Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Demonym

2026-05-08T11:05:08Z

Asiaarts: fixed citations after review also and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Name for a resident of a particular geographical area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Linguistics}}

A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δῆμος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δῆμος}})|[[people]], [[tribe]]||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὄνυμα}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὄνυμα}})|[[name]]}}) or ''''gentilic'''<nowiki/>' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|gentilis}}|of a [[clan]], or [[gens]]}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|gentilic |access-date=25 July 2015}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic |title=Definition of GENTILIC |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic }}.</ref> is a [[word]] that identifies a [[Cultural group|group]] of [[people]] ([[inhabitants]], [[residents]], [[natives]]) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the [[name]] of the [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|place]] ([[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]], [[village]], [[town]], [[city]], [[region]], [[province]], [[State (polity)|state]], [[country]], and [[continent]]).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book |title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon |first=George H. |last=Scheetz |publisher=Schütz Verlag |year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; [[Indian people|Indian]] for a person from [[India]]; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].

Many demonyms function both [[endonym and exonym|endonymically and exonymically]] (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.

As a sub-field of [[anthroponymy]], the study of demonyms is called ''demonymy'' or ''demonymics''.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are [[Semantics|semantically]] different from [[ethnonym]]s (names of [[Ethnicity|ethnic groups]]). In the [[English language]], there are many [[Polysemy|polysemic]] words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word ''Thai'' may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of [[Thailand]], while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the [[Thai people]]. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the [[United Kingdom]] may be called a ''[[British people|British person]]'', a ''Briton'' or, informally, a ''Brit''.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym ''Macedonians'' may refer to the population of [[North Macedonia]], or more generally to the entire population of the [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]], or to the [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Greek]] people of the [[Macedonia (Greece)|Greek region of Macedonia]]. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, ''Québécois'', ''Québécoise (female)'' is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of [[Quebec]] (though ''Quebecer'', ''Quebecker'' are also available).

In English, demonyms are always [[capitalization|capitalized]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansioningles.com/gram19.htm|title=Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios|work=mansioningles.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330020141/http://www.mansioningles.com/Gram19.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. ''[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]'', ''[[Japanese people|Japanese]]'', or ''[[Greeks|Greek]]''. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Daniel |title=demonym |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/demonym |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Brazilian'' or ''Algerian'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907084731/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061912/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050932/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''[[National Geographic]]'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to [[Merriam-Webster]] editor [[Paul Dickson (writer)|Paul Dickson]] in a work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170 |access-date=2020-06-18 |archive-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233025/https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |url-status=live }}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998 |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214231614/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines, as the name of an [[Athenian]] [[citizen]] according to the [[deme]] to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2008-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>

==Suffixation==
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the [[English language]]. The most common is to add a [[Affix|suffix]] to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble [[Late Latin]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], or [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffixes, such as ''-(a)n'', ''-ian'', ''-anian'', ''-nian'', ''-in(e)'', ''-a(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-e(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-i(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-ite'', ''-(e)r'', ''-(i)sh'', ''-ene'', ''-ensian'', ''-ard'', ''-ese'', ''-nese'', ''-lese'', ''-i(e)'', ''-i(ya)'', ''-iot'', ''-iote'', ''-k'', ''-asque'', ''-(we)gian'', ''-onian'', ''-vian'', ''-ois(e)'', or ''-ais(e)''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{nowrap|Examples of various suffixes}}
|-
|
'''''-(a)n'''''

'''Continents and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Africa]] → Africans
*[[Antarctica]] → Antarcticans
*[[Asia]] → Asians
*[[Australia (continent)|Australia]] → Australians
*[[Europe]] → Europeans
*[[North America]] → North Americans
*[[South America]] → South Americans
*[[Central America]] → Central Americans
*[[Americas]] → Americans
*[[Oceania]] → Oceanians
}}

'''Countries'''


{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Andorra]] → Andorrans
*[[Angola]] → Angolans
*[[Antigua]] → Antiguans
*[[Armenia]] → Armenians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Austria]] → Austrians
*[[Barbuda]] → Barbudans
*[[Belize]] → Belizeans
*[[Bolivia]] → Bolivians
*[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred to as Bosnians)
*[[Brunei]] → Bruneians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Burundi]] → Burundians
*[[Cambodia]] → Cambodians
*[[Chile]] → Chileans
*[[Colombia]] → Colombians
*[[Costa Rica]] → Costa Ricans
*[[Croatia]] → Croatians (also "''Croats''")
*[[Cuba]] → Cubans
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Dominican Republic]] → Dominicans
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadorans
*[[Eritrea]] → Eritreans
*[[Estonia]] → Estonians
*[[Ethiopia]] → Ethiopians
*[[Fiji]] → Fijian, Fijindians
*[[Gambia]] → Gambians
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Germany]] → Germans
*[[Guatemala]] → Guatemalans
*[[Guinea]] → Guineans
*[[Haiti]] → Haitians
*[[Honduras]] → Hondurans
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Jamaica]] → Jamaicans
*[[Kenya]] → Kenyans
*[[Kiribati]] → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''")
*[[Kosovo]] → Kosovars (also "''Kosovans''")
*[[Latvia]] → Latvians
*[[Liberia]] → Liberians
*[[Libya]] → Libyans
*[[Lithuania]] → Lithuanians
*[[Malawi]] → Malawians
*[[Malaysia]] → Malaysians
*[[Mali]] → Malians
*[[Mauritania]] → Mauritanians
*[[Mexico]] → Mexicans
*[[Micronesia]] → Micronesians
*[[Moldova]] → Moldovans
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongolians (also "''Mongols''")
*[[Monaco]] → Monacans (also "''Monegasque''")
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Mozambique]] → Mozambicans
*[[Namibia]] → Namibians
*[[Nauru]] → Nauruans
*[[Nicaragua]] → Nicaraguans
*[[Nigeria]] → Nigerians
*[[Niue]] → Niueans
*[[North Korea]] → North Koreans
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Palau]] → Palauans
*[[Papua New Guinea]] → Papua New Guineans
*[[Paraguay]] → Paraguayans
*[[Persia]] → Persians
*[[Romania]] → Romanians
*[[Russia]] → Russians
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandans (also "''Rwandese''")
*[[Saint Lucia]] → Saint Lucians
*[[Samoa]] → Samoans
*[[Saudi Arabia]] → Saudis (also Saudi Arabians)
*[[Serbia]] → Serbians (also Serbs)
*[[Sierra Leone]] → Sierra Leoneans
*[[Singapore]] → Singaporeans
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks (also Slovakians)
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also Slovenians)
*[[South Africa]] → South Africans
*[[South Korea]] → South Koreans
*[[Sri Lanka]] → Sri Lankans
*[[St. Kitts and Nevis]] → Kittitians, Nevisians
*[[Syria]] → Syrians
*[[Tanzania]] → Tanzanians
*[[Tonga]] → Tongans
*[[Tunisia]] → Tunisians
*[[Tuvalu]] → Tuvaluans
*[[Uganda]] → Ugandans
*[[Uruguay]] → Uruguayans
*[[United States]] → Americans
*[[Vanuatu]] → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''")
*[[Venezuela]] → Venezuelans
*[[Zambia]] → Zambians
*[[Zimbabwe]] → Zimbabweans
}}

'''Constituent states, provinces and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''")
*[[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Alaska]] → Alaskans
*[[Alberta]] → Albertans
*[[Algarve]] → Algarvians
*[[Andalusia]] → Andalusians
*[[Arizona]] → Arizonans
*[[Arkansas]] → Arkansans
*[[Asturias]] → Asturians
*[[Bago Region]] → Bagoans
*[[Bangka Island]] → Bangkans
*[[Bavaria]] → Bavarians
*[[Bay of Plenty]] → Bayer, Plentonians
*[[Bohemia]] → Bohemians
*[[Borneo]] → Borneans
*[[British Columbia]] → British Columbians
*[[Brittany]] → Bretons
*[[California]] → Californians
*[[Carinthia]] → Carinthians
*[[Colorado]] → Coloradans-
*[[Corsica]] → Corsicans
*[[Crete]] → Cretans
*[[Crimea]] → Crimeans
*[[Cumbria]] → Cumbrians
*[[Dalmatia]] → Dalmatians
*[[Delaware]] → Delawareans
*[[Washington, D.C.]] → Washingtonians
*[[Extremadura]] → Extremadurans
*[[Florida]] → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below)
*[[Galatia]] → Galatians
*[[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]] → Galicians
*[[Galilee]] → Galileans
*[[Gaza Strip]] → Gazans
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Hawaiʻi]] → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00489-8|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}}
*[[Hebrides]] → Hebrideans
*[[Idaho]] → Idahoans
*[[Illinois]] → Illinoisans
*[[Indiana]] → Hoosiers
*[[Iowa]] → Iowans
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Java]] → Javans (also "''Javanese''")
*[[Johor]] → Johoreans
*[[Judea]] → Judeans
*[[Kansas]] → Kansans
*[[Karelia]] → Karelians
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kayah State]] → Kayahans
*[[Kedah]] → Kedahans
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] → Pathans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Liguria]] → Ligurians
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''")
*[[Madeira]] → Madeirans
*[[Malacca]] → Malaccans
*[[Mallorca]] → Mallorcans
*[[Mandalay Region]] → Mandalayans
*[[Manitoba]] → Manitobans
*[[Masuria]] → Masurians
*[[Menorca]] → Menorcans
*[[Minnesota]] → Minnesotans
*[[Mississippi]] → Mississippians
*[[Missouri]] → Missourians
*[[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] → Moluccans
*[[Montana]] → Montanans
*[[Moravia]] → Moravians
*[[Nebraska]] → Nebraskans
*[[Nevada]] → Nevadans
*[[New Jersey]] → New Jerseyans
*[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''")
*[[Normandy]] → Normans
*[[North Dakota]] → North Dakotans
*[[Northwest Territories]] → Northwest Territorians
*[[Nova Scotia]] → Nova Scotians
*[[Ohio]] → Ohioans
*[[Oklahoma]] → Oklahomans
*[[Ontario]] → Ontarians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Otago]] → Otagoans
*[[Papua (province)|Papua]] → Papuans
*[[Patagonia]] → Patagonians
*[[Pennsylvania]] → Pennsylvanians
*[[Pomerania]] → Pomeranians
*[[Puerto Rico]] → Puerto Ricans
*[[Samogitia]] → Samogitians
*[[Sabah]] → Sabahans
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Sardinia]] → Sardinians (also "''Sards''")
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''")
*[[Silesia]] → Silesians
*[[Slavonia]] → Slavonians
*[[South Australia]] → South Australians
*[[South Dakota]] → South Dakotans
*[[Styria]] → Styrians
*[[Sumatra]] → Sumatrans
*[[Sumba]] → Sumbans
*[[Sumbawa]] → Sumbawans
*[[Syrmia]] → Syrmians
*[[Tahiti]] → Tahitians
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamilian
*[[Taranaki]] → Taranakians
*[[Tasmania]] → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''")
*[[Tennessee]] → Tennesseans
*[[Texas]] → Texans
*[[Thuringia]] → Thuringians
*[[Transnistria]] → Transnistrians
*[[Transylvania]] → Transylvanians
*[[Umbria]] → Umbrians
*[[Utah]] → Utahns (also "''Utahans''")
*[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] → Victorians
*[[Virginia]] → Virginians
*[[Waikato]] → Waikatorians
*[[Wake Island]] → Wakeans
*[[Wallachia]] → Wallachians
*[[Western Australia]] → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''")
*[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] → West Papuans
*[[West Virginia]] → West Virginians
*[[North Rhine-Westphalia|Westphalia]] → Westphalians
}}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Abu Dhabi]] → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''")
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaideans
*[[Alexandria]] → Alexandrians
*[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] → Albuquerqueans (also "''Burqueños''" or the feminine "''Burqueñas''")
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Atlanta]] → Atlantans
*[[Baltimore]] → Baltimoreans
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] → Brocktonians
*[[Bogotá]] → Bogotans
*[[Canberra]] → Canberrans
*[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] → Charlotteans
*[[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] → Chattanoogans
*[[Chicago]] → Chicagoans
*[[Cincinnati]] → Cincinnatians
*[[Clitheroe]] → Clitheronians
*[[Coimbatore]] → Coimbatoreians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=Coventry Telegraph |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705155344/https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Danu Self-Administered Zone|Danu]] → Danuans
*[[Derby]] → Derbeians
*[[Dubai]] → Dubaians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] → El Pasoans, El Paseños
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Hanoi]] → Hanoians
*[[Hatta, Dubai|Hatta]] → Hattans (also "''Hattawi''")
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Indianapolis]] → Indianapolitans
*[[İzmir]] → İzmirians
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Kalamazoo]] → Kalamazooans
*[[Kandy]] → Kandyans
*[[Kuching]] → Kuchingites
*[[Kyiv]] → Kyivans
*[[Kolkata]] → Calcuttans
*[[Lagos]] → Lagosians
*[[Las Vegas]] → Las Vegans
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians
*[[Madera, California|Madera]] → Maderans
*[[Malang]] → Malangans
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''")
*[[Mecca]] → Meccans
*[[Medina]] → Medinans
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Miami]] → Miamians
*[[Milwaukee]] → Milwaukeeans
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Mira Mesa, San Diego]] → Mira Mesans
*[[Miri]] → Mirians
*[[Naypyidaw Union Territory|Naypyidaw]] → Naypyidawans
*[[Ngawi city]] → Ngawians
*[[Oklahoma City]] → Oklahoma Cityans
*[[Omaha]] → Omahans
*[[Ottawa]] → Ottawans
*[[Philadelphia]] → Philadelphians
*[[Pisa]] → Pisans
*[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] → Puebloans
*[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] → Reginans
*[[Riga]] → Rigans
*[[Rome]] → Romans
*[[Sacramento]] → Sacramentans
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemians
*[[San Antonio]] → San Antonians
*[[San Diego]] → San Diegans
*[[San Francisco]] → San Franciscans
*[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] → San Joseans
*[[Sarasota]] → Sarasotans
*[[Sioux City]] → Sioux Cityans
*[[Springville, Alabama|Springville]] → Springvillians
*[[Sofia]] → Sofians
*[[St. Louis]] → St. Louisans
*[[Surabaya]] → Surabayans
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] → Thebans
*[[Toledo, Ohio]] → Toledoans
*[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] → Tucsonians, Tucsonans
*[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] → Tulsans
*[[Utica, New York|Utica]] → Uticans
*[[Valencia]] → Valencians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Waco, Texas|Waco]] → Wacoans
*[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] → Yumians
}}

'''''-ian'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] → Artsakhians
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''")
*[[Bahamas]] → Bahamians
*[[Barbados]] → Barbadians (also "''Bajans''")
*[[Belarus]] → Belarusians
*[[Belgium]] → Belgians
*[[Brazil]] → Brazilians
*[[Cameroon]] → Cameroonians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cayman Islands]] → Caymanians
*[[Chad]] → Chadians
*[[Comoros]] → Comorians
*[[Ecuador]] → Ecuadorians
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[Ghana]] → Ghanaians
*[[Gibraltar]] → Gibraltarians
*[[Grenada]] → Grenadians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians
*[[Italy]] → Italians
*[[Jordan]] → Jordanians
*[[Laos]] → Laotians
*[[Maldives]] → Maldivians
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] → Vincentians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "''Trinbagonians''")
*[[Ukraine]] → Ukrainians
}}

'''Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aarhus]] → Aarhusians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaidians
*[[Alabama]] → Alabamians
*[[Athens]] → Athenians
*[[Ayeyarwady Region]] → Ayeyarwadians
*[[Banat]] → Banatians
*[[Ballarat]] → Ballaratians
*[[Bareilly]] → Bareillian
*[[Bengaluru]] → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
*[[Banten]] → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''")
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgradians (also "''Belgraders''")
*[[Bermuda]] → Bermudians (also "''Bermudans''")
*[[Birmingham, Alabama]] → Birminghamians
*[[Blackburn]] → Blackburnians
*[[Blackpool]] → Blackpudlians
*[[Bangkok]] → Bangkokians
*[[Bogor]] → Bogorians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bracknell]] → Bracknellians
*[[Bradford]] → Bradfordians
*[[Brighton]] → Brightonians
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanians (also "''Brisbanites''")
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Bukovina]] → Bukovinian
*[[Burgundy]] → Burgundians
*[[Calgary]] → Calgarians
*[[Canary Islands]] → Canarians
*[[Canterbury, New Zealand]] → Cantabrians
*[[Cape Town]] - Capetonians
*[[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] → Castilians
*[[Catalonia]] → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"")
*[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] → Cedar Rapidians
*[[Chelmsford]] → Chelmsfordians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Chin State]] → Chinians
*[[Chittagong]] → Chittagonians
*[[Christchurch]] → Christchurchians (also "''Christchurchers''")
*[[Cirebon]] → Cirebonians
*[[Corinth]] → Corinthians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians
*[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] → Darwinians
*[[Dayton]] → Daytonians
*[[Devon]] → Devonians
*[[Duluth]] → Duluthians
*[[Edmonton]] → Edmontonians
*[[Florida]] → Floridians
*[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] → Fort Worthians
*[[Fredericton]] → Frederictonians
*[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]] → Greenvillians
*[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] → Hamiltonians
*[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Hartlepool]] → Hartlepudlians
*[[Hereford]] → Herefordians
*[[Herzegovina]] → Herzegovinians
*[[Hesse]] → Hessians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Houston]] → Houstonians
*[[Isles of Scilly]] → Scillonians
*[[Iowa City]] → Iowa Citians
*[[Jessup, Pennsylvania|Jessup]] → Jessupians
*[[Kachin State]] → Kachinians
*[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] → Kansas Citians
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] → Kingstonians
*[[Labrador]] → Labradorians
*[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] → Lagunians (also "''Laguneño''", "''Lagunense''")
*[[Lancashire]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lesbos]] → Lesbians
*[[Lethbridge]] → Lethbridgians
*[[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] → Lexingtonians
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''")
*[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] → Louisvillians
*[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] → Madisonians
*[[Madrid]] → Madrilenians
*[[Maharashtra]] → Maharashtrians (also "''Marathis''")
*[[Market Drayton]] → Draytonians (also, informally "''Gingerbread Men''")
*[[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] → McKinnians
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] → Memphians
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganians (also Michiganders)
*[[Mobile, Alabama]] → Mobilian
*[[Nelson Region|Nelson]] → Nelsonians
*[[New Guinea]] → New Guinians
*[[New Orleans]] → New Orleanians
*[[North Carolina]] → North Carolinians
*[[Northern Territory]] → Territorians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Paris]] → Parisians
*[[Perlis]] → Perlisians
*[[Perak]] → Perakians
*[[Peterborough]] → Peterborians
*[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] → Phoenicians
*[[Plymouth]] → Plymothians
*[[Port Harcourt]] → Harcourtians
*[[Podgorica]] → Podgoricians
*[[Preston, Lancashire]] →Prestonians
*[[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] → Prince Georgians
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonians (also "''Quezonin''", "''Tayabasin''", with the [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'')
*[[Rivers State]] → Riverians
*[[Rochdale]] → Rochdalians
*[[Rochester, New York]] → Rochesterians
*[[Rockwall, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall County, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Saint Petersburg]] → Saint Petersburgians (also "''Saint Petersburgers''")
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians
*[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]] → Saskatonians
*[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians
*[[Sicily]] → Sicilians
*[[Solihull]] → Silhillians
*[[South Carolina]] → South Carolinians
*[[Stockport]] → Stopfordians
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonians
*[[Tanintharyi Region]] → Tanintharians
*[[Tel Aviv, Israel]] → Tel Avivians
*[[Telford]] → Telfordians
*[[Thrace]] → Thracians
*[[Towcester]] → Towcestrians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Tuban]], [[East Java]] → Tubanians
*[[Tucson]] → Tucsonians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Washington (state)|Washington]] → Washingtonians
*[[Wellington]] → Wellingtonians
*[[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] → Wilmingtonians
*[[Yukon]] → Yukonians
}}

'''''-anian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Guam]] → Guamanians
*[[Mawlamyine]] → Mawlamanians
}}

'''''-nian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bendigo]] → Bendigonians
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] → Buffalonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[Naga Self-Administered Zone|Naga]] → Naganians
*[[Panama]] → Panamanians
*[[Sligo]] → Sligonians
*[[Tampa, FL|Tampa]] → Tampanians
*[[Tobago]] → Tobagonians
*[[Toronto]] → Torontonians
*[[Torquay]] → Torquinians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinbagonians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Wa Self-Administered Division|Wa]] → Wanians
}}

'''''-in(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines (also "''Argentinians''")
*[[Byzantium]] → Byzantines
*[[Florence]] → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''")
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertines (as by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], but Gilbertese was more usual)
*The [[Levant]] → Levantines
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] → Palatines
*[[Philippines]] → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below)
*[[Philistia]] → Philistines
}}

'''''-(h)in'''''

The [[:wikt:Tayabas Tagalog|Tayabas Tagalog]] suffix ''[[:wikt:-in#Tagalog|-(h)in]]'', which is mostly used by the natives in the province of [[Quezon]], is also used for their local or native demonyms in [[Philippine English|English]].

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Quezon|Quezon (Tayabas)]] → Quezonins, Tayabasins (also "''Quezonians''")
*[[Lucena]] → Lucenahins
*[[Tayabas]] → Tayabasins (also "''Tayabense''")
*[[Lucban]] → Lucbanins
*[[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] → Infantahins
*[[Sariaya]] → Sariayahins
*[[Lucena|Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim]] → Talimin
*[[Tayabas|Brgy. Isabang]] → Isabangin (both in [[Lucena]] and [[Tayabas]])
*[[Sariaya|Brgy. Morong]] → Morongin
}}

'''''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a'''''

Adaptations from the standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix ''-e(ñ/n)a'')

'''Countries and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bicol Region|Bicol]] → Bicolanos
*[[Cebu]] → Cebuanos
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadoreños (also "''Salvadorans''")
*[[New Mexico]] → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''")
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
}}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Belo Horizonte]] → Belo-horizontinos
*[[Buenos Aires]] → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires)
*[[Caguas]] - Caguenos
*[[Cainta]] → Cainteños
*[[Cavite]] → Caviteños
*[[Daraga]] → Daragueños
*[[Davao City]] → Davaoeños
*[[Iriga]] → Irigueños
*[[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] → Legazpeños
*[[Ligao]] → Ligaoeños
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos
*[[Madrid]] → Madrileños
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manileños (also "''Manilans''")
*[[Masbate]] → Masbateños
*[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] → Nagueños
*[[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]] → San Pableños
*[[São Paulo]] → Paulistanos
*[[Tabaco]] → Tabaqueños
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Zamboanga City]] → Zamboangueños
}}

'''''-ite'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] → Akronites
*[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] - Andhrites
*[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] → Ann Arborites
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] → Austinites
*[[Bagansiapiapi]] → Bagansiapiapites
*[[Baku]] → Bakuvites
*[[Bandung]] → Bandungites
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey]] → Bergenites
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] → Boulderites
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''")
*[[Bronx]] → Bronxites
*[[Brooklyn]] → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083217/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Carson City, Nevada]] → Carsonites
*[[Chennai]] → Chennaiites
*[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] → Columbusite
*[[Dallas]] → Dallasites
*[[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]] → Decaturites
*[[Delhi]] → Delhites
*[[Denton, Texas]] → Dentonites
*[[Denver]] → Denverites
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''")
*[[Dunedin]] → Dunedinites
*[[Durban]] → Durbanites
*[[Erie, Pennsylvania]] → Erieites
*[[Gaya, India|Gaya]] → Gayaites
*[[Guelph]] → Guelphites
*[[Irmo, South Carolina]] → Irmites
*[[Israel]] → Israelis (also "''Israelites''")
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Jerusalem]] → Jerusalemites
*[[Karachi]] → Karachiites
*[[Kerala]] → Keralites
*[[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] → Kimberlites
*[[Dominica|Kweyol]] → Kweyolites
*[[Labuan Bajo]] → Labuan Bajoites
*[[Leicester]] → Leicesterite
*[[Manhattan]] → Manhattanites
*[[Mon State]] → Monites
*[[Moscow]] → Muscovites (also Latin "''Muscovia''")
*[[Montpelier, Vermont]] → Montpelierites
*[[Mumbai]] → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars
*[[New Hampshire]] → New Hampshirites
*[[Norman, Oklahoma]] → Normanites
*[[Oban]] → Obanites
*[[Odesa]] → Odesites
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''")
*[[Patna]] → Patnaites
*[[Penang]] → Penangite
*[[Perth]] → Perthites (also "''Perthian''" and "''Perthling''")
*[[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman]] → Pullmanites
*[[Putney]] → Putneyites
*[[Queens]] → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165443/http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] → Readingites
*[[Reno, Nevada]] → Renoites
*[[Ruskin, Florida]] → Ruskinites
*[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] → Saint Paulites
*[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] → Salemites
*[[Seattle]] → Seattleites
*[[Seoul]] → Seoulites
*[[Shiloh (disambiguation)#Places|Shiloh]] → Shilonites (as in: "''[[Ahijah the Shilonite]]''")
*[[Shillong]] → Shillongite (also "''Nong Shillong''" and "''Nong Sor''")
*[[Smyrna, Georgia]] → Smynite
*[[Spokane]] → Spokanites
*[[Sydney]] → Sydneyites (also "''Sydneysider''")
*[[Telangana]]→ Telanganites
*[[Tokyo]] → Tokyoites
*[[Vancouver]] → Vancouverites
*[[Vizag]] → Vizagites
*[[Warangal]] → Warangalites
*[[Wenham, Massachusetts]] → Wenhamites
*[[Westchester County, New York]] → Westchesterites
*[[Whittier, California]] → Whittierites
*[[Winston-Salem]] → Winston-Salemites
*[[Wisconsin]] → Wisconsinites
*[[Wrexham]] → Wrexhamites
*[[Wyoming]] → Wyomingites
*[[Yangon]] → Yangonites
}}

'''''-(e)r'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Amsterdam]] → Amsterdammers
*[[Auckland]] → Aucklanders
*[[Bakersfield, CA]] → Bakersfielder
*[[Beijing]] → Beijingers
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgraders
*[[Bergen]] → Bergeners
*[[Berlin]] → Berliners
*[[Bucharest]] → Bucharesters
*[[Budapest]] → Budapesters
*[[Boone, North Carolina]] → Booner
*[[Brussels]] → Brusselers
*[[Cleveland]] → Clevelanders
*[[Connecticut]] → Connecticuter
*[[Cook Islands]] → Cook Islanders
*[[Copenhagen]] → Copenhageners
*[[Detroit]] → Detroiters
*[[Dublin]] → Dubliners
*[[Dresden]] → Dresdeners
*[[Fife]] → Fifers
*[[Frankfurt]] → Frankfurters
*[[Greenland]] → Greenlanders (also "''Greenlandic''")
*[[Hamburg]] → Hamburgers
*[[Hannover]] → Hannoveraners
*[[Hong Kong]] → [[Hongkonger]], Hong Kongers (also "''Hong Kongese''", "''Hongkongese''")
*[[Iceland]] → Icelanders (also "''Icelandic''")
*[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovars (also "''Kosovan''")
*[[Leeds]] → Loiners
*[[Leipzig]] → Leipzigers
*[[Liechtenstein]] → Liechtensteiners
*[[Little Rock, AR]] → Little Rockers
*[[London]] → Londoners
*[[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] → Lorrainers
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgers
*[[Maine]] → Mainers
*[[Maryland]] → Marylanders
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganders
*[[Montreal]] → Montrealers
*[[Netherlands]] → Netherlanders (also "''Dutchman''" and "''Hollanders''")
*[[New Brunswick]] → New Brunswickers
*[[New England]] → New Englanders
*[[New York (state)|New York]] → New Yorkers
*[[New York City]] → New Yorkers
*[[New Zealand]] → New Zealanders (see below; non-standard examples)
*[[Newfoundland]] → Newfoundlanders
*[[Oakland]] → Oaklanders
*[[Pangkal Pinang]] → Pangkalpinangers
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghers (informally "''Yinzers''")
*[[Prague]] → Praguers
*[[Prince Edward Island]] → Prince Edward Islander
*[[Puntland]] → Puntlanders
*[[Quebec]] → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "''Quebecois(e)''")
*[[Queensland]] → Queenslanders
*[[Rhineland]] → Rhinelanders
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islanders
*[[Rotterdam]] → Rotterdammers
*[[Solomon Islands]] → Solomon Islanders
*[[Stockholm]] → Stockholmers
*[[Stuttgart]] → Stuttgarters
*[[Tallinn]] → Tallinners
*[[Vermont]] → Vermonters
*[[Winnipeg]] → Winnipeggers
*[[Yellowknife]] → Yellowknifers
*[[York]] (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''")
*[[Yukon]] → Yukoners
*[[Zürich]] → Zürchers
}}

Often used for [[Europe]]an locations and [[Canada|Canadian]] locations

'''''-(i)sh'''''

(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the [[toponym]], or place-name.)

"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Åland]] → Ålandish people (demonym "''[[Ålandic]]''")
*[[Bangka Island (North Sulawesi)|Bangka Island]] → Bangkish
*[[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], [[Great Britain]] and [[United Kingdom]] → British people (demonym "''Britons''")
*[[Cornwall]] → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen''", "''Cornishwomen''")
*[[Denmark]] → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''")
*[[England]] → English people (demonym "''Englishmen''", "''Englishwomen''")
*[[Finland]] → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''")
*[[Flanders]] → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''")
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen''", "''Irishwomen''")
*[[Kent]] → Kentish people
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''")
*[[Lombok]] → Lombokish people
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''")
*[[New South Wales]] → New South Welshmen
*[[Niger]] → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Northern Ireland]] → Northern Irish people
*[[Poland]] → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''")
*[[Scotland]] → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen''", "''Scotswomen''")
*[[Spain]] → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''")
*[[Sweden]] → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''")
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''")
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen''", "''Welshwomen''", "''Walian''")
}}

'''''-ene'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Cairo]] → Cairenes
*[[Cyrenaica]] → Cyrenes
*[[Damascus]] → Damascenes
*[[Nazareth]] → Nazarenes
*[[Palmyra]] → Palmyrenes
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''")
}}

Often used for [[Middle East]]ern locations and [[Europe]]an locations.

'''''-ensian'''''
(These are largely obsolete.)
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
*Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
*Reading (UK) → Readingensians
}}

'''''-ard'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Spain]] → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''")
*[[Savoy]] → Savoyards
*Montagne → [[Montagnard (people)|Montagnard]]s
}}

'''''-ese, -nese or -lese'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abruzzo]] → Abruzzese
*[[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]] → Ajmanese
*[[Aragon]] → Aragonese
*[[Aceh]] → Acehnese
*[[Assam]] → Assamese
*[[Bali]] → Balinese
*[[Bengal]] → Bengalese
*[[Benin]] → Beninese (also "''Beninois''")
*[[Bergen]] → Bergenese
*[[Bern]] → Bernese
*[[Bearn]] → Bearnese
*[[Bhutan]] → Bhutanese
*[[Bologna]] → Bolognese
*[[Burkina Faso]] → Burkinabe
*[[Calabria]] → Calabrese
*[[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] → Cirebonese
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Congo Basin|Congo]] → Congolese
*[[Da Lat]] → Dalatese
*[[East Timor]] → East Timorese
*[[Faroe Islands]] → Faroese
*[[Emirate of Fujairah]] → Fujairahnese
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonese (also "''Gabonais''", "''Gabonaise''")
*[[Genoa]] → Genovese, Genoese
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''")
*[[Grenadines]] → Grenadinese
*[[Guangdong]] (Canton) → [[Cantonese people]]
*[[Guyana]] → Guyanese
*[[Hainan]] → [[Hainanese]]
*[[Hong Kong]] → Hongkongese
*[[Hunan]] → Hunanese
*[[Japan]] → Japanese (also "''Nipponese''")
*[[Java]] → Javanese (also "''Javans''")
*[[Kawthaung]] → Kawthaunggese
*[[Kelantan]] → Kelantanese
*[[Kokang Self-Administered Zone|Kokang]] → Kokanggese
*[[Lebanon]] → Lebanese
*[[León (historical region)|Leon]] → Leonese
*[[London]] → Londonese{{dubious|date=March 2025}}{{Fix|text=Londoner}}
*[[Macao]] → Macanese
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Manila]] → Manilese
*[[Marshall Islands]] → Marshallese
*[[Milan]] → Milanese
*[[Myanmar/Burma]] → Burmese
*[[Nanking|Nanjing]] (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
*[[Navarre]] → Navarrese
*[[Negeri Sembilan]] → Negeri Sembilanese
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalese (also "''Nepalis''")
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''")
*[[Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone|Pa Laung]] → Palaunggese
*[[Pa'O Self-Administered Zone|Pa'O]] → Paonese
*[[Piedmont]] → Piedmontese
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
*[[Portugal]] → Portuguese
*[[Rakhine State]] → Arakanese
*[[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] → Khaimahnese
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''")
*[[Saba (island)|Saba]] → Sabanese
*[[Sagaing Region]] → Sagainggese
*[[Saigon]] → Saigonese
*[[San Marino]] → Sammarinese
*[[Sark]] → Sarkese
*[[Sassari]] → Sassarese
*[[Senegal]] → Senegalese
*[[Shan State]] → Shanese
*[[Shanghai]] → Shanghainese
*[[Emirate of Sharjah]] → Sharjahnese (also "''Sharjawi''")
*[[Siam]] → Siamese
*[[Sikkim]] → Sikkimese
*([[South Sudan|South]]) [[Sudan]] → (South) Sudanese
*[[Suriname]] → Surinamese
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonese
*[[Taiwan]] → Taiwanese
*[[Taunggyi]] → Taunggese
*[[Tegal Regency|Tegal]], [[Central Java]] → Tegalese
*[[Togo]] → Togolese
*[[Turin]] → Torinese
*[[Umm Al Quwain]] → Quwainese (also "''Qewani''")
*[[Vienna]] → Viennese
*[[Vietnam]] → Vietnamese
}}

"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for [[Francophone]] locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).

'''''-i(e) or -i(ya)'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghanistanis (also "''Afghans''")
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''", also "''Azerbaijanians''")
*[[Bahrain]] → Bahrainis
*[[Bangladesh]] → [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]s
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Iraq]] → Iraqis
*[[Israel]] → Israelis
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''")
*[[Kuwait]] → Kuwaitis
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzstanis (also "''Kyrgyz''")
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalis (also "''Nepalese''")
*[[Oman]] → Omanis
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistanis
*[[Qatar]] → Qataris
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajikistanis (also "''Tajiks''")
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trini
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmenistanis (also "''Turkmen''")
*[[United Arab Emirates]] → Emiratis
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbekistanis (also "''Uzbeks''")
*[[Yemen]] → Yemenis
}}

'''States, provinces, counties, and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*[[Al Ain]] → Ainawi
*[[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] → Allahabadis
*[[Azawad]] → Azawadis
*[[Azra District|Azra]] → Azragis
*[[Balochistan]] → Balochistanis (also "''Baloch''", "''Baluch''", "''Baluchi''")
*[[Barisal]] → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''")
*[[Beirut]] → Beirutis
*[[Bengal region|Bangladesh, West Bengal]] → Bengalis
*[[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] → Bharatiya
*[[Bihar]] → Biharis
*[[Birmingham]] (UK) → Brummies
*[[Dagestan]] → Dagestanis
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''")
*[[Faridabad]] → Faridabadis
*[[Glasgow]] → Weegie<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/baffie-weegie-18-scottish-words-are-now-dictionary-and-their-meaning-1407401 |title=Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning |first=Rosalind |last=Erskine |date=18 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
*[[Gujarat]] → Gujaratis
*[[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]] → Hattawi
*[[Hazara people|Hazara]] → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''")
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] → Hyderabadis
*[[Kerala]] → [[Malayali]]s (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''")
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''")
*[[Lahore]] → Lahoris
*[[Punjab region|Punjab]] → Punjabis
*[[Rajasthan]] → Rajasthanis
*[[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] → Rangpuris
*[[Sindh]] → Sindhis
*[[Sylhet]] → Sylhetis (also "''Siloti''")
*[[Tel Aviv]] → Tel Avivi (also "''Tel Avivim''" (plural))
*[[Yorkshire]] → Yorkies (also "''Yorkshireman''", "''Tyke''")
}}

Mostly for [[Middle East]]ern and [[South Asia]]n locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. [[Allemanni]], [[Helvetia|Helvetii]]). ''-i.e.'' is rather used for English places.

'''''-iot'' or ''-iote'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Chios]] → Chiots
*[[Corfu]] → Corfiots
*[[Cyprus]] → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
*[[Phanar]] → Phanariotes
}}

Used especially for [[Greece|Greek]] locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.

'''''-k'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Greece]] → Greeks
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks (also "''Tajikistani''")
}}

'''''-asque'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bergamo]] → Bergamasque
*[[Menton]] → Mentonasque
*[[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] → Basque
*[[Sanremo]] → Sanremasque
}}

Often used for [[Italy|Italian]] and [[France|French]] locations.

'''''-(we)gian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Dawei]] → Dawegians
*[[Galloway]] → Galwegians
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Magway Region]] → Magwegians
*[[Norway]] → Norwegians
*[[Poway, California]]→ Powegians
*[[Tasmania]]→ Taswegians
}}

'''''-onian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Connacht]] → Connachtonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] → Haligonians
*[[Lesotho]] → Lesothonians
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] → Newportonians
*[[Oxford]] → Oxonians
}}

Often used for [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] locations.

'''''-vian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Barrow-in-Furness]] → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
*[[Harrow School|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Moose Jaw]] → Moose Javians
*[[Oamaru]] → Oamaruvians
*[[Oslo]] → Oslovians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Warsaw]] → Warsovians
*[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] → Waterluvians<ref>{{cite tweet|user=citywaterloo|number=395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|author=City of Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042544/https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Wythenshawe]] → Wythenshavians
}}

'''''-ois(e), -ais(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Benin]] → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''")
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''")
*[[Niger]] → Nigerois(e) (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Seychelles]] → Seychellois(e)
*[[Quebec]] → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''"; most common within [[Canada]])
}}

While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.

'''''From Latin or Latinization'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Alsace]] → Alsatians (''Alsatia'')
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Argyll]] → Argathelians
*[[Ashbourne (disambiguation)|Ashbourne]] → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'')
*[[Cambridge]] → [[Cantabrigian]]s
*[[Canterbury]] → Cantabrians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Colchester]] → Colcestrians
*[[Constantinople]] → Constantinopolitans (''Constantinopolis'')
*[[Courland]] → Couronians (''Curonia'')
*[[England]] → Anglican (''Anglia'')
*[[Exeter]] → Exonians
*[[Guernsey]] → Sarnians (''Sarnia'')
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] → [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Haligonian]]
*[[Leeds]] → [[Leodensian]]s (''Ledesia'')
*[[Lviv]] → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'')
*[[Manchester]] → [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]s (''Mancunia'')
*[[Melbourne]] → [[Melburnian]]s (''Melburnia'')
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Naples]] → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'')
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'')
*[[Orkney Islands]] → [[Orcadians|Orcadian]]s (''Orcadia'')
*[[Oswestry]] → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'')
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians (''Salopia'')
*[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'')
*[[Venice]] → Venetians
*[[Wolverhampton]] → Wulfrunians
'''Other'''
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)
}}
|}

==Prefixation==
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the [[Luba people]] would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, [[Kiluba]] or [[Tshiluba]]. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for [[Fiji]]). On a country level:
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
*[[Burundi]] → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
*[[Eswatini]] → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
*[[Lesotho]] → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

==Non-standard examples==
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "''Burqueño''" and the feminine "''Burqueña''" of [[Albuquerque]],<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113712/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | url-status=live }}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the [[state university system]], take for example the [[sooners|sooner]] of [[Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma Sooners]].<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=June 18, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065703/http://www.soonersports.com/trads/what-is-a-sooner.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
'''Formal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeenshire]] → [[Northeast Scots|Doric]]
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Buenos Aires]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Concepción, Chile]] → [[Penquistas]]
*[[Connecticut]] → [[Nutmegger]]s
*[[Cyprus]] → [[Cypriot people|Cypriots]]
*[[Guinea Bissau]] → Bissau-Guinean
*[[Edinburgh]] → Lothian
*[[Lisbon]] → Alfacinha
*[[Indiana]] → [[Hoosier]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>
*[[Madagascar]] → [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]
*[[Massachusetts]] → [[Bay Staters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov|access-date=2016-11-14|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000411/https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin|Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref>
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Nunavut]] → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
*[[Minas Gerais]] → Mineiros
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]] → [[Gaúcho]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro (city)]] → [[Carioca]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro (state)]] → Fluminense
*[[São Paulo (city)]] → Paulistanos
*[[São Paulo (state)]] → Paulistas
*[[Shropshire]] & [[Shrewsbury]] → Salopian
*[[Tierra Caliente (Mexico)|Tierra Caliente]] → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
*[[Uruguay]] → Orientales
*[[Valparaíso]] → [[Porteños]]
}}

'''Informal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Australia]] → [[Aussie]]
*[[Birmingham, England]] → Brummie
*[[Canada]] → [[Canuck]]
*[[Cardiff]] → Taffs
*[[Devon]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Hartlepool, England]] → [[Monkey hanger]]
*[[Isle Of Wight]] → Caulkheads<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-9551,00.html |title=Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'? |language=en |work=The Guardian |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 }}</ref>
*[[Plymouth]] → [[Janner]]
*[[Jersey]] → [[Jèrriais]] (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
*[[Kansas]] → [[Jayhawker]]
*[[Liverpool, England]] → Scouser, Liverpudlian
*[[London, England]] → [[Cockney]] (specifically, someone from East London)
*[[Mexico]] → [[Aztec]]a<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |title=Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos |language=es |publisher=SinonimosGratis.com |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205222/https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Middlesbrough, England]] → [[Smoggie]]
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Australia]] → Novocastrian
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] → [[Geordie]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]] → [[Newfie]]
*[[New Zealand]] → [[Kiwi (nickname)|Kiwi]]
*[[Nigeria]] → [[Naija]]
*[[North Carolina]] → [[Tar Heel]]
*[[Philippines]] → [[Pinoy]]
*[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] → [[Yinzer]]
*[[Peru]] → [[Inca]] (also Perulero)
*[[Puerto Rico]] → [[Boricua]] (from Taino ''Boriquen'' ({{Translation|land of brave people}}))
*[[South Australia]] → Croweater<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013"/>
*[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] → [[Mackem]]
*[[Sydney, Australia]] → Sydneysider
*[[Ohio]] → Buckeye
*[[Oklahoma]] → [[Okie]], [[Sooner]]
*[[Oldham, England]] → Yonner
*[[Tasmania]] → Taswegian<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=[[Australian Geographic]]|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en|last1=Povah|first1=Frank|last2=Middleton|first2=Amy|date=2013-05-16|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133313/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[United States]] → Yank or Yankee
*[[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]] → [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Yooper]]
*[[Wisconsin]] → [[Cheesehead]]
}}
|}

==Ethnonyms==
{{main|Ethnonym}}
Since names of places, regions and countries ([[toponymy|toponyms]]) are [[morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]] often related to names of ethnic groups ([[ethnonym]]s), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples
|-
|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians, Abkhaz
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Arab League]] → Arabs
*[[Australia]] → Australians, Aussies
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
*[[Bengal]] → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''")
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cambodia]] → Khmers
*[[Chechnya]] → Chechens
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Croatia]] → Croats
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Denmark]] → Danes
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[England]] → English
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Finland]] → [[Finns|Finn]]
*[[Flanders]] → Flemings
*[[France]] → French
*[[United Kingdom]] → British
*[[Haiti]] → Haitian
*[[Hayastan]] → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''")
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians, Magyars
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Ingushetia]] → Ingushians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians, Persians
*[[Ireland]] → Irish
*[[Israel]] → Israeli
*[[Jersey]] → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
*[[Kalmykia]] → Kalmyks
*[[Karnataka]] → Kannadigas
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhs
*[[KwaZulu]] → Zulus
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurds
*[[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzs
*[[Sápmi|Lapland]] → Laplanders
*[[Madagascar]] → Malagasys
*[[Mali]] → Malis
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongols
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[The Americas]] → [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Indians
*[[Netherlands]] → Dutch
*[[New Zealand]] → Kiwis
*[[Odisha]] → Odias
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistani
*[[Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos (for Men), Filipinas (for Women)
*[[Poland]] → Poles
*[[Scotland]] → Scots
*[[Serbia]] → Serbs
*[[Sorbia (region)|Sorbia]] → Sorbs
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Spain]] → Spanish
*[[Sweden]] → Swedes
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamils
*[[Tatarstan]] →Tatars
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Turkey]] → Turks
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmens
*[[Ulster]] → Ulstermen
*[[United States]] → Americans
**[[Hawaii]] → Hawaiians, [[Kanaka Maoli]]
**[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans, [[Cajuns]], [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]]
**[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans, [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]]
**[[Texas]] → Texans, [[Tejanos]]
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbeks
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people
*[[Wallonia]] → Walloons

}}
|}

==Fiction==
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''[[Martian]]'' for hypothetical people of [[Mars]] (credited to scientist [[Percival Lowell]]), ''Gondorian'' for the people of [[Tolkien]]'s fictional land of [[Gondor]], and ''Atlantean'' for [[Plato]]'s island [[Atlantis]].

Other science fiction examples include ''[[Jovian (fiction)|Jovian]]'' for those of [[Jupiter]] or its moons and ''[[Venusians|Venusian]]'' for those of [[Venus]]. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''[[Earthling (science fiction)|Earthling]]'' (from the [[diminutive]] ''-ling'', ultimately from [[Old English]] ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''[[wikt:Terran|Terran]]'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] and [[Brobdingnag]] in the satire ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been [[Constructed language|constructed]], non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''[[Rohirrim]]'' (from [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]), the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise's ''[[Klingon]]s'' (with various names for their homeworld), and the [[Sangheili]] from the ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]'' franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios. In the books by Frank Herbert, the people from the planet Dune (or Arrakis) are the [[Fremen|Freman]], but they are neither a nation nor a country.

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography}}
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions]]
** [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for India]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions]]
*** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions]]
** [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities]]
* [[List of regional nicknames]]
* [[Macedonia naming dispute]]
* [[Nationality]]
* [[-onym]], especially [[ethnonym]] and [[Endonym and exonym]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|title=Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms|journal=Onomastica|year=2021|volume=65|number=2|pages=5–19|doi=10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1 |s2cid=245777535 |url=https://onomastica.ijp.pan.pl/index.php/ONOM/article/view/326|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|chapter=The Semantics of Demonyms in English|title=The Semantics of Nouns|year=2017|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=205–220|isbn=978-0-19-873672-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0ypDgAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|demonym|gentilic}}
* [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/countries/demonyms.html www.geography-site.co.uk] Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Demonyms%20of%20the%20World www.everything2.com] Demonyms of the World.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100327064430/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2110.html CIA World Factbook – Nationality]
* [http://www.peoplefrom.co.uk/index.php www.peoplefrom.co.uk] Demonyms of the United Kingdom.

{{Ethnicity}}

[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Types of words]]

Khuangchera

2026-05-04T05:30:20Z

Asiaarts: started first details first draft

{{Short description|Mizo Warrior and Resistance figure (c. 1850-1890)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Pasalṭha
| name = Khuangchera
| honorific_suffix = Ralte
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{circa|1850}}
| birth_place = Parvatui, Chieftainship of Lianphunga (in present-day [[West Phaileng]] block of [[Mamit district]])
| death_date = 26-28 September 1890 (aged 39-40)
| death_place = Changsil Fort
| death_cause = Gunshot
| burial_place = Ailawng, Reiek
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = Lianphunga Sailianpuia
| branch =
| branch_label = 
| service_years =
| service_years_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = Folk Hero of the Lushais (Declared) Indian Freedom Fighter
| battles = [[Lushai Rising]]
| battles_label =
| relations = Thangṭhiauva (Father) Thangluaii (Mother) Ngurbawnga (friend)
| module =
}}
'''Pasalṭha Khuangchera''' was a distinguished Mizo warrior renowned for his valor and leadership during the late 19th century. He is celebrated for his resistance against [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British colonial forces in the Lushai Hills]], present-day [[Mizoram]], [[India]].

==Early life==
Khuangchera, born to Thangṭhiauva and Thangluaii, was the youngest of three brothers and was of the Ralte Kawlni Kawltung tribe.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=98}} The original village of Khuangchera not known but he was recorded to be living in Chipui, Pawvatui, Kanghmun etc.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=170}} They lived in Parvatui, under the chieftainship of Lianphunga, the son of [[Sukpilal|Suakpuilala]], who is a descendant of [[Mângpawrha]]. The eldest brother of Khuangchera was Kawla, and the second eldest was Chawnghanga, a blacksmith in [[Reiek]] under the rule of Sailianpuia. The three brothers were reputed for their bravery but Khuangchera became the most reputable.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=98}} Lianphunga, the chief of Parvatui, was the brother of Sailianpuia and they were the most prominent chiefs in the west.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}}

When he was younger, they lived in Chhippui. Since childhood, he has been the centre of attention in the community. Suakchhunga, the local pasalṭha, shot and wounded a wild bear. Khuangchera accompanied the village heroes to investigate the injured animal the next day. The bear was dragged to a cave. The guys with their rifles stood at the cave's entrance, and no one dared to go in or out.{{}} Khuangchera is recorded to have hit the bear with the ''dao''. Further stories record Khuangchera as killing tigers with spears only.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=171}} For reasons unknown, Khuangchera soon left Lianphunga to live at Sailianpui's village of Reiek.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}}

In Ailawng near Reiek, the villagers who used to rely on a natural water spring were afraid to enter the narrow cave due to superstition. There was a debate whether or not the cave connected to a cave on the other side of the hill where no water was observed. Khuangchera formed a torch of bamboo and explored the cave and came out the other end to prove the trail. However, Khuangchera fell sick with a serious illness a few days after. The cave remained unexplored for the next eighty years but was named after Khuangchera.<ref name=tour>{{cite web |last1=Mizoram Tourism |title=Khuangchera Puk Ailawng |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/117 |website=Mizoram Tourism |publisher=Government of Mizoram |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

==British resistance==
The British colonial administration's encroachment into the Lushai Hills during the late 19th century marked a period of heightened resistance among the Mizos. Khuangchera actively participated in efforts to thwart British advances, particularly during the Chin-Lushai military expedition of 1889-90. His expertise in guerrilla tactics and his familiarity with the rugged terrain enabled the Lushai warriors to disrupt British supply lines and communication networks, significantly slowing their progress. Khuangchera’s leadership was instrumental in uniting the Pasalthas and other local leaders against a common enemy.

Despite his strategic acumen, Khuangchera’s commitment to traditional customs occasionally created tension with his peers. For instance, his observance of Naulaihrilh, a cultural practice for parents during the post-childbirth period of rest, initially kept him from participating in the British expedition. However, his subsequent involvement in the defense of Changsil underscored his unwavering dedication to his people’s cause.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}} His ability to balance cultural responsibilities with military obligations made him a respected figure on and off the battlefield.

Reinforcements arrived from the Tlawng river under A.C. Tytler and Lieutenant R.R. Swinton. A majority of the Lushais retreated however Lieutenant R.R. Swinton was killed while leading the reinforcements.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}} The chief was annoyed by Khuangchera's absence of the sieges and thus Khuangchera assigned himself to Changsil Fort. He left with his friend Ngurbawnga with crude flint guns.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}}

==Death==
Khuangchera fought bravely against the British during [[Lushai Rising]] and the besiegment of Changsil Fort.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Khuangchera's war party however ran out of ammunition as they underestimated the British ammunition stocks.{{sfn|Nibedon|2013}} While fighting the British, his friend Ngurbawng was injured after being shot by a British soldier.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=171}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Ngurbawnga was shot in the leg. Khuangchera according to the Pasalatha code picked up Ngurbawnga to carry him.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Khuangchera's attempt to carry Ngubawng on his shoulder to take him back to the village led to a British soldier shooting him in the back.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=171}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} However Khuangchera was simply wounded. While on the ground a soldier approached him. Khuangchera took out his ''dao'' and speaking Mizo told him "kill me with my ''dao'' not with your gun". The soldier assumed Khuangchera was attempting to attack him with the ''dao'' and shot him dead at Changsil Fort. His friend Ngurbawnga soon after succumbed to his injuries. Khuangchera's death is placed between September 26-28 1890. Official records place Ngurbawnga's death in early October 1890.{{sfn|Kashyap|2022}}

Khuangchera's death spread fast. To preserve his legacy the villagers codified Khuangchera's values and wisdom into four points or sayings.{{sfn|Nibedon|2013}}
*Always build you [[jhum]] huts on the main spur of a hill lest you fall prey to the stalking beasts.
*Never attack your enemy, human or animal, just because you are not afraid of him. There's a time to attack and a time to withdraw. Though one must be proud, never let pride get the better of you.
*Never speak to anybody arrogantly. Always speak words of comfort.
*It is needless to get angry with the womenfolk whom you have overcome by nature.

==Legacy==
During the [[Mizo National Front uprising]], a battalion was named after Khuangchera and other famous Mizo pasalthas. It formed itself as part of the Dagger Brigade.{{sfn|Goswami|1979}}

Khuangchera was declared an Indian freedom fighter. However, there was controversy and opposition to this in Mizoram. The Indian government planned a ceremony in Khuangchera's native village of Ailawng in Mizoram. Opponents of the label argued that labelling Khuangchera as an Indian freedom fighter takes away from Mizo's history and his identity as a ''pasaltha''. The student bodies such as MZP and MSU issued a press release stating that Khuangchera was anti-British but did not fight for India.{{sfn|Roluahpuia|2023|p=44}} Furthermore, points were raised about many other ''pasaltha'' who resisted the British but were not included alongside Khuangchera. A boycott of the ceremony was held on 18 August 2016 at Ailawng village, where his grave stands. The students blocked the roads and protested at the airport where minister [[Rajen Gohain]] was to arrive to preside over the ceremony. As a result, Gohain cancelled the ceremony and cited he did not wish to hurt Mizo sentiments. The grave was originally built by Assam Rifles in 2010 with the epithet reading, "Duty nobly done, famous Mizo patriot, a martyr for his country, Mizo/Indian freedom fighter". The villagers of Ailawng and the Khuangchera memorial society considered erecting a new headstone and omitting the words "Mizo/Indian freedom fighter".{{sfn|Roluahpuia|2023|p=45}}

The cave Khuangchera explored is known as Khuangchera Puk.<ref name=tour/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}

*{{cite book |last1=Kashyap |first1=Samudra Gupta |title=Untold Stories of the Freedom Struggle from North-East India |date=2022 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |location=Soochna |isbn=978-93-5409-664-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xmdEAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A study in racial personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqgcAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |date=2005 |publisher=Publicans Division, Ministry of information and broadcasting |location=India |isbn=978-81-230-1309-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/culturefolkloreo00lalt/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=12 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Nibedon |first1=Nirmal |title=Mizoram: The Dagger Brigade |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=Atlanta, Georgia |isbn=978-1-935501-82-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeFKAQAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Roluahpuia |title=Nationalism in the Vernacular: State, Tribes, and Politics of Peace in Northeast India |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-009-33954-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLe9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
[[Category:1890 deaths]]

[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Pasalṭha]]

P. Kamalambal

2026-04-24T05:14:52Z

Asiaarts: created entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Kamalambal
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|3|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kancheepuram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = Mythili Thirunavukkarasu
| successor1 = [[V. Somasundaram]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''P. Sakthi Kamalambal''' (born 1939) is an [[Indian politician]] from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAMALAMBAL, P(PMK):Constituency- Kancheepuram(Kancheepuram ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/tn2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=169 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She is a former member of the Assembly representing [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] from [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency]] in Kanchi district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=PMK functionaries, cadres dismayed by father-son rift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pmk-functionaries-cadres-dismayed-by-father-son-rift/articleshow/121523688.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kancheepuram Election Result 2026: Kancheepuram MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kancheepuram-assembly-elections-tn-37/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Candidates in Kancheepuram : Kancheepuram Tamil Nadu 2006 |url=https://www.myneta.info/tn2006/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=85 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Kamalambai is from [[Kanchipuram]] town, [[Kanchipuram district]]. She married S Perumal. She studied up to Class 10 and later did Teacher Training course in 1969.

She contested and won the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kanchipuram Assembly constituency]] on PMK ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Chennai: Kancheepuram Assembly Constituency – Election Details, MLAs, Results, Candidates & Vote Share,Kancheepuram Assembly constituency, Kancheepuram MLA 2021, Tamil Nadu constituency 37, Kancheepuram election results, C V M P Ezhilarasan, Kancheepuram vote share, TN assembly elections 2026 |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=94&newsid=79371 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref> She defeated her nearest rival T Mythili of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Thirteenth Assembly 2006. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 2007. p. 77-78.</ref> She polled 81,366 votes and won by a margin of 11,284 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kancheepuram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kancheepuram-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kancheepuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kamalambal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=81,366 |percentage=47.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mythili Thirunavukkarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,082 |percentage=40.57% |change=-15.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eagambaram, S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,187 |percentage=8.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mari, G |party=Independent politician |votes=2,337 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raghavan, K. T |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,730 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,284 |percentage=6.53% |change=-9.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,72,723 |percentage=72.21% |change= 12.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,201 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamalambal, P}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]

Ram Prasad Choubey

2026-04-20T09:27:21Z

Asiaarts: created a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Prasad Choubey
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Mera Chouba Singha]]
| constituency = [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Ram Prasad Choubey''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur constituency]] in the 1952, 1957 and [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]] elections as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_ASSAM.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}</ref><ref name="AssamECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Assam_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1957-62.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1957–62 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref name=election2962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Assam Election Results, 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1962–67 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choubey, Ram Prasad}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Kalpana Ramesh

2026-04-19T11:19:55Z

Asiaarts: started first data first draft!

[[File:Kalpana Ramesh, founder of The Rainwater Project, with Pavan Santosh and Nitesh Gill during a collaboration meeting on project documentation..jpg|alt=Kalpana Ramesh, Founder of The Rainwater Project, with Pavan Santosh and Nitesh Gill during a project documentation collaboration meeting at IIIT Hyderabad.|thumb|Kalpana Ramesh, Founder of The Rainwater Project, with Pavan Santosh and Nitesh Gill during a project documentation collaboration meeting at IIIT Hyderabad.]]
'''Kalpana Ramesh''' is an [[India]]n interior and garden designer and [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]], based in [[Hyderabad]]. She is the co-founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the rainwater project, a [[social enterprise]] which helps individuals and communities with sustainable [[rainwater harvesting]], [[water conservation]] and [[Water resources|water management]]. She is known as a ‘water warrior’ for her work in water conservation. She has led initiatives Save 10K bores, Live the Lakes and Blue Hyderabad. She has also revived over 25 [[stepwell]]s in the state of [[Telangana]] with the support of the local administration and community participation.

== Work ==
Ramesh moved to Hyderabad in 2000. The city was facing a severe [[Water Crisis|water crisis]]. Local water shortages led to tankers being used to deliver chlorinated water to residential districts. Becoming interested in water self-reliance and water independence, Ramesh first tried rainwater harvesting in her own home. She used a system of nets, filters and treatments to provide water that was then clean enough to drink. Next, she successfully recycled [[Greywater|grey water]] for use in her garden. Her household became water tanker free and [[water positive]]. Ramesh convinced her housing association to try these methods too. Ramesh then aimed to scale up these methods, block by block, until it was a city-wide endeavour encouraging awareness that unless something was done the city might run out of water completely in ten years’ time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-26 |title=Ancient stepwells brought back to life as India begins to run out of water |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2026/feb/26/ancient-stepwells-brought-back-india-run-out-water-day-zero |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD-LS1EO_1w |title=The Last Mile For Water {{!}} Kalpana Ramesh {{!}} TEDxMITID |date=2018-02-28 |last=TEDx Talks |access-date=2026-03-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2015, Ramesh joined the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] the Society for Advancement of Human Endeavor (SAHE) and led their water conservation work,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://saheindia.in/about/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SAHE : Society for Advancement of Human Endeavour |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Hyderabad |url=https://saheindia.in/blue-hyderabad/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SAHE : Society for Advancement of Human Endeavour |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAVE 10K BORES - SAHE INITIATIVE |url=https://saheindia.in/save10kbores/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=SAHE : Society for Advancement of Human Endeavour |language=en-US}}</ref> becoming known as a 'water warrior'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaudium |first=The |date=2021-07-26 |title=A talk with Hyderabad's water warrior Kalpana Ramesh |url=https://www.thegaudium.com/a-talk-with-hyderabads-water-warrior-kalpana-ramesh/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=International School In Hyderabad |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water conservation champion Kalpana Ramesh throws light on 'Every Drop Matters' |url=https://sociostory.org/impact-stories/water-conservation-champion-kalpana-ramesh-throws-light-on-every-drop-matters |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=sociostory.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Kalpana Ramesh - Alliance Leaders - Women's Earth Alliance |url=https://leaders.womensearthalliance.org/leader/kalpana-ramesh/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=leaders.womensearthalliance.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

At that time there was a local endeavour to document the hundred or so stepwells of Telangana. Stepwells were built throughout India between the eleventh and eighteenth centuries, abandoned under British rule due to hygiene concerns,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Sekhar |date=2009-08-21 |title=Rainwater harvesting in India: Traditional and contemporary |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/drinking-water/rainwater-harvesting-india-traditional-and-contemporary |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=India Water Portal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadgell |first=Christopher |title=The History of Architecture in India |publisher=[[Phaidon Press]] |year=1990 |isbn=0-7148-2960-9 |location=London}}</ref> and are now often used as rubbish dumps. Ramesh and the Rainwater Project,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - therainwaterproject |url=http://therainwaterproject.com/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |language=en}}</ref> with the support of the Telangana Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, have now revived 25 stepwells so that they are sustainable water sources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abhyankar |first=Shoma |date=26 February 2026 |title=Ancient stepwells brought back to life as India begins to run out of water |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Rashmi |title=Kalpana Ramesh: The architect leading restoration of Telangana's historic stepwells |url=https://30stades.com/2022/05/06/kalpana-ramesh-rainwater-project-architect-restoration-of-telanganas-historic-stepwells-water-conservation/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=30stades.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bansilalpet Stepwell]], for example, also known as ''Nagannakunta'', is a 17th-century [[stepwell]] that was restored in 2022 by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and The Rainwater Project. Ramesh also worked with the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) for three months on a water saving campaign plan.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD-LS1EO_1w |title=The Last Mile For Water {{!}} Kalpana Ramesh {{!}} TEDxMITID |date=2018-02-28 |last=TEDx Talks |access-date=2026-03-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> After attending workshops and talking with government officials and water management specialists, Ramesh found out that ground water sources were drying up and that water shortages throughout the city were acute. Lakes in Hyderabad are the largest water catchment sites, given the amount of land given over to building and development. Ramesh thus started the ‘Live the Lakes’ initiative with SAHE by concentrating first on restoring the dead, eight-acre, Kudikunta lake, cleaning up plastic, animal waste and sewage. SAHE and Ramesh have now drawn up individual strategies for each of over 60 lakes in the Hyderabad area and, with community, government and NGO support, have formed a Lake Protection Committee. Ramesh also created the Save10KBores conservation project, encouraging over 200 families to revive their defunct boreholes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2019-04-15 |title=Kalpana Ramesh, who bats for SAHE's 'Save 10K Bores' campaign in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/planet-healers-kalpana-ramesh-who-bats-for-sahes-save-10k-bores-campaign-in-hyderabad-explains-how-rainwater-can-be-harnessed/article26842741.ece |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Tanvi |title=Harvesting water & saving lakes: Meet Hyderabad's water warrior %%page%% %%sep%% %%sitename%% |url=https://thebetterindia.com/148881/harvesting-water-saving-lakes-hyderabad/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The ‘Rainwater Project’, understanding that community awareness of the water crisis is key, encourages school students to come up with conservation ideas and also involves restaurants, theatres, and colleges in block by block rainwater harvesting, waste water saving and recycling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaudium |first=The |date=2021-07-26 |title=A talk with Hyderabad's water warrior Kalpana Ramesh |url=https://www.thegaudium.com/a-talk-with-hyderabads-water-warrior-kalpana-ramesh/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=International School In Hyderabad |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==

In 2020, Ramesh was one of the ‘Magnificent seven’ women entrusted with handling the [[Prime Minister of India]]’s social media accounts on [[International Women's Day|International Women’s Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2020 |title=Get out, work yourself: 'Mushroom Mahila' message to women |work=[[India New England News]]}}</ref>

Ramesh gained the [[Stree Shakti Puraskar|Stree Shakti]] Water Conservation Hero Award in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpana Ramesh Honoured with the "Stree Shakti Water Conservation Hero Award 2025" A Pracharam Media Initiative Led by Author & Business Coach MD Naidu Celebrates Women Who Transform India |url=https://www.prweb.in/article/308/kalpana-ramesh-honoured-with-the-stree-shakti-water-conservation-hero-award-2025-a-pracharam-media-initiative-led-by-author-business-coach-md-naidu-celebrates-women-who-transform-india |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=PRWeb.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nari Shakti Puraskar |url=https://socialwelfare.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/social-welfare/women-and-child-development/women-development-1/nari-shakti-puraskar?lgn=en |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=socialwelfare.vikaspedia.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Water management authorities in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Karong Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:34Z

Asiaarts: started the details w/ refs!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karong
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
| constituency_no = 47
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:54916}} (2022)<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| mla = [[J Kumo Sha]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
}}
'''Karong''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Senapati district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. Envey || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || K. S. Benjamin Banee || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Vio || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Benjamin Banee || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || K. S. Benjamin Banee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || L. Jonathan || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || L. Jonathan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || P. S. Henry Paotei || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || D. D. Thaisii || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Dr. V. Alexander Pao || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[D D Thaisii|D. D. Thaisii]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[J. Kumo Sha]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|34.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|58.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|23.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Samata Party}}|40.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|31.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|40.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|52.01}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. Kumo Sha]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,191 |percentage=34.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Yuh Jonathan Tao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,649 |percentage=27.65% |change=5.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khoho Siile Anthony |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,483 |percentage=21.24% |change=9.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Thaisii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,891 |percentage=11.93% |change=-19.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaiba Sanii |party=Independent politician |votes=2,102 |percentage=4.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,542 |percentage=7.18% |change=-2.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,360 |percentage=89.88% |change= 5.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,916 |change =5.01% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D D Thaisii]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,038 |percentage=31.84% |change=-10.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Yuh Jonathan Tao|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=9,745|percentage=22.10%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thaiba Sanii|party=Independent politician|votes=7,322|percentage=16.60%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Solomon Vieno|party=Independent politician|votes=6,553|percentage=14.86%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. V. Alexander Pao|party=Naga People's Front|votes=5,342|percentage=12.11%|change=-46.03%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. K. Savanai|party=Lok Janshakti Party|votes=951|percentage=2.16%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,293 |percentage=9.74% |change=-6.56% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=44,096|percentage=84.32%|change=10.19%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,295 |change =2.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -26.31% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. V. Alexander Pao |party=Naga People's Front |votes=21,891 |percentage=58.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Thaisii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,755 |percentage=41.85% |change=10.27% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,136 |percentage=16.30% |change=13.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,647 |percentage=74.13% |change= -21.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,786 |change =5.13% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Thaisii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,655 |percentage=31.58% |change=10.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Jonathan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,328 |percentage=28.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Shirang |party=Independent politician |votes=10,321 |percentage=22.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Benjamin Banee |party=Independent politician |votes=7,446 |percentage=16.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Henry Paotei |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,327 |percentage=2.86% |change=-0.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,407 |percentage=96.07% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,307 |change =9.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 7.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Henry Paotei |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=10,304 |percentage=23.81% |change=-0.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Thaisii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,000 |percentage=20.79% |change=-7.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Shirang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,125 |percentage=16.46% |change=2.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Jonathan |party=Samata Party |votes=7,090 |percentage=16.38% |change=0.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Solomon Veino |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,716 |percentage=13.21% |change=9.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Rowland |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=4,045 |percentage=9.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,304 |percentage=3.01% |change=-1.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,280 |percentage=98.00% |change= 1.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,304 |change =5.43% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Jonathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,210 |percentage=28.26% |change=2.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Henry Paotei |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=9,575 |percentage=24.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Thaisii |party=Samata Party |votes=6,340 |percentage=15.98% |change=-24.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Shirang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,405 |percentage=13.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Yuh Jonathan Tao |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,138 |percentage=7.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaikhomang Khongsai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,440 |percentage=6.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Solomon Veino |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,547 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,635 |percentage=4.12% |change=-3.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,672 |percentage=95.21% |change= -1.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,022 |change =20.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Samata Party |swing= -11.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Jonathan |party=Samata Party |votes=13,360 |percentage=40.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Rapei |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=10,712 |percentage=32.09% |change=6.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Benjamin Banee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,751 |percentage=26.22% |change=-14.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Henry |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=1.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,648 |percentage=7.93% |change=1.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,377 |percentage=96.28% |change= -0.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,913 |change =10.78% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.30% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Benjamin Banee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,272 |percentage=40.32% |change=23.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Jonathan |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,312 |percentage=33.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Vio |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,849 |percentage=25.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,960 |percentage=6.44% |change=5.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,433 |percentage=97.08% |change= 4.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,516 |change =24.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 8.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Benjamin Banee |party=Independent politician |votes=7,370 |percentage=31.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Vio |party=Independent politician |votes=7,213 |percentage=31.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Henry |party=Independent politician |votes=4,811 |percentage=20.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. R. Maki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,852 |percentage=16.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=0.68% |change=-9.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,246 |percentage=93.06% |change= 10.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,274 |change =23.64% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -4.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vio |party=Independent politician |votes=6,057 |percentage=36.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Benjamin Banee |party=Janata Party |votes=4,407 |percentage=26.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Liba |party=Independent politician |votes=3,794 |percentage=22.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Henry |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,428 |percentage=14.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,650 |percentage=9.89% |change=5.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,686 |percentage=82.99% |change= 1.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,441 |change =40.11% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -3.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Benjamin Banee |party=Independent politician |votes=4,681 |percentage=40.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vio |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=4,225 |percentage=36.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundou |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=1,354 |percentage=11.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=512 |percentage=4.39% |change=-27.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Thoiso |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=450 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Thingaleng |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=3.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=456 |percentage=3.91% |change=0.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,657 |percentage=81.47% |change= 18.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,589 |change =61.58% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -11.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Karong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Envey |party=Independent politician |votes=2,922 |percentage=52.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athikho Daiho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,747 |percentage=31.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkholam Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=2,052 |percentage=23.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taluba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,488 |percentage=17.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kongsoi Lutthui |party=Independent politician |votes=1,271 |percentage=22.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khothang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,060 |percentage=12.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lungsobo |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,004 |percentage=11.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngazak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=810 |percentage=14.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ningchui |party=Independent politician |votes=615 |percentage=10.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Demiailam |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=3.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=175 |percentage=3.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,618 |percentage=63.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,029 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Senapati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|25.3|94.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Senapati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Felix Bast

2026-04-14T08:54:46Z

Asiaarts: made

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], [[Fellow of the Linnean Society of London|FLS]]
| native_name = ഫെലിക്സ് ബാസ്റ്റ്
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Felix_Bast_AAS_2025.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Felix Bast speaking at the Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra, 2025
| caption = Felix Bast speaking at the Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra, 2025
| birth_name = Vadakke Madam Sreejith Nambissan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|27}}
| birth_place = Payyanur
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| region =
| period =
| fields = [[Phycology]] [[Taxonomy]] [[Science Communication]] [[Antarctic Biology]]
| title =
| education =
| alma_mater =  [[Kōchi University]] (Japan, PhD)
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = 
| workplaces = [[Central University of Punjab]]
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| awards = [[Inspired Teacher]] (2015), Fellow of [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]] (2022)
| website = {{URL|https://www.felixbast.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Felix Bast''', born as '''V. M. Sreejith Nambissan''' (വടക്കേ മഠം ശ്രീജിത്ത് നമ്പീശൻ), is an Indian [[phycologist]], author, and public educator based at the [[Central University of Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Felix Bast |url=https://cup.edu.in/Dr_Felix_Bast.php |website=CUP |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> He is the member of the high-profile advisory council of [[International Science Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-10-09 |title=Advisory Council members appointed to guide International Science Council advice across Asia and the Pacific |url=https://council.science/news/advisory-council-appointed-asia-pacific/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=International Science Council |language=en-US}}</ref> Paris, and has discovered seven new species of plants from [[India]] and [[Antarctica]]. He had also been inducted by the [[United Nations]] into the high-profile “[[Sustainable_Development_Goal_7|UN-SDG-7]] Reference Group” to shape international-level policy for clean and sustainable energy<ref>{{cite web |title=CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB PROFESSORS STEER UN SDG-7 REVIEW ON GLOBAL PLATFORM |url=https://www.face2news.com/news/104040-central-university-of-punjab-professors-steer-un-sdg-7-review-on-global-platform.aspx |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>.

==Early life and education==
Felix Bast was born in [[Payyannur]], Kerala, India, to the Vadakke Madam house, a [[Malayali Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Felix Bast |url=http://www.cup.edu.in/Dr_Felix_Bast.php |website=Central University of Punjab |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> He was born with the name Sreejith Vadakke Madam Nambissan and because of an inspiration from philosopher [[Voltaire]], changed it to Felix Bast in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Felix Bast |url=https://www.felixbast.com |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He attended government Boys' High School in Payyannur. Subsequently, he completed BSc in microbiology from [[Kannur University]] with the university first rank and MSc in biotechnology with First Class from the [[University of Madras]] Guindy Campus. Bast was associated with the Department of Chemical Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] as a PhD student and [[Junior Research Fellowship|CSIR-JRF]]. In 2005 he left IIT Bombay to accept the [[Monbukagakusho Scholarship|Japanese Government Doctoral Scholarship (MEXT)]] and completed PhD in Marine Biology from [[Kochi University]], [[Shikoku]], [[Japan]]. Other institutes where he took training include [[Friday Harbor Laboratories]] ([[University of Washington]], USA) and [[Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|Marine Biological Association of UK]] laboratories, Plymouth, UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Felix Bast |url=http://www.cup.edu.in/Dr_Felix_Bast.php |website=Central University of Punjab |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

== Career and research ==
Felix Bast is a full professor at the [[Central University of Punjab]], India. He also served as an expedition scientist for [[Indian Antarctic Program|Indian Antarctic Mission]] 2016-17 and conducted research at Bharati Station and Maitri Station, Antarctica. Bast authored popular science book Voyage to Antarctica detailing his experiences as part of the Indian Antarctic Mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voyage to Antarctica |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/product/voyage-to-antarctica/ |website=Vigyan Prasar |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> He served as a guest scientist at [[Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research]], [[Bremen]], Germany in 2018–19. Bast is a renowned algal taxonomist having discovered several new species from India and Antarctica. Species that he and his research team discovered include:

* ''Acetabularia jalakanyakae'' (Dasycladales): A unicellular marine green algae from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India<ref>{{cite web |title="Indian scientists discover 'mermaid' plant species"|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58240416 |website=BBC |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Bryum bharatiense]]'' (Bryaceae): A moss species from East Antarctica that survive on penguin excrements<ref>{{cite web |title="India discovers new plant species in Antarctica"|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57732014 |website=BBC |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* ''Hypnea indica'' (Hypneaceae): A marine red alga from Tamil Nadu, India<ref>{{cite web |title="New species of red algae seen in west, south east Indian coast" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-species-of-red-algae-seen-in-west-south-east-indian-coast/article34178566.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
* ''Hypnea bullata'' (Hypneaceae): A marine red alga from Gujarat, India<ref>{{cite web |title="New species of red algae seen in west, south east Indian coast" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-species-of-red-algae-seen-in-west-south-east-indian-coast/article34178566.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Ulva paschima]]'' (Ulvaceae): A marine green alga from Indian West Coast<ref>{{cite web |title="Beneficial algal species discovered" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/beneficial-algal-species-discovered/article6857202.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* ''Ulva uniseriata'' (Ulvaceae): A marine green alga from West Bengal, India<ref>{{cite web |title="Central University team discovers new species of green algae"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/central-university-team-discovers-new-species-of-green-algae-to-explore-use-in-anti-cancer-compound/articleshow/64863401.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* ''Cladophora goensis'' (Cladophorales): A marine green alga from Goa, India<ref>{{cite web |title="Cladophora goensis"|url=https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=161550 |website=AlgaeBase |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

In addition, he is the taxonomic authority of ''[[Monostroma kuroshiense]]'', one of the extensively cultivated edible green algae in the Kuroshio coasts of southern Japan.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} As of 2023 nine research scholars have been awarded with PhD degrees under his supervision, and he served as Principal Investigator for 15 research grants with a combined amount of INR 2.13 [[Crore]].

In 2025, Bast was appointed to a new ISC Advisory Council, which was created for the Regional Focal Point for Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Felix Bast |url=https://council.science/profile/felix-bast/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=International Science Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-17 |title=Central University of Punjab’s faculty Prof. Felix Bast elected into International Science Council Advisory Council |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/central-university-of-punjabs-faculty-prof-felix-bast-elected-into-international-science-council-advisory-council |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Cityairnews |language=en}}</ref>

==Other activities==
* Bast founded Young Academy of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Young Academy of India |url=https://sites.google.com/view/yai-home/about|website=YAI |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> and its nation-wide ideological matchmaking program MentX.<ref>{{cite web |title="Story of MentX — India's first ideological matchmaking program"|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/indian-scenario/story-of-mentx-indias-first-ideological-matchmaking-program |website=IndiaBioscience |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> Young Academy of India is one of the largest young academies in the world, with over 15,000 active members. The YAI is a member organization of the [[International Science Council]]. At present, Bast is serving as the President of the YAI.
* Bast is a known Science Communicator in India, with frequent contributions in Resonance, Science Reporter, The Hindu and so on.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Science Forum |url=https://worldscienceforum.org/participants/bast-felix-36155 |website=WSF |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917045609/https://worldscienceforum.org/participants/bast-felix-36155 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also releases an award-winning monthly science show called Curiosity through his YouTube Channel-one of the most popular yet non-monetized science-based channels from India.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Science Forum |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHHG6H0iF6LZLJQiUnwQcZg |website=YouTube |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
* Bast is involved with [[SWAYAM]], a flagship [[Massive open online course|online education program]] of the [[Government of India]] as a coordinator of a post-graduate level course "Biostatistics and Mathematical Biology". In 2020, this course was ranked as the 7th best MOOC in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/modules-by-2-central-varsity-teachers-in-global-top-10/articleshow/73819694.cms |website=Times of India |date=February 2020 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> As of 2023, the course had over 13,000 enrollees.

==Recognition==
Bast is an elected fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]], the most prestigious society for taxonomists in the world. Bast is a member and expert panellist of the [[International Science Council]], Paris- an apex body of science academies in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Felix Bast |url=http://www.cup.edu.in/Dr_Felix_Bast.php |website=Central University of Punjab |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> In 2023 he was elected into International Science Council's Asia Pacific Focal Point as a member of advisory council. In 2022, he has become an expert member of [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]. He served as an in-residence intern with the [[President of India]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi in 2015 and received [[Inspired Teacher]] recognition- the highest recognition for university faculty in the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Stay at Rashtrapati Bhavan an inspiration, say teachers" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/stay-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-an-inspiration-say-teachers/ |website=Indian Express |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> Other recognitions include:
Teaching Innovator Award from Ministry of Education, Government of India in 2019<ref>{{cite web|title="Felix Bast"|url=http://www.cup.edu.in/CV/2020/botany/Resume%20(1).docx%20(1).pdf|website=Central University of Punjab|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818060209/http://www.cup.edu.in/CV/2020/botany/Resume%20%281%29.docx%20%281%29.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
DST Inspire Faculty Award from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India,<ref>{{cite web|title="Felix Bast"|url=http://www.cup.edu.in/CV/2020/botany/Resume%20(1).docx%20(1).pdf|website=Central University of Punjab|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818060209/http://www.cup.edu.in/CV/2020/botany/Resume%20(1).docx%20(1).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
NAM-Leibniz Guest scientist award 2018 to do sabbatical at Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Leibniz-ZMT |url=https://www.leibniz-zmt.de/en/news-at-zmt/news/news-archive/new-nam-fellows-at-zmt.html%EF%BB%BF |website=Leibniz-ZMT |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
and Elected as national core committee representative of Indian National Young Academy of Sciences, New Delhi (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title="INYAS" |url=https://inyas.in/congratulations-to-inyas-core-committee-member-felix-bast-and-inyas-member-paramdeep-singh/ |website=INYAS |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624093457/https://inyas.in/congratulations-to-inyas-core-committee-member-felix-bast-and-inyas-member-paramdeep-singh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2025, Bast has been inducted by the [[United Nations]] into the high-profile “[[Sustainable_Development_Goal_7|UN-SDG-7]] Reference Group” to shape international-level policy for clean and sustainable energy<ref>{{cite web |title=CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB PROFESSORS STEER UN SDG-7 REVIEW ON GLOBAL PLATFORM |url=https://www.face2news.com/news/104040-central-university-of-punjab-professors-steer-un-sdg-7-review-on-global-platform.aspx |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>.

==Bibliography==
As of 2026, Bast authored 7 books:

# Bast F (2024) അന്റാർട്ടിക്കൻ പര്യടനം ("Antarttikkan Paryatanam" in Malayalam). {{ISBN|978-93-6100-560-2}}
# Bast F (2023) Biostatistics and Mathematical Biology. {{ISBN|978-93-5606-626-7}}
# Bast F (2022) Life Skills: A Manual of Critical Thinking and Soft Skills. {{ISBN|978-1-63640-637-4}}
# Bast F (2022) Trees of Ramayana. {{ISBN|978-93-91734-67-1}}
# Bast F (2015) Voyage to Antarctica. {{ISBN|978-81-7480-312-2}}
# Bast F (2015) The Arctic Circle: Six remarkable short stories for the young adults covering the crux of personal productivity. {{ISBN|979-8-4828-0960-0}}
# Bast F (2014) Creatures of India: guide to animals in India with up-to-date systematics. {{ISBN|978-93-81274-48-4}}

As per Google Scholar,<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=kY3reb8AAAAJ |website=Google Scholar |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> he has authored 137 scholarly articles.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bast, Felix}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kochi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]

Sapthamashree Thaskaraha

2026-04-08T10:47:32Z

Asiaarts: added

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sapthamashree Thaskaraha
| image = Sapthamashree Thaskaraha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| producer = [[Santosh Sivan]] Shaji Nadesan [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] [[Joy Mathew]] [[Neeraj Madhav]] [[Reenu Mathews]] [[Sanusha]] [[Sudheer Karamana]] [[Anu Joseph]] [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| writer = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon
| music = {{Plain list|
* [[Rex Vijayan]] {{Small|(Songs)}}
* [[Sushin Shyam]] {{Small|(Score)}}
}}
| cinematography = [[Jayesh Nair]]
| editing = Manoj Kannoth
| studio = August Cinema
| distributor = August Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|06|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/angry-babies-in-love.html|title=Angry Babies In Love|work=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Sapthamashree Thaskaraha |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sapthamashree-thaskaraha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zoti4mtk |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|197 million}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/malayalam-cinema-2014-boxoffice-talk/|title = Malayalam Cinema 2014 a Boxoffice Talk|date = 29 December 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sapthamashree Thaskaraha''''' ({{translation}} ''Seven Good Thieves'') is a 2014 Malayalam-language [[heist film|heist]] [[comedy film]] directed and written by [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Reenu-Mathews-will-play-Prithvirajs-wife-in-Sapthama-Sree-Thaskaraha/articleshow/35390910.cms|title=Reenu Mathews will play Prithviraj's wife in Sapthama Sree Thaskaraha|work=The Times of India|date=21 May 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Neeraj Madhav]], Salam Bukhari, [[Reenu Mathews]],<ref name="The Times of India"/> [[Sanusha]], [[Joy Mathew]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Reenu-kicked-about-Prithvirajs-next/articleshow/35716969.cms|title=Reenu kicked about Prithviraj's next|work=The Times of India|date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]] and Flower Battsetseg.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mongolian-circus-artiste-makes-it-to-Mollywood/articleshow/34835403.cms|title=Mongolian circus artiste makes it to Mollywood|work=The Times of India|date=9 May 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> The film is produced by Prithviraj, [[Santosh Sivan]] and Shaji Nadesan under August Cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Prithviraj-to-produce-Sapthama-Sree-Thaskaraha/articleshow/33821658.cms|title=Prithviraj to produce Sapthama Sree Thaskaraha|work=The Times of India|date=16 April 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> ''Sapthamashree Thaskaraha'' has cinematography by Jayesh Nair and music composed by Rex Vijayan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Crooks-of-Honour/2014/09/04/article2413040.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907193447/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Crooks-of-Honour/2014/09/04/article2413040.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2014|title=Crooks of Honour|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> The film released on 6 September 2014 to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|title='Sapthamashree Thaskaraha' Review Round up: Opens to Positive Reviews|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sapthamashree-thaskaraha-review-round-opens-positive-reviews-608535|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=6 September 2014}}</ref> It led in the box office collections among the [[Onam]] releases and was deemed a blockbuster.<ref name="SBO">{{cite web|title=Mixed bag of fortunes for Mollywood in Onam season|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mixed-bag-of-fortunes-for-mollywood-in-onam-season/article6431187.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 September 2014}}</ref> The film became the second highest grossing Malayalam movie of 2014, behind [[Bangalore Days]].

== Plot ==
The film is set in [[Thrissur]] and starts off with Martin, a famous thief in [[Koorkenchery|Koorkancheri]], confessing to a priest in a church (St Francis Xavier Church Karanchira), explaining his past. Martin gets arrested for stealing from a [[Hindu temple]], while his accomplice Geevarghese escapes. He is sent to [[Central Prison Viyyoor]] near [[Viyyoor]] and meets 6 other people who had been arrested in: Narayankutty, an electronic shop owner arrested for giving a hidden camera in a soap box to 2 people, who used them in a hotel bathroom; Nobelettan, a rich, humble and famous businessman, Who is the founder and managing director of a [[chit fund]] company, cheated by Pius Matthew, a local politician and [[councillor]], and his younger brother, Christo, which cost his son's life; Shabbab who beats up his visa provider who had busted him in a jail at [[Dubai]] for 10 months; Vasu [[also known as|aka]] Leaf Vasu, the former hitman of Pius, after a [[Crowbar (tool)|crowbar]] fell on his head he suffered a [[mental disorder]]; Salam, a circus magician, arrested for beating up some irritating audience; and Krishnanunni, a bank employee, whose wife Sarah was killed in a car accident after she was harassed and body shamed by Pius, who had abused her after she got cheated. After they were released, the seven of them planned to steal money from a safe in the charity hospital where Pius and his brothers had kept their money.

After they were released, they sought the help of Annamma, Nobelettan's daughter and a nurse at Pius' hospital, for installing spy cameras which was made by Narayankutty there. After finding the exact location of the safe, Krishnanunni found out that the safe can be only unlocked with 3 keys through the safe blueprint, each of them with Pius, Christo and Franko. For that, the gang planned of making a duplicate of those 3 keys by imprinting the keys onto a soap piece. They found out that Christo had kept his key in a glass [[Cabinet (furniture)|cabinet]], Pius carried the key on a chain, and Franko had it in his car.

After successfully distracting them and getting the key imprints, Krishnanunni planned to do the heist during a festival. That night, he told Leaf Vasu to put [[fireworks]] in the sewage tank of the charity hospital, which gave them access to the back of the hospital. He told Annamma to cut off the main supply so that they could get access to the room where the safe is, through the exhaust fan. After successfully getting to the room, they unlocked the safe. What they didn't know was the safe was connected to an alarm, which alerted the three of them. They chased the sewage trucks where they had put the money, but failing. The gang meet up on the side of the road, but Krishnanunni is missing. It is revealed that Krishnanunni had gone off with the money.

The story comes back to the present, where Martin was explaining his story to the priest. He explained that the gang had searched for Krishnanunni, but they were surprised to see another person with the same name. After some days, each of them from the gang got a box with solar panels on the top. When they opened it, they found the money given as a share by Krishnanunni for the heist, later crying in joy. Then it is revealed that the Krishnanunni who helped them in the heist was actually a con man. He is then shown in Trivandrum, having taken a new identity, completely different from his Krishnanunni one. He prepares to sell [[2013 Kerala solar panel scam|solar panels]] to a group of politicians and businessmen, thus beginning a newer, larger con.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Krishnanunni (fake) / Unnamed Con Man
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Shabab
* [[Reenu Mathews]] as Sarah, Krishnanunni's wife
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Noble Ettan
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Martin
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Pious Mathew
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Narayankutty
* Salam Bukhari as Salam
* [[Sanusha]] as Annamma
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Leaf Vasu
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as Franco Mathew
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Christo Mathew
* [[Anu Joseph]] as Nancy Mathew
* [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] as Priest
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Xavier
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as thief
* [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep]] as thief
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Geevarghese
* Rema Devi as Sarah's mother
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as the real Krishnanunni (Cameo appearance)
* [[Veena]] as Chinnamma
* Shobha Singh as Rosey
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Locksmith
* [[Lishoy]] as Superintendent Alexander
* Vijayan Peringod as Vydhyarettan
* [[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Nobel's son
* Sudharaman as Cleetus's helper
* Francis as Franko's Helper
* [[Raj Kalesh]] as Circus Announcer
* Eswar Iyer as Sarah's father
* Ranjitha as office lady
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as a hotel boy
* Thanseer as sexton
* Balan Thrissur as Jayan, Security officer
* Anil as Babu
* Ambili as Babu's wife
* Nimisha Thilakan as Channel reporter
* [[Rebecca Santhosh]] (uncredited role)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kaliveedu-serial-actress-rebecca-santhosh-open-up-about-her-love-story-video-goes-viral-085601.html|title='വെള്ളത്തിൽപ്പോയ കൊലുസ് മുങ്ങിയെടുത്ത് തന്നു, അന്ന് ശ്രദ്ധിച്ച് തുടങ്ങി, പിന്നെ പ്രപ്പോസ് ചെയ്തു'; റെബേക്ക|first=Ranjina|last=P|date=24 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022|work=Filmibeat|language=ml}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Production==
[[Nyla Usha]] was earlier roped in to play the female lead but due to certain date issues, she was replaced by Reenu Mathews, who was reported to "shed her simple housewife image" in this film.<ref name="The Times of India"/> Anil had reworked on the script, due to which Sreenath Bhasi was replaced by Neeraj Madhav.<ref name="The Times of India"/> A Mongolian circus artiste, Flower Battsetseg, was signed to play a pivotal role in the film.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> [[Sanusha]] stated that she played a nurse called Annamma in the film, which she was a bold and mature role, for which she would be sporting a no makeup look.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Sanusha-goes-de-glam-in-Sapthama-Sree-Thaskaraha/articleshow/35727616.cms|title=Sanusha goes de-glam in Sapthama Sree Thaskaraha|work=The Times of India|date=30 May 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref>

==Music==
The songs of the film was composed by [[Rex Vijayan]] and the film score was composed by [[Sushin Shyam]] who marked his debut as a film composer.
{{Infobox album
| name = Sapthamashree Thaskaraha
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 August 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:56
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Rex Vijayan
| prev_title = [[North 24 Kaatham]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Sapthamashree Thaskaraha – Original motion picture soundtrack<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sapthamashree-thaskaraha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/913478253|title=Sapthamashree Thaskaraha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Rex Vijayan|date=26 August 2014}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:56
| title1 = Kayethum Doorathu
| extra1 = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Naam Onnayi
| extra2 = Saju Sreenivas
| lyrics2 = Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Sapthamashree Thaskaraha
| extra3 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| lyrics3 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = Thaane Pookkum
| extra4 = [[Job Kurian]], [[Saptaparna Chakraborty]]
| lyrics4 = Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan
| length4 = 4:04
}}

==Critical reception==
''The Times of India'' gave a rating of 7.5/10, and stated "This is one film that is not going to disappoint for there is an energy that is infectious."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Sapthamahsree-Thaskaraha/movie-review/42006699.cms|title=Sapthamahsree thaskaraha movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India|work=The Times of India|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3982468}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]

Praveen Kumar (police officer)

2026-03-29T04:28:47Z

Asiaarts: created biography

{{Short description|Indian IPS officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Praveen Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| deputy =
| predecessor1 = [[Rahul Rasgotra]]
| successor1 = [[Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor]]
| term_start1 = 1 October 2025
| term_end1 = 14 January 2025
| predecessor = Daljit Singh Chaudhary
| successor =
| term_start = 1 December 2025
| term_end =
| office = [[Director General of the Border Security Force|Director General]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITBP chief Praveen Kumar gets additional charge of BSF director general|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/itbp-chief-praveen-kumar-gets-additional-charge-of-bsf-director-general-101764312094619.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 November 2025|access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref> of [[Border Security Force]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|09|05}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=21 September 2025|website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| alma_mater =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| service_years = 1993 - present
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director general of police|Director General]]
| department = [[ West Bengal Police]] [[File:ITBP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] [[File:BSF Flag.svg|25px]] [[Border Security Force]]
}}
}}
'''Praveen Kumar''' (born 5 September 1970) is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (1993 Batch) of the [[West Bengal]] cadre. He has been serving as the [[Director General of Police|Director General]] (DG) of the [[Border Security Force]] since 1 December 2025 and has served as the former [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praveen Kumar gets appointed as Director General of lndo-Tibetan Border Police|work=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/praveen-kumar-appointed-as-director-general-of-lndo-tibetan-border-police/articleshow/124003132.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet approves appointments of new director generals of ITBP, CISF|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-approves-appointments-of-new-director-generals-of-itbp-cisf-101758308438785.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Praveer Ranjan appointed as chief of CISF; Praveen Kumar as Director General of lndo-Tibetan Border Police|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/praveer-ranjan-appointed-as-chief-of-cisf-praveen-kumar-as-director-general-of-lndo-tibetan-border-police-11758302420046.html|publisher=Mint|date=19 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is IPS Praveen Kumar? Newly Appointed Director General of Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Explained
|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ips-praveen-kumar-itbp-director-general-appointment-146258/|publisher=Indian Masterminds|date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली में बड़ा प्रशासनिक फेरबदल, प्रवीण कुमार ITBP और प्रवीर रंजन CISF के DG नियुक्त
|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-ips-praveen-kumar-appointed-itbp-dg-praveer-ranjan-cisf-dg-24053576.html|publisher=Jagran|date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Praveen}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}

Epashuhaat

2026-03-26T07:56:31Z

Asiaarts: stub

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = epashuhaat (India)
|nativename = इपशुहाट
|seal = Emblem_of_India.svg
|seal_width = 70px
|seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}}[[Republic of India]]
|headquarters = [[Krishi Bhawan]] Dr.Rajendra Prasad Road [[New Delhi]]
|minister1_name = [[Giriraj Singh]]
|minister1_pfo = [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
|website = {{URL|http://epashuhaat.gov.in}}
}}
'''e - Pashu Haat'''<ref name="[[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]">{{cite web|url=http://epashuhaat.gov.in/|title=epashuhaat|publisher=Govt of India|accessdate=Nov 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Press">{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/radha-mohan-singh-launches-e-pashuhaat-portal/articleshow/55640936.cms|title=epashuhaat launch|publisher=Nav Bharat Times|accessdate=Nov 26, 2016}}</ref> is a [[web portal]] launched by the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]], Government of India, under the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DADF) to boost dairy productivity in India by organizing the [[livestock]] market. The portal allows farmers and entrepreneurs find information about [[bovine]] animals, buy or sell livestock, [[frozen semen]] and embryos. It also helps them to check information on feed and [[fodder]] and manage the transportation of animals once a purchase is made.<ref name="PTI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8114855_Govt-to-soon-launch-e-pashu-haat.html|title=epashuhaat objectives|publisher=PTI News|accessdate=Nov 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CNBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/e-pashu-haat/|title=epashuhaat objectives|publisher=CNBC Money Control|accessdate=Nov 24, 2016}}</ref> A multi-channel communication system, via, video, email, SMS, audio and chat is available to let interested stakeholders, including buyers and sellers communicate.

==History==

The portal was launched on November 26, 2016. It is a part of the [[Narendra Modi]]-led NDA government's ‘National Mission on Bovine Productivity’ for which Rs 825 [[crore]] of funds have been allocated.

==Features==
The portal is easily accessible; no login is required to check information. However, for making any transaction, a prior registration is mandated. Sellers can create an account, upload the details of the animals, including images, edit those, and provide other relevant information along with their complete address so that buyers can easily reach out to them. After submitting the details, they need to bring the animals at Germ Plasm Market Place for public view.

==Services==

There is a host of services on sale. Interested buyers can apply for them after a successful online payment. List of services is as follows:
*Training
*Animal Certificates Services
*Certification Verification Services
*Nutritional advisory service
*Good care practice
*Health Card Services
*Fodder Services
*SMS reminder services
*Disease Screening and Testing
*Mail reminder services

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian agricultural websites]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India]]
[[Category:Government-owned websites of India]]
[[Category:E-agriculture]]

Cynthia Farrar

2026-03-25T12:39:56Z

Asiaarts: info

{{Short description|Cristian missionary, teacher in Ahemadnagar, India}}
'''Cynthia Farrar''' (April 20, 1795, [[Marlborough, New Hampshire]] – January 25, 1862, [[Ahmednagar]], [[India]]) was a Christian missionary from the [[United States of America]]. She was a teacher and founded girls' schools in [[Bombay]] and Ahmednagar. She was one of the first single American women recruited as a missionary to work and live abroad. In 1848 [[Jyotiba Phule]] visited her school in Ahemadnagar and was inspired to open a school for girls in Poona (Now [[Pune]]). It was first ever school for girls founded and run by an Indian. Later Phule enrolled his wife [[Savitribai Phule]] in Farrar's school for a course of teacher training.

==Early life==

Farrar was the daughter of Phinehas Farrar, a farmer, and Abigail Stone. At age 15, she joined the Congregational Church in Marborough, New Hampshire. She taught school in Marlborough and [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref>Lindley, Susan Hill ad Stebner, Eleanor J. ''The Westminster Handbook to Women In American Religious History'' Westminster: John Knox Press, 2005, p. 74</ref>

==Missionary to India==

In 1826, the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Mission of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] requested that a single female missionary be sent to [[Bombay, India]] to direct schools for girls there, thus relieving the wives of male missionaries of the task. The American Board and other American missionary societies had previously been reluctant to send single women missionaries abroad, but recruited Farrar for the position of Superintendent of Girls' Schools. She departed the U.S. from Boston on June 5, 1827, as part of a missionary group bound for India. She arrived in Bombay and assumed her duties on December 29, 1827. Despite opposition from some [[Indian people|Indian]]s to educating females, by 1829 Farrar's schools enrolled more than 400 Indian girls.<ref>James, Edward T. James, Janet Wilson, and Boyer, Paul S. ''Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary,'' Volume 2, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 600-601</ref>

Farrar took a two-year furlough to the United States in 1837-1838 for health reasons. In 1839, she returned to India and was transferred to Ahmednagar to organize and direct schools for girls there. An Indian friend, Jyotiba Phule, visited the school and was inspired to open a school for girls in Poona (now [[Pune]]). Among Farrar's students was Savitribai Phule, a pioneering Indian feminist and educator. Savitribai enrolled in an education and teacher training program and later began teaching small group of girls with the help of Farrar. Farrar lived and worked in Ahmednagar until her death in 1862.<ref>James, et al, pp. 600-601</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Who was Fatima Sheikh: India's oft-forgotten feminist icon|date=9 January 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-fatima-sheikh-indias-forgotten-feminist-icon-8371155/ }}</ref>

==Legacy==

Farrar is often cited as the first single American woman to be sent overseas as a missionary.<ref>James, et al, pp. 600-601</ref> Actually, she was preceded by [[Charlotte White]] in India and [[Betsey Stockton]] in Hawaii, but Farrar was the first unmarried American woman to be recruited as a missionary for her abilities and qualifications and the first to spend most of her life as a missionary.

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farrar, Cynthia}}
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Marlborough, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:American Congregationalist missionaries]]
[[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American missionary educators]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]

Bir Singh Judeo

2026-03-25T10:45:23Z

Asiaarts: made

{{Short description|Maharaja of Samthar from 1896–1935}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''HH Maharaja Sir Bir Singh Judeo Bahadur''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |date=1939 |publisher=Manager of Publications. |pages=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaBCAAAAIAAJ&q=Sir+Bir+Singh+ju+deo |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> (1864 - 1936) was a ruler of [[Samthar State]] from 17 Jun 1896 – 9 Oct 1935, when he abdicated throne due to old age in favour of his son [[Radha Charan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunce |first=Fredrick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfjVAAAAMAAJ&q=bir+singh+judeo+rajput |title=Royal Palaces, Residences, and Pavilions of India: 13th Through 18th Centuries : an Iconographic Consideration |date=2006 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0356-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=James |first1=Burgess |last2=Shepherd |first2=Charles |last3=Bourne |first3=Samuel |date= |title=Vir Singh Deo's Palace |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-168269 |journal=Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana |language=en}}</ref> He was knighted KCIE on 3 Jun 1915.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Records |first1=India Office Library and |last2=Rohatgi |first2=Pauline |title=Portraits in the India Office Library and Records |date=1983 |publisher=British Library |isbn=978-0-7123-0015-5 |pages=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hUaAAAAIAAJ&q=samthar+bir+singh |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The India Office and Burma Office List .... |date=1920 |publisher=Harrison and sons, Limited |pages=163,188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdEAQAAIAAJ&q=samthar+bir+singh |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Samthar State]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Shariful Haque Dalim

2026-03-22T07:31:43Z

Asiaarts: small changes

{{Short description|Bangladeshi retired army officer and freedom fighter (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shariful Haque Dalim
| native_name = {{no bold|শরিফুল হক ডালিম}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|02|02|df=y}}<ref name=Dalim />
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name=Dalim />
| module = {{Infobox criminal
|child = yes
|criminal_charge = [[Murder]]
| conviction_status = Self-imposed [[exile]]; Subject of arrest warrant by the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]]
| sentence = Sentenced to [[death sentence|death]] in the [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Sheikh Mujib assassination case]] and [[life imprisonment]] in the [[1975 Jail Killing|Jail Killing case]]
| wanted_by = [[Government of Bangladesh]]
}}
| nationality = {{ubl|[[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px|link=British Raj]] [[British Raj]] (1946–1947|{{PAK}} (1947–1971)|{{BAN}} (from 1971)}}
| rank = [[Lieutenant colonel]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Pakistan}} {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| serviceyears = 1967–1976
| branch = {{Air force|Pakistan}} {{army|Pakistan}} {{army|Bangladesh}}
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
| commands = *Company Commander of Bengal Lancers
*Sub-Commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector - I]]
| image =
| caption =
| spouse = {{marriage|Nimmi Chowdhury||2005|end=died}}
| awards = [[Bir Uttom]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.molwa.gov.bd/site/page/3f3b7628-3ac7-4927-bf6f-c9203fae601f/Bir-Uttam |title=Bangladesh Gazette of 15 December, 1973; Ministry of Liberation War Affairs |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001195814/http://www.molwa.gov.bd/site/page/3f3b7628-3ac7-4927-bf6f-c9203fae601f/Bir-Uttam}}</ref>
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Bir Uttom|BU]]
| office2 = [[Bangladesh–China relations|Bangladesh High Commissioner to Hong Kong]]
| president2 = {{ubl|[[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]|[[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]}}
| primeminister2 = {{ubl|[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]|[[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]}}
| term_start2 = 1982
| term_end2 = 1988
| office1 = [[Bangladesh–Kenya relations|Bangladesh High Commissioner to Kenya]]
| president1 = {{ubl|[[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]|[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]}}
| primeminister1 = {{ubl|[[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]}}
| term_start1 = 1988
| term_end1 = 1995
| children = 1
| known_for = [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|15 August 1975 coup d'état]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]] [[United Nations Operation in Somalia I|UNOSOM I]]
| parents = [[Shamsul Haque (Dhaka politician)|Shamsul Haque]]
}}

'''Shariful Haque Dalim''' ({{langx|bn|শরিফুল হক ডালিম}}; born 2 February 1946)<ref name="md">{{cite web |title=Life sketch - Ambassador Lt. Col. (Retd) Shariful Haq Dalim BU |url=http://www.majordalimbu.com/Lifesketch.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027021321/http://www.majordalimbu.com/Lifesketch.htm |archive-date=27 October 2016 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=}}</ref> popularly known as '''Major Dalim''', is a retired army officer of [[Bangladesh Army]] and a diplomat.<ref>{{cite news |author=Salil Tripathi |date=19 November 2014 |title=Of course, we killed him ... he had to go |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/nov/19/%E2%80%98-course-we-killed-him-he-had-go%E2%80%99 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152626/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/nov/19/%E2%80%98-course-we-killed-him-he-had-go%E2%80%99 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was convicted for his part in the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheik Mujib Gets Total Authority Over Bangladesh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 January 1975 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133238/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maniruzzaman |first=Talukder |date=1975 |title=Bangladesh: An Unfinished Revolution? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054506 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=891–911 |doi=10.2307/2054506 |jstor=2054506 |s2cid=154434833 |issn=0021-9118 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119033236/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054506 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Early life==

Dalim was born in [[Dacca]] at [[Bengal Presidency]] of British India to [[Shamsul Haque (Dhaka politician)|Shamsul Haque]] a textile businessman and former [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|member of parliament]] for [[Dhaka-11]] in the [[Ziaur Rahman ministry]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Education ==
Dalim enlisted to [[Pakistan Air Force Academy]] in [[Risalpur]] of then [[West Pakistan]] on 1964 after finishing high school. His training was halted soon after the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]. After war, Dalim was instead sent back to [[Pakistan Military Academy]] to complete his military training. He was then again commissioned with the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] in 1967 in the rank of [[second lieutenant]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Career==

=== Military ===
On 1971, Dalim was in West Pakistan and opted to enter India to join the [[Mukti Bahini]] in [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. After his defection he served as the [[Aide-de-camp]] to commander of [[Z Force (Bangladesh)|Z Force]] lieutenant colonel [[Ziaur Rahman]]. In acknowledgment of his role and contributions, he was awarded the title of [[Bir Uttom]] and was promoted to the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]].<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |url= |title=Ekattorer Birjoddha, Khetab Pawa Muktijoddhader Birtogatha (Second Volume) |date=March 2013 |publisher=Prothoma Prokashon |isbn=9789849025375 |location= |page=62 |access-date=}}</ref>

After the independence of Bangladesh however, Dalim while serving as squadron commander for the Bengal Lancers was dismissed due to breach of discipline in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ashutosh |date=19 November 2009 |title=Farooq's confession |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/farooqs-confession-1269634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140458/http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/farooqs-confession-1269634 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

=== Diplomatic ===
In 1976, he was sent as a diplomat to China after being assigned to the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]. Dalim voluntarily retires from army the same year for enlisting with the foreign affairs ministry.<ref name="md" /> On 1980, he joined the London High Commission under orchestration of high commissioner [[Fakhruddin Ahmed (secretary)|Fakhruddin Ahmed]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Syed Muazzem |author-link=Syed Muazzem Ali |date=2 November 2005 |title=Fakhruddin Ahmed: Some recollections |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/11/02/d511021502115.htm |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> In 1982, he served as high commissioner for Hong Kong and then ambassador for Kenya six years later.<ref name="md" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Consuls General |url=https://www.bangladeshconsulate.hk/former-consuls-general/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Consulate General of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Hong Kong |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} New [https://hongkong.mofa.gov.bd/ govt site]</ref> At the same time he was given charge of [[Tanzania]] and also permanent representative of Bangladesh to [[UNEP]] and [[HABITAT]].<ref name="md" /> He also held the special responsibility of overall supervision of the army personnel to be sent as part of the [[United Nations Peacekeeping]] Force during the war in [[Somalia]]. He retired from government service in 1995.<ref name="md" />

== Coup d'états ==

=== 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état ===
{{main|15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
Dalim, along with a few other officers of the army including major [[Syed Faruque Rahman]] and major [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid]], planned a coup which took place on 15 August 1975. He was asked to lead the attack on [[Dhanmondi 32]] but he refused to do so. He was then given charge of the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment proxying major Rashid. As the coup was taking place, Dalim took control of [[Bangladesh Betar]] Radio station and made an announcement stating,
{{Blockquote|I am Major Dalim speaking; autocrat [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] has been killed. The army led by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad has taken over power. [[Curfew]] has been declared.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalim goes on air |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/dalim-goes-air-1270015 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109220658/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/dalim-goes-air-1270015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
During the speech, he also unofficially announced the proclamation of an Islamic Republic. However, this would later be ignored.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |title=Bangladesh: a legacy of blood |date=1986 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-39420-5 |location=London}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Brigade]] Commander Brigadier [[Quazi Golam Dastgir]] immediately phoned the radio station and ordered them not to broadcast Dalim's announcement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Hafiz Uddin |title=১৫ আগস্ট হত্যাকাণ্ডের পর সেনানিবাসে কী ঘটেছিল |trans-title=What happened in the cantonment after the August 15 massacre |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/aosiv3uhki |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

After the coup, [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] succeeded him as the president. The new president declared [[martial law]] and passed the 1975 [[Indemnity Act, Bangladesh|Indemnity Act]] which provided legal protection to those involved in the coup.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 August 2016 |title=Shame darker than the night |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/shame-darker-the-night-1270021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012093200/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/shame-darker-the-night-1270021 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalim |first1=Shariful Haq |title=Bangladesh, Untold Facts |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=Jumhoori Publications |isbn=978-9699739408 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shahriar's confession |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/shahriars-confession-1269637 |work=The Daily Star |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141003/http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/shahriars-confession-1269637 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the killing of then president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975, he was reinstated in [[Bangladesh Army]] and promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]] and served in the [[Armed Forces Division]] for a brief time.

=== 3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état ===
{{Main|3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état}}

During the initial stages of [[Khaled Mosharraf|Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf]]'s coup, Dalim and [[S. H. M. B. Noor Chowdhury|Lt. Colonel Noor]] went over to the cantonment to surrender.<ref name=":0" /> They also negotiated with [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad|President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed]] on behalf of General Musharraf and Dalim personally tried to convince retired [[M. A. G. Osmani|General Osmani]] and [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid|Lt. Colonel Rashid]] to surrender. Eventually, he convinced General Musharraf and [[Shafaat Jamil|Colonel Shafaat Jamil]] to accept a deal wherein all 17 men who planned Mujib's assassination, including Dalim, would go into exile.<ref name=":0" />

== Exiled life ==
In 1996, the [[Awami League]] government, led by Mujib's daughter [[Sheikh Hasina]] began prosecution process for the case. Dalim was again demoted and listed as dismissed by contrast to retirement from the army. He was sentenced to death [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Col Jamil involved, Khaled Mosharraf key plotter' |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangabandhu-appeals/2009/11/01/col-jamil-involved-khaled-mosharraf-key-plotter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084828/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangabandhu-appeals/2009/11/01/col-jamil-involved-khaled-mosharraf-key-plotter |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=[[bdnews24.com]]}}</ref> According to some reports, he lived in [[Pakistan]] on a [[Kenyan passport]] and had business interests in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2009 |title=Where are they? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/where-are-they-1269625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223337/http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/where-are-they-1269625 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |work=The Daily Star |quote=Dalim lives in Pakistan and often travels to Libya, in particular Benghazi... Wali-ur Rehman said Dalim has business in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, and some other African countries. He even has managed a Kenyan passport.}}</ref>

=== Public appearance ===
Shariful Haque Dalim had been in hiding for an extended period due to his controversial role in Bangladesh's political history, particularly his involvement in the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|1975 military coup]] that resulted in the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. Convicted in absentia for his role in the coup, he faced legal and political challenges during [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s rule, which made his return to public life difficult.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |script-title=bn:ইলিয়াসের লাইভ টকশোতে ১৫ই আগস্ট সম্পর্কে যা বললেন মেজর ডালিম বীর বিক্রম |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/national/news/719070 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=Daily Inqilab |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title= |script-title=bn:লাইভ সাক্ষাৎকারে মেজর ডালিম কী বললেন? |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/national/news/760106 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=Janakantha |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|fall of Sheikh Hasina's regime]] and the [[Student–People's uprising#Aftermath|political upheaval in Bangladesh]] in August 2024, Dalim resurfaced publicly on 5 January 2025, in a live interview on the YouTube channel of expatriate journalist Elias Hossain. In the interview, Dalim spoke about his life in hiding, contemporary political issues, and his perspective on his role in shaping Bangladeshi history.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/UFMuU-9w4jM?si=z7BD3Y-ENWHy6imW |title=৫০ বছরের সব প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিলেন, বীর মুক্তিযোদ্ধা মেজর ডালিম (বীর উত্তম) #eliashossain #মেজর_ডালিম |language=bn |access-date=6 January 2025 |via=YouTube |archive-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106054932/https://www.youtube.com/live/UFMuU-9w4jM%3Fsi%3Dz7BD3Y-ENWHy6imW |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dalim was married to Nimmi Chowdhury until her death in 2005 and has one daughter. His younger brother is Kamrul Haque Swapan and younger sister is Mohua Haque.<ref name="Dalim">{{Cite web |title=Shariful Haque, Dalim |url=http://cbi.gov.in/rnotice/A-1811-6-2009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218204542/http://cbi.gov.in/rnotice/A-1811-6-2009.html |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=cbi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="md" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2009 |title=Col Rashid's daughter held for blast link |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-111249 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117203955/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-111249 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Dalim has written many books in English, Bangla, and Urdu. He shares his experiences and opinions in his writings and adds historical context based on what he has witnessed.<ref name="book">{{cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title=Banned books that have made a comeback |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/banned-books-have-made-comeback-940291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914052943/https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/banned-books-have-made-comeback-940291 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Dalim |first=Shariful Haque |title=যা দেখেছি, যা বুঝেছি, যা করেছি |publisher=Nobojagoron Prokashoni |year=2001 |edition=1st |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=bn |asin=B0DV2G3KPY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalim |first=Shariful Haque |title=আমি মেজর ডালিম বলছি |edition=1st |location=[[Dhaka]] |publisher=Bornolipi Prokashoni|asin=B0DFY6RM5P|language=bn|year=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalim |first=Shariful Haque |title=কিছু কথা কিছু ব্যাথা |year=2002 |edition=1st |language=bn |asin=B0DV25LX85}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalim |first=Shariful Haque |title=Bangladesh, Untold Facts |publisher=Jumhoori Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-9698455989}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalim |first=Shariful Haque |title=জিয়া থেকে খালেদা অতঃপর |publisher=Adarsholipi Prokashon |year=2025 |isbn=9789848126387 |edition=1st |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=bn}}

== See also ==

* [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]]
* [[3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]]
* [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240827112608/http://www.majordalimbubangla.com/Jiboni.html Biography of Shariful Haque Dalim]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalim, Shariful Haque}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Uttom]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army officers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi lieutenant colonels]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Freedom Party politicians]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to China]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Bangladesh to Kenya]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dhaka]]

Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh

2026-03-15T02:55:17Z

Asiaarts: refine content for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|2023 film by Rajkumar Santoshi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh
| image = Gandhi Godse - Ek Yudh poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| writer = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] [[Asghar Wajahat]] (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajkumar Santoshi
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = Manila Santoshi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jhoolan-prasad-gupta-engineering-film-producer-gandhi-godse-ek-yudh/ | title=Jhoolan Prasad Gupta from engineering to film producer with Gandhi Godse Ek Yudh : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=30 January 2023 }}</ref>
| starring = [[Deepak Antani]] [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] Tanisha Santoshi Ghanshyam Srivastav Anuj Saini
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rishi Punjabi
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = Santoshi Productions LLP
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|01|26|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 110 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda4njk4|title=Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh}}''' ({{translation|Gandhi Godse – A War}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[historical fiction]] film written and directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], and produced by Manila Santoshi. The film stars [[Deepak Antani]] and [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Rajkumar Santoshi says 'we are scared to hear Godse's... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-director-rajkumar-santoshi-says-we-are-scared-to-hear-godses-2323802-2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=India Today |date=19 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The film deals with a fictional situation in which [[Mahatma Gandhi]] survives his [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi | assassination]] and thereafter decides to not only pardon [[Nathuram Godse]], but also socialize with him.

== Plot ==
The film depicts that [[Nathuram Godse|Godse]] holds [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] responsible for the [[partition of India]] and misery of Hindus. He [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|shoots Gandhi]] on 30 January 1948 but Gandhi is miraculously saved and pardons Godse. After breaking his ties with the Congress, Gandhi begins his Gram Swaraj Movement to inspire villages towards self-reliance. Meanwhile, the system highlights Godse's writing and manipulates public sentiment against Gandhi whose interference has created a ruckus within the government. This leads to Gandhi's arrest which he insists on serving with Godse. They have multiple debates and arguments, even confrontations in prison. Soon Gandhi and Godse start to understand each other. Gradually Gandhi brings a change over Godse. During a marriage officiated by Gandhi, another attacker tries to shoot and kill him; Godse saves his life and soon together they are released from jail.

== Cast ==
* [[Deepak Antani]] as [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as [[Nathuram Vinayak Godse]]
* Tanisha Santoshi as Sushma
* Anuj Saini as Naren
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* Mukund Pathak as [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh/credits/ | title=Gandhi Godse Ek Yudh credits | website=[[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
* Ghanshyam Srivastav as [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
* Sandeep Bhojak as Jailer Amod Rai<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-bhojak-actor-should-never-restrict-oneself-101674307644012.html | title=Sandeep Bhojak: Actor should never restrict oneself | date=21 January 2023 }}</ref>
*Vipul Deshpande as DSP Rana

== Production ==
Santoshi confessed in pre-release promotions that it was hard to receive investment for such a large scale film with a potentially controversial subject. He added that it was only after composer [[A. R. Rahman]] accepted to do the film, investors started showing interest, and the film may not have been made if Rahman said 'no'.<ref>{{Citation |title="Gandhi Godse Wouldn't Have Been Possible Without AR Rahman" - Rajkumar Santoshi | date=24 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGbp9SA8Tbc |language=en |access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref>

Filming commenced on 20 September 2020 and was wrapped on 6 May 2022. [[Bhopal]] and [[Mumbai]] served as the principal locations.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gandhi Godse Ek Yudh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A.R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|26}} (Film)
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series.]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = Ponniyin Selvan : II
| next_year = 2023
| misc =
}}

The music is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] in his third collaboration with [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] after ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''. The director-composer duo had not collaborated for over two decades, though Rahman was approached for ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' and he did not sign it due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The man who doesn't matter in Khakee |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/04ram.htm |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 8:58
| all_writing =
| title1 = Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram
| extra1 = [[Various Artists]]
| length1 = 3:04
| lyrics1 = [[Late Lakshmanacharya]]
| title2 = Vaishnav Jan To
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 5:54
| lyrics2 = [[Narsinh Mehta]]
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in India on 26 January 2023, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2023-01-26 |title='Gandhi Godse: Ek Yudh' movie review: A timely dialogue on the idea of India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-movie-review-a-timely-dialogue-on-the-idea-of-india/article66436566.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|0|3.3|6|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=December 16, 2023}}<ref name="RT">{{cite web|title=Gandhi Godse-Ek Yudh|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gandhi_godse_ek_yudh|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

The film received generally negative reviews from critics, who praised its performances, visual style, music, and cinematography, but criticized its screenplay and story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi Godse: Ek Yudh Review - Means Well Overall But Doesn't Fare Particularly Well |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-review-means-well-overall-but-doesnt-fare-particularly-well-3727866 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MISHRA |first=UTKARSH |title=Gandhi Godse - Ek Yudh Review: Idea Gone Astray |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/gandhi-godse---ek-yudh-review/20230127.htm |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Gandhi Godse Ek Yudh movie review: This revisionist take on Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse is both naïve and insidious |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/gandhi-godse-ek-yudh-movie-review-revisionist-take-on-mahatama-gandhi-nathuram-godse-naive-insidious-8407316/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Due to the dispute over the context of the film, Santoshi sought police protection after allegedly receiving threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi Godse director Rajkumar Santoshi seeks police protection after getting threats, says 'I feel unsafe' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/gandhi-godse-director-rajkumar-santoshi-seeks-police-protection-after-getting-threats-says-i-feel-unsafe-2325532-2023-01-24 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=India Today |date=24 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB title|id=13801462}}

{{Rajkumar Santoshi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi Godse - Ek Yudh}}
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Alternate history films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films set in 1948]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi]]
[[Category:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]

M. S. Golwalkar

2026-03-13T09:01:09Z

Asiaarts: added references

{{Short description|2nd head of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (1906–1973)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhav Sadashivrao Golwalkar
| image = M S Golwalkar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Golwalkar in 1949
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Madhav Sadashivrao Golwalkar
| birth_date = 19 February 1906
| birth_place = [[Ramtek]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|06|05|1906|02|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| succeeded = [[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]]
| office = 2nd [[Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| term_start = 21 June 1940
| term_end = 5 June 1973
| preceded = [[K. B. Hedgewar]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Science|MSc]], [[Bachelor of Law|LL.B.]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Hislop College]]|[[Banaras Hindu University]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|Political activist}}
}}
'''Madhav Sadashivrao Golwalkar''' (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973) was an Indian politician who served as the second ''[[Sarsanghchalak]]'' ("Chief"{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=39}}) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]]. Golwalkar is considered one of the most influential and prominent figures among the RSS by his followers. He was the first person to put forward the concept of the ''Hindu Rashtra'' (Hindu Nation) theocratic state, which is believed to have evolved into the concept of the [[Akhand Bharat]]. Golwalkar was one of the earliest prominent [[Hindu nationalist]] thinkers in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/library/100526434/the-saffron-wave-democracy-and-hindu-nationalism|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-691-00671-0|pages=80|chapter=Imagining the Hindu Nation|jstor=j.ctt7s2fq|author-link=Thomas Blom Hansen|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781400823055/9781400823055.60/9781400823055.60.xml|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812182920/https://www.questia.com/library/100526434/the-saffron-wave-democracy-and-hindu-nationalism|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Guha">{{cite news |author=Ramchandra Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |date=26 November 2006 |title=The guru of hate |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-guru-of-hate/article3232784.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123055316/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-guru-of-hate/article3232784.ece |archive-date=23 November 2017 |access-date=26 October 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Golwalkar authored the book ''We or Our Nationhood Defined'' (1939).{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=52-58}}{{sfn|Noorani, The RSS and the BJP|2000|p=18-23}}<ref name="Modi_Caravan">{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |author-link=Aakar Patel |title=Narendra Modi on Guruji Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel – Part 1 |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003500/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/modi-golwalkar-part-1 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref> ''Bunch of Thoughts'' (1960) is a compilation of his speeches.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/02486/Bunch_of_Thoughts_2486072a.pdf |title=Bunch of Thoughts |publisher=[[The Hindu Centre]] |year=1960 |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811065509/https://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/02486/Bunch_of_Thoughts_2486072a.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Golwalkar was born to Sadashivrao and Lakshmibai Golwalkar in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Karhade Brahmin]] family at [[Ramtek]], near [[Nagpur]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India's]] [[Central Provinces and Berar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jyotirmaya |author-link=Jyotirmaya Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLMmp6pcJ4C&pg=PR9 |title=Terrifying vision : M.S. Golwalkar, the RSS, and India |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780670999507}}</ref> His family was prosperous and supported him in his studies and activities. Sadashivrao, a former clerk in the [[India Post|Posts and Telegraphs Department]] became a teacher in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and ended his career as headmaster of a high school. Golwalkar was the only surviving son of nine children. Since his father was frequently transferred around the country, he was transferred to many schools. Golwalkar was apolitical as a student. As an adolescent, he developed a deep interest in religion and spiritual meditation.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=41}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=46}}<ref name="Sundaram">{{cite news |author=V. Sundaram |author-link=V. Sundaram |date=9 January 2006 |title=Salutations to Golwalkar - I |url=http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0106/52.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016042603/http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0106/52.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |newspaper=[[News Today]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1922, Golwalkar was enrolled by his parents in the Intermediate of Science programme at [[Fergusson College]] in [[Pune|Poona]]. However, he was compelled to withdraw due to a newly imposed regulation by the [[Bombay Presidency]], which restricted admission in provincial institutions to local students. This regulation was rescinded a few months later, but Golwalkar did not return to Fergusson. Instead, he chose to continue his studies at [[Hislop College]] in Nagpur, a missionary-run institution. While his strict father had intended for him to pursue a career in medicine following his intermediate studies, Golwalkar sought a means of freedom from his family. His decision to study at Hislop was, in part, an effort to distance himself from his household. He lived under the guardianship of his uncle, Balkrishna Raikar, when in Nagpur. However, he struggled academically at Hislop.{{sfn|Jha|2024|pp=12–14}} He was also reportedly incensed at the [[Christian school|open advocacy of Christianity]] and the [[anti-Hindu sentiment|disparagement of Hinduism]]; much of his concern for the defense of Hinduism is traceable to this experience.{{sfn|Andersen|1972a|p=594}}

After passing from Hislop College, a pressurised Golwalkar applied for admission in a medical college in [[Lucknow]], but he could not succeed. He subsequently moved to the [[Banaras Hindu University|Benaras Hindu University]] (BHU) in [[Varanasi|Benaras]], a decision prompted and facilitated by Raikar.{{sfn|Jha|2024|p=14}} He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 1927, and a master's degree in biology in 1929.{{sfn|Andersen|1972a|p=594}}{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=41}} He was influenced by [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], a nationalist leader and the founder of the university.<ref>Sheshadri, H. V., [http://www.golwalkarguruji.org/shri-guruji/biography/who-was-shri-guruji Shri Guruji - Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132353/http://www.golwalkarguruji.org/shri-guruji/biography/who-was-shri-guruji |date=8 December 2015 }}, golwalkarguruji.org.</ref>

Although Golwalkar attended meetings and was esteemed by its members, there is no indication that Golwalkar took a keen interest in the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). In 1931, Golwalkar met [[K. B. Hedgewar]], the founder and ''[[Sarsanghchalak]]'' (Chief) of the RSS, who was visiting Benares.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=41}} After returning to Nagpur, Hedgewar exerted great influence on Golwalkar. According to RSS sources, Hedgewar encouraged him to pursue a law degree because it would give him the reputation required of an RSS leader. In 1934, Hedgewar made him {{Lang|hi|Karyavah}} (Secretary) of the main Nagpur branch. After he began practising law, Hedgewar tasked him with the management of the [[Akola]] Officers' Training Camp.{{sfn|Andersen|1972a|p=594}}{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=42}}

In October 1936, Golwalkar abandoned his law practice and RSS work for the [[Sargachi Ramakrishna Mission High School|Sargachi Ramakrishna Mission]] [[ashram]] in [[West Bengal]] to renounce the world and become a [[sanyasi]]. He became a disciple of [[Akhandananda]], who was himself a disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] and brother monk of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]].{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=42}}

On 13 January 1937, Golwalkar reportedly received his [[Diksha|''diksha'']] but left the ashram soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |author=Swami Bhaskarananda |author-link=Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati |year=2004 |title=Life in Indian Monasteries |url=http://organiser.org/archives/historic/dynamic/modulesde66.html?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=145&page=16 |publisher=Viveka Press |pages=16–19}}</ref> He returned to Nagpur in a state of depression and indecision to seek Hedgewar's advice after his guru died in 1937, and Hedgewar convinced him that his obligation to society could best be fulfilled by working for the RSS.{{sfn|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979|p=78}}

=={{anchor|Leadership of RSS}}RSS leadership==
After Golwalkar rejoined the RSS, Hedgewar began grooming him for leadership and he was placed in charge of the All-India Officers' Training Camp from 1937 to 1939.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=43}} Although he had only ever been a lab assistant, Golwalkar presented himself as a professor, in an attempt to enhance popular admiration and glorify his personality. His acquaintances and followers referred to him as "''[[Guru|Guruji]]''" (meaning "Teacher"), largely due to his image as a former professor and intellectual.{{sfn|Jha|2024|pp=11–12}}

Golwalkar's abilities (managing complex details of the large camp, public speaking, reading, and writing) were appreciated. In 1938, he was asked to translate [[G. D. Savarkar]]'s 1934 [[Marathi language]] {{Lang|mr|Rashtra Mimansa}} (''Nationalism'') into [[Hindi]] and English. The resulting book, ''We or Our Nationhood Defined'', was published in Golwalkar's name and regarded as a systematic treatment of RSS ideology;{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=43}} the claim that it was an abridged translation was only made by Golwalkar in a 1963 speech.{{refn|{{harvtxt|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979|pp=80–81}}: According to [[Dhananjay Keer|Keer]]"s report, "Golwalkar... said that the book ''We'' which was read by the RSS was the abridgement done by him (Golwalkar) of the work ''Rashtra Mimansa'' of Babarao Savarkar. He added that he had translated Babarao Savarkar's book into Hindi and handed it over to a certain man. He said that it was most befitting on his part to acknowledge publicly the debt of gratitude."}} However, a comparative analysis of [[Marathi language]] {{Lang|mr|Rashtra Mimansa}} and ''We or Our Nationhood Defined'' shows that the latter was indeed not a translation, but only text inspired by the former. Specifically, the pro-[[Nazism|Nazi]] ideas were Golwalkar's own.<ref name="gurujis-lie">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Devendra K. |date=31 July 2021 |title=Guruji's Lie The RSS and MS Golwalkar's undeniable links to Nazism |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/history/rss-golwalkar-links-nazism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101191226/https://caravanmagazine.in/history/rss-golwalkar-links-nazism |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=1 January 2022 |work=[[The Caravan]] |publisher= |issue= |quote=After I went through Rashtramimansa, I found that all the critical formulations mentioned in We belonged solely to Golwalkar—especially its project of promoting a Hindu culture along the lines of Nazi antisemitism and its prescription of total assimilation or ethnic cleansing to deal with the problem of minorities in India. |agency=}}</ref>

In 1939, at a [[Guru Purnima|Gurupooja]] festival, Hedgewar announced that Golwalkar would be the next general secretary ({{Lang|hi|sarkaryavah}}, the second-most-important position in the RSS). A day before his death on 21 June 1940, he gave Golwalkar a sheet of paper asking him to be the RSS leader. On 3 July, five state-level {{Lang|hi|sanghchalak}} (directors) in Nagpur announced Hedgewar's decision.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|pp=41-43}}

Golwalkar's choice was said to have stunned the RSS volunteers as Hedgewar had passed over several senior activists. Golwalkar's background, training, and interests made him an unlikely successor, and [[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]] said that several RSS leaders were skeptical about Golwalkar's ability as a {{Lang|hi|sarsanghchalak}}.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=41}} In retrospect, Hedgewar's grooming (including encouragement to obtain a law degree and the authorship of ''We or Our Nationhood Defined''), is seen as key to Golwalkar's later success. One reason for his choice is that he was thought likely to maintain RSS independence, otherwise liable to be regarded as a youth front of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].{{sfn|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979|pp=78-82}}

As the leader of the RSS for more than 30 years, Golwalkar made it one of the strongest religious-political organisations in India; its membership expanded from 100,000 to over one million, and it branched out into the political, social, religious, educational, and labour fields through 50 [[Sangh Parivar|front organisations]]. The RSS extended to foreign countries, where Hindus were recruited into organisations such as the Bharatiya Swayamsevak Sangh or the [[Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh]]. There was a subtle yet important shift in the RSS worldview. One of Golwalkar's major innovations was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], [[Criticism of socialism|anti-socialist]] ideology, with the slogan "Not socialism but Hinduism". According to [[D. R. Goyal]], the RSS' [[Criticism of Marxism|anti-Marxist]] tinge made it popular with the wealthy sections of society who generously supported it.{{sfn|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979|pp=82-84}}

The RSS expanded into [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1940, when [[Balraj Madhok]] was sent as a {{Lang|hi|pracharak}} to [[Jammu]] with [[Prem Nath Dogra]] as director. A {{Lang|hi|shakha}} was founded in [[Srinagar]] in 1944, and Golwalkar visited the city in 1946.{{sfn|Chitkara, RSS National Upsurge|2004|p=263}}{{sfn|Mahesh Sharma, Shri Guruji Golwalkar|2006|p=44}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Tapan Bose |author-link=Tapan Bose |date=1 September 2014 |title=Modi's Kashmir Policy |url=https://www.academia.edu/8179707 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411194132/https://www.academia.edu/8179707 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2016-05-02 |newspaper=[[Kashmir Times]]}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Reorientation of the RSS}}Reorientation===
Golwalkar's religiosity and apparent disinterest in politics convinced some RSS members that the organisation was no longer relevant to the [[Indian nationalism|nationalist struggle]]. It remained separate from the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]], and connections with the Hindu Mahasabha were severed. The RSS membership in the Marathi-speaking districts of Bombay became disillusioned and the Bombay {{Lang|hi|sanghchalak}}, K. B. Limaye, resigned. Several {{Lang|hi|swayamsevaks}} defected and formed the [[Hindu Rashtra Dal]] in 1943, with an agenda of a paramilitary struggle against British rule; [[Nathuram Godse]] ([[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's assassin]]) was a leader of that group.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=43}}

However, Golwalkar moved quickly to consolidate his position. He created a network of {{Lang|hi|prant pracharaks}} (provincial organisers), who would report to him rather than to the {{Lang|hi|sanghchalaks}}. Golwalkar recruited local Congress leaders to preside over RSS functions, demonstrating the organisation's independence from the Hindu Mahasabha. The RSS continued to expand [[India in World War II|during the Second World War]], especially in [[North India]] and present-day [[Pakistan]]. Many new members were religious, [[Small business|small-scale entrepreneurs]] interested in consolidating their [[Forward caste|caste positions]] with the RSS' Hindu symbols.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|pp=44-45}}

Organisation policy during the war years was influenced by potential threats to Hinduism, with the RSS expected to be prepared to defend Hindu interests in the event of a [[Operation U-Go|possible Japanese invasion]]. It also expected a renewed Hindu-Muslim struggle after the war. Golwalkar did not want to give the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] an excuse to ban the RSS. He complied with all governmental instructions, disbanding the RSS military department and avoiding the [[Quit India]] movement. The British acknowledged that "the organisation scrupulously kept itself within the law, and refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August, 1942".{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=44}}<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book |author=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |author-link=Sekhar Bandyopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA422 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |pages=422}}</ref>{{sfn|Bipan Chandra, Communalism|2008|p=140}} In a speech given in June 1942, Golwalkar stated, "Sangh does not want to blame anybody else for the present degraded state of the [Indian] society. When the people start blaming others, then there is basically weakness in them. It is futile to blame the strong for the injustice done to the weak… Sangh does not want to waste its invaluable time in abusing or criticising others. If we know that large fish eat the smaller ones, it is outright madness to blame the big fish. Law of nature, whether good or bad, is true all the time. This rule does not change by terming it unjust".<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Shows How Patriotic the RSS Really Is |url=https://thewire.in/history/rss-hindutva-nationalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218022610/https://thewire.in/history/rss-hindutva-nationalism |archive-date=18 February 2021 |accessdate=August 28, 2022 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

Golwalkar appeared ideologically opposed to an anti-British struggle.<ref name="Golwalkar1974">{{cite book |author=M.S. Golwalkar |title=Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan, Volume 4 |date=1974 |publisher=Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana}}</ref> As per [[Shamsul Islam (author)|Shamsul Islam]] and [[Ram Puniyani]], the RSS pledged to defend India's freedom by defending religion and culture, and there was "no mention of the departure of the British".{{sfnp|Islam, Indian Nationalism|2006|p=191}}{{sfnp|Puniyani, Religion Politics|2005|p=135}}

He called the conflation of anti-Britishism with patriotism and nationalism a 'Reactionary View', which would have disastrous effects upon the entire course of the freedom struggle.<ref name="Basu1993">{{cite book |author=Basu |first=Tapan |author-link=Tapan Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CimVTTVHtwQC&pg=PA29 |title=Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags: A Critique of the Hindu Right |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-0-86311-383-3 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="Ludden1996">{{cite book |author=Ludden |first=David |author-link=David Ludden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA274 |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |date=1 April 1996 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=0-8122-1585-0 |page=274}}</ref> Golwalkar acknowledged that his attitude confused people (including many {{Lang|hi|swayamsevaks}} in the RSS), leading them to distrust the Sangh.{{sfnp|Islam, Indian Nationalism|2006|p=187}}{{sfnp|Puniyani, Religion Politics|2005|p=135}}

At the peak of the freedom struggle Golwalkar had famously uttered: <blockquote>"Hindus, don't waste your energy fighting the British. Save your energy to fight our internal enemies that are [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], and [[Communism|Communists]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Is Anand Teltumbde So Dangerous for the Narendra Modi Government? |url=https://thewire.in/rights/anand-teltumbde-arrest-narendra-modi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128103141/https://thewire.in/rights/anand-teltumbde-arrest-narendra-modi |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-06 |title=BJP's brand of patriotism |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/533034/bjps-brand-patriotism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713045052/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/533034/bjps-brand-patriotism.html |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McKinney |first=Jared Morgan |date=26 May 2021 |title=Homogenizing nationalists, budding fascists, and truculent exceptionalists: the end of world order in the Indo-Pacific |journal= International Politics|volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=280–301 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00303-6 |pmc=8150632 }}</ref></blockquote>

==={{anchor|RSS ban and arrest|Sangh Parivar}}Ban and arrest===
When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated in January 1948 by [[Nathuram Godse]], there was widespread apprehension that the RSS was involved.{{sfn|Andersen|1972c|p=675}} Golwalkar and 20,000 {{Lang|hi|swayamsevaks}} were arrested on 4 February, and the RSS was banned for "promoting violence and subversion".{{sfn|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979|pp=201-202}} Godse said that he acted on his initiative, and no official connection between the RSS and Gandhi's assassination has ever been made. However, Nathuram Godse's brother [[Gopal Godse]]—also accused in the assassination plot—said that Nathuram never left the RSS, and his statement was designed to protect the RSS and Golwalkar (who were in deep trouble after the assassination).<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2013 |title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse |url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140118071740/http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece |archive-date=18 January 2014 |access-date=25 June 2015 |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> Golwalkar was released on 5 August, after the six-month statutory limit expired.{{sfn|Andersen|1972c|p=675}}

The RSS ban continued, and Golwalkar tried to negotiate with [[Home Minister]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] about having it lifted. The mass arrests, violence against members, and the ban by an independent Indian government of what was understood as a patriotic organisation was a shock to the RSS membership.{{sfn|Andersen|1972c|p=675}}

Patel asked the RSS to join the Congress, but Golwalkar declined. Patel then demanded, as a precondition, that the RSS adopt a written constitution. Golwalkar responded by beginning a [[satyagraha]] on 9 December 1948, and, along with 60,000 RSS volunteers, courted arrest. In Golwalkar's absence, the RSS leaders [[Eknath Ranade]], [[Bhaiyaji Dani]], and [[Balasaheb Deoras]] suspended the satyagraha in January 1949 and, in collaboration with liberal leader [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]],<ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 1949 |title=RSS to abandon politics |url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01619/01_RSS_abandons_po_1619424a.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127035210/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01619/01_RSS_abandons_po_1619424a.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=2014-10-14 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> wrote an RSS constitution. After Patel approved the constitution, the ban was lifted on 11 July 1949.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996|p=88-89}} The government of India stated that the decision to lift the ban had been made given Golwalkar's promise of loyalty to the [[Constitution of India]] and the acceptance of India's national flag explicitly in the RSS constitution.<ref name="FES">{{citation |last=Curran |first=Jean A. |title=The RSS: Militant Hinduism |date=17 May 1950 |journal=[[Far Eastern Survey]] |volume=19 |number=10 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.2307/3023941 |jstor=3023941}}.</ref>{{sfn|Noorani, The RSS and the BJP|2000|p=43}}

=== Sangh Parivar ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2026}}
Organisations founded and supported by RSS volunteers became collectively known as [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="u952">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRE4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT134 |title=Conservatism and Ideology |last2=Garnett |first2=M. |author-link2=Mark Garnett |last3=Walker |first3=D.M. |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-317-52899-9 |page=134 |access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>

== Writings and ideology ==
{{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}
Golwalkar is known to have propagated Dharmic teachings. A book based on extracts of his writings, titled ''Guruji: Vision and Mission'', includes a chapter titled "Hindu—the Son of this Motherland", which claims that '[[Bhartiya]]' includes only those who have followed faiths rooted in pluralism, and that [[Indian religions|Indic faith]] followers represent this in India since it accepts all approaches towards spirituality. In another chapter, titled "Our Identity and Nationality", he wrote, "All the elements required to develop as a great nation are present in this [[Hindu society]] in their entirety. This is why we say that in this nation of Bharat, the living principles of the Hindu society are the living systems of this nation. In short, this is '[[Hindu Rashtra|Hindu Nation]]'."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |author-link=Hartosh Singh Bal |title=How the RSS is infiltrating India's intellectual spaces |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/how-rss-infiltrating-india-intellectual-spaces |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630092439/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/how-rss-infiltrating-india-intellectual-spaces |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=2019-07-28 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref>

Some of Golwalkar's ideas differed from those of the RSS. For example, in his book ''We or Our Nationhood Defined'', published in 1939, he compares the creation of a Hindu culture propagating the concept of acceptance of a shared Hindu heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |author-link=Hartosh Singh Bal |title=How MS Golwalkar's virulent ideology underpins Modi's India |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/golwalkar-ideology-underpins-modi-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813060233/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/golwalkar-ideology-underpins-modi-india |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref>

Golwalkar always believed that [[casteism]] served a great purpose in critical times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-23 |title=No love for Ambedkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ram-madhav-b-r-ambedkar-indian-constitution-no-love-for-ambedkar-2766152/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126144915/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ram-madhav-b-r-ambedkar-indian-constitution-no-love-for-ambedkar-2766152/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He called [[Manusmriti|Manu]] (traditionally ascribed as the writer of ''[[Manusmriti]]'') the first, greatest, and the wisest lawgiver of mankind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-22 |title=RSS's standardised Hinduism – Part 4 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/seeing-the-invisible/rsss-standardised-hinduism-part-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122223436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/seeing-the-invisible/rsss-standardised-hinduism-part-4/ |archive-date=22 November 2020 |access-date=2020-12-07 |website=[[The Times of India|Times of India Blog]]}}</ref>

According to [[Ramachandra Guha]]'s book ''[[Makers of Modern India]]'', Golwalkar saw Muslims, Christians, and communists as the biggest threats to the creation of a Hindu state. Golwalkar has been "criticised" for "similarities in ideas" with those of the [[Nazism|Nazis]], particularly by Hindutva adversaries and critics alike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=[[Makers of Modern India]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-184-75289-2 |location=India}}</ref> For instance, Golwalkar's book ''We or Our Nationhood Defined'', published in 1939, includes the following quote:
{{Cquote|To keep up the purity of the nation and its culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of Semitic races – the Jews. National pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how well-nigh impossible it is for races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in Hindustan to learn and profit by.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golwalkar |first1=M. S. |title=We or Our Nationhood Defined |date=1939 |publisher=Bharat Publications |location=Nagpur |pages=87–88}}</ref>
}}

However, Golwalkar "cooperated" with the British in [[World War II]] in their war against [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]], and the [[Axis powers]], and was supportive of the [[Jews]], showing admiration and sympathy for them.<ref name="Golwalkar1974" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined: a critique |page=30 |publisher=Pharos Media & Pub. |year=2006 |author=Shamsul Islam}}</ref>

Golwalkar believed that "foreign races", particularly Muslims and Christians, must either merge with the "Hindu race" or fully subordinate themselves in a "Hindu nation".

{{Blockquote|From this standpoint, sanctioned by the experience of shrewd old nations, the foreign races in [[Hindustan|Hindusthan]] must either adopt the Hindu culture and language, must learn to respect and hold in reverence Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i.e., of the Hindu nation and must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu Nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizen's rights. There is, at least should be, no other course for them to adopt. We are an old nation; let us deal as old nations ought to and do deal, with the foreign races, who have chosen to live in our country. |author=M. S. Golwalkar{{Sfn|Jha|2024|pages=78–79}}}}

==Legacy==
The Central Government's motion to rename the second campus of [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] after Golwalkar led to controversy in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-05 |title=Naming of Kerala institute after RSS leader Gowalkar kicks up a row |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/naming-of-rgcb-unit-after-gowalkar-kicks-up-a-row/article33258778.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/naming-of-rgcb-unit-after-gowalkar-kicks-up-a-row/article33258778.ece |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=2021-04-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Golwalkar's name for RGCB to shift narrative: Pinarayi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/dec/12/golwalkars-name-for-rgcb-to-shift-narrative-pinarayi-2235043.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065616/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/dec/12/golwalkars-name-for-rgcb-to-shift-narrative-pinarayi-2235043.html |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Shashi Tharoor]], in a series of tweets, asked whether the center should "memorialise a bigoted Hitler-admirer who in a 1966 speech to VHP asserted the supremacy of religion over science."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnithan |first=P. S. Gopikrishnan |date=5 December 2020 |title=Shashi Tharoor slams Centre for renaming 2nd RGCB campus after RSS ideologue with 'bigoted Hitler-admirer' jibe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-slams-centre-for-renaming-2nd-rgcb-campus-after-rss-ideologue-with-bigoted-hitler-admirer-jibe-1746983-2020-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410073024/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-slams-centre-for-renaming-2nd-rgcb-campus-after-rss-ideologue-with-bigoted-hitler-admirer-jibe-1746983-2020-12-05 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] opposed this move and [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Kerala Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] has sent a letter to the [[Government of India|central government]] requesting it to reconsider its decision to name the second campus of Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), coming up in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], after M. S. Golwalkar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-06 |title=In letter to Centre, Kerala CM opposes move to name new Centre for Biotechnology campus after Golwalkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-letter-to-centre-kerala-cm-opposes-move-to-name-new-rgcb-campus-after-golwalkar-7093115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217185141/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-letter-to-centre-kerala-cm-opposes-move-to-name-new-rgcb-campus-after-golwalkar-7093115/ |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=Golwalkar's name for new RGCB campus: Pinarayi Vijayan writes to Harsh Vardhan |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/golwalkar-s-name-for-new-rgcb-campus-pinarayi-vijayan-writes-to-harsh-vardhan-1.5258311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410074000/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/golwalkar-s-name-for-new-rgcb-campus-pinarayi-vijayan-writes-to-harsh-vardhan-1.5258311 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

== {{anchor|See Also}}See also ==
* [[Indigenous Aryans]]
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
* [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |title=Golwalkar: The Myth Behind the Man, The Man Behind the Machine |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2024 |isbn=9788197949241}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Walter |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, I: Early Concerns |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=7 |number=11 |date=11 March 1972 |pages=589+591–597 |jstor=4361126 |ref={{sfnref|Andersen|1972a}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Walter |author-link= |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, II: Who Represents the Hindus? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |number=12 |date=18 March 1972 |pages=633–640 |jstor=4361149 |ref={{sfnref|Andersen|1972b}}}}
* {{citation |last=Andersen |first=Walter |author-link= |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, III: Participation in Politics |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |number=13 |date=25 March 1972 |pages=673+675+677–682 |jstor=4361179 |ref={{sfnref|Andersen|1972c}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Walter |author-link= |title=The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, IV: Jana Sangh and Other Organisations |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |number=14 |date=1 April 1972 |pages=724–727 |jstor=4361197 |ref={{sfnref|Andersen|1972d}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=[[The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism]] |orig-year=Originally published by [[Westview Press]] |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987}}
* {{citation |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |title=Communalism in Modern India |publisher=Har-Anand |year=2008 |isbn=978-8124114162 |ref={{sfnref|Bipan Chandra, Communalism|2008}}}}
* {{citation |first=M. G. |last=Chitkara |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=8176484652 |ref={{sfnref|Chitkara, RSS National Upsurge|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dayal |first=Rajeshwar |author-link=Rajeshwar Dayal |title=A Life of Our Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZwwTjXT8GEC |year=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1546-8}}
* {{citation |first=Des Raj |last=Goyal |author-link=Des Raj Goyal |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |publisher=Radha Krishna Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1979 |isbn=0836405668 |ref={{sfnref|D. R. Goyal, RSS|1979}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=[[India After Gandhi|India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy]] |date=2008 |publisher=[[Pan Books|Pan]] |location=London |isbn=9780330396110 |edition=1. publ.}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.|C. Hurst & Co. Publishers]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Movement|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC |year=2000 |publisher=[[LeftWord Books]] |isbn=978-81-87496-13-7 |ref={{sfnref|Noorani, The RSS and the BJP|2000}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |title=Shri Guruji Golwalkar |publisher=[[Diamond Comics|Diamond Pocket Books]] |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=8128812459 |ref={{sfnref|Mahesh Sharma, Shri Guruji Golwalkar|2006}} |author-link=Mahesh Sharma (social activist)}}
* {{cite book |last1=Raje |first1=C.P. Bhishikar |translator=Sudhakar |title=Shri Guruji : pioneer of a new era |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana |location=Bangalore |isbn=81-86595-16-3 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Golwalkar's We or our nationhood defined : a critique |date=2006 |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette|Pharos Media & Pub.]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=8172210302 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |author=Islam |first=Shamsul |author-link=Shamsul Islam (author) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |publisher=Media House |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7495-236-3 |ref={{sfnref|Islam, Indian Nationalism|2006}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Puniyani |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Puniyani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyHAwAAQBAJ |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-81-321-0206-9 |ref={{sfnref|Puniyani, Religion Politics|2005}}}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|M. S. Golwalkar}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Treccani|madhav-sadashiv-golwalkar_(Dizionario-di-Storia)|Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashiv||[[Institute of the Italian Treccani Encyclopedia]]|2010}}
*{{cite web |title=RSS Declared Unlawful: GOI communique of February 4, 1948 (extracted from Goyal, 1979, pp. 201–202) |url=http://dilipsimeon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/report-of-commission-of-inquiry-into.html |publisher=Dilip Simeon's blog |access-date=2014-10-11}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Sarsanghchalak|Sarsanghchalak of the RSS]]
|before=[[K. B. Hedgewar]]
|after=[[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]]
|years=1940–1973}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}{{Fascism}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golwalkar, Madhav Sadashivrao}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University people]]
[[Category:Conservatism in India]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Indian far-right politicians]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:Lawyers in British India]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur district]]
[[Category:People from the Central Provinces]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh sanghchalaks]]
[[Category:Sarsanghchalaks]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Daljeet Kaur

2026-03-08T01:30:29Z

Asiaarts: done

{{Short description|Indian actress (1953–2022)}}
{{distinguish|text=the Indian television actress [[Dalljiet Kaur]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Daljeet Kaur
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1953}}
| birth_place = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 17 November 2022 (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Sudhar]], [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Daljeet Kaur''' (1953 – 17 November 2022) was an Indian actress known for her work in [[Punjabi cinema]] productions. Over the course of her acting career she appeared in more than 70 films.<ref name="TribuneShining">{{cite news |title=Shining no more: Fame to obscurity, journey of yesteryear star Daljeet Kaur, better known as Hema Malini of Punjab, is a stark reminder of the fleeting nature of fame |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shining-no-more-fame-to-obscurity-journey-of-yesteryear-star-daljeet-kaur-better-known-as-hema-malini-of-punjab-is-a-stark-reminder-of-the-fleeting-nature-of-fame-452431 |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=Tribune |date=2022}}</ref><ref name="ETObit" />

Born in 1953, Kaur was raised in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="TribuneindiaObit">{{cite news |title=Punjabi film actress Daljeet Kaur dies at 69 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjabi-film-actress-daljeet-kaur-dies-at-69-451975 |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=Tribune |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She was a graduate of the Lady Shri Ram College for Women in Delhi.<ref name="Arora">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Veteran Punjabi actress Daljeet Kaur Khangura passes away |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/veteran-punjabi-actress-daljeet-kaur-khangura-passes-away/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=adda247 |date=21 November 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Kaur studied acting at the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune.<ref name="HindustanObit">{{cite news |title=Veteran Punjabi actor Daljeet Kaur passes away at 69 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/veteran-punjabi-actor-daljeet-kaur-passes-away-at-69-101668712950480.html |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ETObit">{{cite news |title=Punjabi actress and athlete Daljeet Kaur passes away at 69; Mika Singh, Satish Shah pay tributes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/punjabi-actress-and-athlete-daljeet-kaur-passes-away-at-69-mika-singh-satish-shah-pay-tributes/articleshow/95602658.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=2022}}</ref> She made her acting debut in the 1976 film ''Daaj''.<ref name="ETObit" />

In addition to acting, she once played [[kabaddi]] and [[field hockey|hockey]] at a national level.<ref name="ETObit" /><ref name="Purwar">{{cite news |last1=Purwar |first1=Krati |title=A Look At Daljeet Kaur's Career; The Punjabi Actor Passes Away At 69 |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/a-look-at-daljeet-kaurs-career-the-punjabi-actor-passes-away-at69-article-214087 |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=HerZindagi English |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Kaur died 17 November 2022.<ref name="ETObit" /><ref name="Goyal">{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Daljit Kaur no more: Once a co-actor of now CM Bhagwant Mann, Punjab forgets its own 'Hema Malini' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/daljit-kaur-no-more-once-a-co-actor-of-now-cm-bhagwant-mann-punjab-forgets-its-own-hema-malini-8275020/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HindustanObit" />

==Filmography==
* ''Daaj'' (1976)
* ''Saida Jogan'' (1979
* ''Jadd Da Gandasa'' (1982)
* ''[[Putt Jattan De]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Faasle]]'' (1985)
* ''Mhara Pihar Sasra Haryanvi'' (1985)
* ''Yaar Gareeban Da'' (1987)
* ''[[Kabrastan]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Patola (film)|Patola]]'' (1988)
* ''Tunka Pyar Da'' (1989)
* ''Anakh Jattan Di'' (1990)
* ''[[Jatt Punjab Daa]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mahaul Theek Hai]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' (2013)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|13336789}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Daljeet}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Siliguri]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Vasectomy

2026-03-06T03:50:30Z

Asiaarts: updated page

{{Short description|Surgical procedure for male sterilization}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox Birth control
|name = Vasectomy
|image = Vasectomy diagram-en.svg
|width =
|caption =
|bc_type = [[Sterilisation (medicine)|Sterilization]]
|date_first_use = 1899 (experiments from 1785)<ref name=popenoe/>
|rate_type = Failure
|perfect_failure% = 0.10
|perfect_failure_ref =<ref name="Trussell 2011">{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last= Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S.|title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn = 0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863}} Table 26–1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20220516112543/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States.]</ref>
|typical_failure% = 0.15%<ref name="Trussell 2011"/> "Vas-Clip" nearly 1
|typical_failure_ref =
|duration_effect = Permanent
|reversibility = Possible
|user_reminders = A negative semen specimen is required to verify [[azoospermia|no sperm]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Information for Patients - Vasectomy Semen Analysis |url=https://mft.nhs.uk/app/uploads/sites/4/2018/04/Vasectomy-Semen-Analysis-May-2017-N.pdf |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722195640/https://mft.nhs.uk/app/uploads/sites/4/2018/04/Vasectomy-Semen-Analysis-May-2017-N.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|clinic_interval = All
|STD_protection_YesNo = No
|periods =
|benefits = No need for general anesthesia. Lower cost and less invasive than [[tubal ligation]] for females.
|weight_gain_loss =
|risks = Temporary local [[Orchitis|inflammation of the testes]], [[post-vasectomy pain syndrome|long-term genital pain]].
|medical_notes =
}}
'''Vasectomy''' is an [[Elective surgery|elective surgical procedure]] that results in male [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]], often as a means of permanent [[contraception]]. During the procedure, the [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]] are cut and tied or sealed so as to prevent [[sperm]] from entering into the [[urethra]] and thereby prevent [[fertilization]] of [[ova]] through [[sexual intercourse]]. Vasectomies are usually performed in a [[physician]]'s office, medical clinic, or, when performed on a non-human [[animal]], in a [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary clinic]]. [[Hospital]]ization is not normally required as the procedure is not complicated, the incisions are small, and the necessary equipment routine.

There are several methods by which a surgeon might complete a vasectomy procedure, all of which occlude (i.e., "seal") at least one side of each vas deferens. To help reduce anxiety and increase patient comfort, those who have an aversion to needles may consider a "''no-needle''" application of anesthesia while the '[[No-scalpel vasectomy|no-scalpel]]' or 'open-ended' techniques help to accelerate recovery times and increase the chance of healthy recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Happens When I Get a Vasectomy?|url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/vasectomy-overview|access-date=2021-10-07|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref>

Due to the simplicity of the surgery, a vasectomy usually takes less than 30 minutes to complete. After a short recovery at the doctor's office (usually less than an hour), the patient is sent home to rest. Because the procedure is minimally invasive, many vasectomy patients find that they can resume their typical sexual behavior within a week, and do so with little or no discomfort.

Because the procedure is considered a permanent method of contraception and is not easily reversed, patients are frequently counseled and advised to consider how the long-term outcome of a vasectomy might affect them both emotionally and physically.
A vasectomy without the patient's consent or knowledge constitutes [[Compulsory sterilization|forced sterilization]].

==Medical uses==

A vasectomy is done to prevent fertility in males. It ensures that in most cases the person will be [[Infertility|sterile]] after confirmation of success following surgery. The procedure is regarded as permanent because [[vasectomy reversal]] is costly and often does not restore the male's sperm count or sperm motility to prevasectomy levels. Those with vasectomies have a very small (nearly zero) chance of successfully impregnating someone, but a vasectomy does not protect against [[sexually transmitted infection]]s (STIs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasectomy - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy/about/pac-20384580 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref>

After vasectomy, the testes remain in the scrotum where [[Leydig cell]]s continue to produce [[testosterone]] and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the bloodstream.

When the vasectomy is complete, sperm cannot exit the body through the [[penis]]. Sperm is still produced by the testicles but is broken down and absorbed by the body. Much fluid content is absorbed by membranes in the [[epididymis]], and much solid content is broken down by the responding [[macrophage]]s and reabsorbed via the bloodstream.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} After vasectomy, the membranes must increase in size to absorb and store more fluid; this triggering of the immune system causes more macrophages to be recruited to break down and reabsorb more solid content.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Within one year after vasectomy, sixty to seventy percent of those vasectomized develop [[antisperm antibodies]].<ref name=hattikudur/> In some cases, [[vasitis nodosa]], a benign proliferation of the ductular epithelium, can also result.<ref name=deshpande/><ref name=hirschowitz/> The accumulation of sperm increases pressure in the vas deferens and epididymis. The entry of the sperm into the scrotum can cause [[sperm granuloma]]s to be formed by the body to contain and absorb the sperm which the body will treat as a foreign biological substance (much like a virus or bacterium).<ref name=christiansen/>

===Efficacy===
{| class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"
|+Risks of vasectomy
|-
!scope="col"| Frequency
!scope="col"| Risk
|-
| 1 in 1400
!scope="row"| Unwanted pregnancy (failure of vasectomy)<ref name=griffin/>
|-
| 1 in 11
!scope="row"| For comparison: unwanted pregnancy w/ typical use of pill<ref name="Trussell 2011"/>
|-
| 1 in 6
!scope="row"| For comparison: unwanted pregnancy w/ typical use of condom<ref name="Trussell 2011"/>
|-
| 1 in 40
!scope="row"| Infection after surgery<ref name="bji.sagepub.com">Nevill et al (2013) Surveillance of surgical site infection post vasectomy. ''[[Journal of Infection Prevention]]''. January 2013. Vol 14(1)</ref>
|-
| 1 in 7
!scope="row"| Pain at 7 months after vasectomy<ref name=leslie/>
|-
| 1 in 110
!scope="row"| Pain at 7 months affecting quality of life<ref name=leslie/>
|}

Vasectomy is the most effective permanent form of contraception available to males. (Removing the entire vas deferens would very likely be more effective, but it is not something that is regularly done.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vasectomy.com/question/are-any-of-the-doctors-here-willing-to-remove-my-entire-vas-deferens-7155|title=Is it possible to have my entire vas deferens removed? - Vasectomy Questions & Answers | Vasectomy.com|website=www.vasectomy.com}}</ref>) In nearly every way that vasectomy can be compared to [[tubal ligation]] it has a more positive outlook. Vasectomy is more cost effective, less invasive, has techniques that are emerging that may facilitate easier reversal, and has a much lower risk of postoperative complications.

Early failure rates, i.e. pregnancy within a few months after vasectomy, typically result from unprotected [[sexual intercourse]] too soon after the procedure while some sperm continue to pass through the vasa deferentia. Most physicians and surgeons who perform vasectomies recommend one (sometimes two) postprocedural semen specimens to verify a successful vasectomy; however, many people fail to return for verification tests citing inconvenience, embarrassment, forgetfulness, or certainty of sterility.<ref name=christensen/> In January 2008, the FDA cleared a home test called SpermCheck Vasectomy that allows patients to perform postvasectomy confirmation tests themselves;<ref name=klotz/> however, compliance for postvasectomy semen analysis in general remains low.

Late failure, i.e. pregnancy following spontaneous recanalization of the vasa deferentia, has also been documented.<ref name=philp/> This occurs because the [[epithelium]] of the vas deferens (similar to the epithelium of some other human body parts) is capable of regenerating and creating a new tube if the vas deferens is damaged and/or severed.<ref name = "rolnick">{{Cite journal|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/536907|doi = 10.1001/archsurg.1924.01120070191008|title = Regeneration of the Vas Deferens|year = 1924|last1 = Rolnick|first1 = H. C.|journal = Archives of Surgery|volume = 9|page = 188|url-access = subscription}}</ref> Even when as much as five centimeters (or two inches) of the vas deferens is removed, the vas deferens can still grow back together and become reattached—thus allowing sperm to once again pass and flow through the vas deferens, restoring one's fertility.<ref name = "rolnick"/>

The [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] states there is a generally agreed-upon rate of late failure of about one in 2000 vasectomies—better than [[tubal ligation]]s for which the failure rate is one in every 200 to 300 cases.<ref name=rcog/> A 2005 review including both early and late failures described a total of 183 recanalizations from 43,642 vasectomies (0.4%), and 60 pregnancies after 92,184 vasectomies (0.07%).<ref name=griffin/>

==Complications and concerns==

Short-term possible complications include [[infection]], [[bruising]] and [[bleeding]] into the scrotum resulting in a collection of blood known as a [[hematoma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Yang |first1=Fang |last2=Li |first2=Junjun |last3=Dong |first3=Liang |last4=Tan |first4=Kun |last5=Huang |first5=Xiaopeng |last6=Zhang |first6=Peihai |last7=Liu |first7=Xiaozhang |last8=Chang |first8=Degui |last9=Yu |first9=Xujun |date=2021 |title=Review of Vasectomy Complications and Safety Concerns |journal=The World Journal of Men's Health |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=406–418 |doi=10.5534/wjmh.200073 |issn=2287-4208 |pmc=8255399 |pmid=32777870}}</ref> A 2012 study demonstrated an infection rate of 2.5% postvasectomy.<ref name="bji.sagepub.com"/> The [[surgical suture|stitches]] on the small incisions required are prone to irritation, though this can be minimized by covering them with gauze or small [[adhesive bandage]]s. The primary long-term complications are chronic pain conditions or syndromes that can affect any of the scrotal, pelvic or lower-abdominal regions, collectively known as [[post-vasectomy pain syndrome]].{{medcn|date=February 2025}}

Complications not withstanding, many men express concerns regarding potential adverse effects of vasectomy. The risk of testicular cancer is not affected by vasectomy.<ref name=schwingl/> In 2014, the [[American Urological Association]] reaffirmed that vasectomy is not a risk factor for prostate cancer and that it is not necessary for physicians to routinely discuss prostate cancer in their preoperative counseling of men undergoing vasectomy.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=AUA Responds to Study Linking Vasectomy with Prostate Cancer|url=https://www.auanet.org/press-media/vasectomy-with-prostate-cancer.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161227/https://www.auanet.org/press-media/vasectomy-with-prostate-cancer.cfm|archive-date=2016-03-31|access-date=2016-03-19|publisher=American Urological Association}}</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis found no statistically significant increase in risk of [[prostate cancer]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Bhindi|first1=Bimal|last2=Wallis|first2=Christopher J. D.|last3=Nayan|first3=Madhur|last4=Farrell|first4=Ann M.|last5=Trost|first5=Landon W.|last6=Hamilton|first6=Robert J.|last7=Kulkarni|first7=Girish S.|last8=Finelli|first8=Antonio|last9=Fleshner|first9=Neil E.|last10=Boorjian|first10=Stephen A.|last11=Karnes|first11=R. Jeffrey|display-authors=3|date=17 July 2017|title=The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=177|issue=9|pages=1273–1286|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2791|pmc=5710573|pmid=28715534}}</ref> A 2019 study of 2.1 million Danish males found that vasectomy increased their incidence of prostate cancer by 15%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Husby|first1=Anders|last2=Wohlfahrt|first2=Jan|last3=Melbye|first3=Mads|date=1 January 2020|title=Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer Risk: A 38-Year Nationwide Cohort Study|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|volume=112|issue=1|pages=71–77|doi=10.1093/jnci/djz099|issn=1460-2105|pmid=31119294}}</ref> A 2020 meta-analysis found that vasectomy increased the incidence by 9%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=Sheng|last2=Yang|first2=Bo|last3=Xu|first3=Liwei|last4=Zheng|first4=Qiming|last5=Ding|first5=Guoqing|last6=Li|first6=Gonghui|date=2020-08-09|title=Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies|journal=Carcinogenesis|volume=42|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1093/carcin/bgaa086|issn=1460-2180|pmid=32772072|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other studies agree on the 15% increase in risk of developing prostate cancer, but found that people who get a vasectomy are not more likely to die from prostate cancer than those without a vasectomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seikkula|first1=Heikki|last2=Kaipia|first2=Antti|last3=Hirvonen|first3=Elli|last4=Rantanen|first4=Matti|last5=Pitkäniemi|first5=Janne|last6=Malila|first6=Nea|last7=Boström|first7=Peter J.|display-authors=3|date=February 2020|title=Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer in a Finnish nationwide population-based cohort|journal=Cancer Epidemiology|volume=64|article-number=101631|doi=10.1016/j.canep.2019.101631|issn=1877-783X|pmid=31760357|s2cid=208276171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Yawei|last2=Li|first2=Lei|last3=Yang|first3=Wuping|last4=Zhang|first4=Kenan|last5=Ma|first5=Kaifang|last6=Xie|first6=Haibiao|last7=Zhou|first7=Jingcheng|last8=Cai|first8=Lin|last9=Gong|first9=Yanqing|last10=Zhang|first10=Zheng|last11=Gong|first11=Kan|display-authors=3|date=2021-04-29|title=Association between vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis|journal=Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases|volume=24|issue=4|pages=962–975|doi=10.1038/s41391-021-00368-7|issn=1476-5608|pmid=33927357|s2cid=233458537}}</ref>

===Postvasectomy pain===
{{Main|Post-vasectomy pain syndrome}}

Post-vasectomy pain syndrome is a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy.<ref name=nangia/> The most robust study of post-vasectomy pain, according to the American Urology Association's Vasectomy Guidelines of 2012 (amended 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/guidelines/vasectomy-guideline|title=Vasectomy Guideline - American Urological Association|website=www.auanet.org}}</ref> surveyed people just before their vasectomy and again seven months later. Of those that responded and who said they did not have any scrotal pain prior to vasectomy, 7% had scrotal pain seven months later which they described as "Mild, a bit of a nuisance", 1.6% had pain that was "Moderate, require painkillers" and 0.9% had pain that was "quite severe and noticeably affecting their quality of life".<ref name=leslie>{{Cite journal|title = The incidence of chronic scrotal pain after vasectomy: a prospective audit|author1=Leslie TA |author2=Illing RO |author3=Cranston DW |s2cid=23328539 |display-authors=etal |date = 2007|journal = BJU Int |volume=100 |issue=6|pages=1330–3|doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07128.x|pmid =17850378|doi-access=free }}</ref> Post-vasectomy pain can be constant [[orchialgia]] or epididymal pain ([[epididymitis]]), or it can be pain that occurs only at particular times such as with sexual intercourse, ejaculation, or physical exertion.<ref name=christiansen/>

===Psychological effects===
A 1990 study indicated that some 90% of men are generally reported in reviews as being satisfied with having had a vasectomy,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thonneau|first=P|author2=D'isle, B|title=Does vasectomy have long-term effects on somatic and psychological health status?|journal=International Journal of Andrology|year=1990|volume=13|issue=6|pages=419–432|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.1990.tb01050.x|pmid=2096110|doi-access=free}}</ref> while 7–10% of people regret their decision.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Labrecque|first=Michel|author2=Paunescu, Cristina |author3=Plesu, Ioana |author4=Stacey, Dawn |author5= Légaré, France|display-authors=3 |title=Evaluation of the effect of a patient decision aid about vasectomy on the decision-making process: a randomized trial|journal=Contraception|year=2010|volume=82|issue=6|pages=556–562|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.003|pmid=21074020}}</ref>

Younger people who receive a vasectomy are significantly more likely to regret and seek a reversal of their vasectomy, with one study showing people in their twenties being 12.5 times more likely to undergo a vasectomy reversal later in life (and including some who chose sterilization at a young age). Pre-vasectomy counseling is often emphasised for younger patients.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Potts|first=J.M.|author2=Pasqualotto, F.F.|author3=Nelson, D.|author4=Thomas, A.J.|author5=Agarwal, A.|journal=The Journal of Urology|date=June 1999|volume=161|issue=6|pages=1835–1839|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)68819-2|url=http://www.ccf.org/ReproductiveResearchCenter/docs/agradoc64.pdf|pmid=10332448|title=Patient Characteristics Associated with Vasectomy Reversal|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303145116/http://www.ccf.org/ReproductiveResearchCenter/docs/agradoc64.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Dohle 159–163">{{Cite journal |last1=Dohle |first1=Gert R. |last2=Diemer |first2=Thorsten |last3=Kopa |first3=Zsolt |last4=Krausz |first4=Csilla |last5=Giwercman |first5=Aleksander |last6=Jungwirth |first6=Andreas |last7=European Association of Urology Working Group on Male Infertility|display-authors=3 |date=January 2012 |title=European Association of Urology guidelines on vasectomy |journal=European Urology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=159–163 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.001 |issn=1873-7560 |pmid=22033172}}</ref>

==Procedure==

The traditional incision approach of vasectomy involves numbing of the scrotum with local anesthetic (although some people's physiology may make access to the vas deferens more difficult in which case general anesthesia may be recommended) after which a [[scalpel]] is used to make two small incisions, one on each side of the scrotum at a location that allows the surgeon to bring each vas deferens to the surface for excision. The vasa deferentia are cut (sometimes a section may be removed altogether), separated, and then at least one side is sealed by ligating ([[suturing]]), [[cauterizing]] ([[electrocauterization]]), or clamping.<ref name=Cook2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=LA|last2=Pun|first2=A|last3=Gallo|first3=MF|last4=Lopez|first4=LM|last5=Van Vliet|first5=HA|title=Scalpel versus no-scalpel incision for vasectomy.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=30 March 2014|volume=2014 |issue=3|article-number=CD004112|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004112.pub4|pmid=24683021|pmc=6464377}}</ref> There are several variations to this method that may improve healing, effectiveness, and which help mitigate long-term pain such as post-vasectomy pain syndrome or [[epididymitis]], however the data supporting one over another are limited.<ref name="www2.cochrane.org" />
* '''Fascial interposition:''' Recanalization of the vas deferens is a known cause of vasectomy failure(s).<ref>{{cite web |author=webmaster@vasectomy-information.com |url=http://www.vasectomy-information.com/moreinfo/recanalisation.htm |title=Recanalization of the vas deferens |publisher=Vasectomy-information.com |date=2007-09-14 |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104203420/http://www.vasectomy-information.com/moreinfo/recanalisation.htm |archive-date=2012-01-04 }}</ref> Fascial interposition ("FI"), in which a tissue barrier is placed between the cut ends of the vas by suturing, may help to prevent this type of failure, increasing the overall success rate of vasectomy while leaving the testicular end within the confines of the fascia.<ref name="pmid=15056388">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-2-6 |year=2004|display-authors=3 |last1=Sokal |first1=David |last2=Irsula |first2=Belinda |last3=Hays |first3=Melissa |last4=Chen-Mok |first4=Mario |last5=Barone |first5=Mark A |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=2 |page=6 |pmid=15056388 |title=Vasectomy by ligation and excision, with or without fascial interposition: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN77781689 |pmc=406425 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[fascia]] is a fibrous protective sheath that surrounds the vas deferens as well as all other body muscle tissue. This method, when combined with intraluminal cautery (where one or both sides of the vas deferens are electrically "burned" closed to prevent recanalization), has been shown to increase the success rate of vasectomy procedures.
* '''No-needle''' anesthesia: [[Fear of needles]] for injection of [[local anesthesia]] is well known.<ref name=pmid15821547>{{cite journal |pmid=15821547 |year=2005 |last1=Weiss |first1=RS |last2=Li |first2=PS |s2cid=13097425 |title=No-needle jet anesthetic technique for no-scalpel vasectomy |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=1677–80 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000154698.03817.d4 |journal=The Journal of Urology}}</ref> In 2005, a method of local anesthesia was introduced for vasectomy which allows the surgeon to apply it painlessly with a special jet-injection tool, as opposed to traditional needle application. The numbing agent is forced/pushed onto and deep enough into the scrotal tissue to allow for a virtually pain-free surgery. Lidocaine applied in this manner typically achieves anesthesia within 10 to 20 seconds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Ronald S. |last2=Li |first2=Philip S. |date=May 2005 |title=No-needle jet anesthetic technique for no-scalpel vasectomy |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=1677–1680 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000154698.03817.d4 |issn=0022-5347 |pmid=15821547}}</ref> Initial surveys show a very high satisfaction rate amongst vasectomy patients.<ref name=pmid15821547/> Once the effects of no-needle anesthesia set in, the vasectomy procedure is performed in the routine manner. However, unlike in conventional local anesthesia where needles and syringes are used on one patient only, the applicator is not single use and can only be properly disinfected by [[Autoclave | autoclaving]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barolet |first1=Daniel |last2=Benohanian |first2=Antranik |date=2018-05-01 |title=Current trends in needle-free jet injection: an update |journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology |language=English |volume=11 |pages=231–238 |doi=10.2147/CCID.S162724 |pmc=5936486 |pmid=29750049 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''No-scalpel''' vasectomy (NSV): Also known as a "key-hole" vasectomy,<ref name=Cook2014/> is a vasectomy in which a sharp [[hemostat]] (as opposed to a scalpel) is used to puncture the scrotum. This method has come into widespread use as the resulting smaller "incision" or puncture wound typically limits bleeding and hematomas. Also the smaller wound has less chance of infection, resulting in faster healing times compared to the larger/longer incisions made with a scalpel. The surgical wound created by the no-scalpel method usually does not require stitches. NSV is the most commonly performed type of minimally invasive vasectomy, and both describe the method of vasectomy that leads to access of the vas deferens.<ref name="pmid23098786">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharlip ID, Belker AM, Honig S, Labrecque M, Marmar JL, Ross LS, Sandlow JI, Sokal DC | title = Vasectomy: AUA guideline | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 188 | issue = 6 Suppl | pages = 2482–91 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23098786 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.080 }}</ref>
[[File:Open Vasectomy .jpeg|thumb|Open-ended vasectomy]]
* '''Open-ended''' vasectomy: In this procedure the testicular end of the vas deferens is not sealed, which allows continued streaming of sperm into the scrotum. This method may avoid testicular pain resulting from increased back-pressure in the [[epididymis]].<ref name=christiansen/> Studies suggest that this method may reduce long-term complications such as [[post-vasectomy pain syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moss|first=WM|title=A comparison of open-end versus closed-end vasectomies: a report on 6220 cases|journal=Contraception|date=December 1992|volume=46|issue=6|pages=521–5|pmid=1493712|doi=10.1016/0010-7824(92)90116-B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shapiro|first=EI|author2=Silber, SJ |title=Open-ended vasectomy, sperm granuloma, and postvasectomy orchialgia|journal=Fertility and Sterility|date=November 1979|volume=32|issue=5|pages=546–50|pmid=499585|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44357-8|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''Vas irrigation:''' Injections of sterile water or [[euflavine]] (which kills sperm) are put into the distal portion of the vas at the time of surgery which then brings about a near-immediate sterile ("azoospermatic") condition. The use of euflavine does however, tend to decrease time (or, number of ejaculations) to azoospermia vs. the water irrigation by itself. This additional step in the vasectomy procedure, (and similarly, fascial interposition), has shown positive results but is not as prominently in use, and few surgeons offer it as part of their vasectomy procedure.<ref name="www2.cochrane.org">{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Lynley A.|last2=Van Vliet|first2=Huib AAM|last3=Lopez|first3=Laureen M|last4=Pun|first4=Asha|last5=Gallo|first5=Maria F|year=2014|editor1-last=Cook|editor1-first=Lynley A.|title=Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2014 |issue=2|article-number=CD003991|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4|pmid=24683020|pmc=7173716}}</ref>

===Other techniques===
The following vasectomy methods have purportedly had a better chance of later reversal but have seen less use by virtue of known higher failure rates (i.e., recanalization). An earlier clip device, the VasClip, is no longer on the market, due to unacceptably high failure rates.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17070280 |year=2006 |last1=Levine |first1=LA |last2=Abern |first2=MR |last3=Lux |first3=MM |title=Persistent motile sperm after ligation band vasectomy |volume=176 |issue=5 |pages=2146–8 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2006.07.028 |journal=The Journal of Urology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imccoalition.org/newsletter/2008_August_public.htm |title=Male Contraception Update for the public - August 2008, 3(8) |publisher=Imccoalition.org |access-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327213833/http://www.imccoalition.org/newsletter/2008_August_public.htm |archive-date=2012-03-27 }}</ref><ref name="vasweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.vasweb.com/vasclip.htm |title= VasClip|website=www.vasweb.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019201121/http://www.vasweb.com/vasclip.htm |archive-date=2011-10-19}}</ref>{{Unreliable medical source|date=July 2011}}

The VasClip method, though considered reversible, has had a higher cost and resulted in lower success rates. Also, because the vasa deferentia are not cut or tied with this method, it could technically be classified as other than a vasectomy. Vasectomy reversal (and the success thereof) was conjectured to be higher as it only required removing the Vas-Clip device. This method achieved limited use, and scant reversal data are available.<ref name="vasweb" />

====Vas occlusion techniques====
{{main|Vas-occlusive contraception}}
* '''Injected plugs:''' There are two types of injected plugs which can be used to block the vasa deferentia. [[Medical-grade]] polyurethane (MPU) or medical-grade silicone rubber (MSR) starts as a liquid polymer that is injected into the vas deferens after which the liquid is clamped in place until is solidifies (usually in a few minutes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malecontraceptives.org/methods/mpu.php |title=Injected plugs |publisher=MaleContraceptives.org |date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2011-12-28}}</ref>
* '''Intra-vas device:''' The vasa deferentia can also be occluded by an intra-vas device (IVD). A small cut is made in the lower abdomen after which a soft silicone or urethane plug is inserted into each vas tube thereby blocking (occluding) sperm. This method allows for the vas to remain intact. IVD technique is done in an out-patient setting with local anesthetic, similar to a traditional vasectomy. IVD reversal can be performed under the same conditions making it much less costly than [[vasovasostomy]] which can require general anesthesia and longer surgery time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malecontraceptives.org/methods/shug.php#refs |title=Intra Vas Device (IVD) |publisher=MaleContraceptives.org |access-date=2011-12-28}}</ref>

Both vas occlusion techniques require the same basic patient setup: local anesthesia, puncturing of the scrotal sac for access of the vas, and then plug or injected plug occlusion. The success of the aforementioned vas occlusion techniques is not clear and data are still{{when?|date=May 2025}} limited. Studies have shown, however, that the time to achieve sterility is longer than the more prominent techniques mentioned in the beginning of this article. The satisfaction rate of patients undergoing IVD techniques has a high rate of satisfaction with regard to the surgery experience itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=LA |last2=Van Vliet |first2=HA |last3=Lopez |first3=LM |last4=Pun |first4=A |last5=Gallo |first5=MF |title=Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=30 March 2014 |volume=2014 |issue=3 |article-number=CD003991 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003991.pub4 |pmid=24683020|pmc=7173716 }}</ref>

===Recovery===
{{multiple images|perrow =1
| image1 = Vasectomy day 1.jpg
| caption1 = Incision [[surgical suture|stitches]] and a [[shaved]] scrotum
| image2 = Vesectomy after 14 days.jpg|14 days after vasectomy surgery
| caption2 = 14 days after vasectomy surgery
}}
Sexual intercourse can usually be resumed in about a week (depending on recovery); however, pregnancy is still possible as long as the [[sperm count]] is above zero. Another method of contraception must be relied upon until a sperm count is performed either two months after the vasectomy or after 10–20 ejaculations have occurred.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/vasectomy-14387 |title=Vasectomy Procedure, Effects, Risks, Effectiveness, and More |author=Healthwise Staff |work=webmd.com |date=May 13, 2010 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref>

After a vasectomy, contraceptive precautions must be continued until [[azoospermia]] is confirmed. Usually two semen analyses at three and four months are necessary to confirm azoospermia. The British Andrological Society has recommended that a single semen analysis confirming azoospermia after sixteen weeks is sufficient.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Vasectomy Semen Analysis|url=http://www.cambridge-ivf.org.uk/patients/andrology-services/post-vasectomy-semen-analysis-pvsa|website=Cambridge IVF|access-date=23 October 2015|ref=CambridgeIVF|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226162148/https://www.cambridge-ivf.org.uk/patients/andrology-services/post-vasectomy-semen-analysis-pvsa}}</ref>

Post-vasectomy, testicles will continue to produce sperm cells. As before vasectomy, unused sperm are reabsorbed by the body.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://urology.med.miami.edu/specialties/male-urologic-health/vasectomy |title= Vasectomy |author= |website=University of Miami Health System, Miller School of Medicine |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

== Conceiving after vasectomy ==

In order to allow the possibility of reproduction via [[artificial insemination]] after vasectomy, some opt for [[Semen cryopreservation|cryopreservation of sperm]] before sterilization. Dr Allan Pacey, senior lecturer in andrology at [[University of Sheffield|Sheffield University]] and secretary of the British Fertility Society, notes that those he sees for a vasectomy reversal which has not worked express wishing they had known they could have stored sperm. Pacey notes, "The problem is you're asking a man to foresee a future where he might not necessarily be with his current partner—and that may be quite hard to do when she's sitting next to you."<ref name="bbcnews">Murphy, Clare. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7948690.stm Divorce fuels vasectomy reversals]", ''[[BBC News]]'', 18 March 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2012.</ref>

The cost of cryo-preservation (sperm banking) may also be substantially less than alternative vaso-vasectomy procedures, compared to the costs of [[in-vitro fertilization]] (IVF) which usually run from $12,000 to $25,000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Klein |first=Amy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/ivf-treatment-costs-guide.html |title=I.V.F. is Expensive. Here's How to Bring Down the Cost. |work=The New York Times |date=2019-06-20 |access-date=2021-07-08 }}</ref>

Sperm can be aspirated from the testicles or the epididymides, and while there is not enough for successful artificial insemination, there is enough to fertilize an ovum by [[intracytoplasmic sperm injection]]. This avoids the problem of [[antisperm antibodies]] and may result in a faster pregnancy. IVF may be less costly per cycle than reversal in some health-care systems, but a single IVF cycle is often insufficient for conception. Disadvantages include the need for procedures on the woman, and the standard potential side-effects of IVF for both the mother and the child.<ref name=shridharani/>

===Vasectomy reversal===
{{Main|Vasectomy reversal}}

Vasectomies are not always reversible. There is a surgical procedure to reverse vasectomies using [[vasovasostomy]] (a form of [[microsurgery]] first performed by Earl Owen in 1971<ref name=owen_webpage/><ref name=owen/>). Vasovasostomy is effective at achieving pregnancy in a variable percentage of cases, and total out-of-pocket costs in the United States are often upwards of $10,000.<ref name=cost/> The typical success rate of pregnancy following a vasectomy reversal is around 55% if performed within 10 years, and drops to around 25% if performed after 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-29 |title=Vasectomy reversal: first cut isn't final |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/vasectomy-reversal-first-cut-isn-t-final-1657039.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> After reversal, sperm counts and motility are usually much lower than pre-vasectomy levels.

Approximately 2% of men who have undergone vasectomy will undergo a reversal within 10 years of the procedure.<ref name="Dohle 159–163"/> A small number of vasectomy reversals are also performed in attempts to relieve post-vasectomy pain syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horovitz|first1=D.|title=Vasectomy reversal provides long-term pain relief for men with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome.|journal= Journal of Urology|date=February 2012|pmid=22177173|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.023|volume=187|issue=2|pages=613–7}}</ref>

==Prevalence==

Internationally, vasectomy rates are vastly different.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Jacobstein|first=Roy|date=December 2015|title=The kindest cut: global need to increase vasectomy availability|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=3|issue=12|pages=e733–734|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00168-0|issn=2214-109X|pmid=26545447|doi-access=free}}</ref> While female sterilisation is the most widely used method worldwide, with 223 million women relying on it, only 28 million women rely on their partner's vasectomy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Use 2011 |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/contraceptive2011.htm |website=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012 |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928072757/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/contraceptive2011.htm }}</ref> In the world's 69 least developed countries less than 0.1% of males use vasectomies on average. Of 54 African countries, only ten report measurable vasectomy use and only Eswatini, Botswana, and South Africa exceed 0.1% prevalence.<ref name=":1" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Prevalence of vasectomies<ref name=":1" />
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Vasectomy usage
!scope="col"|Notes
|-
!scope="row"|Canada
|22%
|
|-
!scope="row"|UK
|17% – 21%
|only range given
|-
!scope="row"|New Zealand
|17% – 21%
|only range given
|-
!scope="row"|South Korea
|17% – 21%
|only range given
|-
!scope="row"|Australia
|~10%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Belgium
|~10%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Denmark
|~10%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Spain
|~10%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Switzerland
|~10%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Nepal
|7.8%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Brazil
|5.1%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Colombia
|3.4%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Eswatini
|0.3%
|
|-
!scope="row"|Botswana
|0.4%
|
|-
!scope="row"|South Africa
|0.7%
|
|}

In North America and Europe vasectomy usage is on the order of 10% with some countries reaching 20%.<ref name=":1" /> Despite its high efficacy, in the United States, vasectomy is utilized less than half the rate of the alternative female [[tubal ligation]].<ref name="Shih G, Turok DK, Parker WJ 2011 310–5">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shih G, Turok DK, Parker WJ |title=Vasectomy: the other (better) form of sterilization |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=310–5 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21397087 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.019 |url=http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/fnsp/article/view/335444 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to the research, vasectomy in the US is least utilized among black and Latino populations, the groups that have the highest rates of female sterilization.<ref name="Shih G, Turok DK, Parker WJ 2011 310–5"/>

New Zealand, in contrast, has higher levels of vasectomy than tubal ligation; 18% of all males, and 25% of all married males, have had a vasectomy. The age cohort with the highest level of vasectomy was 40–49, where 57% of males had taken it up.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sneyd|first=Mary Jane|author2=Cox, Brian |author3=Paul, Charlotte |author4= Skegg, David C.G. |title=High prevalence of vasectomy in New Zealand|journal=Contraception|year=2001|volume=64|issue=3|pages=155–159|doi=10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00242-6|pmid=11704094}}</ref> Canada, the UK, Bhutan and the Netherlands all have similar levels of uptake.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pile|first=John M.|author2=Barone, Mark A. |title=Demographics of Vasectomy—USA and International|journal=Urologic Clinics of North America|year=2009|volume=36|issue=3|pages=295–305|doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.006|pmid=19643232}}</ref>

==History==
The first human vasectomies were performed in the late 19th century. The procedure was initially used mainly as a treatment for [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|prostate enlargement]] and as a [[eugenic]] method for sterilizing "degenerates".<ref name=Drake/> Vasectomy as a method of voluntary birth control began during the Second World War.<ref name=leavesley/>

The first recorded vasectomy was performed on a dog in 1823.<ref name=leavesley/> The first human vasectomies were performed to treat [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], or enlargement of the prostate. [[Castration]] had sometimes been used as a treatment for this condition in the 1880s, but, given the serious side effects, doctors sought alternative treatments. The first to suggest vasectomy as an alternative to castration may have been [[James Ewing Mears]] (in 1890), or [[Jean Casimir Félix Guyon]].<ref name=Drake/>
The first human vasectomy is thought to have been performed by [[Reginald Harrison]].<ref name=leavesley/>{{Additional citation needed|date=May 2018}} By 1900, Harrison reported that he had performed more than 100 vasectomies with no adverse outcomes.<ref name=Drake/>

In the late 1890s, vasectomy also came to be proposed as a eugenic measure for the sterilization of men considered unfit to reproduce. The first case report of vasectomy in the United States was in 1897, by A. J. Ochsner, a surgeon in Chicago, in a paper titled, "Surgical treatment of habitual criminals". He believed vasectomy to be a simple, effective means for stemming the tide of [[Social degeneration|racial degeneration]] widely believed to be occurring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A.J.|first=Ochsner|date=1969|title=Surgical Treatment of Habitual Criminals|journal=Buck V Bell Documents|url=https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/buckvbell/81/|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=A Century of Eugenics in America: From the Indiana Experiment to the Human Genome Era
|editor-last=Lombardo|editor-first=Paul A.
|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2011
|isbn=978-0-253-22269-5
|chapter=The Hoosier Connection: Compulsory Sterilization as Moral Hygiene
|page=19
|last=Carlson|first=Elof Axel
}}</ref> In 1902, [[Harry C. Sharp]], the surgeon at the Indiana Reformatory, reported that he had sterilized 42 inmates in an effort to both reduce criminal behavior in those individuals and prevent the birth of future criminals.<ref name=reilly/>

[[Eugen Steinach]] (1861–1944), an Austrian physician, believed that a unilateral vasectomy (severing only one of the two vasa deferentia) in older individuals could restore general vigor and [[sexual potency]], shrink [[benign prostatic hyperplasia|enlarged prostate]]s, and cure various ailments by somehow boosting the hormonal output of the vasectomized testicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schultheiss|first1=Dirk|last2=Engel|first2=Rainer M.|s2cid=12706657|date=2003-11-01|title=G. Frank Lydston (1858–1923) revisited: androgen therapy by testicular implantation in the early twentieth century|journal=World Journal of Urology|language=en|volume=21|issue=5|pages=356–363|doi=10.1007/s00345-003-0370-z|pmid=14586546|issn=0724-4983}}</ref> This surgery, which became very popular in the 1920s, was undertaken by many wealthy individuals, including [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[W. B. Yeats]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1985/05/09/yeatss-second-puberty/|title=Yeats's Second Puberty|last=Ellmann|first=Richard|journal=The New York Review of Books|access-date=2017-08-23|date=1985-05-09|volume=32 |issue=8 }}</ref> Since these operations lacked rigorous controlled trials, any rejuvenating effect was likely due to the [[Placebo|placebo effect]], and with the later development of synthetic injectable hormones, this operation fell out of vogue.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBbUo2AcJzgC&q=steinach%20operation%20unilateral&pg=PA90|title=Reproduction by Design: Sex, Robots, Trees, and Test-Tube Babies in Interwar Britain|last=McLaren|first=Angus|date=2012-03-09|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56069-4|language=en}}</ref>

Vasectomy began to be regarded as a method of consensual [[birth control]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref name=leavesley/> The first vasectomy program on a national scale was launched in 1954 in [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Sanjay|title=A Study of Male Sterilization with No Scalpel Vasectomy|journal=JK Science|date=April–June 2014|volume=16|issue=2|page=67|url=http://www.jkscience.org/archives/volume162/originalarticle4.pdf|access-date=23 October 2015|ref=jkscience}}</ref> In the 1970s, India enacted a [[The Emergency (India)#Forced_sterilisation|coercive sterilization campaign]] which resulted in millions of vasectomies. Today, India's [[Compulsory_sterilization#India|sterilization program]] focuses on coercing poor women.

==Society and culture==
===Availability and legality===

Vasectomy costs are (or may be) covered in different countries, as a method of both contraception or population control, with some offering it as a part of a national health insurance. The procedure was generally considered illegal in [[France]] until 2001, due to provisions in the [[Napoleonic Code]] forbidding "self-mutilation". No French law specifically mentioned vasectomy until a 2001 law on contraception and infanticide permitted the procedure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Latham|first=Melanie|title=Regulating Reproduction: A Century of Conflict in Britain and France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXnTDJP05vQC&q=vasectomy+france+law&pg=PA44|year=2002|publisher= Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5699-4}}</ref>

The U.S. [[Affordable Care Act]] (signed into law in 2010) does not cover vasectomies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where Can I Buy a Vasectomy & How Much Will It Cost? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/vasectomy/how-do-i-get-vasectomy |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=[[Planned Parenthood]] |language=en}}</ref> although eight states require state-[[Health insurance in the United States|health insurance]] plans to cover the cost. These include: [[Illinois]], [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oregon]], [[Vermont]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=My husband would like to get a vasectomy but when I checked with our insurer, they told me that the plan would cover my sterilization without cost sharing but we would have to pay part of the costs for his procedure. What is the reason for that? |url=https://www.kff.org/faqs/faqs-health-insurance-marketplace-and-the-aca/my-husband-would-like-to-get-a-vasectomy-but-when-i-checked-with-our-insurer-they-told-me-that-the-plan-would-cover-my-sterilization-without-cost-sharing-but-we-would-have-to-pay-part-of-the-costs-fo/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2014, the Iranian parliament voted for a bill that would ban the procedure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=11 August 2014 |title=Iranian parliament bans vasectomies in bid to boost birth rate |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-population/iranian-parliament-bans-vasectomies-in-bid-to-boost-birth-rate-idUSKBN0GB15Z20140811 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Impact of legal changes (US) ===
An analysis of medical records of 217 million people in the U.S. compared [[Tubal ligation|tubal sterilization]] and vasectomy rates in the last six months of 2021 with rates in the last six months of 2022—just after the [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|Dobbs]] ruling (i.e. the overturning of [[Roe v. Wade|Roe vs Wade]]) in June 2022. Although the effect of Dobbs was different in various social groups, it had a strong impact on those under age 30 with their vasectomy rates increasing by 59%, and tubal sterilization rates increasing by 29%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haelle |first=Tara |title=Vasectomies Are Becoming Popular in a Post-Roe World |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/more-men-are-getting-vasectomies-since-roe-was-overturned/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{main|Medical tourism}}

Medical tourism, where a patient travels to a less-developed location where a procedure is cheaper to save money and combine convalescence with a vacation, is infrequently used for vasectomy due to its low cost, but is more likely to be used for vasectomy reversal. Many hospitals list vasectomy as being available. Medical tourism has been scrutinized by some governments for quality of care and postoperative care issues.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.017 |title=Medical tourism: Assessing the evidence on treatment abroad |year=2010 |last1=Lunt |first1=Neil |last2=Carrera |first2=Percivil |journal=Maturitas |volume=66 |pages=27–32 |pmid=20185254 |issue=1}}</ref>

===Shooting of Andrew Rynne===
In 1990, [[Andrew Rynne]], chairperson of the [[Irish Family Planning Association]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]]'s first vasectomy specialist,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://radio.rte.ie/radio1highlights/today-with-sean-orourke-the-vasectomy-doctor/ |title = 'I could look down the barrel of the gun. I could see the worm of the gun.' - RTÉ Radio 1 Highlights}}</ref> was shot by a former client, but he survived. The incident is the subject of a short film, ''The Vasectomy Doctor'', by Paul Webster.<ref name="IrishmanAbroad">{{cite podcast |author-link=Jarlath Regan |author=Jarlath Regan |edition=297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134910/https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/dr-andrew-rynne-episode-297 |url-status=live |url=https://soundcloud.com/an-irishman-abroad/dr-andrew-rynne-episode-297 |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |work=[[An Irishman Abroad]] |title=Dr. Andrew Rynne |publisher=[[SoundCloud]] |archive-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

==Non-human animals==
Vasectomy is regularly performed on [[bull]]s.<ref name="HendricksonBaird2013">{{cite book|author1=Dean A. Hendrickson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj0oHz_zJA4C&pg=PT541|title=Turner and McIlwraith's Techniques in Large Animal Surgery|author2=A. N. Baird|date=5 June 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-68404-7|page=541}}</ref>

Vasectomy has been proposed as an alternative to [[neutering]] for [[feral cat]]s, as they maintain their position in the breeding hierarchy instead of letting intact males take over.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Robert J. |last1=McCarthy |first2=Stephen H. |last2=Levine |first3=J. Michael |last3=Reed |title=Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model |volume=243 |issue=4 |pages=502–511 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |date=August 15, 2013 |doi=10.2460/javma.243.4.502 |pmid=23902443 |s2cid=16116016 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JAVMA.243..502M }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caroline Deys]], a noted vasectomy specialist
* [[Castration]]
* [[List of surgeries by type]]
* [[Male contraceptive]]
* [[Orchiectomy]]
* [[Testicular sperm extraction]]
* [[World Vasectomy Day]]
* [[Vasectomy reversal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs =
<ref name=popenoe>{{Cite journal
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|url=http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/images/2287.html}}</ref>

<ref name=christiansen>{{Cite journal| vauthors=Christiansen C, Sandlow J| title=Testicular Pain Following Vasectomy: A Review of Post vasectomy Pain Syndrome| journal=Journal of Andrology| year=2003| volume=24| issue=3| pmid=12721203| pages=293–8| doi=10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02675.x| doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=hattikudur>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1982.tb03089.x |title=Immunological and Clinical Consequences of Vasectomy* |year=2009 |last1=Hattikudur |first1=S. |last2=Shanta |first2=S. RAO |last3=Shahani |first3=S.K. |last4=Shastri |first4=P.R. |last5=Thakker |first5=P.V. |last6=Bordekar |first6=A.D. |journal=Andrologia |volume=14 |pages=15–22 |pmid=7039414 |issue=1|s2cid=10468133 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=deshpande>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Deshpande RB, Deshpande J, Mali BN, Kinare SG |title=Vasitis nodosa (a report of 7 cases) |journal=J Postgrad Med |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=105–8 |year=1985 |pmid=4057111 |url= http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1985;volume=31;issue=2;spage=105;epage=8;aulast=Deshpande }}</ref>

<ref name=hirschowitz>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1136/jcp.41.4.419 |title=Vasitis nodosa and associated clinical findings |year=1988 |last1=Hirschowitz |first1=L |last2=Rode |first2=J |last3=Guillebaud |first3=J |last4=Bounds |first4=W |last5=Moss |first5=E |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=419–423 |pmid=3366928 |pmc=1141468}}</ref>

<ref name=philp>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.289.6437.77 |title=Late failure of vasectomy after two documented analyses showing azoospermic semen |year=1984 |last1=Philp |first1=T |last2=Guillebaud |first2=J |last3=Budd |first3=D |journal=BMJ |volume=289 |issue=6437 |pages=77–79 |pmid=6428685 |pmc=1441962}}</ref>

<ref name=griffin>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000161595.82642.fc |year=2005 |last1=Griffin |first1=T |title=How Little is Enough? The Evidence for Post-Vasectomy Testing |last2=Tooher |first2=R |last3=Nowakowski |first3=K |last4=Lloyd |first4=M |last5=Maddern |first5=G |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=174 |pages=29–36 |pmid=15947571 |issue=1}}</ref>

<ref name=christensen>{{Cite journal |doi=10.3122/jabfm.18.1.44 |pmid=15709063 |title=Postvasectomy Semen Analysis: Are Men Following Up? |year=2005 |last1=Christensen |first1=R. E. |last2=Maples |first2=D. C. |journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=44–47|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=klotz>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.045 |title=Clinical and Consumer Trial Performance of a Sensitive Immunodiagnostic Home Test That Qualitatively Detects Low Concentrations of Sperm Following Vasectomy |year=2008 |last1=Klotz |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Coppola |first2=Michael A. |last3=Labrecque |first3=Michel |last4=Brugh Vm |first4=Victor M. |last5=Ramsey |first5=Kim |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-ah |last7=Conaway |first7=Mark R. |last8=Howards |first8=Stuart S. |last9=Flickinger |first9=Charles J. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=180 |issue=6 |pages=2569–2576 |pmid=18930494 |pmc=2657845 |last10=Herr |first10=John C.}}</ref>

<ref name=schwingl>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00482-9 |title=Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy |year=2000 |last1=Schwingl |first1=Pamela J |last2=Guess |first2=Harry A |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=923–936 |pmid=10785217|citeseerx=10.1.1.494.1247 }}</ref>

<ref name=nangia>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66923-6 |year=2000 |last1=Nangia |first1=Ajay K. |title=Vasectomy Reversal for the Post-Vasectomy Pain Syndrome:: A Clinical and Histological Evaluation |last2=Myles |first2=Jonathan L. |last3=Thomas Aj |first3=Anthony J. |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=1939–1942 |pmid=11061886}}</ref>



<ref name=owen_webpage>{{cite web |url=http://www.earlowen.com.au/about%20vasectomy%20reversal.htm |title=About Vasectomy Reversal |access-date=2007-11-29 |work=Professor Earl Owen's homepage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206002919/http://www.earlowen.com.au/about%20vasectomy%20reversal.htm |archive-date=2007-12-06 }}</ref>

<ref name=owen>{{Cite journal|author=Owen ER |title=Microsurgical vasovasostomy: a reliable vasectomy reversal |journal=Urology|year=1977 |pmid=11905902 |volume=167 |issue=2 Pt 2 |page=1205 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(02)80388-3}}</ref>

<ref name=cost>Vasectomy Reversal http://www.epigee.org/guide/vasectomy_reversal.html</ref>

<ref name=rcog>{{cite web|last=Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|title=Sterilisation for women and men: what you need to know|url=http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/sterilisation-women-and-men-what-you-need-know#how|access-date=2011-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104225418/http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/sterilisation-women-and-men-what-you-need-know#how|archive-date=2011-01-04}}</ref>

<ref name=Drake>{{cite journal
|journal=BJU International|year=1999
|last1=Drake|first1=M.J.|last2=Mills|first2=I.W.|last3=Cranston|first3=D.
|title=On the chequered history of vasectomy
|volume=84
|issue=4
|pages=475–481
|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00206.x
|pmid=10468765
|s2cid=20563820
}}</ref>

<ref name=leavesley>{{cite journal |pmid=12336890 |year=1980 |last1=Leavesley |first1=JH |title=Brief history of vasectomy |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=2–3 |journal=Family Planning Information Service}}</ref>

<ref name=shridharani>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b35 |title=Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval: which is better? |year=2010 |last1=Shridharani |first1=Anand |last2=Sandlow |first2=Jay I |s2cid=42105503 |journal=Current Opinion in Urology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=503–509 |pmid=20852426}}</ref>

<ref name=reilly>{{cite book|last1=Reilly|first1=Phillip|title=The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States|date=1991|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=30–33}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002995.htm MedlinePlus Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.vasectomyreversalaustralia.com.au/Vasectomy%20and%20Vasectomy%20Reversal_Aus_doctor.pdf How to treat: vasectomy and reversal, Australian Doctor, 2 July 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410080840/https://www.vasectomyreversalaustralia.com.au/Vasectomy%20and%20Vasectomy%20Reversal_Aus_doctor.pdf |date=10 April 2020 }}

{{Birth control methods}}
{{Male genital procedures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vasectomy| ]]
[[Category:Sterilization (medicine)]]
[[Category:Contraception for males]]
[[Category:1897 introductions]]
[[Category:Male genital surgery]]

Singngat

2026-03-05T13:04:10Z

Asiaarts: added

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singngat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mini-Town
| image_skyline = Singngat Vangkhua.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|8|58|N|93|35|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur District|Churachandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3778
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{Cite web | title = Census of India: Provisional Population Totals and Data Products – Census 2011: Manipur | publisher = Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | year = 2011 | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__manipur.html | accessdate = 2011-06-01}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]){{efn|[[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) is the official language of [[Manipur]]. Other regional languages of different places in Manipur may either be predominantly spoken or not in their respective places but "Meitei" is always officially used.}}<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=78 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Zou people|Zou]], [[Simte people|Simte]], [[Thadou people|Kuki]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795139
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 3852
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Singngat''', also spelt '''Singhat''', is one of the sub-divisional headquarters of [[Churachandpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] and is a key administrative centre in the southwestern border of the state. The Manipur Government officially recorded the name as Singhat, that's because the Meiteis find it difficult to pronounce the original name.

== Border Model Town ==
Thanks to efforts by the powers that be, Singngat has been part of a military and civilian partnership that seeks to redevelop it as a Model Town.<ref>[http://www.e-pao.net/GE.asp?heading=1&src=090806 COAS gifts model village to Singhat ]. The Sangai Express (9 August 2006). Retrieved 2012-02-24.</ref><ref>[http://thesangaiexpress.manipur.us/2009/06/05/News_pages/Sport-page.htm Sports facility inaugurated ] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120728164311/http://thesangaiexpress.manipur.us/2009/06/05/News_pages/Sport-page.htm |date=28 July 2012 }}. The Sangai Express (5 June 2009). Retrieved 2012-02-24.</ref>

== Lifelines ==

=== Drinking Water ===
[[Water scarcity]] has been grappling the people of Singngat since time immemorial. People have to undergo tremendous hardships in fetching water to as far away a tiny stream at over one to two kilometers, everyday, which sometimes is just barely a trickle from a small rivulet. To address the issue of perennial scarcity of drinking water, certain initiatives had been undertaken in the past. These are as follows:

'''1980s:''' An earthen dam was constructed by Pu Gougin, the then MLA at Paldai which soon proved to be a dismal failure.

'''1990s:''' With aid from an UN agency, an underground water pump scheme was initiated. It made water available for everyday use and was a great success. Sadly, most of the equipments were damaged during 1997-98 ethnic conflict. No such activity has been undertaken since then and the free and abundant availability of clean drinking water remains a distant dream for the town's inhabitants.

'''2006-07:''' An amount of Rs. 16 Lakh was sanctioned for water harvesting scheme under the MCA project. The system works only during the rainy season. A few old tanks are the only existing testimony to this scheme.

'''2009-10:''' A sum of Rs. 204.64 lakhs was sanctioned by the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region for the augmentation of water supply in Singngat for the period 2009–2010.<ref>[http://mdoner.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/Sanctioned%20Projects-Man9092545658.pdf Projects sanctioned of Manipur during 2009-10]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Ministry of DoNER's Non Lapsable Central Pool of Resources. Retrieved 2012-02-24.</ref><ref>[http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..310310.mar10 CCPur Trio invoke RTI ]. The Sangai Express (30 March 2010). Retrieved on 2012-02-24.</ref> This project was sanctioned on 20 July 2009 and according to the Detailed Project Report submitted by PHED, Churachandpur Division obtained from DONER, the source of water will be Tuisum river, 8 km from Singngat town. Work was started and the project was supposed to be completed by July 2011.<ref>[http://thesangaiexpress.manipur.us/2011/03/07/fullstory.php%3Fnewsid=3362.html CCpur in the throes of water woes]. The Sangai Express (3 February 2011). Retrieved 2012-02-24.</ref>

==Politics==
Singngat is part of [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2002/background/S14/Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-07
|work = Manipur
|publisher = Election Commission of India
}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It consists of Singngat (Singhat) Sub-division. Elected Members of Manipur Legislative Assembly from Singngat constituency since 1977 are as follows:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/manipur/churachandpur-constituencies/singhat.aspx
| title = Singngat Election Result since 1977
| accessdate = 2012-01-25
| work = Manipur
| publisher = Travel-India Guide.com}}</ref>

1. Thangkhanlal INC(I) 1980 
2. T Gouzadou INC 1984 
3. Thangkhanlal KNA 1990 
4. T Gouzadou NPP 1995 
5. N Zatawn JD(U) 2000 
6. Thangso Baite MSCP 2002 
7. T Hangkhanpao NPP 2007 
8. Ginsuanhau Zou INC 2012 
9. Ginsuanhau Zou BJP 2017 
10. Chinlunthang Zou KPA 2022 

== Singngat Vision 2020 ==

With a sense of deep concern on the current state of affairs, the collective leaderships of Team Delhi, Team Shillong, Team Lamka, Team Imphal, Team Singngat, etc. have painstaking deliberations on the issue. The collective leadership, thereupon, unanimously resolved to adopt a vision document "'''Singngat Vision – 2020'''" with a pledge to strive towards achieving the points given therein. The Vision is expected to be attained by 2020.<ref>[http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/sangai-express-news.php?newsid=12689 Singngat releases Vision 2020] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120915084417/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/sangai-express-news.php?newsid=12689 |date=15 September 2012 }}. The Sangai Express (27 January 2012). Retrieved on 2012-02-24.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Singngat Block https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165143/http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/sing.asp
* The Fall of Singngat https://vaphualization.blogspot.com/2009/07/remembering-july-7-1997.html
* Aerial view of Singngat http://wikimapia.org/4667141/Singngat

[[Category:Cities and towns in Churachandpur district]]

Baa Baaa Black Sheep (film)

2026-03-02T04:36:30Z

Asiaarts: starting data - done

{{For|the [[nursery rhyme]]|Baa, Baa, Black Sheep}}
{{short description|2018 film directed by Vishal Pandya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baa Baaa Black Sheep
| image = Baa Baaa Black Sheep.jpg
| alt = Baa Baaa Black Sheep Official Poster
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Vishwas Paandya
| producer = Anand Swarup Agarwal Krishna Datla
| writer = Sunjiv Puri Vishwas Paandya
| starring = [[Manish Paul]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Manjari Phadnis]] [[Annu Kapoor]] [[Kay Kay Menon]]
| music = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] Roshan Balu Gourov DasGupta
| cinematography = [[Amalendu Chaudhary]] [[Manoj Soni]]
| editing = Bakul Matiyani
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|Super cassets industries ltd.]] Agastya Films
| distributor = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| runtime = 103 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2018|03|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Baa Baaa Black Sheep''''' is a 2018 Indian [[action comedy film]] starring [[Anupam Kher]], [[Manish Paul]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Manjari Phadnis]] and [[Kay Kay Menon]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/baa-baaa-black-sheep-teaser-is-out/articleshow/62791092.cms|title='Baa Baaa Black Sheep' teaser is out|date=5 February 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/baa-baaa-black-sheep-trailer-anupam-kher-shines-in-this-confusing-dark-comedy|title=Baa Baaa Black Sheep trailer: Anupam Kher shines in this confusing dark-comedy|date=7 February 2018|publisher=News X}}</ref> The film is directed by Vishwas Paandya and produced by Anand Swarup Agarwal and Krishna Datla. The film was released on 23 March 2018. It is a standalone sequel to ''Mickey Virus''.

==Plot==
''Baa Baa Black Sheep'' is the story of Baba, who is still trying to find his bearings. Baba's father, Charudutt Sharma who is a boring Cashew nut dealer for everyone, reveals to a shocked Baba on his 25th birthday that actually they are a family of hit men since the past 12 generations, and now Baba has to take over as the 13th. On the other hand, Baba's love interest Angelina runs a Beach Cafe. Her father Brian Morris is a retired art teacher, but fuels his greed for money and excitement, by selling fakes of an old Renoir painting that his family has inherited. With Baba and Angelina, both keeping their respective secrets, problems start when Kamya, an art gallery owner, wants the original Renoir and blackmails the Home Minister, Utpal Shivalkar for it. Drugs, Contract killings and blackmail account for ACP Shivraj entering the scene trying to find out the connection between all the chaos.

==Cast==
* [[Manish Paul]] as Baba
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Charudutt Sharma/Charlie
* [[Manjari Phadnis]] as Angelina Morris
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Brian Morris/Santa Claus
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as A.C.P Shivraj Naik
* [[Natasha Suri]] as Kamya
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Utpal Shivalkar/Home Minister
* Mamta Verma as Manju Sharma
* B. Shantanu as Kamaal
* [[Vineet Sharma]] as Daniel D'Costa
* [[Aakash Dabhade]] as Johny Fixer
* Kirthi Shetty as Jamaal
* Scarlett Mellish Wilson as item number "Galla Goriyan"

==Soundtrack==
Galla Goriyan / Aaja Soniye – The first song of the film is recreated by [[Gourav-Roshin]] which is based on Abhijit Vaghani's Mashup from The [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Mixtape Punjabi.

{{Tracklist
| headline=Track listing
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| total_length= 18:29
| title1= Galla Goriyan / Aaja Soniye
| extra1=[[Mika Singh]], [[Kanika Kapoor]]
| length1= 3:53
| lyrics1= [[Jalees Sherwani]], [[Babbu Maan]]
| music1=Superbia (Gourov-Roshin & Shaan), [[Jaidev Kumar]], [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| title2= Heer
| length2= 3:40
| extra2=Mika Singh, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics2=[[Rajesh Manthan]]
| music2= Superbia (Gourov-Roshin & Shaan)
| title3= Baa Baaa Black Sheep
| length3= 3:16
| extra3=[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Manisha Chakravaty]]
| lyrics3=[[Sunil Sirvaiya]]
| music3=Superbia (Gourov-Roshin & Shaan)
| title4= Angelina
| length4= 4:19
| extra4=[[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics4=Sunil Sirvaiya
| music4=Superbia (Gourov-Roshin & Shaan)
| title5= Ram Leela
| length5= 3:21
| extra5=[[Kumar Sapan]]
| lyrics5=Rajesh Manthan
| music5=Superbia (Gourov-Roshin & Shaan)
|all_writing=|title6=|length6=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5598578}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|baa-baaa-black-sheep}}

[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2018 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]

East Bengal Club

2026-02-22T06:50:08Z

Asiaarts:

{{Short description|Indian multi-sports club based in Kolkata}}
{{About|the multi-sports club|the men's football team|East Bengal FC|the women's football team|East Bengal FC (women)|the men's field hockey team|East Bengal Club field hockey team|the men's cricket team|East Bengal cricket team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox sports team
| clubname = East Bengal Club
| image = Official East Bengal FC Logo.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = East Bengal Club
| nickname = Lal Holud Brigade Bangal Brigade Torch Bearers
| founded = {{start date and age|1920|8|1}}
| president = Murari Lal Lohia
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

{{East Bengal Club departments}}

'''East Bengal Club''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈi:st ˌbenˈɡɔːl|ইস্ট বেঙ্গল}}), is an Indian professional [[multi-sports club]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It is best known for its professional men's [[association football|football]] [[East Bengal FC|team]] that competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top flight of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref> It is [[List of Indian football champions#Total titles won|one of the most successful football clubs]] in the country. The club has other departments for [[East Bengal Club (women)|women's football]], [[East Bengal Club (cricket)|men's]] and [[women's cricket]], [[East Bengal Club (field hockey)|field hockey]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and [[Esports|eSports]].

East Bengal was founded on 1 August 1920. It first started with just its men's football department but soon expanded into other sports such as hockey after 1947 and cricket in the 1970s. The women's football team was started in 2001.

East Bengal is one of the most widely supported sports clubs in [[Asia]]. The club is mainly supported by the [[Bangal]]s, i.e., the immigrant population from the eastern region of Bengal, who were forced to leave their homes (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]) during the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> For those people, East Bengal Club became a source of identity and hope. The huge influx of dispossessed into the state led to a socio-economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This led to rivalries among the immigrant and native population of West Bengal, popularly named as Bangal (বাঙ্গাল) in every sphere of life, from jobs to schools and even on football, cricket and hockey pitches. As a result, East Bengal has a long-standing rivalry with its cross-town competitors [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], which is mainly supported by the native population, ghotis (ঘটি) and biharis (বিহারী), with whom it competes in the [[Kolkata derby]], Asia's biggest sports rivalry. East Bengal also shares a local rivalry with another Kolkata club, [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. The club dons the iconic red and golden yellow colours, which give it the nickname of "Red and Gold Brigade" and "Lal Holud" ([[Bengali language|Bangla]]: লাল হলুদ). The fans of the club are also collectively called the Torchbearers

==History==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 160
| image1 = Suresh Chandra Chowdhury.png
| alt1 = Portrait of Suresh Chandra Chowdhury
| caption1 = Suresh Chandra Chaudhari (founder)
| image2 = Sailesh Bose.png
| alt2 = Portrait of Sailesh Bose
| caption2 = Sailesh Bose
| image3 = Professor Sarada Ranjan Roy.png
| alt3 = Side profile of Sarada Ranjan Roy
| caption3 = Sarada Ranjan Roy (First president)
}}On 28 July 1920, Jorabagan Club was scheduled to play against [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup. Jorabagan Club sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of [[Defender (association football)|defender]] Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons. The then vice-president of Jorabagan Club, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, asked in vain for Bose to be included in the line-up. When his request was not welcomed, Chaudhuri left the club along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh. They formed East Bengal Club as a Sports and Cultural Association in the neighbourhood of [[Jorabagan]] on 1 August 1920. The name East Bengal was chosen for the newly formed club as the founders hailed from the eastern region of Bengal.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web |title=The Rise of East Bengal Club |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012 |work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2010 |title=History of East Bengal |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132423/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Thehardtackle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Club Day: East Bengal – The History|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074539/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/09/17/869244/club-day-east-bengal-the-history#:~:text=Chaudhary%20alongwith%20Raja%20Manmatha%20Nath,of%20Bengal%20(present%20Bangladesh).&text=Soon%20after%20its%20inception,%20the,have%20red%20and%20gold%20jerseys.|archive-date=8 June 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[Sarada Ranjan Ray]] took on the role of becoming the first president of this newly formed club while Suresh Chandra Chowdhury and Tarit Bhusan Roy were declared to be the first joint secretaries of the club.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Sportstar |date=August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629224925/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/east-bengal-100-years-indian-football-ifa-shield-cfl-calcutta-football-league-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby/article32241569.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, Nagen Kali, M. Talukdar, B. Sen, N. Gossain, Goshto Paul (on loan from Mohun Bagan)'','' P. Bardhan, S. Das, S. Tagore, J. Mukherjee, Ramesh Chandra Sen, S. Bose, C. Bose, A. Roy, and A. Bannerjee were announced to be the members of the first team squad by the board.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India - List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Team Archives of Quess East Bengal FC {{!}} Official Website|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|access-date=29 August 2019|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Crest, colours and kits==
===Crest===
In 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Satyagraha]] swept over India and affected football. Indian clubs boycotted the ongoing Calcutta Football League midway through the season. Amidst much confusion, Royal Regiment was declared the winner in the first division. However, East Bengal was not allowed to be promoted to the First Division. Thousands of East Bengal fans and officials decided to hold a protest march at the [[East Bengal Ground]]. It was at this march that flaming torches were carried by the protesters. And the hand holding [[Torch|flame torch]] ''(known as 'Mawshal' or '[[:bn:মশাল|মশাল]]' in [[Bangla Language|Bangla]])'' became the club emblem, which has remained to this day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Armband |date=9 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Football Club : History and Emergence |url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609193043/https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/11/09/east-bengal-football-club-history-and-emergence-as-indian-superpower/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Sports-nova |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930s: The Dark Decade|url=http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053122/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-football-club-history-details/id/32/1930s:-The-Dark-Decade|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=4 December 2011|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144426/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/history.php |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref> In the year 2020 East Bengal released a special Centenary Crest to celebrate 100 years of its existence.
{{gallery
|title=East Bengal crests
|width=150
|height=120
|align=center
|File:East Bengal first logo.png|First logo<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 Dec 2020|title=More Than A Club: Stories Behind Our Red-and-Gold Colours and Torch Emblem|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|access-date=4 Jan 2021|website=SC East Bengal|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223124158/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/more-than-a-club-stories-behind-our-red-and-gold-colours-and-torch-emblem|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
}}

===Colours===
[[File:A_Department_Store_(BOND_0089).jpeg|alt=Black and white photograph of facade of Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store|left|thumb|200px|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co. department store in 1945]]The primary and secondary colors of East Bengal are red and yellow respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|title=উপচে পড়া গ্যালারি রঙিন করলেন খাবরা|trans-title=Khabra colored the overflowing gallery|language=bn|first=Debanjan|last=Banerjee|date=9 August 2015|access-date=2 March 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162740/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-tollygunge-agragami-1.189948|archive-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> Traditionally, the home kit consists of a red and yellow jersey with black shorts, while the away kit colors vary every year.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |date=27 July 2019 |title=East Bengal unveil centenary jersey Football News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-unveil-centenary-jersey/articleshow/70414212.cms |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> These colors came about after the club was formed when the founders debated over them for the club jersey. At that time, the jerseys used to come from England. The founders, while searching, came across the red and gold color shirt hanging at the [[Whiteaway Laidlaw|Whiteaway, Laidlaw & Co.]] department store in [[Chowringhee]], Kolkata. It attracted them, and they finalized the colors and jersey. It cost ₹80 in 1920, four times higher than the average.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|access-date=26 September 2020|website=eastbengalclub.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094050/https://eastbengalclub.com/archive|url-status=live}}</ref> These colours permanently integrated with the club.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal" />
{|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_Home_Trad
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|leftarm = ED1C24
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FFC90E
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Traditional kit
}}
|
|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_la = _EastBengal_19_20
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal_19_20
|leftarm = ff0000
|rightarm = ffff00
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Centenary year kit
}}
|}
{{clear}}

==Departments==

=== Men's football ===
{{Main|East Bengal FC}}

The men's football team is the most distinguished and revered department of East Bengal Club. It was the original department with which the club was founded in 1920. East Bengal FC is one of the most successful football clubs in the country having won 39 state leagues (effectively top-tier before the foundation of [[National Football League (India)|NFL]]) and 3 national titles amongst numerous Durand Cups, Federation Cups and other premier Cup competitions. East Bengal is also the only Indian club to have ever won a FIFA recognized international tournament in 2003 which was the ASEAN Club Championship. East Bengal is the joint most successful team in that competition.

===Women's football===
{{Main|East Bengal FC (women)}}

The women's football team was formed in 2001. It won the [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]] title in its inaugural season and was runners-up in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India – List of Women Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205054139/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-womchamp.html |archive-date=5 February 2010 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> In the centenary year, the women's team was relaunched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=East Bengal forms women's team; Mohun Bagan 'not enthusiastic' enough |url=https://thebridge.in/football/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612171934/https://thebridge.in/football/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/ |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=The Bridge |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BADGEB |date=28 December 2019 |title=Exclusive: East Bengal women's team officially signs! |url=http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094957/http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/ |archive-date=30 December 2019 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=Badgeb |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the first year of relaunch, the East Bengal women's team became runner's up of the [[2020 Calcutta Women's Football League season|2020 Kanyashree Cup]].<ref name="kc2020">{{cite web |title=SSB beats SC East Bengal to lift Women's Kanyashree Cup! |url=http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230180455/http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |work=Arunfoot.com}}</ref>

===Reserves team and Academy===
{{Main|East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy{{!}}East Bengal Club Reserves and Academy}}

'''East Bengal Club Reserves''' is the reserve team of East Bengal Club. It is the most senior level beneath the first team. The team generally consists of younger players but at times senior players also play. Reserve side currently plays in the [[Calcutta Football League]].

'''East Bengal Academy''' are the club's under-21, under-18, under-15 and under-13 sections. The under-21 team is the last stage for promotion of youth players into the first team. The youth teams participate in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League]] and the [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] of various age groups.

===Cricket===
{{Main|East Bengal cricket team}}

The East Bengal Club Cricket team participates in various tournaments for varying age groups conducted by the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. Currently, it participates in the CAB First Division League, CAB Senior Knockout, CAB Super League, and JC Mukherjee Trophy. The team plays its home matches mostly at the Eden Gardens and [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground]]. They have won around 60 major state-level trophies so far.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Cricket honours |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052311/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/crickethonours.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> [[Kapil Dev]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Ajay Jadeja]], [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] have played on the team.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=Legacy-History |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202630/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php?p=1970s-to-1990s |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

===Hockey===
{{Main|East Bengal field hockey team}}

This department started after the [[Independence of India]]. The club is affiliated with the Bengal Hockey Association and participated in the BHA First Division hockey league and the [[Beighton Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule |url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100541/https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |work=Hockey Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group B 2022 |url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118125355/https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=hockeybengal.org |publisher=The Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group A 2022 |url=https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100550/https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=hockeybengal.org |publisher=The Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata}}</ref> They won 13 trophies. The team was disbanded in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Hockey |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/hockey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018025827/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/hockey.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref> The hockey department was restarted in 2021 with [[Calcutta Hockey League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=১৯ বছর পর হকি টিম তৈরি করল ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/east-bengal-formed-hockey-team-after-19-years/articleshow/80787219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516061014/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/east-bengal-formed-hockey-team-after-19-years/articleshow/80787219.cms |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Ei Samay |language=bn}}</ref>

===Athletics===
East Bengal has an [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] team, which is affiliated with the West Bengal Athletic Association, and participates in various tournaments of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Athletics – Team |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/athleticsteam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001020433/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/athleticsteam.html |archive-date=1 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref> The club also organizes Annual Athletic meets at the club ground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2018 |title=Annual Athletic meet |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/annualmeet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052305/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/annualmeet.html |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref>

===E-Sports===
East Bengal also took part in the inaugural season of [https://www.e-isl.in/ e-ISL] where the ISL teams competed to play the video game [[FIFA 22]]. The club was represented by 2 youngsters, Ankit Gupta and Shayantan Mondal.

==Ownership==
East Bengal is mainly organized as a registered society under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]], which means one can avail of membership in the club. There are around 12,000 members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Dutta |date=9 July 2018 |title=Kolkata football: East Bengal cedes control in Quess for funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420173245/https://www.livemint.com/Sports/nsLFUmkI2aUHEabVl2TRvM/Kolkata-football-East-Bengal-cedes-control-in-Quess-for-fun.html |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> Although, a [[limited company]], named East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd., was later formed, and both are governed by the club parallelly. Sponsorships and investments happen via this [[Corporation|corporate]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 Nov 2014|title=East Bengal knocks on ED door|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|access-date=11 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-Bengal-knocks-on-ED-door/articleshow/45115801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club is governed by its own set of rules and regulations. [[Constitutional amendment|Amendments]] and resolutions are passed via [[Extraordinary general meeting|extraordinary]] or [[annual general meeting]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Soham|date=21 Sep 2020|title=Transfer of sporting rights to Shree Cement East Bengal Foundation on agenda in EGM|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|access-date=12 Oct 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005111805/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/shree-cement-east-bengal-sporting-rights-indian-football/uzwzf8x4r6qi1uc69r56oa816|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently the football rights are with a new merged entity, Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd. jointly owned by East Bengal and [[Emami|Emami Group]] who owns 77% stake of the whole club.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paperwork done between Emami and East Bengal, it's time for football |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/paperwork-done-between-emami-and-east-bengal-its-time-for-football/cid/1877951 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Stadiums==
The club has used several stadiums at Kolkata, [[Howrah]] and [[Barasat]], including the [[Eden Gardens]], which has been reserved for cricket since Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|title=The 10 largest football stadiums in the world: #2 – Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata, India)|website=soccerlens.com|publisher=Sports Lens|date=24 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126003534/http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|first=Chris|last=Mann}}</ref> The first ground used by the club was Kumartuli Park in north Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[VIDEO] Bhaichung Bhutia kickstarts East Bengal FC's centenary celebrations with grand torch rally in Kolkata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|access-date=8 June 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=29 July 2019 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608130841/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/article/video-bhaichung-bhutia-kickstarts-east-bengal-fcs-centenary-celebrations-with-grand-torch-rally-in-kolkata/460428|archive-date=8 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Nilesh|date=29 July 2019|title=Sea of red and gold floods Kolkata as East Bengal launch centenary gala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|access-date=17 Oct 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sea-of-red-and-gold-floods-kolkata-as-east-bengal-launch-centenary-gala/articleshow/70426266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Salt Lake Stadium===
{{Main|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}
[[File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png|alt=|thumb|Salt Lake Stadium]]
The Salt Lake Stadium, also known as ''Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan'' (VYBK), is a multi-purpose [[stadium]] in Kolkata, built in 1984. The stadium is the largest non-auto racing in India. It is currently used mainly for football matches. The stadium includes a unique running track, long jump track, electronic scoreboard, natural turf, floodlighting arrangement, conference hall, medical room, and a doping control Room. The Salt Lake Stadium hosts the home games of East Bengal in the Indian Super League and AFC competitions. The total capacity of the stadium was 85,000, before it was changed to 68,000.<ref name="EastBengalStadiums">{{cite web |title=East Bengal Ground |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526131313/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium.php|archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |work=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref>

===East Bengal Ground===
[[File:EB-Ground.png|thumb|225x225px|East Bengal Ground|alt=]]
{{Main|East Bengal Ground}}

The East Bengal Ground is located in Kolkata and is the club's historical home ground. The stadium lies in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)]] area on the northern side of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and near the Eden Gardens. This stadium is used mostly for Calcutta Football League matches and by the academy, women's, and hockey teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল আজ নিজেদের মাঠে খেলবে প্রথম ম্যাচ, জয় ফিরতে মরিয়া মশাল ব্রিগেড|first=Rohan|last=Roy Chowdhury|trans-title=East Bengal will play the first match at their own ground today, Mashal Brigade is desperate to return the win|website=bengali.news18.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=News18 Bangla|language=bn|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727141048/https://bengali.news18.com/news/sports/east-bengal-fc-looking-forward-to-back-in-winning-ways-against-eastern-rail-in-cfl-today-rrc-1208225.html|archive-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> The total capacity of the stadium is 23,500.<ref name=EastBengalStadiums/>

=== Eden Gardens ===
{{Main|Eden Gardens}}
The Eden Gardens is the second largest cricket stadium in India. The stadium currently has a capacity of 68,000 and formerly had a capacity of around 100,000. East Bengal has used this stadium on several occasions. For many games and seasons Eden Gardens served as the Home ground of the men's football team before the construction of Salt Lake Stadium. After its construction the club continued to use the stadium for its cricket teams.

===Other grounds===
[[Barasat Stadium]] is also used by the club for some regional matches, especially in cases where the Salt Lake Stadium or East Bengal Ground cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report |title=East Bengal edge Mohun Bagan to IFA Sheild title after thrilling penalty shootout |last=Now |first=Khel |website=khelnow.com |date=19 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122721/https://khelnow.com/news/article/ifa-shield-2018-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-report|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]], a multipurpose stadium based in [[Siliguri]], has also been used several times to host club football matches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html |title=I-League: Mohun Bagan gear up to take on arch-rivals East Bengal |website=News18|date=April 2016 |access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122718/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-mohun-bagan-gear-up-to-take-on-arch-rivals-east-bengal-1224177.html|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It also hosted the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012 Federation Cup]]. [[Kalyani Stadium]], situated on the outskirts of Kolkata at [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], was used by East Bengal as their home turf during the 2019–20 I-League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=East Bengal Announce Kalyani Stadium as Their Home Venue for I-League 2019–20 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122700/https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-announce-kalyani-stadium-as-their-home-venue-for-i-league-2019-20-2391773.html|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The team also trains at one of the VYBK practice grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Surface Tension in Kolkata: The Pain of Football in the Rain |url=https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|access-date=9 June 2020 |website=NewsClick |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609122815/https://www.newsclick.in/surface-tension-kolkata-pain-football-rain|archive-date=9 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Management==
{{updated|November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/business-leader-lohia-becomes-east-bengal-president-aims-to-take-it-among-the-best-clubs-of-asia-3063996|title=Business leader Lohia becomes East Bengal president, aims to take it among the 'best clubs of Asia'|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref>

===East Bengal Club===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Murari Lal Lohia
|-
|Chief advisor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pronab Dasgupta
|-
|Vice-presidents
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ajoy Krishna Chatterjee {{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Bagri {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Chakraborty {{flagicon|IND}} Kalyan Majumdar
|-
|General secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rupak Saha
|-
|Assistant general secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santi Ranjan Dasgupta
|-
|Finance secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sadananda Mukherjee
|-
|Treasurer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debdas Samajdar
|-
|Football secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Ganguly
|-
|Cricket secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Acharya
|-
|Hockey secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Kumar Dafaddar
|-
|Athletic secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Partha Pratim Roy
|-
|Tennis secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Indranil Ghosh
|-
|Ground secretary
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajat Guha
|-
|Executive committee members
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]] {{flagicon|IND}} Molly Ganguly {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Subir Ganguly {{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Bhattacharya {{flagicon|IND}} Diptendu Mohan Bose {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharta Sarkar {{flagicon|IND}} Debabrata Sarkar {{flagicon|IND}} Birendra Kumar Saha {{flagicon|IND}} Dipankar Chakraborty {{flagicon|IND}} Biswajit Mazumdar {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Roy {{flagicon|IND}} Suman Dasgupta {{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Roy Chowdhury {{flagicon|IND}} Beni Madhab Bhattacharya {{flagicon|IND}} Manab Paul {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Dasgupta {{flagicon|IND}} Saroj Bhattacharjee {{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Bose {{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Dutta {{flagicon|IND}} Biplab Paul
|-
|}

== Honours ==

=== Football ===
{{further|List of East Bengal FC records and statistics}}

Major trophies of East Bengal FC include the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophy Room |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144419/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php|archive-date=9 June 2019|access-date=10 June 2020 |website=eastbengalfootballclub.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=East Bengal Club|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/honours/football|access-date=2020-10-12|website=eastbengalclub.com|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010151354/https://eastbengalclub.com/honours/football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airlinesgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Airlines Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024223328/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airlinesgoldcup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
!style="width: 1%;"|Type
!style="width: 5%;"|Competition
!style="width: 1%;"|Titles
!style="width: 21%;"|Seasons
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''International'''
![[ASEAN Club Championship]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''1'''{{sup|S}}
|align="left"|[[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''Domestic'''
! scope=col|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
|align="center"|3
|align="left"|[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]], [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|align="center"|8
|align="left"|1978, 1980, 1985, 1996, 2007, [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Indian Super Cup (1997-2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''3'''
|align="left"|1997, 2006, [[2011 Indian Super Cup|2011]]
|-
! scope=col|[[IFA Shield]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''29'''
|align="left"|1943, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]], [[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]
|-
! scope=col|[[Durand Cup]]
|align="center"|16
|align="left"|1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2004
|-
! scope=col|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''41'''
|align="left"|1942, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012–13, 2013–14, [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014–15]], 2015–16, [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016–17]], [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017–18]],
2024-25,
2025
|-
! scope=col|[[Rovers Cup]]
|10
|align="left"|1949, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1980, 1990, 1994
|}
* {{legend|gold|Record}}
* {{sup|S}} Shared record

=== Cricket ===
{{Further|East Bengal cricket team#Honours}}
* '''CAB First Division League'''

:: Champions '''(16):''' 1974-75, 1977-78, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1983-84, 1993-94, 1994-95, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2009-10, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17

* '''CAB Senior Knockout'''

:: Champions '''(13):''' 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1982-83, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1997-98, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2010-11, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15

* '''J. C. Mukherjee Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(12):''' 1977-78, 1983-84, 1986-87, 1987- 88, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2009-10, 2016-17

* '''P. Sen Memorial Invitation Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(10):''' 1976-77, 1978-79, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2011-12, 2013-14, 2016-17

* '''A. N. Ghosh Memorial Trophy'''

:: Champions '''(8):''' 1992-93, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16

* '''CAB Super League'''

:: Champions '''(1):''' 2016-17

=== Hockey ===
{{Further|East Bengal Club (field hockey)#Honours}}
*[[Calcutta Hockey League]]

:: Champions ('''10'''): 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1989, 2022

*[[Beighton Cup]]

:: Champions ('''4'''): 1957, 1962, 1964, 1967
:: Runners-up ('''3'''): 1963, 1970, 1987

===Awards===
*[[Banga Bibhushan]]: 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|title=3 iconic city football clubs to receive Banga Bibhushan|website=www.millenniumpost.in|publisher=Millennium Post|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=22 July 2022|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724070753/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/3-iconic-city-football-clubs-to-receive-banga-bibhushan-486861|archive-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|title='Not clubs but institutions': Mohun Bagan, East Bengal, Mohammedan receive Banga Bibhushan award|website=www.news9live.com|publisher=News Nine|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|first=Sayan|last=Mukherjee|date=25 July 2022|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162640/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/not-clubs-but-institutions-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-receive-banga-bibhushan-award-from-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-from-bengal-govt-184984|archive-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

==Affiliated clubs==

The following club was formerly affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester City FC|Leicester City]] (2002–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
The following club is currently affiliated with East Bengal:
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Russel KC]] (2022–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|title=East Bengal: ফুটবলের উন্নয়নে শেখ রাসেল ক্রীড়াচক্রের সঙ্গে কাজ করবে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|website=www.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=16 March 2022|access-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316161247/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/football-east-bengal-join-hands-with-sekh-russel-of-bangladesh-dgtl/cid/1334004|archive-date=16 March 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|title=East Bengal sign strategic partnership with Bangladesh side Sheikh Russel|website=Khel Now|first=Swapnomoy|last=Chakraborty|date=16 March 2022|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316153529/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-east-bengal-sheikh-russel-kc-announce-partnership|archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[East Bengal Club in international football]]
* [[East Bengal Club league record by opponent]]
* [[List of East Bengal Club wins against Foreign teams]]
* [[List of foreign players for East Bengal Club]]
* [[List of East Bengal Club records and statistics]]
* [[Indian football clubs in Asian competitions]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=East Bengal 100|publisher=Allsport Foundation|date=1 January 2021|first=Gautam|last=Roy|isbn=978-8194763109}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*[[Partha Chatterjee (scholar)|Chatterjee, Partha]]. ''The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories'' (Calcutta: [[Oxford University Press]], 1995).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*Goswami, Ramesh Chandra (1963). ''East Bengal Cluber Itihas'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Book Garden.
*Bandyopadhyay, Santipriya (1979). ''Cluber Naam East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: New Bengal Press.
*Chattopadhyay, Hariprasad (2017). ''Mohun Bagan–East Bengal'' {{in lang|bn}}. [[Kolkata]]: Parul Prakashan.
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2-3-5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|title=Mad about football|access-date=22 February 2024|date=22 August 2023|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Nilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|archive-date=23 August 2023}}

==External links==
{{Note to editors|NOTE TO EDITORS:
Before adding any external links to this section, please read Wikipedia's external links policy at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL and the "Links to be avoided" section especially. If the site you are linking to is primarily a blog or forum with little additional content, then it will be removed as it contravenes the agreed conventions for inclusion.}}

{{Commons category|East Bengal FC}}{{Commons|East Bengal FC kits}}
* [https://eastbengalclub.com/ Official club website]
* [https://emamieastbengal.com/ Official football club website]
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1102-sc-east-bengal-profile Club profile] in ISL website

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{I-League}}
{{I-League Champions}}
{{Durand Cup winners}}
{{Football in Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
{{Coord|22|33|34.06|N|88|20|35.65|E|display=title}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]

Prasantt Ghosh

2026-02-10T02:31:22Z

Asiaarts: created a details

{{short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1975)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasantt Ghosh
| image = PRASANTT GHOSH (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| citizenship = Indian
| alma_mater = [[JD Institute of Fashion Technology]] [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]] & fashion choreographer
| known_for = Founder of Assam Art and Designing Institute (AADI)
| notable_works = Choreographed Rubaru Mr. India Pageant-2017
| awards = North East Leadership Award Lifetime Achievement Award
| website = {{URL|prasanttghosh.com/}}
}}

'''Prasantt Ghosh''' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]: '''প্রশান্ত ঘোষ''' born September 21, 1975) is an Indian [[fashion designer]] who works in various [[fashion shows]] and [[Assamese cinema]]. He is known for designing costumes in [[film]]s like [[Suren Suror Putek]], Bukur Majot Jawle, Khel, and has also designed dresses for opening and closing ceremonies of [[National Games of India]] held in [[Assam]]. Ghosh also runs a fashion designing and modeling institute named Assam Art and Designing Institute (AADI) in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], and works as a fashion choreographer.<ref name="G Plus">{{cite news |title=The 5th Season of “Northeast International Fashion Week 2020” - Fashion for a Cause |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/the-5th-season-of-northeast-international-fashion-week-2020-fashion-for-a-cause |work=G Plus |date=11 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prasantt Ghosh: Reviving the nostalgia of Indian threads, fabric and designs - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/prasantt-ghosh-reviving-the-nostalgia-of-indian-threads-fabric-and-designs/ |work=OrissaPOST |date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Prasantt Ghosh was born on 21 September 1975 and grew up in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. He studied fashion designing from the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] ([[NIFT]]). Ghosh started his career by opening a fashion designing institute in [[Assam]] called Assam Art and Designing Institute (AADI) and launched his fashion label named Prasantt Ghosh in 1996. By the year 1999, Prasantt started doing fashion week and many other government fashion events.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crossley |first1=Isabelle |title=Northeast International Fashion Week to hold Season 5 in Assam |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Northeast-international-fashion-week-to-hold-season-5-in-assam,1152752.html |work=Fashion Network |date=30 October 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northeast takes baby steps in world of fashion {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Northeast-takes-baby-steps-in-world-of-fashion/articleshow/52260070.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, he won the 'Best Fashion Choreographer Award in Northeast'.<ref name="G Plus"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Ali Fauz |title=Pageant with social message |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/pageant-with-social-message/cid/1436937 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=11 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Ghosh was invited as [[brand ambassador]] to the Asian Designer Week held at [[Talkatora Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="My Guwahati"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Ujjal |title=Ace fashion designer Prasantt Ghosh to choreograph the supermodel international |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/ace-fashion-designer-prasantt-ghosh-to-choreograph-the-supermodel-international/15923507.shtml |work=Merinews |date=6 March 2017}}</ref>

Prasantt has worked in shows all over India and countries including [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nepal]] and shot to fame after he choreographed Rubaru Mr. India pageant 2017.<ref name="My Guwahati">{{cite news |title=Ace Fashion Designer Prasantt Ghosh to Choreograph The Supermodel International |url=https://news.myguwahati.in/ace-fashion-designer-prasantt-ghosh-to-choreograph-the-supermodel-international/ |work=My Guwahati |date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prasantt Ghosh– Taking the Indian originality and ethnicity to global ... |url=https://www.uniindia.com/prasantt-ghosh-taking-the-indian-originality-and-ethnicity-to-global-ramp/business-economy/news/2315857.html |work=UNI India}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2011: Awarded the 'Best Fashion Choreographer of Northeast'<ref name="G Plus"/>
* 2015: Received the 'Northeast Leadership Award' for his excellent service in the field of [[fashion]], [[textile]], and [[craftsmanship]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Northeast Leadership Award 2016 Winners - The First List |url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2016/11/northeast-leadership-award-2016-winners.html#:~:text=Prasantt%20Ghosh,precious%20contributions%20to%20the%20society. |work=Magical Assam |date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: Awarded the 'North East Leadership Award in 2016' along with [[Arnab Goswami]] and [[Zubeen Garg]] by the Cine Trust of India<ref name="TAT"/>
* 2017: Selected to Style & Design the prestigious 'the Supermodel International' in [[New Delhi]]<ref name="TAT">{{cite news |title=Another plume in the beret of Prasantt Ghosh |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0817/state050 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=8 March 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: Won 'Lifetime achievement award' from the wife of the [[Jagdish Mukhi|Governor of Assam]]<ref name="G Plus"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of fashion designers]]
* [[Fashion in India]]
* [[Bhanu Athaiya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.prasanttghosh.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Prasantt}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian textile designers]]
[[Category:Fashion labels from India]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Baghel ministry

2026-01-31T06:28:33Z

Asiaarts: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Government of Chhattisgarh, India (2018–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 5th
| jurisdiction = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = File:Bhupesh Baghel, June 2018.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Bhupesh Baghel]] [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
| date_formed = 17 December 2018
| date_dissolved = 12 December 2023
| government_head = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor {{Plainlist|
*[[Anusuiya Uikey]] (August 2019 - February 2023)
}}
| members_number = 13
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|71|90|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party ={{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[Dharamlal Kaushik]] (till 2022)
| election = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = ({{age in years and days|2018|12|17|2023|12|13}})
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Raman Singh Third ministry]]
| successor = [[Sai ministry]]
}}The '''Bhupesh Baghel ministry''' was the Council of Ministers in 5th Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly headed by Chief Minister [[Bhupesh Baghel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajasthan-madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh-swearing-in-live-updates-ashok-gehlot-kamal-nath-bhupesh-baghe-1963545|title=Bhupesh Baghe Sworn-In As Chhattisgarh Chief Minister: Highlights|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-2018/bhupesh-baghel-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh/article25764821.ece|title=Bhupesh Baghe sworn in as Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|date=17 December 2018|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The ministry had 13 ministers including the Chief Minister.

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! S.No
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 1.
| '''[[Bhupesh Baghel]]''' [[List of Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| [[Patan (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|
*Finance.
*Mining.
*General Administration.

*Public Relations.
*Electronics and Information technology.
*'''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Deputy Chief Minister''' (from 28 June)
|-
| 2.
| '''[[T. S. Singh Deo]]''' (Only as Cabinet minister Until 28 June)
| [[Ambikapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambikapur]]
|
*Health and Family Welfare.
*Medical Education.
*20 Point Program Implementation.
*Commercial taxes (GST).
*Energy.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
| 3.
| '''[[Tamradhwaj Sahu]]'''
| [[Durg Gramin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durg Gramin]]
|
*Home.
*Public Works Department.
*Jail.
*Tourism.
*Dharmik Nyas And Dharmasv (religious).
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 4.
|'''[[Ravindra Choubey]]'''
| [[Saja, Chhattisgarh|Saja]]
|
*Legislative Affairs.
*Law and Legal Affairs.
*Agriculture and Bio-Technology.
*Panchayat and Rural Development.
*Animal husbandry.
*Fisheries.
*Water Resources.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 5.
|'''[[Prem Sai Singh Tekam]]'''
| [[Pratappur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratappur]]
|
*School Education.
*Scheduled caste & Scheduled tribe.
*Other backward classes.
*Minorities Welfare.
*Cooperative.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 6.
| '''[[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]'''
| [[Kawardha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kawardha]]
|
*Transport.
*Forest.
*Housing.
*Environment.
*Law.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 7.
| '''[[Kawasi Lakhma]]'''
| [[Konta, Chhattisgarh|Konta]]
|
*Commercial Tax (excise).
*Commerce and Industry.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 8.
| [[Shivkumar Dahariya]]
| [[Arang]]
|
*Labour Welfare
*Urban Administration and Development
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 9.
| '''[[Anila Bhediya]]'''
| [[Daundi Lohara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daundi Lohara]]
|
*Women & Child Development.
*Social Welfare.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 10.
|'''[[Jai Singh Agrawal]]'''
| [[Korba (Vidhan Sabha constituency) |Korba]]
|
*Revenue.
*Disaster management.
*Rehabilitation.
*Registrar and Stamp
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 11.
| '''[[Guru Rudra Kumar]]'''
| [[Ahiwara Assembly constituency |Ahiwara]]
|
*Public Health & Engineering.
*Village Industries.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 12.
|'''[[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]'''
| [[Kharsia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsia]]
|
*Higher Education.
*Technical Education.
*Employment.
*Skill Development.
*Science & technology.
*Manpower Planning.
*Sports and Youth welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|-
| 13.
|'''[[Amarjeet Bhagat]]'''
|[[Sitapur (Chhattisgarh) (Assembly constituency)|Sitapur]]
|
*Planning.
*Economics & Statistics.
*Food & Civil supplies.
*Consumer protection.
*Culture.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chief ministership of Bhupesh Baghel]]
[[Category:Bhupesh Baghel]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Chhattisgarh|Baghel]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2018]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2023]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

John Horsford

2026-01-29T19:12:31Z

Asiaarts: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2019}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir John Horsford''' [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] (13 May 1751 – 20 April 1817) was a British soldier who [[Rising from the ranks|rose through the ranks]] to become a general in the [[East India Company]]'s [[Bengal Army]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
He was born at [[St George in the East (parish)|St George in the East]], [[Middlesex]], the son of John Horsford. He was educated at the [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]], and matriculated at [[St. John's College, Oxford]], 30 June 1768, and was a fellow from 1768 to 1771, but never took a degree.

===India===
In 1772, to avoid entering the church, and without the knowledge of his father, he enlisted for service with the East India Company under the assumed name of John Rover. He travelled to India on the East Indiaman, the ''Duke of Grafton''.<ref name="auto">H.S. King and Company, History of the Organization, Equipment, and War Services of the Regiment of Bengal Artillery, Volume 2, 1877, p.60</ref> He spent his first six years in India in the ranks of the [[Bengal Artillery]], until he caught the attention of its commander [[Thomas Deane Pearse|Colonel Pearse]]. It is recorded that one day Horsford pointed out an error in a Greek quotation in some papers he was copying for Pearse. It is said that Pearse suddenly called him by his right name as he was leaving the room and subsequently an order, dated Fort William, 9 March 1778, addressed to ‘Captain Watkin Thelwall, commanding No. 1 company, notifies that Sergeant John Rover, of the company under your command, is this day appointed a cadet of artillery in the [[Bengal Army]] under the name of "John Horsford."’

He was made a lieutenant-fireworker on 31 March 1778, and a first lieutenant in October that same year. In 1786 he was promoted to captain. During the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], he commanded a company of Bengal artillery detached to [[Madras]]. He served at the [[Siege of Bangalore]], [[Battle of Arakere]], and [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Siege of Seringapatam]]. In March 1801, at [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]], Horsford addressed a paper to [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]] setting forth the defects in organisation of the artillery branch and that same year was advanced to major. He commanded the artillery under Lord Lake during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803–5, including the [[siege of Aligarh]], the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]], and the sieges of Agra, [[Siege of Deeg|Deeg]] and [[Siege of Bharatpur (1805)|Bhurtpore]]. In 1804 he was made lieutenant-colonel. He commanded a brigade and also directed the artillery at the siege of Komanur, August–November 1807. On the resignation of Colonel Nicholas Carnegie in 1808 Horsford succeeded to the command of the Bengal artillery, of which he remained virtually the head until his death.

Horsford became a full colonel in July 1810. In June 1811 he was promoted to major-general. He was not engaged in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] but the artillery arrangements for those operations and for the grand army during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] were directed by him. He was appointed [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on 7 April 1815, and 28 June 1816 was appointed an extra major-general on the staff of the grand army. In June 1816 he addressed a memorial to the [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Marquis of Hastings]], which showed that the lessons taught by the great continental wars in Europe had not escaped him. His high reputation secured attention to his representations, and although he did not live to see the results, the reorganisation of the Bengal artillery that followed in 1817–18 added largely to the efficiency of that famous corps. His last military operation was the direction of the artillery at the siege of [[Hathras]] in March 1817.

===Death===
He died at Cawnpore of heart disease, on 20 April, just ten days after his return from Hathras.<ref name="auto"/> He was 66 at the time of his death and had served in the military for 45 years, during which it is said he never had a day's leave from his duties. He was buried at the Christian cemetery in Cawnpore.

==Personal life==
Whilst in India, Horsford entered into a long term relationship with an Indian women called Sahib Juan, with whom he had several children. His anxiety towards his daughters led him to condemn discrimination against "Eurasians" or "East Indians" as mixed-race individuals were referred to at the time. He published a number of poems defending such inter-racial relationships. He also lent support to [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick|James Kirkpatrick]]'s Bengal Orphan Institute, and in a poem called the "Art of Living in India" he praised the biracial "auburn beauties" in the Howrah orphanage and encouraged young British men in India to marry them.<ref>Mary Ellis Gibson, Anglophone Poetry in Colonial India, 1780-1913: A Critical Anthology, Ohio University Press, 2011, p.45</ref>

==Legacy==
A historian of the Bengal artillery wrote of him: {{Blockquote|"A sound constitution and strict temperance enabled him to endure what our modern nervous temperaments would shrink from. Intellectually, in scientific attainments and habits of order and system he stood confessedly unrivalled"}}

Along with [[Litellus Burrell]], Horsford was a rare example of a man rising from the ranks to a high military position in the East India Company's army.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Attribution
{{DNB|wstitle=Horsford, John|volume=27}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horsford, John}}
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-27T06:33:42Z

Asiaarts: started a details w/ infobox

{{for|other constituency with same name|Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hamirpur {{Small|HP-3}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Himachal Pradesh/Hamirpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1953
| mp = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| incumbent_image = Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in March 2023.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = 17: [[Dehra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehra]], [[Jaswan-Pragpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaswan-Pragpur]], [[Dharampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dharampur]], [[Bhoranj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhoranj]], [[Sujanpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]], [[Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]], [[Barsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barsar]], [[Nadaun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nadaun]], [[Chintpurni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chintpurni]], [[Gagret (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gagret]], [[Haroli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroli]], [[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]], [[Kutlehar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutlehar]], [[Jhanduta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhanduta]], [[Ghumarwin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghumarwin]], [[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Bilaspur]] and [[Sri Naina Deviji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sri Naina Deviji]]
}}

'''Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the four [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state in [[North India|northern]] [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following 17 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/BKGROUND/PC%20wise%20Result%20of%20H.P.pdf|title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Result of H.P. of Lok Sabha Elections-2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website|access-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163528/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/BKGROUND/PC%20wise%20Result%20of%20H.P.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|10
|[[Dehra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehra]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|[[Kamlesh Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=10}}
|-
|11
|[[Jaswan-Pragpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
|[[Bikram Singh (politician)|Bikram Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|32
|[[Dharampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dharampur]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|Chander Shekhar Thakur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|36
|[[Bhoranj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhoranj]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|Suresh Kumar
|-
|37
|[[Sujanpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
| Ranjit Singh
|-
|38
|[[Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|[[Ashish Sharma (politician)|Ashish Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
|39
|[[Barsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barsar]]
|[[Inder Dutt Lakhanpal]]
|-
|40
|[[Nadaun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nadaun]]
|[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|41
|[[Chintpurni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chintpurni]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Una district|Una]]
|[[Sudarshan Singh Babloo]]
|-
|42
|[[Gagret (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gagret]]
|Rakesh Kalia
|-
|43
|[[Haroli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroli]]
|[[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|44
|[[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]]
|[[Satpal Singh Satti]]
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=6}}
|-
|45
|[[Kutlehar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutlehar]]
|Vivek Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|46
|[[Jhanduta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhanduta]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Jeet Ram Katwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|47
|[[Ghumarwin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghumarwin]]
|Rajesh Dharmani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|48
|[[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Bilaspur]]
|[[Trilok Jamwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
|49
|[[Sri Naina Deviji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sri Naina Deviji]]
|[[Randhir Sharma]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Anand Chand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Prem Chand Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Narain Chand Parashar|Narain Chand]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Thakur Ranjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narain Chand Parashar|Narain Chand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Vikram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Suresh Chandel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|2007^
|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|-
|2008^
| rowspan="5" |[[Anurag Thakur]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anurag Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,07,068|percentage=57.97|change={{decrease}}11.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satpal Raizada]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,24,711|percentage=40.55|change={{increase}}11.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,178|percentage=0.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,82,357|percentage=17.42|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,52,398|percentage=72.28|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
|votes = 6,82,692
|percentage = 69.04
|change = {{increase}}15.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Lal Thakur]]
|votes = 2,83,120
|percentage = 28.63
|change = {{decrease}}13.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,026
|percentage = 0.81
|change = {{increase}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,99,572
|percentage = 40.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,92,087
|percentage = 72.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anurag Singh Thakur]]|votes=4,48,035|percentage=53.61|change={{increase}}0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajender Singh Rana|votes=3,49,632|percentage=41.83|change={{decrease}}1.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Kamal Kanta Batra|votes=15,329|percentage=1.83|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,473|percentage=0.77|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=98,403|percentage=11.78|change={{increase}}1.37}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,35,205|percentage=66.94|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}0.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Hamirpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anurag Singh Thakur]]|votes=3,73,598|percentage=53.47|change={{decrease}}10.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narender Thakur|votes=3,00,866|percentage=43.06|change={{increase}}8.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mangat Ram Sharma|votes=11,774|percentage=1.69|change={{increase}}0.24}}
{{Election box majority||votes=72,732|percentage=10.41|change={{increase}}10.16}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,98,777|percentage=58.85|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye Election, 2008: Hamirpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anurag Singh Thakur]]|votes=3,74,339|percentage=63.94|change={{increase}}9.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Madan Lal]]|votes=1,99,673|percentage=34.10|change={{decrease}}8.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Amin Chand|votes=6,484|percentage=1.10|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,74,666|percentage=29.84|change={{increase}}18.46}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,85,434|percentage=49.91|change={{decrease}}10.00}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye Election, 2007: Hamirpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]|votes=3,82,128|percentage=54.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Thakur Ram Lal]]|votes=3,02,069|percentage=42.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Subhash Chand Sharma|votes=8,959|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=80,059|percentage=11.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,04,199|percentage=59.91|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Mandi district}}
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|31.7|76.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamirpur (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]

Ayyappan

2026-01-22T21:10:24Z

Asiaarts: updated page per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Redirect|Ayyappa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu 
| name = Ayyappan
| birthname = Manikandan
| image = Ayyappa Swamy bazaar art, c.1950's.jpg
| caption = Ayyappa(n) seated on a tiger
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| god_of = God of truth, righteousness, self-discipline and celibacy
| abode = [[Sabarimala]]
| mantra = ''Swāmiye Śaraṇam Ayyappa''{{sfn|Younger|2002|p=21}}
| weapon = [[Bow and arrow]], [[sword]]
| mount = [[Tiger]], [[stallion]]
| symbols = [[Bell]], [[bow and arrow]]
| day = [[Saturday]]
| gender = Male
| father = [[Shiva]]
| mother = [[Mohini]]
| texts = ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''
| festivals = [[Makaravilakku]]
}}
'''Ayyappan''', also known as '''Dharmasastha''' and '''Manikandan''', is the [[Hindu]] deity of truth and righteousness. According to Hindu theology, he is described as the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Mohini]] (the female avatar of [[Vishnu]]), thus representing a bridge between [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].

Ayyappan is a warrior deity and is revered for his ascetic devotion to [[Dharma]], the ethical and right way of living. He is usually depicted as a youthful man riding or near a [[Bengal tiger]] and holding a [[bow and arrow]]. In some representations, he is seen holding a sword and riding an [[Indian elephant]] or a [[horse]]. Other iconography generally shows him in a yogic posture wearing a bell around his neck.

The legend and mythology of Ayyappan varies across regions, reflecting a tradition that evolved over time. According to [[Malayalam]] lore, Ayyappan is presented as a warrior prince of [[Pandalam dynasty|Pandala kingdom]]. In the later years, the stories of Ayyappan expanded with various versions describing him as a warrior who protected people from evil doers while helping restore Dharmic practices and he evolved to be a deity. In some regions, Ayyappan and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] folk deity [[Ayyanar]] are considered to be the same with similar characteristics.

Although Ayyappan worship has been prevalent earlier in [[Kerala]], his popularity spread to most of [[Southern India]] in the 20th century. There are several temples in the region dedicated to him, the foremost of which is [[Sabarimala]]. Sabarimala is located on the banks of the [[Pamba River|Pamba river]] in the forests of the [[Western Ghats]], and is a major pilgrimage destination, attracting millions annually. Pilgrims often engage in weeks of preparations in advance by leading a simpler life, remaining celibate, and trekking to the hill barefoot while carrying an ''irumudi'' (a bag with offerings) on the head.

== Names and etymology ==
The name Ayyappan is a combination of two words ''ayyan'' and ''appan''.<ref name=Srikant>{{cite book |last=Srikant |first=C.V. Manoj |year=1998 |title=Sabarimala: Its timeless message |isbn=978-8-186-10712-6 |publisher=Integral Books |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjXAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>{{sfn |Younger |2002 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VqPmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166] }} ''Ayyan'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and the [[Malayalam]] word ''acchan'' mean "father".<ref>{{cite book |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |last=Andronov |year=1996 |title=A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-447-03811-9 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H422cDV5qX4C&pg=PA49 }}</ref><ref name="Bronkhorst">{{cite conference |first1=Johannes |last1=Bronkhorst |first2=Madhav |last2=Deshpande |publication-date=1999 |date=25-27 October 1996 |title=Aryan and non-Aryan in south Asia: Evidence, interpretation, and ideology |conference=International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia |place=University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI |volume=3 |edition=reprint |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |series=Harvard oriental series: ''Opera minora'' |isbn=978-1-888-78904-1 |pages=177–178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOdtAAAAMAAJ&q=appan }}</ref> ''Appan'' also means "father" in Tamil, and both these words are also used as [[honorific]] titles.<ref name="Srikant"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Iravatham |last=Mahadevan |year=2003 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=106 |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> In [[Hindu texts]], he is described as the son of [[Mohini]] (the female form of [[Vishnu]]) and [[Shiva]] with the name Ayyappan connoting as "lord-father".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kittel |first=F., Rev. |date=June 1872 |title=Coorg superstitions |journal=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore |publisher=[[Austrian National Library]] |page=168 |quote=Ayyappa (Ayya-Appa)† ''i.e.'' Lord father ... † Ay, Ayya, is an honorific title among the Dravidians, frequently affixed to proper names, ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPCLDaWvJ7UC&pg=RA2-PA168 |access-date=22 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Constance |last1=Jones |first2=James D. |last2=Ryan |year=2006 |title=Ayyappan |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-816-07564-5 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA58 |access-date=22 August 2024 }}</ref> The name could have also been derived from the combination of ''aryan'' and ''appan'' with the former meaning "revered".<ref name="Dubey">{{cite book |first=D.P. |last=Dubey |year=1995 |title=Pilgrimage Studies: Sacred places, sacred traditions |publisher=Society of Pilgrimage Studies |isbn=978-8-190-05201-6 |pages=136–137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHLXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 }}</ref>

In Hindu scriptures such as ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Srimad Bhagavatham]]'', he is referenced as ''Dharmasastha'' and ''Sastha'', meaning "ruler of the realm".<ref name=Encyclopedia/>{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}}{{sfn|Sekar|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} The word ''Sastha'' could have also be derived from [[Buddhism]] as Ayyappan is seen as an incarnation of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and Buddha was known by the same name, meaning "teacher".<ref name=Encyclopedia/>{{sfn|Sekar|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul J. |last=Griffiths |year=1994 |title=On Being Buddha: The classical doctrine of Buddhahood |isbn=978-0-791-42127-7 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0T8o_IK5IMgC&pg=PA64 }}</ref> He is also known as ''Hariharasuthan'', meaning the "son of [[Harihara]]", a fusion of ''Hari'' and ''Hara'', the names given to Vishnu and Shiva respectively.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}} He is also called ''Manikanda'' with ''mani'' meaning bell and ''kanda'' meaning neck in [[Sanskrit]], and meaning the wearer of a bell on his neck.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}}{{sfn|Sekar|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}

== Iconography and depictions==
[[File:Lord Ayyappa old painting.jpg|thumb|A painting of Lord Ayyappan is depicted in Yogapattasana, a sacred yogic posture.]]

Ayyappan is a warrior deity and is revered for his ascetic devotion to [[Dharma]], the ethical and right way of living, deployment of his military genius and yogic war abilities to destroy those who are powerful but unethical, abusive and arbitrary.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=21–25}} He is usually represented as a [[Brahmacharya|celibate]] young man holding a [[bow and arrow]], and riding a [[Bengal tiger]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|title=Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e_ZAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-195-65174-4|page=352}}</ref> In some representations, he is seen holding an upraised bow in his left hand, while holding either an arrow or sword in his right hand placed diagonally across his left thigh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Joanna Gottfried|year=1981|isbn=9004064982|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]}}</ref> Other iconography generally shows him in a yogic posture wearing a bell around his neck.{{sfn|Laser|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 63]}} In some representations, such as in Sri Lanka, he is shown riding an [[Indian elephant]] or a [[horse]].<ref name="Dubey"/>

== Theology and historical development==
The legend and mythology of Ayyappan vary across regions, reflecting a tradition that evolved over time.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18–25}} According to the ''[[Puranas]]'', he is mentioned as an incarnation of Hariharaputra, the son of Shiva and Mohini (female form of Vishnu).<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}}{{sfn|Laser|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 63]}} While this interaction between Shiva and Vishnu is mentioned in the ''Bhagavata Purana'', he is not referenced by the name Ayyappan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun|title=Māyā divine and human|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|year=1978|pages=42–43|chapter=The Māyā of the Gods: Mohini|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15-heLWM3UcC&pg=PA42|isbn=978-81-208-2389-1|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084527/https://books.google.com/books?id=15-heLWM3UcC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Malayalam folklore, Ayyappan is presented as a warrior prince of [[Pandalam dynasty|Pandalam kingdom]].{{sfn|Younger|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Laser|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 64]}} The king of Pandalam found a baby boy on the banks of [[Pamba River|Pamba river]].<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-700-71267-0|page=78|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref> As the royal family was childless, the king named the boy Manikantha and raised him his own son, on the advice of an ascetic. When Manikantha was 12 years old, the king wanted to formally anoint him as the heir. However, the queen objected to it, as she favored her younger biological child.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>{{sfn|Younger|2002|p=18}} Planning to get rid of Manikantha, the queen feigned an illness, and asked for the milk of a tiger as a cure for her illness. She demanded that Manikantha be sent to obtain the same. Manikantha volunteered for the mission and went into the forest. He confronted and defeated the [[asura|demoness]] Mahishi.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}} Mahishi wanted to be his wife but Ayyappa being celibate, refused the offer and killed the demoness.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>{{sfn|Younger|2002|p=18}} He returned back to the kingdom riding on the back of a tiger. The king realised his special ability and recognised him to be a divine being and resolved to make a shrine for him. Manikantha transformed into Ayyappa and shot an arrow to mark the place for the new shrine.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18–19}}

There are minor variations in the story in other versions with Ayyappan renouncing the kingdom and becoming an ascetic [[yogi]] in a forested mountain.<ref>{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=Pashu: Animal Tales from Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojqQBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-8-184-75692-0|pages=109–111}}</ref> In another version, he is described as the son of the king's sister, who was born in the forest and sent to his uncle later. When the shrine of Sastha at Sabarimala was destroyed by the king's enemies, he defeated them, re-installed the statue and disappeared into it.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}} In some versions, he was raised by a childless royal couple Rajashekara [[Pandya dynasty|Pandian]] and Koperundevi, and grew up as a warrior yogi.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffery D. Long|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkkFCwAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-810-87960-7|page=78}}</ref>{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=17-21}}

According to Paul Younger, supplementary legends appeared in the late [[Middle Ages]] that linked other Hindu deities and mythologies to Ayyappan.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=20–21}} The divine beings [[Dattatreya|Datta]] and Leela came to Earth as humans. Datta wanted to return to the divine realm, but Leela enjoyed her life on Earth and wanted to stay on Earth.{{sfn|Younger|2002|p=21}} He became angry and cursed her to become a Mahishi (water buffalo demoness). Leela in turn cursed him to become [[Mahishasura|Mahisha]], a water buffalo demon and they both plundered the earth with their evil acts. Mahisha was later killed by goddess [[Durga]], while Mahishi was killed by Ayyapan, ending the terror of evil and liberating Leela who was previously cursed.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=21–22}} These legends syncretically linked and combined various Hindu traditions around [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]].{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=21–22}}

In the later years, the stories of Ayyappan expanded. One such version has roots between the 1st and 3rd century CE, where he evolved to be a deity who protected traders and merchants from enemies such as robbers and plundering outlaws.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=20–21}} His [[Hindu temple|temples]] and traditions inspired Hindu yogi mercenaries who protected the trade routes in South India from criminals and helped restore Dharmic trading practices.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=20–21}} In another version, he is portrayed as a child of a priest whose father was murdered by a fearsome outlaw. The outlaw kidnapped a princess and he made a daring rescue while killing the outlaw in the process.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=20–21}} In a variation of the story, Ayyappan forms an alliance with the [[Muslim]] warrior [[Vavar]] against the outlaw Udayanan, which forms the basis for worshiping both in a Hindu temple and a [[mosque]] before starting a pilgrimage to Ayyappa shrine.{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=20–21}}

According to Eliza Kent, the legends relating to the Ayyappa tradition seem to be "artificially mixed and assembled into a kind of collage".{{sfn|Kent|2013|p=80–83}} Ruth Vanita suggested that Ayyappan probably emerged from the fusion of a [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] god of tribal provenance and the Puranic story of Shiva and Mohini's interaction.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbvIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|page=94|title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|author1=Ruth Vanita|author2=Saleem Kidwai|year=2000|isbn=978-1-137-05480-7|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084542/https://books.google.com/books?id=VbvIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In some regions, Ayyappan and Tamil folk deity [[Ayyanar]] are considered to be the same with similar characteristics and is cited as a reason for his large following amongst [[Tamil people|Tamils]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA44 44]}}{{sfn|Sekar|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pillai|first=V. Narayana|date=1939|title=Śāsta Cult in Travancore. Is It a Relic of Buddhism ?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252378|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=230–240|jstor=44252378|issn=2249-1937|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830062724/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252378|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Worship==
[[File:Sabarimala 2.jpg|thumb|Dharma Sastha temple at [[Sabarimala]]]]

Although Ayyappan worship was prevalent earlier in [[Kerala]], his popularity spread to most of [[Southern India]] in the 20th century.{{sfn|Laser|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 63]}}{{sfn|Kumar|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 212]}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Suresh|last=Chandra|year=1998|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC|publisher=Sarup and Sons|page=28|isbn=978-8-176-25039-9}}</ref> There are several Ayyappan temples across South India, the most prominent of which is located at [[Sabarimala]]. Sabarimala is located on the banks of the Pamba river amidst the hills of the [[Western Ghats]] in Kerala, and attracts millions of Hindu pilgrims every year.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=Fred Clothey|editor=Bardwell L. Smith|title=Religion and the Legitimation of Power in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Jzn_LuLasC|year=1978|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-004-05674-9|pages=3–9}}</ref>{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18-23}}<ref name="Eck"/> The temple is open only on select days of a year.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 November 2022|title=Mandala Puja 2022: All you need to know about Mandala Kalam|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/mandala-puja-2022-all-you-need-to-know-about-mandala-kalam/articleshow/95524793.cms|access-date=15 December 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/mandala-puja-2022-all-you-need-to-know-about-mandala-kalam/articleshow/95524793.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:SabarimalaRush2010.JPG|thumb|left|Pilgrims carrying ''irumudi'' at [[Sabarimala]]]]

Pilgrims planning to visit Sabarimala often begin preparations weeks in advance. They lead a simpler life, while remaining celibate, eating vegetarian diet or partially fasting and wearing a black or blue dress. These weeks of rituals are termed as ''vrutham'' which is signified by wearing a [[tulsi]] or [[rudraksha]] [[garland|mala]]. The pilgrims refrain from any form of social or economic discrimination and form a fraternity treating each other as equals.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/><ref name="Smith"/>{{sfn|Kent|2013|p=14-15}}<ref name="Eck"/> They call each other by the name ''swami'' meaning "god".<ref name="Eck">{{cite book|author=Diana L Eck|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&pg=PA13|year=2012|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-53191-7|pages=13–14}}</ref><ref name="Daniel">{{cite book|author=E. Valentine Daniel|title=Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZatzse3CsC|year=1987|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-06167-5|pages=244–262}}</ref> The pilgrims bath in the Pamba river and embark on a trek to the top of the hill on barefoot carrying an ''irumudi'' (a bag with two compartments containing offerings to the god) on the head.<ref name="Smith" />{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18–23}} Then they climb the 18 steps in front of the shrine, each representing a dharmic value.<ref name="Smith"/>{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18–23}} The priests and devotees bring flowers and scatter them near the shrine while chanting various [[shlokas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Knapp|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&pg=PT416|year=2009|publisher=Jaico|isbn=978-8-184-95024-3|pages=416–419}}</ref> As the deity is believed to be celibate, women in their fertile age are not allowed to enter the shrine.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Smith"/>{{sfn|Younger|2002|pp=18–23}}

Other temples dedicated to Ayyappan include [[Achankovil Sastha Temple]], [[Aryankavu Sastha Temple]], [[Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple]], and [[Kulathupuzha Sastha Temple]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Jan/18/5-temples-part-of-sabarimala-pilgrimage-circuit-870242.html|title=5 Temples Part of Sabarimala Pilgrimage Circuit|date=18 January 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005115943/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/jan/18/5-Temples-Part-of-Sabarimala-Pilgrimage-Circuit-870242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Temples are also located in [[Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, Chennai|Anna Nagar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Where service is divine|date=17 April 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700320300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530124134/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700320300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> [[Mahalingapuram Ayyappan Temple|Mahalingapuram]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tn-saraswati-puja-celebrated-at-mahalingapuram-ayyappan-temple-in-chennai20191008194137/|title=Saraswati Puja celebrated at Mahalingapuram Ayyappan temple in Chennai|date=8 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|work=ANI News|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125072050/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tn-saraswati-puja-celebrated-at-mahalingapuram-ayyappan-temple-in-chennai20191008194137/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ayyappan Temple, Perambur|Perambur]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hundreds-of-kids-get-ready-for-vidyarambham-in-city/articleshow/60868663.cms|title=Hundreds of kids get ready for Vidyarambham in city|date=29 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224115407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hundreds-of-kids-get-ready-for-vidyarambham-in-city/articleshow/60868663.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Rajah Annamalaipuram Ayyappan Koil, Chennai|Rajah Annamalaipuram]] in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2022/05/1008-sanga-abhisekam-at-sri-ayyappan-temple-on-june-10/|title=1008 sanga-abhisekam at Sri Ayyappan Temple on June 10|date=31 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Mylapore Times|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084645/https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2022/05/1008-sanga-abhisekam-at-sri-ayyappan-temple-on-june-10/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ayyappan Temple, Coimbatore|Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/onam-2023-devotees-throng-ayyappan-temple-in-coimbatore20230829144646/|title=Onam 2023: Devotees throng Ayyappan Temple in Coimbatore|date=29 August 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=ANI News|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084636/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/onam-2023-devotees-throng-ayyappan-temple-in-coimbatore20230829144646/|url-status=live}}</ref> While Ayyappan temples typically show him as a celibate yogi, a few temples such as the Achankovil Sastha Temple depict him as a married man with two wives Poorna and Pushkala, and a son Satyaka.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Srikumaran|title=Theerthayathra: A Pilgrimage Through Various Temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|isbn=978-8-172-76363-3|pages=103, 120}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky3GBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT127|title=The man who was a woman and other queer tales from Hindu lore|page=127|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik|year=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-76630-8}}</ref> Some of the Ayyappan temples in the region are believed to have been established by [[Parashurama]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria A. David|title=Beyond Boundaries: Hindu-Christian Relationship and Basic Christian Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYlC_qF_eB0C&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-8-184-65001-3|page=9}}</ref> The most significant festival linked to him is the [[Makaravilakku]], observed around the [[winter solstice]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA350 350]}} In [[Ponnambalamedu]] hillock in the Western Ghats, a ritual lighting of a large flame is carried out during the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/the-light-on-markarsamkarama-day-an-aarti_751058.html|title=The light on Markarsamkarama day an 'aarti'|date=7 January 2012|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084531/https://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/the-light-on-markarsamkarama-day-an-aarti_751058.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harivarasanam]] is a [[Manipravalam]] [[ashtakam]] composed in praise of Shiva and sung as a [[lullaby]] for Ayyappan.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 November 2017|title=This Sabarimala season, an updated lullaby for Lord Ayyappan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/this-sabarimala-season-an-updated-lullaby-for-lord-ayyappan/article20555464.ece|access-date=25 December 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003143046/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/this-sabarimala-season-an-updated-lullaby-for-lord-ayyappan/article20555464.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Vavar mosque kerala.jpg|thumb|Vavar's mosque on the way to Sabarimala]]

Ayyappan remains one of the few deities in the Hindu pantheon, who is respected by other religious communities, including [[Muslims]], and [[Christians]].<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ayyappan|title=Ayyappan – Hindu deity|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|year=2014|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824015222/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ayyappan|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]], there is a theory that the temple of Sabarimala was of [[Buddhist]] origin.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Nov/12/sabarimala-temple-was-buddhist-temple-kerala-government-informs-high-court-1897240.html|title=Sabarimala Temple was Buddhist temple, Kerala government informs High Court|date=12 November 2018|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Ayyappan is revered by [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims in Kerala]] due to his association with Vavar.{{sfn|Laser|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 63]}}<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> As per the mythology associated with Vavar, Ayyappan confronted the robber Vavar in a jungle and defeated him. Later, he became Ayyappan's trusted lieutenant in the fight against other pirates and robbers.{{sfn|Kent|2013|p=81-86}} In another version, Vavar is stated to be a Muslim saint from Arabia, who worked with him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/before-arriving-at-sabarimala-temple-in-kerala-devotees-visit-a-mosque/articleshow/50334905.cms|title=Before arriving at Sabarimala temple in Kerala, devotees visit a mosque|work=[[The Economic Times]]|last1=Kumar|first1=KP Narayana|date=27 December 2015 |access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084648/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/before-arriving-at-sabarimala-temple-in-kerala-devotees-visit-a-mosque/articleshow/50334905.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A mosque dedicated to Vavar stands next to the Kadutha swami shrine at the foothills of Sabarimala. Pilgrims often offer a prayer in both the shrines, before beginning the trek towards the hill.{{sfn|Kent|2013|p=81-86}} According to Kent, though the mosque near Sabarimala includes a grave, it does not contain the mortal remains of Vavar, and no one can date Vavar nor provide when and where he lived, so he may be a myth. The Vavar legend and ''palli'' shrines might reflect the Hindu approach to accepting and co-opting legendary figures or saints of other religions within its fold.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eliza Kent|title=Lines in Water: Religious Boundaries in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYOiAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-5225-0|pages=84–88}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
A number of Indian films have been made about Ayyappan. These include: ''Sabarimala Ayyappan'' (1961) by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]], ''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' (1975) by [[P. Subramaniam]], ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]'' (1980) by Dasarathan, ''Arul Tharum Ayyappan'' (1987) by Dasarathan, ''Shiv Putra Swami Ayappa'' (1990) by P.S. Mani, ''[[Sabarimala Sri Ayyappan]]'' (1990) by Renuka Sharma, ''[[Engal Swamy Ayyappan]]'' (1990) by Dasarathan, ''Ayyappa Swamy Mahatyam'' (1991), ''Ayyappa Deeksha Mahimalu'' (1992) by Guda Rama Krishna, ''Swami Ayappa Shabarimalai'' (1993) by [[K. Shankar]], ''Jai Hari Hara Putra Ayyappa'' (1995), ''Bhagwaan Ayyappa'' (2007) by Irajaral Bhakhta and V. Swaminathan, ''[[Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' (2012) by Chetan Sharma and Mahesh Vettiyar, ''Om Sharanam Ayyappa'' (2015) by K. Sharath, ''Sri Omkara Ayyappane'' (2016) by [[Sai Prakash]], ''Ayyappa Kataksham'' (2019) by Rudrapatla Venugopal and ''[[Malikappuram]]'' (2023) by Vishnu Mohan.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher="Brit"tish Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ayyappan now in toon avatar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ayyappan-now-in-toon-avatar/article3549553.ece|date=20 June 2012|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531212951/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ayyappan-now-in-toon-avatar/article3549553.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] launched a Malayalam series named [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|''Swami Ayyappan'']] in 2006. Other series include ''Swami Ayyappan Saram'' (2010), ''Sabarimala Shri Dharmashasta'' (2012), ''Sabarimala Swami Ayappan'' (2019) and ''[[Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan]]'' (2023). The story of Ayyappa is dictated by [[Parvati]] to [[Ganesha]] in the Indian TV show ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesha]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/6117114715001/Ep.-608---Story-Time-For-The-Kids---Vighnaharta-Ganesh---19-December-2019|title=Story Time For The Kids - Vighnaharta Ganesh|work=[[Sony Liv]]|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231085218/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/6117114715001/Ep.-608---Story-Time-For-The-Kids---Vighnaharta-Ganesh---19-December-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The story of Ayyappan was adapted as a comic in the [[List of Amar Chitra Katha comics|673rd issue]] of the Indian comic book series, [[Amar Chitra Katha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mk-DgAAQBAJ|title=Ayyappan: The Lord of Shabarimala|author=Shyamala Mahadevan|year=1975|publisher=[[Amar Chitra Katha]]|isbn=978-8-184-82016-4|access-date=23 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725084533/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mk-DgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id005835142/Ayyappan|title=Ayyappan|publisher=[[Amar Chitra Katha]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620064731/https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id005835142/Ayyappan|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Harihara]]
* [[Harivarasanam]]
* [[Maalikapurathamma]]
* [[Makara Jyothi]]
* [[Karuppuswamy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|year=2010|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-143-41517-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Eliza|last=Kent|title=Lines in Water: Religious Boundaries in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYOiAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-815-65225-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Pratap|last=Kumar|title=Contemporary Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2d_BAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Routledge Publishing]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-54635-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Tammy|last=Laser|title=Gods & Goddesses of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0gBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-622-75391-8}}
*{{cite book|title=The Śabarimalai Pilgrimage and Ayyappan Cult|first=Radhika|last=Sekar|year=1992|isbn=978-8-120-81056-3|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DOuEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Younger|first=Paul|title=Playing Host to Deity: Festival Religion in the South Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqPmCwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-195-14044-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://sabarimala.kerala.gov.in/ Sabrimala Official]

{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fertility gods]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Ayyappan]]
[[Category:Children of Shiva]]

Agnipravesham

2026-01-17T13:56:45Z

Asiaarts: updated page

{{Short description|Practice in Hindu mythology}}
{{Distinguish|Sati (practice)}}
[[File:Sita Mughal ca1600.jpg|thumb|Mughal painting of Sita undergoing the agnipravesham.]]
'''Agnipravesham''' ({{Langx|sa|अग्निप्रवेशम|lit=Fiery entrance|translit=Agnipraveśam}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-08-29 |title=Agnipravesha, Agnipraveśa, Agni-pravesha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/agnipravesha |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> also called '''Agnipariksha''' ({{Langx|sa|अग्निपरीक्षा|lit=fiery ordeal|translit=Agniparīkṣā}}) is the mythical<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Vivek Vishnupant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqlXDwAAQBAJ&dq=agnipariksha+ordeal&pg=PT142 |title=History, Myth & Folktales in the Plays of Girish Karnad |date=2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1387735457 |page=142 |language=en}}</ref> practice of [[self-immolation]] described in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: an Alphabetical Guide|date=2014|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-8184752779|location=London|oclc=1132344222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Muralidharan|first=Kavitha|title=With just 11 stories this collection goes to the core of Tamil writer Jayakanthan's fiction|url=https://scroll.in/article/856588/with-just-11-stories-this-collection-goes-to-the-core-of-tamil-writer-jayakanthans-fiction|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Scroll.in|date=5 November 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is primarily associated with the ordeal of [[Sita]] in the [[Ramayana]], and is regarded to be a custom inspired by [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herman |first1=Phyllis K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&dq=agnipariksha+ordeal&pg=PA62 |title=The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia |last2=Shimkhada |first2=Deepak |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1443807029 |page=62 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
The [[Valmiki's Ramayana]], which is the original [[Ramayana]], describes how Maya Sita enters the fire so that when [[Rama]] rescues the illusory [[Sita]] from Ravana's captivity and brings her back, the real [[Sita]] can emerge from the fire, and indeed, the real [[Sita]] returns from the fire.

Some people misinterpreted this and said that [[Sita]] undergoes the agnipravesham to offer evidence of her chastity to her husband, [[Rama]], and the people of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], after suspicions are cast upon her virtue due to her abduction by [[Ravana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parimoo |first=Ratan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CckrAAAAMAAJ&q=agnipravesham+sita |title=Vaiṣṇavism in Indian Arts and Culture: Collected Papers of the University Grants Commission National Seminar on "Impact of Vaiṣṇavism on the Indian Arts" |date=1986 |publisher=Books & Books |isbn=978-8185016184 |pages=446 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Patra |first1=Dr Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F01WEAAAQBAJ&dq=agnipariksha+sita&pg=PA300 |title=Interface a National Research Anthology on Indigenous Language, Literature & Culture |last2=Banerjee |first2= Subhashis |last3=Doley |first3= Abani |last4=Chatterjee |first4= Biswarup |last5=Karmakar |first5= Sharmistha |last6=Kamsi |first6= Zenny |date=2021 |publisher=Book Rivers |isbn=978-9391000219 |page=300 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rSGAwAAQBAJ&dq=agnipariksha+ordeal&pg=PA127 |title=Zealous Reformers, Deadly Laws |date=2008 |publisher=Sage Publications India |isbn=978-8132100096 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> She invokes [[Agni]], the god of fire, who rescues her, thereby testifying to her fidelity to Rama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Vayu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIHYVC3fLRoC&dq=agnipariksha+sita&pg=PT18 |title=Sita's Ascent |date=2012|publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-8184757712 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ramayana]]
* [[Trial by ordeal]]
* [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Suicide navbox}}

[[Category:Religion and suicide]]
[[Category:Cultural anthropology]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Religion and euthanasia]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]

Schistura papulifera

2026-01-01T18:01:33Z

Asiaarts: done

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Vishwanath, W. |date=2010 |title=''Schistura papulifera'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T168546A6511934 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T168546A6511934.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Schistura papulifera
| authority = [[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], [[Daniel R. Harries|Harries]] & [[Graham S. Proudlove|Proudlove]], 2007<ref name = FB>{{FishBase | genus = Schistura | species = papulifera | year = 2017 | month = October}}</ref>
}}

'''''Schistura papulifera''''' is a critically endangered species of [[ray-finned fish]], a [[Cave fish|troblobitic]] [[Nemacheilidae|stone loach]], in the genus ''[[Schistura]]'' endemic to the state of [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]]. It is currently known to be restricted to the [[Krem Synrang Pamiang]] cave system near the [[Jaintia Hills]], where it is threatened by limestone extraction. This species lives in pools of standing water within the cave system preferring these to the streams of flowing water, being most numerous in the largest and deepest pools. This may be because the larger pools offer a more stable environment for the fish.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] is a compound of the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''papula'' meaning "a small tumour" and ''fera'' meaning "to bear", referring to the growths around the lower half this species head.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/loaches3/ | title = Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family NEMACHEILIDAE (Stone Loaches) | access-date = 21 January 2018 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | year = 2017 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203430/http://www.etyfish.org/loaches3/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3761315}}

[[Category:Schistura|P]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2007]]
[[Category:Cave fish]]

{{Schistura-stub}}

Sangat Singh (Sikh warrior)

2025-12-23T21:57:47Z

Asiaarts: added basic bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|17th century Sikh warrior}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Baba
| name = Sangat Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1650
| birth_place = [[Katta Sabour]], [[Noorpur Bedi]], [[Ropar]], [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 1705
| death_place = [[Chamkaur]], [[Punjab]]
| burial_place = Gurudwara Shaheed Burj
| spouse =
| father = Bhai Rania
| mother = Bibi Amaro
| relatives = Bhai Bhanu of Saparod Kheri (grandfather)
| title =
}}

'''Bhai Sangat Singh''' was a Sikh warrior and martyr of [[Battle of Chamkaur]].

== Battle and death ==
Sangat Singh took part in battles of [[Battle of Bhangani|Bhangani]], [[Bajaur District|Bajrur]], [[Battle of Nadaun|Nadaun]], all four battle of [[Anandpur Sahib]], Bansali, [[Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)|Nirmohgarh]], [[Battle of Sarsa|Sarsa]] and [[Battle of Chamkaur|Chamkaur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune - Windows - Slice of history|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021019/windows/slice.htm|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

In second Battle of Chamkaur, Sikh army lost most of their soldiers and Guru Gobind Singh Sahib decided to go to war front. It was opposed by present Sikhs. The Panj Pyare made a decision ([[Gurmata|Gurmat]]) and on their insistence, the Guru agreed to leave Chamkaur. His [[Clothing|attire]], [[dastar]] and [[Kalgidhar|kalgi]] was given to Bhai Sangat Singh, who stayed back while defending the fort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martyrdom Day of Baba Sangat Singh {{!}} State Level Function {{!}} NRI Affairs Department|url=http://nripunjab.gov.in/baba-sangat-singh.htm|website=nripunjab.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Madra|first1=Amandeep Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1cBDgAAQBAJ&q=sangat+singh+battle+of+chamkaur&pg=PA306|title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810)|last2=Singh|first2=P.|date=2016-09-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-11998-8|language=en}}</ref> He bore a high degree of physical resemblance to Guru Gobind Singh Ji and disguised himself as the Guru in order to trick the enemy.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&dq=sangat+singh+disguise&pg=PA274 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=274 |language=en |quote=SANGAT SINGH (?–1705). After the Guru and three of his Sikhs escaped under the cover of night, the Mughal and Pahari force stormed the fortress. Tradition speaks of Sangat Singh’s extraordinary ability in fighting off the horde but ultimately he was killed. The Mughal army initially thought that they had got Guru Gobind Singh ji and were confused about the identity of the soldier. }}</ref>

Sant Singh was also at the fort with Sangat Singh and after Guru's exit, both of them faced the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] and died fighting against them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&q=sangat+singh+battle+of+chamkaur&pg=PT120|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|date=2019-07-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-099038-1|language=en}}</ref> The Mughal army was mistaken and assumed that Sangat Singh was actually Guru Gobind Singh. It took them some hours to try and identify the body, to realize their mistake.

== See also ==
* [[Bhai Jiwan Singh]]
* [[Battle of Chamkaur]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:1650 births]]
[[Category:1705 deaths]]

Domkal

2025-12-21T14:43:15Z

Asiaarts:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Domkal
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.132193|N|88.541695|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Domkal Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3914
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742303
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Domkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Domkal]]
}}

'''Domkal''' is a town and a [[municipality]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Domkal Subdivision]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|88|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Lalbag and Domkal subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|8|13|N|88|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Harharia Chak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Harharia Chak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|9|17|N|88|27|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Islampur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Islampur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|10|48|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Murshidabad| numbered3=M| mark-title3=[[Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color3= #800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|14|42|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Jiaganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4=[[Jiaganj]] (M) | shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|13|40|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Azimganj| numbered5=M| mark-title5=[[Azimganj]] (M) | shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|19|56|N|88|18|24|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagawangola| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagawangola]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|18|23|N|88|17|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kismattatla| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kismattatla]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|24|44|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Krishnapur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Krishnapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|25|12|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Lalgola |labela9=border checkpost| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lalgola]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|12|50|N|88|5|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nabagram | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Nabagram, India]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|19|22|N|88|22|35|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nasipur | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nasipur]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|17|12|N|88|22|6|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Ranitala | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ranitala]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|5|18|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhagirathpur | numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhagirathpur]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|7|55|N|88|32|30|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Domkal | numbered14=R| mark-title14= Domkal (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|7|52|N|88|41|21|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jalangi | numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jalangi]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|10|19|N|88|29|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kasbagoas | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kasbagoas]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|13|34|N|88|32|47|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Raninagar | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raninagar]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|7|58|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Sadikhanr Diar | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sadikhanr Diar]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|13|48|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Sagarpara | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Sagarpara]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|15|54|N|88|33|4|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Shaikhpara | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Shaikhpara]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|9|45|N|88|15|32|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Khushbagh| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Khushbagh]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|20|E}} | label22= Bhagirathi River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 30| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|21|10|N|88|28|20|E}} | label23= Padma River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -8| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|12|40|N|88|23|30|E}} | label24= Jalangi |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -50| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|39|0|E}}|label25= Bhairab|labela25= River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-70| label-pos25=top| label-size25=11| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|7|0|N|88|22|0|E}}|label26= Gorba|labela26= Nala| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=11| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|15|20|N|88|14|15|E}} | label-pos27= left|label27=Baranagar| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Baranagar, Murshidabad]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|13|10|N|88|16|30|E}} | label-pos28= right|label28=Nashipur| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Nashipur]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|15|20|E}} | label-pos29= left|label29=Rosnaiganj| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Rosnaiganj]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|12|0|N|88|13|7|E}} | label-pos30= left|label30=Kiriteswari Temple| numbered30=H| mark-title30= [[Kiriteswari Temple]] (H)| shape-color30=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|88|32|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0.5| arc-gapA=6.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Domkal is located at {{coord|24.132193|N|88.541695|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB}}

===Area overview===
While the [[Lalbag subdivision]] is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, [[Rarh region|Rarh]] and Bagri, the [[Domkal subdivision]] occupies the north-eastern corner of Bagri. In the map alongside, the [[Ganges]]/ [[Padma River]] flows along the northern portion. The border with Bangladesh can be seen in the north and the east. Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map). The Ganges has a tendency to change course frequently, causing [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|severe erosion]], mostly along the southern bank.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | accessdate = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| accessdate = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India's tobacco industry |date = 27 December 2020 |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The historic city of [[Murshidabad]], a centre of major tourist attraction, is located in this area. In 1717, when [[Murshid Quli Khan]] became [[Subahdar]], he made Murshidabad the capital of [[Bengal Subah|Subah Bangla]] (then Bengal, Bihar and Odisha).<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/Gazeteer/Chapter%203.pdf | title = District Gazeteer | work= {{in lang|bn}} Chapter 3: History | publisher = Murshidabad District Administration |accessdate = 12 September 2017}}</ref> The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 90% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= District Primary Census Abstract page 26|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Domkal had a total population of 3,914, of which 2,008 (51%) were males and 1,906 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years numbered 420. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 96 and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 22.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Domkal was 2,460 (70.40% of the population above 6 years), out of which 1,321 were males and 1,139 were females.<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Domkal police station has jurisdiction over [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD block are located at Domkal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 August 2017}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|State Highway 11]] passes through the Domkal town. Bus services are available for [[Kolkata]], district headquarters [[Berhampore]] and others town of Murshidabad. The nearest railway station is [[Cossimbazar railway station]].

==Education==
*[[Dumkal College]] was established in 1999 at Domkal. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history, political science, philosophy, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science and BCom.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dumkalcollege.org/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110630180532/http://dumkalcollege.org/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 30 June 2011 | title = Dumkal College | publisher =DC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/DumkalCollege/Dumkal_College.shtml | title = Dumkal College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Dumkal Institute of Engineering & Technology]], an Engineering College
*[[Domkal Girl's College|Domkal Girls’ College]] was established in 2011 at Domkal. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history, education and political science.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://domkalgirlscollege.org/index.html | title = Domkal Girls' College | publisher = DGC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*Domkal Bhabataran High School<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/domkal-b-t-high-school/19071004501 | title=Domkal B.T. High School, Murshidabad - Address, Admissions, Fees and Reviews 2022 }}</ref> established in 1900
*Domkal Balika Vidyapith<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/domkal-balika-vidyapith/19071004401 | title=Domkal Balika Vidyapith High School, Murshidabad - Address, Reviews, Admissions and Fees 2022 }}</ref> established in 1965

== Healthcare ==
Domkal Subdivisional Hospital at Domkal functions with 68 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Domkal Superspeciality Hospital is functional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://murshidabad.gov.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/ | title = Hospitals | work = Domkal Super Speciality Hospital | publisher = Murshidabad district administration | accessdate = 6 July 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Domkal (Community development block)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Gangula

2025-11-19T11:32:03Z

Asiaarts: done

'''Gangula''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: గంగుల) is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Gangula Brijendra Reddy]] (born 1968), Indian politician
* [[Gangula Kamalakar]] (born 1988), Indian politician
* [[Gangula Prathapa Reddy]] (born 1950), Indian politician

{{surname}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

Diocese of Rayagada

2025-11-02T19:39:46Z

Asiaarts: page

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Orissa, India}}
{{one source|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Rayagada
| latin = Rayagaden/sis
| local = 
| image = 
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| coat = 
| coat_size =
| coat_alt =
| flag = 
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =

| country = [[India]]
| territory =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]]
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 39368.4
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 5407894
| population_as_of =
| catholics = 50542
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 23
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination =
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 11 April 2016
| dissolved =
| cathedral = [[Queen of the Mission Cathedral, Rayagada|Queen of the Mission Cathedral]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = 
| patron_title = 
| priests = 35
| language =
| calendar =
| music =

| parent_church =
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop =
| bishop = [[Aplinar Senapati]], [[Congregation of the Mission|CM]]
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = [[John Barwa]], [[S.V.D.]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| judicial_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Rayagada.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Rayagada''' is a [[diocese]] located in the [[India]]n state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] (Odisha). It was created, with territory taken from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Berhampur]] (in [[Berhampur]], India), on 11 April 2016 by [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rinunce e nomine: Erezione della diocesi di Rayagada (India) e nomina del primo Vescovo |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/04/11/0252/00565.html |work=Bollettino |location=Vatican |date=11 April 2016}}</ref> It is headquartered in the see city of [[Rayagada]], and will be a [[suffragan]] see in the Province of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]] (based in the cities of [[Cuttack]] and the provincial capital of [[Bhubaneswar]]).

==Governance==
The Reverend Father [[Aplinar Senapati]], [[Congregation of the Mission|CM]] was appointed its first Bishop, and will receive episcopal ordination and then be installed as bishop at a date or dates in the near future to be determined. According to the Vatican's news release about the erection of the new Diocese, Bishop-elect Senapati was born in [[Surada, India]], in 1960. Bishop-elect Senapati professed his religious vows with the Congregation of the Mission in 1989, and then was ordained a priest in 1990. He holds master's degrees in economics and in philosophy, and has served in a number of roles including parochial vicar, teacher, parish priest, and as Master of Novices. He is currently the Pastor of St. Vincent De Paul Parish, and President of the English Medium School in Derapathar, [[Guwahati]].

==See also==
*[[Catholic Church in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/raya0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/draya.html Catholic-Hierarchy.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|19.1675|N|83.4081|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Catholicism |portal2= India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rayagada, Roman Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Odisha]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Odisha]]

Vandalur

2025-10-28T11:33:35Z

Asiaarts: cleanup structure per standard format also and added references

{{Short description|Census town in Chennai Metropolitan Area}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vandalur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline = VandalurZoo_18Aug2012_MainEntrance.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Entrance to [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.89|N|80.08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 50
| population_total = 16852
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600048
| registration_plate = TN-11
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vandalur''' is a suburb of the city of [[Chennai]] and a [[taluk]] in [[Chengalpattu district]]. The [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] is situated in the locality. The area is served by [[Vandalur railway station]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] network.

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], Vandalur had total population of 16,852. Males constituted 49.9% of the population and females 50%. The average literacy rate was 79%, with male literacy at 85%, and female literacy at 72%. About 11% of the population is under six years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx|title=Welcome to Census of India: Census India Library|work=Census India|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

== Location ==
Vandalur is a suburb of the city of [[Chennai]], and forms part of the [[taluk]] of the [[Vandalur taluk|same name]] in [[Chengalpattu district]] and.<ref name="Ref">{{cite web |title=Taluks |url=https://www.tnpsc.gov.in/english/districts.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> It forms part of the [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency]] and [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/pslist/ac032.pdf|title=Polling stations|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128154000/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/pslist/ac032.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Vandalur is located on the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/stretch-of-gst-road-to-be-widened/article30638002.ece|title=Stretch of GST Road to be widened |date=24 January 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It forms one of the termini of the Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, connecting the highway with the [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heavy-vehicles-prohibited-on-gst-road-omr-ecr-from-january-18-to-20/article69112078.ece|title=Heavy vehicles prohibited on GST Road, OMR, ECR from January 18 to 20|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 January 2025|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2010/03/27/stories/2010032750020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405192445/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2010/03/27/stories/2010032750020100.htm|title=Roads to the future - 3 key stretches on the city's outskirts|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2010|date=27 March 2010|archive-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> It forms part of the [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Outer Ring Road]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2010/04/03/stories/2010040350020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110051635/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2010/04/03/stories/2010040350020100.htm|title=The orbital beltway - Vandalur to Minjur Outer Ring Road|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 April 2010|date=27 March 2010|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> It is served by the [[Vandalur railway station]], which forms part of the [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway list of stations|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2024|page=1|date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-map-suburban.html|title=Map of Chennai suburban|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> A flyover was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|467.8|m}} in 2012, which replaced the level crossing at the station.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Vandalur-Walajabad-flyover-opened/article13383276.ece|title=Vandalur flyover opened|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kilambakkam bus terminus]] is located close to Vandalur.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/run-more-shuttle-services-between-kilambakkam-bus-terminus-and-vandalur-railway-station-says-chief-secretary/article67724783.ece|title=Run more shuttle services between Kilambakkam bus terminus and Vandalur railway station|date=10 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Zoological park ==
[[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] is located in Vandalur. It was established as Chennai zoo in 1855 and was the first public zoo in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aazp.in/|title=Arignar Anna Zoological Park|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The construction of the new zoo at Vandalur started in 1979 and the zoo moved to the locality in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aazp.in/history-of-zoo/|title=History of zoo|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the zoo is spread over an area of 602 hectares and houses 2,149 animals in 89 enclosures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aazp.in/about-aazp/|title=About the zoo|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aazp.in/animal-stock/|title=Animal stock|work=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Vandalur hill is part of the zoological park and is situated at an altitude of {{cvt|126|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/vandalur_hill_tamil_nadu.468248.html|title=Vandalur hill|work=Maplogs|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Places adjacent to Vandalur'''
|North = [[Perungalathur]]
|West = Nedungundram
|Centre = Vandalur
|South = [[Urapakkam]]
|Southeast = Unamancheri
|Southwest = Adhanur
|East = Karasangal
}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Heibok Ching

2025-10-20T13:10:35Z

Asiaarts: started the post first draft

{{Short description|Hill in Imphal Valley, Manipur, India}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Heibok Ching
| other_name = Heipok Ching
| photo =
| photo_size =
| photo_upright =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =

| map =

| highest =
| highest_location =
| elevation =
| elevation_m = 921
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref = <ref>The Geographical Observer. India: Meerut College Geographical Society., 1990. p. 65</ref>
| elevation_system =
| prominence =
| prominence_m =
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| isolation_ref =
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| coordinates = {{coord|24|44|06|N|93|55|00|E|type:mountain_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =

| length =
| length_km =
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| volume_ref =

| etymology = fruit bearing mountain
| nickname =
| native_name = {{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯕꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡ}}|}} 
| native_name_lang = 
| translation =
| pronunciation =
| authority = [[Government of Manipur]]

| location = 
| country_type = 
| country = {{IND}} 
| state_type =
| state = [[Manipur]] 
| region_type =
| region = [[Imphal Valley]] 
| district_type =
| district = [[Imphal West district]] 
| part_type =
| part = [[Langthabal Assembly constituency|Langthabal]] 
| settlement_type = Use settlement_type= instead of city_type= (deprecated).
| settlement = 
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| module =
}}

'''Heibok Ching''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯕꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡ}}|}}), also known as '''Heipok Ching''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯄꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡ}}|}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naocha |first=Guru Aribam |date=2024-05-19 |title=VVF organizes tree planting initiative at Heipok Ching |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/vvf-organizes-tree-planting-initiative-at-heipok-ching/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref> is a [[hill]] located in the Langthabal region of [[Imphal West district]] of [[Manipur]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2024-10-24 |title=Manipur Government declares Heibok Ching Hillock as a Reserved Forest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-government-declares-heibok-ching-hillock-as-a-reserved-forest/articleshow/114555688.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2024-10-24 |title=Manipur Cabinet decides to declare Heibok Ching as Reserved Forest {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2024/10/manipur-cabinet-decides-to-declare-heibok-ching-as-reserved-forest/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref> Its biodiversity is protected as a [[reserve forest]] by the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cabinet declares Heibok Ching as RF : 25th oct24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..251024.oct24 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> It is regarded as a [[Sacred mountains|sacred hill]] in the [[Meitei culture|culture of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title=Manipur Cabinet Approves Heibok Ching as Reserved Forest |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/manipur-cabinet-approves-heibok-ching-as-reserved-forest/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-25 |title=Manipur govt declares Heibok Ching Hillock as 'Reserved Forest' |url=https://nenews.in/manipur/manipur-govt-declares-heibok-ching-hillock-as-reserved-forest/15164/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Northeast News - Northeast India news 24×7 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Former status ==
The [[Government of Manipur]] published a gazette notification on 2 December 2014, giving Heibok Ching the status of a revenue village,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Manipur declares Heibok Ching as reserved forest to boost environmental conservation |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-declares-heibok-ching-as-reserved-forest-to-boost-environmental-conservation-1110958-2024-10-25 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-10-24 |title=Manipur: Heibok Ching In Imphal West Designated As Reserved Forest; Government Announces Major Step In Conservation |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/10/24/manipur-heibok-ching-in-imphal-west-designated-as-reserved-forest-government-announces-major-step-in-conservation/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> under the name “68-Heibok Ching”,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=Heibok Ching Hillock gets reserve forest tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/manipur-declares-heibok-ching-hillock-as-reserve-forest-a-new-era-of-environmental-conservation/articleshow/114562667.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in accordance to the Section 2(w) of the Manipur Land Revenue & Land Reforms Act, 1960.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur: Heibok Ching to be declared reserve forest |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-heibok-ching-to-be-declared-reserve-forest |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Current status ==
In 2024, the [[Government of Manipur]] took the concerns about issues of [[global warming]] and the significance of Heibok Ching in protecting environment and biodiversity. Thus, they gave Heibok Ching the status of a [[Reserved Forest]] under the section 4 of [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-25 |title=Manipur: Heibok Ching To Get Reserve Forest Tag |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-heibok-ching-to-get-reserve-forest-tag |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref>

== In Meitei mythology ==
{{Main|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore}}
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Manipur]], the Heibok ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯄꯣꯛ}}|}}) is associated with the story of a mythical giant bird named [[Kakyen]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯛꯌꯦꯟ}}|}}). It was believed that the dead bodies of people disposed in a river (erstwhile Liwa River) near this hill, were picked up by the colossal [[aves|avian]] creature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moyon |first=Rev Dr Koningthung Ngoru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3jEAAAQBAJ&dq=heibok+ching&pg=PA164 |title=The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon & The People of Manipur |date=2023-11-16 |publisher=Shashwat Publication |isbn=978-81-19517-31-2 |pages=158, 164 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Meitei literature ==
{{Main|Meitei literature}}
Heibok Ching ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯕꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡ}}|}}) is mentioned in the [[Meitei language]] novel named "Madhabi" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯙꯕꯤ}}|}}), authored by Kamal Singh ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯃꯜ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}|}}), as a beautiful place where the two lovers Dhiren and Madhabi meet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Lamabam Damodar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouEZEOAusv4C&dq=heibok+ching&pg=PA40 |title=L. Kamal Singh |date=2000 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0856-8 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Civilization|Earth|Geography|Geology|History|India|Literature|Mountain|Mythology|Poetry|Religion|Society}}
* [[Heingang Ching]]
* [[Nongmaiching Ching]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hills of Manipur]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of India]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy

2025-10-17T00:23:08Z

Asiaarts: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Short description|Women's first class cricket tournament in India}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game
| country = India
| image =
| size =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| first = [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| last = [[2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy|2023–24]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]]
| participants = 5
| champions = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]] (1st title)
| most successful = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] (3 titles)
| TV =
| website =
| current =[[2025–26 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]]
}}

The '''Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi Day Trophy''' is an Indian [[women's cricket]] [[First-class cricket|first-class]] domestic competition organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]. The competition began in [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]], as a two-day competition, with the three subsequent competitions in [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]] and [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]] operating with a three-day format. After the 2017-18 season, the competition was discontinued until it was revived again in [[2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy|2023-24]].

In its first four editions, the competition featured five teams, each representing a region (or "zone") of [[India]]: [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]. After the [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]] was created in 2022-23, they participated in the succeeding edition of the tournament in 2023-24. Central Zone are the most successful team in the history of the competition, winning the first three editions. The holders are East Zone who won the most recent competition in 2023-24.

==History==
The competition began in February 2015, as the [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game]], with the five zonal teams playing each other once in [[First-class cricket|two-day matches]], all held in [[Kolkata]]. No matches were won outright, but points were awarded for leading on the first innings of the match. [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] were the inaugural winners of the competition, winning three of their four matches on first innings.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition 2014/15 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

The following season, [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]], the format was changed to three-day matches, and the tournament was held in [[Guntur district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Central Zone were again the champions, winning one match outright and another two on first innings.<ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2015/16 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

The [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016-17]] edition of the competition was conducted wholly in [[Chhattisgarh]]. Central Zone won their third successive title after being placed first in the round-robin with two wins from four matches. <ref name="seventeen" />

In the [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]] season the competition was held in [[Kerala]] and all matches were played in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. After the round-robin stage, [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] topped the table and won the title with two wins and two draws in their four matches.<ref name="seventeentable" />

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team !! Wins !! Runners-up
|-
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] || 3 || 0
|-
|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]] || 1 || 2
|-
|[[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] || 1 || 0
|-
|[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] || 0 || 2
|-
|[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]|| 0 || 1
|}

==Competition format==
Till the 2017–18 season, matches in the tournament were played using a [[First-class cricket|three-day]] format (apart from the first season, in which matches were two-days). The five teams plays each other once in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin format]], therefore playing four matches in a season. All five teams competed in one league, with the team finishing top at the end of the season being crowned the champions.

Teams were awarded 6 points for a win, 3 points for a tie and 0 points for a loss. If a match was drawn, the team that with the highest score at the end of the first innings received 3 points, whilst the team with the lower score receives one point. Both teams received 1 point if both first innings were not completed, the two scores were tied, or if the match was abandoned. If two teams were joint on points in the table, the tiebreakers were most wins and then net run rate.<ref name="seventeentable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 Table |work=CricketArchive |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

However, the tournament format was changed into a [[single-elimination tournament]] featuring quarter-finals, semi-finals and final for the [[2023–24 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy|2023–24 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's red-ball cricket to return to India's domestic calendar |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-red-ball-cricket-to-return-to-indias-domestic-calendar-1423158 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Tournament results==
{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Winners
! Runners-up
! Match format
! Ref
|-
|[[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| 2 days
| <ref name="fifteen"/>
|-
|[[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]]
| [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| 3 days
| <ref name="sixteen"/>
|-
|[[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]]
| [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
| 3 days
| <ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2016/17 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=CricketArchive}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
| [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| 3 days
| <ref name="eighteen">{{cite web |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=CricketArchive}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023–24 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy|2023–24]]
|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
|[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
|3 days
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game}}
[[Category:Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2015]]
[[Category:First-class cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]

List of postage stamps of India (2006–2010)

2025-10-14T02:43:16Z

Asiaarts: data - done

{{short description|None}}

{{main|List of postage stamps of India}}
This is a list of postage stamps issued by the [[India Post]] between 2006 and 2010.

==2006==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
!Image
! Description
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
|1
||12 January
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158950 - Pongal.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]
||500
||Single
|-
|2
||22 January
|[[File:AV Meiyappan 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[A. V. Meiyappan]]
||500
||Single
|-
|3
||29 January
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158863 - N M R Subbaraman.jpeg|60px]]
||[[N. M. R. Subbaraman]]
||500
||Single
|-
|4
||1 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158952 - 150 Years of Third Battalion The Sikh Regiment.jpeg|60px]]
||150 Years Third Battalion the [[Sikh Regiment]]
||500
||Single
|-
|5
||12 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158953 - President s Fleet Review Visakhapatnam.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="4"|[[President of India|President's]] Fleet Review, [[Visakhapatnam]]
| rowspan="4"|500 each
| rowspan="4"|Set of 4
|-
|6
|12 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158954 - President s Fleet Review Visakhapatnam.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|7
|12 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158955 - President s Fleet Review Visakhapatnam.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|8
|12 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158956 - President s Fleet Review Visakhapatnam.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|9
||18 February
|[[File:Kirupanandha Variyar 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Thirumuruga Kirubananda Variyar]]
||500
||Single
|-
|10
||18 February
|[[File:Devaneya Pavanar 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Devaneya Pavanar]]
||500
||Single
|-
|11
||18 February
|[[File:U.V. Swaminatha Iyer 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer|Dr. U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]]
||500
||Single
|-
|12
||18 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158960 - Tamillavel Umamamheswarar.jpeg|60px]]
||Tamilavel Umamaheswarar
||500
||Single
|-
|13
||24 February
|[[File:St. Bede's College, Shimla 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[St. Bede's College, Shimla]]
||500
||Single
|-
|14
||25 February
|[[File:Gemini Ganesan 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Gemini Ganesan]]
||500
||Single
|-
|15
||27 February
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158963 - Don Bosco Salesians.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Salesians of Don Bosco|Don Bosco Salesians]] in India - 100 Years
||500
||Single
|-
|16
||2 March
|[[File:Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|M. Singaravelar]]
||500
||Single
|-
|17
||15 March
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158965 - World Consumer Rights Day.jpeg|60px]]
||[[World Consumer Rights Day]]
||500
||Single
|-
|18
||30 March
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158966 - 100 Years of Indian Agricultural Research Institute.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] : 100 Years
||500
||Single
|-
|19
||1 April
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158967 - 62 Cavalry.jpeg|60px]]
||[[62 Cavalry (India)|62 Cavalry]]
||500
||Single
|-
|20
||12 April
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158969 - India - Cyprus Joint Issue - Folk danses.jpeg|60px]]
||Indo-Cyprus Joint Issue : Cyprus Folk Dance
||1500
||Set of 2
|-
|21
||12 April
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158968 - India - Cyprus Joint Issue - Folk dances.jpeg|60px]]
||Indo-Cyprus Joint Issue : Indian Folk Dance
||1500
||Set of 2
|-
|22
||21 April
|[[File:Calcutta Girls High School 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Calcutta Girls' High School]]
||500
||Single
|-
|23
||28 April
|[[File:Pannalal Barupal 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Pannalal Barupal]]
||500
||Single
|-
|25
||29 May
|[[File:Kurinji stamp 2006.jpg|60px]]
||[[Kurinji]]
||1500
||Single
|-
|25
||29 May
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158973 - Rainwater Harvesting.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Rainwater Harvesting]]
||500
||Single
|-
|26
||15 June
|[[File:Sri Pratap College 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Sri Pratap College|Sri Pratap College, Srinagar]]
||500
||Single
|-
|27
||8 July
|[[File:Indraprastha College for Women 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Indraprastha College for Women|Indraprastha Girls' School]]
||500
||Single
|-
|28
||10 July
|[[File:Voorhees College 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College, Vellore]]
||500
||Single
|-
|29
||10 July
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158977 - The Vellore Mutiny 1806.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Vellore Mutiny|The Vellore Mutiny - 1806]]
||500
||Single
|-
|30
||29 July
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158978 - High Court of Jammu - Kashmir.jpeg|60px]]
||[[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]]
||500
||Single
|-
|31
||4 August
|[[File:Pankaj Mullick 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]]
||500
||Single
|-
|32
||14 August
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158979 - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil And Natural Gas Corporation Limited]]
||500
||Single
|-
|33
||15 August
|[[File:MP Sivagnanam 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Ma. Po. Si.|Ma Po Sivagnanam]]
||500
||Single
|-
|34
||4 September
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158981 - University of Madras.jpeg|60px]]
||[[University of Madras]]
||500
||Single
|-
|35
||5 September
|[[File:LV Prasad 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[L. V. Prasad]]
||500
||Single
|-
|36
||7 September
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158983 - Indian Merchants - Chamber.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]
||500
||Single
|-
|37
| rowspan="2"|11 September
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 967870 - Horse sculptures.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="2"|Indo-Mongolia Joint Issue - Ancient Art - Horse
| rowspan="2"|1500 each
| rowspan="2"|[[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
|38
|-
|39
||5 October
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158986 - Greater Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos dubius.jpeg|60px]]
||Endangered birds of India : [[greater adjutant|greater adjutant stork]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|40
||5 October
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158987 - Nilgiri Laughingthrush Trochalopteron cachinnans.jpeg|60px]]
||Endangered birds of India: [[Nilgiri laughing thrush]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|41
||5 October
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158988 - Manipur Bush Quail Perdicula manipurensis.jpeg|60px]]
||Endangered birds of India: [[Manipur bush-quail]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|42
||5 October
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158989 - Lesser Florican Sypheotides indicus.jpeg|60px]]
||Endangered birds of India: [[lesser florican]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|43
||12 October
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158990 - Madhya Pradesh Chamber of Commerce and Industry.jpeg|60px]]
||Madhya Pradesh Chamber of Commerce and Industry
||500
||Single
|-
|44
||31 October
|[[File:Bishwanath Roy 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Bishwanath Roy]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PM releases stamp in honour of Bishwanath Roy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=21632 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
||500
||Single
|-
|45
||1 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158992 - G Varadaraj.jpeg|60px]]
||G. Varadaraj
||500
||Single
|-
|46
||6 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158995 - Himalayan Lakes - Roop Kund.jpeg|60px]]
||Himalayan Lakes : [[Roopkund|Roopkund Lake]]
||500
||Set of 5
|-
|47
||6 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158993 - Himalayan Lakes - Sela.jpeg|60px]]
||Himalayan Lakes : [[Sela Pass|Sela Lake]]
||500
||Set of 5
|-
|48
||6 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158994 - Himalayan Lakes - Chandra Tal.jpeg|60px]]
||Himalayan Lakes : [[Chandra Taal]]
||500
||Set of 5
|-
|49
||6 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158997 - Himalayan Lakes - Tsomo Riri.jpeg|60px]]
||Himalayan Lakes : [[Tso Moriri]]
||500
||Set of 5
|-
|50
||6 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158996 - Himalayan Lakes - Tsangu.jpeg|60px]]
||Himalayan Lakes : [[Lake Tsongmo|Tsangu Lake]]
||500
||Set of 5
|-
|51
||11 November
|[[File:Lala Deen Dayal 2006 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||[[Lala Deen Dayal]]
||500
||Single
|-
|52
| rowspan="2"|14 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158999 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="2" |Children's Day
| rowspan="2" |500 each
| rowspan="2" |Set of 2
|-
|53
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159000 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|54
||24 November
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159001 - The Tribune.jpeg|60px]]
||[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]
||500
||Single
|-
|55
||1 December
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159002 - World Aids Day.jpeg|60px]]
||[[World AIDS Day]]
||500
||Single
|-
|56
| rowspan="4"|8 December
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159003 - 150 Years of the Field Post Office.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="4" |150 years of Field Post Offices
| rowspan="4" |500 each
| rowspan="4" |Set of 4
|-
|57
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159004 - 150 Years of the Field Post Office.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|58
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 460527 - Field post.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|59
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159005 - 150 Years of the Field Post Office.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|60
||10 December
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 507178 - 3rd cent of the Arrival of B Ziegenbalg in India.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]]
||500 each
||Single
|-
|61
||13 December
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159006 - Sandalwood.jpeg|60px]]
||[[Sandalwood]] (Fragrant Stamp)
||1500
||Single
|-
|62
| rowspan="4"|26 December
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159007 - Stop Child Labour.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="4" |Stop [[Child Labour]]
| rowspan="4" |500 each
| rowspan="4" |Set of 4
|-
|63
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159008 - Stop Child Labour.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|64
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159009 - Stop Child Labour.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|65
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 159010 - Stop Child Labour.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|}

==2007==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 8 January
| [[File:Bimal Roy 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Bimal Roy]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 2
| 26 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 130858 - Tamil Naidu Cricket Association.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 3
| 7 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159012 - Fragrance of Roses - Bhim.jpeg|60px]]
| Fragrance of Roses : [[Bhim (rose)|Bhim]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 4
| 7 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159015 - Fragrance of Roses - Neelam.jpeg|60px]]
| Fragrance of Roses : [[Neelam (rose)|Neelam]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 5
| 7 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159013 - Fragrance of Roses - Delhi Princess.jpeg|60px]]
| Fragrance of Roses : [[Delhi Princess (rose)|Delhi Princess]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 6
| 7 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159014 - Fragrance of Roses - Jawahar.jpeg|60px]]
| Fragrance of Roses : [[Jawahar (rose)|Jawahar]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 7
| 9 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159016 - Manoharbhai Patel.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Manoharbhai Patel]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 8
| 27 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159018 - Fairs of India - Goa Fair.jpeg|60px]]
| Fairs of India : [[Carnival in Goa|Goa Carnival]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 9
| 27 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159017 - Fairs of India - Pushkar Fair.jpeg|60px]]
| Fairs of India : [[Pushkar Fair]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 10
| 27 February
|
| Fairs of India : [[Sonepur Fair]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 11
| 27 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159019 - Fairs of India - Baul Mela Fair.jpeg|60px]]
| Fairs of India : [[Baul]] Mela
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 12
| 8 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159020 - Women s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 13
| 8 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159021 - Women s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 14
| 8 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159022 - Women s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 15
| 8 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159023 - Women s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 16
| 23 March
| [[File:Raj Narain 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Raj Narain]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 17
| 30 March
| [[File:Mehboob Khan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Mehboob Khan]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 18
| 6 April
| [[File:Alagappa Chettiar 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Alagappa Chettiar|Dr. RM Alagappa Chettiar]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 19
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159027 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 20
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159028 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 21
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159029 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 22
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159030 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 23
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159031 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 24
| 2 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159026 - 2550 Years of Mahaparinirvana.jpeg|60px]]
| 2550 years of [[Mahaparinirvana]] of [[Buddha]]
| 500
| Set of 6
|-
| 25
| 31 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159032 - Tiger Panthera tigris Bandhavgarh National Park.jpeg|60px]]
| National Parks of India : [[Bandhavgarh National Park]]
| 500
| Set of 5
|-
| 26
| 31 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159033 - Gaur Bos gaurus Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Bandipur.jpeg|60px]]
| National Parks of India : [[Bandipur National Park]]
| 500
| Set of 5
|-
| 27
| 31 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159034 - Indian Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis Kaziranga.jpeg|60px]]
| National Parks of India : [[Kaziranga National Park]]
| 500
| Set of 5
|-
| 28
| 31 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159035 - Leopard Panthera pardus - Mudumalai National Park.jpeg|60px]]
| National Parks of India : [[Mudumalai National Park]]
| 500
| Set of 5
|-
| 29
| 31 May
|
| National Parks of India : [[Periyar National Park]]
| 500
| Set of 5
|-
| 30
| 9 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159037 - 1857 - First War of Independence.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 First War of Independence]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 31
| 9 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159036 - 1857 - First War of Independence.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 First War of Independence]]
| 1,500
| Set of 2
|-
| 32
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159038 - Maraimalai Adigal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Maraimalai Adigal]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 33
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159039 - VG Suryanarayana.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Parithimar Kalaignar|V. G. Suryanarayana Sastriar]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 34
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159040 - Saint Vallalar Ramalinga Adigalar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Ramalinga Swamigal|Saint Vallalar]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 35
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159041 - Landmark Bridges of India - Howrah Bridge.jpeg|60px]]
| Landmark Bridges of India : [[Howrah Bridge]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 36
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159042 - Landmark Bridges of India - Mahatma Gandhi Setu.jpeg|60px]]
| Landmark Bridges of India : [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 37
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159043 - Landmark Bridges of India - Pamban Setu.jpeg|60px]]
| Landmark Bridges of India : [[Pamban Bridge]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 38
| 17 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159044 - Landmark Bridges of India - Vidyasagar Setu.jpeg|60px]]
| Landmark Bridges of India : [[Vidyasagar Setu]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 39
| 5 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159045 - JP Naik.jpeg|60px]]
| [[J. P. Naik]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 40
| 23 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159046 - 53rd Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference.jpeg|60px]]
| 53rd [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference]]
| 1500
| Single
|-
| 41
| 1 October
| [[File:Sachin Dev Burman 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[S. D. Burman]]
| 1500
| Single
|-
| 42
| 2 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159048 - Centenary of Satyagraha.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Satyagraha]] : The Stirring
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 43
| 2 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159049 - Centenary of Satyagraha.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Satyagraha]] : The Stirring
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 44
| 2 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159050 - Centenary of Satyagraha.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Satyagraha]] : The Stirring
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 45
| 2 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159051 - Centenary of Satyagraha.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Satyagraha]] : The Stirring
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 46
| 8 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159052 - Platinum Jubilee of India Air Force - DHRUV.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]: Platinum Jubilee - [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 47
| 8 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159054 - Platinum Jubilee of India Air Force - Wapiti.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]: Platinum Jubilee - [[wapiti]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 48
| 8 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159053 - Platinum Jubilee of India Air Force - AWACS.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]: Platinum Jubilee - [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 49
| 8 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159055 - Platinum Jubilee of India Air Force - IL 78.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]: Platinum Jubilee - [[Ilyushin Il-78|IL-78]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 50
| 14 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159056 - 4th CISM Military World Games.jpeg|60px]]
| 4th CISM [[Military World Games]]
| 500 each
| Set of 3
|-
| 51
| 14 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159057 - 4th CISM Military World Games.jpeg|60px]]
| 4th CISM [[Military World Games]]
| 500 each
| Set of 3
|-
| 52
| 14 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159058 - 4th CISM Military World Games.jpeg|60px]]
| 4th CISM [[Military World Games]]
| 500 each
| Set of 3
|-
| 53
| 3 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159059 - Maharashtra Police Academy.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Maharashtra Police]] Academy
| 500
| Single
|-
| 54
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159060 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500 each
| Set of 2
|-
| 55
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159061 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500 each
| Set of 2
|-
| 56
| 22 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159062 - Renewable energy - Solar.jpeg|60px]]
| Renewable Energy : [[Solar Energy]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 57
| 22 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159065 - Renewable energy - Wind.jpeg|60px]]
| Renewable Energy : [[Wind Energy]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 58
| 22 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159063 - Renewable energy - Hydro.jpeg|60px]]
| Renewable Energy : Small [[Hydropower|Hydro Power]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 59
| 22 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159064 - Renewable energy - Biomass.jpeg|60px]]
| Renewable Energy : [[Biomass|Biomass Energy]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 60
| 22 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159066 - First Battalion The Fourth Gorkha Rifles.jpeg|60px]]
| First Battalion the Fourth [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Rifles]] : 150 Years
| 500
| Single
|-
| 61
| 3 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159067 - International Day of Disabled Persons.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Day of Disabled Persons]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 62
| 8 December
| [[File:Daly College 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Daly College|The Daly College]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 63
| 11 December
| [[File:Wilson College Mumbai 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 64
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159070 - Greetings - Happy New Year.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings : Happy New Year
| 500 each
| Set of 5
|-
| 65
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159071 - Greetings - Happy New Year.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings : Happy New Year
| 500 each
| Set of 5
|-
| 66
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159072 - Greetings - Happy New Year.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings : Happy New Year
| 500 each
| Set of 5
|-
| 67
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159073 - Greetings - Happy New Year.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings : Happy New Year
| 500 each
| Set of 5
|-
| 68
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 467872 - Greetings - Happy New Year.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings : Happy New Year
| 500 each
| Set of 5
|-
| 69
| 18 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159074 - SB Chavan.jpeg|60px]]
| [[S. B. Chavan]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 70
| 25 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159075 - Snows Basilica Church.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Our Lady of Snows Basilica]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 71
| 28 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2007 - Colnect 159076 - Water Year 2007.jpeg|60px]]
| Water Year 2007
| 500
| Single
|-
| 72
| 31 December
| [[File:Ritwik Ghatak 2007 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
| 500
| Single
|-
|}

==2008==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 2 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157948 - Andaman Mormon Papilio mayo - Male.jpeg|60px]]
| Endemic [[butterflies]] of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]: ''[[Papilio mayo]]'' (male)
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 2
| 2 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157949 - Andaman Mormon Papilio mayo - Female.jpeg|60px]]
| Endemic [[butterflies]] of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]: ''[[Papilio mayo]]'' (female)
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 3
| 2 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157950 - Andaman Clubtail Pachliopta rhodifer - Male.jpeg|60px]]
| Endemic [[butterflies]] of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]: ''[[Pachliopta rhodifer]]'' (female)
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 4
| 2 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157951 - Andaman Clubtail Pachliopta rhodifer - Female.jpeg|60px]]
| Endemic [[butterflies]] of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]: ''[[Pachliopta rhodifer]]'' (male)
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 5
| 5 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157953 - BPPal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[B. P. Pal|Dr. B. P. Pal]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 6
| 8 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157954 - Dr D R Gadgil.jpeg|60px]]
| [[D. R. Gadgil|Dr. D. R. Gadgil]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 7
| 14 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157955 - Damodaram Sanjeevaiah.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Damodaram Sanjeevaiah]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 8
| 4 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157956 - Maharshi Bulusu Samba Murthy.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Bulusu Sambamurti|Maharshi Bulusu Samba Murthy]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 9
| 18 March
| [[File:Madhubala 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Madhubala]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 10
| 28 March
| [[File:Majaz 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Majaz|Asrar-ul- Haq 'Majaaz']]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 11
| 21 April
|
| [[Indian civil service|Civil Service]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 12
| 22 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157960 - Tata Steel 100 Years.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Tata Steel]] : 100 Years
| 500
| Single
|-
| 13
| 26 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157961 - Jasmine Scented.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jasmine]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 14
| 26 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157962 - Jasmine Scented.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jasmine]]
| 1500
| Set of 2
|-
| 15
| 17 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157964 - Aga Khan Foundation.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Aga Khan Foundation]], Heritage Restoration
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 16
| 17 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157964 - Aga Khan Foundation.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Aga Khan Foundation]], Social Commitment
| 1,500
| Set of 2
|-
| 17
| 20 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157967 - Sri Shirdi Sai Baba.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Shri Shirdi Sai Baba]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 18
| 11 June
| [[File:Rajesh Pilot 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Rajesh Pilot]]
| 500
| Single

|-
| 19
| 12 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157969 - Henning Holck Larsen.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Henning Holck-Larsen]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 20
| 30 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157970 - Madhav Institute of Technology - Science Gwalior Golden Ju.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Madhav Institute of Technology and Science]], [[Gwalior]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 21
| 11 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157971 - Maha Bodhi Temple.jpeg|60px]]
| Indo-China : Joint Issue: [[Maha Bodhi Temple]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 22
| 11 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157972 - White Horse Temple.jpeg|60px]]
| Indo-China : Joint Issue: [[White Horse Temple]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 23
| 21 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157974 - 14 Battalion Punjab Regiment Nabha Akal 250 Years.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Punjab Regiment (India)|14 Punjab (Nabha Akal)]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 24
| 31 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157975 - Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 25
| 2 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157976 - Aldabra Giant Tortoise Aldabrachelys gigantea.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Aldabra giant tortoise]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 26
| 2 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157977 - Aldabra Giant Tortoise Aldabrachelys gigantea.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Aldabra giant tortoise]]
| 1,500
| Set of 2
|-
| 27
| 8 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157978 - Beijing 2008 Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Games of the XXIX Olympiad]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 28
| 8 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157979 - Beijing 2008 Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Games of the XXIX Olympiad]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 29
| 8 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157980 - Beijing 2008 Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Games of the XXIX Olympiad]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 30
| 8 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157981 - Beijing 2008 Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Games of the XXIX Olympiad]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 31
| 12 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157983 - Coast Guard.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 32
| 12 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157984 - Coast Guard.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 33
| 12 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157985 - Coast Guard.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 34
| 12 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157986 - Coast Guard.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 35
| 21 August
| [[File:Bismillah Khan 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 36
| 17 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157989 - Pitti Theagarayar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[P. Theagaraya Chetty|Sir Pitti Theagarayar]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 37
| 17 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157990 - Dr C Natesan.jpeg|60px]]
| [[C. Natesa Mudaliar|Dr. C. Natesan]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 38
| 17 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157991 - Dr T M Nair.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Dr. T. M. Nair]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 39
| 7 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157992 - Happy Deepavali.jpeg|60px]]
| Festivals of India: Happy [[Deepavali]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 40
| 7 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 271461 - Dussehra Kolkata.jpeg|60px]]
| Festivals of India: [[Dussehra]], [[Kolkata]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 41
| 7 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 155207 - Decorated Elephant - Dussehra Mysore.jpeg|60px]]
| Festivals of India: [[Mysore Dasara|Dussehra, Mysore]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 42
| 12 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157994 - III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008.jpeg|60px]]
| [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 43
| 12 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157995 - Iii Commonwealth Youth Games 2008.jpeg|60px]]
| [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 44
| 12 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157996 - Iii Commonwealth Youth Games 2008.jpeg|60px]]
| [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 45
| 12 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157997 - Iii Commonwealth Youth Games 2008.jpeg|60px]]
| [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|III Commonwealth Youth Games 2008]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 46
| 13 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157998 - Post Office.jpeg|60px]]
| Post Office
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 47
| 16 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 157999 - Food Safety And Quality Year 2008 - 09.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Food Safety Network|Food Safety & Quality Year 2008-09]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 48
| 18 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158000 - 2010 Xix Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 49
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158001 - INDIA of my dreams.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 50
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158002 - INDIA of my dreams.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 51
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158003 - INDIA of my dreams.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 52
| 16 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158004 - Cannonization Saint Alphonsa.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Saint Alphonsa]] : [[Canonization]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 53
| 16 November
| [[File:Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[B. N. Reddy]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 54
| 17 November
| [[File:Standard Chartered Bank 2008 stamp.jpg|60px]]
| Heritage Building: [[Standard Chartered Bank Building|Standard Chartered Bank]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 55
| 19 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158007 - Gail india Limited.jpeg|60px]]
| [[GAIL (India) Limited]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 56
| 20 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158008 - Joachim And Violet Alva.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Joachim Alva|Joachim]] and [[Violet Alva]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 57
| 27 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158009 - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy Hyderabad.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2000p
| Set of 2
|-
| 58
| 27 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158010 - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy Hyderabad.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 59
| 28 November
| [[File:St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 60
| 30 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158012 - Buddhadeva Bose.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Buddhadeva Bose]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 61
| 2 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158013 - Evershed Effect.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Evershed Effect]]
| 500p
| Single

|-
| 62
| 4 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158014 - Indian Navy Reaching Out To Maritime Neighbours.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Navy]] : Reaching out to Maritime Neighbours
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 63
| 8 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158015 - Dr LAXMI MALL SINGHVI.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi|Dr. Laxmi Mall Singhvi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 64
| 8 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158016 - Merry Christmas - Madonna and Child.jpeg|60px]]
| Merry Christmas
| 2000p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 65
| 8 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158017 - Merry Christmas - Lambs.jpeg|60px]]
| Merry Christmas
| 500p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 66
| 10 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158018 - 60 Years Universal Declaration Of Human Rights.jpeg|60px]]
| 60 Years : [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 67
| 14 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158019 - Indian Institute Of Science.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| 2000p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 68
| 14 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158020 - Indian Institute Of Science.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| 500p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 69
| 15 December
| [[File:Swami Ranganathananda 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Swami Ranganathananda|Swami Ranganathananda Maharaj]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 70
| 16 December
| [[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Manekshaw|Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 71
| 21 December
| [[File:TV Ramasubbaiyer 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[T. V. Ramasubbaiyer]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 72
| 22 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158025 - Russian Indian Cruise Missile BRAHMOS.jpeg|60px]]
| [[BrahMos]] missile
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 73
| 22 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2008 - Colnect 158024 - Russian Indian Cruise Missile BRAHMOS.jpeg|60px]]
| [[BrahMos]] missile
| 2000p
| Set of 2
|-
| 74
| 31 December
| [[File:Velu Nachchiyar 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Velu Nachiyar|Rani Velu Nachchiyar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 75
| 31 December
| [[File:Sheikh Thambi Pavalar 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sathavathani Sheikh Thambi Pavalar|Sheik Thambi Pavalar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 76
| 31 December
| [[File:Thillaiaadi Valliammai 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Thillaiaadi Valliammai|Thillaiyadi Valliammai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 77
| 31 December
| [[File:Udumalai Narayana Kavi 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 78
| 31 December
| [[File:AT Pannirselvam 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[A. T. Pannirselvam|A. T. Paneerselvam]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 79
| 31 December
| [[File:M Bhaktavatsalam 2008 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]], Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
| 500p
| Single
|-
|}

==2009==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 4 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159869 - Louis Braille.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Louis Braille]] Birth Bicentenary
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 2
| 21 January
| [[File:Vaikom Muhammad Basheer 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 3
| 25 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159871 - 150Years St Paul s ChurchChennaiMadras.jpeg|60px]]
| St. Paul's Church, [[Chennai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 4
| 28 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159872 - Jaisalmer Fort Jaisalmer.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Monuments Preservation by [[INTACH]]: [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 5
| 28 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159873 - Mongyu Monastery Laddakh.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Monuments Preservation by [[INTACH]]: [[Mangyu temple complex|Mongyu Monastery, Laddakh]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 6
| 28 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159875 - Qila Mubarak Patiala.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Monuments Preservation by [[INTACH]]: [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak]], Patiala
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 7
| 28 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159874 - St Anne Church Goa.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Monuments Preservation by [[INTACH]]: [[St. Anne Church, Goa]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 8
| 31 January
| [[File:Bishnu Prasad Rabha 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 9
| 3 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159877 - 50years Steelindustry.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] - 50 Years
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 10
| 4 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159878 - 24 January - NATIONAL GIRL CHILD DAY.jpeg|60px]]
| 24 January [[National Girl Child Day]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 11
| 9 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159880 - Maha Kavi Magh.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Magha (poet)|Maha Kavi Magh]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 12
| 9 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159879 - Sant Santaji Jagnade Maharaj 1624-1688.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Santaji Jagnade|Sant Santaji Jagnade Maharaj]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 13
| 11 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159881 - Family with umbrella.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Postal Life Insurance]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 14
| 21 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159882 - Jainacharya Vallabh Suri.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Vallabhsuri|Jainacharya Vallabh Suri]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 15
| 28 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159883 - Harakh Chand Nahata.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Harakh Chand Nahata]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 16
| 1 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159884 - 75 years MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Medical Council of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 17
| 6 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159885 - Pterospermum Acerifolium.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Pterospermum acerifolium]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 18
| 12 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159886 - Baburao Puleshwar Shedmake.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Baburao Shedmake|Baburao Puleshwar Shedmake]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 19
| 13 March
| [[File:KK Birla 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Krishna Kumar Birla|Dr. Krishna Kumar Birla]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 20
| 29 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159888 - Black pepper.jpeg|60px]]
| Spices of India: [[black pepper]]
| 500p
| Set of 5
|-
| 21
| 29 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159889 - Cinnamon.jpeg|60px]]
| Spices of India: [[cinnamon]]
| 500p
| Set of 5
|-
| 22
| 29 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159892 - Clove.jpeg|60px]]
| Spices of India: [[clove]]
| 500p
| Set of 5
|-
| 23
| 29 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159891 - Cardamom.jpeg|60px]]
| Spices of India: [[cardamom]]
| 500p
| Set of 5
|-
| 24
| 29 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159890 - Coriander Chilly Turmeric.jpeg|60px]]
| Spices of India: [[turmeric]], [[coriander]] and [[Chilly powder|chilly]]
| 2000p
| Set of 5
|-
| 25
| 30 April
| [[File:R Sankar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[R. Sankar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 26
| 12 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159894 - Lifeline Express.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Lifeline Express]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 27
| 28 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159895 - The Madras Regiment.jpeg|60px]]
| [[The Madras Regiment]] 1758-2008 : 250 Years of Selfless Sacrifice and Courage
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 28
| 12 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159896 - Rev J J M Nichols Roy.jpeg|60px]]
| [[J.J.M Nichols Roy|Rev. JJM Nichols Roy]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 29
| 19 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159897 - Sacred Heart Church.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pondicherry|Sacred Heart Church]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 30
| 19 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159898 - Rampur Raza Library.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Rampur Raza Library]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 31
| 19 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159899 - Rampur Raza Library.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Rampur Raza Library]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 32
| 19 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159900 - Rampur Raza Library.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Rampur Raza Library]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 33
| 19 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159901 - Rampur Raza Library.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Rampur Raza Library]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 34
| 30 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159902 - INDIAN OIL - 50 Years.jpeg|60px]]
| 50 Years : [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 35
| 4 July
| [[File:LBSNAA 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 36
| 25 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159904 - Ramcharan Agarwal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Ram Charan Agarwal]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 37
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159905 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 38
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159906 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 39
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159907 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 40
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159908 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 41
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159909 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 42
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159910 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 43
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159911 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 44
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159912 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 45
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159913 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 46
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159914 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 47
| 27 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159915 - Jayadeva And Geetagovinda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jayadeva]] and [[Gita Govinda]]
| 500p
| Set of 11
|-
| 48
| 1 August
| [[File:St Joseph's College Bangalore 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 49
| 4 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159916 - Maharshi Patanjali.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Patanjali|Maharishi Patanjali]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 50
| 12 August
| [[File:Pingali Venkayya 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Pingali Venkaiah]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 51
| 16 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159921 - Howrah Station.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Railway Stations of India: [[Howrah Station]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 52
| 16 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159918 - Chennai Central Station.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Railway Stations of India: [[Chennai Central Station]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 53
| 16 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159920 - Mumbai Cst Station.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Railway Stations of India: [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CST Station]]
| 500p
|| Set of 4
|-
| 54
| 16 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159919 - Old Delhi Station.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Railway Stations of India: [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi Station]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 55
| 3 September
| [[File:Uttam Kumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Uttam Kumar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 56
| 9 September
| [[File:Sacred Heart Matric Higher Secondary School 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Sacred Heart Matric Higher Secondary School, Sholinganallur|Sacred Heart Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 57
| 14 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159924 - Holy Cross Church.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Holy Cross Shrine Mapranam|Holy Cross Church]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 58
| 27 September
| [[File:Dushyant Kumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Dushyant Kumar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 59
| 1 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159926 - Red Panda Ailurus fulgens.jpeg|60px]]
| Rare fauna of the North-East: [[red panda]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 60
| 1 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159927 - Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata.jpeg|60px]]
| Rare fauna of the North-East: [[marbled cat]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 61
| 1 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159928 - Barbe s Leaf Monkey Trachypithecus barbei.jpeg|60px]]
| Rare fauna of the North-East: [[Phayre's leaf monkey|Barbe's leaf monkey]]
| 500p
| Set of 3
|-
| 62
| 6 October
| [[File:Bishop Cotton School Shimla 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Bishop Cotton School, Shimla]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 63
| 10 October
| [[File:RK Narayan 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[R. K. Narayan]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 64
| 11 October
| [[File:Dinesh Nandini Dalmia 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Dinesh Nandini Dalmia|Dineshnandini Dalmia]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 65
| 12 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159933 - India Post Freighter.jpeg|60px]]
| India Post Freighter
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 66
| 14 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159934 - Dilwara Temple.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Temples: [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara Temple]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 67
| 14 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159935 - Ranakpur Temple.jpeg|60px]]
| Heritage Temples: [[Ranakpur|Ranakpur Temple]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 68
| 21 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159936 - Maharaja Gulab Singh.jpeg|80x80px]]
| [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 69
| 22 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159937 - Major General Dewan Misri Chand.jpeg|60px]]
| Major General Dewan Misri Chand
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 70
| 29 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159938 - Jeanne Jugan Little Sisters Of The Poor.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Jeanne Jugan]]
| 2000p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 71
| 29 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159939 - Jeanne Jugan Little Sisters Of The Poor.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Little Sisters of Poor]]
| 500p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 72
| 1 November
| [[File:Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 73
| 2 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159941 - Apollo Hospitals.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Apollo Hospitals]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 74
| 2 November
| [[File:Mahendralal Sarkar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Mahendra Lal Sircar|Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 75
| 7 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159943 - Danmal Mathur.jpeg|60px]]
| Danmal Mathur
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 76
| 8 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159944 - Virchand Raghavji Gandhi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Virchand Gandhi|Virchand Raghavji Gandhi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 77
| 9 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159947 - Kathiawari Equus ferus caballus.jpeg|60px]]
| Indigenous horses of India: [[Kathiawari (horse)|Kathiawari]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 78
| 9 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159945 - Marwari Equus ferus caballus.jpeg|60px]]
| Indigenous horses of India: [[Marwari horse|Marwari]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 79
| 9 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159948 - Zanskari Equus ferus caballus.jpeg|60px]]
| Indigenous horses of India: [[Zaniskari pony|Zanskari]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 80
| 9 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159946 - Manipuri Equus ferus caballus.jpeg|60px]]
| Indigenous horses of India: [[Manipuri pony|Manipuri]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 81
| 11 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159949 - Rajabhau Khobragade.jpeg|60px]]
| [[B. D. Khobragade|Rajabhau Khobragade]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 82
| 12 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 271464 - Gaurishanker Dalmia statesman.jpeg|60px]]
| Gaurishanker Dalmia
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 83
| 13 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159950 - 60 Years Of The Commonwealth.jpeg|60px]]
| 60 Years of [[The Commonwealth]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 84
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159951 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p each
| Set of 2
|-
| 85
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159952 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 86
| 15 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159953 - The Silent Valley.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 87
| 16 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159954 - Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica.jpeg|60px]]
| India-Philippines: Joint issue: Gangetic dolphin (''[[Platanista gangetica]]'')
| 500p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 88
| 16 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159955 - Whale Shark Rhincodon typus.jpeg|60px]]
| India-Philippines: Joint issue: [[Butanding]] (Rhincodon Typus)
| 2000p
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 89
| 18 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159956 - Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Ganpatrao Jadhav|Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 90
| 30 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159957 - Tamilnadu Police.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 91
| 1 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159958 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 92
| 1 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159959 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 93
| 1 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159960 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 94
| 1 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159961 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| Greetings
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 95
| 2 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159963 - 100 Years Convent Of Jesus And Mary Ambala Cantt.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Convent of Jesus and Mary|Convent of Jesus and Mary, Ambala Cantt]]. : 100 Years
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 96
| 2 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159962 - 2nd Lancers gardner s Horse.jpeg|60px]]
| [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 97
| 10 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159966 - Kalamkari.jpeg|60px]]
| Traditional Indian Textiles: [[Kalamkari]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 98
| 10 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159967 - Apa Tani Weaves.jpeg|60px]]
| Traditional Indian Textiles: [[Apatani people|Apatani]] Weaves
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 99
| 10 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159965 - Kanchipuram Silk.jpeg|60px]]
| Traditional Indian Textiles: [[Kanchipuram Silk]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 100
| 10 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159964 - Banaras Silk.jpeg|60px]]
| Traditional Indian Textiles: [[Banarasi Sari|Banaras Silk]]
| 500p
| Set of 4
|-
| 101
| 15 December
| [[File:Henry Louis Vivian Derozio 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 102
| 17 December
| [[File:Lal Pratap Singh 2009 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Lal Pratap Singh]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 103
| 19 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159969 - King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus Gentoo Penguin Pygo.jpeg|60px]]
| Preserve the [[Polar Regions]] and [[Glaciers]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 104
| 19 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159970 - Polar Bear Ursus maritimus.jpeg|60px]]
| Preserve the [[Polar Regions]] and [[Glaciers]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 105
| 27 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159973 - Indian Mathematical Society.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Indian Mathematical Society]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 106
| 27 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159972 - Venkataramana Bhagvathar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Venkataramana Bhagavathar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 107
| 29 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159974 - Maharaja Surajmal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Maharaja Surajmal]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
|}

== 2010 ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Image
! Description
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 5 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259548 - 20th Conference of Speakers - Presiding Officers of the Comm.jpeg|60px]]
| 20th Conference of Speakers and Presiding Officers of [[the Commonwealth]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 2
| 16 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259549 - Reserve Bank of India.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 3
| 25 January
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259550 - Election Commission of India.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Election Commission of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 4
| 21 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259551 - The Bible Society of India.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Bible Society of India|The Bible Society of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 5
| 23 February
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259552 - P C Sorcar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[P. C. Sorcar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 6
| 19 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259553 - 16 Punjab 2nd Patiala.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Punjab Regiment (India)|16 Punjab (2nd Patiala)]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 7
| 30 March
| [[File:Muthuramalinga Sethupathi.jpg|60px]]
| [[Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II|Muthuramalinga Sethupathi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 8
| 30 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259554 - Special Protection Group.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Special Protection Group]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 9
| 31 March
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259556 - Vallal Pachaiyappa.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Pachaiyappa Mudaliar|Vallal Pachaiyappa]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 10
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259568 - Aries.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 11
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259567 - Taurus.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 12
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259566 - Gemini.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 13
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259565 - Cancer.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 14
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259564 - Leo.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 15
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259563 - Virgo.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 16
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259562 - Libra.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 17
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259561 - Scorpio.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 18
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259560 - Sagittarius.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 19
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259559 - Capricorn.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 20
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259558 - Aquarius.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 21
| 14 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259557 - Pisces.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Astrological signs]]: [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]]
| 500p
| Set of 12
|-
| 22
| 17 April
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh 2010 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 23
| 26 April
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259570 - Kanwar Ram Sahib.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Bhagat Kanwar Ram|Kanwar Ram Sahib]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 24
| 6 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259571 - Velu Thampi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Velu Thampi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 25
| 7 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259572 - Robert Caldwell.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Robert Caldwell]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 26
| 8 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259573 - Dr Guduru Venkata Chalam.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Guduru Venkatachalam|Dr. Guduru Venkatachalam]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 27
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259574 - Postal Heritage Buildings Delhi Gpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings - [[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[General Post Office, Old Delhi|Delhi GPO]]
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 28
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259579 - Postal Heritage Buildings Shimla Gpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings - [[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[Shimla]] GPO
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 29
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259578 - Postal Heritage Buildings Udagamandalam Hpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings -[[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[Udagamandalam]] HPO
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 30
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259576 - Postal Heritage Buildings Cooch Behar Hpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings - [[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[Cooch Behar]] HPO
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 31
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259577 - Postal Heritage Buildings Nagpur Gpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings - [[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[Nagpur]] GPO
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 32
| 13 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259575 - Postal Heritage Buildings Lucknow Gpo.jpeg|60px]]
| Postal Heritage Buildings -[[Indipex 2011|INDIPEX 2011]]: [[Lucknow]] GPO
| 500 p
| Set of 6
|-
| 33
| 19 May
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259580 - C V Raman Pillai.jpeg|60px]]
| [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 34
| 5 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259582 - Goose Fish Crayfish.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Year of Biodiversity]], Goose Fish Crayfish
| 2000p
| Set of 2
|-
| 35
| 5 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259581 - Rice Planter Owl.jpeg|60px]]
| [[International Year of Biodiversity]], Rice Planter Owl
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 36
| 14 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259583 - Deshbandhu Gupta.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Desh Bandhu Gupta]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 37
| 25 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259585 - Queen s Baton Relay XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]] – [[Queen's Baton Relay]]
| 2000p
| Set of 2
|-
| 38
| 25 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259584 - Queen s Baton Relay XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]] – [[Queen's Baton Relay]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 39
| 27 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259587 - World Classical Tamil Conference Kovai - 2010.jpeg|60px]]
| [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]] – [[Kovai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 40
| 27 June
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259586 - Kumaraguruparar Swamigal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Kumaragurupara Desikar|Kumaraguruparar Swamigal]]
| 500p
|| Single
|-
| 41
| 7 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259588 - Indian Naval Air Squadron 300 50 Years 1960-2010.jpeg|60px]]
| [[List of Indian naval air squadrons|Indian Naval Air Squadron-300]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 42
| 9 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259590 - Rock Pigeon Columba livia.jpeg|60px]]
| Birds: [[pigeon]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 43
| 9 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259589 - House Sparrow Passer domesticus.jpeg|60px]]
| Birds: [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 44
| 12 July
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259591 - Rath Yatra Puri.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|Rath Yatra, Puri]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 45
| 1 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259593 - Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]: [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 46
| 1 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259592 - Talkatora Stadium.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]: [[Talkatora Stadium]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 47
| 2 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259594 - Syed Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Syed Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 48
| 14 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259595 - Vethathiri.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Vethathiri Maharishi|Vethathiri]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 49
| 21 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259596 - P Jeevanandham.jpeg|60px]]
| [[P. Jeevanandam]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 50
| 25 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259597 - Omanthur P Ramaswamy Reddiar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar|Omanthur P. Ramaswamy Reddiar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 51
| 30 August
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259598 - Gk Moopanar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[G. K. Moopanar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 52
| 2 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259599 - Dr Ys Rajasekhara Reddy.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 53
| 26 September
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259600 - Brihadeeswarar Temple.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 54
| 3 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259601 - XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]
| 5 ₹ each
| Set of 4
|-
| 55
| 3 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259602 - XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]
| 5 ₹ each
| Set of 4
|-
| 56
| 3 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259603 - XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]
| 5 ₹ each
| Set of 4
|-
| 57
| 3 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259604 - XIX Commonwealth Games.jpeg|60px]]
| [[XIX Commonwealth Games]]
| 5 ₹ each
| Set of 4
|-
| 58
| 6 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259605 - Indian Postage Stamps - Princely States Princely State cochi.jpeg|60px]]
| Princely States-INDIPEX 2011: [[Kingdom of Cochin|Princely State – Cochin]]
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 59
| 6 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259606 - Indian Postage Stamps - Princely States Princely State bamra.jpeg|60px]]
| Princely States-INDIPEX 2011: [[Bamra|Princely State – Bamra]]
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 60
| 6 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259607 - Indian Postage Stamps - Princely States Princely State Indor.jpeg|60px]]
| Princely States-INDIPEX 2011: [[Sirmoor State|Princely State – Sirmoor]]
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 61
| 6 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 218764 - Indian Postage Stamps - Princely States Princely State Sirmo.jpeg|60px]]
| Princely States-INDIPEX 2011: [[Indore State|Princely State – Indore]]
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 62
| 9 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259608 - Immanuel Sekaranar.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Immanuvel Devendrar|Immanuel Sekaranar]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 63
| 22 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259609 - The Doon School Dehradun.jpeg|60px]]
| [[The Doon School, Dehradun]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 64
| 25 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259610 - Sant Shadaram Sahib.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Sant Shadaram Sahib]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 65
| 27 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259611 - Cathedral - John Connon School Mumbai.jpeg|60px]]
| [[The Cathedral & John Connon School|Cathedral & John Connon School, Mumbai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 66
| 29 October
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259612 - Kranti Trivedi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Kranti Trivedi]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 67
| 10 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259613 - Kap Viswanatham.jpeg|60px]]
| [[K. A. P. Viswanatham]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 68
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259614 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 69
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259615 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 70
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259616 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 71
| 14 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259617 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| Children's Day
| 500p each
| Set of 4
|-
| 72
| 15 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259618 - Lakshmipat Singhania.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Lala Lakshmipat Singhania|Lakshmipat Singhania]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Singhania centenary stamp released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/singhania-centenary-stamp-released/article889250.ece |access-date=27 February 2024 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 16, 2010}}</ref>
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 73
| 16 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259619 - Comptroller And Auditor General of India.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 74
| 28 November
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259620 - C Subramaniam.jpeg|60px]]
| [[C. Subramaniam]]
| 500p
|| Single
|-
| 75
| 1 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259621 - Kamlapat Singhania.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Kamlapat Singhania]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 76
| 3 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259624 - Tn Rajarathinam Pillai.jpeg|60px]]
| [[T. N. Rajarathinam Pillai]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 77
| 3 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259622 - Veenai Dhanammal.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Veenai Dhanammal]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 78
| 3 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259623 - Thanjavur Balasaraswathi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Balasaraswati|Thanjavur Balasaraswati]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 79
| 6 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259625 - Sri Sri Borda.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty|Sri Sri Borda]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 80
| 11 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259626 - Prafulla Chandra Chaki.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Prafulla Chaki|Prafulla Chandra Chaki]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 81
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259627 - India mexico Joint Issue Jarabe Tapatio.jpeg|60px]]
| India – Mexico Joint issue: [[Jarabe Tapatio]]
| 2000p
| Set of 2
|-
| 82
| 15 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259628 - India Mexico Joint Issue Kalbelia Dance.jpeg|60px]]
| India – Mexico Joint issue: [[Kalbelia]] Dance
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 83
| 21 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259629 - Crafts Museum.jpeg|60px]]
| Crafts Museum
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 84
| 21 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259630 - Crafts Museum.jpeg|60px]]
| Crafts Museum
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 85
| 22 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259632 - Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 86
| 22 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259631 - Bhausaheb Hiray.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Bhausaheb Hiray]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 87
| 23 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259633 - Bhai Jeevan Singh.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Bhai Jiwan Singh]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 88
| 23 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259634 - Central Bank of India.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Central Bank of India]]
| 500p
| Single
|-
| 89
| 24 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259635 - Dr Triguna Sen.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Triguna Sen|Dr. Triguna Sen]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 90
| 24 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259636 - National Council of Education.jpeg|60px]]
| [[National Council of Education]]
| 500p
| Set of 2
|-
| 91
| 31 December
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2010 - Colnect 259637 - Lalit Kala Akademi.jpeg|60px]]
| [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]
| 500p
| Single
|}

==See also==
* [[List of postage stamps of India]]
* [[List of Miniature Sheets from India Post]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Anon. (2008). ''Phila India 2008 Guide book (1800-2007)''.
* Anon. (2008). ''List of stamps (Year 1852 to 2007)''. Chief Postmaster General, Maharashtra Circle, Mumbai 400001.
* {{URL|http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf | Indian Post Stamp Catalogue 1947 - 2011}}
* {{URL|http://indiapost.gov.in/Stamps.aspx | India Post Stamps Listing}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.postagestamps.gov.in/Default.aspx | title=Postage Stamps | publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India | work=Web portal | date=2015 | access-date=April 11, 2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Manik|title=Phila India Stamp Guide Book (1800-2017) |pages=196–229 |edition=19th |year=2017 |publisher=Philatelia |location=Kolkata}}

==External links==
* [http://indianpostagestamps.com Indian Postage Stamps]
* [http://www.stampsoftheworld.co.uk/wiki/Category:India Stamps of the World Wiki Catalog]
* [http://www.indianphilately.net Welcome to the World of Indian Philately]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of postage stamps of India (2006-2010)}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of India]]
[[Category:Lists of postage stamps|India]]

Siyaram Tiwari (writer)

2025-09-21T20:00:25Z

Asiaarts: stub

{{Short description|Indian Hindi professor, scholar and author (born 1934)}}
{{For|Hindustani singer|Siyaram Tiwari (musician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
'''Siyaram Tiwari''' (born 5 December 1934) is an Indian [[Hindi]] scholar and author.<ref>''http://www.sitashakti.in/others_comments.html''</ref>

== Education{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} ==
* M.A. (Hindi) – [[Bihar University]], [[Muzaffarpur]], 1958
* Ph. D. – [[Patna University]], 1962
* D. Litt – Patna University, 1974

== Career ==
After teaching in several colleges of Bihar, Tiwari joined [[Visva-Bharati]], [[Santiniketan]] (West Bengal), an institution founded by Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and now a central university as a reader in the Department of Hindi in January, 1976. In due course, he rose to the rank of professor and became head of the Department of Hindi as well as dean of the Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences. After final retirement in 1999 he was invited as a visiting professor in the University of Hyderabad in 2000 and Hungarian [[Transylvania University]] (Romania)<ref>''http://www.hindinest.com/sakshatkar/N6.htm''</ref> in the year 2006. He served Nalanda Open University, Patna as chief co-ordinator in the Faculty of Languages for three years.

== Later work – Jo Yeh Padhe Hanuman Chalisa ==
Tiwari has published a comprehensive commentary on the most popular hymn of Lord Hanuman named Hanuman Chalisa with the name "Jo Yeh Padhe Hanuman Chalisa". Forty verses of the hymn have been explained so elaborately that the work has covered about 250 pages.

=== Distinction ===
* He has written more than twenty books on Hindi literature.<ref>''http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?String=SIYARAM%20TIWARI&p=sr&Field=author''</ref>
* After retirement he was Prime Minister's nominee in Viswa-Bharati Court.
* He assisted Union Public Service Commission in its confidential work in several capacities.
* He was member of different bodies of so many universities of India.
* He was felicitated by Bhartiya Hindi Parishad, a premier organization of University Hindi teachers in its annual conference held in Lucknow University in October 2011.
* He delivered lectures in Refresher Courses organized by University Grants Commission in different universities.
* He participated in national and international seminars organized by universities and learned institutions.
* He has published a large number of research papers, critical articles, book reviews etc. in reputed Hindi journals and magazines.
* He receives invitation of [[All India Radio|Akashwani]] and [[Doordarshan]] for talk etc.

=== Foreign country visited ===
He visited [[Romania]] in 2006 for delivering lectures.

==Published works==
* Hindi Ke Madhyakalin Khandkavya, Delhi, 1964
* Bajjika Bhasha Aur Sahitya, Patna, 1964
* Haladhardaskrirt Sudamacharitra, Patna, 1966
* Siddhant, Addhyayan Aur Samasyayen, Patna, 1967
* Kavyabhasha, New Delhi, 1976
* Sahityashashtra Aur Kavyabhasha, Sahibabad, 1978
* Renu: Kartritva Aur Kritiyan, Patna, 1983
* Tulasidas Ka Acharyatva, New Delhi, 1985
* Pathanusandhan, Allahabad, 1987
* Nandlal Bose, New Delhi, 1991
* Sahitya Aur Hindi Sahitya, Patna, 1992
* Manjhan, New Delhi, 1998
* Jankivallabh Shastri: Kartritva Aur Kritiyan, Allahabad, 1998
* Anandshankar Madhavan Ki Sarasvat Sadhana, Mandar Vidyapith, 1999
* Chintan Ki Rekhayen, Delhi, 2003
* Hindi Sahitya: Bhashik Paridrishya, Delhi, 2005
* Suni Acharaj Karai Jani Koyi, New Delhi, 2008
* Bhartiya Sahitya Ki Pahchan, Patna, 2009
* Romania Yatra Ki Diary, Ahamedabad, 2009
* Pataliputra Se Santiniketan, Darbhanga, 2011
* Mahamanav Rabindranath Aur Anya Nibandh
* Jo Yeh Padhe Hanuman Chalisa
* Shailesh Matiyani Ke Patra (under print)

== Referred ==
* Who's Who of Indian Writers, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi
* Sahityakar Vivarnika, Central Hindi Directorate, New Delhi
* Hindi Sahitya ka Itihas by Dr Nagendra, New Delhi
* Hindi Sahitya ka Itihas by Dr Surya Prasad Dikshit, Lucknow

== Works on Siyaram Tiwari ==
* Dr Siyaram Tiwari: Vyakti Aur Upalabdhi by Dr Ramdeo Prasad & Dr Chakradhar Tripathi, Santiniketan, 2000
* Dr Siyaram Tiwari: Antarang Vivechan by Dr Ram Pravesh Singh, New Delhi, 2003
* Dr Siyaram Tiwari Ka Rachana Sansar by Dr Mahatha Ramkrishna Murari, Darbhanga, 2011
* Hindi Gadya Shitya ko Dr Siyaram Tiwari ki den by Dr Arvind Amar, Patna, 2019
* Patra : Dr Siyaram Tiwari ke Naam, Edited by Dr Uma Shankar Singh, Patna, 2020

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Siyaram}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]

Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda

2025-08-14T15:59:18Z

Asiaarts: added

{{Short description|None}}
{{Hatnote|This article is on Swami Vivekananda's teachings and philosophy, See main biography [[Swami Vivekananda]]}}
[[File:Swami Vivekananda 1893 Scanned Image.jpg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda's teachings and philosophy stressed on different aspects of religion, youth, education, faith, character building as well as social issues pertaining to India.]]

[[Swami Vivekananda]] was a [[Hindu]] monk from India. His teachings and philosophy are a reinterpretation and synthesis of various strands of [[Hindu]] thought, most notably classical yoga and [[Advaita Vedanta]]. He blended religion with nationalism, and applied this reinterpretation to various aspect's of education, faith, character building as well as social issues pertaining to India. His influence extended also to the west, and he was instrumental in introducing [[Yoga]] to the [[Western world|west]].

==Advaita Vedanta==
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta}}
=== Western esoterism ===
While synthesizing and popularizing various strands of Hindu-thought, most notably [[classical yoga]] and (Advaita) Vedanta, Vivekananda was influenced by western ideas such as [[Universalism]], via [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] missionaries who collaborated with the [[Brahmo Samaj]].{{sfn|King|2002}}{{sfn|Kipf|1979}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1995}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God and the deprecation of [[idolatry]],{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta".{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46}} He propagated the idea that "the divine, the absolute, exists within all human beings regardless of social status",{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}} and that "seeing the divine as the essence of others will promote love and social harmony".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}} Via his affiliations with [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'',{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}} the [[Freemasonry]] lodge,{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=100}} the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]],{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}}{{sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} and Sen's [[Band of Hope]], Vivekananda became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=19-90, 97-100}}

=== Ramakrishna ===
In 1881 Narendra first met Ramakrishna, who became his spiritual focus after his own father had died in 1884. According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who really answered Narendra's question who had really seen God, by saying "Yes, I saw Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=58}} Ramakrishna gradually brought Narendra to a Vedanta-based worldview that "provides the ontological basis for <nowiki>'</nowiki>''śivajñāne jīver sevā''<nowiki>'</nowiki>, the spiritual practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of God."{{sfn|Maharaj|2020|p=177}} According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,{{sfn|Taft|2014}} regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive. Ramakrishna stated that
{{blockquote|The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one.<ref name="GM"/>}} Nevertheless, Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj's and its new ideas, than by Ramakrishna.{{sfn|Michelis|2005|p=49}}

===Advaita Vedanta===
Adhikārivāda in Hinduism, claimed special rights and privileges with regard to the right to universal [[knowledge]] of the [[Upanishads]]. Vivekananda rejected Adhikārivāda which, in his view, was the outcome of pure [[selfishness]] and ignored both the infinite possibilities of the human [[soul]] and the fact that all men are capable of receiving knowledge if it is imparted in their own respective [[language]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Vol.5|year=1923|publisher=Kartindo.com|page=361|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AAGNAwAAQBAJ&q=adhikarivada&pg=PA361 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda/Volume_5/Notes_from_Lectures_and_Discourses/The_Evils_of_Adhikarivada The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda] by Swami Vivekananda
Volume 5, Notes from Lectures and Discourses.</ref> He claimed, there is no reason for access to the universal knowledge of the Upanishads to be restricted on the basis of [[caste]] or [[religion]].

Vivekananda propagated that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy.{{Sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}} Nevertheless, following Ramakrishna, and in contrast to Advaita Vedanta, Vivekananda believed that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.{{refn|group=note |According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,{{sfn|Taft|2014}} regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.<ref name="GM" /> Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."<ref name="GM">{{cite book |title=Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master |author=Swami Saradananda |translator=Swami Jagadananda |edition=5th |volume=1 |pages=558–561 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |location=Madras. |isbn=978-81-7823-483-0 |url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103006/http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing [[Brahman]] as "one without a second," yet "both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna."{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}{{refn|group=note |Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or [[non-dualism]], pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ''ekamevadvitiyam''. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}}} Vivekananda summarised the Vedanta as follows, giving it a modern and Universalistic interpretation,{{sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}} showing the influence of classical yoga:
{{blockquote|Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy — by one, or more, or all of these — and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.}}

===Yoga and Samkhya===
Vivekananda's emphasis on ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=5}} In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like ''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka]]'' (14th century) and ''[[Vedantasara (of Sadananda)]]'' (15th century), Vivekananda saw [[samadhi]] as a means to attain liberation.{{sfn|Comans|1993}}{{refn|group=note|The Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4-5}} The ''Yoga Vasistha'' became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while Vidyāraņya's ''Jivanmuktiviveka'' (14th century) was influenced by the ''(Laghu-)Yoga-Vasistha'', which in turn was influenced by [[Kashmir Shaivism]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}}}}

Vivekananda popularized the notion of [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]], a term which Vivekananda probably took from western [[Theosophy|Theosophists]], notably [[Helena Blavatsky]], in addition to Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly referring to the [[Samkhya]] term ''[[Satkaryavada|sātkarya]]''.{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} Theosophic ideas on involution has "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools."{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine consciousness into matter."{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}} With spirit, Vivekananda refers to ''[[prana]]'' or ''[[purusha]]'', derived ("with some original twists") from Samkhya and [[classical yoga]] as presented by [[Patanjali]] in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]].{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}}

Vivekananda linked [[morality]] with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=93}} He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have ''shraddhā'' (faith). Vivekananda supported ''[[brahmacharya]]'',{{Sfn|Seifer |2001|p=164}} believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|2001|loc=Conversations and Dialogues, Chapter "VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha", Vol '''5'''}}

==Indian nationalism and personal development==
{{See also|Muscular Hinduism}}
Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=1–2}} He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".<ref name="Swami Vivekananda life and teaching">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda life and teaching|url=http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|publisher=Belur Math|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>

===Nationalism===
Vivekananda played a major role in the growing [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] sentiments in the late 19th and the 20th century, encouraging many Indians with his success and appeal in the West. His example helped to build pride in India's cultural and religious heritage, and supported the [[Indian independence movement]]. Vivekananda participated in several of these movements, calling for Indian independence from British rule. Swami Vivekananda believed that India is the blessed ''punyabhumi'', the "land of virtue":
{{blockquote|.. the land where humanity has attained its highest towards generosity, towards purity, towards calmness, above all, the land of introspection and of spirituality - it is [[India]].<ref name="Vivekananda’s Lankan connection">{{cite web|title=Vivekananda's Lankan connection|url=http://dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sundayagenda/spirituality-agenda/38428-vivekanandas-lankan-connection.html|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>}}

According to Vivekananda, a country's future depends on its people, stating that "man-making is my mission."{{sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=1–2}} Religion plays a central role in this man-making, stating "to preach unto mankind their divinity, and how to make it manifest in every movement of life."<ref name="Swami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings, Belur Math">{{citation|title=Swami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings|url=http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|publisher=Belur Math|access-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> It is coordinated willpower that would lead to independence, even with forty millions Britons ruling three hundred million people in [[India]]. According to Vivekananda, those forty million Britons put their wills together and that resulted infinite power, and that was the reason of their success. Vivekananda prescribed, to make a great future [[India]] the whole serest will lie in organization, accumulation of power, co-ordination of wills.<ref name="The future of India RKV">{{cite web|title=The future of India|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_3/lectures_from_colombo_to_almora/the_future_of_india.htm|work=ramakrishnavivekananda.info|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>

===Personal development and religion===
In line with the influence of western ideas, Vivekananda stressed the importance of individual development. Swami Vivekananda realized three things are necessary to make every man great, every nation great, namely conviction of the powers of goodness; absence of jealousy and suspicion; and helping all who are trying to be and do good.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda Ebook Q">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Ebook|url=http://www.consciouslivingfoundation.org/ebooks/13/CLF-SwamiVivekananda-Quotes.pdf|work=consciouslivingfoundation.org|access-date=30 March 2012|archive-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505142659/http://consciouslivingfoundation.org/ebooks/13/CLF-SwamiVivekananda-Quotes.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda suggested trying to give up jealousy and conceit and learn to work unitedly for others. He told that purity, patience and perseverance overcome all obstacles. He suggested taking courage and work on. Patience and steady work, according to Swami Vivekananda, this is the only way to get success.

According to Swami Vivekananda, "faith in ourselves and faith in God- this is the secret of greatness". Swami Vivekananda observed the history of the world is the history of a few men who had faith in themselves, and it is faith which calls out [[divinity]] within. So he told, if people have faith in three hundred and thirty millions of [[Hindu]] mythological gods, and in all the gods which foreigners have now and still have no faith in themselves, there will be no salvation.{{sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=110–111}} To Vivekananda, religion was not mere theory, but an actual practice to be applied in life, raising the brute into man, and man into God,<ref name="Swami Vivekananda Sayings AB">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Sayings|url=http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/H%20-%20World%20Religions%20and%20Poetry/World%20Religions/From%20the%20Indian%20Tradition/Teachers%20from%20the%20Indian%20Tradition/Swami%20Vivekananda/Sayings/Sayings%20of%20Swami%20Vivekananda%20-%20The%20Holy%20Trinity%20-%20%5B%20RMIC%20%5D.htm|work=abuddhistlibrary.com|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> stating "it is being and becoming, not hearing or acknowledging; it is the whole soul becoming changed into what it believes."<ref name="Swami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings, Belur Math" /> He hated the religious rituals that were in practice during that time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal teachings of Swami Vivekananda|url=http://www.ramakrishna.org/ut_sv.htm|work=ramakrishna.org|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> Vivekananda also noted that meditation in isolation won't suffice:
{{blockquote|The tidal wave of Western Civilisation is now rushing over the length and breadth of the country. It won't do now simply to sit in meditation on mountain tops without realizing in the least its usefulness. Now is wanted intense [[Karmayoga]], with unbounded courage and indomitable strength in the heart. Then only will the people of the country be roused.}}

==Social Services==

===Social service===
Social service was an essential aspect of Vivekananda's ideas, and an innovation which deviated from both Advaita Vedanta and Ramakrishna. He nevertheless attributed these ideas to both, trying to reconcile them with his own ideas.

According to Vivekananda, an important teaching he received from Ramakrishna was that ''Jiva is Shiva'' (each individual is divinity itself). So he stressed on ''Shiva Jnane Jiva Seva'', (to serve common people considering them as manifestation of God). According to Vivekananda, man is potentially Divine, so, service to man is indeed service to God.<ref name="IDEOLOGY of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission">{{cite web|title=IDEOLOGY of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Veda Mission|url=http://www.belurmath.org/Ideology.htm|work=belurmath.org|access-date=30 March 2012|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213350/http://www.belurmath.org/Ideology.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Non-injury===
Swami Vivekananda called [[Jain]] [[Digambara|monks]] the first great ascetics.<ref>[http://belurmath.org/complete_works_of_swami_vivekananda/volume_3/vol_3_frame.htm BUDDHISTIC INDIA Para 22-23]</ref> He praised their ancient knowledge of presence of low form of life in water:<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Buddhistic India|BUDDHISTIC INDIA Para 24]]</ref>
{{blockquote|A terrible thing, killing these low forms of life. So these monks, if they died of thirst, they would never kill these animals by drinking water. How all that we call ethics they simply bring out from that one great principle of non-injury and doing good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_3/buddhistic_india.htm|title = Buddhistic India}}</ref>}}

=== Caste System ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
He emphasized that the caste system was not by birth as per ancient Hindu traditions. It is more about social structure i.e. by profession where a child born in a Kshatriya family can become Brahmin also. A striking contrast was noticed in the idea of Vivekananda regarding the caste system. Strangely enough, he supported the Varna system as described in the Vedas. Unfolding the advantages of the caste system, he told that division of labour is a great blessing of this system. It would lead to excellence in any profession.

This division, of course, will lead to a caste on the path of progress. However, he also exposed the evils of this system. Untouchability was its worst part. So, Vivekananda criticized this type of “Don’t touches”. He wanted to curb out this type of dogmatism from the society.

===Education===
Vivekananda believed education is the manifestation of perfection already in men.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda: Life and Teachings, Belur Math" /> He thought it is a pity that the existing system of education did not enable a person to stand on his own feet, nor did it teach him self-confidence and self-respect. To Vivekananda, education was not only collection of information, but something more meaningful; he felt education should be man-making, life giving and character-building. To him, education was an assimilation of noble ideas.{{sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=1–2}}
{{blockquote|Education is not the amount of information that we put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life building, man making, character making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library...<ref name="The Future of India Wikisource">[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/The Future of India]]</ref><ref name="Swami Vivekananda quotes">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda quotes|url=http://jnanagni.com/quotes/swami-vivekananda/|work=jnanagni.com|access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref>}}

Swami Vivekananda felt that the education that young boys and girls receive is very negative. He thinks they do not gain confidence or self-respect from this education, so according to Swami Vivekananda only positive education should be given to children.<ref name="The Education that India needs">[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Prose/The Education that India needs]]</ref> Swami Vivekananda told, if young boys and girls are encouraged and are not unnecessarily criticized all the time, they are bound to improve in time.<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 7/Conversations And Dialogues/X]]</ref> He also told the youth:
{{blockquote|Set yourselves to the task of spreading education among the masses. Tell them and make them understand, "You are our brothers—a part and parcel of our bodies, and we love you and never hate you."<ref name="Vivekananda Reader">{{cite book | title=Vivekananda Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpIqDAAAQBAJ| publisher=Advaita Ashrama | date=2012 | author=Narasimhananda, Swami | pages=335|isbn = 9788175058354}}</ref>}}

===Womanhood===
Swami Vivekananda warned it is completely unfair to discriminate between sexes, as there is not any sex distinction in [[Ātman (Hinduism)|''Ātman'']] ('self', 'essence'), the soul has neither sex, nor caste nor imperfection. He suggested not to think that there are men and women, but only that there are human beings.<ref name="Thoughts on Women SV">{{cite web|title=Thoughts on Women|url=http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/spiritual/swami_vivekananda_talks/thoughts-on-women-swami-vivekananda/index.html|work=writespirit.net|access-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511145313/http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/spiritual/swami_vivekananda_talks/thoughts-on-women-swami-vivekananda/index.html|archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda felt, The best thermometer to the progress of a nation is its treatment of its women<ref name="Thoughts on Women SV"/> and it is impossible to get back India's lost pride and honor unless they try to better the condition of women.<ref name="Vivekananda's letters condition of women">{{cite web|title=Vivekananda's letters|url=https://www.angelfire.com/ma/vivekananda/vivekanandaletters.html|work=Angelfire|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> Vivekananda considered men and women as two wings of a bird, and it is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing. So, according to him, there is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of woman is improved.

Swami Vivekananda noticed almost everywhere women are treated as playthings. In modern countries like America, women have more independence, still, Vivekananda had noticed, men bow low, offer a woman a chair and in another breath they offer compliments like "Oh, how beautiful your eyes.." etc. Vivekananda felt, a man does not have any right to do this or venture so far, and any woman should not permit this as well. According to Swami Vivekananda, such things develop the less noble side of humanity. They do not tend to noble ideals.{{sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=68–69}}

According to Vivekananda, the ideal of womanhood in [[India]] is motherhood – that marvelous, unselfish, all-suffering, ever-forgiving mother.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda RKMD">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda|url=http://www.rkmdelhi.org/about-us/our-inspiration/swami-vivekananda/|work=rkmdelhi.org|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> Vivekananda felt, in [[India]], there are two great evils – trampling on the women, and grinding through the poor through caste restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Letters written from Chicago January 1895, To Mrs. Ole Bull|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/knownletters/1895Chicago.html|work=vivekananda.net|access-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121055245/http://www.vivekananda.net/KnownLetters/1895Chicago.html|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Sita]] is typical of [[India]] – the idealized India. Swami Vivekananda assured if world literature of the past and world literature of the future are thoroughly exhausted, yet, it will not be possible to find another Sita, because Sita is unique, the character was depicted once for all. Swami Vivekananda felt there may have been several [[Rama]]s, perhaps, but never more than one Sita.<ref name="Valmiki's Sita">{{cite web|title=Valmiki's Sita|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Valmiki%E2%80%99s_Sita|work=hindupedia.com|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=" View of Mary">{{cite web|title=A Vedantist's View of Sita |url=http://www.yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/theidealofwomanhoodsitajan55.htm |work=yabaluri.org |access-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416061555/http://www.yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/theidealofwomanhoodsitajan55.htm |archive-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Sita was a true Indian by nature, Vivekananda concluded, one who never returned an injury.<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Lectures and Discourses/The Ramayana]]</ref>

==Influence on western spirituality==
Vivekananda's acquaintance with Western esotericism made him very successful in Western esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. Vivekananda adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, who were especially attracted by and familiar with Western esoteric traditions and movements like [[Transcendentalism]] and [[New Thought]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}} An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yoga's model, which includes [[Raja yoga]], his interpretation of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]],{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=123-126}} which offered a practical means to realize the divine force within which is central to modern Western esotericism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}} In 1896 his book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' was published, which became an instant success and was highly influential in the Western understanding of yoga.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=125-126}}{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=149-180}}

==See also==
{{Wikiquote|Swami Vivekananda}}
* [[Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda]]
* [[Self-control]]
* [[Yoga]]
** [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga yoga]]
** [[Bhakti yoga]]
** [[Karma yoga]]
** [[Jnana yoga]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

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* {{cite journal |last1=Maharaj |first1=Ayon |title=Śivajñāne jīver sevā: Reexamining Swami Vivekananda's Practical Vedānta in the Light of Sri Ramakrishna |journal=Journal of Dharma Studies |date=2020 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1007/s42240-019-00046-x|s2cid=202387300 }}
* {{Citation | last=Michelis | first=Elizabeth De | year=2004 | title=A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism | publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8 }}

* {{Citation | last =Nanda |first =Meera | year =2010 |chapter =Madame Blavatsky's Children: Modern Hindu Encounters with Darwinism | editor-last1 =Lewis | editor-first1 =James R. | editor-last2 =Hammer | editor-first2 =Olav | title =Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science | publisher =BRILL}}

* {{Citation |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |title=The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas |year=1994 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1542-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392|date=1 January 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8}}

* {{citation | last=Seifer |first=Marc |title=Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius | publisher=Citadel |isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9 |year=2001}}
* {{Citation |last=Sen | first=Amiya | author-link=Amiya Prosad Sen | title=Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C}}
* {{Citation | last=Sooklal | first=Anil | year=1993 | title=The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda | journal=Nidan |volume=5 | url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/journal_archive/10165320/86.pdf}}

* {{Citation | last=Taft | first=Michael | year=2014 | title=Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept | publisher=Cephalopod Rex}}

* {{Citation |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=My India : the India eternal |year=1996 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-85843-51-1 |pages=1–2 |edition=1st |editor=Swami Lokeswarananda}}
{{refend}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]

Phoenix Citadel Mall

2025-07-10T10:32:03Z

Asiaarts: created a stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Phoenix Mall, Indore
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| caption = Phoenix Citadel
| location = [[Indore]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|44|47.7312|N|75|56|11.0868|E}}
| address = [[National Highway 52 (India)|NH 52]] Service Road, Opp. Best Price, [[Indore]]
| opening_date = 1 December 2022
| developer = Phoenix Mills Ltd.
| owner = Phoenix Mills Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnani |first1=Vandana |title=Phoenix Mills to open five malls by 2025; combined cost is Rs 5,300 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/phoenix-mills-to-open-five-malls-by-2025-combined-cost-is-rs-5300-crore-8068361.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |date=10 Feb 2022}}</ref>
| number_of_stores = 253
| number_of_anchors = 16
| floor_area = 1,000,000 sq. ft.
| floors = 3
| parking = Multilevel
| publictransit =
| website = https://www.phoenixcitadel.in/
| footnotes =
| embedded =
}}

'''Phoenix Citadel Mall''' is a shopping mall in the city of [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is owned by Phoenix Mills Ltd.,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sapam |first1=Bidya |title=Phoenix buys mall in Indore for Rs234 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/M24FHGDNlIwjtIvn9w2PxO/Phoenix-buys-mall-in-Indore-for-Rs234-crore.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=Mint |date=22 Jun 2018 |location=Mumbai, MH |language=English}}</ref> they operate 10 malls across 7 cities of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phoenix Mills announces grand opening of Phoenix Citadel in Indore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/phoenix-mills-announces-grand-opening-of-phoenix-citadel-in-indore-122120100476_1.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=Business Standard |agency=Capital Market |date=1 Dec 2022 |language=English}}</ref>

The mall is spread over 3 floors and has a dedicated building for parking. It has 1,000,000 leasing area for shopping brands. It has a dedicated open area in front of the mall as well.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Facilities==

===Stores===
* [[Lifestyle (department store)|Lifestyle]] opened its second store in Phoenix citadel mall in November 2022. Lifestyle store is part of Landmarkgroup Dubai. The store carries latest trendy Branded apparels like Menswear, Ladieswear, Kidswear, Footwear, Luggages, Handbags, sunglasses, Fragrances, Watches, Cosmetics among other varieties.
* Kimirica, a luxury brand opened its flagship store recently at the mall.<ref>{{cite news |title=India’s Own Luxury Brand, Kimirica, is Redefining Self-Care |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/indias-own-luxury-brand-kimirica-is-redefining-self-care/1273176/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=The Print |agency=ANI PR |date=20 Dec 2022}}</ref>

===Multiplex===
* The mall features an [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] along with its premium offering Insignia.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

=== Food court ===
* There is a dedicated food court area with ample seating space.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Treasure Island Next Mall]]
* [[C21 Mall, Indore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Indore Topics}}
{{Portal bar|India|Asia}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kerala Science and Technology Museum

2025-05-21T23:19:19Z

Asiaarts: started the details nd citations!

{{short description|Museum in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Kerala Science and Technology Museum
|image = Kerala Science and Technology Museum.jpg
|caption = The main building of Kerala Science and Technology Museum
|alt =
|map_type = Kerala
|map_caption = Location within Thiruvananthapuram
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|8.509978|76.946070|display=inline}}
|established = 1984
|location = PMG Junction, Vikas Bhavan P.O., [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|visitors =
|publictransit =
|director = Soju S S
|website = [http://www.kstmuseum.com/ www.kstmuseum.com]
|wiki =
|network =
}}

'''Kerala Science and Technology Museum''' is an autonomous institution established by [[Government of Kerala]], [[India]], in 1984, as a center for popularisation of science and scientific temper among the general public, especially among the young generation.<ref name=kstm>{{cite web|title=Website of Kerala Science and Technology Museum|url=http://www.kstmuseum.com/|access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala State Science and Technology Museum|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3373&Itemid=2439|publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122111204/https://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3373&Itemid=2439|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institution is in the heart of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city, in Kerala. The '''Priyadarsini Planetarium''' is attached to the museum, functioning since 1994.

[[File:Planetorium thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|Priyadarshini Planetarium attached with Museum]]

==See also==
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Astrotourism|Astrotourism in India]]
* [[List of planetariums]]
* [[List of science centers#Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala Science and Technology Museum}}

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Museums in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1984]]

Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh

2025-05-17T13:20:43Z

Asiaarts:

#REDIRECT [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)]]

{{R from merge}}

M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)

2025-04-26T08:44:00Z

Asiaarts:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Panneerselvam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = P. V. Bharathi
| successor = P. V. Bharathi
}}

'''M. Panneerselvam''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi constituency]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) candidate in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]],<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf 1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=8 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1996 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> and [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He is the present MLA of Sirkazhi.He is an advocate.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062526/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC160.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC160.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sirkazhi Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a160|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||49.41% || P. V. Bharathi|| [[AIADMK]] || 43.03%|| <ref name=":0" />
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||49.31% || P. Durairajan|| [[VCK]] || 45.17%|| <ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||59.25% || V. Bharathi|| [[AIADMK]] || 31.75%|| <ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#FFA07A | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||27.87% || T. Moorthy || [[AIADMK]] ||61.29% ||<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>

|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||40.78% ||N. Ramasamy|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 15.34%|| <ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>

|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#FFA07A | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost ||43.44% || [[K. Balasubramanian]] || [[AIADMK]] ||55.65%|| <ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panneerselvam, M}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Priti Shankar

2024-11-30T00:56:33Z

Asiaarts: clean up

{{short description|Indian professor and researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Priti Shankar''' (née '''Priti Monteiro'''; September 1947 – October 2011) was an Indian teacher, researcher, and educationist whose research focused on the areas of compiler design, formal language theory and algorithmic coding theory.<ref>{{cite web|title=PROFESSOR PRITI SHANKAR|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/priti_shankar.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Priti Shankar was born in a [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] family. Her father, Innocencio Monteiro, was a Brigadier in the [[Indian Army]] while her mother, Sophia,<ref name=cs>{{cite journal|url=https://pritishankarhomage.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/pritishankar-currentscience.pdf|title=Priti Shankar (1947–2011)|year=2012|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=102|issue=3}}</ref> was a mathematics and French teacher.

In 1958 her parents moved from [[Khadakwasla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khadakwasla]], [[Pune district|Pune]] to [[Jammu]] where her father served along India-Pakistan border in Surankote. As a result of the move Priti had skipped six months of school and therefore was coached at home by her mother. A few years later, she returned to Pune and enrolled into [[Fergusson College]].<ref name=csa>{{cite news|url=https://www.csa.iisc.ac.in/news/284-285.pdf|title=From the abstract to the concrete|publisher=Computer Science Association|accessdate=18 November 2018|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013072451/https://www.csa.iisc.ac.in/news/284-285.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later attended [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Delhi]] from which she was the first female<ref name=cs/> to be graduated with a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[electrical engineering]] in 1968.<ref name=csa/> Following the graduation she applied to the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] from which in 1972 she received her Ph.D.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priti Monteiro (Shankar)|url=http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=134778|publisher=Mathematics Genealogy Project Department of Mathematics North Dakota State University|accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> A year later she returned to India and was appointed as an assistant professor at the Centre for Automation at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bangalore and worked there till retirement.<ref name=csa/>

In 1979 Priti had pioneered the science field by developing a [[BCH code]] which were defined over [[finite field]]s and therefore became operational over [[finite ring]]s. In 2002 she was a co-editor of [[CRC Press]], along with Y. N. Srikant and also served on leadership board of the ''[[Resonance (journal)|Resonance]]'', a [[peer review]]ed journal of India.<ref name=cs/>

==Personal life==
Priti had numerous siblings, including Sunitha Noronha; Vivek Monteiro, a theoretical physicist; Anjali Monteiro, a filmmaker and professor of media studies; and Nandita de Souza a developmental and behavioural pediatrician.<ref name=cs/> In 1974 she married [[P. N. Shankar]], a theoretical fluid dynamicist at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] of Bangalore. In 1976 she gave a birth to a son named Nachiket and in 1983 Mridula, a daughter, was born.<ref name=csa/>

==Honours==
In 2007, Shankar received the Jaya Jayant award for teaching excellence and between 2006 and 2009 she was named a Distinguished Lecturer by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]].<ref name=cs/>

==Legacy==
The Priti Shankar Library of Popular Math and Science is housed in the UMED building of the Navnirmiti Learning Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priti Shankar Library|url=http://navnirmitilearning.org/our-associates/priti-shankar-library/|publisher=Navnirmiti Learning Foundation|accessdate=18 November 2018|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061803/http://navnirmitilearning.org/our-associates/priti-shankar-library/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Priti}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Dhariwal, India

2024-07-24T11:43:14Z

Asiaarts: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhariwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.95|N|75.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| | governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 253
| population_total = 18706
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 143519
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhariwal''' is a fifth largest town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Gurdaspur district]] in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. Dhariwal was most famous for its woolen mill. This town is situated on the banks of river Upper Bari Duba and is 13  km away from [[Gurdaspur]] on the Gurdaspur-Batala highway.
Dhariwal, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate. Average yearly precipitation is about 925mm (36.4 inches), 70% of it receives during [[monsoon]] season (June-September). Winter is also wet. June is the hottest while January is coldest month. In winter, dense fog persists for three to five days. As a result, day temperature drops to single digits. During May and June, dust storms followed by intense spells for short intervals are not uncommon. Monsoon arrives in the end of June and withdrawal starts around the third week of September. The town is prone to heatwaves during summer and chills during winter.

==Demographics==
According to 2010 estimates, it had a population of 23,158 inhabitants.

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dhariwal had a population of 18,706. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dhariwal has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 78% and female literacy is 70%. In Dhariwal, 10% of the population is under six years of age.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Dhariwal city and their [[sex ratio|gender ratio]], as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Dhariwal city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Dhariwal (M Cl)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male!!Gender ratio
|-
|Hindu||9,584||4,565||5,019||909
|-
|Sikh||4,085||1,975||2,110||936
|-
|Christian||3,001||1,462||1,539||949
|-
|Muslim||64||31||33||939
|-
|Buddhist||5||2||3||666
|-
|Jain||2||2||0||--
|-
|Other religions||19||11||8||1375
|-
|Not stated||12||6||6||1000
|-
|Total||16,772||8,054||8,718||923
|}

==History==
During [[British Raj|British rule]], the New Egerton Woolen Mills (established in 1880 then purchased by [[Sir Alexander MacRobert]] in 1884<ref>{{citation |last=Miller |first=Marion |title=Cawnpore to Cromar |year=2014 |publisher=Librario |isbn=978-1-909238-09-1 |page=28}}</ref>) produced woolen worsted and hosiery of all kinds - in 1904 the company employed 908 people.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_404.gif Gurdāspur District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 398.]</ref> These mills were famous throughout [[British India|colonial India]]<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_407.gif Gurdāspur Tahsīl - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 401.]</ref> and were the only mills in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] at that time.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_325.gif Arts and Manufacture - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 319. India]</ref>

==See also==

*[[Kakazai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gurdaspur district}}

[[Category: Cities and towns in Gurdaspur district]]

Sino-Indian wars and conflicts

2023-10-03T18:38:40Z

Asiaarts: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[China–India relations]]

Sathya (Kannada TV Series)

2023-07-25T18:49:23Z

Asiaarts: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Sathya (Kannada TV series)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Holiday (2006 Indian film)

2012-12-19T05:53:23Z

Asiaarts: made new bio first draft

#REDIRECT [[Holiday (2006 film)]]