See also==
* [[Second Chandy ministry]]
* [[Invest Kerala Global Summit]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation|KSIDC]]
* [[List of megaprojects in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/ Emerging Kerala] - Official Website
* [http://www.ksidc.org/ KSIDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725175004/https://www.ksidc.org/ |date=25 July 2021 }} Official Partner

{{Oommen Chandy Cabinet 2011}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Investment in India]]
[[Category:Business conferences in India]]

Raghavan Varadarajan

2026-03-08T05:23:25Z

Asis: Created new details.

{{Short description|Indian biophysicist and professor (b. 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Raghavan Varadarajan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|27}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] | [[Stanford University]] | [[Yale University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Steven G. Boxer]] [[Frederic M. Richards]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Protein structure [[Protein folding]]
| awards = 1998 B. M. Birla Award for Biological Sciences 2002 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 2013 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] G. N. Ramachandran Gold Medal
}}

'''Raghavan Varadarajan''' (born 27 November 1960) is an Indian biophysicist and a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=62440095&privcapId=248215062 | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He is known for his researches in the fields of protein structure and [[protein folding]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=98 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> and his contributions in developing vaccines and drugs for treating a type of fatal [[influenza]] and [[HIV-1]].<ref name="Fighting the flu virus">{{cite web | url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F80924%2Ffighting-flu-virus.html | title=Fighting the flu virus | newspaper=Deccan Herald | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016 | archive-date=20 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040357/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/80924/fighting-flu-virus.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a former J. C. Bose National Fellow of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow - Varadarajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P07-1450 | title=Indian fellow - Varadarajan | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2002, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=201 | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 27 November 1960,<ref name="Fellow profile - Varadarajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Varadarajan,_Prof._Raghavan | title=Fellow profile - Varadarajan | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> Raghavan Varadarajan completed his graduate and master's degrees from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1982 and moved to the US for his doctoral studies at [[Stanford University]] under the guidance of Steven G. Boxer to secure a PhD.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varadarajan" /> His post-doctoral studies were at [[Yale University]] at the laboratory of [[Frederic M. Richards]] during 1988–92 and he returned to India to start his academic career at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) in 1992. Holding the position of a professor of Molecular Biophysics Unit,<ref name="Professor Molecular Biophysics Unit">{{cite web | url=http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/raghavan-varadarajan | title=Professor Molecular Biophysics Unit | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> he heads ''The Varadarajan Laboratory'' of IISc which has research interests in the design of [[HIV-1]] and [[influenza]] [[immunogen]]s.<ref name="Varadarajan Laboratory">{{cite web | url=http://mbu.iisc.ernet.in/~rvgrp/ | title=Varadarajan Laboratory | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He also serves as an honorary professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]]<ref name="Faculty members">{{cite web | url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/cbumain.php/Faculty-members/1/1/ | title=Faculty members | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> and as the chairman of the scientific board of ''Theramyt Novobiologics'', a [[Bengaluru]]-based research platform (which he helped found), engaged in the development of [[biological drug]]s.<ref name="Founding team">{{cite web | url=http://theramyt.com/founding-team/ | title=Founding team | publisher=Theramyt Novobiologics | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016 | archive-date=20 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020041103/http://theramyt.com/founding-team/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Varadarajan's early researches were focused on the interaction of protein molecules and their sequential properties.<ref name="Lack of good students worries Bhatnagar awardees">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Lack-of-good-students-worries-Bhatnagar-awardees/articleshow/24995719.cms | title=Lack of good students worries Bhatnagar awardees | publisher=Times of India | date=12 October 2002 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> At Steven G. Boxer's laboratory, he worked on human [[myoglobin]], a [[hemeprotein]], and studied its dielectric properties as well as the ''redox potential/spectral properties of bound chromophores''.<ref name="Cloning, Expression in Escherichia coli, and Reconstitution of Human Myoglobin">{{cite journal | jstor=26170| title=Cloning, Expression in Escherichia coli, and Reconstitution of Human Myoglobin | author=Raghavan Varadarajan, Alex Szabo and Steven G. Boxer | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=September 1985 | volume=82 | issue=17 | pages=5681–5684 | doi=10.1073/pnas.82.17.5681| pmc=390615 | pmid=3898068| bibcode=1985PNAS...82.5681V | doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, during his post-doctoral days at Yale, he researched on the ''structural and thermodynamic changes associated with cavity formation in proteins''.<ref name="Indian fellow - Varadarajan" /> Continuing his researches at IISc, he is known to have developed a new [[crystallographic]] and [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] hydrogen exchange protocol for the characterization of disordered states of proteins,<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and his studies helped in the estimation of the ''hydrophobic driving force in protein folding''. Collaborating with Merck Research Laboratories on behalf of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], his team developed a number of [[immunogen]]s which have been demonstrated to have positive effect as HIV-1 vaccines<ref name="Fighting the flu virus" /> and he holds the patent for the invention.<ref name="HIV-1 Envelope Based Fragments">{{cite web | url=http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20110217338 | title=HIV-1 Envelope Based Fragments | publisher=Patents Encyclopedia | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Merck have tested the a few vaccines and some of the other proposals are being tested by [[International AIDS Vaccine Initiative]].<ref name="Summary of Achievements">{{cite web | url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Raghavan_Varadarajan.pdf | title=Summary of Achievements | publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

Varadarajan has published his research findings by way of several articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see Selected bibliography section}} and his publications have been listed in a number of online article repositories.<ref name="Raghavan Varadarajan on ScienceOpen">{{cite web | url=https://www.scienceopen.com/user/24001469-aedb-4b36-abf0-4fdb3eb2ecc5/other-publications | title=Raghavan Varadarajan on ScienceOpen | publisher=ScienceOpen | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Citing TSpred Server">{{cite web | url=http://mspc.bii.a-star.edu.sg/TSpred/Reference.html | title=Citing TSpred Server | publisher=Bioinformatics Institute | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="All Publications">{{cite web | url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/boxer/all_pubs.html | title=All Publications | publisher=Boxer Lab | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He served as an investigator of the ''DBT-IAVI Programme'' jointly organized by the Department of Biotechnology and [[International AIDS Vaccine Initiative]] for the development of HIV vaccines.<ref name="New Indian Medicinal Chemistry Programme towards Advancement of Novel Neutralizing Antibody Approach">{{cite web | url=http://www.iavi.org/press-releases/2007/213-india-s-department-of-biotechnology-and-iavi-forge-partnership | title=New Indian Medicinal Chemistry Programme towards Advancement of Novel Neutralizing Antibody Approach | publisher=International AIDS Vaccine Initiative | date=2 May 2007 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He has also mentored a number of scholars in their doctoral researches<ref name="Indian fellow - Varadarajan" /> and has conducted seminars on his researches.<ref name="Seminar by Prof. Raghavan Varadarajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/biology/about-us/events/seminar-by-prof.-raghavan-varadarajan-friday-3-july-2015 | title=Seminar by Prof. Raghavan Varadarajan | publisher=Department of Biological Sciences, University of London | date=2015 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Speakers">{{cite web | url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/molecuetosystemspk.php | title=Speakers | publisher=Presidency University | date=2016 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Varadarajan received the B. M. Birla Science Award of the [[Birla Science Museum|B. M. Birla Science Centre]] in 1998 for his contributions to the study of protein structure and foldings<ref name="Birla awards for young scientists ">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/12/19/stories/2001121901661300.htm | title=Birla awards for young scientists | date=19 December 2001 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=19 October 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2002.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> In 2013, CSIR honored him again with the G. N. Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences and Technology.<ref name="G.N. Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/RnDNewsLetters/csirnews2k13/csirnews_oct13.pdf | title=G.N. Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology 2013 | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=October 2013 | access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> He received a number of research fellowships which included the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship for Biological Sciences of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]-Innovation Grant Award of the [[National Institutes of Health]] ( both in 1999), Senior Research Fellowship of Wellcome Trust (2000) and the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology (2007–12).<ref name="Indian fellow - Varadarajan" /> He is also an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile - Varadarajan" /> In 2024, Varadarajan became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Cloning, Expression in Escherichia coli, and Reconstitution of Human Myoglobin | author=Raghavan Varadarajan, Alex Szabo and Steven G. Boxer | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=September 1985 | volume=82 | issue=17 | pages=5681–5684 | doi=10.1073/pnas.82.17.5681| pmc=390615 | pmid=3898068| bibcode=1985PNAS...82.5681V | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Effects of Buried Ionizable Amino Acids on the Reduction Potential of Recombinant Myoglobin | author=Raghavan Varadarajan, Thomas E. Zewart, Harry B. Gray, Steven G. Boxer | journal=Science | year=1989 | volume=243 | issue=4887 | pages=69–73 | doi=10.1126/science.2563171| pmid=2563171 | bibcode=1989Sci...243...69V }}
* {{cite journal | title=A procedure for the prediction of temperature-sensitive mutants of a globular protein based solely on the amino acid sequence | author=R. Varadarajan, H. A. Nagarajaram, C. Ramakrishnan | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | year=1996 | volume=93 | issue=24 | pages=13908–13913 | doi=10.1073/pnas.93.24.13908| pmid=8943034 | pmc=19465 | bibcode=1996PNAS...9313908V | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Elucidation of factors responsible for enhanced thermal stability of proteins: a structural genomics based study | author=Suvobrata Chakravarty, Raghavan Varadarajan | journal=Biochemistry | date=June 2002 | pmid=12069608 | volume=41 | issue=25 | pages=8152–61 | doi=10.1021/bi025523t}}
* {{cite journal | title=Design of an HA2-based Escherichia coli expressed influenza immunogen that protects mice from pathogenic challenge | author=B Citron, J Shiver, Tariq Najar, Xin Lu, J. ter Meulen, Gayathri Bommakanti, Xiaoping Liang, Kathleen Callahan, Walter Joyce, Danilo R. Casimiro, W Hepler, Gwendolyn J Heidecker, Raghavan Varadarajan | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=August 2010 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1007465107 | volume=107 | issue=31 | pages=13701–13706 | pmid=20615991 | pmc=2922242| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Influenza hemagglutinin stem-fragment immunogen elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies and confers heterologous protection | author=Gwendolyn J Heidecker, P. Sarma, Xin Lu, Kathleen Callahan, Raghavan Varadarajan, V. Vamsee Aditya Mallajosyula, Francesca Ferrara, Jessica Flynn, Nigel Temperton, Michael Citron, Xiaoping Liang | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=June 2014 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1402766111 | volume=111 | issue=25 | pages=E2514–E2523 | pmid=24927560 | pmc=4078824| bibcode=2014PNAS..111E2514M | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=TSpred: a web server for the rational design of temperature-sensitive mutants | author=Kuan Pern Tan, Shruti Khare, Raghavan Varadarajan, Mallur Srivatsan Madhusudhan | journal=Nucleic Acids Res. | year=2014 | pmid=24782523 | doi=10.1093/nar/gku319 | volume=42 | issue=Web Server issue | pmc=4086094 | pages=W277-84}}
* {{cite journal | title=Glycosylation of the core of the HIV-1 envelope subunit protein gp120 is not required for native trimer formation or viral infectivity | author1=Rathore U|author2=Saha P|author3=Kesavardhana S|author4=Kumar AA|author5=Datta R|author6=Devanarayanan S|author7=Das R|author8-link=John R. Mascola |author8=Mascola JR|author9=Varadarajan R. | journal=J. Biol. Chem. | year=2017 | pmid=28446609 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M117.788919 | volume=292 | issue=24 | pmc=5473224 | pages=10197–10219| doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Frederic M. Richards]]
* [[Immunogen]]
* [[Hemeprotein]]
* [[Myoglobin]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | title=Residue proximity information and protein model discrimination using saturation-suppressor mutagenesis | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | journal= eLife| date=30 December 2015 | volume=4 | doi=10.7554/eLife.09532| pmid=26716404 | pmc=4758949 | last1=Sahoo | first1=Anusmita | last2=Khare | first2=Shruti | last3=Devanarayanan | first3=Sivasankar | last4=Jain | first4=Pankaj C. | last5=Varadarajan | first5=Raghavan | doi-access=free }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadarajan, Raghavan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

List of Telugu films of 2018

2026-03-03T23:51:22Z

Asis:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}

This is a list of Telugu films released in the year 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/telugu|title=Latest Telugu Movie Releases 2018|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

==Box office ==
The top films released in 2018 by worldwide [[Box Office]] [[gross revenue]] in [[Indian rupee]]s are as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2018
|-
!Rank !! Title !! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rangasthalam]]''
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| {{INRConvert|216|c}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=‘Baahubali 2’ to ‘Khaidi No 150’, highest grossing Telugu movies at the worldwide box office |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/baahubali-2-to-khaidi-no-150-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-at-the-worldwide-box-office-854029 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=3 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
| [[D. V. V. Danayya|DVV Entertainments]]
| {{INRConvert|187|c}}
| <ref name="toigross">{{cite web |title=Rangasthalam Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5246&cid=6&fid=5860 |website=Andhra Boxoffice |language=en |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
| [[S. Radha Krishna|Haarika & Hassini Creations]]
| {{INRConvert|168|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Jr NTR turns 42: From RRR to Temper: 5 of his biggest hits and where to watch them online |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/jr-ntr-turns-42-from-rrr-to-temper-5-of-his-biggest-hits-and-where-to-watch-them-online-659205.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
| [[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]]
| {{INRConvert|132|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=Rohit Shetty bags Geetha Govindam remake|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/300919/rohit-shetty-bags-geetha-govindam-remake.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''
| [[Ramalakshmi Cine Creations]]
| {{INRConvert|101.16|c}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Arjun hits a hatrick with Naa Peru Surya, movie collects Rs 101.16 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/allu-arjun-scores-a-hatrick-naa-peru-surya-collects-rs-101-16-cr/story-w1XRpq6RsNntFFzsku43kI.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 August 2025 |language=en |date=12 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
| [[S. Radha Krishna|Harika & Hassine Creations]]
| {{INRConvert|95|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshitha |date=January 19, 2018 |title='Agnyaathavaasi' box office collections: Pawan Kalyan, Keerthy Suresh and Anu Emmanuel starrer rakes in Rs 95 Cr worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/agnyaathavaasi-box-office-collections-pawan-kalyan-keerthy-suresh-and-anu-emmanuel-starrer-rakes-in-rs-95-cr-worldwide/articleshow/62570054.cms |access-date=August 22, 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mahanati]]''
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| {{INRConvert|83|c}}
|<ref name="ht2018">{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Devadas Final Box Office Collections: Nagarjuna And Nani's Film Fails To Live Up To The Expectations |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2018/devadas-final-box-office-collections-nagarjuna-and-nani-s-film-fails-to-live-up-to-the-expectations-278751.html |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 Oct 2018 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
| [[:Category:UV Creations films|UV Creations]]
| {{INRConvert|67|c}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bhaagamathie-1st-week-box-office-collection-anushka-shettys-film-crosses-rs-50-crore-mark-759265 |title=Bhaagamathie 1st week box office collection: Anushka Shetty's film crosses Rs 50-crore mark worldwide in 7 days. |website=ibtimes |date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jai Simha]]''
| [[CK Entertainments]]
| {{INRConvert|50|c}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna-starrer 'Jai Simha' enters the Rs 65 crore club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/nandamuri-balakrishna-starrer-jai-simha-enters-the-rs-50-crore-club/articleshow/62616709.cms|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]] ''
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| {{INRConvert|48.2|c}}
|<ref name="ht2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DevaDas Final Total WW Collections{{!}} AndhraBoxOffice.com |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5305&cid=6&fid=5972 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=andhraboxoffice.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== January – June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;"|'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Chilkur Balaji''|| [[Allani Sridhar]] || Sunil Sharma, [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Aamani]], [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] || Filmedia Productions || <ref>"Chilkur Balaji now on celluloid too". Nyooz.com . Retrieved 5 January 2018.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''|| [[Trivikram Srinivas]] || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Anu Emmanuel]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Boman Irani]] ||[[S. Radha Krishna|Haarika & Hassine Creations]] || <ref>"Power star Pawan Kalyan is Agnatha Vaasi?". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Jai Simha]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Nayantara]], [[Haripriya]], [[Natasha Doshi]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] || C. K. Entertainment ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''14'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || Sri Rajani || [[Raj Tarun]], [[Chitra Shukla]], [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] ||[[Annapurna Studios]] || <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rangula-ratnam-to-release-on-january-14/articleshow/62352230.cms "‘Rangula Ratnam’ to release on January 14?"] Times of India (3 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''3 Mukhi'' || Aishwarya Addala || Aishwarya Addala, Satyanand, Gopi Chand, Yadha Kumar || Ram Creations || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/3-mukhi/ET00069412 3 Mukhi (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (19 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ego (2018 film)|Ego]]'' || R. V. Subramanyam || Aashish Raj Bidkikar, Simran Sharma, [[Diksha Panth]] || VKA Films || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ego-telugu/ET00068538 Ego (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (19 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;"|'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' || [[G. Ashok]] || [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Jayaram]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Asha Sarath]], [[Murali Sharma]]||UV Creations [[Studio Green]] || <ref>"Bhagmati is a modern-day thriller; not a period drama based on the Hyderabad queen: Anushka" {{according to whom|date=September 2019}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''2'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Chalo]]'' || [[Venky Kudumula]] || [[Naga Shaurya]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Raghu Babu]] || Ira Creations || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/chalo/ET00064364 Chalo Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow.com (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''HBD - Hacked By Devil'' || Krishna Karthik || Santoshi Sharma, Meghana, Himaja || Login Media || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/hbd-hacked-by-devil/ET00069889 HBD Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow.com (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || [[Vikram Sirikonda]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Raashi Khanna]], [[Seerat Kapoor]], [[Freddy Daruwala]] || Lakshmi Narasimha Productions || <ref>[http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/25/touch-chesi-chudu-released-date-locked-4202.html Touch Chesi Chudu release date locked] Cinema Express.com (25 January 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''3'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Howrah Bridge (2018 film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' || Revan Yadhu || [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Chandini Chowdhary]], Manali Rathod, [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || EMVE Studios || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/howrah-bridge/ET00061902 Howrah Bridge Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow.com (2 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''9'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Gayatri (2018 film)|Gayatri]]'' || [[Madan (film director)|R. R. Madan]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/gayatri/ET00068244|title=Gayatri Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Inttelligent]]'' || [[V. V. Vinayak]] || [[Sai Dharam Tej]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Dev Gill]], [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||[[CK Entertainments]] || <ref>{"Sai Dharam Tej-starrer 'Intelligent' gets a release date"</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Tholi Prema (2018 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' || Venky Atluri || [[Varun Tej]], [[Raashi Khanna]] ||[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chikhli/movies/tholi-prema/ET00066604|title=Tholi Prema Movie (2018) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Chikhli - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Idi Naa Love Story]]'' || M. Ramesh Gopi || [[Tarun Kumar]], [[Oviya]], [[Manchu Manoj]] || Ram Entertainments || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/idi-naa-love-story/ET00059642 Idi Naa Love Story (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''16'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'' || Prashanth Varma || [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Regina Cassandra]], [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Srinivas Avasarala]], [[Murali Sharma]] || Wall Poster Cinema || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/awe/ET00066606 Awe (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]'' || Manjula Ghattamaneni || [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Amyra Dastur]], [[Tridha Choudhury]], [[Adith Arun]], [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] || Anandi Arts and Indira Productions || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/manasuku-nachindi/ET00067072 Manasuku Nachindi (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Rachayitha'' || Vidya Sagar Raju || Vidya Sagar Raju, [[Sanchita Padukone]], Ragini, Supriya || Duhara Movies || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rachayitha/ET00069244 Rachayitha (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Soda Golisoda'' || Hari Babu || Maanas, Nitya Naresh, [[Brahmanandam]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Shakalaka Shankar, [[Krishna Bhagawan]] || SB Art Creations|| <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/soda-goli-soda/ET00070901 Soda Goli Soda(2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (16 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''23'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Chalte Chalte'' || Pradeep K. K. || Vishwadev Rachakonda, Priyanka Jain, Rajashree Nayar, [[Shayaji Shinde]], [[Rao Ramesh]] || Amazing Arts || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/chalthe-chalthe/ET00071267 Chalthe Chalthe (2018) Movie] Bookmyshow (23 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' || Raj Satya || [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Reshmi Menon]], Jiya || SNR Films India Pvt LTD || <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rahul-ravindrans-hyderabad-love-story-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/62885925.cms Rahul Ravindran’s ‘Hyderabad Love Story’ gets a release date] The Times of India (12 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Juvva]]'' || Trikoti Peta || Ranjith Somi, [[Palak Lalwani]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || Sommi Films || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/juvva/ET00071261 Juvva Movie (2018)] Bookmyshow (12 February 2018)</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Raa Raa (2018 film)|Raa Raa]]'' || L. Ramakrishna Raju || [[Meka Srikanth]], Naziya, [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Raghu Karumanchi]], [[Shakalaka Shankar]] || Vijicherrish Visions || <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanths-raa-raa-to-release-on-february-23/articleshow/62696178.cms "Srikanth’s ‘Raa Raa’ to release on February 23"] The Times of India (29 January 2018)</ref>
|-
|- March!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''9'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ye Mantram Vesave]]'' || Sridhar Marri || [[Vijay Deverakonda]], Shivani Singh || Golisoda Films || <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/news/ye-mantram-vesave-releases-march-9|title=Ye Mantram Vesave releases on March 9|work=Telugu cinema.com|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''16'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Aithe 2.0]]'' || [[Raj Madiraju]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Zara Shah, Kartavya Sharma, Abhishek Gupta || Firm 9 Pictures || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/aithe-2/ET00041353|title=Aithe 2.0 Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Kirrak Party]]'' || Sharan Koppisetty || [[Nikhil Siddharth]], [[Simran Pareenja]], [[Samyuktha Hegde]], [[Rakendu Mouli]] || AK Entertainments || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/kirrak-party/ET00069451|title=Kirrak Party Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Nelluri Pedda Reddy'' || V. J. Reddy || Satish Reddy, Mouryani, Ambati Srinivas || Manisha Arts & Media Pvt Ltd || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/nelluri-pedda-reddy/ET00072402|title=Nelluri Pedda Reddy Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Vadena'' || Sai Suneel Nimmala || Shiv Tandel, Neha Deshpande, Ajay Ghosh || Nirmani Films || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/vadena/ET00071891|title=Vadena Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''17'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Manasainodu'' || Satyavarapu Venkateswararao || [[Manoj Nandam]], Priya Singh, [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Raghu Babu]] || H Pictures || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/manasainodu/ET00072515|title=Manasainodu Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''23'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Anaganaga Oka Vullo'' || Sai Krishna K. V. || Ashok Kumar, Priyanka Sharma, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Krishnudu]] || Chandra Balaji Films || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/anaganaga-oka-ullo/ET00072795|title=Anaganaga Oka Vullo Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]'' || [[Upendra Madhav]] || [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Brahmanandam]]|| Blue Planet Entertainments || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/mla-telugu/ET00059328|title=MLA Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]''|| Udugula Venu || [[Sree Vishnu]], [[Satna Titus]], [[Nara Rohit]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] || Aran Media Works || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/needi-naadi-oke-katha/ET00068885|title=Needi Naadi Oke Katha Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''30'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] || [[Ram Charan Tej|Ram Charan]], [[Samantha Akkineni]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Prakash Raj|Jagapathi Babu]], [[Prakash Raj]]||[[Mythri Movie Makers]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rangasthalam/ET00058961|title=Rangasthalam Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>
|-
|- April!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''5'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' || [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]] || [[Nithiin]], [[Megha Akash]], [[Madhunandan]], [[Rao Ramesh]], Sanjay Swaroop ||Sresht Movies [[Pawan Kalyan Creative Works]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/chal-mohan-ranga/ET00070820|title=Chal Mohan Ranga Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''6'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Satya Gang'' || Prabhas Nimmala || Sathvik Eshwar, Prathyush, Akshita, Harshitha Singh, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] || Sidda Yogi Creations || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/satya-gang/ET00073457|title=Satya Gang Movie (2018)|work=Bookmyshow|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''12'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Ameerpet 2 America'' || Challa Bhanu Kiran Rammohan Komanduri || Tejas, Pallavi Dora, [[Vamsi Krishna]], Vamshi Koduri, [[Meghana Lokesh]], Sasha Singh, Mahita Beeram || Radha Media || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ameerpet-2-america/ET00073948|title=Ameerpet 2 America Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham|Krishnarjuna Yuddham]]'' || [[Merlapaka Gandhi]] || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Rukshar Mir]], [[Brahmaji]] ||[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-krishnarjuna-yuddham-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/62281143.cms|title=Nani's 'Krishnarjuna Yuddham' gets a release date |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''13'''
|align="center"|''[[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]''
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]] || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Sananth Reddy]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], Deepak Paramesh, Shashank Purushotham, Anish Padmanabhan, Indhuja || Stone Bench Films
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/mercury/ET00058962|title=Mercury Kannada Movie (2018)|website=In.bookmyshow.com|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''20'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' ||[[Koratala Siva]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Kiara Advani]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Devaraj]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]||[[DVV Danayya|DVV Entertainments]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/bharat-ane-nenu/ET00059033|title=Bharat Ane Nenu Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad|website=In.bookmyshow.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" |'''27'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Achari America Yatra]]'' || [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] || [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Pragya Jaiswal]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Thakur Anoop Singh]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Padmaja Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/achari-america-yatra/ET00060376|title=Achari America Yatra Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Diya (film)|Kanam]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Sai Pallavi]], Veronica Arora, [[Naga Shourya]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] ||[[Lyca Productions]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/kanam/ET00061623|title=Kanam Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Endaro Mahanubhavulu''|| Thallada Sai Krishna || Thallada Sai Krishna, Anisha, Indu, Shalini, [[Tanikella Bharani]] || Sri Annapurna Creations ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzwyPsZtK1A|title=Endharo Mahanubhavulu Movie Latest Teaser - Sai Krishna - 2018 Telugu Movie Teaser - Mango Music|last=Mango Music|date=17 March 2018|access-date=29 July 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Junction Lo Jayamalini''|| Narra Sivanageswara Rao|| Ravikanth, Kavya Kapoor || Dikshitha Entertainments and Mahabharath Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/junction-lo-jayamalini/ET00074713|title=Junction Lo Jayamalini Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad |website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|- May!
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A Y'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"|'''4'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' ||[[Vakkantham Vamsi]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Anu Emmanuel]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Thakur Anoop Singh]], [[Sai Kumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Vennela Kishore]] ||[[Ramalakshmi Cine Creations]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''9'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Mahanati]]'' || [[Nag Ashwin]] || [[Keerthi Suresh]], [[Dulquer Salman]], [[Samantha Akkineni]], [[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Prakash Raj|Rajendra Prasad]] || Swapna Cinema ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''11'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Mehbooba (2018 film)|Mehbooba]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || Akash Puri, Neha Shetty, Vishnu Reddy, [[Sayaji Shinde]] || [[Puri Jagannadh Touring Talkies]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/mehbooba/ET00073071|title=Mehbooba Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad |website=In.bookmyshow.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''18'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Annadata Sukhibhava'' || [[R. Narayana Murthy]] || [[R. Narayana Murthy]] || Sneha Chitra Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/annadata-sukhibhava/ET00075804|title=Annadata Sukhibhava Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad|website=In.bookmyshow.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Seenugadi Prema'' || R. K. || Srinivasa Rao, Bindu Barbie || Sushma Entertainment Media || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/seenugadi-prema/ET00075935|title=Seenugadi Prema Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''25'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Nela Ticket]]'' || Kalyan Krishna || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Malvika Sharma]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || SRT Entertainment|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/nela-ticket/ET00071700|title=Nela Ticket Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ammammagarillu]]'' || Sundar Surya || [[Naga Shourya]], [[Shamili]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] || Swaajit Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ammammagarillu/ET00070902|title=Ammammagarillu Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|- June!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''1'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], Myra Sareen, [[Sayaji Shinde]] || R Company Production || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-gopal-varma-nagarjuna-film-titled-officer-has-a-release-date/story-yUWRkWwpl6L5gOVWPRnBcJ.html|title=Ram Gopal Varma, Nagarjuna film titled Officer; has a release date|date=28 February 2018|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Raju Gadu]]'' || Sanjana Reddy || [[Raj Tarun]], [[Amyra Dastur]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] || AK Entertainments Pvt Ltd. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rajugadu/ET00075146|title=Rajugadu Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad|website=In.bookmyshow.com|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''8'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Best Lovers'' || Nandi Venkat Reddy || Sri Karan, Amrutha, Divya || Srikaran Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/best-lovers/ET00077126|title=Best Lovers Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''14'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Naa... Nuvve]]'' || Jayendra Panchapakesan || [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], Surekha Vani || Cool Breeze Cinemas || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/naa-nuvve/ET00068795|title=Naa Nuvve Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''15'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]'' || [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]] || [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] || Sridevi Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/sammohanam/ET00071484|title=Sammohanam Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''22'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Jamba Lakidi Pamba'' || J. B. Murali Krishna || [[Srinivas Reddy]], [[Siddhi Idnani]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Raghu Babu]] || Shivam Celluloids || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/jamba-lakidi-pamba/ET00073077|title=Jamba Lakidi Pamba Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;"|'''29'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi|Ee Nagariniki Emaindi]]'' || [[Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam]] || [[Vishwak Sen]], Sai Sushanth, Abhinav Gomatam, Venkatesh Kakumanu, [[Anisha Ambrose]] ||[[Suresh Productions]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ee-nagaraniki-emaindi/ET00077154|title=Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Sanjeevani'' || Ravi Vide || Anuraag Dev, Manoj Chandra, Swetaa Varma || Lakshmi Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/sanjeevani/ET00076220|title=Sanjeevani Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Shambho Shankara'' || N. Sreedhar || Shakalaka Shankar, Karunya Chowdhary, Ajay Ghosh, [[Ravi Prakash]] || SK Pictures || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/shambho-shankara/ET00078257|title=Shambho Shankara Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Super Sketch'' || Ravi Chavali || Narsing Makkala, Gary Tantony, Indrasena || Thriller || <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-07-23 |title=Ruchi Gujjar files lawsuit against producers, actors of ‘So Long Valley’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/ruchi-gujjar-files-lawsuit-against-producers-actors-of-so-long-valley-990387 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |'''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;" |'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;" |'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" |'''Cast'''!! Production House !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:plum;" |'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pantham]]''||[[K. Chakravarthy]]||[[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Mehreen Pirzada]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Pavitra Lokesh]], [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] ||[[Sri Satya Sai Arts]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/pantham/ET00070417|title=Pantham Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Aghora''||Rao Durgam || Yuvaraj Rejeti, [[Nagendra Babu]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], Uttej, Jackee || Skml motion Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/aghora/ET00079056|title=Aghora Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Divya Mani''|| Giridhar Gopal || Suresh Kamal, Vaishali Deepak || Moh Maya and Red Node Media ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/divya-mani/ET00079104|title=Divya Mani Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Tej I Love You]]''||[[A. Karunakaran]]||[[Sai Dharam Tej]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], Surekha Vani, [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Pavitra Lokesh]]|| Creative Commercials ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/tej-i-love-u/ET00074905|title=Tej I Love U Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]''|| Ajay Bhupathi || Karthikeya, [[Payal Rajput]], [[Ramki (actor)|Rao Ramesh]], [[Ramki]]|| Kartikeya Creative Works ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rx-1/ET00074038|title=RX 100 Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]''|| Rakesh Shashii || Kalyaan Dhev, [[Malavika Nair (Indian actress)|Malavika Nair]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|| Vaaraahi Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/vijetha/ET00077486|title=Vijetha Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''18'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Aatagadharaa Siva]]''|| [[Chandra Siddhartha]] || Uday Shankar, [[Doddanna]], [[Hyper Aadi]], [[Chammak Chandra]]|| Rockline entertainments pvt ltd ||<ref>{{Citation|title=Aatagadharaa Siva|date=19 July 2018|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8535546/|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''20'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]''|| Aneesh Krishna ||[[Raj Tarun]], Riddhi Kumar || Sri Venkateswara Creations ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lover-movie-review-raj-tarun-riddhi-kumar-annish-krishna-1291551-2018-07-20|title=Lover Movie Review: Raj Tarun fails to save this clichéd romantic thriller|date=July 20, 2018|first=Janani|last=K.|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[W/O Ram]]''|| Vijay Yelakanti ||[[Lakshmi Manchu]], Samrat Reddy || People media factory ||{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Saakshyam]]''||[[Sriwass]]||[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Ashutosh Rana]]|| Abhishek Pictures ||{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''28'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Happy Wedding (2018 film)|Happy Wedding]]''|| Lakshman Karya ||[[Sumanth Ashwin]], [[Niharika Konidela]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Murli Sharma]]|| Pocket Cinema, UV Creations ||{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
|- August!
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |'''A U G'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Brand Babu]]''|| Prabhakar Podakandla ||[[Sumanth Shailendra]], [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Murli Sharma]]|| Shree Shailendra Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/brand-babu/ET00079362|title=Brand Babu Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Chi La Sow]]''||[[Rahul Ravindran]]||[[Sushanth]], Ruhani Sharma, [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Anu Haasan]], [[Vidyullekha Raman]]||[[Annapurna Studios]], Siruni Cine Corporation ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/chi-la-sow/ET00072818|title=Chi La Sow Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Devi Vigraham''|| Raju Shetty || || Shreenik Creations ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/devi-vigraham/ET00080987|title=Devi Vigraham Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Goodachari]]''|| Sashi Kiran Tikka ||[[Adivi Sesh]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Madhu Shalini|Jagapathi Babu]], [[Madhu Shalini]], [[Vennela Kishore]]|| Abhishek Pictures ||{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Siva Kasipuram''|| Hareesh Vattikutti || Rajesh Sri Chakravarthy, Priyanka Sharma, Chammak Chandra || Sai Hareswara Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/siva-kasipuram/ET00080899|title=Siva Kasipuram Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Tharuvatha Evaru''|| G. Krishna Reddy Rajesh Koduru || Manoj, Priyanka Sharma, [[Kamal Kamaraju]]|| Happy Ending Creations ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/tharuvatha-evaru/ET00080678|title=Tharuvatha Evaru Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Hyderabad - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''||[[Satish Vegesna]]||[[Nithiin]], [[Raashi Khanna]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Prakash Raj]]||[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]||{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''15'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Geetha Govindam]]''|| Parasuram || [[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Nagendra Babu]] || GA2 Pictures ||<ref>[https://www.andhraguide.in/geetha-govindam/ Geetha Govindam (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''24'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Aatagallu]]''|| Paruchuri Murali || [[Nara Rohit]], [[Jagapati Babu|Jagapathi Babu]], [[Darshana Banik]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Friends Movie Creations ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/aatagallu/ET00075705 Aatagallu (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Anthaku Minchi''|| Jhony || Jai, [[Rashmi Gautam]] || S Jai Films ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/anthaku-minchi/ET00079506 Anthaku Minchi (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Neevevaro]]''|| Hari Nath || [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Ritika Singh]], [[Vennela Kishore]] || MVV Cinema ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/neevevaro/ET00076369 Neevevaro (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''29'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Super Sketch''|| Ravi Chavali || Narsingh Makkala, Gary Tantony, Indra Sena, Sameer Datta, Sophiya || You and I ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/super-sketch/ET00078411 Super Sketch (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|@Nartanasala]]''|| Srinivas Chakravarthy || [[Naga Shourya]], [[Kashmira Pardeshi]], Yamini Bhaskar, [[Jayaprakash Reddy]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] || Ira Creations ||<ref name="Sameeram 2018 Telugu Movie">[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/sameeram/ET00082643 Sameeram (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#e0ffff;" |'''31'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Paper Boy]]''|| V. Jayashankar || Santhosh Shoban, Riya Suman, [[Tanya Hope]] || Sampath Nandi Creative Works ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/paper-boy/ET00078088 Paper Boy (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sameeram''|| Ravi Gundaboina || Yashwanth, Amrita Acharya, [[Getup Srinu]], Jabardasth Ramu || Anitha Creative Works ||<ref name="Sameeram 2018 Telugu Movie"/>
|-
|- September!
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''S E P '''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Anu Vamsi Katha''|| Ramesh Mukkera || Santhosh Raj, Neha Deshpande, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], Chammak Chandra || Koundinya Movies ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/anuvamshi-katha/ET00083223 Anu Vamsi Katha (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[C/o Kancharapalem]]''|| [[Venkatesh Maha]] || Nithya Sree, Mohan Bhagath, Kesava. K, Radha Bessey, Vijaya Praveena Paruchuri, Subba Rao||[[Paruchuri Vijaya Praveena Arts]]||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/co-kancharapalem/ET00081590 C/o Kancharapalem (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Manu (film)|Manu]]''|| Phanindra Narsetti || Raja Gautham, [[Chandini Chowdhary]], [[Aberaam Varma]], Mohan Bhagath || The Crowd ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/manu/ET00081594 Manu (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Premaku Raincheck]]''|| Akella Peri Srinivas || Abhilash Vadada, [[Priya Vadlamani]], Monica Tavanam || Stone Media Films ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/premaku-raincheck/ET00082330 Premaku Raincheck (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Silly Fellows]]''|| Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Chitra Shukla]], [[Nandini Rai]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] || People's Media Factory ||<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/silly-fellows/ET00077372 Silly Fellows (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Enduko Emo'' || Koti Vaddineni || [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]], [[Noel Sean]], [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]], [[Sudigali Sudheer]] || Maheshwara Creations || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/enduko-emo/ET00083109 Enduko Emo (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''13'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Masakkali'' || Nabi Enugubala || [[Sai Ronak]], Shravya, Kashi Vishwanath, Sirisha || Rose Telugu Movies || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/masakkali/ET00071028 Masakkali (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Shailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' || [[Maruthi]] || [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Anu Emmanuel]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || Sithara Entertainments || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/buytickets/shailaja-reddy-alludu-bengaluru/movie-bang-ET00079197-MT/20180913 Sailaja Reddy Alludu (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' || [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] || [[Samantha Akkineni]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Rahul Ravindran]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]] || Srinivasaa Silver Screen, V.Y.Combines || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/u-turn/ET00069724 U Turn (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''21'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ee Maaya Peremito]]'' || Ramu Koppula || [[Rahul Vijay]], [[Kavya Thapar]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Murali Sharma]] || VS Creative Works || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ee-maya-peremito/ET00077685 Ee Maya Peremito (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Antharvedham'' || ch ravi kishore babu || [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], [[Santoshi (actress)|Santoshi]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] || Friends funding films || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/Antarvedham/ET00084433 Antharvedham (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]'' || R. S. Naidu || [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Nabha Natesh]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Thulasi Shivamani]] || Sudheer Babu Productions || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/nannu-dochukunduvate/ET00078930 Nannu Dochukunduvate (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || Sriram Adittya || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni|Nagarjuna]], [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Aakanksha Singh]] ||[[Vyjayanthi Movies]] || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/devadas/ET00081137 Devdas (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#b0e0e6;" |'''28'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Natakam'' || Kalyanji Gogana || Ashish Gandhi, Ashima Narwal || Rizwan Entertainment || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/natakam/ET00084149 Natakam (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
|- October!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#FFBA00; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Desamlo Dongalu Paddaru'' || Goutham Rajkumar || Khayyum Ali, Taniahq Rajan, [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Pruthviraj]], Lohit Kumar || Sara Creations || <ref name="in.bookmyshow.com">[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/bhale-manchi-chowka-beram/ET00073378 Bhale Manchi Chowka Beram (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Bhale Manchi Chowka Beram'' || Murali Krishna Mudidani || Naveed, Mujtaba Ali Khan, Yamini Bhaskar, Kerintha Nookaraju || Aarolla Group || <ref name="in.bookmyshow.com"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'' || Anand Shankar || [[Vijay Devarakonda]], [[Mehreen Pirzada]], [[Yashika Anand]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] ||[[Studio Green]] || <ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/nota/ET00083360 NOTA (2018) Telugu Movie]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''11'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' || [[Trivikram Srinivas]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Jagapati Babu|Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Supriya Pathak]] || Haarika & Hassine Creations ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Moodu Puvulu Aaru Kayalu'' || Ramaswamy || Arjun Yagith, Bharath Bandaru, Sowmya Venugopal, Pavani || Smile Pictures ||
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''18'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]] || [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/hello-guru-prema-kosame/ET00075763|title=Hello Guru Prema Kosame Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2 Friends'' || Srinivas GLB || [[Suraj Gowda]], Sonia Dey Sarkar, Farah Titina, Akhil Karthik || Ananthalakshmi Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/2-friends/ET00086893|title=2 Friends Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Bangari Balaraju'' || Kotendra Dudyala || Raghav, Karronya Katrynn, Ajay Ghosh, Rohini, Lekhana || Nandi Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/bangari-balaraju/ET00086346|title=Bangari Balaraju Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Ratham'' || Chandrashekar Kanuri || Geetanand, Chandni Bhagwanani || Rajguru Films || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ratham/ET00086920|title=Ratham Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]'' || R. Indrasena || [[Nara Rohith]], [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Sree Vishnu]] || Baba Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/veera-bhoga-vasantha-rayalu/ET00080226|title=Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|- November!
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#7f0fd4; textcolor:#000;" |'''N O V'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''2'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Desa Dimmari'' || Nagesh Naradasi || [[Tanish|Tanish Alladi]], Sherin, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Mukul Dev]], [[Fish Venkat]] || Saveena Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/desa-dimmari/ET00087389 |title =Desa Dimmari Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Kathanayakulu'' || Habeeb Shariff || Prayaga Bhasker, Raghavendra Rao Yadav || || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/kathanayakulu/ET00087428 |title =Kathanayakulu Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || [[Chandoo Mondeti]] || [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Nidhhi Agerwal]], [[Bhumika Chawla]] ||[[Mythri Movie Makers]] || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/buytickets/savyasachi-bengaluru/movie-bang-ET00061065-MT/20181102 |title =Savyasachi Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''7'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Adhugo]]'' || [[Ravi Babu]] || [[Ravi Babu]], [[Nabha Natesh]], Abhishek Varma, Bunty ||[[Suresh Productions]] || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/adhugo/ET00084088 |title =Adhugo Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''8'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''Karma Kartha Kriya'' || Nagu Gawara || Vasant Sameer, Sahar Afsha, Nutan Raj, Ravi Varma, [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], Harsha Uppaluri || Sri Tirumala Tirupathi Venkateshwara Films || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/kartha-karma-kriya/ET00087700 |title =Karma Kartha Kriya Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''16'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || [[Srinu Vaitla]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Abhimanyu Singh|Tarun Arora]], [[Vikramjeet Virk|Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Vikramjeet Virk]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Vennela Kishore]]||[[Mythri Movie Makers]], [[Eros International]] || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/amar-akbar-anthony-telugu/ET00074744|title =Amar Akbar Anthony Telugu movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''17'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[Taxiwaala (2018)|Taxiwaala]]'' || Rahul Sankrityayan || [[Vijay Devarakonda]], Priyanka Jawlankar, [[Malavika Nair (Indian actress)|Malavika Nair]], [[Ravi Prakash]] || GA2 Pictures || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/taxiwaala/ET00070814/MT/2018113|title=Taxiwala Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''22'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Sarabha'' || N. Narasimha Rao || Aakash Kumar, [[Mishti|Mishti Chakraborty]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Napolean (actor)|Napolean]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || AKS Entertainment || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/sharabha/ET00088388|title=Sarabha Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''23'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''[[24 Kisses]]'' || Ayodhya Kumar Krishnamsetty || [[Adith Arun]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Rao Ramesh]] || Silly Monks Entertainment || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/24kisses/ET00084334|title=24 Kisses Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''LAW'' || Gagan Gopal Mulka || [[Kamal Kamaraju]], [[Pooja Ramachandran]], Mouryani, [[Manju Bhargavi]] || Sri Vigneshwara Films || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/law-telugu/ET00087920|title=LAW Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Rangu'' || Karthikeya || [[Tanish]], Priya Singh, [[Posani Krishna Murali]], Raghu Karumanchi || U & I Entertainments || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rangu/ET00088565|title=Rangu Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2018-11-23 |title=Tanish's Rangu movie Review & Rating |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-11-23/Tanishs-Rangu-movie-Review-Rating/446356 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Rule'' || Paidi Ramesh || Shivamani, Sona Patel || Sri Sudarshana Chakra Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/rule/ET00088979|title=Rule Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|''Sainyam'' || J. P. Sravan Kumar || Vikranth Singh, Bhanu Prakash, Sanju Chowdhary || Gotte Productions || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/sainyam/ET00088910|title=Sainyam Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#b0e0e6;" |'''29'''
|style="text-align:center;"|''Student Power'' || Guna Apparao || Venkat, Surya Kumari, Markandeya || Satya Krishna Creations || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/student-power/ET00089422|title=Student Power Telugu Movie (2018)}}</ref>
|-
|- December!
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#FFD700; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Operation 2019]]''|| Karanam P. Babji || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Diksha Panth]], [[Yagna Shetty]] || Alivelamma Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/operation-2019/ET00089296|title= Operation 2019 (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''7'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]''|| Srinivas Mamilla || [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]], [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Mehreen Pirzada]], [[Harshvardhan Rane]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] || Vamsadhara Creations || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/kavacham/ET00088306|title= Kavacham (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Next Enti?]]''|| [[Kunal Kohli]] || [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Navdeep]], [[Poonam Kaur]], Larissa Bonesi ||[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/next-enti/ET00088687|title= Next Enti? (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Subhalekha + Lu''|| Sarrath Narwade || Sreenivasa Sayee, Deeksha Sharma Raina, [[Priya Vadlamani]], Vamsi Raj, Mona Bedre, Appaji Ambarisha Darbha || Hanuma Telugu Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/subhalekhalu/ET00089104|title= Subhalekha+lu (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Subrahmanyapuram]]''|| Santhosh Jagarlapudi || [[Sumanth]], [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], Amit Sharma || Sudhakar Impex IPL || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/subrahmanyapuram/ET00079086|title= Subrahmanyapuram (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''14'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''|| Siddhartha || [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], Irra Mor || Rashi Combines || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daali-dhananjaya-an-ott-and-a-theatrical-release-is-a-treat/article37128705.ece|title = 'Daali' Dhananjaya: An OTT and a theatrical release is a treat|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 October 2021|last1 = Anandraj|first1 = Shilpa}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Anaganaga O Premakatha]]''|| Pratap Thatamsetti || [[Viraj Ashwin|Ashwin J. Viraj]], [[Riddhi Kumar]] || 1000 Lights Media || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/anaganaga-o-premakatha/ET00087333|title= Anaganaga O Premakatha (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Husharu]]''|| Sree Harsha Konuganti || Tejus Kancherla, Tej Kurapati, Abhinav Chunchu, Dinesh Tej, Daksha Nagarkar, [[Priya Vadlamani]], Ramya Pasupuleti, Hemal Ingle, [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] || Lucky Media || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/hushaaru/ET00089271|title= Hushaaru (2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''21'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''|| [[Sankalp Reddy]] || [[Varun Tej]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]], [[Srinivas Avasarala]] ||[[First Frame Entertainments]] || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-first-look-from-sankalp-reddys-space-film-antariksham-released/articleshow/65411879.cms|title= Antariksham movie first look|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || [[Hanu Raghavapudi]] || [[Sharwanand]], [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Priya Raman]], [[Sampath Raj]], Kalyani Natarajan, [[Murali Sharma]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] || Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Cinemas || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/padi-padi-leche-manasu/ET00071980|title= Padi Padi Leche Manasu(2018) Telugu Movie |publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''28'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)|Bluff Master]]''|| Gopi Ganesh || [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Adithya (actor)|Aditya Menon]], [[Brahmaji]] || Sridevi Movies, Abhishek Movies || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/bluff-master-telugu/ET00081272|title=Bluff Master (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Idam Jagath]]''|| Anil Srikantam || [[Sumanth]], [[Anju Kurian]], [[Adithya (actor)|Adhitya]], [[Sivaji Raja]] || Viraat Films || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/idam-jagath/ET00078457|title=Idam Jagath (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Ishtangaa''|| Sampath V. Rudra || Arjun Mahi, Tanishq Rajan, [[Duvvasi Mohan]], [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] || AVR Movie Wonders || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/ishtangaa/ET00085878|title=Ishtangaa (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Manchukurisevelalo''|| Bala Bodepudi || Ram Karthik, Pranali Ghoghare, Vijay Sai, Chammak Chandra || Pranathi Productions || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/manchukurisevelalo/ET00091553|title=Manchukurisevelalo (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''U – Kathe Hero''|| Kovera || Kovera, Himansee Katragadda, Swapna Rao, [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] || Kovera Creations || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/u-kathe-hero/ET00082705|title=U - Kathe Hero (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F0E68C;" |'''29'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[My Dear Marthandam]]''|| Harish K. V. || [[Prudhviraj]], [[Rakendu Mouli]], Kalyan Vitapu, Kalpika Ganesh, [[Krishna Bhagavan]] || Mazin Movie Makers || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/my-dear-marthandam/ET00092627|title=My Dear Marthandam (2018) Telugu Movie|publisher=Bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Indian film list}}
{{2018 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2018]]
[[Category:Lists of 2018 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian cinema|Telugu]]

Saudagar (1973 film)

2026-03-03T23:40:02Z

Asis: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saudagar
| image = Saudagar, 1973 Hindi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudhendu Roy]]
| producer = [[Tarachand Barjatya]]
| story = {{based on|''Ras''|[[Narendranath Mitra]]}}
| writer = [[Sudhendu Roy]] (screenplay) P.L. Santoshi (dialogues)<ref name=hindu13/>
| starring = [[Nutan]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Padma Khanna]]
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = Dilip Ranjan Mukhopadhyay
| editing = Mukhtar Ahmed
| budget =
| gross =
| studio = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1973|09|14}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Saudagar''''' ({{translation|Trader}}) is a 1973 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]], directed by [[Sudhendu Roy]] and based on the Bengali story, ''Ras'', by [[Narendranath Mitra]].<ref name="hindu13">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/saudagar-1973/article4294643.ece|title=Saudagar (1973)|date=10 January 2013|access-date=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224230431/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/saudagar-1973/article4294643.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema |author=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Sahib+Bibi+Aur+Golam+Bimal+Mitra+%28novel%29&pg=PT361 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830112602/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Sahib+Bibi+Aur+Golam+Bimal+Mitra+%28novel%29&pg=PT361 |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Nutan Behl|Nutan]] as Mahzubeen and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Moti, in the leading roles. It also featured [[Trilok Kapoor]], and [[Padma Khanna]] as Phoolbanu. Murad, [[Leela Mishra]] as (Badi Bhi), Dev Kishan, Jugnu and V. Gopal are also featured in the film. Though the film didn't do well commercially,<ref name="hindu13" /> it was selected as the Indian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[46th Academy Awards]], but didn't receive a nomination.<ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=20 February 2022 |title=Amitabh Bachchan and Nutan's Saudagar showed how women's labour is taken for granted |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/amitabh-bachchan-and-nutans-saudagar-showed-how-womens-labour-is-taken-for-granted/838478/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807193907/https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/amitabh-bachchan-and-nutans-saudagar-showed-how-womens-labour-is-taken-for-granted/838478/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Moti is a famous"[[Jaggery|gur]]" (unrefined concentrated date palm juice) trader of Sultanganj who trades in the seasonal gur made of "[[Khajur]]" (date-palm). During the offseason, he meets a girl, Phoolbanu, and falls in love with her. Moti approaches Phoolbanu's father, who asks for [[Mahr|mehar]] ([[bride price]]), which he does not have.

Majubee, a widow who is Moti's business associate, prepares the gur for him to sell. Her gur (and consequently Moti's) is very famous and people always prefer to buy from Moti. Moti decides to marry Majubee so that he does not have to pay her, and hence can save more and sooner. Majubee, unaware of Moti's ulterior motive, is first surprised by the proposal, but later accepts it. At the end of the season, Moti saves enough for the meher and divorces Majubee with pretext that she has illicit relationship with her much respected brother in law. Majubee being shocked has cursed Moti before leaving.

This incident shocks Majubee and people of the community. Moti meets Phoolbanu's father and asks again for his daughter's hand. Satisfied with the meher, he marries off his daughter (Phoolbanu) to Moti. Side by side, Moti was using all the money he has earned with the help of Majubee and was taking more debt after marriage with Phool banu for a luxurious lifestyle. Meanwhile, a fish trader (Nadeer) asks Majubee to marry him. He is honest with her, explaining that he has small children and wants Majubee to look after them. He always treats her with courtesy.As a result, Majubee has left for another village. All is fine till the Gur season arrives. Phoolbanu is terrible at making Gur, and Moti's customers stop buying from his shop.

It is almost the end of the gur season, and Moti does not make a good profit that year. One day Phoolbanu making the gur leaves in between to take bath when Moti arrives and sees the gur has been burnt. He badly beats Phoolbanu with a stick. Thereafter, his father in law arrived for reconciliation and they again started living together.

But one morning Moti while collecting the sap from the palm tree gradually realises his mistake. He arrived at home without any plant sap for gur manufacturing. Phoolbanu(Phooljan) asked him where are the today's sap. Moti said he left the work of gur manufacturing. Realising that Moti is upset and totally broken Phoolbanu left for her father's home. Simultaneously on the way Phoolbanu saw Moti coming with plant sap but gradually realises that he is going somewhere else. Phoolbanu followed him on th way and realised that Moti is going to Majubee's house. Moti has finally realised his mistake. He takes two cans of date-nectar and approaches Majubee at her husband's house to request her to make him some Gur to sell. At first, Majubee is very angry upon seeing Moti, but she understands that he is in a pitiful condition and is indirectly begging for her forgiveness. She also sees Phoolbanu listening to everything from behind a fence. As the eyes of the two ladies meet, they start weeping and hug each other affectionately.

==Cast==
*[[Nutan Behl|Nutan]] as Majubee "Maju", Moti's former wife.
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Motallib a.k.a. Moti
*[[Trilok Kapoor]] as Nadeer
*[[Padma Khanna]] as Phoolbanu "Phool jaan"
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Sheikh
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Badi Bhi
*Dev Kishan as Waheed Bhaijan, Razak's elder brother
*Jugnu as Usman
*V. Gopal as Gafoor
*[[C.S. Dubey]] as Banerjee
* Yunus Bihari as buyer
* H.L. Pardesi as Sikandar
* Paro as Khaala
* Habiba Rehman as village girl
* Narbada Shankar as Mallik babu
* Shriram Shastri as Sadan babu
* Suraiya as villager

==Music==
The music for the film was composed by the versatile composer Late [[Ravindra Jain]]. Lyrics were also by Ravindra Jain. He composed several memorable songs for the movie, notably:
#"Har Haseen Cheez Ka" - [[Kishore Kumar]]
#"Sajana Hain Mujhe Sajna Ke Liye" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Kyon Laayo Sainya Paan" - Asha Bhosle
#"Husn Hain Ya Koi Qayamat Hain" - [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]]
#"Door Hain Kinara" - [[Manna Dey]]
#"Tera Mera Saath Rahe" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Main hoon Phool Banu" - Lata Mangeshkar

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 46th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0070637|title=Saudagar}}

{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saudagar (1973 Film)}}
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhendu Roy]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Narendranath Mitra]]

Madame Tussauds

2026-03-03T20:57:13Z

Asis: fixes

{{short description|Wax museum in London}}
{{About|the wax museum|the person|Marie Tussaud}}
{{redirect|Tussauds|the company|The Tussauds Group}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Madame Tussauds
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| image = WaxMuseumMadameTussaudsLondon.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Madame Tussauds has included the former [[London Planetarium]] (large dome to the left) since 2006.
| alt =
| founder = [[Marie Tussaud]]
| established = {{start date and age|22 May 1835|p=y}}
| location = [[Marylebone Road]], [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]]
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Madame Tussauds''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|t|u:|ˈ|s|ɔː|d|z|}} {{respell|too|SAWDZ}}, {{IPAc-en|US|t|uː|ˈ|s|oʊ|z|}} {{respell|too|SOHZ}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |author-link=John C. Wells |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |chapter=Tussaud's |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2009 |location=London |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>{{refn|The family themselves pronounce it {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|oʊ}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}|group=N.}} is a [[wax museum]] founded in London in 1835 by the French wax sculptor [[Marie Tussaud]]. One of the early main attractions was the [[Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)|Chamber of Horrors]], which appeared in advertising in 1843.<ref name="Berridge"/>

In 1883, the restricted space of the original [[Baker Street]] site prompted Tussaud's grandson (Joseph Randall) to commission the building at its current London location on [[Marylebone Road]]. The new exhibition galleries were opened on 14 July 1884 and were a great success. Madame Tussaud & Sons was incorporated as a [[Private company limited by shares|private limited company]] (Ltd.) in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Law Journal Reports Volume 96 |publisher=E.B. Ince |page=328}}</ref>

A major [[Tourism in London|tourist attraction in London]] since the Victorian era, Madame Tussauds displays the waxworks of famous and historical figures, as well as popular film and television characters played by famous actors.<ref name="tourism"/> Operated by the British entertainment company [[Merlin Entertainments]], the museum now has locations in cities across four continents, with the first overseas branch opening in Amsterdam in 1970.<ref name=":0"/>

==History==

===Background===
[[Marie Tussaud]] was born as Marie Grosholtz in 1761 in [[Strasbourg]], France. Her mother worked for [[Philippe Curtius]] in [[Bern]], Switzerland; he was a physician skilled in [[wax model]]ling. Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modeling when she was a child; when he moved to Paris, Marie and her mother followed.<ref name=denton>{{cite web|url=https://thelegendsoflondon.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/the-baker-street-bazaar/|title=The Baker Street Bazaar|date=26 May 2012|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202030224/https://thelegendsoflondon.wordpress.com/2012/05/26/the-baker-street-bazaar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Grosholtz created her first [[wax sculpture]], of [[Voltaire]], in 1777.<ref>{{cite web|last=Du Plessis |first=Amelia |title=England—Madame Tussauds |url=http://www.england.org.za/madame-tussauds.php |publisher=Informational site about England |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213062041/http://www.england.org.za/madame-tussauds.php |archive-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> At 17, according to her memoirs, she became art tutor to Madame Elizabeth, the sister of King [[Louis XVI]]. During the [[French Revolution]], she was imprisoned for three months, but was subsequently released.<ref name=denton/> During the Revolution, she made models of many prominent victims.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marie_Tussaud.aspx|title=Marie Tussaud Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Marie Tussaud|website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

{{multiple image|align=right
| footer = Left: Waxwork of [[Marie Tussaud]] (sculpting a waxwork) and right: her memorial plaque at the wax museum she founded in London
| width =
| image1 = Marie Tussaud Madame Tussaud figure at Madame Tussauds London (33783680082).jpg
| width1 = 135
| image2 = Madame Tussaud 1761–1850.jpg
| width2 = 144
}}
Grosholtz inherited Curtius' vast collection of wax models following his death in 1794. For the next 33 years, she travelled around Europe with a touring show from the collection. She married François Tussaud in 1795, took his surname, and renamed her show as Madame Tussaud's. In 1802, she accepted an invitation from [[Magic lantern|lantern]] and [[phantasmagoria]] pioneer [[Paul Philidor]] to exhibit her work alongside his show at the [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]], London. A wave of creativity was in vogue in London the year Tussaud arrived in the city, with new [[West End theatre|West End]] stage plays which included the first to be called a melodrama, the first appearance of [[Joseph Grimaldi]] in his [[Clown#History|whiteface]] clown character, and poet [[William Wordsworth]]'s poem "[[Composed upon Westminster Bridge, 3 September 1802]]" describing London and the Thames.<ref name="Walton">{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Geri |title=Madame Tussaud Her Life and Legacy |date=2019 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |chapter=Chapter 15, page 1}}</ref> Adding her own creativity to the mix, Tussaud brought with her all her death masks, wax faces and busts.<ref name="Walton"/> Complaining that Philidor failed to promote her, Tussaud then decided to go into business alone.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Madame Tussaud built her house of wax |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-culture/2018/10/how-madame-tussaud-built-her-house-of-wax |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=National Geographic}}</ref>

Unable to return to France because of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], she travelled throughout [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain and Ireland]] exhibiting her collection and made her home in London. From 1831, she took a series of short leases on the upper floor of "Baker Street Bazaar" (on the west side of [[Baker Street]], Dorset Street, and King Street in London).<ref>Pilbeam (2006) pp. 102–106</ref> This site was later featured in the [[Druce-Portland case]] sequence of trials of 1898–1907. This became Tussaud's first permanent home in 1836.<ref>Pilbeam (2006) pp. 100–104</ref>

===Origins===
[[File:Madame Tussaud affiche 1835.jpg|thumb|Poster for the Tussaud wax figures exhibition, [[Baker Street]], London, 1835]]
By 1835, Marie Tussaud had settled down in Baker Street and opened a museum.<ref name="History">[http://www.madametussauds.com/london/about/history/default.aspx "The History of Madame Tussauds"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013114506/http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About/History/Default.aspx |date=13 October 2013}}. Madame Tussauds.com.</ref> One of its main attractions was the [[Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)|Chamber of Horrors]]. The name is often credited to a contributor to ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' in 1845, but Tussaud appears to have originated it herself, using it in advertising as early as 1843.<ref name="Berridge">{{cite book |last=Berridge |first=Kate |title=Madame Tussaud: A life in wax |url=https://archive.org/details/madametussaud00kate |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=2006 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-06-052847-8}}</ref> On its impact, Oliver Smith of ''The Telegraph'' writes, "Londoners flocked to see the likes of [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] and Sir [[Walter Scott]], but the highlight was undoubtedly the Chamber of Horrors, where Tussaud displayed models of murderers."<ref name="Telegraph"/> Other famous people were added to the museum, including the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], [[Henry VIII]], and [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Timbs |first1=John |title=Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis, with Nearly Sixty Years' Personal Recollections |date=1868 |publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer |page=819}}</ref>

The early commercial success of Madame Tussaud's saw it establish itself as a brand, and the museum became a pioneer in innovating various forms of publicity when the advertising industry was in its infancy.<ref name="Berridge"/> The Hall of Fame attraction enthralled the public of Victorian London, and inclusion in it was definitive proof one had attained [[celebrity]] status.<ref name="Berridge"/>

{{Quote|In these days, no one can be considered positively popular, unless he is admitted into the company of Madame Tussaud's celebrities in Baker Street. The only way in which a powerful and lasting impression can be made on the public mind, is through the medium of wax. You must be a doll in Baker Street before you can become the I-dol(l) of the multitude. Madame Tussaud has become, in fact, the only dispenser of permanent reputation.|"The Tussaud Test of Popularity", ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', 1849.<ref name="Berridge"/>}}

[[File:Street Advertising (5795814747).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Advertising man pasting a bill for Madame Tussaud's [[Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)|Chamber of Horrors]], London, 1877]]

Other businesses in Baker Street profited from being near Madame Tussaud's, and in 1860, [[Charles Dickens]] hailed the museum as one of London's most popular entertainments, writing in ''[[All the Year Round]]'': "Madame Tussaud's is something more than an exhibition, it is an institution".<ref>{{cite book |title=All the Year Round Volume 2 |date=1860 |publisher=Charles Dickens |page=250}}</ref> A waxwork of Dickens appeared at the museum in 1873, three years after his death.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Litvack |first1=Leon |last2=Vanfasse |first2=Nathalie |title=Reading Dickens Differently |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley |page=213}}</ref> Some sculptures still exist that were made by Marie Tussaud herself. The gallery originally contained some 400 different figures, but fire damage in 1925 coupled with bombs during [[the Blitz]] on London in 1941, severely damaged most of such older models. The casts themselves have survived, allowing the historical waxworks to be remade, and these can be seen in the museum's history exhibit. The oldest figure on display is that of [[Madame du Barry]], the work of Curtius from 1765 and part of the waxworks left to Grosholtz at his death. Other faces from the time of Tussaud include [[Robespierre]] and [[George III]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> In 1842, she made a [[self-portrait]], which is now on display at the entrance of her museum. She died in her sleep in London on 16 April 1850.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Scott|title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA762|access-date=30 November 2017|date=16 September 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476625997|page=762}}</ref>

[[File:'Madame Tussauds' in London..jpg|thumb|right|Entrance sign in London]]
By 1883, the restricted space and rising cost of the Baker Street site prompted her grandson Joseph Randall to commission construction of a building at the museum's current location on [[Marylebone Road]]. The new exhibition galleries were opened on 14 July 1884 and were a great success.<ref>Pilbeam, ''ibid''. pp. 166, 168–9.</ref> But Randall had bought out his cousin Louisa's half-share in the business in 1881, and that plus the building costs resulted in his having too little capital. He formed a limited company in 1888 to attract fresh capital but it had to be dissolved after disagreements between the family shareholders. In February 1889, Tussaud's was sold to a group of businessmen led by Edwin Josiah Poyser.<ref>Pilbeam, ''ibid''. p. 170.</ref> Tussaud's great-grandson, [[John Theodore Tussaud]], continued in his role as the museum's manager and chief artist.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=In pictures: The curious history of Madame Tussauds |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/madame-tussauds-history-in-pictures/ |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The first wax sculpture of a young [[Winston Churchill]] was made in 1908; a total of ten have been made since.<ref>Pamela Pilbeam ''Madame Tussaud: And the History of Waxworks''. P.199.</ref>

===Expansion===
[[File:Madame Tussaud's Ltd 1949.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|First Mortgage Debenture Stock of Madame Tussaud's Ltd., issued 15 September 1949]]

In 1926, Madame Tussauds became a limited company. In 1949, the company issued a First Mortgage Debenture Stock with Sir [[Arthur Marshall (British politician)|Arthur Marshall]] among the signatories. In the 1960s, Tussauds was looking to expand beyond the UK and in 1970 opened their first international exhibition in Amsterdam.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Madame-Tussauds-to-open-shop-in-Delhi/articleshow/49763438.cms|title=Madame Tussauds' to open shop in Delhi |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2015 }}</ref> In 1978, Madame Tussauds was acquired by S. Pearson and Son, now [[Pearson plc]]. The company had been seeking to expand beyond their own attractions before acquiring the group. Chessington Zoo (now [[Chessington World of Adventures]]) in southwest London was already owned by Pearson and it became a Tussauds attraction after the buyout. In 1989, the company opened [[Rock Circus|Madame Tussaud's Rock Circus]], an exhibition held at the [[London Pavilion]] celebrating the history of rock and pop music featuring its major figures recreated in wax.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Waxing Enthusiastic Over Tussaud's Rock 'n' Roll Circus : Nostalgia: Opened less than a year ago in London, the rock museum features robotic figures of rock stars sculpted in wax. Each exhibit is accompanied by music and comment.|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-04-ca-1181-story.html|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = 4 August 1990|access-date = 20 March 2025}}</ref> In 1997, the museum in London attracted 2.79 million visitors, more than the [[Tower of London]].<ref name="Pearson"/> In 1999, the company opened its first US site in Las Vegas. Its success led the company to look for another exhibition location in the US, with the New York site opening the following year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Famous Faces, All in Wax |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/12/travel/famous-faces-all-in-wax.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=12 November 2000 }}</ref> In 1999, after being part of Pearson for twenty years, Charterhouse Development Capital acquired the group. The new company bought in new management and sought to increase profits whilst continuing the company's growth.<ref name="Pearson">{{cite news |title=No more fun and games for Pearson |url=https://www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/196440.stm |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=BBC}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2000, the [[London Eye]] launched, in which Tussauds had a 33% stake, and managed by Tussauds the site soon became one of the UK's most popular attractions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tussauds to buy BA stake in London Eye |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/tussauds-to-buy-ba-stake-in-london-eye-1.1184679 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=Irish Times}}</ref>

In 2005, Madame Tussauds was sold to a company in Dubai, [[Dubai International Capital]], for £800m (US$1.5bn). In May 2007, [[The Blackstone Group]] purchased [[The Tussauds Group]] from then-owner Dubai International Capital for US$1.9 billion;<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501369.html|title=Blackstone Buys Madame Tussauds Chain|first=David|last=Cho|date=6 March 2007|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> the company was merged with Blackstone's [[Merlin Entertainments]] and operation of Madame Tussauds was taken over by Merlin.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2812377/Merlin-conjures-up-leaseback-deal.html|title=Merlin conjures up leaseback deal|date=17 July 2007|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> After the Tussauds acquisition, Dubai International Capital gained 20% of Merlin Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6419019.stm |work=BBC News| title=Tussauds firm bought in £1bn deal | date=5 March 2007}}</ref> On 17 July 2007, as part of the financing for the Tussauds deal, Merlin sold the freehold of Madame Tussauds to private investor [[Nick Leslau]] and his investment firm Prestbury under a sale and leaseback agreement.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6902797.stm |work=BBC News| title=Alton Towers sold in £622m deal | date=17 July 2007 | access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref> Although the attraction sites are owned by Prestbury, they are operated by Merlin based on a renewable 35-year lease.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

===Recent status===
[[File:Madame Tussauds London - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Madame Tussauds logo (spelt without the apostrophe) next to a waxwork of [[Kate Winslet]] in London]]
Madame Tussaud's wax museum has been a major [[tourist attraction]] in London since it opened in the 1830s, an era viewed as being when the city's tourism industry began.<ref name="tourism">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Andrew |last2=Graham |first2=Anne |title=Destination London. The Expansion of the Visitor Economy |date=2019 |publisher=University of Westminster Press |page=6|quote=Whilst London's appeal is based on historical attractions that date back to Roman times, the city's tourism 'industry' arguably dates back to the nineteenth century. In the period 1820–1840 new facilities were established that still provide the backbone of the city's tourism sector: iconic attractions (London Zoo, Madame Tussauds), leisure settings...}}</ref> In 2006 it incorporated the [[London Planetarium]] to its west wing. A large animated [[dark ride]], ''The Spirit of London'', opened in 1993. Today's wax figures at Tussauds include historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars, and famous murderers. It has been known since 2007 as "Madame Tussauds" museums (no apostrophe).<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Things You Might Not Know About Madame Tussauds Wax Museum |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/25496/10-things-you-might-not-know-about-madame-tussauds-wax-museum |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Mental Floss}}</ref> In 2009, a {{convert|5+1/2|in|cm}} waxwork of [[Tinker Bell]] (the fairy from [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''[[Peter and Wendy|Peter Pan]]'') became the museum's smallest figure of all time when it was unveiled in London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tinker Bell Immortalized at Madame Tussauds |url=https://www.awn.com/news/tinker-bell-immortalized-madame-tussauds|work=AWN |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

In July 2008, Madame Tussauds' Berlin branch became embroiled in controversy when a 41-year-old German man brushed past two guards and decapitated a wax figure depicting [[Adolf Hitler]]. This was believed to be an act of protest against showing the ruthless dictator alongside sports heroes, movie stars, and other historical figures. The statue has since been repaired, and the perpetrator has admitted that he attacked the statue to win a bet.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=211|title = Adolf Hitler returns to Berlin museum after beheading |publisher = meeja.com.au |date = 14 September 2008|access-date = 14 September 2008|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919112006/http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=211|archive-date = 19 September 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The original model of Hitler was unveiled in Madame Tussauds London in April 1933; it was frequently vandalised and a 1936 replacement had to be carefully guarded.<ref>Pilbeam, ''ibid''. p. 199.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Madame Tussauds to repair beheaded Hitler|agency = Associated Press|date = 7 July 2008|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25540602|access-date = 7 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man rips head from Hitler wax figure |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSN0547926220080705?feedType=RSS&feedName=oddlyEnoughNews |work=[[Reuters]] |first=Paul |last=Carrel |date=5 July 2008}}</ref> In January 2016, the statue of Hitler was removed from the Chamber of Horrors section in the London museum in response to an open letter sent by a staff writer of ''[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]]'', followed by significant support for its removal from social media.<ref name=jjmadameremoved>{{cite news|last1=Gur-Arieh|first1=Noga|title=Madame Tussauds Museum in London Removed Hitler Figure|url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/180500/madame-tussauds-museum-london-removed-hitler-figure/|access-date=14 June 2021|work=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|date=6 January 2016}}</ref>

The first Madame Tussauds in India opened in New Delhi on 1 December 2017. Its operator, Merlin Entertainments, planned an investment of 50 million pounds over the next 10 years.<ref>[https://www.madametussauds.com/delhi/en/events-and-media/first-look/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100013/https://www.madametussauds.com/delhi/en/events-and-media/first-look/|date=5 September 2017}}: "Madame Tussauds (no longer an apostrophe)."</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Madame Tussauds debuts in Delhi|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42193531|work=BBC News|access-date=1 December 2017|date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Madame Tussauds Delhi to officially open for public on December 1|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/madame-tussaud-delhi-india-wax-museum-4961748/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2017|date=30 November 2017}}</ref> It features over 50 wax models, including political and entertainment figures such as [[Ariana Grande]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kapil Dev]], and [[Mary Kom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/take-a-sneak-peek-into-indias-first-madame-tussauds-in-delhi/wax-figure-of-pm-narendra-modi/slideshow/61262357.cms|title=Take a sneak peek into India's first Madame Tussauds in Delhi – Wax figure of PM Narendra Modi|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> On 30 December 2020, the holding company of Madame Tussauds in Delhi confirmed a temporary shutdown of the museum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2020|title=Wax museum feels Delhi heat, Madame Tussauds shuts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/wax-museum-feels-delhi-heat-madame-tussauds-shuts-7125525/|access-date=31 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It reopened in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/madame-tussauds-to-reopen-in-delhi-in-2022-to-offer-discount-for-covid-warriors-jabbed-visitors-3770771.html|title=Madame Tussauds to Reopen in Delhi in 2022, to Offer Discount for Covid Warriors, Jabbed Visitors|date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

==Locations==
{{stack|float=right|
[[File:Madame Tussauds in Berlin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Entry of Madame Tussauds in [[Berlin]]]]
[[File:Madame Tussauds NYC.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Madame Tussauds in New York City opened in 2000.]]
[[File:Madame Tussauds, Washington, D.C. 2011 crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Madame Tussauds opened in Washington, D.C., in 2007.]]
[[File:Hollywood Madame Tussauds P4050188.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Madame Tussauds Hollywood in 2018]]
[[File:Madame Tussaud's Museum in Shanghai, China.jpg|thumb|200px|Madame Tussauds in Shanghai, China, displaying a wax figure of Queen [[Elizabeth II]], opened in 2006.]]
}}

===Asia===
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Madame Tussauds Shanghai|Shanghai]], China (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.madametussauds.com/shanghai/|title=Madame Tussauds Shanghai|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=zh|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103093635/https://www1.madametussauds.com/shanghai/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} Wuhan, China (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.madametussauds.com/wuhan/|title=Madame Tussauds Wuhan|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=zh|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113051032/https://www1.madametussauds.com/wuhan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Madame Tussauds Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/hong-kong/zh-hant/|title=Madame Tussauds Hong Kong|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=zh|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Tokyo, Japan (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.jp/ja/|title=Madame Tussauds Tokyo|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=ja|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Madame Tussauds Singapore|Singapore]] (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/singapore/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Singapore|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} Bangkok, Thailand (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/bangkok/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Bangkok|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Madame Tussauds Dubai|Dubai]], United Arab Emirates (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merlinentertainments.biz/newsroom/news-releases/2021/madame-tussauds-attraction-to-open-in-dubai-in-2021/|title = Madame Tussauds attraction to open in Dubai in 2021}}</ref>

===Europe===
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Madame Tussauds Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], Netherlands (1970)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/amsterdam/nl/|title=Madame Tussauds Amsterdam|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=nl|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Berlin, Germany (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/berlin/de/|title=Madame Tussauds Berlin|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Madame Tussauds Blackpool|Blackpool]], United Kingdom (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/blackpool/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Blackpool|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} Budapest, Hungary (2023)<ref name="hvgarticle">{{Cite web|url=https://hvg.hu/kultura/20230523_Egy_szobaban_Beyonce_Szechenyi_Hszi_Csinping_es_Zambo_Jimmy|title=Egy szobában Beyoncé, Széchenyi, Hszi Csin-ping és Zámbó Jimmy – bemutatták a budapesti Madame Tussauds-t|language=hu|website=hvg.hu|date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} London, United Kingdom (1835)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/london/en/|title=Madame Tussauds London|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Prague, Czech Republic (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/prague/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Prague|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=cs|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002526/https://www.madametussauds.com/prague/en/|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Madame Tussauds Vienna|Vienna]], Austria (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/wien/|title=Madame Tussauds Vienna|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

===North America===
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Madame Tussauds Hollywood|Hollywood]], United States (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/hollywood/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Hollywood|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Madame Tussauds Las Vegas|Las Vegas]], United States (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/las-vegas/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Las Vegas|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} Nashville, United States (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/nashville/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Nashville|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Madame Tussauds New York|New York City]], United States (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/new-york/en/|title=Madame Tussauds New York|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} Orlando, United States (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/orlando/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Orlando|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

===Oceania===
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Madame Tussauds Sydney|Sydney]], Australia (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com.au/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Sydney|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

===Former locations===
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Madame Tussauds Beijing|Beijing]], China (2014–2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.madametussauds.com/beijing|title=Madame Tussauds Beijing|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=zh|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112202325/https://www1.madametussauds.com/beijing|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-09-09|language=en |title=Madame Tussauds Calls Time on Beijing Museum |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/madame-tussauds-beijing-to-permanently-close-next-month}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} Chongqing, China (2016–2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.madametussauds.com/chongqing/|title=Madame Tussauds Chongqing|publisher=madametussauds.com|language=zh|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154345/https://www1.madametussauds.com/chongqing/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-27 |author=iChongqing |date=2025-05-14 |language=en |title=Chongqing Bids Farewell to Madame Tussauds After Nearly a Decade |url=https://www.ichongqing.info/2025/05/14/chongqing-bids-farewell-to-madame-tussauds-after-nearly-a-decade/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Madame Tussauds Delhi|Delhi]], India (2017–2020);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/delhi/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Delhi|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922014714/https://www.madametussauds.com/delhi/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> relocated to Noida (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/madame-tussauds-opens-today-at-noidas-dlf-mall/articleshow/92965689.cms | title=Madame Tussauds Opens Today at Noida's DLF Mall | Noida News – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 July 2022 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Madame Tussauds Istanbul|Istanbul]], Turkey (2016–2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Madame Tussauds Istanbul |url=https://www.madametussauds.com/istanbul/tr/ |access-date=4 May 2017 |publisher=madametussauds.com |language=tr}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Madame Tussauds San Francisco|San Francisco]], United States (2014–2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/san-francisco/en/|title=Madame Tussauds San Francisco|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013133756/https://www.madametussauds.com/san-francisco/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Madame Tussauds Washington D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], United States (2007–2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madametussauds.com/washington-dc/en/|title=Madame Tussauds Washington D.C.|publisher=madametussauds.com|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
===Celebrity poses with their wax figures===
Celebrities have often posed like their wax figures as pranks and [[publicity stunt]]s:
* On 3 November 2009, the museum's New York City branch was featured in a segment on [[NBC]]'s ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'' in which weatherman [[Al Roker]] posed in place of his lifelike wax figure for two hours and startled unsuspecting visitors, who were at first led to believe they were viewing Roker's wax counterpart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1u0dBqeCMro|title=Al makes people jump out of their skin|last=The Weather Channel|date=30 December 2009|via=YouTube}}</ref>
* In 2012, [[One Direction]] posed as their statues in the London museum, as a prank for the TV series ''[[Surprise Surprise (British TV series)|Surprise Surprise]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Direction`s wax prank on fans |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicworld/one-direction-s-wax-prank-on-fans_122840.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[NBA]] players [[Carmelo Anthony]] and [[Jeremy Lin]] pranked fans during the unveiling of their statues at the New York and San Francisco museums, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allball.blogs.nba.com/2012/06/27/carmelo-anthony-takes-the-time-to-prank-visitors-at-madame-tussauds/|title=Carmelo Anthony Takes The Time To Prank Visitors at Madame Tussaud's " NBA.com – All Ball Blog with Lang Whitaker|publisher=National Basketball Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/lakers/lakersnow/la-sp-ln-jeremy-lin-madame-tussauds-20140910-story.html|title=Jeremy Lin pranks at Madame Tussauds, pretends to be wax likeness|first=Eric|last=Pincus|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
* In 2015, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] posed as the [[Terminator (character)|Terminator]] statue in the Hollywood museum, to promote a charity event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainthis.usatoday.com/2015/06/18/arnold-schwarzenegger-terminator-genisys-prank-madame-tussauds/|title=Entertain This! – Daily hits and misses in pop culture|website=USA Today}}</ref>
*[[Ant & Dec|Ant and Dec]] pranked [[Olly Murs]] by tricking him into using a machine that will "scan every part of Olly's face and body to create the most accurate wax figure ever" as a part of their annual Undercover segment on their [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] show, ''[[Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch Ant & Dec prank Olly Murs for Saturday Night Takeaway |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a629478/watch-ant-dec-prank-olly-murs-for-saturday-night-takeaway/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=Digital Spy}}</ref>

===Music===
* Madame Tussauds is the focus of [[Steve Taylor]]'s song "[[Meltdown (Steve Taylor album)|Meltdown (at Madame Tussauds)]]", which describes someone turning up the [[thermostat]] and causing the wax figures to melt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sockheaven.org/discography/taylor/meltdown/01.html |title=Meltdown (At Madame Tussaud's) – Meltdown – Steve Taylor Discography |publisher=Sock Heaven |access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref> Taylor wrote the song as "a new metaphor to ask [the] same question" as Jesus, "What good is it for a man to gain the whole world, yet forfeit his soul?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayschristianmusic.com/artists/steve-taylor/features/cloning-around-with-steve-taylor/ |title=Cloning Around With Steve Taylor |publisher=Todays Christian Music |access-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312061649/http://www.todayschristianmusic.com/artists/steve-taylor/features/cloning-around-with-steve-taylor/ |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref>
* [[The Beatles]] had their wax figures featured along with [[List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|cardboard cutouts of various famous people]] in the cover art for ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (1967).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4380296.stm|title=Beatles waxworks sell for £81,500|date=28 October 2005|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
* Several sculptures from the London branch (including [[George W. Bush]] and [[Tony Blair]]) appear in the 2004 music video "[[Popular (Darren Hayes song)|Pop!ular]]" by singer-songwriter [[Darren Hayes]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Darren Hayes – Pop!ular|url=https://www.cantstopthepop.com/2021/08/30/darren-hayes-popular/|access-date=13 July 2023|work=Can't stop the pop}}</ref>
* Madame Tussauds sculptures are used on the cover of [[Rick Wakeman]]'s album ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]''. A waxwork of [[Richard Nixon]] also appears in the background.<ref>Wooding, Dan (1978). ''Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader''. p. 104. Granada Publishing Limited.</ref>

==List of wax figures==
{{Main|List of wax figures displayed at Madame Tussauds museums}}


==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" heights="150" widths="150">
File:Sleepingbeautytussauds.jpg|''The Sleeping Beauty'' is the oldest existing figure on display. It was modelled after [[Madame du Barry]]. She appears asleep and a device in her chest makes it seem as if she were breathing.
File:'Madame Tussaud' herself at 'Madame tussauds waxworks' in London.jpg|[[Marie Tussaud|Madame Tussaud]] herself at Madame Tussauds in London. Her [[death mask]] is visible in the background on the left.
File:The Beatles wax dummies.jpg|[[The Beatles]]
File:CharlesandCamila.jpg|King [[Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]]
File:Charlie Chaplin in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Charlie Chaplin]]
File:Religious leaders in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Pope John Paul II]], [[Desmond Tutu|Archbishop Desmond Tutu]], the [[Dalai Lama]], and [[Makarios III|Archbishop Makarios III]]
File:Princess Diana at Madame Tussaud's London - Flickr - skinnylawyer.jpg|[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]
File:Jack Sparrow - Johnny Depp (Madame Tussauds).JPG|[[Johnny Depp]] as [[Jack Sparrow]]
File:Kylie Minogue-Wax.jpg|[[Kylie Minogue]]
File:Lady Gaga wax figure at Madame Tussauds in London.jpg|[[Lady Gaga]]
File:Mme Tussaud museum (2847547733).jpg|[[Elizabeth I]]
File:Marilyn Monroe Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Marilyn Monroe]]
File:Cristiano Ronaldo figure at Madame Tussauds London (31094131932).jpg|[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]
File:Nelson Mandela Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Nelson Mandela]]
File:Mohanda Karamchand Gandhi Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
File:Adolf Hitler Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|[[Adolf Hitler]] (formerly in the Chamber of Horrors section in London)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Madame Tussauds]]
{{Portal bar|London}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="N."}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book
|last=Berridge
|first=Kate
|title=Madame Tussaud: A life in wax
|location=New York
|publisher=HarperCollins
|year=2006
|isbn=978-0-06-052847-8
|url=https://archive.org/details/madametussaud00kate
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Chapman
|first=Pauline
|title=Madame Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors: Two Hundred Years of Crime
|location=London
|publisher=Constable
|year=1984
|isbn=0-09-465620-7}}
* {{cite book|last=[[Simon Deakin|Deakin]], Johnston and [[Basil Markesinis|Markesinis]]|title=Markesinis & Deakin's Tort Law|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-928246-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/markesinisdeakin0000deak}}
* {{cite book
|editor-last=Hervé
|editor-first=Francis
|title=Madame Tussaud's Memoirs and Reminiscences of France, forming an abridged history of the French Revolution
|url=https://archive.org/details/b29336739
|location=London
|publisher=Saunders & Otley
|year=1838}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=McCallam
|first=David
|title=Waxing Revolutionary: Reflections on a Raid on a Waxworks at the Outbreak of the French Revolution
|journal=French History
|volume=16
|issue=2
|pages=153–173
|doi=10.1093/fh/16.2.153
|year=2002}}.
* {{cite book
|last = Moran
|first = Michelle
|author-link = Michelle Moran
|title = Madame Tussaud: A Novel of the French Revolution
|publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]]
|year = 2011
|isbn = 978-0-307-58865-4
|url = https://archive.org/details/madametussaudnov00mora
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Pilbeam
|first = Pamela
|author-link = Pamela Pilbeam
|title = Madame Tussaud: And the History of Waxworks
|publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]
|year = 2006
|isbn = 1-85285-511-8
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0XN85Rm85jEC
|pages = 100–104 }}

==External links==
{{commons and category|Madame Tussauds|Madame Tussauds}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Coord|51|31|22|N|0|09|19|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{London landmarks}}
{{Merlin attractions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1835 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1835]]
[[Category:Madame Tussauds| ]]
[[Category:Media museums]]
[[Category:Wax museums]]
[[Category:Merlin Entertainments Group]]
[[Category:Amusement museums]]
[[Category:Baker Street]]
[[Category:Domes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Museums in Orlando, Florida]]
[[Category:Museums in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Museums in Las Vegas]]
[[Category:Museums in Nashville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Museums in Los Angeles]]

Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-28T12:39:04Z

Asis: put up a pg

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mahasamund {{Small|CG-06}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|reservation= None
| established = 1952
|electors =17,62,477<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Rupkumari Choudhary]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Saraipali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saraipali]] [[Basna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basna]] [[Khallari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khallari]] [[Mahasamund (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] [[Rajim (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Rajim]] [[Bindrawagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bindrawagarh]] [[Kurud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurud]] [[Dhamtari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhamtari]]
}}
'''[[Mahasamund]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency (महासमुंद) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|title=Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies
|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India
|date=2 June 2008
|access-date=23 November 2008
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|archive-date=29 December 2006
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title=CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date=22 November 2008
|work=Chhattisgarh
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date=4 December 2008
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|39
|[[Saraipali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saraipali]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]]
|[[Chaturi Nand]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|40
|[[Basna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basna]]
|[[Sampat Agrawal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|41
|[[Khallari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khallari]]
|[[Dwarikadhish Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Mahasamund (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
|[[Yogeshwar Raju Sinha]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|54
|[[Rajim (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Rajim]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gariaband district|Gariaband]]
|[[Rohit Sahu]]
|-
|55
|[[Bindrawagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bindrawagarh]] (ST)
|[[Janak Dhruw]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|57
|[[Kurud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurud]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
|[[Ajay Chandrakar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|58
|[[Dhamtari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhamtari]]
|[[Onkar Sahu]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Shivdas Daga|Sheodas Daga]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1952^
|Maganlal Radhakishan Bagdi
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
|-
|1964^
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Krishna Agrawal
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Brij Lal Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pawan Diwan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Chandra Shekhar Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Ajit Jogi]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandulal Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Chunni Lal Sahu]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Roop Kumari Choudhary]]
|}
^ by poll

==General elections results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mahasamund]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahasamund">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahasamund |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S269.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731163655/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S269.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Roop Kumari Choudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,03,659|percentage=53.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,58,203|percentage=42.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Basant Sinha|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,806|percentage=0.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,840|percentage=0.29|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,45,456|percentage=10.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,26,441|percentage=75.21|change={{increase}}0.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019 Lok Sabha Elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahasamund]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chunni Lal Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,16,580
|percentage = 50.44
|change = {{increase}}5.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dhanendra Sahu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,26,069
|percentage = 43.06
|change = {{decrease}}1.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 21,241
|percentage = 1.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Devendar Singh Thakur (Rajput)
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes =15,491
|percentage = 1.27
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhansing Kosariya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes =11,245
|percentage = 0.92
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =90,511
|percentage =7.40
|change = {{increase}}7.29
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,22,767
|percentage = 74.65
|change = {{increase}}0.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahasamund]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandulal Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,03,514
|percentage = 44.51
|change = {{decrease}}3.30
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajit Jogi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,02,297
|percentage = 44.40
|change = {{decrease}}3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Chandulal Sahu
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes =20,255
|percentage = 1.79
|change = ''N/A''

}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,217
|percentage =0.11
|change = {{decrease}}6.52
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,31,254
|percentage = 74.61
|change = {{increase}}17.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mahasamund]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chandulal Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =3,71,201
|percentage =47.81
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Motilal Sahu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,19,726
|percentage = 41.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Sultansingh Satnam
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes =18,998
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Ramprasad Chauhan
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes =15,573
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =51,475
|percentage =6.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,76,217
|percentage = 56.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 Lok Sabha Elections===
* Brijlal Verma (BLD / Janata Party) : 182,054 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=1977 India General (6th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
* Shrikrishna Agrawal (INC): 102,527

==See also==
* [[Mahasamund]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.1|82.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahasamund (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Mahasamund district]]
[[Category:Dhamtari district]]
[[Category:Raipur district]]

Subhash Chandran

2026-02-26T06:43:13Z

Asis: further refined page per sources additionally and updated info after review

{{Resume-like|date=October 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Subhash Chandran
| image = Subhash Chandran.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = [[Kadungalloor]], [[Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala State]], India
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Fiction
| subject =
| notableworks = ''Manushyanu Oru Aamukham''
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse = Jayasree
| awards = Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
| website =
| children = 2
}}

'''Subhash Chandran''' (born 1972) is a [[Malayalam]] novelist, short story writer and journalist from [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]. His work includes the 2010 novel ''[[Manushyanu Oru Aamukham]]'' and the stories "Vadhakramam", "Sanmargam", "Parudeesa Nashtam" and "Guptham", which have been adapted into films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Subhash Chandran- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2021{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com|url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=Mjg5|access-date=2021-06-11|website=keralaliteraturefestival.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611113433/http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=Mjg5|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chandran is the only writer to receive [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]s for both his debut story collection (''Ghadikarangal Nilaykkunna Samayam-'' 2001) and [[debut novel]] (''Manushyanu Oru Aamukham -''2011).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Subash Chandran|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2018/speakers/subash-chandran-1.2549803|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Mathrubhumi|date=23 January 2018 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Subhash Chandran was born in 1972 in [[Kadungalloor]], near [[Alwaye]], [[Kerala]], to Chandrasekharan Pillai and Ponnamma. He attended Maharaja's College, Ernakulam and completed his Master of Arts degree in [[Malayalam]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subash Chandran|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2019/speakers/subash-chandran-mbifl-2019-1.3471825|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Mathrubhumi|date=11 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> securing the first rank from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name=":0" /> He then joined ''Mathrubhumi'' as a proofreader and moved to Kozhikode.

== ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham'' ==
{{Main|Manushyanu Oru Aamukham}}
Subhash Chandran's 2010 novel ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham'' is set in the fictional village of Thachanakkara, about a central character named Jithendran. The novel was originally serialised in ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'' in 2009, before being published by [[DC Books]] in 2010. The novel was a critical success, and remains one of the best-selling books in Malayalam, selling more than 100,000 copies.<ref name=":0" /> The novel won the Vayalar Award (2015), Kendra Sahithya Academy Award (2015) [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award (2011) [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]] (2011), [[Federation of Kerala Associations in North America|FOKANA]] Award (2012), Bhasha Institute's Basheer Puraskaaram (2012) and Kovilan Puraskaaram (2012).<ref name=":0" /> In 2016, the novel was translated into [[English language|English]], with the title ''A Preface to Man,'' which went on to win the Crossword award for best Indian language fiction in translation.<ref name="A Preface to Man">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/220616/the-four-aims-of-human-life.html |title=The four aims of human life|date=22 June 2016}}</ref>

== Film adaptations ==
Four of Chandran's stories have been adapted into films.<ref name=":1" /> Based on the story "Vadhakramam", [[Pune Film Institute]] produced a short film that won a special jury mention at the Rio de Janeiro Film Festival. The [[Malayalam]] feature film ''Laptop'' is an adaptation of the short story "Parudeesa Nashtam".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bold and beautiful|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bold-and-beautiful|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> His story "Sanmargam" was filmed as ''A Knife in the Bar'' in Malayalam while the story "Guptham" was filmed as ''Akasmikam'' by George Kithu.<ref>Jincy Balakrishnan (19 February 2012). [https://www.doolnews.com/subhash-chandran-speaks-about-his-cinema-akasmikam123.html "കഥ കടന്ന് തിരക്കഥയിലേക്ക്, സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്രന്‍ പറയുന്നു"]. Doolnews (in Malayalam). Retrieved 12 June 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/articles/2015/oct/11/%E0%B4%86-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%82 "ആ മുഖം"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]'' (in Malayalam). 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</ref>

==Personal life==
Subhash Chandran is married to Jayasree and the couple have two daughters. He lives in Kozhikode. Currently, he is the editor-in-charge of leading Malayalam cultural magazine [[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Illustrated weekly]].<ref name="പത്മപ്രഭാപുരസ്‌കാരം സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്രന്">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=പത്മപ്രഭാപുരസ്‌കാരം സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്രന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/padmaprabha-award-2023-subhash-chandran-1.8511766 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Manushyanu Oru Aamukham]]'' - Novel, [[DC Books]]<ref name=":0" />
*''Samudrashila'' - Novel, [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
*''jnanasnanam'' - Novella, [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
*''Ghatikarangal Nilakkunna Samayam'' - Short stories, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Parudeesa Nashtam'' - Short stories collection, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Thalpam'' - Short stories, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Bloody Mary'' - Short stories, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''kathakal- subhash chandran'' - Short stories, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Vihitham''- Short stories, Mathrubhumi books<ref name=":0" />
*''Madhyeyingane''- Vignettes, [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]]<ref name=":0" />
*''Kaanunnanerathu'' - Vignettes, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Das Capital'' - Memoirs, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Paadapusthakam'' - Memoirs, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Kathayakkanavathe'' - Memoirs, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''50 Atmakathakal'' - Memoirs, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Janmam'' - screen play, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Kaalaathivarthanam'' - articles on famous writers, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Onnara manikkoor'' - play, Saindhava Books<ref name=":0" />
*''emtittham'' - Memoirs on M T Vasudevan nair, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Bhoomiyammayum Makkalum'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Bhoomiyile Malakha'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Goliyum Valappottum'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Kannadi Malika'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Panavum Arppanavum'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Swarnajalakamulla Veedu'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Manthra Mothiram'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Pandu pandoru Marthanda varma'' - Children's literature, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Akkudu muyal Appam cuttu'' - Children's literature, DC Books<ref name=":0" />
*''Subhash chandrante avatharikakal'' - Introductions for various books by other writers, Macbeth Books<ref name=":0" />
{{div col end}}
*''vaathil'' - jottings, Mathrubhumi Books<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and recognition==
In 1994, his story "Ghatikarangal Nilaykkunna Samayam" won an award instituted by ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' Vishuppathippu.<ref name=":0" /> He has won numerous other awards including the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award, and [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]]. He was the only Malayalam writer included on a list of outstanding young Indian writers compiled by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name=":0" /> He is the first and only writer to receive the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award for both his debut story collection and debut novel, in 2001 and 2011 respectively.<ref name=":0" /> The English translation of his novel ''Manushyanu Oru Aamukham'', entitled ''A preface To Man'', published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2016, won the [[Crossword Book Award]].<ref name=":0" />

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 2001: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] - ''Ghatikarangal Nilaykunna Samayam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw1.htm|title="കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം ലഭിച്ച ചെറുകഥകൾ"|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Story) - ''Parudeesa Nashtam''<ref>[https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-news_may10/ "അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ"]. Puzha.com. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</ref>
* 2011: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] - ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3715418.ece|title="Sahitya Akademi awards announced"|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
* 2011: [[Malayalam Literary Awards#Odakkuzhal Award|Odakkuzhal Award]] - ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham''<ref name=":0" />
* 2014: [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] - ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham''<ref name=":0" />
* 2015: [[Vayalar Award]] - ''Manushyanu Oru Amukham''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/subhash-chandran-wins-vayalar-award/article7746894.ece|title=Subhash Chandran wins Vayalar Award|date=10 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref>
* 2017: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Drama) - ''Onnaramanikoor''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/abudhabi-sakthi-award-m-mukundan/735446 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു സമഗ്രസംഭാവന പുരസ‌്കാരം എം മുകുന്ദന് |newspaper=Deshabhimani |date=16 July 2018 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 2019: [[Padmarajan Award]] - ''Samudrashila''<ref>Bibin Babu (23 May 2020). [https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/kumbalangi-nights-director-madhu-c-narayanan-bags-padmarajan-award-2020-for-best-director-instituted-by-the-padmarajan-memorial-trust/articleshow/75914362.cms "പത്മരാജന്‍ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; മികച്ച സംവിധായകൻ മധു സി നാരായണൻ"]. ''Samayam.com (The Times of India)''. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</ref>
*2023: [[Padmaprabha Literary Award]]<ref name="പത്മപ്രഭാപുരസ്‌കാരം സുഭാഷ് ചന്ദ്രന്" />
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/10/12/subhash-chandrans-novel-traverse-another-literary-milestone/ Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310225359/http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/10/12/subhash-chandrans-novel-traverse-another-literary-milestone/ |date=10 March 2018 }}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Subhash}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

Charanjit Singh (musician)

2026-02-23T09:53:28Z

Asis:

{{Short description|Indian musician (1940–2015)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Charanjit Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 December 1940
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|07|05|1940|12|15}}<ref name=WireObit>{{cite web|title=Charanjit Singh, 'Inventor' of Acid House Music Dies|url=http://thewire.in/2015/07/05/charanjit-singh-inventor-of-acid-house-music-dies/|website=The Wire|accessdate=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705143829/http://thewire.in/2015/07/05/charanjit-singh-inventor-of-acid-house-music-dies/|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Charanjit Singh, Acid House Pioneer, Dead at 75|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/charanjit-singh-acid-house-pioneer-dead-at-75-20150706|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=6 July 2015|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bandra]], Mumbai, India
| instrument = [[violin]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboards]], bass, [[lap steel guitar]]
| genre = [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]], [[electronica]], [[filmi]], [[acid house]]
| occupation = Composer, guitarist, [[Session musician]], songwriter
| years_active = 1960s–2015
| label = [[Saregama|Gramophone Company of India]], [[Saregama]]
| associated_acts = [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]], [[Sachin Dev Burman|S.D. Burman]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[Raju Singh]]
| website =
}}
'''Charanjit Singh''' (15 December 1940 – 5 July 2015) was an Indian musician and composer, often regarded as the pioneer of [[acid house]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=2015-07-06 |title=Charanjit Singh, Acid House Pioneer, Dead at 75 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/charanjit-singh-acid-house-pioneer-dead-at-75-33725/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacHattie |first=Callum |date=2024-10-12 |title=Charanjit Singh: the accidental father of acid house |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/charanjit-singh-father-of-acid-house/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2015-07-06 |title=RIP acid house pioneer Charanjit Singh |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/25363/1/rip-acid-house-pioneer-charanjit-singh |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref>

For over three decades, he was a core figure in Bollywood’s music industry, performing bass, keyboards, and synthesizers on hundreds of soundtracks. He was part of the inner creative circle of [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], and [[R. D. Burman]], touring worldwide with them and shaping the sound of Hindi film music during its golden era.

In 1982, Singh released his debut studio album ''[[Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat]]'', intended as a [[:Category:Fusion music genres|fusion]] of [[Electronic music|electronic]] [[disco]] music with [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] [[Raga|ragas]]. Singh's idiosyncratic production style and distinctive utilisation of the [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]] [[drum machine]] and [[Roland TB-303|TB-303]] [[bass synthesizer]] on the album has led some music journalists to suggest that it is perhaps the earliest example of acid house, and recognizing him as the ''“''father of Acid House''.”''

== Early and personal life ==
Charanjit Singh was born on 15 December 1940 in [[Bombay]].

He is the father of acclaimed music director [[Raju Singh]], a composer, arranger, and background music director whose career spans more than 250 films. Raju is best known for his acclaimed scores in films such as ''Kesari'', ''Murder'', and ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'', and for cult television themes like ''C.I.D.'' and ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'', which became part of India’s pop-culture fabric.

His grandson, Joshua Singh,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joshua Singh | Artist |url=https://www.joshuasingh.in/ |website=Joshua Singh}}</ref> is part of the third generation, emerging as a songwriter, producer, and artist in India’s independent music scene. He is recognized for his emotionally driven, genre-blending sound, and has also built a career producing for other artists.

== Career ==
Singh led a wedding band and recorded and released a number of albums [[Cover version|covering]] popular [[Filmi|film songs]].<ref name="discogs_singh">{{Discogs artist|Charanjit Singh|Charanjit Singh}}</ref> These were a form of [[instrumental]] [[elevator music]], some of which have since been re-released by [[Sublime Frequencies]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Steel Guitar CD SF043 |url=http://www.sublimefrequencies.com/item.asp?Item_id=46&t=Bollywood-Steel-Guitar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805100250/http://www.sublimefrequencies.com/item.asp?Item_id=46&t=Bollywood-Steel-Guitar |archive-date=5 August 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2011 |publisher=[[Sublime Frequencies]]}}</ref> such as his [[steel guitar]] renditions of "Manje Re" from ''[[Bandhe Haath]]'' in 1973 and "[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]" from ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' in 1975.<ref>{{Discogs release|1261979|Bollywood Steel Guitar}}</ref> In 1981, he produced synthesizer-based [[Electronic music|electronic]] renditions of the ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' soundtrack in his record ''Charanjit Singh: Plays Hit Tunes on Synthesizer of Silsila''.<ref name="discogs_singh" />

As a prolific session musician from the 1960s to the 1980s, Singh performed on hundreds of Hindi film soundtracks, working closely with composers such as R. D. Burman, S. D. Burman, and Laxmikant–Pyarelal. He was widely recognized for introducing modern electronic textures into film orchestras, and was often called upon for guitar, bass, keyboards, and synthesizer parts.

Notable recordings he contributed to include:
*“Dum Maro Dum” (Hare Rama Hare Krishna, 1971) – keyboards and synthesizer
*“Piya Tu Ab To Aaja” (Caravan, 1971) – organ/synth riffs
*“Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko” (Yaadon Ki Baaraat, 1973) – guitar and keys
*“Mehbooba Mehbooba” (Sholay, 1975) – synthesizer textures
*“Raat Kali Ek Khwab Mein Aayi” (Buddha Mil Gaya, 1971) – bass/keys
*Soundtrack of Bobby (1973) – bass and synthesizer
*Soundtrack of Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) – keyboards/synths

He also performed extensively with [[Kishore Kumar]] on live tours through the 1970s and 1980s, often playing guitar, bass, and transicord. Composer [[R. D. Burman]] frequently relied on Singh for guitar and synthesizer textures, with colleagues recalling that “if there was a modern sound Burman wanted, Charanjit was often the first call.” Music directors [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] valued his ability to adapt quickly in large-scale studio productions such as [[Amar Akbar Anthony]] and [[Bobby]], where his bass and synthesizer work helped modernize Bollywood’s orchestral sound.

Beyond Bollywood, Charanjit Singh is best known internationally for his groundbreaking 1982 album ''Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sB4RYBpwV0A&list=RDsB4RYBpwV0A|title=Charanjit Singh - Raga Bhairav (1982)|date=28 June 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref> Created with Roland’s then-new [[Roland TB-303|TB-303]], [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], and [[Roland Jupiter-8|Jupiter-8]], the record blended Indian classical [[Raga|ragas]] with disco and electronic sequencing. Singh recorded it in 1982, and was a commercial failure at the time of its original release, but its re-discovery in 2002 and re-issue in early 2010 garnered attention due to comparisons with acid house from the mid to late 1980s.<ref name="guardian_2010">{{cite web |last=Pattison |first=Louis |date=10 April 2010 |title=Charanjit Singh, acid house pioneer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/apr/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="guardian_2011">{{cite web |author=Stuart Aitken |date=10 May 2011 |title=Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house-ten-ragas |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Since then, certain commentators in the [[music press]] have recast Singh as an originator of acid house music and the album to be a precursor to acid house, earning Singh posthumous recognition as the ''“father of Acid House.”''<ref name="guardian_2010" /><ref name="guardian_2011" /><ref name="ra_raga">{{cite web |author=William Rauscher |date=12 May 2010 |title=Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat |url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=7445 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |publisher=[[Resident Advisor]]}}</ref> He also used the same [[drum machine]] and synthesizers for his [[Experimental music|experimental]] electronic [[Calypso music|calypso]] record, ''Experiments in Calypso''.<ref name="mojo">{{citation |author=Ian Harrison |title=Future trax |date=August 2010 |work=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |issue=201 |url=http://zavrel.home.xs4all.nl/jpg/Charanjit-Singh_Mojo_August.jpg |accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref>

== Death ==
Charanjit Singh died of [[cardiac arrest]] in his sleep during the midnight of 4 July 2015 at his home in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]].

==See also==
*[[Goa trance]]
*[[House music]]
*[[Indi-pop]]
*[[Music of India]]
*[[Psychedelic music]]
*[[Raga rock]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{youTube|id=tT64B6vs9Mc|title=Charanjit Singh: 2010 (interview of Charanjit Singh in 2010)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Charanjit}}
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Acid house musicians]]
[[Category:House musicians]]
[[Category:Disco musicians]]
[[Category:Techno musicians]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]

Nicholson Cemetery

2026-02-22T20:34:52Z

Asis: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nicholson Cemetery, Delhi]]

Soumya Swaminathan (chess player)

2026-02-12T13:08:45Z

Asis: typo fix

{{short description|Indian chess player (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Soumya Swaminathan
| image = SSwaminathan10.jpg
| caption = Swaminathan in 2010
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[International Master]] (2020) [[Woman Grandmaster]] (2008)
| peakrating = 2428 (November 2018)
}}

'''Soumya Swaminathan''' (born 1989) is a chess player holding the title of [[International Master]] (IM) and [[Woman Grandmaster]] (WGM) from India. She won the [[World Junior Chess Championship|World Junior Girls' Championship]] 2009 held in [[Puerto Madryn]], Argentina, edging out [[Deysi Cori]] and [[Betül Cemre Yıldız]] on tiebreak score.<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-11-04 |title=Vachier-Lagrave, Soumya win World Junior |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/vachier-lagrave-soumya-win-world-junior |accessdate=20 February 2016 |publisher=ChessBase}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/top-stories/Soumya-wins-world-junior-girls-title/articleshow/5194514.cms Soumya wins world junior girls title]. The Times of India. 2009-11-04</ref> She won the [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)]] thrice in 2005, 2006 and 2008. She won the women's edition of [[Indian Chess Championship|National Premier Chess Championship]] in 2010 at [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]]. She withdrew from the chess championships held in Iran in 2018 as a protest against the compulsory headscarf rule for women by Iran's Islamic government.

== Life ==
Soumya Swaminathan was the Indian junior girls' champion in 2005, 2006 and 2008. She won the 2010 [[Indian Chess Championship|Indian women's championship]] with a score of 8½/11.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2011/01/wgm-soumya-swaminathan-wins-india-chess.html |title=WGM Soumya Swaminathan wins India Chess Championship |date=5 January 2011 |publisher=Susan Polgar Global Chess Daily News and Information |accessdate=2015-04-30}}</ref> She became the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship|Commonwealth women's champion]] in 2012 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Chess Championships 2012 – Tiviakov Champion, Lalith Babu awarded Commonwealth title |url=http://www.chessdom.com/commonwealth-chess-championships-2012-tiviakov-champion-lalith-babu-awarded-commonwealth-title/ |publisher=Chessdom |accessdate=22 February 2016 |date=2012-12-02}}</ref> In 2016, she tied for the first place in the women's section of the Moscow Open with [[Anastasia Bodnaruk]] and [[Alexandra Obolentseva]], finishing second on tiebreak.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sagar Shah |title=Soumya shines in Moscow |url=http://chessbase.in/news/soumya-shines-in-moscow/ |publisher=ChessBase India |accessdate=9 April 2016 |date=2016-02-19}}</ref> Soumya won the bronze medal in the Women's Asian Individual Championship 2016. She was part of the Indian team in the Women's World team Championship 2011, 2013 and 2015. She won the Individual Bronze Medal on Board 5 in the 2013 edition, which was held at Kazakhstan. She has participated in 2 Chess Olympiads, in the years 2012 and 2016. Indian women's team finished 4th in the 2012 Olympiad, thereby winning the 1st prize in the A category, and 5th in the 2016 edition.

She has represented India twice at the Women's World Championships, in 2010 and 2012. She opted herself out of the Asian Team Chess Championship, to be held in Hamadan, Iran, from 26 July – 4 August 2018, characterizing Iran's [[Headscarf#Islam|compulsory headscarf]] rule as a violation of her personal rights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-chess-star-says-no-to-headscarf-pulls-out-of-event-in-iran/articleshow/64564662.cms |title=Indian chess star says no to headscarf, pulls out of event in Iran |date=13 June 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Amit |last=Karmarkar |accessdate=19 January 2019}}</ref> She crossed 2400 for the 1st time in the October 2018 rating list, thereby completing the requirements for the International Master (Open) title. She also entered the Women's World top 50 for the 1st time in the same list.

Soumya married Ajinkya Kurdukar in December 2020.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Achievements ==
'''2007:''' Woman International Master (WIM)

'''2009:''' World Junior Champion

'''2010:''' Sahara Best Sportsperson Award (Girls)

'''2011:''' Lokmat Sakhi Gaurav Puruskar

'''2013–14:''' Shiv Chatrapati Award

'''2014:''' Pune Gaurav Puruskar{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Swaminathan Soumya}}
* {{FIDE}}
* {{Chessgames player|95786}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Soumya_Swaminathan}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Swaminathan_Soumya}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[World Junior Chess Championship]]
| years = 2009
| before = [[Harika Dronavalli]]
| after = [[Anna Muzychuk]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Indian Chess Champion#Women's winners|National Women Chess Champion]]
| years = 2010
| before = [[Harika Dronavalli]]
| after = [[Mary Ann Gomes]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)|National Junior Girls Chess Champion]]
| years = 2007
| before = [[Bhakti Kulkarni]]
| after = [[Bhakti Kulkarni]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Indian woman grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaminathan, Soumya}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Woman Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]
[[Category:World Junior Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Palakkad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Rupankar Bagchi

2026-02-06T12:33:17Z

Asis: Created new stub.

{{Short description|Indian Bengali singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{Mscn|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rupankar Bagchi
| image = Rupankar Bagchi.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Rupankar Bagchi
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1972|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| origin =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Bengali Music|Modern Bengali Music]]
* [[Indian Classical Music]]
* [[Bengali Music|Filmi]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Songwriter
* Playback Singer
* Composer
}}
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active = 
| label =
| website = {{URL|www.rupankar.com/}}
}}

'''Rupankar Bagchi''', also known mononymously as '''Rupankar''', is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] singer-songwriter, playback singer and actor from [[Kolkata]], [[India]].

He has sung many famous songs in recent Bengali films like ''[[Chalo Let's Go]]'' (2008), ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011), ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'' (2012), ''[[Hemlock society (film)|Hemlock society]]'' (2012), ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'' (2012), ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' (2014), ''[[Chotushkone]]'' (2014) and ''Monn'' (2018).<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] by the [[Government of India]] for the song "''[[E Tumi Kemon Tumi]]''" from ''[[Jaatishwar]]''.<ref>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he released a song titled ''Tor Saathe'', under Times Music label.

==Early life==
Bagchi was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali family]] and at an early age he learned classical vocal from his father Ritendra Nath Bagchi and [[Rabindra Sangeet]] from his mother Sumitra Bagchi. He was trained in classical music from Sukumar Mitra and in modern songs from Jatileswar Mukhopadhyay. His first stage performance was at the age of eleven.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.rupankar.com/ |title=Home |website=rupankar.com}}</ref> In 1999, he married Chaitali Lahiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title='একা শুয়ে বিছানায় অসুবিধে হয়…'! বউ চৈতালিকে ছাড়া থাকতেই পারেন না রূপঙ্কর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rupankar-bagchi-talks-about-his-equation-and-love-for-wife-chaitali-31708068176216.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612151419/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rupankar-bagchi-talks-about-his-equation-and-love-for-wife-chaitali-31708068176216.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==Discography==
*Tumi Shunbe Ki? (Debut album)
* Ei jeno shei chokh
* Bondhu dekha hobe
*Anmone Amake Bhabo
*Meghe roddure
*Ami Tomake Chini
*Bhokatta
*Poth Bhola (Rabindra Sangeet)
*Highway
*Ganer jharnatolay (Rabindra Sangeet)
*O chand
*Fire esho Ruby ray
*Tomay gan shonabo (Rabindra Sangeet)
*Neel
*Shopping Mall
*Tui jabi koto dur
*Faltu
*Sada Kalo
*Tagore timeless (Rabindra Sangeet)
*Monihar
*Shokol Kajer Kaji (Nazrul Sangeet)
*Roots(folk)
*Acoustic
*Best of Rupankar
*Best of Rupankar, Vol. 2

Tane<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/ |title=Home |website=allmusic.com}}</ref>
*Anek Durey with Bumpai Chakraborty
*Rupkothar Tumi with Jayanta Roy
*Elo agomonir din with Bumpai Chakraborty and diganta Das
*Kal Bhor Hobey, duet with Sarbajit Ghosh from the music album Monn.
*
*Priyotama 3<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/tollywood-music-album-comprising-6-songs-one-of-which-is-a-solo-by-sarbajit-ghosh-dgtl-1.936553|title=Tollywood music album compromising 6 songs one of which is a solo by Sarbajit Ghosh|work=Ebela.in}}</ref>
*Tor Saathe duet with Roma Mitra
*Oi dakho

==Famous songs==
* Govire Jao – '' [[Baishe Srabon|Baishe Srabon (2011)]]''
* Sharata din Ar Shara Raat – Rupkatha Noy (2011)
* Roopkathara – '' [[Aparajita Tumi|Aparajita Tumi (2012)]]''
* Gaan Khuje Paai – '' [[Chalo Let's Go|Chalo Let's Go (2008)]]''
* Chupi Chupi Raat – '' [[Chalo Let's Go|Chalo Let's Go (2008)]]''
* Amar Mawte – ''[[Hemlock society (film)|Hemlock society (2012)]]''
* Tobu jodi – '' [[Dutta Vs Dutta|Dutta Vs Dutta (2012)]]''
* Jhal Legechey – ''[[Ganesh Talkies]] (2013)''
* Shedin Dujoney – ''[[Ganesh Talkies]] (2013)''
* E Tumi Kemon Tumi – ''[[Jaatishwar]] (2014)''
* Sohosa Ele Ki – ''[[Jaatishwar]] (2014)''
* Setai Sotti – ''[[Chotushkone]] (2014)''
* Oh Baby – ''Na Jene Mon'' (2014)
* Tor Nam Prem – ''Besh Korechi Prem Korechi (2015)''
*Ae boshonte [Z cinema film onne boshonte 2015]
*Kal Bhor Hobey (feat. Sarbajit Ghosh) – Monn (2018)
*Jaago Uma- Uma (2018)
*Tor Saathe - 2020 - Times Music

==Awards==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award for Best Male Playback Singer Jaatishwar (Bengali) to Shri Rupankar, at the 61st National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on May 03, 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|The President, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the Rajat Kamal Award for Best Male Playback Singer: ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' (Bengali) to Shri Rupankar Bagchi, at the [[61st National Film Awards]] function, in New Delhi on 3 May 2014.]]
* 2014: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "E Tumi Kemon Tumi" from ''[[Jaatishwar]]''

==Nomination==
* 2010 : Bangla Sangit Purashkar for Best Male Singer – "Tobe Prem Kake Chay" from album ''Mohonay''
* 2010 : Bangla Sangit Purashkar for Best Album – for ''Mohonay''
* 2011: Bangla Sangit Purashkar for Best Male Playback Singer – "Gobheere Jao" from ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
* 2011 : [[Radio Mirchi]] Music Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Gobheere Jao" from ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
* 2011 : [[Friends FM]] Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Gobheere Jao" from ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
* 2011 : [[Zee Bangla]] Gourab Samman for Best Male Playback Singer – "Gobheere Jao" from ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
*2019 : The SRL Award for Vocalist of the Decade 2010 – 2019 (Male), given by SRL Motion Pictures Entertainment<ref name=":0"/>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Sin Sister (2017 film)|Sin Sister]]'' as police detective Agnibesh Chatterjee.
* ''[[Biday Byomkesh]]'' as DC Krishnendu Malo
*Played a cameo as himself singing in the studio in the song Kal Bhor Hobey from Monn alongside Sarbajit Ghosh. The video also featured Rohan Basu, Sonia Saha & Amrita Chakraborty in various other roles.
*Manikanchana
* The stoneman murders (web series) (hoichoi)
* ''[[Abar Kanchanjungha]]''

== Controversy ==

In May 2022, hours before the sudden death of [[KK (singer)|KK]] in [[Kolkata]], Bagchi stated on his Facebook live that he is better than any KK.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is KK? Read what Bengali singer Rupankar Bagchi is getting trolled for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/who-is-kk-read-what-bengali-singer-rupankar-bagchi-is-getting-trolled-for-1956910-2022-06-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rupankar Bagchi confesses: KK controversy gave me a reality check, I needed this blow — Exclusive! |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/92250498.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rupankar Bagchi}}
* {{Official website|http://www.rupankar.com/}}
* {{URL|www.facebook.com/rupankar.bagchi.3|Rupankar Bagchi}}
* {{URL|www.youtube.com/channel/UCtIYV9-hsxGX-kemwbhSfzQ|Rupankar Channel}}
* {{URL|www.bengali-hindi-lyrics.com/2021/02/oi-uthone-lyrics-rupankar-bagchi-shaoni.html|Rupankar Songs Lyrics }}

{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagchi, Rupankar}}
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Nirjala Ekadashi

2026-02-01T14:07:37Z

Asis: Created info.

{{Infobox holiday|
| holiday_name = Nirjala Ekadashi
| image = Vishnu on Garuda MET DP-18171-001.jpg
| caption = Painting of Vishnu upon his mount [[Garuda]], venerated during this occasion
| nickname = Pandava Ekadashi, Bhima Ekadashi, Bhimaseni Ekadashi
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| date = Decided by the [[lunar calendar]]
| observances = Prayers and religious rituals, including [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to Vishnu
| type = Hindu
| significance =
| date2020 = June 2
}}
{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
'''Nirjala Ekadashi''' ({{Langx|sa|निर्जला एकादशी|translit=Nirjalā Ekādaśī}}) is a [[Hindu festival|Hindu holy day]] falling on the 11th lunar day ([[ekadashi]]) of the [[Lunar phase|waxing]] [[fortnight]] of the [[Hindu month]] of [[Jyestha|Jyeshtha]] (May/June).<ref name="Omnigraphics">Annual Holidays. (2004). CHAPTER 12: Hinduism In ''Religious Holidays & Calendars''. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ogirholidays/annual_holidays, Publisher:Omnigraphics, Inc.</ref><ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://archive.org/details/religiouscelebra00melt|url-access=limited|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/religiouscelebra00melt/page/n688 647]}}</ref> This ekadashi derives its name from the water-less (''Nir-jala'') fast observed on this day.<ref name="Melton2011"/> It is considered to be the most austere and hence the most sacred of all 24 ekadashis. If observed religiously, it is said to be the most rewarding and granting the virtue gained by the observance of all 24 ekadashis in the year.<ref name="Melton2011"/>

==Legend==
{{Hinduism}}
Nirjala Ekadashi is also known as Pandava Bhima Ekadashi, or Pandava Nirjala Ekadashi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekadashi.net/nirjala-ekadashi-katha/|title=Nirjala Ekadashi Katha 2018 - The Glories of Nirjala Ekadashi Vrat|date=2018-05-28|work=Ekadashi Svarupa Darsana|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619231932/http://www.ekadashi.net/nirjala-ekadashi-katha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This name is derived from [[Bhima]], the second of the five [[Pandava]] brothers, heroes of the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' narrates the story behind the Nirjala Ekadashi ''[[vrata]]'' vow. Bhima, a lover of food, wanted to observe all ekadashi fasts, but could not control his hunger. He approached the sage [[Vyasa]], author of the ''Mahabharata'' and grandfather of the Pandavas for a solution. The sage advised him to observe Nirjala Ekadashi, when for one or two day in the year, he should observe an absolute fast. Bhima attained the virtue of all 24 ekadashis, by observing Nirjala Ekadashi.<ref name="Melton2011"/><ref name="ISKCON">[http://www.harekrishnablog.com/index.php/festival-a-reports/71-glories-of-ekadashi/553-pandava-nirjala-ekadashi.html Glories of Pandava Nirjala Ekadashi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624011915/http://www.harekrishnablog.com/index.php/festival-a-reports/71-glories-of-ekadashi/553-pandava-nirjala-ekadashi.html |date=2013-06-24 }} by ISKCON.</ref>

==Practices==
While on other ekadashis abstinence of food is observed,<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Volume Two|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/475 475]}}</ref> on Nirjala Ekadashi, an absolute fast is observed, without partaking even water.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002"/> The water-less fast is considered extremely difficult to follow as the day falls in the hot Indian summer and thus, it is deemed as very pious austerity.<ref name="Omnigraphics"/> The fast is observed 24 hours from sunrise on Nirjala Ekadashi to sunrise the next day.<ref name="Melton2011"/> Some observe it from sunrise to sunset.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002"/> On the day before Nirjala Ekadashi, the devotee performs the evening prayer ([[Sandhyavandanam]]) and takes only one meal, without rice - as rice eating is prohibited.<ref name="Melton2011"/><ref name="Sehgal1999"/> The devotee is however permitted to have a single tiny drop of water as part of the ''[[Achamana]]'' purification ritual. Water more than that equals breaking the vow.<ref name="ISKCON"/>

Like other ekadashis, [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is offered to [[Vishnu]], for whom ekadashis are sacred, to seek his grace. An image of Vishnu or a [[Saligrama|Shaligrama]] stone (an iconic [[fossil]] stone in the form of Vishnu) is bathed (''[[abhisheka]]'') with ''[[Panchamrita]]'', a mixture of five foods: milk, curd, [[ghee]] (clarified butter), honey and sugar. It is then washed with water and then dressed in royal finery. A hand-fan is also offered. Flowers, incense, water and ''[[arati]]'' (lamps) are also offered. Devotees meditate on the image of the deity. In the evening, they worship Vishnu with [[Cynodon dactylon|durva grass]] in their hands. Devotees remain awake the whole night and sing praises of Vishnu or meditate on his image.<ref name="Omnigraphics"/><ref name="Sehgal1999">{{Cite book|last= Sehgal |first= Sunil|title= Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: C-G, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&q=Amalaka+Ekadasi&pg=PA529|access-date=12 November 2012|publisher= Sarup & Sons |year=1999|isbn=9788176250641|pages=491–2}}</ref>

Another characteristic of ekadashis is charity to [[Brahmins]] (the priest class). Clothes, food grains, umbrellas, hand-fans, pitchers filled with water, gold etc. are prescribed to be donated on Nirjala Ekadashi.<ref name="Omnigraphics"/><ref name="ISKCON"/>

==Significance==
According to the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', the day of Ekadashi is itself a form of Vishnu. The ''vrata'' observed on this day is said to wash away all sin.<ref name="Sehgal1999"/> One who completes the ''vrata'' of Nirjala Ekadashi is mentioned to gain the favour of Vishnu, who grants him happiness, prosperity and forgiveness for sins.<ref name="Omnigraphics"/> The devotee is described to receive the merit gained by the observance of all 24 ekadshis in the year. It is most popular and strictly observed by the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]], in particular<ref name="Melton2011"/>

The observer gains longevity and ''[[moksha]]'' (salvation).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002"/> Usually, the messengers of the god of death [[Yama]] are described to fetch the person's soul after death. Yama then judges the person's deeds and sends him to [[Svarga]] (heaven) or [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]] (Hell). However, one who observes the Nirjala Ekadashi rituals is believed to be excused Yama's judgement and taken by messengers of Vishnu to [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of Vishnu, after death.<ref name="Melton2011"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu festivals}}

[[Category:Ekadashi]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:June observances]]

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Kurtha Assembly constituency

2026-01-31T23:28:42Z

Asis:

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kurtha Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 215-Kurtha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Pappu Kumar Verma]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Arwal district|Arwal]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|215]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 259,061
|abolished = 
}}
'''Kurtha Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Arwal district]] of [[Bihar]]. It is the part of [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. In Kurtha constituency, [[Kushwaha]], [[Yadav]] and [[Bhumihar]] voters are descisive in ensuring victory of a candidate, due to their numerical preponderance. In 1969, the Shoshit Samaj Party leader, [[Jagdev Prasad]], who was also called 'Lenin of Bihar', won from this assembly constituency. [[Satyadev Kushwaha]] won twice in 2010 and 2015 from here. In 2020, however, he was defeated by [[Bagi Kumar Verma]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="election2096">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-satyadev-kushwaha-again-in-poll-fray-for-hattrick-in-kurtha-rjd-candidate-bagi-verma-may-change-scenario-20961964.html|title=Satyadev Kushwaha again in poll fray for hat-trick in Kurtha|website=Jagran.com|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227042723/https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-satyadev-kushwaha-again-in-poll-fray-for-hattrick-in-kurtha-rjd-candidate-bagi-verma-may-change-scenario-20961964.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |title=Kurtha Assembly Polls |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/kurtha.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Maps of India |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030160243/https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/kurtha.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="election2000">{{cite web |title=Ex-MLA 2000-2005 |url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172353/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="election2010">{{cite web |title=Ex-MLA 2010-2015 |url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172025/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web |title=Member profile |url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/215.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015130438/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/215.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="election2020-2">{{cite web |title=List of member |url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/list%20of%20member.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024171731/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/list%20of%20member.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Ramacharan Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kameshwar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ramacharan Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagdeo Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|
| Shoshit Dal
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ramashray Prasad Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Nagmani Kushwaha]]
|
| Shoshit Samaj Dal
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Sahdev Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Nagmani Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Mudrika Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Sahdev Prasad Yadav]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| [[Shiv Bachan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Suchitra Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}

|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Satyadev Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Bagi Kumar Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Pappu Kumar Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04215.htm
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[ Kurtha]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kurtha">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kurtha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04215.htm |access-date=1 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201044023/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04215.htm |archive-date=1 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pappu Kumar Verma]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:74466}}
|percentage = 44.9
|change = +25.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kumar Krishna Mohan ([[Suday Yadav]])
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:68985}}
|percentage = 41.59
|change = +2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Rambali Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5030}}
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3338}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Buddhadev Sav
|votes = {{formatnum:2327}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raushan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1642}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1783}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5481}}
|percentage = 3.31
|change = -16.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165867}}
|percentage = 64.03
|change = +8.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Kurtha]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bagi Kumar Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54227}}
|percentage = 39.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Satyadev Kushwaha |Satyadeo Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:26417}}
|percentage = 19.26
|change = -18.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Bhuwneshwar Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:20509}}
|percentage = 14.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Pappu Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:16158}}
|percentage = 11.78
|change = -13.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2802}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Jamaludin Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2079}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rampravesh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1677}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1616}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = [[Suchitra Sinha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1574}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Abdullah Jamal Malik
|votes = {{formatnum:1499}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Loktantrik Janta Dal
|candidate = Rajendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1392}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepak Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1291}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1200}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27810}}
|percentage = 20.28
|change = +8.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137144}}
|percentage = 55.13
|change = +5.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = JD(U)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurtha<ref name="Kurtha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Kurtha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kurtha |access-date=1 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201044035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kurtha |archive-date=1 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Satyadeo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:43676}}
|percentage = 37.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:29557}}
|percentage = 25.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:8896}}
|percentage = 7.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prof. Ram Jatan Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:6285}}
|percentage = 5.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Bindal Kumar Alias Indal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:5868}}
|percentage = 5.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Avadhesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3960}}
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Dr.Satyendra Prakash Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1711}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Keshav Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1676}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1301}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samras Samaj Party
|candidate = Nagmani
|votes = {{formatnum:1187}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramnath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1070}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2551}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14119}}
|percentage = 12.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:115570}}
|percentage = 49.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Arwal district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu

2026-01-31T08:00:56Z

Asis: Created data.

{{short description|Indian award for supporting actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
| awardname = SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
| image = Anna Ben 2020.jpg
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Anna Ben]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in Telugu cinema
| country = India
| firstawarded =
| year = 12 September 2013 (for films released in 2012)
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| holder = [[Anna Ben]], ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| total_awarded =
| most_wins = [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] (2)
| most_nominations = [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] (5)
| website =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for the best acting done by an actress in a supporting role in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. The award was first given in 2013 for films released in 2012. [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] is the most nominated with six nominations and [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] is the most awarded with two wins.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="25" |[[wiktionary:superlative|Categories]]
! width="100" |Recipient
!Record
|- style="height:2.5em;"
| width="250" |Most wins
| width="150" |[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
|2
|-
|Most nominations
|[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]
|6
|-
|Most consecutive nominations
|Ramya Krishna
|4
|-
|Most nominations without a win
|Jayasudha
|5
|-
|Oldest winner
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|Age 69 ([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest winner
|Kiara Khanna
|Age 7 ([[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|12th SIIMA]])
|-
|Oldest nominee
|Lakshmi
|Age 69 ([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest nominee
|Kiara Khanna
|Age 7 ([[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|12th SIIMA]])
|}

== Winners ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;"
!Year
!Actress
!Film
!Ref
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
|[[Saloni Aswani]]
|[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|''Bodyguard'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reigning southern stars|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/reigning-southern-stars-1.260566|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The National|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|[[Lakshmi Manchu]]
|''[[Gundello Godari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-15 |title=SIIMA 2014 winners: Mahesh Babu, Samantha and Attarintiki Daredi sweep awards! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/siima-2014-winners-mahesh-babu-samantha-and-attarintiki-daredi-sweep-awards-396870/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|[[Manam (film)|''Manam'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-07 |title=SIIMA 2015: Shriya Saran, Kriti Sanon, Shruti Haasan, Amy Jackson and Amala Paul look gorgeous at the red carpet - view pics! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/siima-2015-shriya-saran-kriti-sanon-shruti-haasan-amy-jackson-and-amala-paul-look-gorgeous-at-the-red-carpet-view-pics-572787/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2018-09-16 |title=SIIMA: Baahubali wins big, NTR stars bond, Shriya, others dazzle on stage |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/160918/siiima-awards-2018-baahubali-telugu-kannada-shriya-puneet-shanvi-winners.html |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]]
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Telugu Nominees, Winners List & Show Details |url=https://www.worldhab.com/siima-awards-2016-telugu-nominees-winners-list-show/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=WORLDHAB |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
|''[[Kshanam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anasuya @ SIIMA Awards 2017 !.. |url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-258681-anasuya-siima-awards-2017-.html |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=ap7am.com |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811035502/http://www.ap7am.com/lv-258681-anasuya-siima-awards-2017-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Maggie |date=2017-07-01 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 winners: Telugu stars Jr NTR and Rakul Preet Singh wins the most prestigious award |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2017-winners-telugu-stars-jr-ntr-and-rakul-preet-singh-wins-the-most-prestigious-award-2285625/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|[[Bhumika Chawla]]
|''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIX: Shriya, Hansika shine at the SIIMA awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-shriya-hansika-shine-at-the-siima-awards/20180917.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-16 |title=SIIMA 2018 Winners List For Telugu Movies |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013193738/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/09/16/siima-awards-2018-prabhas-rana-kajal-aggarwal |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|Anasuya Bharadwaj
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-14 |title='సైమా' అవార్డ్ ఫంక్షన్ కోసం ఖతార్‌లో ఖతర్నాక్ అవతారంలో అనసూయ.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/jabardasth-anchor-anasuya-bharadwaj-lands-at-qatar-for-siima-award-function-ta-278514.html |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=News18 Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 16, 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019: Vijay Deverakonda and Keerthy Suresh win big. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16 |access-date=2020-10-13 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=News9live |date=2021-09-19 |title=SIIMA awards 2021 winners list: Jersey, Lucifer, Asuran, Yajamana win big |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=NEWS9 LIVE |language=English |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212704/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|[[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-11 |title=SIIMA 2022: Pushpa wins big, Allu Arjun is best actor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/siima-2022-pushpa-wins-big-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/articleshow/94130430.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=Awards for Tamil and Malayalam films will be distributed on Sunday evening.}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|[[Sangeetha Krish]]
|''[[Masooda]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|Kiara Khanna
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA winners list 2024 (Telugu, Kannada): Nani, Rakshit Shetty win Best Actor; Keerthy, Chaithra wins Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=News18 India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
|[[Anna Ben]]
|[[Kalki 2898 AD|''Kalki 2898 AD'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Nominations ==

* '''2012: [[Saloni Aswani]] – ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'''''
** [[Sindhu Tolani]] – ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''
** [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] – ''[[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
** [[Amala Akkineni]] – ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
** [[Bhanupriya]] – ''[[Dhammu]]''
* '''2013: [[Lakshmi Manchu]] – ''[[Gundello Godari]]'''''
** [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] – ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
** [[Jayasudha]] – ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu''
** [[Nadhiya Moidu]] – ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
** [[Andrea Jeremiah]] – ''[[Tadakha]]''
* '''2014: [[Shriya Saran]] – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'''''
** [[Nadhiya Moidu]] – ''[[Drushyam]]''
** [[Jayasudha]] – ''[[Yevadu]]''
** [[Sujata Kumar]] – ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
** [[Lakshmi Manchu]] – ''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]''
* '''2015: [[Ramya Krishna]]''' '''–''' '''''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'''''
** [[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Rudramadevi (film)|Rudramadevi]]''
** [[Kriti Kharbanda]] – ''[[Bruce Lee - The Fighter]]''
** [[Pavitra Lokesh]] – ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]''
** [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] – ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
* '''2016: [[Anasuya]] – ''[[Kshanam]]'''''
** [[Anupama Parameswaran]] – ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
** [[Jayasudha]] – ''[[Oopiri]]''
** [[Nadiya Moidu]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
** [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''
* '''2017: [[Bhoomika Chawla]]''' '''–''' '''''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'''''
** [[Hema Malini]] – ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''
** [[Jayasudha]] – ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]''
** [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Raja The Great]]''
** [[Ramya Krishna]] – ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
* '''2018: [[Anasuya]] – ''[[Rangasthalam]]'''''
** [[Asha Sarath]] – ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
** [[Jayasudha]] – ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''
** [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]''
** Supriya – ''[[Goodachari]]''
* '''2019:''' '''[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] – ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'''''
** [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] – [[Chitralahari (film)|''Chitralahari'']]
** [[Mirnalini Ravi]] – ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''
** [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] – ''[[Mallesham]]''
** [[Ananya Agarwal]] – ''[[Majili]]''
* '''2020:''' '''[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'''''
**[[Vijayashanti]] – ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
**[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] – ''[[Nishabdham]]''
**[[Sargun Kaur Luthra]] – [[Aswathama (film)|''Aswathama'']]
**[[Gouri G Kishan]] – [[Jaanu (2020 film)|''Jaanu'']]
*'''2021: [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] – [[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]'''
** [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – [[Republic (film)|''Republic'']]
** [[Nivetha Thomas]] – ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
** [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] – ''[[Akhanda]]''
** [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] – [[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']]
*'''2022: [[Sangeetha Krish]] – ''[[Masooda]]'''''
** [[Amala Akkineni]] – ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
** [[Priyamani]] – ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
** [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha Menon]] – ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
** [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] – [[Major (film)|''Major'']]
*'''2023:''' '''Kiara Khanna – ''[[Hi Nanna]]'''''
** [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] – ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]''
** Shreya Navile – ''[[Month of Madhu]]''
** Soniya Singh – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
** [[Sriya Reddy]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
** [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
*'''2024: [[Anna Ben]] – [[Kalki 2898 AD|''Kalki 2898 AD'']]'''
** Pavani Karanam – [[Pushpa 2: The Rule|''Pushpa 2: The Rule'']]
** [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – [[Guntur Kaaram|''Guntur Kaaram'']]
** [[Sharanya Pradeep]] – [[Ambajipeta Marriage Band|''Ambajipeta Marriage Band'']]
** [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Hanu-Man]]''

== See also ==

* [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]

== References ==

<references />{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SIIMA_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_- _Telugu}}
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actress]]

Merhkuri

2026-01-20T22:20:45Z

Asis: put up a details

{{short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Merhkuri
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_alt =
|image_seal =
|seal_alt =
|image_shield =
|shield_alt =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_label_position =
|coordinates = {{coord|24|44|25|N|85|23|14|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type1 = Country
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type2 = State
|subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]]
|subdivision_type3 = District
|subdivision_name3 = [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|subdivision_type4 = Block
|subdivision_name4 = [[Meskaur]]
|established_title =
|established_date =
|founder =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Gram Panchayat
|governing_body =
|leader_party =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =
|area_urban_footnotes = 
|area_rural_footnotes = 
|area_metro_footnotes = 
|area_note =
|area_water_percent =
|area_rank =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank2_title =

|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_rural_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank2_km2 =

|area_total_ha =
|area_land_ha =
|area_water_ha =
|area_urban_ha =
|area_rural_ha =
|area_metro_ha =
|area_blank1_ha =
|area_blank2_ha =
|length_km =
|width_km =
|dimensions_footnotes =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_note =
|population_demonym =
|timezone1 =
|utc_offset1 =
|timezone1_DST =
|utc_offset1_DST =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code = 805122
|area_code_type =
|area_code =
|area_codes = 
|iso_code =
|website = 
|module =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Merhkuri''' is a village located in Biju Bigha Gram Panchayat in Meskaur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/nawada/story-youth-beaten-brutally-in-meskaur-condition-critical-2806383.html|title=Youth beaten brutally in Meskaur condition critical - मेसकौर में युवक को बेरहमी से पीटा, हालत गंभीर, नवादा न्यूज|access-date=2024-07-04|archive-date=2020-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217090809/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/nawada/story-youth-beaten-brutally-in-meskaur-condition-critical-2806383.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in district Nawada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/258241-merhkuri-bihar.html|title=Merhkuri Village Population - Meskaur - Nawada, Bihar|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-07-04|archive-date=2024-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704112354/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/258241-merhkuri-bihar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the bank of river Telaiya.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nawada district]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

{{Nawada-geo-stub}}

1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash

2026-01-03T01:11:27Z

Asis: update lead and improved wording

{{Short description|Violent conflict in Amritsar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash
| partof =
| image = Photograph of the bodies of the deceased Sikhs in the aftermath of the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash.jpg
| place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| side1 = [[Sant Nirankari Mission]] [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
| side2 = [[File:Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|20px]] [[Khalsa]] Sikh groups: [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] [[Damdami Taksal]] [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|20px]] [[Nihang|Akali-Nihang]]
| caption = Photograph of the bodies of the deceased Sikhs in the aftermath of the clash
| date = 13 April 1978
| leadfigures1 = [[Gurbachan Singh]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Fauja Singh (Sikh leader)|Fauja Singh]] {{KIA}} 
[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]
| casualties1 = 3 ''Sant Nirankaris'' killed
| casualties2 = 13 Khalsa Sikhs dead 150 injured
| methods = [[Protest]]
| howmany2 = ~200
| howmany1 = ''Unknown''
| charged =
| fatalities = 16
| causes = *Sikh-Sant Nirankari tensions stemming from the 1950s
*Proclamations and actions by Sant Nirankari leader Gurbachan Singh seen as provocative to the Sikh community
*Alleged state support to Sant Nirankaris, police presence
| arrests = 62
| result = *[[Sectarian violence]]
*16 casualties
*150 injured<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsAxAQAAIAAJ |title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine |date=1978 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>
*Splintering of Akhand Kirtani Jatha
}}

The '''1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash''' occurred between the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]] and Sikhs of Damdami Taksal and Akhand Kirtani Jatha on 13 April 1978 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]]. Sixteen people—thirteen traditional Sikhs and three Nirankari followers—were killed in the ensuing violence, occurring when some [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] and [[Damdami Taksal]] members led by [[Bhai Fauja Singh|Fauja Singh]] protested against and tried to stop a convention of Sant Nirankari Mission followers. This incident is considered to be a starting point in the events leading to [[Operation Blue Star]] and the 1980s [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Insurgency in Punjab]].

==Background==
The [[Sant Nirankari Mission]] splintered from the [[Nirankari]] sect in the 20th century. Nirankari, a movement within [[Sikhism]], started in the mid-19th century. Their belief in a living guru as opposed to the scriptural guru, [[Guru Granth Sahib]], developing over the decades especially in one branch,<ref name="Kaur"/> resulted in their difference with traditional Sikhs, though they were tolerated.<ref name=mm>{{cite book|last1=Marty|first1=Martin E.|last2=Appleby|first2=R. Scott|title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance|date=1 July 1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226508849|page=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/272 272]|edition=1|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart|url-access=registration}}</ref> A Nirankari hymn-singer, Boota Singh, had been removed from his paid duties due to "personal lapses"{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=153-154}} considered incongruous in a missionary organization, and in 1929 tried and failed to set up a rival organization in Peshawar, nominating his devotee Avtar Singh, a bakery shop owner, as his successor in 1943.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=153-154}} Without having established any significant religious base, Avtar Singh moved to [[Delhi]] after [[Partition of India|partition]], getting his group registered as the "Sant Nirankaris" in 1948,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|pp=153–154}} which were "much different" from the successors of the original Nirankari movement they splintered from.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url= https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration| year=1998|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|page=215}}</ref>

His son Gurbachan Singh succeeded him in 1963,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=154}} and tensions with the Sikhs escalated as he subsequently proclaimed himself as a [[Godman (India)|godman]] and incarnation of [[Guru Nanak]],<ref name=2nd>{{cite book|last1=Chima|first1=Jugdep S|title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements|date=2010|publisher=SAGE Publication|location=New Delhi|pages=41–44|isbn=9788132105381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44}}</ref> styling himself as ''bājjāṅwālā'' (Punjabi for "master of the hawk"), an epithet of [[Guru Gobind Singh]],{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=xliv}} using the names of the Sikh Gurus for his servants,{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=xliv}} and coming out with publications like the Avtar Bani, which made derogatory references to the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture of Sikhism.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=154}}<ref name=2nd/> A story in the ''Yug Purush'' narrated that, unlike the prophets of the world's major religions, refused to go back to earth to "spread God’s message", except for Avtar Singh, who decided to do so "only after God agreed that anyone blessed by him would go to heaven irrespective of worldly deeds".<ref name=2nd/> By the 1970s, Gurbachan Singh had begun to put himself on par with the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name="Kaur">{{cite book|author=Mallika Kaur|title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|date=14 January 2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24674-7|page=225}}</ref> Sacrilegious versions of Sikh rituals, including administering to his ''sat sitāre,'' or seven stars, his version of the [[Panj Piare]] of Guru Gobind Singh, ''"charan amrit"'', the water used to wash his feet, in place of the ''[[amrita|amrit]]'', or holy water mixed with sugar by a steel blade, as dictated by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] for the [[Amrit Sanchar]].<ref name=2nd/>

Clashes between the Sikhs and the Sant Nirankaris took place beginning in the early 1950s, and tensions simmered through the 1960s, during which the [[Damdami Taksal]] came to the forefront to counter Sant Nirankari influence,<ref name=2nd/> as well as the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] at many places in Punjab.<ref name=sgpc>{{cite book|last1=Dhillon|first1=Gurdarshan Singh|title=Truth About Punjab SGPC White Paper|publisher=SGPC|location=Amritsar|url=http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/white%20paper.pdf|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209154356/http://globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/white%20paper.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The skirmishes were attributed in significant part to political machinations to maintain a rift between the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the Damdami Taksal, using the willing Sant Nirankaris to do so; Bhindranwale was being harassed and provoked by senior Sant Nirankari officials in the Punjab administration.<ref name="Kaur"/>

The Akalis claimed that the Sant Nirankaris were supported by the [[Indian National Congress]] to divide and undermine the Sikh community, while many Sikhs suspected that the Nirankaris were aided and abetted by the [[Central Government of India|Central Government]] and the urban Hindu elite in Punjab,<ref name=2nd/> who were the base of the [[Jan Sangh]], the Akali Dal's coalition partner,{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=169}} and from whom the Sant Nirankaris received donations from, and hence why the Akalis had permitted the convention. This reported continuous support of the organization by the central government was also evidenced by the fact that, during a very short span, the Sant Nirankaris established 354 branches: 27 abroad and the rest in India, with large amounts of property.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=157}} The organization created a paramilitary branch called the ''Seva Dal'', with a membership of over 7,000, headed by a commander, called a ''mukhya shishak'' (chief teacher).{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=157}} The Akali Dal's [[Janata Party]] allies warned the Akalis not to intervene in the growing tensions on the pretext of "religious freedom",<ref name="2nd" /> against the wishes of a large section of the Sikh community.<ref name="2nd" /> Gurbachan Singh had met [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Morarji Desai]] who gave him assurances; major Sikh leaders, including [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]] and [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]], responded by telling the press and government not to meddle in the "internal affairs" of the Sikhs by commenting on [[hukamnama]]s.<ref name=2nd/>

==Incident==
On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of [[Khalsa]], a [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] convention headed by their leader [[Gurbachan Singh]] was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali-led [[Government of Punjab, India|State Government of Punjab]]. The Nirankari held their precession in the morning and amassed a congregation of 50,000-100,000 people who peacefully passed throughout the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=2016-07-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-23410-3 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref> From the [[Golden Temple]] premises,<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi">{{cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |date=2008 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780330396110 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C}}</ref> Bhindranwale delivered a sermon in which he declared that he would not allow this convention.<ref name="satp prophet">{{cite web |title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=Satp.org}}</ref> Bhindranwale declared "We are going to march there and cut them to pieces!" <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vltAAAAMAAJ&q=bhindranwale+cut+them+to+pieces |title=Aakrosh: Asian Journal on Terrorism and Internal Conflicts · Volume 2, Issues 2–5 |publisher=Forum for Strategic and Security Studies |year=1999 |pages=54}}</ref> A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by [[Bhindranwale]] of the [[Damdami Taksal]] and [[Fauja Singh (Sikh leader)|Fauja Singh]] of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Sant Nirankari Convention.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark|last1=Tully|first2=Satish|last2=Jacob|title=Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/amritsarmrsgandh00tull|url-access=registration|date=1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/amritsarmrsgandh00tull/page/59 59]}}</ref> The subsequent Akali precession mutilated a shopkeeper on the way to the Sant Nirankari venue, whilst Bhindranwale was shouting inflammatory slogans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=T.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA598 |title=Fundamentalisms Observed |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50878-8 |pages=598 |language=en}}</ref>

According to eyewitness accounts, the group, mostly men and joined by women who had refused the advice to stay back, headed out of the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]] after an ''[[ardas]]'' and commitment to nonviolence. They were walked by Bhindranwale to the gates. The local police assigned to the Sant Nirankaris met the protesters and asked them to wait there, as they would go speak to the Sant Nirankaris about their controversial program. Fauja Singh allegedly attempted to behead Nirankari chief [[Gurbachan Singh]] with his sword but was shot dead by Gurbachan's bodyguard{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=79}}<ref name="satp prophet2">{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=K.P.S. |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood – Psalms of Terror |work=Satp.org |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-8124113646 |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014135815/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url= |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=79 |quote=He (Gurbachan Singh) did have a group of guards, who opened fire on the orthodox Sikhs}}</ref> subsequently resulting in an armed clash between the two groups. Bhindranwale fled as the clash began.<ref name="satp prophet2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URFWAAAAYAAJ |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |date=1986 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-330-29434-8 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> In the ensuing violence, several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and two Sant Nirankaris.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=79}} According to Kirpal Dhillon, former [[Director general of police|DGP]] of Punjab, the reported participation of some senior Punjab government officials in the convention also may have emboldened the Sant Nirankaris to initiate the attack; later police investigations revealed that the attack on the Sikhs was led by a man on horseback with armed attackers, taking place some 250-400 yards away from the venue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82| page=82}}</ref>

Fauja Singh died as he was being rushed to the hospital, and the cremation of Fauja Singh and the 12 other Sikhs occurred in a large ceremony attended by tens of thousands; the photos of his maimed body, with a bullet wound in his left eye, spread along with the news of the death quickly.<ref name="Kaur"/> This event brought Bhindranwale to limelight in the media.<ref name="IT_Rise">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandan |title=Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-15 |access-date=6 July 2018 |work=India Today 35th anniversary |date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Cremation of the remains of the 13 martyred Sikhs of the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash.jpg|thumb|Cremation of the remains of the 13 martyred Sikhs]]
The clash triggered mass demonstrations, some violent, in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Delhi]]. The day following the clash, 250 [[Nihang]] Sikhs, armed with spears and guns, stormed a human unity Sant Nirankari conference, triggering further clashes, in which 28 people were killed and more than 140 were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 15, 1978 |title=Indian president appeals for an end to violence |pages=22 |work=The Calgary Herald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHJkAAAAIBAJ&dq=nirankari+sikh&pg=PA22&article_id=2321,2734620}}</ref> Immediately following the clash, Sant Nirankari sites and holy places were beleaguered and threats of physical violence were meted out.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gates |first1=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1996 |title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency |last2=Roy |first2=Kaushik |date=2016-02-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-00540-7 |pages=1996 |language=en |quote=Between 1978 and 1980, Bhindranwale's gang started to kill the Sant Nirankaris throughout Punjab. The Sant Nirankari Bhawans were surrounded and attacked.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadha |first=Vivek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcKGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis |date=2005-03-04 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0201-4 |pages=197 |language=en |quote=Thereafter, a series of murders planned and executed by Bhindranwale's men took place, culminating in the killing of Baba Gurbachan Singh}}</ref>{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=80-85}} The [[Akal Takht]] later issued a [[hukamnama]] expelling the Sant Nirankaris out of the Sikh community and proscribing any interlocution with them. They further directed Sikhs to use "all appropriate means" to prevent the Sant Nirankaris from "grow[ing] and flourish[ing] in society".<ref name="mm" /><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2002 |title=Akali ex-minister attends Nirankari meet function Dal Khalsa sees red |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021006/punjab1.htm#4 |access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="2nd" /> The SGPC and the Akali Dal further called for a ban on Sant Nirankari religious books and the Punjab government outlawed Gurbachan Singh's entry in the state, an order later annulled by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in January 1979. Between 1981 and 1984, there were more than 34 gun and bomb attacks perpetrated against the Sant Nirankaris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ramesh Inder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-pvEAAAQBAJ |title=Turmoil In Punjab: Before and After Blue Star: An Insider's Account |date=2022-06-20 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5489-909-6 |pages=Chapter 3 |language=en}}</ref>

A criminal case was filed against sixty two Sant Nirankaris, charged with the murder of 13 Sikhs, by the Akali-led government in Punjab. The investigation concluded that the attack on the Sikhs was planned by a number of accused, including Gurbachan Singh, all of whom were taken into custody except for Gurbachan Singh himself, who was arrested later in Delhi only after being permitted a personal audience with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Morarji Desai]].{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=74}} The Sant Nirankaris had firmly supported [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] rule, and developed close links with many Congress politicians and bureaucrats, creating a strong foothold in Delhi political circles; this gave rise to opposition from the Akalis and the Damdami Taksal during the same period.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=69}}

The case was heard in the neighbouring [[Haryana]] state, and all the accused were acquitted on grounds of self-defence{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=79}} on 4 January 1980, two days before the [[Lok Sabha]] poll.<ref name=eos>{{cite book |last = Siṅgh | first = Major Gurmukh (retd.) | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Sant Jarnail Siṅgh Bhiṇḍrāṅvāle | date = 1997 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=978-8173805301 | pages = 352–354 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n365/mode/2up | language = en}}</ref> Though the case failed as authorities in Punjab were unable to ensure that the prosecution witness remained uncompromised by interested parties and police in [[Karnal]],{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=75}} the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Prakash Singh Badal]] decided not to appeal the decision.{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|p=169}}{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=58-60}}<ref>Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.</ref> The Sant Nirankaris received support from the media, who portrayed the incident as "inter-sect wars" and proof of rising Sikh orthodoxy,<ref name="Kaur"/> and Desai put the entire blame on the Sikhs; orthodox Sikhs saw this as an attempt to manipulate the sect as a way to undercut Sikhism in Punjab.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=59}} The government's apathy towards apprehending the perpetrators also caused outrage among the Sikhs, with the ruling Akalis accused of shielding them.<ref name="Kaur"/> The death of unarmed protesters had strongly affected the Sikhs, including those formerly apolitical;<ref name="Kaur"/> Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the perceived enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by [[Akal Takht]] to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created among some to justify extrajudicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.<ref>Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.</ref> The chief proponents of this attitude were the [[Babbar Khalsa]] founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the [[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Dal Khalsa]], formed with the object of demanding a sovereign [[Khalistan movement|Sikh state]]; and the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]].{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=79}}

On 24 April 1980, the Sant Nirankari guru, Gurbachan Singh was assassinated. The Babbar Khalsa, who opposed Bhindranwale, claimed responsibility for the killing of Sant Nirankaris.{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|p=xliv}} Several of Bhindranwale's associates and relatives were arrested. The [[First Information Report|FIR]] named nearly twenty people involved in the murder, claimed to have had ties to Bhindranwale.<ref name="SikhCoalition">{{cite web
|title=Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale – ''Life'', Mission, and Martyrdom
|publisher=Sikh Educational and Religious Foundation
|last=Sandhu
|first=Ranbir S.
|date=May 1997
|url=http://sikhcoalition.org/SantJarnailSingh.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529153236/http://sikhcoalition.org/SantJarnailSingh.pdf
|archive-date=29 May 2008
}}</ref> A member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination three years later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi. Ranjit Singh later became head of [[Akal Takht]]. Ranjit Singh spent 12 years in jail as an under-trial from 1984 to 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trouble over Pardon|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19971110-nirankari-murder-case-govt-under-pressure-to-get-akal-takht-jathedars-sentence-commuted-830896-1997-11-09|access-date=28 August 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=10 November 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Swami|first1=Praveen|title=A Jathedar is free|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1423/14231220.htm|access-date=28 August 2014|work=Frontline|date=15–28 November 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Amandeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KimgEAAAQBAJ&dq=gurbachan+singh+killed+ranjit+singh&pg=PT73 |title=Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines |date=2022-12-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-859-8 |language=en}}</ref> Several other members of Sant Nirankari Mission were also killed later.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Sucha Singh|last2=Singhal|first2=K. C.|title=The Punjab Problem: Its Historical Roots|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=7 April 1984|volume=19|issue=14|pages=603–608|jstor=4373137}}</ref>

The police crackdown in the state resulted in an average of 50 youths detained and 6 six killed per week, prompting a wider acceptance of Bhindranwale's claim that the government was out to destroy the Sikhs.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=81}} The [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], an Indian human rights group, accused the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] of behaving like a "barbarian force".{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=81}} In response, Akali initiatives like ''[[Raasta roko]]'' ("Block the Roads") and ''[[Bandh|Kamm Roko]]'' ("Stop Work" i.e. strike) drew massive popular support in Punjab, and seven other states supported Sikh demands for greater autonomy for Punjab and the decentralization of government power.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=81}}

=== Later clashes ===
Another clash occurred soon after in [[Kanpur]] on September 26, 1978. A frenzied mob of 500 Sikhs armed with guns, swords and spears attacked a Sant Nirankari congregation. According to police reports, the Sikhs had set fire to the tents outside the venue and forcibly entered the meeting hall. In this clash more than a dozen Sikhs were killed in firing by police.{{sfn|Dhillon||1996|p=272}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=September 27, 1978, Forty Years Ago: Nirankaris Attacked |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/september-27-1978-forty-years-ago-nirankaris-attacked-5376119/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 27, 1978 |title=Religious riot kills 12 persons |pages=2 |work=The Phoenix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJ9WAAAAIBAJ&dq=nirankari+kanpur&pg=PA3&article_id=1381,2304712}}</ref> In November 1978, another clash occurred in Kanpur after Akali Sikhs, armed with weapons, protested against a three-day Nirankari convention. The police were compelled to disperse the rioters with tear gas and rifle shots after they had attacked the police with swords.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Religious Conflict Sparks Pitched Street Battle |pages=3 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJ9WAAAAIBAJ&dq=nirankari+kanpur&pg=PA3&article_id=1381,2304712}}</ref>

== Allegations of Congress involvement ==
According to Apurba Kundu, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's instigations had engendered the clash, yet he was subsequently vindicated by the Congress apparatus, a gesture requited by Bhindranwale's campaigning for Congress candidates in the 1980 general elections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kundu |first=Apurba |date=1994 |title=The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2760119 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=50 |doi=10.2307/2760119 |jstor=2760119 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After the clash, Bhindranwale had associated with politicians with ties to [[Sanjay Gandhi]]. He was assisted in fielding candidates against the [[Akali Dal]] to contest the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC) elections in 1979; his candidates were handily defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Crispin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HY7cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 |title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600 |date=2013-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-51382-6 |language=en}}</ref>

On the other hand, the Sant Nirankari's had, “...forged close links with many Punjab Congress politicians and bureaucrats.” The Sant Nirankaris were also supporters of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=Amarjit S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTx_EAAAQBAJ&dq=congress+nirankari&pg=PA1974-IA6 |title=Region, Religion and Politics: 100 Years of Shiromani Akali Dal |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78305-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Portrait photographs of the thirteen martyred Sikhs of the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash.jpg|thumb|Portrait photographs of the thirteen killed Sikhs of the 1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash. Their identities are as follows (from left-to-right):<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dilgeer|first=Harjinder Singh|title=The Sikh Reference Book|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark|year=1997|isbn=9780969596424|pages=526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jalandhary|first=Surjeet|title=Bhindranwale Sant|publisher=Punjab Pocket Books|year=1984|pages=18}}</ref> Top row - Kewal Singh, Fauja Singh, Raghbir Singh Middle row - Hari Singh, Avtar Singh, Piara Singh, Harbhajan Singh, Ranbir Singh Bottom row - Gurcharan Singh, Darshan Singh, Amreek Singh, Gurdial Singh, Dharambir Singh]]
Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj, Amritsar was raised in the memory of the 13 Sikhs killed in the clash.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walia|first1=Varinder|title=History comes full circle|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080126/punjab1.htm|access-date=28 August 2014|work=The Tribune|date=26 January 2008}}</ref>

Satpal Baghi of Ferozepur in the Indian Express, notes:{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|pp=155-156}}
{{blockquote|The genesis of the real trouble between the Nirankaris and Akalis goes back to the years when Mrs. Indira Gandhi headed the Union Government. She wanted to weaken the Shiromani Akali Dal, but found that Akalis could not be brought to heel. She thought of an elaborate plan to strengthen the Nirankari sect not only in Punjab but throughout the country and abroad. Official patronage was extended to the Nirankaris, much to the chagrin of Akalis who have always considered the Nirankaris as heretics." "In pursuit of this policy of divide and rule, Mrs. Gandhi personally gave clearance for a diplomatic passport to be issued to the Nirankari Chief and the Indian High Commissioners and Ambassadors abroad were instructed to show him respect and regard. This was meant to help the sect to improve its image and increase its following abroad. During Mrs. Gandhi's regime, the Nirankaris were known to be receiving financial help from secret Government funds, not open to audit or scrutiny by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]." "During Emergency the recalcitrant attitude of the Akalis further annoyed Mrs. Gandhi and Mr. Sanjay Gandhi. Efforts for building a parallel organisation among the Sikhs of Punjab as a counterblast to the Akalis were intensified. At the insistence of Mrs. Gandhi, the Congress regime began giving great official patronage to the Nirankari sect. Mr. H.S. Chhina. [[Indian Administrative Service
|I.A.S.]] a staunch Nirankari, was appointed Chief Secretary to the Punjab Government, in 1976."' "As a result of open official patronage and support, this sect got a considerable boost within the administrative set-up of the Punjab Government. Mr. Chhina appointed Mr. Niranjan Singh, I.A.S., as [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|deputy commissioner]] of [[Gurdaspur]]. Mr. Niranjan Singh tried his best to enlarge the field of operation of the Nirankaris. It is during this period that Sant Bhindranwale took up the challenge posed by this growing sect.'"{{sfn|Dhillon|1996|pp=155-156}}}}

[[Tavleen Singh]] wrote:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Amarjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=Contrary+to+the+popular+belief+that+he+took+the+offensive%2C+senior+police+sources+in+the+Punjab+admit+that+the+provocation+came+in+fact+from+a+Nirankari+official+who+started+harassing+Bhindranwale+and+his+men.+There+were+two+or+three+Nirankaris+in+key+positions+in+the+Punjab+in+those+days+and+they+were+powerful+enough&pg=PT57 |title=The Punjab Story |last2=Aurora |first2=Lt Gen Jagjit Singh |last3=Singh |first3=Khushwant |last4=Kamanth |first4=M. V. |last5=Gupta |first5=Shekhar |last6=Kirpekar |first6=Subhash |last7=Sethi |first7=Sunil |last8=Singh |first8=Tavleen |date=2012-08-10 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7436-912-3 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Contrary to the popular belief that he took the offensive, senior police sources in the Punjab admit that the provocation came in fact from a Nirankari official who started harassing Bhindranwale and his men. There were two or three Nirankaris in key positions in the Punjab in those days and they were powerful enough to be able to create quite a lot of trouble. The Nirankaris also received patronage from Delhi that made Sikh organizations like Bhindranwale's and the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, headed then by Bibi Amarjit Kaur's husband, Fauja Singh, hate them even more."}}

[[Khushwant Singh]] wrote:
{{blockquote|"Terrorist activity preceded the morcha [("movement")] by more than six months and was born out of encounters faked by the Punjab police and the armed conflict between the Nirankaris and Sant Bhindranwale beginning April 13, 1978".{{sfn|Sandhu|1999|pp=xlix-l}}}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Sandhu | first = Ranbir Singh | title = Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale | date = 1999 | publisher = Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation | location = Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. |isbn= 9780967287416 | edition = 1st | url = https://archive.org/details/StruggleForJustice/ | access-date = 23 March 2020 | language = English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar, Punjab |isbn=978-0836456547 |page=xxx |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/TruthAboutPunjab/mode/2up |access-date=25 March 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0812215922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Sikh politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash}}
[[Category:1978 murders in India]]
[[Category:April 1978 in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Sectarian violence]]

Musicians of the kingdom of Mysore

2025-12-30T20:00:08Z

Asis: put up data

{{short description|National musical tradition (1399 - 1950)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
[[File:Concert Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|A concert in progress at the Mysore Palace]]

The '''[[kingdom of Mysore]]''' (1399–1950) was founded by Yaduraya in 1399 as a feudatory of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and became an independent kingdom in the early 17th century, after the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire. Many musicians and composers have presumably adorned the courts of the Mysore kings from Yaduraya's time, furthering the ''Dakshinadi'' school (southern school) of music that had developed in earlier centuries. However, records are only available from the time of King Ranadheera Kanteerava Narasaraja Wodeyar (1638).<ref name="kant">Pranesh (2003), pix in author's note</ref><ref name="dakshin">Kamath (2001), p282</ref> Musical treatises surviving from this time, though, provide ample information on the music, musical instruments, the types of compositions, the ''[[raga]]'' (melodies) and the ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]'' (rhythms) used. Though all the Mysore kings patronised music, the golden age of [[Carnatic music]] was considered to be during the reigns of Kings Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1794–1868), Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1862–1894), Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (1884–1940) and Jaya Chamaraja Wodeyar (1919–1974). The reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV is regarded as particularly important in musical terms.<ref name="dakshin">Kamath (2001), p282</ref><ref name="king">Pranesh (2003), pxiii in author's note</ref>

The instruments normally used to play compositions were the [[veena]], the [[rudra veena]], the violin, the [[Tanpura|tambura]], the [[ghatam]], the [[flute]], the [[mridangam]], the [[nagaswaram]], and the [[Swarabat]]. Instruments such as the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], the [[sitar]] and the [[jaltarang]], though uncommon to the southern region, came into use and British influence popularised the saxophone and the piano. The royalty of this dynasty were noted composers and proficient in playing musical instruments both solo and in concert with others.<ref name="play">Pranesh (2003), p54-55, p92, p162-163, p225-226</ref> The different styles of compositions included ''jati [[swara]]'', ''swara jati'', ''varna'', ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'', ''javali'' (a light lyric), ''tillana'' and ''[[pallavi]]''.<ref name="king"/> It was not unusual for the composers and the kings who patronised them to be experts at instrumental music as well. So proficient were the musicians at their chosen instrument(s) that the name of the instrument became a part of the musician's name, examples being Veena Subbanna and [[Veene Sheshanna|Veena Sheshanna]], [[Veena]] (or ''Veene'' as it is known in South India) being their instrument.<ref name="shesh">Pranesh (2003), p108</ref> During these times, [[Tanjore]] in modern [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Mysore]] in modern [[Karnataka]] were the centres of [[Carnatic music]]. Mysore developed a distinct school of music which gave importance to the ''raga'' and the ''[[bhava]]''.<ref name="bhava">Kamath (2001), p283</ref> Though many of the musicians in the courts were natives of the Mysore kingdom, artists from other parts of South India were also patronised. Another important development of this period was the growth of drama. These dramas, original or translated from English and Sanskrit classics, contained many melodious songs and were brought to the stage through the various drama schools established by royalty.<ref name="drama">Kamath (2001), p281</ref>

==King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1794–1868)==
{|width="280" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background-color: ##F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #cccccc;"
|-
!colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC"|{{resize|120%|Mysore Musicians}} (1638–1947)
|-
|Vaikunta Dasaru
|1680
|-
|Veena Venkata Subbiah
|1750
|-
|Shunti Venkataramaniah
|1780
|-
|Mysore Sadashiva Rao
|1790
|-
|Krishnaraja Wodeyar III
|1799–1868
|-
|Aliya Lingaraja Urs
|1823–1874
|-
|Chikka Lakshminaranappa
|
|-
|Pedda Lakshminaranappa
|
|-
|Devalapurada Nanjunda
|
|-
|Veena Shamanna
|1832–1908
|-
|Veena Padmanabiah
|1842–1900
|-
|Veena Sheshanna
|1852–1926
|-
|Mysore Karigiri Rao
|1853–1927
|-
|Sosale Ayya Shastry
|1854–1934
|-
|Veena Subbanna
|1861–1939
|-
|[[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
|1865-1961
|-
|Bidaram Krishnappa
|1866–1931
|-
|T. Pattabhiramiah
|1863
|-
|Jayarayacharya
|1846-1906
|-
|Giribhattara Tammayya
|1865–1920
|-
|Nanjangud Subba Shastry
|1834–1906
|-
|Chandrashekara Shastry
|
|-
|Chinniah
|1902
|-
|Veena Subramanya Iyer
|1864–1919
|-
|[[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
|1877–1945
|-
|Veena Shivaramiah
|1886–1946
|-
|Veena Venkatagiriappa
|1887–1952
|-
|Srinivasa Iyengar
|1888–1952
|-
|Chikka Ramarao
|1891–1945
|-
|[[T. Chowdiah]]
|1894–1967
|-
|[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]
|1919–1974
|-
|Dr. B. Devendrappa
|1899–1986
|-
|G. Narayana Iyengar
|1903–1959
|-
|T. Subramanya Iyer
|
|-
|Anavatti Rama Rao
|1860
|-
|Tiger Varadachariar
|1876–1950
|-
|Chennakeshaviah
|1895–1986
|-
|T. Krishna Iyengar
|1902–1997
|-
|S. N. Mariappa
|1914–1986
|-
|C. Ramchandra Rao
|1916–1985
|-
|R. N. Doreswamy
|1916–2002
|-
|Dr. V. [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]]
|1920–1997
|-
|Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar
|1924–1999
|-
|}

[[File:mridangam transparent.png|200px|right|thumb|Mridangam]]
This period heralded the beginning of British control over the administration of Mysore and the start of an important period in the development of vocal and instrumental Carnatic music in south India. King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was a trained musician, musicologist and composer of merit. Being a devotee of the Hindu goddess Chamundeshwari, he wrote all his compositions under the ''[[mudra]]'' (pen name) "'Chamundi'" or "'Chamundeshwari'". He composed many philosophically themed ''javali'' (light lyric) and devotional songs in the Kannada language under the title ''Anubhava pancharatna''. ''Javali'' in Carnatic music have their roots in Mysore and are first mentioned in the king's writings as ''javadi''.<ref name="krish">Pranesh (2003), p54</ref> His scholarship in Kannada is acclaimed and his compositions are seen as parallels to the [[vachana]] poems of the [[Virashaiva]] poets and to the devotional songs (''[[pada (foot)|pada]]'') of the [[Haridasa]]s of Karnataka.<ref name="anu">Pranesh (2003), p54-55</ref> Mysore Sadashiva Rao was born in Greemspet in the [[Chittoor]] district of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] to a Maharashtrian family. He came to Mysore between 1825 and 1835 and served as a court musician to the incumbent king for nearly fifty years. His compositions are said to have been in the hundreds, though only about one hundred, written in Sanskrit and Telugu under the pen name "Sadashiva", still exist.<ref name="sadashiva">Pranesh (2003), p61, p65</ref> He is known as the reviver of Carnatic music in the Karnataka region.<ref name="dakshin">Kamath (2001), p282</ref>

Veena Venkatasubbiah came from a [[Mysore]]an family of famous veena artists ( or "vainika") of the time of King [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] and belonged to the [[Badaganadu]] community. He was appointed music teacher to King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III by his minister (or "Dewan") Purniah, who wanted to make Mysore the cultural centre of south India just as [[Vijayanagara]] had been during the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name="vij">Pranesh (2003), p77</ref> His most famous composition is the ''Sapta taleshwari gite''. Some historians claim the work was a combined effort by the king and the musician.<ref name="gite">Pranesh (2003), p75-76</ref> The king's son-in-law, Aliya Lingraj Urs, was an authority and composer in both the Kannada and Sanskrit languages. A native of Heggadadevanakote (in modern [[Mysore district]]), he had several interests in the fine arts. He has over fifty works including compositions, dramas, and [[Yakshagana]] to his credit, all of which were written with a pen name beginning with "Linga", such as "Lingendra" or "Lingaraja". His most famous compositions in Kannada are titled "Chandravali jogi hadu", "Pancha vimshati leele" and "Amba kirtana", and in Sanskrit, the "Shringara lahari".<ref name="urs">Pranesh (2003), p78-79</ref>

Shunti Venkataramaniah was a musician from Tiruvayyar (modern [[Tamil Nadu]]) and an expert at playing the tambura.<ref name="tam1">Pranesh (2003), p76</ref> He was introduced to the king by the court musician Veena Venkatasubbiah under unusual circumstances. When Venkataramaniah first met Veena Venkatasubbiah, the latter asked him to sing a particular tune. Unable to sing it, Venkataramaniah walked away, only to return a year later having mastered the tune. While singing the tune, Venkataramaniah went into a trance and the court musician hurried to the palace and requested the king to be audience to the singer. The king arrived there and was so pleased with Venkataramaniah's voice he appointed him as a court musician. Venkataramaniah's most famous composition is the ''Lakshana gite''.<ref name="lak">Pranesh (2003), p76-77</ref>

Chinniah was the eldest son of a family known as the "Tanjore quartet", a quartet of brothers who were singers and composers. Before his arrival in Mysore, Chinniah served at the court of the Tanjore kings Sarabhoji II and Shivaji II. He had learnt music from [[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]]. At the court of the king of Mysore, Chinniah created several compositions in praise of his patron king and the local deity Chamundeshwari. Famous among these compositions are ''Ninnu koriyunna'', ''Vanajalochana'', ''Nivanti'', ''Chakkani na mohanaguni'', ''Manavigai konarada'' and several ''javali''.<ref name="chin">Pranesh (2003), p84-86</ref>

Veena Chikka Lakshminaranappa, an expert vainika, was a descendant of Krishnappa, a Mysore court musician during the time of Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar in the 16th century. Chikka Lakshminaranappa became the chief musician in the Prasanna Krishnaswamy temple located within the palace premises. His two sons Krishnappa and Seenappa, who were later patronised by the kings of Mysore, were also proficient players of the veena and violin.<ref name="seen">Pranesh (2003), p86</ref> Well known visiting musicians to the court during this time included Pallavi Gopalayyar, Veena Kuppayyar, Tiruvattiyur Thyagayyar, Veena Krishnayya and Suryapurada Ananda Dasaru.<ref name="dasa">Pranesh (2003), p88-90</ref>

==King Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1868–1894)==

King Chamaraja Wodeyar IX was also a patron of the fine arts and literature, having been tutored by his own court musicians Veena Sheshanna and Veena Subbanna.<ref name="chama">Pranesh (2003), p92</ref> The king was well versed in the violin and often participated, along with other musicians, in violin performances at the Krishna temple located in the palace premises. He is known to have helped many budding artists, both by patronage of their talent and in their personal difficulties. He sponsored Mysore Vasudevacharya (who later became a famous musician) to train at Tiruvayyar under the famous Patnam Subramanya Iyer. He also formed the "Amateur Drama Club" to encourage young artists. However, he died at the early age of 32 while travelling in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="chama"/> Veena Shamanna was the son of Rama Bhagavatar, an immigrant from Tanjore who came to Mysore during a famine, seeking royal patronage. His birth name was Venkata Subramanya.<ref name="shama">Pranesh (2003), p93</ref> In 1876, Veena Shamanna was appointed court musician for his talent in both vocal and instrumental classical music. He was known as "Tala Brahma" for his mastery of the veena, violin, ghata and swarabhat.<ref name="ghata">Pranesh (2003), p94</ref> A conservative artist, he played by the norms of theorical classical music and was a tutor to the royal family. In honour of his achievements, a street in Mysore city was named after him. His compositions were published by his son Veena Subramanya Iyer in a book called ''Sangeeta samayasara'' in 1915.<ref name="iyer1">Pranesh (2003), p96</ref>

Veena Padmanabiah, a native of Sriramapura (also known as Budihalu in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Karnataka), was trained in classical vocal and veena in his early days by a disciple of Veena Shamanna. Later, under the guidance of Veena Shamanna, Padmanabiah's expertise grew. An incident at the king's palace during his youth made him popular and impressed the king. A well-known musician called Veena Sambayya made a mistake in interpreting a ''[[shloka]]'' in the musical treatise ''[[Sangeeta Ratnakara]]''. Padmanabiah immediately pointed out this error, much to the discomfort of Sambayya, while the rest of the musicians dared not to, out of fear of incurring the senior musician's wrath.<ref name="samba">Pranesh (2003), p99</ref> Years later, pleased by his talent, the king appointed him to the court and bestowed upon him the title "Mahatapi Khillat". Padmanabiah also served in the same capacity under the next king, Chamaraja Wodeyar IX. He was a music teacher at the "Mysore Maharanis High School", at the "Maharajas Sanskrit School", and he also tutored the royal family.<ref name="school">Pranesh (2003), p100</ref> He wrote many compositions in Sanskrit, Telugu and Kannada under the pen name "Padmanaba".<ref name="padma">Pranesh (2003), p101-108</ref>

Veena Sheshanna, considered one of the greatest exponents of the veena in India, was born in Mysore in 1852 to Bakshi Chikkaramappa, a court musician of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.<ref name="shesh">Pranesh (2003), p108</ref> Once a visiting musician sang a composition (''[[pallavi]]'') and challenged the musicians in the king's court to follow. While none of the senior musicians could sing that composition, Sheshanna, who was still a boy, sang it correctly. Impressed, the king gave the boy a chain of pearls he was wearing and a pair of shawls.<ref name="shawl">Pranesh (2003), p109</ref> It was during the rule of King Chamaraja Wodeyar IX in 1882 that Sheshanna was appointed court musician.<ref name="wod">Pranesh (2003), p110</ref> His achievements in classical music won Mysore a premier place in the art of playing the veena and he was given the title "Vainika Shikhamani" by King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.<ref name="shika">Pranesh (2003), p110-111</ref> Veena Sheshanna won laurels and titles from kings and dignitaries including the kings of Travencore, Baroda and Tanjore. He played the veena at the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Belagavi]] in 1924 to an audience comprising such leaders as [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Pandit Nehru]] and others and received the title "Vainika Chakravarthi". A photograph of Veena Sheshanna was taken by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] to be placed in the art gallery at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name="george">Pranesh (2003), p111-112</ref> Sheshanna was proficient at other instruments, including the violin, swarabhat, rudra veena, jalatarang and even the piano, in which he is known to have composed in English.<ref name="swara">Pranesh (2003), p113</ref> His compositions are largely in Telugu and Kannada, though he also occasionally composed in Hindi.<ref name="hindi">Pranesh (2003), p114-122</ref>

Mysore Karigiri Rao was the son of Lakshmi Narasimhacharya, who hailed from [[Tumkur]] and was a Sanskrit Pandit in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. Karigiri Rao learnt music secretly because his family was against that profession. He later travelled, performing in many places before returning to Mysore at the age of fifty when he was appointed court musician by King Chamaraja Wodeyar IX.<ref name="kari">Pranesh (2003), p123-124</ref> He was given the title "Sangeeta Vidya Kanteerava" by senior musicians of the day and "Ganakara Durandhara Sangeeta Bhushana" by the king himself. He is credited with writing several Carnatic compositions and more than 200 ''devaranama'' (devotional songs).<ref name="subho">Pranesh (2003), p124, p127</ref> Veena Subbanna was born in 1861 in Mysore into a wealthy family of musicians to which he was the only heir. He studied with Prince Chamaraja Wodeyar IX at the Royal school and was well versed in the English language. He was trained in Carnatic vocal music by Mysore Sadashiva Rao and in instrumental music by his father Dodda Sheshanna who was also a famous musician.<ref name="dodda">Pranesh (2003), p128</ref> Veena Subbanna was appointed court musician in 1888 and was a contemporary of the legendary Veena Sheshanna, with whom he was paired in many concerts. A generous man known for his philanthropic deeds, he has many compositions to his credit and earned such titles as "Vainika Praveena", "Vainika Vara Choodamani" and "Vainika Kesari".<ref name="kesari">Pranesh (2003), p135</ref>

[[Mysore Vasudevachar]]ya was a musician and composer born on 28 May 1865 in Mysore. He holds the unique distinction of having been patronised by four generations of Mysore kings and of having been court musician to three.<ref name="kesari">Pranesh (2003), p135</ref> He received royal patronage from the age of five owing to his talent. During his time in Sanskrit school, he learned to play the veena from ace musician Veena Padmanabiah. Later, King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV sponsored him to learn music at Tiruvayyar under [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]].<ref name="iyer">Pranesh (2003), p138</ref> A master of both Carnatic and Hindustani ''[[raga]]'', he delivered the opening Sanskrit ''shloka'' (devotional songs) at the Indian National Congress convention at Belagavi in 1924. He represented Mysore in the "Akhila Bharateeya Sangeeta Parishat" concert held in [[Gwalior]]. He earned laurels and titles from kings and dignitaries from all over India, including the "Sangeeta Shastra Ratna" and "Sangeeta Shastra Visharada".<ref name="comp">Pranesh (2003), p140, p147</ref> Numerous compositions in Sanskrit and Telugu are credited to him, as well as one song in Kannada called ''Karunisou'' under the pen name "Vasudeva".<ref name="book">Pranesh (2003), p140</ref>

Bidaram Krishnappa was a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Brahmin and a native of Nandalike in modern [[Udupi district]], Karnataka. When he was a boy he had a chance encounter with a rich businessman who loved music. This happened when hungry Krishnappa, who came from a poor family, was singing a devotional song (''devaranama'') in a local temple. Impressed with his voice, the merchant sponsored Krishnappa to train under the guidance of a musician called Ramaswamy. He later came under the influence of Tammayya and Veena Sheshanna.<ref name="tamm">Pranesh (2003), p149</ref> Bidaram Krishnappa is credited with having popularised the singing of Kannada ''devaranama'' on stage. He adapted certain concepts of [[Hindustani music]] into his Carnatic compositions. For his scholarship in music, he earned the titles "Shudda Swaracharya", "Pallavi Krishnappa" and "Gana Visharada". One of his disciples, [[T. Chowdiah]], went on to become a music legend. Krishnappa was most famous for writing and rendering ''devaranama'' and ''[[kirtan]]s''.<ref name="deva">Pranesh (2003), p151</ref>

Among other well-known composers of the time, Tiruppunandal Pattabhiramiah from [[Kumbakonam]] was well known for his ''javali'', with more than fifty to his credit written mostly in Kannada and Telugu under the pen name of "Talavana".<ref name="tala">Pranesh (2003), p154-55</ref> Sosale Ayya Shastry was a native of Sosale (in modern Mysore district). His father Garalapuri Shastry was a leading Sanskrit scholar in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, and had later served as teacher to Chamaraja Wodeyar. While not a musician, Garalapuri Shastry had close associations with many musicians, and is believed to have helped Aliya Lingaraje Urs with his composition ''Sringara Lahari'' in raga Nilambari. Garalapuri Shastry's ancestors had been ministers in [[Anegondi]] province (modern [[Koppal district]], Karnataka). Ayya Shastry, too, served as a Kannada and Sanskrit teacher to the royal family. He was also noted for his musical and painting abilities and was given the titles ''Maha Vidwan'' in 1905 and ''Kavi Tilaka'' in 1912 by King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV.<ref name="nataka">Pranesh (2003), p157</ref> Among his well-known dramas in Kannada are ''Karnataka vikramorvasheya natakam'', ''Karnataka ramayana natakam'', ''Karnataka nala charitre'' and ''Karnataka pratapa simha nataka'' with numerous melodious songs in them.<ref name="nataka">Pranesh (2003), p157</ref> Ayya Shastry also authored the well-known composition ''Svami Devane Loka Paalane'', which was widely used as a school prayer. In the late 19th-early 20th century, Jayarayacharya (1846–1906) composed ''Kalyana Gitavali'' containing more than fifty devotional songs to be sung in the king's court and at festivals, and prayers by women; the dramatist Giribhattara Tamayya (1865) wrote the well-known works ''Gaya charitre'', ''Droupadi swayamvara'', ''Neeti chudamani'', ''Virata parva'' and ''Sudhanva charitre'' under the pen name "Tammayya".<ref name="tam">Pranesh (2003), p158</ref> Nanjangud Subba Shastry was a native of [[Nanjangud]] (near Mysore). Apart from composing about thirty-five songs, he wrote musical dramas in Kannada and Sanskrit including ''Mricchakatika'' and ''Malavikagnimitra''. Chandrashekara Shastry composed ''Javali'' in Kannada and Telugu under the pen name "Balachandra".<ref name="bala">Pranesh (2003), p158-159</ref> Visiting musicians were Pallavi Sheshayyar, Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer and Patnam Subramanyam Iyer.

==King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (1884–1940)==

[[File:Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV.jpg|thumb|right|King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]
This period, as during the time of the predecessor king, was an important era of music in Mysore, especially for Kannada compositions. The King himself was educated in Kannada, English, Sanskrit, the sciences and was knowledgeable in Tamil and Urdu as well. He was well versed in playing musical instruments including the veena, violin, mridangam, nagaswara, sitar, and harmonium as well as Western instruments such as the saxophone and piano. He encouraged his musicians to compose in the Carnatic, Hindustani and Western styles.<ref name="sax">Pranesh (2003), p162</ref> During this period, Veena Subramanya Iyer wrote an important treatise on music in Kannada, dealing with both its theoretical and practical aspects, called ''Sangeeta Samayasara'' which was published in 1915.<ref name="sang">Pranesh (2003), p164</ref> A very influential musician, academic and composer of this period was [[Muthiah Bhagavatar|Harikeshanallur Dr. L. Muthiah Bhagavatar]]. A native of Tirunalveli (in modern Tamil Nadu), he was a scholar in Sanskrit and was trained in music by Samabasiva Iyer in Tiruvayyar.<ref name="bahaga">Pranesh (2003), p167</ref> He was appointed court musician at Mysore in 1927 and was honoured by kings and notables alike. He was given the title "Gayaka Shikamani" by his patron King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. To this famous musician are credited one hundred and eight ''Chamundeswari [[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' in Kannada, one hundred and eight ''Shivashtottara'' compositions in Sanskrit, an important treatise on music in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] called the "Sangeeta Kalpadrumam", and a biography in Sanskrit on the life, achievements and contributions of [[Tyagaraja]] to Carnatic music called ''Srimat Tyagaraja Vijaya''.<ref name="tayaraga">Pranesh (2003), p180</ref> He wrote a total of over four hundred compositions in all, in Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil under the pen name "Harikesha" and started the "Tyagaraja Sangeeta Vidyalaya" ("Tyagaraja School of Music") in 1920. For his accomplishments, he was given the title of "Sangeeta Kalanidhi" by the Madras Music Academy and received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Travencore.<ref name="trav">Pranesh (2003), p169, p170</ref> Muthiah Bhagavatar died in Mysore in 1945 and is considered one of the most important composers of the post- [[Tyagaraja]] period.<ref name="tayaga">Pranesh (2003), p170</ref>

Veena Shivaramiah was the son of the Mysore musician Veena Padmanabiah (of Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Karnataka). Shivaramiah learnt to play the veena from his father and later from Mysore Karigiri Rao and Mysore Vasudevacharya and was appointed court musician in 1900 by King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. His one hundred Carnatic compositions are in Telugu, Kannada and Sanskrit, while his Western musical compositions are in English.<ref name="shiva">Pranesh (2003), p185</ref> King Jayachamaraja Wodeyar gave him the title "Vainika Praveena" in 1941. Shivaramiah was also a Kannada writer and co-authored works with such well-known Kannada scholars as Devottama Jois, Anavatti Rama Rao and Krishna Shastry.<ref name="sastri">Pranesh (2003), p186</ref> [[Veena Venkatagiriyappa|Veena Venkatagiriappa]], a native of Heggadadevanakote (in modern Mysore district) and a student of Veena Sheshanna, became a court musician under unusual circumstances. At the end of the very first concert that Venkatagiriappa gave in the king's presence, the king merely gave him a gift of two Indian rupees and left the concert. The musician and his family were disappointed at the king's response. Later the king learnt from one of his attendants that the musician and his family had taken the gift graciously. The king, who had been testing the musician's attitude to music, was pleased and appointed Venkatagiriappa court musician.<ref name="test">Pranesh (2003), p191</ref> Over the years, the king gave Venkatagiriappa more responsibility in the functioning of various schools of fine arts in his kingdom. Venkatagiriappa played the veena for fifteen minutes in a well-known documentary movie called "Musical Instruments of India" in 1935. He was given the title "Vainika Praveena". His compositions are in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit, and he is credited with having created a new kind of Carnatic composition called ''nagma'', which resemble the ''gats'' of Hindustani music.<ref name="kantel">Pranesh (2003), p193, p197</ref>



[[Belakavadi Srinivasa Iyengar]], whose birth name was Kuppaswamy Iyengar, was a native of Srigiripura near Shivaganga (in modern Tumkur district). He came to Mysore in 1912 and was trained in music by Bakshi Subbanna, a musician in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Srinivasa Iyengar was later appointed a court musician. He was an expert in the [[gottuvadyam]] and the violin. He was given the title "Mysurina Madhurayi Pushpavanam" by the famous vocalist Subramanya Iyer.<ref name="vadya">Pranesh (2003), p200-201</ref> Srinivasa Iyengar was a noted dramatist and acted in such well-known dramas as ''Babruvahana'', ''Rama pattabhisheka'', ''Veera simha charitre'', ''Abhignana shakuntala'', ''Virata charitre'', and ''Sudhanva charitre''.<ref name="charitre">Pranesh (2003), p202</ref> Unfortunately, very few of his compositions, which written under the pen name "Srinivasa", are available today. It was Srinivasa Iyengar who popularised [[Purandara Dasa]]'s Kannada song ''Jagadoddharana'' by composing its notation.<ref name="jaga">Pranesh (2003), p200</ref> Chikka Rama Rao, a native of Kurudi (in modern [[Kolar district]]) was trained under Mysore Karigiri Rao. He was proficient in both the Kannada and Sanskrit languages, and among musical instruments, in the veena, glass tarang and jalatarang. He gained expertise in Western music as well.<ref name="tarang">Pranesh (2003), p207</ref> He is known to have had the gift of playing the veena while singing in a melodious voice. His talent was noticed by the "Raj maata" (queen mother) who brought this to the attention of the king. After listening to him perform, the king appointed him court musician in 1914. Along with Srinivasa Iyengar, Chikka Rama Rao acted in many dramas of the day and was honoured by King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV with the title "Sangeeta Ratna" (literally, "gem of music") and "pandit" by Hindustani music aces Abdul Karim Khan and Bhaskara Bhuva. To his credit are many compositions in Kannada, Sanskrit and Telugu.<ref name="glass">Pranesh (2003), p209, p210</ref>

[[T. Chowdiah]], a towering personality in the field of Carnatic music, was born on 1 January 1894 in Tirumakudalu Narasipura (or T. Narasipura, near Mysore). At the age of seven, he received training from Pakkanna and later under T. Subbanna. At the age of sixteen, he was tutored by Bidaram Krishnappa for eighteen years at the end of which Chowdiah emerged as an accomplished violinist.<ref name="chow">Pranesh (2003), p214</ref> The [[ambidextrous]] Chowdiah is known to have played music with all the famous musicians of his day. In 1939, he was appointed court musician by King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and received such titles as "Sangeeta Ratna", "Sangeeta Kalanidhi" and "Ganakala Sindhu". He is credited with many compositions in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit under the pen name "Trimakuta" (the Sanskrit name for his home town).<ref name="tiru">Pranesh (2003), p216</ref> Dr. B. Devedrappa, a native of Ayanoor in [[Shivamogga district]], was well versed in playing the veena, violin, jalatarang and dilruba. He was a student of the famous Veena Sheshanna and also of Bidaram Krishnappa. He was proficient at the harmonium, flute, ghatam and sitar. He was appointed as a jalatarang player in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and served the palace orchestra as a vocalist and violinist. The titles "Gana Visharada" and "Sangeeta Kalaratna" were bestowed upon him by the king. Later, in 1972, an honorary doctorate was awarded to him.<ref name="doc">Pranesh (2003), p220-221</ref> Other famous musicians in the court were Gotuvadyam Narayana Iyengar of Tirunaveli (Tamil Nadu), Tiruvayyar Subramanya Iyer, and Anavatti Rama Rao of Anavatti (in Shivamogga district) who was a scholar, poet and dramatist. The credit of translating many of Tyagaraja's compositions into Kannada goes to him.<ref name="trans">Pranesh (2003), p222</ref>

==King Jayachamaraja Wodeyar==

[[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|thumb| Maharaja Jaya Chamaraja Wodeyar]]King Jayachamaraja Wodeyar was the last king of the Wodeyar dynasty. An avid fan of music, he was well trained in classical Western music and was an expert pianist. It was only during the later part of his life that he became interested in Carnatic classical music.<ref name="jaya">Pranesh (2003), p225</ref> Several compositions of the Russian composer Medtner were recorded by the king and made available to the public. For his contributions, he was awarded an honorary doctorate and was made a fellow of "Sangeet Natak Academy" (an academy of music and drama). Many important musicians were part of the king's court. Tiger Varadachariar, a native of Kaladipet (modern Tamil Nadu) moved initially to T. Narasipura where he performed music for some years. Later he moved back to [[Chennai]] where he served in various music schools. In 1916, he got an opportunity to sing in the presence of King Krishnadavaraja IV. Impressed with this musician's mastery over his art, the king gave him the title "Tiger"<ref name="tiger">Pranesh (2003), p233</ref> In 1944, Varadachariar was appointed court musician at Mysore. He has about eighty compositions to his credit.<ref name="tiger"/> Chennakeshaviah, a native of Natanhalli (in modern [[Mandya district]]) was a Kannada pandit and court musician in 1944. Apart from his compositions, he wrote articles, published three volumes on [[haridasa]] compositions, and wrote a book on music.<ref name="chenna">Pranesh (2003), p236</ref> Other well-known musicians of the time were Dr. V [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]](Veena Doreswamy Iyengar), Titte Krishna Iyengar, S. N. Mariappa, a native of Sasalu village (in modern Mandya district), Chintalapalli Ramachandra Rao, R. N. Doreswamy, a native of [[Rudrapatna]] (in modern [[Hassan district]]) and Vaidyalinga Bhagavatar.<ref name="rudra">Pranesh (2003), p237-240</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur]]
*[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]]
*[[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
* Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003), Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.), Vee Emm Publications, Bangalore EBK 94056
* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/carnatic/veene_sheshanna.html|title=Veene Sheshanna|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nirvana.com, August 1, 2000}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/composers/mysore_vasudevachar.html|title=Mysore Vasudevachar|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, June 17, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/carnatic/chowdaiah.html|title=Mysore Chowdiah|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, May 2, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/carnatic/doraiswamy_iyengar.html|title=Mysore Doraiswamy Iyengar|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, May 2, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/composers/muthaiah_bhagavathar.html|title=Muthaiah Bhagavathar|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, May 2, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/composers/mysore_sadashiva_rao.html|title=Mysore Sadashiva Rao|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, May 27, 2002}}
* {{cite web |url=http://musicalnirvana.com/composers/jayachamaraja_wodeyar.html|title=Jayachamaraja Wodeyar|access-date=1 September 2007|work=Musical Nrivana.com, May 27, 2002}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/14633426@N02/ Mysore Composers]

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Music history of India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]

Cent (area)

2025-12-07T23:10:42Z

Asis: Started basic post added tags

{{Short description|Unit of measurement}}
{{Infobox unit
| name = cent
| image = Cent (unit).svg
| caption = If the larger box is an acre, the smaller box is a cent
| standard =
| quantity = [[Area]]
| symbol = cent
| symbol2 =
| symbol3 =
| extralabel = Derivation
| extradata = 1 cent = 0.01 acre
| units1 = SI units
| inunits1 = {{cvt|0.01|acre|m2|disp=out|sigfig=7|comma=gaps}}
| units2 = Imperial units
| inunits2 = {{cvt|0.01|acre|yd2|disp=out|sigfig=7|comma=gaps}}
}}
The '''cent''' is a customary [[unit of measurement]] still used in some parts of southern [[India]]n states such as [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]] despite the usual use of [[Metric system|metric]] units for other instances. One cent is defined as an [[area]] of {{convert|1/100|acre|m2 sqft|1|lk=in|adj=pre|of an}}. It is still used in many news reports<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Government-allots-78-cents-for-onsite-museum-in-Keeladi/articleshow/54726305.cms "Government allots 78 cents for onsite museum in Keeladi" - 7 October 2016 (retrieved 22 November 2016)]</ref> and real estate deals.<ref>[http://www.keralalandmart.com/land_conversion.htm Kerala Land Mart conversion chart - retrieved 22 November 2016]</ref>

== Conversion chart ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+1 cent in common area units
!Unit
!Value
|-
|Square feet
|{{convert|1/100|acre|sqft|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Acres
|{{convert|1/100|acre|acre|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Hectares
|{{convert|1/100|acre|ha|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Square metres
|{{convert|1/100|acre|m2|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Square inches
|{{convert|1/100|acre|sqin|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Square yards
|{{convert|1/100|acre|sqyd|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|-
|Square centimetres
|{{convert|1/100|acre|cm2|sigfig=7|disp=number}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of customary units of measurement in South Asia]]
*[[Ankanam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Customary units of area in India]]

List of Meiteilon films of 2013

2025-12-07T08:13:29Z

Asis: put up new article

{{Short description|Meiteilon films released in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
This is a list of films in [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) released in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_cinema_in_the_last_three_decades.html |title=Manipuri cinema in the last three decades |website=E-pao.net |date=2016-01-01 |accessdate=2016-01-05}}</ref>

Each and every movie released in 2013 may not be mentioned due to lack of information. ''[[Chow Chow Momo na haobara Shingju Bora na oinambara]]'', ''[[Thabaton (film series)|Thabaton]]'', ''[[Beragee Bomb]]'', ''[[Dr. Hemogee Heloi]]'', ''[[Tabunungda Akaiba Likli]]'', ''[[Tamoyaigee Ebecha]]'' and ''Mounao Thoibi'' were some of the popular films of the year.

==Releases==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date of release
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Studio (Production House)
! {{refh}}
|-
| 2 February || ''Ngarakpi'' || Geet Gulapee || Motibala, Roshan Pheiroijam, R.K. Sorojini, Hijam Shyamdhani, Shanti Raj || Radha Govind Films ||
|-
| || ''Ani X Ani = Mari'' || Jeetendra Ningomba || [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Leishangthem Tonthoi]], [[Soma Laishram]], Joseph Thokchom, Surjit Saikhom, Deky Khundrakpam, Leishangthem Rahul, Tayenjam Mema, Sanatomba Sharma || Dew Films ||
|-
| || ''Chahi Taramari'' || G. Amir || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], [[Sushmita Mangsatabam]], Motibala, [[Shougrakpam Hemanta]], Ratan Lai || Aryan Films ||
|-
| || ''[[Thabaton (film series)|Thabaton]]'' || Bijgupta Laishram || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Sushmita Mangsatabam]], [[Rajkumari Hemabati|R.K. Hemabati]], Sagolsem Dhanamanjuri, Narendra Ningomba, Irom Shyamkishore, Heisnam Geeta, Ghanashyam, Elangbam Indu, SP Ingocha Yanglem, Rojesh Saikhom, Moirangthem Sunil Myboy, Philem Puneshori || BB Films ||
|-
| || ''Mission Telheiba'' || Amarjeet Rajkumar || Mahes Thounaojam, Artina Thoudam, Vidyananda Laishram, Ratan Lai, Idhou || Green Chillies Films ||
|-
| || ''[[Dr. Hemogee Heloi]]'' || [[Homen D' Wai]] || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], Artina Thoudam, Sonia Hijam, Ibomcha, R.K. Sanajaoba, [[Laishram Lalitabi]], Tayenjam Mema, Idhou, Chaiba, Apsara Anoubam || Penu Leima Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8396/manipuri-filmmaker-homen-d-wai-passes-away|title=Manipuri filmmaker Homen D' Wai passes away|accessdate=2 October 2024|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Pambei'' || Maibam Bankim || Universe Hidangmayum, Satyabati, Ibomcha, [[Thongam Thoithoi]], Huirem Manglem, Laimayum Gaitri, Gurumayum Ananta, Irom Shyamkishore, Sophia Sapam, Loveboy || Loveboy Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Actor/Universe_Hidangmayum.php|title=Universe Hidangmayum - An Actor profile |author=Daniel Chabungbam|accessdate=2 October 2024|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Thajagee Maihing'' || [[Romi Meitei]] || [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Bala Hijam]], [[Soma Laishram]], [[Gurumayum Bonny]], Roshan Pheiroijam, [[Rajkumari Hemabati|R.K. Hemabati]], Thingom Pritam, Guna Hidangmayum || Sagapam Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Screening_of_Thajagi_Maiihing_in_Bangalore.php|title=Screening of Thajagi Maiihing in Bangalore|author=Pukhrambam Linthoingambi / Dr. Moirangthem Jiban|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>
|-
| 21 September || ''[[Tabunungda Akaiba Likli]]'' || [[Romi Meitei]] || [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], Artina Thoudam, Gurumayum Priyogopal, Thoudam Ongbi Modhubala, Deky Khundrakpam || Pibarel Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2013.Tabunungda_Akaiba_Likli_First_premiere_show_in_New_Delhi_KTM20130814 |title=Tabunungda Akaiba Likli First premiere show in New Delhi KTM20130814 |website=E-pao.net |date= |accessdate=2016-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..220414.apr14 |title=Tabubunungda Akaiba Likli sweeps film awards : 22nd apr14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |website=E-pao.net |accessdate=2016-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184124/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..220414.apr14 |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref>
|-
| 30 October || ''[[Ureinung]]'' || Pilu Heigrujam || Leishangthem Rahul, Sonia Samjetsabam, Heisnam Ongbi Indu, [[Denny Likmabam]], Chitra Pangambam, Bebeto, Raj Elangbam || Bandana Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Bandana-Films-1669939589898718/ |title=Bandana Films |publisher=Facebook|accessdate=2016-01-05}}</ref>
|-
| 31 August || ''[[Beragee Bomb]]'' || [[Oinam Gautam Singh]] || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Leishangthem Tonthoi]], Edwin Soibam, Suraj Sharma Laimayum, Mukabala (Loya), Ratan Lai, Surjit Saikhom || Chingkhurakpa Art || <ref>{{Cite web|title='Beragee Bomb' premiered with red carpet : 01st sep13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp13..010913.sep13|access-date=2024-10-02|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Sangbrei Managi Chenghi Manam'' || [[Romi Meitei]] || Rahul Leishangthem, [[Abenao Elangbam]], Roshan Pheiroijam, Laimayum Gunabati, Thingom Pritam, Sophia Sapam || Mema Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=64..130622.jun22|title=Script writer Herojit Naoroibam no more|via=The Sangai Express|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Laai Khutsaangbi'' || Luching Luwang || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], Artina Thoudam || ||
|-
| || ''Lumfoo Tomba'' || Bimol Phibou || [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Sushmita Mangshatabam]], Apsara Anoubam, Leishangthem Rahul, [[Rajkumari Hemabati|R.K. Hemabati]], Jenifer Loukham, Idhou, Praphullo || Nonglei Films||
|-
| || ''Lingjel'' || Jeetendra Ningomba || Aphao, [[Bala Hijam]], Leishangthem Rahul, Ayekpam Shanti, Irom Shyamkishore, Khonykar Khuraijam, Ratan Lai || Marc Film Division ||
|-
| 2 November || ''Mounao Thoibi'' || [[Romi Meitei]]|| [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Bala Hijam]], Roshan Pheiroijam, Surjit Saikhom, Thokchom Ibomcha, Sweety, Bijenmala, Takhellambam Lokendra, Thoudam Ongbi Modhubala, Gurumayum Priyogopal, Jenny || RT Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Mouna_Khatladi_Si_Ngaaktani_Observing_Manipuri_Digital_Films_By_Konsam_Panthoi.php|title=Mouna Khatladi Si Ngaaktani: Observing Manipuri Digital Films|author=Konsam Panthoi|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>
|-
| || ''Meehatpa 2 (Ekheng)'' || Ksh. Kishorekumar || Mahes Thounaojam, Momoco Khangembam, [[Bala Hijam]], Arun, Ratan Lai, Basan Lukok, Sunny Naoshekpan, Tayenjam Mema, SP Ingocha Yanglem || Ta-Ahal Films ||
|-
| || ''Wamei'' || Paojel || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], [[Bala Hijam]], Heisnam Geeta || ||
|-
| || ''Kangla Karbar 2 (Eramdam)'' || Subash Pebia || Joseph Thokchom, Laimayum Gaitri, [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], Sonia Hijam, Irom Shyamkishore, Sagolsem Dhanamanjuri, Thokchom Ibomcha, Heisnam Geeta || ||
|-
| || ''Kundorei'' || [[Homen D' Wai]] || [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Bala Hijam]], Artina Thoudam, Y. Kumarjit, Tayenjam Mema || Penu Leima Films ||
|-
| || ''Lanngamba'' || Warjeet Moirangthem || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], Sonia Hijam, [[Sushmita Mangshatabam]], Laimayum Gaitri, Tayenjam Mema, Joshep Thokchom, Heisnam Geeta || Sanjita Films || <ref name="e-pao">{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2013.Lanngamba_Manipuri_Movie_Premier_Show_at_BOAT_Imphal_201301024|title=Lanngamba Manipuri Movie Premier Show at BOAT Imphal 201301024|publisher=e-pao.net|accessdate=2016-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 27 October || ''[[Chow Chow Momo na haobara Shingju Bora na oinambara]]'' || R.K. Jiten || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Bala Hijam]], [[Sushmita Mangshatabam]], [[Rajkumari Hemabati|R.K. Hemabati]], Takhellambam Lokendra, Heisnam Geeta, Ayekpam Shanti, Abung Dang || Leishangthem Films|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=9&src=Rock_Concert_Gallery/WildFlower20131015|title=Wild Flower performing at promotional show of 'Chow-Chow Momo na haobra, Singju Bora na oinambra" at Jalandhar, Punjab :: 13 October 2013|work=E-PAO}}</ref>
|-
| 27 December || ''[[Tamoyaigee Ebecha]]'' || Pilu Heigrujam || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Bala Hijam]], Sonia Hijam, Vidyananda Laishram, [[Laishram Lalitabi]], Wangkhem Lalitkumar, Narendra Ningomba, Philem Puneshori || Lainingthou Lam Ahingba Films || <ref>{{Cite web |title="Bala's new film "Tamoyaigee Ibecha" banned by Film Forum Manipur and MEELAL {{!}} Manipur Forum, Community, Discussions, News" |url=http://manipurtalks.com/index.php?threads/balas-new-film-tamoyaigee-ibecha-banned-by-film-forum-manipur-and-meelal.5680/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129095812/http://manipurtalks.com/index.php?threads/balas-new-film-tamoyaigee-ibecha-banned-by-film-forum-manipur-and-meelal.5680/ |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| || ''80,000 Meiraba Romio'' || Premanda || [[Gokul Athokpam]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], [[Huirem Seema]] || IP Films ||
|-
| || ''Sanadi Sanani'' || Khoibam Homeshwori || Sana, AB, [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Tonthoi Leishangthem]], [[Soma Laishram]], Idhou, [[Laishram Lalitabi]], Khoibam Homeshwori, Ningthouja Jayvidya, Tayenjam Mema || Home Films||
|-
| 14 December || ''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]'' || [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]] || [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Tonthoi Leishangthem]], Leibaksemba, [[Denny Likmabam]], R.K. Sorojini || P.K. Films ||
|-
| 7 December || ''Amamba Sayon'' || Johnson Mayanglambam || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Leishangthem Tonthoingambi Devi|Tonthoi Leishangthem]], [[Soma Laishram]], Tayenjam Mema, [[Huirem Seema]] || Leimakol Art ||
|-
| || ''Leihouroko'' || Amar Raj || [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], Premeshori || Ocean Films Division ||
|-
| || ''Ngaina Ngaina'' || OC Meira || Yumnam Arun, Jolly Irungbam, Sonia Hijam, Ratan Lai, Reshmi Sorokhaibam || Ipak Films ||
|-
| || ''Yotshabee Makhong Ahum'' || L. Rajesh || Bikramjit, Naoba, Umajit, [[Soma Laishram]], Motibala, Y. Kumari, Shyambabu, Moirangthem Sunil Myboy, Idhou, L. Prakash, Shyam || Toijam CD Parlour Production ||
|-
| 20 December || ''Bora Uchi'' || Dhanaraj Khomdram || Mahesh Thounaojam, Apsara Anoubam, Irom Shyamkishore, Tayenjam Mema, Ratan Lai || Poireinganbi Films || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kumhei.com/kumhei/112-movies/206-bora-uchi?hitcount=0&jtpl=0&force=0|title=BORA UCHI Premiere Show - Kumhei.com|website=www.kumhei.com|accessdate=2025-10-28}}</ref>
|-
| 30 December || ''Houkhodana Ta Raghuda'' || Utam & Warjit || [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Abenao Elangbam]], Merina Laishangbam, Basan Lukok, Thokchom Ibomcha || Ima Thumkhong Lairembi Films ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2013 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{inc-film|date=October 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipuri films of 2013}}
[[Category:Lists of Meitei films by year]]
[[Category:Lists of 2013 films by language]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Meitei language-related lists]]
[[Category:Meitei-language films| 2013]]

Thengapattanam

2025-11-16T05:16:36Z

Asis: Created new post

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Thengapattanam
|settlement_type = town
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|08|14|25|N|77|10|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|founder = [[Malik Deenar]] and fellow Arab Traders
|named_for = [[coconuts]]
|government_type =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_rank =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 0
|population_total = 4361
|population_as_of = 2017
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_rank =
|population_demonym =
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5.30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 629173
|area_code = 04651
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|registration_plate = '''TN-75'''
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec2 = High
|blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil]] & [[Trivandrum]]
|blank1_name_sec2 = Nearest Airport
|blank1_info_sec2 = [[Trivandrum International Airport]]
|website =
|footnotes =
|pushpin_label_alt =
|pushpin_label_caption =
|government_body =
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kanyakumari]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = [[Killiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Killiyur]]
}}
'''Thengapattanam''' (also referred to as "Thengapattinam", thennaipattinam" and "thenpattinam" ), named after dense coconut grooves, is a major trade and tourism centre in the painkulam [[panchayath]] along the coastal plains of [[Kanyakumari]] [[district]]. Thengapattanam, once part of [[Kingdom of Travancore|Travancore]] and later [[Kerala]], was added to Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956 along with some parts of today's Kanniyakumari District.

==Etymology==
Thengappattanam derives its name from the abundance of coconut groves sprout along the vast estuary, meaning the town/city with coconut trees in abundance. The word Thenga(i) is found in Malayalam/Tamil refers to coconut/palm; The suffix "pattanam" is derived from "pattinam", a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word which means coastal town or a city. Thus "Thenga+pattanam" became Thengapattanam in the later years. Also, acclaimed Malayalam/Arabic novels on Islamic history refers to this town as Naariyal pathathan, Naariyal meaning "coconut", and pathathan is an Arabic word for town.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}
'''Capital of "Thenga Nadu"'''

Chilappathikaram, the Tamil epic refers thengapattanam as the capital of "thenga nadu" – one of the 48 countries of lemuria, otherwise known as ‘kumari kandam’, where the Dravidian civilizations known as the ‘cradle of civilizations’ flourished. The world renowned historical research traveler ‘dalami’ refers this place as a ‘harbour town’ in this book written in ad 100. The king of ‘thenga nadu’ karunan thadangal is said to have ruled from here.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

'''Dutch Invasion'''

This area, once under the domain of chera, pandya and nayakkar kings, was later ruled by the kings of travancore. Attingal queen got the right to rule this area in ad 1700. During this time in the middle of the 17th century, the naval forces headed by the Dutch colonel nicolfwar besieged this town and gained control of it. The Dutch records of ‘wrin-de-herik’ state that after the take over a Dutch infantry division, a go down and a church were established here in ad 1678. In ad 1694, the forces attingal queen fought the Dutch, chased them out and regained its control.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

'''The rule of Venad'''

The Dutch again attacked thengapattinam, when it became part of ‘venad’ under the rule of marthanda varma maharaja. during this battle fought to chase out the Dutch, many Muslims lost their lives.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The ‘kuntadipattan paarai’ which came under the heavy attack of the Dutch cannons stand out to be a ‘living memorial’ today. Later, due to the ‘Tamil nadu liberation movement’ this part was annexed to Tamil Nadu in 1956.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

It is worth mentioning here that the famous raja kesavadas, the then divan of the king Rama varma of travancore was brought up in his youth in the well known ‘puthen veedu" here.

==Geography==
===Topography===
Thengapattanam is located in the South western coast of India bordering the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Western Ghats]] to the north, and vast fertile plains with intermittent Rocky hills to the east. The town is 11 km into the [[Tamil Nadu]] border from [[Kerala]]. The Kerala state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]] is 45 km away from here, whereas [[Nagercoil]] is 35 km away. It shares borders with Erayumanthurai, and Amsi villages on either side. The mean elevation of the town is {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}} with the highest point Chentapalli Rock being {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} high above sea level. The [[Thamirabarani River]] wraps around most parts of the [[Kanyakumari district]] and becomes Kuzhithurai River before reaching Thengapattanam Estuary.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The AVM Canal ([[Anantha Victoria Marthandam Canal]]) commissioned by Marthanda Varma Maharaja in the 1860s to facilitate smooth trade, and navigation, passes through this town, the waterway lost its signiface and consequently had to cess operation in the 1980s following the establishment of roadways, unmitigated moderation, and unlawful encroachments adjoining the canal. The Canal, while it functioned, merged with [[Thamirabarani River]] River at Thengapattanam, and formed a basin known as Valiyar. The development project mooted to revive AVM Canal Waterways would link Thengapattanam with [[Kanyakumari]] in the east and [[Kasargode]] in the north-west in Kerala, when it becomes operational.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

===Geology===

Thengapattanam is classified under the [[Seismic hazard|Seismic Zone III]], indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes.

===Climate===

The climate here is classified under [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]] as As/Aw/Am, as an implication the town experiences moderate tropical climates ranging from [[Tropical monsoon climate|monsoon]] to [[Tropical savanna climate|Savannah]] dry influenced by the vicinity to [[Thermal equator]]. The town has been an annual recipient of unusually high rainfall from both the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|North-East]] and [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|South-west]] monsoons.
The [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|South-western monsoon]] spans the months of June till September, and the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|North-Eastern monsoon]] period commences by the October and winds up in the mid or late December. On an average, the Town receives 2100mm of rainfall with 104 rainy days.
The summer here, spanning from the month of May to late June, is tropical dry and may reach a peak of 34 °C. The average [[Humidity]] in summer is around 74% percentage, while in June the humidity surfaces the 90% mark.
The temperature during winter, on the other hand, reaches a low of 20 °C as the night falls. The winter season is marked by high [[precipitation]] and moderate rainfall.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
{{Weather box
|location = Thengapattanam (Kanyakumari District) (1971–2010)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 34.4
|Feb record high C = 34.7
|Mar record high C = 36.0
|Apr record high C = 36.8
|May record high C = 38.2
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 35.2
|Aug record high C = 35.9
|Sep record high C = 35.5
|Oct record high C = 35.2
|Nov record high C = 34.3
|Dec record high C = 33.6
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 31.0
|Feb high C = 31.4
|Mar high C = 32.2
|Apr high C = 34.1
|May high C = 33.7
|Jun high C = 33.3
|Jul high C = 27.8
|Aug high C = 28.0
|Sep high C = 29.6
|Oct high C = 29.1
|Nov high C = 29.1
|Dec high C = 28.9
|year high C = 32.3
|Jan low C = 20.3
|Feb low C = 23.5
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.1
|May low C = 24.8
|Jun low C = 25.9
|Jul low C = 26.2
|Aug low C = 22.2
|Sep low C = 24.2
|Oct low C = 21.3
|Nov low C = 24.0
|Dec low C = 19.1
|year low C = 21.8
|Jan record low C = 20.1
|Feb record low C = 18.8
|Mar record low C = 21.4
|Apr record low C = 20.9
|May record low C = 21.3
|Jun record low C = 19.3
|Jul record low C = 19.0
|Aug record low C = 21.3
|Sep record low C = 21.0
|Oct record low C = 20.8
|Nov record low C = 20.1
|Dec record low C = 19.0
|year record low C = 19.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 61.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 60.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 81.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 119.2
|May precipitation mm = 148.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 250.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 288.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 295.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 174.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 141.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 130.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 92.0
|year precipitation mm = 2058.2
|Jan precipitation days = 2.0
|Feb precipitation days = 4.1
|Mar precipitation days = 4.3
|Apr precipitation days = 6.5
|May precipitation days = 9.7
|Jun precipitation days = 18.6
|Jul precipitation days = 19.0
|Aug precipitation days = 20.5
|Sep precipitation days = 12.9
|Oct precipitation days = 21.9
|Nov precipitation days = 19.5
|Dec precipitation days = 11.4
|year precipitation days = 104.4
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 61
|Mar humidity = 73
|Apr humidity = 81
|May humidity = 86
|Jun humidity = 88
|Jul humidity = 80
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 77
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 71
|Jan sun = 250.7
|Feb sun = 253.6
|Mar sun = 245.8
|Apr sun = 291.4
|May sun = 303.4
|Jun sun = 292.3
|Jul sun = 175.6
|Aug sun = 156.0
|Sep sun = 181.2
|Oct sun = 163.0
|Nov sun = 182.5
|Dec sun = 229.8
|year sun = 2365.0
|source 1= India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)<ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|accessdate=25 October 2014
|url-status=live
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archivedate=16 March 2014
}}</ref>
}}

==Tourist attraction ==
[[File:Tpmbeach 2013-12-30 17-41.jpg|thumbnail|Thengapattanam beach]]
Thengapattanam has a long seashore with ferry services available. Thengapattanam is a major tourist attraction in the [[Kanyakumari]] districtknown for its sea, river, canal, paddy fields, rocky mountains and lush green groves. The water way mooted by the then travancore government popularly known as '''avm canal''' originates from Mangalore in Karnataka and reaches Thengapattinam without any hurdles. Even now passengers and goods are ferried through this canal to places like Poothurai, Thoothoor, Vallavilai, Neerodi, Kollencode and Poovar. The merger of the Tamiraparani River here with the Arabian Sea is considered to be especially beautiful. This has also been used to describe the merger of the river with sea (estuary / firth) known as "Pozhi" in local vernacular.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

As one of the few picnic spots in the district, the town contains tiny hill-tops where cool wind blows throughout the year.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

== Mosques ==

Thengapattanam is home to six mosques that reflect the town’s deep-rooted Islamic heritage. The most prominent among them is the '''Valiya Palli''' {{coord|8.23973|77.17182}}, also known as the '''Malik Deenar Juma Masjid''', believed to be over 1,200 years old. It was built by [[Malik Dinar|Malik ibn Deenar (Rahmathulla Alaih)]], a companion of the Prophet Muhammad, and stands as one of the earliest mosques established in India.<ref>Source: [https://kanyakumari.nic.in/tourist-place/malik-deenar-juma-masjid-valiya-palli/ Kanyakumari District Official Tourism Site]</ref><ref>Source: [https://thengapattanam.net/history-of-thengapattanam History of Thengapattanam] (thengapattanam.net)</ref> Constructed atop natural rock, the mosque features a blend of early brickwork and later additions that show Neo-Arabian and Dravidian influences. Another significant mosque is '''Attupalli''', known for its integration with rocky terrain and its traditional architecture. The other mosques in the town — '''Rifai Masjid''', '''Kuzhathu Palli''', '''Muhiyuddin Masjid''' (also called '''Kadappura Palli'''), '''Chenta Palli''' (now in ruins but still venerated), and the '''Mohideen (TNTJ) Masjid''' (affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath|TNTJ]]) — together form an important part of the town’s religious and cultural identity.

==Language==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Linguistic demography (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|color1 = orange
|value1 = 73
|label2 = [[Farsi]]
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|value2 = 14
|label3 = [[Malayalam]]
|color3 = Green
|value3 = 13
}}

==See also==
*[[Munchirai]]
*[[Kanyakumari]]
*[[Marthandam]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)

2025-11-10T11:41:36Z

Asis:

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| story = K.M Saravanan '''Dialogues:''' Nanthan Sridar
| screenplay = K.M Saravanan
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Francis Kathiravan and Haris Athitya
}}
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Sidharth Kumaran
* [[Vinusha Devi]]
* Sathya SK
* Shilpa
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 219
| list_episodes =
| producer = Pa. Jakanath
| company = Box Office Studio
| open_theme =
| cinematography = Ramesh
| editor = R. Vijaykrishanan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|6|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|3|29}}
| related = 
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
}}

'''''Panivizhum Malarvanam''''' ({{translation}} ''A Forest of Flowers Where Dew Falls'') is a 2024-2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Vijay]] from 24 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web| title=Siddharth Kumaran and Vinusha Devi starrer 'Pani Vizhum Malarvanam'set to premiere on June 24|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siddharth-kumaran-and-vinusha-devi-starrer-pani-vizhum-malarvanamset-to-premiere-on-june-24/articleshow/111038140.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=16 June 2024}}</ref> and available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The series stars an ensemble cast including Siddharth Kumaran, [[Vinusha Devi]], Shilpa, Rayan, Thejank and Sathya SK.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:பனிவிழும் மலர்வணம் புதிய தொடர்|trans-title=Panivizhum Malarvanam new series on Star Vijay|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Apr/09/new-serial-pani-vizhum-malar-vanam-by-siddharth-kumaran|via=|publisher=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta|date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

The show is produced under the banner of Box Office Studio and directed by Francis Kathiravan. It is premiere on [[Star Vijay]] on 24 June 2024 and ended with 219 episodes on 29 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Sidharth Kumaran and Vinusha Devi starrer 'Panivizhum Malarvanam' to go off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sidharth-kumaran-and-vinusha-devi-starrer-panivizhum-malarvanam-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/119211670.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Siddharth Kumaran as Kathirvel aka Kathir: Anupama's brother Anbirkiniyal's Husband
* Shilpa as Anupama aka Anu: Kathirvel's sister Cheran's wife
* [[Vinusha Devi]]<ref name="வினுஷா"/> as Anbirkiniyal aka Anbu - Cheran's sister, Kathirvel's wife
* Rayan (2024) / Thejank (2025) as Cheran: Anbirkiniyal’s brother Anupama's husband

=== Recurring ===
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Raja Rajeshwari. Kathir,Siva & Anupama Mother (Antagonist)
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Ganesh
* [[Nalinikanth]] (2024-2025) → [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] (2025) as Parameswaran
* Rubiseena / VJ Mohana as Mohana: Cheran's classmate who loves him one side (Antagonist)
* Syamantha Kiran as Kalai Selvi (Antagonist)
* Bhala Kumar as Siva, elder brother of Kathir and Anupama
* Saivam Ravi as Anbu & Cheran Father
* Dharani as Krishnaveni
* Sai Gopi as Lingam (Antagonist)
* Prabhakaran as Ekambaram
* Premalatha
* Sathya SK (2024) → Ferozkhan (2025) as Inspector Kaarvannan
* Madhan as Madhan Anupama's college classmate
* Elamaran as Sabari Cheran's friend
* Aadhavan
* Swetha
* Deepa Nethran as Anbu & Cheran's mom (dead)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[Star Vijay]] in April 2024.<ref name="வினுஷா & சித்தார்த்">{{Cite web|script-title=ta:விஜய் டிவி பிரபலங்களின் புது சீரியல்! யாரெல்லாம் இருக்காங்கன்னு பாருங்க! வினுஷா முதல் சித்தார்த் வரை|trans-title=Star vijay TV announced new serial in Panivizhum Malarvanam|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/vijay-tv-new-serial-in-pani-villum-malar-vanam-who-are-celebrities-acting-592963.html|via=|work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta|date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In early 2024, Sidharth Kumaran<ref>{{Cite web| title=Siddharth Kumaran to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pani Vizhnum Malarvanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siddharth-kumaran-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pani-vizhnum-malarvanam/articleshow/109160840.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:ஈரமான ரோஜாவே 2 புகழ் சித்தார்த் நடிக்கும் புதிய சீரியல்- நாயகி மற்றும் தொடர் பெயர் தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Eramana Rojave 2 fame Siddharth's new serial|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/actor-siddharth-new-serial-in-vijay-tv-1711104545#google_vignette|via=|publisher=cineulagam.com|language=ta|date=20 May 2024}}</ref> and [[Vinusha Devi]] were reportedly cast the series and was officially confirmed on 22 March.<ref name="வினுஷா & சித்தார்த்"/> [[Vinusha Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Vinusha Devi to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pani Vizhnum Malarvanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-vinusha-devi-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pani-vizhnum-malarvanam/articleshow/108747270.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=25 March 2024}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role.<ref name="வினுஷா">{{Cite web|script-title=ta:மீண்டும் சீரியலில் அதிரடியாக களமிறங்கும் பிக்பாஸ் புகழ் வினுஷா தேவி!|trans-title=Vinusha Devi of Bigg Boss fame will be back in the serial!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/bigg-boss-fame-vinusha-devi-acting-in-pani-vilum-malar-vanam-new-vijay-tv-serial-495935|via=|publisher=[[Zee News]].india.com|language=ta|date=25 March 2024}}</ref> [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]] series fame actor Rayan was cast as Cheran,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 fame Rayan quits Tamil daily soap 'Pani Vizhum Malar Vanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-rayan-quits-tamil-daily-soap-pani-vizhum-malar-vanam/articleshow/117510133.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2025|language=en}}</ref> then later Actor Thejank replaced the role of Cheran from January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Actor Thejank joins the cast of 'Pani Vizhum Malar Vanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-thejank-joins-the-cast-of-pani-vizhum-malar-vanam/articleshow/117510809.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>

Actress Shilpa was cast as the second female lead role as Anu.<ref name="வினுஷா & சித்தார்த்"/><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:விஜய் டிவி பணிவிழும் மலர்வணம் சீரியலில் ஷில்பா மீண்டும் சீரியலுக்கு வந்துள்ளார்|trans-title=Shilpa back to serial in Vijay TV 'Panivizhum Malarvanam' serial|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mouna-raagam-2-sruthi-real-name-shilpa-back-to-serial-in-vijay-tv-pani-vizhum-malarvanam-serial-cast-and-crew-telecast-date-and-time-mouna-raagam-shilpa-article-109613496|via=|publisher=tamil.timesnownews.com|language=ta|date=26 April 2024}}</ref> Sathiya was cast as private role, In May 2024. However he left the series for the show [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg boss 8]], and then later actor Ferozkhan replaced the role of Kaarvannan from October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Fitness icon and actor Sathya steps into the spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fitness-icon-and-actor-sathya-steps-into-the-spotlight/articleshow/113988800.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref> Rubeena and Rubiseena were cast for the supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Kathanayagi fame Rubeena and Rubiseena join the cast of upcoming show 'Pani Vizhnum Malarvanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kathanayagi-fame-rubeena-and-rubiseena-join-the-cast-of-upcoming-show-pani-vizhnum-malarvanam/articleshow/110246300.cms|via=|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was released on 23 April 2024, which showed Kathiravel, the main hero getting a cake baked for his sister and him shedding a tear when his henchmen talk about his sister.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:விஜய் டிவியில் ஒளிபரப்பாக போகும் புதிய சீரியல்.. வெளிவந்த வீடியோ – முடிய போகும் சீரியல் எது? |trans-title=New serial going to air on Vijay TV.. Promo released - Which serial is going to end?|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/pani-vizhum-malar-vanam-serial-promo/249016/|via=|publisher=kalakkalcinema.com|language=ta|date=24 March 2024}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 31 May 2024, showing Kathiravel and his henchmen coming to Anu's college to celebrate her birthday to her anger.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Panivizhum Malarvanam - promo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByG13an2UwI|title=Panivizhum Malarvanam / Promo 2{{!}} Panivizhum Malarvanam {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> The third promo was unveiled on 14 June 2024, featuring protagonist Sidharth Kumaran, [[Vinusha Devi]], Shilpa and Rayan.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Panivizhum Malarvanam - promo 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr195v7BKoc|title=Panivizhum Malarvanam / Promo 2{{!}} Panivizhum Malarvanam {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> It is scheduled to air in the second half of 2024.<ref name="Story">{{cite AV media|people=Panivizhum Malarvanam - promo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnW3YoXkd6k|title=Panivizhum Malarvanam / Coming Soon - Promo {{!}} Panivizhum Malarvanam {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3556646}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Lodhi (caste)

2025-10-27T13:53:16Z

Asis: expanded content

{{short description|Agricultural caste in India}}
{{about|the community of agriculturalists|the ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate|Lodi dynasty|Scheduled Tribes of East India|Lodha people|other uses|Lodhi (disambiguation)|and|Lodi (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Lodhas, low caste Hindoo tribe, Rajpootana (NYPL b13409080-1125601).jpg|thumb|Lodha tribe of Rajputana. (c. 1868)]]

The '''Lodhi''' (or '''Lodha''', '''Lodh''') is a community of agriculturalists, found in India. They primarily live in [[Madhya Pradesh]], to where they had emigrated from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWtDAAAAYAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica |volume=2 |page=737 |last=Sharma |first=Jagdish Saran |year=1981}}</ref> The Lodhi are categorised as an [[Other Backward Class]],{{efn|In the following Indian states: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/CentralListStateView.aspx |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=ncbc.nic.in}}</ref>}} but claim [[Rajput]] ties and prefer to be known as "Lodhi-Rajput",<ref>{{cite book|title=Opposition in a Dominant-Party System|url=https://archive.org/details/oppositionindomi0000burg|url-access=registration|first=Angela Sutherland |last=Burger |year=1969|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/oppositionindomi0000burg/page/27 27]}}</ref> although they have no account of their Rajput origin or prevailing Rajput traditions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA400 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1 | publisher=Asian Educational Services |author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan |year=1920 |page=400 |isbn=978-8-12060-488-9}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[Robert Vane Russell]], an administrator of the [[British Raj]], described several possible etymologies for ''Lodhi'', including derivation from ''lod'' ("clod"), or ''lodh'', a tree whose bark the Lodhi of Northern India gather to make dye. Russell also stated that ''Lodha'' was the original term, later corrupted to ''Lodhi'' in the [[Central Provinces]].<ref name="Russell">{{cite book|first1=Robert Vane |last1=Russell |first2=Rai Bahadur Hira |last2=Lal|title=The tribes and castes of the central provinces of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76c1VSYnPE0C&pg=PA114|orig-year=1916|year=1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-8-12060-833-7|page=114|volume=1}}</ref> Another theory derives the name from the [[Ludhiana district|district of Ludhiana]], supposing it the Lodhi homeland.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA71 |page=71 |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India |editor1-first=A. A. |editor1-last=Abbasi |editor2-first=Shiv Kumar |editor2-last=Tiwari |first=J. P. |last=Mishra |chapter=A Demographic Study of Jabalpur |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2001 |isbn=978-817625-186-0}}</ref>

==History==
A historical mention of a Lodhi village chief (nagar chaudhari) occurs in Navalshah Chanderia's Vardhamana Purana, written in [[Samvat]] 1825. It mentions a Gajrath pratishtha function organized by Bhisham Sahu, an ancestor of the author in Samvat 1651 (1594 AD) when a temple at Bhelsi was consecrated.<ref>Shilalekhin me Golapurvanvaya, Parmananda Jain Shastri, Anekanta, V. 24, No. 3, July 1971, p. 102-109</ref> The temple built during the rule of the Bundela ruler Jujhar Singh, still exists.<ref>[https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/tikamgarh-tikamgadh-news-4006104 भेलसी में शांतिनाथ प्राचीन दक्षिणमुखी जैन मंदिर श्रद्घालुओं की आस्था का केंद्र, nai Dunia, 04 Dec 2019]</ref>

British sources described the Lodhi as "immigrants from the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]", who spread from that area, and in doing so were able to raise their social status, becoming landholders and local rulers ranking only below the [[Brahmin]], Rajput, and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]]. Some of these large landholders gained the title of [[Thakur (Indian title)|thakur]], and some Lodhi families in Damoh and Sagar were labeled as [[raja]]s, [[Divan|diwan]]s and [[lambardar]]s by the [[Panna State|Raja of Panna]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> These now-powerful Lodhi played a significant role in the 1842 Bundela rising.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puK1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8 |title=The Bundela Rebellion |first=Jai Prakash |last=Mishra |publisher=Sundeep |year=1982 |page=8}}</ref>

===20th-century caste politics===
{{See also|De-Sanskritisation}}
Members of the community developed a [[myth of origin]], claiming that they are originally from [[Kazakhstan]] and that they were the only surviving [[kshatriya]]s following [[Parashurama]]'s cleansing of the earth, thus enabling them to become kings.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |page=486 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&pg=PA486}}</ref>

Following the [[Census of India prior to independence|1911 census of India]], the Lodhi began to further organise politically, and prior to the 1921 census claimed the name ''Lodhi-Rajput'' at a conference in [[Fatehgarh]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Extending frontiers of sociological learning |first=Brij Raj |last=Chauhan |others=Meerut University. Institute of Advanced Studies |publisher=Dept. of Sociology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Meerut University |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkAtAAAAIAAJ |page=63 |quote=The claim of a new caste name 'Lodhi-Rajput' was made at an All India conference, held at Fathegarh before 1921. The history of Lodhi organization is about 57 years old.}}</ref> At the 1929 conference, the ''Akhil Bharatiya Lodhi-Kshatriya (Rajput) Mahasabha'' was drafted.<ref>{{cite book |title=Extending frontiers of sociological learning |first=Brij Raj |last=Chauhan |others=Meerut University. Institute of Advanced Studies |publisher=Dept. of Sociology, Institute of Advanced Studies, Meerut University |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkAtAAAAIAAJ |page=55}}</ref> The first part of the century also saw the publication of various books outlining Lodhi claims to the status of Rajput and Kshatriya, including the 1912 ''Maha Lodhi Vivechana'' and 1936 ''Lodhi Rajput Itihas''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWhq-8nNnqcC&pg=PA25 |title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation |first=Badri |last=Narayan |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-17829-906-8 |page=25}}</ref>

==Notables==
* [[Avanti Bai]], a Lodhi queen of [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Ramgarh]], now in Madhya Pradesh, who opposed the British in 1857 and is now a [[Dalit]] political icon<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dalit 'Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857 |first=Charu |last=Gupta |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=19 |date=18 May 2007 |page=1742 |jstor=4419579}}</ref>
* [[Kalyan Singh]], Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) who served twice as the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] and as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Srinivas|first=MN|year=2000|title=Caste: Its 20Th Century Avatar|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAESBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17|page=17}}</ref>
* [[Rammurti Singh Verma]], former Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19359|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|title=Rammurti Singh Verma|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725180849/https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19359|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uma Bharti]], former Chief Minister of [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Uma Bharti in Aap Ki Adalat (Part 1) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEySH2_1LPg |access-date=10 August 2023 |work=India TV News |quote=See from 10:12 to !0:16, "I belong to Lodhi caste"}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]

KD No:1

2025-10-23T16:06:23Z

Asis: Put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = KD No:1
| image = KD No-1 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Dus Numbri]]''|[[S. Ali Raza]]}}
| producer = K. Devi Vara Prasad
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jayasudha]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = Kandaswamy
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Devi Film Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|12|15}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''KD No:1''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] co-written and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. Produced by [[K. Devi Varaprasad]], the film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Jayasudha]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Dus Numbri]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |date=19 December 2013 |title=Dus Numbri (1976) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/dus-numbri-1976/article5478907.ece |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-31 |title=జనం మనసు దోచిన గజదొంగ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/ntr-gaja-donga-movie-completes-30-years-1341110 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krishna, who earns the notorious title of KD No. 1 while secretly pursuing a gang responsible for circulating counterfeit currency. His quest for justice is driven by a desire to restore his family's honour, which was tarnished when his father, Inspector Rama Rao, was wrongfully imprisoned, and his mother, Santhamma, was driven to insanity and placed in an asylum.

Krishna meets a petty thief named Lilly, and the two form a close bond. Strangely, Santhamma reacts to Lilly, calling her by the name Sundari. Krishna investigates Lilly's background and learns from her foster father, Johnson, that she was entrusted to him by a burglar named Jaggu. Lilly’s presence helps revive Santhamma's mental state.

Jaggu soon reappears, kidnaps Lilly, and attempts to sell her to her biological father, Ram Prasad. Krishna rescues Lilly and reunites her with Ram Prasad, who realizes she bears a striking resemblance to her mother, Sundari. Krishna soon discovers that Ram Prasad is the key to uncovering the truth behind his family's downfall. During his investigation, it is revealed that Inspector General Yugandhar is the true mastermind behind the counterfeit operation. Krishna also learns that his father, Rama Rao, and Ram Prasad were once close friends with Yugandhar.

In a flashback, it is revealed that Rama Rao had confronted Ram Prasad over their illegal activities, leading Yugandhar to frame Rama Rao for a crime he did not commit. Sundari, Ram Prasad's wife, was about to expose Yugandhar's misdeeds, but she was killed by Jaggu under Yugandhar’s orders.

In the present, Krishna confronts Yugandhar, who kidnaps Santhamma and mortally wounds Ram Prasad. In a final showdown, Krishna defeats Yugandhar and clears his father’s name. The film concludes with Krishna and Lilly getting married, restoring peace and honor to Krishna’s family.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Krishna
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lilly Ratnam / Sarada and Sundari (dual role)
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Head Constable Venkata Swamy / C. B. I. Officer Sadasiva Rao
*[[Jaggayya]] as I. G. Yugandhar
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Santhamma
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Ram Prasad
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Inspector Rama Rao
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Johnson
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Chitchat
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Doctor
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Inspector Mohan Rao
*[[Jayamalini]] as Dorasani Narsamma / Geetha Chowdary

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kedi No1 (1978)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/ |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!Length
|-
|"Yes Nene No:1"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:18
|-
|"Sarigama Padanisa"
|[[Veturi]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:11
|-
|"Aakalundadu"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:14
|-
|"Malli Malli"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:20
|-
|"Merakeedhi Mallini"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, G. Anand
|3:17
|-
|"Poonindiro Polerama"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[S. Janaki]]
|3:20
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0257826}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1970s action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Vimalanatha

2025-10-18T18:58:00Z

Asis: slightly cleanup layout based on references and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|13th Tirthankara in Jainism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = 13th Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = File: vimalnatha.jpg
| caption = [[Tirthankara]] [[Vimalanatha]] at Kampilji Shwetambar Jain Temple, Uttar Pradesh
| alt = Vimalanatha
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| symbol = [[Boar]]{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]
| father = Kritvarma
| mother = Shyama (Suramya)
| height = 60 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (180 meters)
| age = 6,000,000 years
| tree =
| predecessor = [[Vasupujya]]
| successor = [[Anantanatha]]
| birth_place = [[Kampilya]]
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Vimalanatha''' was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratavarma and Queen Shyamadevi at [[Kampilya]] of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.

==Biography==
Vimalanatha was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age ([[Avasarpini]]).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratavarma and Queen Shyama Devi at Kampilaji of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} His height is mentioned as 60 [[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He is said to have lived for 6,000,000 years.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

Vimalantha is said to have been born 30 ''sagara'' after his predecessor, [[Vasupujya]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His successor, [[Anantanatha]], is said to have been born 9 ''sagara'' after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

==Famous Temples==
* [[Kampil#Jain_Temple|Kampilya Jain Temples]] at [[Kampilya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]: They are 1800 years old with a Bhagawan Vimalanatha idol around 2600 years old.{{cn|date=June 2016}}
* [[Jain_Temple_Dubai|Jain Derasar in Dubai]]
* [[Bibwewadi#Jain Temple|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple]] in [[Bibwewadi]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Sakri#Tourism|Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth]] in [[Dhule]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Agam_Mandir,_Katraj_Jain_Temple,_Pune.JPG|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple,Bibwewadi
Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha LACMA M.67.72.17.jpg|Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha in Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 15th century
Jain Vimalnath.jpg|Miniature painting from Jodhpur ca. 1800 of 13th Tirthankara or Jina of Jainism
Vimalnathji at Bishangarh.png|Bhagwan Vimalnathji idol of Bishangarh
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Finegan |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4nAAAAYAAJ |title=The archeology of world religions |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1952 }}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |author-link=Helen Moore Johnson |title=Vimalanathacaritra (Book 4.3 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213268.html |publisher=[[Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda#Oriental_Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}
* {{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. |author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |publisher=[[University of Karnataka]] |date=1980 |location=[[Dharwad]] }}
* {{citation |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |author-link=Om Prakash Tandon |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

Vijayindra Tirtha

2025-09-25T23:26:55Z

Asis: updated page

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Vitthalachārya (ವಿಠ್ಠಲಾಚಾರ್ಯ)
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 1517
| death_date = 1614
| order = [[Vedanta]]
| guru = Surendra Tirtha, Vyasatirtha {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=551}}
| successor = [[Sudhindra Tirtha]]
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]]
| literary_works = ''Laghu Amoda'', ''Upasamhara Vijaya'', ''Chakra Mimamsa''
| honors = Sarvatantrasvatantra {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=172}}
| disciples =
}}
{{Hindu philosophy |expanded=acharyas}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}

'''Vijayīndra Tīrtha''' ''(also known as Vijayendra Tīrtha)'' ({{circa}}1517 - {{circa}}1614) was a [[Dvaita]] philosopher and dialectician. A prolific writer and an unrelenting polemicist, he is said to have authored 104 treatises expounding the principles of [[Dvaita]] and defending it against attacks from the contemporary orthodox schools of [[Vedanta]]. He held the pontifical seat at [[Kumbakonam]] under the rule of [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] where he participated in polemical discussions with the [[Advaita]] philosopher [[Appayya Dikshita]] {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=165}} Inscriptions from that era record grants of villages received by Vijayindra for his triumph over theological debates .{{Sfn| Vriddhagirisan|1995|p=56}} Legend ascribes to him mastery over 64 arts and his erudition, writes Sharma, "is evident from a few of his works bearing on [[Purva Mimamsa]], [[Nyaya]] and [[Kavya]] literature".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=172}}

==Life==
Almost nothing is known about his early life and family. Most of the information on Vijayindra is derived from a few inscriptions and two hagiographies: ''Rāghavendra Vijaya'' and ''Guruguṇastavana''. Born as Vitthalācharya in a [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family,<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8|page=306|quote=Vijayindra Tirtha (1514 - 1595 CE) was one of the most prominent champions, defenders and exponents of Madhva faith in the Mediaeval era. A Kannada speaking deśastha Madhva by birth, his pre-monastic name was Vitthalācārya.}}</ref> he studied [[Vedanta]], [[Mimamsa]] and [[Nyaya]] under the philosopher [[Vyasatirtha]]. {{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=171}} He also received training in [[Kavya]] (poetics), [[Natya]] (drama) and [[Rhetoric|Alankara]] (rhetoric). Aged 25, he moved to Kumbakonam at the behest of Surendra Tirtha, the erstwhile [[pontiff]] of the Dhakshinadi Kavindra mutt. {{Refn|group=note|According to the songs of [[Purandara Dasa|Purandara]], Surendra, impressed by the brilliance of the young Vitthala, asked Vyasatirtha to gift him Vitthala}} Vitthala eventually succeeded Surendra as the pontiff with the title '''Vijayīndra Tīrtha'''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=168}}
Inscriptional evidence and traditional accounts note that Vijayindra received patronage from [[Aliya Rama Raya]] and grants from [[Sevappa Nayak]] of [[Tanjore]]. {{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=171}} {{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=172}} He was involved in severe polemical discussions with his rival and friend [[Appayya Dikshita]], with several of his works dedicated to refuting the claims of Appayya. {{sfn|Heras|1927|p=553}} After his death in 1614, his mortal remains were enshrined in the mutt at Kumbakonam. He was succeeded by [[Sudhindra Tirtha]].

==Works==
Vijayindra Tirtha is credited with as many as 104 literary works of which many are non-extant. A few that remain mainly consist of commentaries on the works of [[Vyasatirtha]] (''Laghu Amoda'') and [[Madhva]] (''Tattvaprakasika Tippani''), polemical works refuting the works of [[Appayya Dikshita]] and several treatises dealing with the issue of compatibility of [[Dvaita]] with [[Mimamsa]] (''Chakra Mimamsa''). A few poems and three dramatical works have been attributed to him as well.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=173-189}}

==List of notable works==
104 works are attributed to Vijayindra of which only sixty are extant. Except for a few notable works, many remain unprinted. The manuscripts are preserved in ''mutts'' at [[Nanjangud]], [[Mantralayam]] and [[Kumbakonam]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Description
! References
|-

| Tattvamanimanekyapetika
| Commentary on ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'' of [[Madhva]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=173}}
|-
| Gudabhavaprakasika
| Commentary on ''Tattvodyota'' of [[Madhva]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=173}}
|-
| Tattvaprakasika Tippani
| Summary of ''Tattva Prakasika'' of [[Madhva]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=173}}
|-
| Laghu Amoda
| Commentary on ''Nyayamruta'' of [[Vyasatirtha]]
| {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=551}}
|-
| Nyayamauktikamala
| Commentary on ''Tatparya Chandrika'' of [[Vyasatirtha]]
| {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=552}}
|-
| Yuktiratnakara
| Commentary on ''Tarka Tandava'' of [[Vyasatirtha]]
| {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=552}}
|-
| Pramana Paddhati Vyakhyana
| Gloss on ''Pramana Paddhati'' of [[Jayatirtha]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=176}}
|-
| Adhikaranamala
| Treatise on the [[Mimamsa]] elements in ''Nyayamruta''
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=176}}
|-
| Chandrikodahrta Nyaya Vivaranam
| Treatise on the [[Mimamsa]] elements in ''Tatparya Chandrika''
| {{sfn|Heras|1927|p=522}}
|-
| Appayya Kapola Chapetika
| Refutation of the works of [[Appayya Dikshita]]
| {{sfn|Heras|1927|p=522}}
|-
| Madhva Kantako Dhara
| Rebuttal to ''Madhvatantramukhabhanga'' of [[Appayya Dikshita]]
| {{sfn|Sarma|1937|p=554}}
|-
| Chakra Mimamsa
| Defence of ''mudradharana'' from the viewpoint of [[Mimamsa]] {{refn|group=note|''Mudradharana'' is the Vaishnavite practice of branding the symbols of Vishnu on the body}}
| {{sfn|Heras|1927|p=522}}
|-
| Bhedavidyavilasa
| Polemical treatise emphasising the doctrine of five-fold difference
| {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=557}}
|-
| Paratattva Prakasika
| Criticism of Appayya Dikshita's ''Sivatattvaviveka''
| {{Sfn|Sarma|1937|p=554}}
|-
| Brahmasutra Nyayasangraha
| Gist of Brahma Sutra distilling elements from ''Anu Vyakhyana'' of Madhva
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=179}}
|-
| Siddhanta Sarasara Viveka
| Polemical tract against the tenets of [[Visistadvaita]] and [[Shiva Advaita]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=180}}
|-
| Ananda Taratamya Vadartha
| Polemical tract against the tenets of [[Visistadvaita]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=180}}
|-
| Nyayadhvadipika
| Manual on the [[Mimamsa]] elements in [[Dvaita]]
| {{sfn|Pandurangi|2004}}
|-
| Upasamhara Vijaya
| Rejoinder to ''Upakrama Parakrama'' of Appayya Dikshita
| {{sfn|Pandurangi|2004}}
|-
| Pistapashu Mimamsa
| Treatise arguing for the usage of flour-made animals for rituals
| {{sfn|Sarma|1937|p=556}}
|-
| Mimamsa Naya Kaumudi
| The compatibility between the works of Madhva and [[Mimamsa]] is explored
| {{sfn|Sarma|1937|p=556}}
|-
| Advaita Siksha
| Polemical rebuttal to ''Advaitadipika'' of Narasimhasrama
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=188}}
|-
| Shaiva Sarvasva Khandanam
| Treatise arguing for the supremacy of [[Vishnu]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=188}}
|-
| Subhadra Dhananjaya
| Drama on the marriage of [[Arjuna]] and [[Subhadra]]
| {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=189}}
|-
| Narayana Sabdartha Nirvachana
| Monograph on the etymology of the word [[Narayana]]
| {{Sfn|Fischer|2017|p=121}}
|-
| Turiyasiva Khandana
| Polemical tract arguing against the [[Turiya#Advaita Vedanta|fourth stage of consciousness]] of Advaita
| {{Sfn|Fischer|2017|p=130}}
|-
|Tatparya Chandrika Kuchodya Kuthara
|Refutation in favour of Tatparya Chandrika by Vyasatirtha
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol. 2, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
* {{cite book|title = Nayaks of Tanjore|url = https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid|first = V| last = Vriddhagirisan| publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn = 978-8120609969 | year= 1995 }}
* {{cite book|title = Reign of realism in Indian philosophy|first = R. Nagaraja| last = Sarma| publisher=National Press | year= 1937 |url=https://archive.org/details/reignofrealismin032789mbp}}
* {{cite book|title =Nyayadhvadipika|first = K.T| last = Pandurangi| publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation | year= 2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/NyayadhvadipikaEngPartOnly?q=vijayindra+tirtha}}
* {{cite book|title = The Sri Krsna Temple at Udupi|first = B.N| last = Hebbar| publisher=Nataraj Books |isbn = 978-1881338505 | year=2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi?q=vijayindra+tirtha}}
* {{cite book|title = Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India|first = Elaine| last = Fischer| publisher=University of California Press |isbn = 9780520293014 | year=2017 }}
* {{cite book|title = South India Under the Vijayanagara Empire: The Aravidu Dynasty, Volume 2|first = Henry| last = Heras| publisher=Cosmo | year= 1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189283}}
* {{cite book|title = Administration and Social Life Under Vijayanagar: Administration|first = T.V | last = Mahalingam| publisher=University of Madras | year= 1937 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499556?q=vijayindra+tirtha}}

==External links==
*[http://kashimath.org/origin/ Vijayindra Tirtha and the origin of Kashi Math]
*[http://www.gururaghavendra1.org/~srsmutt/param/vijayeendra.htm Biographical Sketch on Vijayindra Tirtha]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirtha, Vijayindra}}
[[Category:Vaishnavite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:1510s births]]
[[Category:1590s deaths]]