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LGBTQ rights in Pakistan

2026-05-26T15:46:51Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Started a data - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Pakistan
| image = Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = Area controlled by [[Pakistan]] shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
| legal_status = Illegal since 1947; criminalised under Section 377<ref name="StateDepartment"/>
| penalty = {{ubl|2 years–life imprisonment; fines.<ref name="ILGA 2020"/> |(Sharia law can enforce a death penalty but proof requirements are high and no evidence of judicial implementation)}}
| gender_identity_expression = Third gender recognised; transgender people allowed to change legal gender
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex unions
| adoption = No
| military = No
| discrimination_protections = Gender identity only, not sexuality
}}

Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} Outright International |url=https://outrightinternational.org/our-work/asia/pakistan |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=outrightinternational.org |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, [[LGBTQ people]] in the country face legal and social difficulties and persecution compared to non-LGBTQ persons.

[[Pakistan Penal Code|The Pakistani Penal Code]] of 1860, originally developed under the [[British Raj]], criminalises [[sodomy]] with possible penalties of prison sentences from two years to a life sentence and fines. Despite its illegality, homosexual acts are only occasionally prosecuted by authorities, but it is sometimes used to threaten and harass homosexuals under threat of prosecution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country profile: Pakistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Human Dignity Trust |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101183738/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/}}</ref> Other morality and public order provisions in the Penal Code are used to target LGBTQ Pakistanis as well.<ref name="StateDepartment">{{multiref2|1={{cite web|author1=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|title=Pakistan 2016 Human Rights Report|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265758.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090333/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265758.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2017|website=www.state.gov|publisher=United States Department of State|access-date=28 March 2017|page=50|quote=Consensual same-sex sexual conduct is a criminal offense; however, the government rarely prosecuted cases}}|2={{cite report |author1=((Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor))|title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Pakistan |chapter-url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/pakistan/|date=2022 |publisher=United States Department of State |chapter=Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses}}}}</ref> Another greater problem can be vigilante policing and killings by Islamist and terrorist groups.<ref name=":2" /> Police may also act illegally and arrest LGBTQ individuals despite the law stating otherwise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

Discrimination and disapproval of the LGBTQ community and the associated [[social stigma]], which can lead to harassment and violence, make it difficult for LGBTQ people to have steady relationships.<ref name="bbc azhar">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/23811826|title=Gay Pakis: Where sex is available and relationships are difficult|work=BBC News|author=Mobeen Azhar|date=27 August 2013|quote=In practice, though, these laws are rarely enforced, and the issue tends to be dealt with inside the family.|access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, the LGBTQ community is still able to socialise, organise, date, and even—in rare cases—live together as couples, if done mostly in secret.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/world/asia/gays-in-pakistan-move-cautiously-to-gain-acceptance.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Gays in Pakistan Move Cautiously to Gain Acceptance|date=3 November 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Neither same-sex marriages nor [[civil union]]s are permitted under current law and are scarcely ever brought up in the political discourse, with people who have engaged in same-sex marriages being arrested and prosecuted.

Pakistan does not have [[civil rights]] laws to prohibit discrimination or harassment on the basis of [[sexual orientation]]. In a historic 2009 ruling, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. The [[Parliament of Pakistan]] passed the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018]], which established broad protections for transgender people.

== Implementation of law ==
Section 377 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) defines 'carnal intercourse against the order of nature', as punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment for a period of 2 years to life. This rarely lead to convictions or prosecutions in the judicial courts, but have sometimes been used by police as a means to extract bribes or sexual favours under threat of prosecution, particularly against homosexual men and transgender women, who may also be subject to harassment, humiliation, and violence by the police, including sexual violence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> The UN noted that there had been arrests of homosexuals within the past three years in 2018, 2019 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=HIV/AIDS |first1=Joint United Nations Programme on |last2=Pakistan |first2=Government of |date=2018-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan Global AIDS Monitoring 2018 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1441173.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2019-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2019 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2024673.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.coi.net |language=en}}</ref>

The Offence of Zina in the Enforcement Of Hudood Ordinance criminalizes any form of penetration in a sexual act outside of marriage. Sharia law carries heavy penalties for homosexuality from imprisonment for 2–10 years or for life, or of 100 lashes or stoning to death if the person is married.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> The IRB noted that due to the proof-of-evidence requirements, convictions under Sharia Law are rare, but that the fear remained very high.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2018-06-05 |title=Responses to Information Requests |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457702&pls=1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irb-cisr.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> The IGLA noted that though the death penalty remains optional, it has no evidence that the death penalty was ever implemented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia report 2019 |url=https://ilga.org/resources/state-sponsored-homophobia-report-2019/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ILGA World |language=en-UK}}</ref>

2018 Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (TPPR Act) provides transgender people with recognition. However numerous sourced noted that transgender people continued to be illegally arrested and those who have been legally identified as a certain gender are often treated as the opposing gender.<ref name="Canada"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daudpota |first=Shazeya |date=2020-08-13 |title=Justice for Julie Khan: Arrested in an alleged fabricated case |url=https://www.incpak.com/national/justice-for-julie-khan/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=INCPak |language=en-US}}</ref>

Due to a lack of anti-discrimination protections and widespread [[homophobia]] among authorities, LGBTQ are generally reluctant to be open about their sexuality as they may face abuses such as forced marriage, honor killings, humiliation, societal discrimination and harassment. They worry that if their sexuality is known, they may be exposed to violence or blackmail.<ref name=":3" />

A person living openly as LGBTQ is likely to be at risk of treatment from non-state actors such as Islamist organizations and terrorist groups.<ref name=":3" />

== Legality of same-sex sexual activity ==
{{See also|LGBT history in Pakistan}}
Pakistani law is a mixture of both British law and Islamic law. The section of the Penal Code criminalising consensual same-sex relations was inherited from the colonial rule of the [[British Raj]]; it was enacted on 6 October 1860 and went into force on 1 January 1862. Written by [[Lord Macaulay]], the then-named ''[[Indian Penal Code]] 1860'', made male same-sex sexual acts illegal under the [[United Kingdom law|British law]] of "Unnatural Offences". After Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the Parliament retained the Penal Code, merely changing the title to ''[[Pakistan Penal Code]]'' (Act XLV of 1860). Within the Penal Code, Article 377 ("Unnatural Offences") states: "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment ... for a term which shall not be less than two years nor more than ten years, and shall also be liable to fine".<ref name="ppc xlv">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html|title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)|website=Pakistani Legislation|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

It is likely that the region that encompasses Pakistan had been influenced by homophobic values at a much earlier period than other Asian regions such as the Indosphere and Sinosphere. Evidence from literary works and artworks relating to Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Islam suggest that non-heterosexual sex was looked down upon or forbidden since at least 250 B.C. Historically around 250 BC, during the [[Parthian Empire]], the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] text [[Vendidad]] was written. It contains provisions that are part of sexual code promoting procreative sexuality that is interpreted to prohibit same-sex intercourse as sinful. Ancient commentary on this passage suggests that those engaging in [[sodomy]] could be killed without permission from [[Dastur|a high priest]].<ref name="ZoroTenents">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref><ref name="Frashogard">{{cite web |author1=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref><ref name="HI">{{cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref><ref name="Mercury Biography">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Lesley-Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJOPWGEUEZ4C&pg=PT28 |title=Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Biography |date=2011-10-13 |publisher=Hachette UK, 2011 |isbn=9781444733709 |page=28 |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sacred Books of the East">{{cite book |last1=Darmesteter |first1=James |url=http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd8sbe.htm |title=Sacred Books of the East |date=1898 |edition=American |location=Vd 8:32 |quote=(...) Ahura Mazda answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind. The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the Dastur (see § 74 n.), and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed. (...) |access-date=January 3, 2015}}</ref>

Implementation of the laws against homosexuality are generally unenforced but do still happen. In 2014 a Pakistani man sought asylum in Australia for fear of being jailed for homosexuality in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=Gay man faces possible jail term in Pakistan after deportation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/am/gay-man-faces-possible-jail-term-in-pakistan-after/5183010 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref> In early 2023 numerous people were arrested for engaging in homosexual pornography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Pakistan makes dozens of arrests over same-sex, pornographic {{as written|acti|vties [sic]}} |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/06-Jan-2023/pakistan-makes-dozens-of-arrests-over-same-sex-pornographic-activties |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref> A greater problem can be vigilante policing and killings by Islamist and terrorist groups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html |website=The Modesto Bee}}</ref>

As part of the [[Islamization in Pakistan]] under [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], the [[Hudud Ordinances]] were enacted in 1979, stipulating severe punishments for [[adultery]], [[fornication]], consuming alcohol and [[sodomy]].<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |date=May 7, 2011 |title=The Hudood Ordinances |publisher=Dawn.com |agency=InpaperMagazine |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/626858/the-hudood-ordinances |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082705/http://www.dawn.com/news/626858/the-hudood-ordinances |archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref><ref name="ILGA 2020">{{cite report |author1=ILGA |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia: 2020 global legislation overview update |pages=38, 134, 157 |language=en |date=December 2020 |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2020|url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215114401/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf}}</ref> According to the [[United States State Department]]'s 2021 annual report on human rights practices in Pakistan, the Hudood Ordinances have not been enforced "since the 1985 lifting of martial law", and there are no known cases of it being applied to same-sex sexual conduct. No known executions for homosexual activity have occurred.<ref name="2021 US State"/>

=== Pakistan Penal Code of 1860 ===
Relevant sections of the penal code are as follows:<ref name="ppc xlv"/>
* Article 141 – An assembly of five or more persons is designated an "unlawful assembly" if the common object of the persons composing that assembly is{{nbsp}}... to commit any mischief or criminal trespass, or other offence.
* Article 153 – Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations, or otherwise, induce or attempts to induce any student, or any class of students, or any institution interested in or connected with students, to take part in any political activity which disturbs or undermines, or is likely disturb or undermine, the public order shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to two years or – with fine or with both.
* Article 268 – A person is guilty of a public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any common injury, danger or annoyance to the public or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction, danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right.
* Article 269 – Whoever unlawfully or negligently does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
* Article 270 – Whoever malignantly does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
* Article 290 – Whoever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this Code, shall be punished with fine which may extend to six hundred rupees.
* Article 292 – Prohibits the sale, distribution, exhibition, ownership or importation of any, "obscene" books, pamphlets, or other literature or images.
* Article 294 – Prohibits any "obscene" public acts, songs, music or poems.
* Article 371A – Whoever sells, lets to hire, or otherwise disposes of any person with intent that such a person shall at any time be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely that such person shall at any time be employed or used for any such purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to twenty-five years, and shall also be liable to fine.
* Article 371B – When a female is sold, let for hire, or otherwise disposed of to a prostitute or to any person who keeps or manages a brothel, the person so disposing of such female shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to have disposed of her with the intent that she shall be used for the purpose of prostitution. For the purposes of this section and section 371B, "illicit intercourse" means sexual intercourse between persons not united by marriage.
* Article 377 – Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than two years nor more than ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.
* Article 496 – Whoever, dishonestly or with a fraudulent intention, goes through the ceremony of being married, knowing that he is not thereby lawfully married, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall be liable to fine.

== Constitutional rights ==
The [[Pakistani Constitution]] does not explicitly make mention of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]]. It does contain certain provisions that may impact the constitutional rights of LGBTQ Pakistani citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ |title=The Constitution of Pakistan |website=Pakistani Legislation|access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

* Part II 37. The government pledges to promote Islamic values among its Muslim citizens, to protect marriage and the family and to oppose obscenity.
* Part IX 227. Islam is the official state religion, and all laws, rules, regulations and other such legislation must be compatible with Islam, as defined by a government appointed Islamic council.

== Discrimination protections ==
No civil rights legislation exists to prohibit public or private sector discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. However, since 2018, discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited in a wide range of areas, including employment, education, health care, access to goods and services, housing and public office. The [[International Commission of Jurists]] summarises the coverage of the act:<ref>{{cite book |author1=((International Commission of Jurists)) |author1-link=International Commission of Jurists |title=Pakistan: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018. A Briefing Paper |date=March 2020 |publisher=ICJ |location=Geneva |page=17 |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Pakistan-Transgender-Advocacy-Analysis-brief-2020-ENG.pdf |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417085514/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Pakistan-Transgender-Advocacy-Analysis-brief-2020-ENG.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2022 |quote=}}</ref> {{blockquote|Chapter three of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act prohibits discrimination against transgender people. It states that "no person" shall discriminate against a transgender person with respect to a number of contexts, and lists, among others, educational facilities; employment; healthcare; access to goods and services; housing; and holding public office.}}

The [[Green Party of Pakistan]] has expressed some support for LGBTQ rights, but most political parties either ignore the issue of LGBTQ rights or oppose LGBTQ rights on religious grounds.

Sociologists Stephen O. Murray and Badruddin Khan have written that the penal laws themselves are rarely enforced directly, but are used by the police and other private citizens as a form of blackmail.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Sex Longing & Not Belonging : A Gay Muslim's Quest for Love & Meaning
|author=Khan, Badruddin
|publisher=Floating Lotus USA
|date=August 1997
|isbn=978-0-942777-16-1}}</ref>

In March 2012, at the [[Human Rights Council]], [[Hina Jilani]], who was then also Chair of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] and former [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]], said,<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Council holds panel discussion on discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity|url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11920&LangID=E|website=UN High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref><blockquote>it was very important to emphasise that a serious obstacle was the persistent denial of protection for people from violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. That denial and rejection were not prudent for any Government that claimed the commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights. It was not convincing when culture and religion were used as a shield and an excuse for failure to protect. There was no notion of responsibility that allowed duty bearers to selectively hold out on protection.</blockquote>

== Gender identity and expression ==
[[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|A group of ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|khawaja saras]]'' and transgender people protest in [[Islamabad]].]]
In most [[South Asia]]n nations, there is a concept of [[third gender]] where members are referred to by society as neither man nor a woman. Pakistan is no different and has a vibrant culture of ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]]'' ({{smaller|{{Nastaliq|[[:ur:ہیجڑا|ہیجڑا]]}}}}). While the term is commonly used in South Asia, it is considered derogatory in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and the term ''[[khawaja sara]]'' ({{Nastaliq|خواجہ سرا}}) is used instead.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Beck |first1=Charity |title=A Second Look at Pakistan's Third Gender |url=http://positiveimpactmagazine.com/a-second-look-at-pakistans-third-gender/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108085208/http://positiveimpactmagazine.com/a-second-look-at-pakistans-third-gender/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Positive Impact: Worldwide Movement Encouraging Positive Solutions for Life |magazine=Positive Impact Magazine |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Faris A. |title=Khwaja Sira Activism: The Politics of Gender Ambiguity in Pakistan |journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly |volume=3 |pages=158–164 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334331 |year=2016 |s2cid=156840298 }}</ref> They are sometimes referred to as [[transgender]], [[intersex]] or [[eunuch]]s in English language publications.<ref name="Dawnmoon">{{Cite news|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/art-culture/17-kiss-and-tell-ek-02|title=Kiss and tell|author1=Rabab Naqvi|date=25 October 2009|access-date=1 November 2009|archive-date=10 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110020005/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/art-culture/17-kiss-and-tell-ek-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Like transgender people in many countries, they are sometimes the subjects of ridicule, abuse, and violence.<ref name="Dawnmoon" /> That said, they enjoy a certain level of acceptance due to their position in precolonial society. For example, they are welcome at weddings where they will dance as entertainment for the men, and are also welcome among the women.<ref name="Dawnmoon" /> In [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], they are referred to as {{Transliteration|sd|khadra}} ([[:sd:کدڙا|کدڙا]]).

Their presence in society is usually tolerated and are considered blessed in the Pakistani culture. Most ''khawaja saras'' are deemed to have been direct cultural descendants of the court eunuchs of the [[Mughal era]].<ref name="Teen Prostitute">{{cite news| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-4-2004_pg7_22 | title=Out-on-their-luck teens turn to prostitution | work=The Daily Times (Pakistan)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010031626/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-4-2004_pg7_22 |archive-date=2012-10-10}}</ref> Thought to be born with genital dysphoria and afraid that they might curse one their fate,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.topnews.in/eunuchs-warn-power-outage-protest-dance-232318 | title=Eunuchs warn of power outage protest dance |work=TopNews India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/297178/eunuchs-warn-mepco-of | title=Eunuchs warn Mepco of "dance protest" |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | access-date=6 May 2008| date=8 April 2008 }}</ref> people listen to their needs, give them alms, and invite their presence at various events and functions, e.g., birth of a child, [[circumcision]]s, or weddings.<ref name="FakeBills">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\11\14\story_14-11-2007_pg11_1 | title=Fake bills business thrives in Pindi, Islamabad cities | work=The Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=6 May 2008 }}</ref> This mysteriousness that shrouds their existence was born of the fact that the khawaja sara communities live a very secretive life. In 2004, it was reported that Lahore alone has 10,000 active [[transvestites]].<ref name="Teen Prostitute"/>

People have started accepting [[sex reassignment surgery]] to change their sex as a norm as compelled by [[gender dysphoria]]. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight.<ref name="LesbianCouple1" /> A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's [[Lahore High Court]] gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=439951&sid=SAS | title=Pakistan court allows woman to change sex | work=[[Zee News]] | access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, the Pakistani Supreme Court ruled in favour of a group of transvestites. The landmark ruling stated that as citizens they were entitled to the equal benefit from the federal and provincial governments' financial support schemes such as the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/14-sc-orders-equal-benefits-for-transvestites-zj-02|work=Dawn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718093830/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/14-sc-orders-equal-benefits-for-transvestites-zj-02|url-status=dead|title=Supreme Court orders equal benefits for transvestites|archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Pakistan's Chief Justice, [[Iftikhar Chaudhry]], was the architect of major extension of rights to Pakistan's transgender community during his term.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jon Boone in Islamabad |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/28/pakistan-judges-backlash-ftikhar-haudhry |title=Pakistan's chief justice Iftikhar Chaudhry suffers public backlash |date= 28 August 2013|access-date=11 February 2014|newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref>

In 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the full recognition of the transgender community, including the provision of free medical and educational facilities, microcredit schemes and job quotas for transgender people in every government department. They did not order protections for transgender people against discrimination in public services or housing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/10/07/dont-we-count-transgender-pakistanis-feel-sidelined-by-census/|title=Don't we count? Transgender Pakistanis feel sidelined by census|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>

In 2017, the Lahore High Court ordered the Government to include transgender people in the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|national census]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-transgender-census/pakistan-counts-transgender-people-in-national-census-for-first-time-idUSKBN14T1XK|title=Pakistan counts transgender people in national census for first time|first=Waqar|last=Mustafa|newspaper=Reuters|date=9 January 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, a Senate committee determined that transgender people could inherit property without being required to have their gender decided by a medical board.<ref name="2018-aljaz">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/pakistan-transgender-community-takes-step-180305081113645.html|title=Pakistan's transgender community takes another step forward|date=5 March 2018|access-date=2018-05-02|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|last=Toppa|first=Sabrina}}</ref>

In May 2019, [[Shireen Mazari]], the [[Ministry of Human Rights (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Human Rights]], appointed Ayesha Moghul, a transgender woman to her department for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/05/30/pakistan-human-rights-minister-appoints-first-transgender-employee/|title=Pakistan human rights minister appoints first transgender employee|last=Kelleher|first=Patrick|date=30 May 2019|website=PinkNews|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

=== Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 ===
{{main|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018}}
Under the ''Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018'' ({{langx|ur|مُتَجَنَّس افراد کے لیے (تحفظ حقوق) قانون 2018ء}}), Pakistanis may choose to self-identify as male, female, both or neither. They may express their gender according to their own preferences, and they may have their gender identity of choice reflected on their documents, "including National Identification Cards, passports, driver's licenses and education certificates."<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|last1=Hashim|first1=Asad|title=Pakistan passes landmark transgender rights law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/pakistan-passes-landmark-transgender-rights-law-180509095207950.html|access-date=10 May 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The act ensures transgender people's "fundamental rights to inheritance, education, employment, vote, hold public office, health, assembly, and access to public spaces and property. It confirms that they enjoy all the rights that the nation’s constitution grants to its citizens."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gul |first1=Mahwish |title=Recognising a minority's human rights |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/new-law-confirms-transgender-persons-enjoy-same-rights-other-citizens-do-pakistan |website=D+C, development and cooperation |date=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ingber |first=Sasha |title=Pakistan Passes Historic Transgender Rights Bill |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/09/609700652/pakistan-passes-historic-transgender-rights-bill |date=May 9, 2018 |access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> The act has been challenged and in May 2023 the Federal {{not a typo|Sharia|t}} Court of Pakistan ruled that the sections dealing with self-perceived gender were not in line with Islamic principles. It ruled sections 2(f), 3 and 7 invalid. All provisions of the act will remain in force until the appeals processes are exhausted. Local transgender advocacy groups have indicated they will appeal.<ref name=oi/><ref name=ohrh/><ref name=pd/>

The act defines "transgender person" as someone with a "mixture of male and female genital features or congenital ambiguities", or, a male who "undergoes genital excision or castration", or, more broadly, "any person whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the social norms and cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at the time of their birth," which allows people to self-identify as such. They are guaranteed the right to inherit assets and to run for public office. The law has been widely hailed by Pakistani transgender activists as progressive in its language and scope. Mehlab Jameel, an activist and researcher who worked with the Parliamentarians to draft the law, said that "This kind of development is not only unprecedented in Pakistani history, but it's one of the most progressive laws in the whole world."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingber |first=Sasha |date=2018-05-09 |title=Pakistan Passes Historic Transgender Rights Bill |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/09/609700652/pakistan-passes-historic-transgender-rights-bill |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref>

The bill unanimously passed the [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistani Senate]] in early March 2018. On 8 May 2018, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] voted to pass the bill. It was signed into law when acting President [[Muhammad Sadiq Sanjrani]] gave his assent on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-transgender-rights/pakistans-transgender-rights-law-a-battle-half-won-idUSKCN1IM1TC|title=Pakistan's transgender rights law – a 'battle half won'|newspaper=Reuters|date=21 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera" /><ref>{{cite news|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1393766|title=Senate unanimously approves bill empowering transgenders to determine their own identity|first=Nadir|last=Guramani|date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/12/21/senate-standing-committee-approves-protection-bill-for-transgender-persons/|title=Senate Standing Committee approves protection bill for transgender persons|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>

In August 2018, the School Education Department of the largest province in the country, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], instructed its officials to guarantee equal access to schools to transgender children as per the legislation. The department told its officials to include their gender when they are being admitted to schools and give equal importance to transgender children during enrolment drives. The department advised its officials that the instructions were binding on government as well as privately owned schools in the province. [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] became the first province to take practical steps in the implementation of the Act.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1776787/1-punjabs-education-department-enforces-equal-opportunity-transgender-children/|title=Punjab's education department enforces equal opportunity for transgender children|date=9 August 2018|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2018-08-11|language=en-US}}</ref>

A petition to challenge the Act was filed in 2020 with the [[Federal Court of Pakistan|Federal {{not a typo|Sharia|t}} Court of Pakistan]]. The challenge was based on an argument that rather than protections for transgender rights, the act could in effect decriminalise homosexuality because it distinguished between ''gender'' and ''sex''. On 19 May 2023, the {{not a typo|Sharia|t}} Court ruled in favour of the petitioners, concluding that Islamic law is based on biological sex, and declaring that sections 2(f), 3 and 7 of the Act, concerning self-perceived gender, do not conform with Islamic principles. Local transgender groups have said they plan to lodge appeals with the {{not a typo|Sharia|t}} Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court. Until a final ruling is rendered, the provisions of the Act will remain in effect. In addition, the Court's judgement confirmed the legitimacy of a third gender for intersex persons under Islamic law.<ref name=oi>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Federal Shariat Court Revokes Gender Change From Trans Act 2018 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/pakistan-federal-shariat-court-revokes-gender-change-from-trans-act-2018-news-287896 |work=Outlook India |date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=ohrh>{{cite web |last1=Abbasi |first1=Zubair |title=Balancing Gender Rights: Pakistan's Federal Shariat Court's Verdict on Self-Perceived Gender Identity |url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/balancing-gender-rights-pakistans-federal-shariat-courts-verdict-on-self-perceived-gender-identity/ |website=Oxford Human Rights Hub {{!}} OHRH |publisher=The Faculty of Law, University of Oxford |date=31 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=pd>{{cite news |title=Activists to appeal Pakistani Shariat Court's scrapping of sections of 2018 transgender law |url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/05/25/activists-to-appeal-pakistani-shariat-courts-scrapping-of-sections-of-2018-transgender-law/ |work=Peoples Dispatch |date=25 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="ai revoke">{{cite web |title=Pakistan: Revocation of rights of transgender and gender-diverse people must be stopped |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/05/pakistan-revocation-of-rights-of-transgender-and-gender-diverse-people-must-be-stopped/ |website=Amnesty International |language=en |date=19 May 2023}}</ref>

== Acceptance in media and popular culture ==
=== Gay and lesbian ===
Media discussions of LGB people in Pakistan include a 2015 documentary ''How Gay is Pakistan?'' and a 2016 Vice documentary ''Blackout: Being LGBT in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan''. In 2015, [[Mawaan Rizwan]] traveled to Pakistan, his country of birth, to film the documentary ''How Gay Is Pakistan?'' which explores the issues faced by other LGBTQ Muslims living under Islamic law that deems homosexuality illegal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wyatt |first1=Daisy |title=How Gay is Pakistan? BBC3 - TV review |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/how-gay-is-pakistan-bbc3-tv-review-the-only-offensive-thing-here-was-the-imams-outdated-views-a6701576.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/how-gay-is-pakistan-bbc3-tv-review-the-only-offensive-thing-here-was-the-imams-outdated-views-a6701576.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Independent |access-date=12 April 2020 |language=en |date=20 October 2015}}</ref> The documentary was televised internationally, including on [[ABC2]] in [[Australia]], [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] in [[Canada]] and in various markets via [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Leigh Andrew |title=Mawaan Rizwan asks 'How Gay is Pakistan?' on ABC2 |url=https://www.outinperth.com/how-gay-is-pakistan/ |website=OUTInPerth - LGBTIQ News and Culture |access-date=12 April 2020 |date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CBC |title=How Gay is Pakistan? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/programguide/program/how_gay_is_pakistan |website=CBC |access-date=16 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825070856/https://www.cbc.ca/programguide/program/how_gay_is_pakistan|archive-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prime Video |title=How Gay is Pakistan? |url=https://www.amazon.com/How-Gay-Pakistan-Mawaan-Rizwan/dp/B01N0SNFQL |website=www.amazon.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

On 9 June 2016, Vice News released a short documentary in which they showed different members of the LGBTQ community in Lahore. Young men who are sex workers were shown in the video and they explained the difficulties of being gay in Pakistan. The documentary also focused on some underground organizations that work for basic human rights for the LGBTQ community. In the film, there is a short clip of a young boy getting beaten up after being caught being sodomized with a tree branch by a man. There is also a clip of an interview with a local who flaunts how he killed a man raping a 15-year-old boy along with the victim. It also displayed how gay and transgender people use social media apps like Tinder to get in contact with other people of the community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/blackout-pakistan/|title=Blackout: Being LGBT in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|date=9 June 2016|website=VICE News|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref> However, this documentary, made in collaboration with [[Google|Google's]] technology incubator [[Jigsaw (company)|Jigsaw]], has been criticized by some for its sensational approach and blatantly showcasing Google's agenda of juxtaposing empowerment through digital technologies such as [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] and the collective backwardness and oppression as shown through the blurred video of the young boy being beaten.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mokhtar|first=Shehram|date=2020-06-15|title=Aberrant sexualities: Others under the gaze of transnational documentary|journal=Sexualities|volume=24|issue=3|language=en|pages=456–473|doi=10.1177/1363460720931339|s2cid=225662867|issn=1363-4607}}</ref>

=== Transgender ===

In 2005, [[Ali Saleem]], 28, the son of an army colonel, appeared on [[Jang Media Group|Geo TV]]'s ''Hum Sub Umeed Se Hain'' as cross-dressed [[Benazir Bhutto]]. So loved were his performances that he has taken to act to extremes on-air and presents his own talk show where he appears as a [[Drag (clothing)|dragged]]-up character named [[Begum Nawazish Ali]]. Begum would almost always interview influential politicians, e.g. [[Naimatullah Khan]] who was a member of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] and former [[Mayor of Karachi]].<ref name="NawazishAli">{{cite news
|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/pakistan-s-late-night-cross-dressing-tv-star-2535184.php
|title=Pakistan's late-night, cross-dressing TV star
|author=Walsh, Declan
|date=17 May 2006
|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle
|access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
His character self is often compared to [[Dame Edna Everage]].<ref name="Edna Upsets Mush">{{cite news
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1516417/How-Pakistan%27s-%27Dame-Edna%27-has-upset-Musharraf.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422044730/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1516417/How-Pakistan%27s-%27Dame-Edna%27-has-upset-Musharraf.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 April 2013
|title=How Pakistan's 'Dame Edna' has upset Musharraf
|publisher=The [[Daily Telegraph]]
|access-date=6 May 2008
| location=London
| first=Isambard
| last=Wilkinson
| date=22 April 2006}}</ref>

To raise awareness of LGBTQ issues, author Eiynah published a children's book called ''My Chacha is Gay''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/05/31/comment/my-chacha-is-gay/|title=My Chacha is Gay|access-date=15 May 2016|website=Pakistan Today}}</ref> The topic of LGBTQ issues remains taboo in Pakistan to discuss, despite curiosity. Relative to its total Google searches, for the year ending 15 June 2013, Pakistan was the world leader for searches of the term "shemale sex", second in the world for searches of "man fucking man", and third in the world for searches of "gay sex pics".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/06/14/homosexuality-not-tolerated-pakistan-google-searches-gay-porn_n_3440586.html |title=Homosexuality Is Not Tolerated in Pakistan, But The Country Leads Google Searches For Gay Porn |work=Huffingtonpost.co.uk |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> As per reports from local human rights organizations, a minimum of 65 transgender women have lost their lives in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province since 2015. Tragically, numerous transgender individuals in Pakistan have also faced horrific incidents of gang rape and murder. These heinous acts have garnered extensive condemnation across various social media platforms.<ref>{{Citation |last=Human Rights Watch |title=Pakistan: Events of 2020 |date=2020-12-21 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/pakistan |work=English |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2016, a small clerical body in Lahore known as Tanzeem Ittehad-i-Ummat declared transgender marriages legal under Islamic law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-transgender-idUSKCN0ZD1IZ|title=Pakistani clerics declare transgender marriages legal under Islamic...|first=Mubasher|last=Bukhari|newspaper=Reuters|date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

In November 2016, [[Kami Sid]], a transgender activist, did a photoshoot with photographer Haseeb M. Siddiqui, stylist Waqar J. Khan and makeup artist Nighat Misbah,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mic.com/articles/160528/kami-sid-becomes-pakistan-s-first-transgender-model-and-her-debut-photoshoot-is-gorgeous#.vsc4e0vBG|title=Kami Sid becomes Pakistan's first transgender model and her debut photoshoot is gorgeous|work=Mic|access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> as a form of protest against the atrocities committed against transgender people in Pakistan. One such atrocity was the death of transgender woman, [[#Living conditions|Alisha]]. The woman died while staff mocked and belittled the patient and her friends; treatment was significantly delayed while staff decided whether her care should occur in a male ward or female ward.

While Pakistan has addressed a "third" gender when identifying transgender people, Sid believes more can be done. Sid is quoted as saying "We have to understand that by just mentioning the third gender identity on your CNIC, the state has not done enough. It is not enough that the government has fixed a two percent job quota either. No! It’s a protracted fight that we have to continue to get equal opportunities".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1143812/what-if-you-were-transgender/|title='What if you were transgender?' |date=24 July 2016|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Prior to the photoshoot, Sid had already been a part of two documentaries ''How Gay is Pakistan?'' and ''Chuppan Chuppai'' to shed light on what it means to be transgender in Pakistan.<ref name="Something Haute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/kami-sid-compares-upcoming-film-rani-khuda-mera-bhi-hai/|title=Kami Sid compares her upcoming film 'Rani' to Khuda Mera Bhi Hai|date=12 January 2017|work=Something Haute|access-date=2017-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2017, Sid discussed a new movie she was starring in, ''Rani'', in which she played a transgender woman who finds an abandoned baby and raises it as her own. Hina Pathani, another prominent transgender activist, starred alongside Kami Sid in ''Rani.''<ref name="Something Haute" /> The movie was directed by Hammad Rizvi, and produced by GrayScale. Sid was hopeful that it would have a positive impact on Pakistan's societal view of transgender people, much like the photoshoot.<ref name="Something Haute" /> Sid was helpful in the development of the show by providing advice on the preconceived notions of transgender people in the TV show ''Khuda Mera Bhi Hai''. Asma Nabeel, the writer of the show, consulted Sid for guidance on transgender questions.<ref name="Something Haute" />

Kami Sid was also accused of rape and sexual assault after which Aurat March organisers removed her from serving as a part of their organising team in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-23|title=Social media ablaze with rape allegations against trans activist Kami Sid|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1978921/social-media-ablaze-rape-allegations-trans-activist-kami-sid|access-date=2020-08-13|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Images Staff|date=2019-05-26|title=I am innocent of all the allegations made against me, says trans activist Kami Sid|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182855|access-date=2020-08-13|work=Dawn Images|language=en}}</ref> Though Sid rejects the allegations, Aurat March organisers issued a statement that she intimidated them.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Images Staff|date=2019-05-25|title=Organisers of the Aurat March distance themselves from Kami Sid following accusations|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1182853|access-date=2020-08-13|work=Dawn Images|language=en}}</ref> Kami Sid's participation in the PR campaign ''Change The Clap'' has also been critiqued for appeasing neoliberal forces and ignoring local practices of the Khawaja Sira community.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pamment|first=Claire|date=2019-02-25|title=The Hijra Clap in Neoliberal Hands: Performing Trans Rights in Pakistan|journal=TDR/The Drama Review|volume=63|issue=1|pages=141–151|doi=10.1162/dram_a_00821|s2cid=67875511|issn=1054-2043}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mokhtar|first=Shehram|date=2020-01-03|title=Mediating hijra in/visibility: the affective economy of value-coding marginality in South Asia|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=959–972|doi=10.1080/14680777.2019.1706607|s2cid=214416843|issn=1468-0777}}</ref>

In March 2017, a well-known music band featured a transgender model [[Rimal Ali]] in their music video.<ref>{{Citation|last=Beyond Records|title=Dhola {{!}} Soch feat. Rimal Ali {{!}} Official Video {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs 2017 {{!}} Beyond Records|date=25 February 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fJBK9iaVXM|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> Rimal Ali has performed as an actress and model in many music videos to further her career.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rimal Ali Performance 2016 – Khanz Production Official Video|date=23 June 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KGAohZTTHo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1KGAohZTTHo |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kluchit.com/rimals-story-pakistans-first-transgender-model-exposition-opression-and-glamour/|title=Rimal's Story: Pakistan's first transgender model – exposition, opression [sic] and glamour|last=T|first=Aimen|work=Kluchit|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178168|title=Transgender model Rimal Ali will make her cinematic debut with Saat Din Mohabbat In|last=Haq|first=Irfan Ul|date=9 August 2017|work=Images|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Jaago Lahore Episode 46 – Part 2/3|date=27 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5rW_S6_Rmw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/g5rW_S6_Rmw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|access-date=15 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In March 2017, Mani AQ became the first transgender man in Pakistan's history to officially register himself as male.<ref name="daily pk 2017">{{Cite news|date=2017-08-16|title=Pakistan registers transgender man officially as male for the first time, issues male identity card|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-registers-first-transgender-man/|access-date=2021-04-29|work=Daily Pakistan Global|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mani is a well known human rights activist and also one of the task force team members who were closely involved during the Transgender Act 2018 and now involved in the Provincial bill for Transgender Person Protection of Rights. He is actively working on the implementation of the Act, inclusion of transgender men in policies, and for visibility of transgender men in Pakistan.<ref name="daily pk 2017"/>

In 2018, [[Nisha Rao]] attained her law degree from Karachi's [[Sindh Muslim Law College]] and became Pakistan's first transgender lawyer.

In early 2019 the word ''transgender'' appeared for the first time in the Urdu language, translated as {{lang|ur|مُتَجَنَّس}} ({{lang|ur-latn|mutajannis}}) by the Lahore-based organisation, HOPE - Have Only Positive Expectations. Before this, no term or translation existed to cover the whole transgender spectrum in Urdu. The new term encompasses transgender women (MTF), transgender men (FTM), non-binary people, {{transliteration|ur|[[Khawaja sara|khawja sira]]}}, and other gender expressions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2022 |title=Etymology of 'mutajannis' (transgender) – UmEeD |url=https://www.hopecommunity.pk/etymology-of-mutajannis-transgender |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828181420/https://www.hopecommunity.pk/etymology-of-mutajannis-transgender|archive-date=28 August 2022|url-status=dead|website=HOPE}}</ref>

In 2020, a transgender woman named Gul Panra was shot dead in the Pakistani city of [[Peshawar]]. This is the latest case of attacks on the LGBTQ community in the county. Along with her, a friend of Gul's were also injured, but escaped death. Since 2015, it is reported that 68 transgender people were murdered in Pakistan. However, a total of 479 transgender people were attacked since 2018 in the Pakistani province of [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] alone. But, these figures may not include the actual figure, as recording of anti-trans violence is poor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transgender woman Gul Panra shot dead, friend wounded in Peshawar|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/712365-transgender-woman-gul-panra-shot-dead-friend-wounded-in-peshawar|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=9 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Living conditions ==
Sexual encounters between same-sex partners are more accessible in [[Lahore]], in particular for gay and bisexual men. As a result of [[globalisation]], increasing [[liberalisation]] trends and advancing social tolerance, private gay parties in Lahore have been increasing for a number of years.<ref name="Guardian 2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/14/pakistan.gayrights | author=Walsh, Declan | title=Pakistani society looks other way as gay men party | work=The Guardian | access-date=5 May 2008 | location=London | date=14 March 2006}}</ref> In addition, there is a growing number of individuals—generally from more affluent and educated families—who are [[coming out]] to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/world/asia/gays-in-pakistan-move-cautiously-to-gain-acceptance.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Gay Pakistanis, Still in Shadows, Seek Acceptance|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 February 2014|date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

Metropolitan areas like [[Lahore]] and [[Karachi]] have seen many gay men, mostly from the middle and upper classes socializing at queer parties.<ref name="Guardian 2006"/> An anonymous interviewee told the BBC that he cannot remember an occasion in almost 10 years that he has felt threatened with regards to his sexuality in Pakistan.<ref name="Testimony BBC"/>

Even in large cities, however, gays and lesbians have to be highly discreet about their sexual orientation. In 2002 three Pakistani men were arrested in the city of Lahore when one of their relatives turned them in for engaging in same-sex sexual acts at a private party. Their punishment was not known.

In 2005, a man named Liaquat Ali, 42, from the [[Khyber Agency|Khyber]] region bordering [[Afghanistan]] married fellow tribesman Markeen, 16, with the usual pomp and show associated with tribal weddings. Upon hearing of the man's religious infidelity, a tribal council told the pair to leave the area or face death.<ref name="GayMarriage1">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4313210.stm | author=Anon.|title=First gay 'marriage' in Pakistan | publisher=[[BBC World]] | date=5 October 2005 | access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>

While there has been a small degree of progress in representation of male homosexuality in society, lesbianism has lesser exposure in the country and publicised events of women indulging in same-sex relationships are rare. One such court case, decided in 2008, displayed the same disapproving attitude towards a lesbian relationship as it would have towards two men involved.<ref name="LesbianCouple1">{{cite news | url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/society/22-05-2007/91900-islan_lesbian-0 |language=en| title=Pakistan judge tells lesbian couple they broke the law | work=[[Pravda]] | access-date=5 May 2008| date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref name="LesbianCouple2">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-23/pakistan/27881675_1_lesbian-couple-life-imprisonment-prison-term | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020195543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-23/pakistan/27881675_1_lesbian-couple-life-imprisonment-prison-term | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 October 2012 | author=Anon. | date=23 May 2007 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak lesbian couple look at Musharraf for help | access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>

In 2016, a 23-year-old activist named Alisha was shot seven times and was taken to Lady Reading Hospital in [[Peshawar]], where she was left to bleed to death as the staff argued over whether they should take Alisha to the men's ward or women's ward. Alisha's friends reported that the men discrimined against and taunted them, asked if Alisha's blood was "[[HIV-positive]]" and asked for her friend's phone number to invite her to a dance party. Alisha was an avid activist for the transgender community and worked hard all her life to make a living. Alisha's friend Farzana said that transgender people are easily targeted as they are weak and have no social status. Even though the Government has passed laws in favour of transgender people, the locals tend to not accept them and deny them basic education and healthcare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Sajjad |last2=Imran |first2=Maroosha |last3=Naqvi |first3=Mahnoor Fatima |title=The Need for Inclusion of Transgender Community in Health Care Education System of Pakistan |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health |date=18 June 2021 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=687–688 |doi=10.1177/10105395211026064 |pmid=34142566 |s2cid=235472800 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10105395211026064 |language=en |issn=1010-5395|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The morning after Alisha's death, an activist group called Trans Action posted a status on Facebook directed to the local authorities saying, "Kill all of us."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-pakistan-transgender-20160525-snap-story.html|title=Pakistani transgender activist who was shot, then taunted at hospital, dies of injuries|first1=Shashank|last1=Bengali|first2=Zulfiqar|last2=Ali|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 May 2016|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>

In November 2017, a transgender woman was gunned down in Peshawar. Initial reports from the police suggest that the perpetrator was closely related to the victim and that it might be an incident of [[honour killing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/transgender-woman-gunned-down-in-peshawar-cantt/|title=Transgender woman gunned down in Peshawar|date=26 November 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|work=[[Daily Pakistan]]}}</ref>

In 2017, in an interview with Manchester Evening News, a 40-year-old woman who used the name Zayna talked about her life as a lesbian Muslim in Pakistan before she moved to the [[United Kingdom]]. She talked about how she had to face major beatings and a lot of discrimination. She was told she cannot be a lesbian if she is a Muslim and was told to leave her university and workplace because of her sexuality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/what-its-like-live-life-13824916|title=What it's like to live life as a Muslim lesbian|last=Abbit|first=Beth|date=28 October 2017|work=men|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>

Some [[Hijra (South Asia)|transgender women]] in Pakistan use hormones and silicone to bring focus on their feminine characteristics; however, this is usually done in terrible medical conditions without proper equipment and supervision, as expensive [[Sex reassignment surgery|sex change]] surgeries in Pakistan are not done mostly due to lack of education on the topic and the taboos of society.<ref name="themalaymailonline.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/features/article/marriage-sex-and-being-lgbt-in-pakistan#CwReyWBDSZpl12p0.97|title=Marriage, sex, and being LGBT in Pakistan|date=20 February 2017|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>

Even though the Pakistani government recognises a third gender on ID cards, many people from the transgender community are hesitant to apply for it as they will not be allowed to enter the holy city of [[Mecca]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] as a transgender person.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/01/pakistani-lgbt-community-fight-rights-150121114323286.html|title=Pakistani LGBT community's fight for rights|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
Extremist Attack in Gujranwala Over Allegations of Homosexuality

Overview

A disturbing incident unfolded in Mohallah Noor Bawa, Gujranwala, Punjab, where religious extremists and neighbors allegedly attacked the home of Atif Masood Sadiq, accusing him of being homosexual and promoting homosexuality. The attackers demanded that he be punished in accordance with Shariah law.

Details of the Incident

According to local sources, a group of extremists entered Atif Masood Sadiq’s house, held his family members hostage, and began destroying household belongings. The situation escalated when the attackers set the house on fire, causing severe damage and panic in the neighborhood.

Neighbors reportedly joined the mob, demanding that Atif be handed over to them for punishment. Despite the gravity of the situation, no official case has been registered at the local police station so far.

Community Reaction

The incident has sparked fear and outrage among residents and human rights advocates. Many have condemned the violent actions and called for immediate police intervention and protection for the victims. Activists emphasize that such acts of mob justice violate fundamental human rights and Pakistan’s constitutional protections.

Legal and Social Implications

This event highlights the growing tension between extremist ideologies and personal freedoms in certain communities. The lack of police response raises serious concerns about law enforcement accountability and the safety of individuals accused of moral or religious transgressions.https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/01/pakistani-lgbt-community-fight-rights-150121114323286.html|title=Pakistani LGBT community's fight for rights|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>

=== Government stance ===
==== UNHRC vote ====
The Pakistani Government has always shown resistance towards the issue of [[LGBTQ rights by country or territory|LGBTQ rights]] and never hid its intolerance. A United Nations vote cast on 25 April 2003 on issues of LGBTQ human rights was derailed at the last minute by an alliance of five disapproving Muslim countries, including Pakistan. The others were [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref name="Guardian2">{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/25/gayrights.andrewosborn
|title=Muslim alliance derails UN's gay rights resolution
|publisher=The Guardian Newspaper
|access-date=5 May 2008
| location=London
| first=Andrew
| last=Osborn
| date=25 April 2003}}</ref>

The countries delayed their votes to stall the process and proposed amendments that were meant to kill the measure deliberately, removing all references to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, rendering the resolution meaningless. The resolution was tabled by [[Brazil]] with support from 19 of the 53 member countries of the [[UNHRC|UN Human Rights Commission]] (UNHRC) in [[Geneva]].<ref name="Guardian2" /> It called on member states to promote and protect the human rights ''of all persons, regardless of their sexual orientation''.<ref name="ILGA Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?FileCategory=9&ZoneID=3&FileID=604|title=Homosexuality in Pakistan|website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|ILGA]]|access-date=5 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628203929/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?FileCategory=9&ZoneID=3&FileID=604|archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Political parties, interest groups and other political organisations in Pakistan are required to support Islam and public morality. The small [[Pakistan Green Party|Green Party]] has expressed some support for LGBTQ rights, but political groups tend to avoid the issue or express opposition.

Transgender people are treated differently, at least on paper, than gay, lesbian and bisexual people. Pakistani citizens who are transgender or a member of the third gender are a recognised minority group and are thus entitled to certain civil rights.

=== Media ===
Pakistani media strictly censors LGBTQ related news stories. In late 2013, the Government of Pakistan censored the website Queerpk.com from being viewed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/world/asia/pakistan-first-gay-website-blocked/?hpt=wo_bn4 |title=Pakistan's gays in dark as Muslim nation's first gay website blocked |publisher=CNN.com |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

When a Chinese court accepted to hear [[Recognition of same-sex unions in China|a case regarding the issue of same-sex marriage]], the news story received substantial international coverage. However, in the Pakistani version of the ''[[International New York Times]]'' (''[[Express Tribune]]''), the picture accompanying the article was censored and a blank space was left on the front page of the newspaper. ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'' columnist [[Farman Nawaz]] raised several questions about this kind of journalistic approach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/05-Feb-2016/no-go-areas-for-journalism-in-pakistan|title=No-go areas for journalism in Pakistan |work= DailyTimes|access-date=15 May 2016|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

In July 2016, a young Pakistani man named Ihsan wrote an article in the UK-based gay e-zine ''Gay Star News'' about his experiences of being gay in Pakistan. He described Pakistani society and laws as hostile towards LGBTQ people. He wrote, "The status of LGBTI people, socially and legally, is at its worst. LGBTI people face prosecution by the state. And the subject is still taboo – considered too disgusting to talk about." His surname was omitted for his security.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Gay Star News|date=5 July 2016|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/gay-man-pakistan/|title=What it's like to be a 22-year-old gay man in Pakistan|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626033244/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/gay-man-pakistan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While national media and state have censored queer discourses, transnational documentaries such as ''How Gay is Pakistan?'', ''Being LGBTQ in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan'', and ''Transgenders: Pakistan's Open Secret'' have been critiqued for their neo-colonial, self-othering, disciplinary, and moralistic narratives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mokhtar|first=Shehram|date=2020-06-15|title=Aberrant sexualities: Others under the gaze of transnational documentary|journal=Sexualities|volume=24|issue=3|language=en-US|pages=456–473|doi=10.1177/1363460720931339|s2cid=225662867|issn=1363-4607}}</ref> Similar documentaries made on other countries such as Uganda and Turkey have been critiqued for their tourist gaze, inadequate research, sweeping statements, and sensational approaches that create binary between sexually empowered Western countries and sexually backward rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hart|first1=Carrie|last2=Dillwood|first2=Rick|date=2015-11-02|title=Call Me Kuchu: Post-colonial dynamics in transnational LGBT filmmaking|journal=Feminist Media Studies|language=en|volume=15|issue=6|pages=1009–1024|doi=10.1080/14680777.2015.1008535|s2cid=146796922|issn=1468-0777}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çakırlar|first=Cüneyt|date=2017-03-04|title=Transnational Pride, Global Closets and Regional Formations of Screen Activism: Documentary LGBTQ Narratives from Turkey|journal=Critical Arts|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=44–60|doi=10.1080/02560046.2017.1345966|s2cid=149144102|issn=0256-0046|url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31902/1/9389_Cakirlar.pdf}}</ref>

=== HIV/AIDS ===
One of the issues that has opened up public discussion about LGBTQ rights has been the effort to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with other men, but who do not necessarily identify as being gay or bisexual. [[UNAIDS]] official reports suggest that they are targeting night truck drivers who are known for having sex with younger men.<ref name="UNAIDSPak">{{cite web
|url=http://www.unaids.un.org.pk/
|title=UNAIDS Pakistan
|website=UNAIDS
|access-date=6 May 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420214728/http://unaids.un.org.pk/
|archive-date=20 April 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

The AIDS pandemic first arose in Pakistan in 1987, and government reports estimate (as of 2004) that nearly 3,000 Pakistanis were living with the syndrome, although several critics believe that the Government is underestimating the problem.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4054937.stm
|title=Battle to beat Pakistan's Aids taboo
|access-date=6 May 2008 | work=[[BBC News]] | date=1 December 2004
|first=Paul
|last=Anderson}}</ref>
It is believed that the number may have risen to somewhere between 70,000 and 80,000 people,<ref name="NPR Adams">{{citation|author=Adams, Noah |work=National Public Radio |id=broadcast |date=3 August 2004|title= Homosexuality Apparently Thriving in Pakistan Despite Severe Punishments}}</ref>
and possibly as high as 210,000 (as in the UNAIDS Pakistan reports).<ref name="UNAIDSPak" />

Today, a small number of organisations exist in Pakistan to promote greater education about HIV/AIDS, including the Association for People Living With AIDS/HIV in Pakistan, which was created in 2006.<ref name="UNAIDSPak" /> One of the few public educators is a woman named Shukria Gul, who was infected by her husband. She has been fighting ever since to raise awareness of the virus, and has been highly critical of the Government's efforts.

Ignorance about the virus, and how it is spread, is commonplace; this is particularly true among people performing high-risk behaviour such as [[Prostitution in Pakistan|prostitutes]]. Pakistani prostitutes do not have access to [[condom]]s or [[contraception]], and there is little effort to provide any sort of public health education for this high-risk group.<ref name="IRINAIDS">{{cite web
|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=61708
|title=Pakistan: Marginalised male sex workers vulnerable to HIV/AIDS
|website=[[Integrated Regional Information Networks]]
|access-date=6 May 2008|date=20 September 2006
}}</ref>

Where there was no public call for tolerance or acceptance of LGBTQ people, the subject of sexual orientation and gender identity are becoming more openly discussed, especially in light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.<ref name="Testimony BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4583911.stm | author1=((Anonymous contributor)) | title=Gay Pakistan – 'less inhibited than West' | work=BBC World | date=2 June 2005 | access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>

A survey done in 2009 showed that male and transgender [[sex worker]]s in Pakistan were at high risk of HIV/AIDS mostly as they had sex with [[Injecting drug user|IDU]] clients. Because of lack of knowledge and education on this topic, the health of sex workers is at risk.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multiple Risks Among Male and Transgender Sex Workers in Pakistan|journal=Journal of LGBT Health Research|volume=4|issue=2–3|pages=71–79|doi=10.1080/15574090902913651|pmid=19856740|year = 2008|last1 = Collumbien|first1 = Martine|last2=Chow|first2=Jaime|last3=Qureshi|first3=Ayaz Ahmed|last4=Rabbani|first4=Aliya|last5=Hawkes|first5=Sarah}}</ref>

== US Embassy Islamabad incident ==
On 4 July 2011, the [[United States|US]] Embassy in Islamabad hosted an LGBTQ event in support of gay rights in Pakistan. The embassy described the event as its first gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender pride celebration. [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] and other groups of religious conservatives in Pakistan condemned the event and protested. Over 75 people attended, including Pakistani LGBTQ organisation advocates. Many Pakistanis were greatly offended by this and called this event an act of "social and cultural terrorism against the country". In news speculation, it was also said by religious leaders that homosexuals cannot be "Pakistani" or "Muslim". ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' wrote that it was seen as the second most dangerous attack from the US to Pakistan after dropping missiles as this issue was so serious. Violence against the [[LGBT community|LGBTQ community]] raised a lot after this controversial incident. The US Deputy Chief of Mission Ambassador Richard Hoagland replied back to the backlash saying that the US will fight for equal rights for everyone regardless of their [[sexual orientation]] and that the embassy will support anyone from the LGBTQ community. However, many LGBTQ advocates from Pakistan were not in support of everything that had happened and thought that the public eye was not what was needed for the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Charania|first=Moon|date=30 August 2016|title=Outing the Pakistani queer: Pride, paranoia and politics in US visual culture|journal=Sexualities|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=41–64|doi=10.1177/1363460716633393|s2cid=151882479}}</ref>

== Public opinion ==
Public opinion regarding LGBTQ politics is complex. In June 2013, the [[Pew Research Center]] stated that of 39 countries studied, Pakistan was one of the least accepting of homosexuality with 87 percent of those surveyed saying "Homosexuality should not be accepted by society".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/|title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality|website=Pew Global|date=4 June 2013}}</ref>

According to a 2017 poll carried out by [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|ILGA]], a plurality of 45 percent of Pakistanis agreed that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 36 percent disagreed, with the remainder being undecided. Additionally, 41 percent agreed that these individuals should be protected from workplace discrimination. However, 46 percent of Pakistanis stated that people in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 31 percent disagreed. Regarding transgender individuals, 49 percent agreed that they should have the same rights, 51 percent believed they should be protected from employment discrimination, and 44 percent believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.<ref>{{citation |title=The ILGA-RIWI 2016 Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI People in partnership with Logo (May 2016) |url=https://ilga.org/ilga-riwi-global-attitudes-survey-2016 |publisher=ILGA World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616042027/https://ilga.org/downloads/07_THE_ILGA_RIWI_2016_GLOBAL_ATTITUDES_SURVEY_ON_LGBTI_PEOPLE.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2023 |language=en |date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

According to a [[World Values Survey]] from 2017 to 2020, 44 percent of Pakistanis said that same-sex couples are as good parents as heterosexual couples, while 31 percent disagreed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.equaldex.com/surveys/opinion-on-same-sex-couples-as-parents | title=Opinion on same-sex couples as parents: Surveys |website=Equaldex}}</ref> In the same survey, 59 percent of Pakistanis said they would accept a homosexual neighbour, while 41 percent would not.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.equaldex.com/surveys/acceptance-of-homosexuals-as-neighbors | title=Acceptance of homosexuals as neighbors: Surveys |website=Equaldex}}</ref>

== Summary table ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Same-sex sexual activity legal
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Criminalized under Article 377. (Penalty: from two years to life imprisonment, fines, or both. Hudood ordinances which notionally allow capital punishment, unenforced since 1985; have never been used to prosecute homosexual acts.)<ref name="2021 US State">{{cite report |author1=((Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor))|quote= The penalty for conviction of same-sex relations is a fine, two years to life imprisonment, or both...the Hudood Ordinance of 1979 criminalizes sexual intercourse outside of marriage in accordance with sharia, with penalties of whipping or, potentially, death. There have been disputes as to whether the Hudood Ordinance notionally applies to both opposite-sex and same-sex conduct, but there were no known cases of the government applying the ordinance to same-sex conduct, and there have been no known cases of executions for homosexuality.|title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Pakistan |chapter-url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/pakistan/|date=2021 |publisher=United States Department of State |chapter=Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses}}</ref>{{Over-explained|date=September 2025}}
|-
| Equal age of consent
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]/[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] For gender identity only (since 2018)
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]/[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] For gender identity only (since 2018)
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]/[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] For gender identity only (since 2018)
|-
| Same-sex marriages
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Same-sex [[civil union]]s
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Recognition of same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Joint adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| LGBTQ allowed to serve in the military
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Right to change legal gender
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (Since 2010)
|-
| Third gender recognised
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (Since 2010)
|-
| Access to IVF for lesbians
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| [[Men who have sex with men|MSMs]] allowed to donate blood
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Law|LGBTQ|Pakistan}}
* [[Human rights in Pakistan]]
* [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]]
* [[LGBT rights in Asia|LGBTQ rights in Asia]]
* [[LGBT history in Pakistan|LGBTQ history in Pakistan]]
* [[Prostitution in Pakistan]]
* [[Capital punishment for homosexuality]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1521612511_419.pdf|title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018|website=senate.gov.pk|date=9 March 2018}}
* {{cite web |title=LGBT Rights in Pakistan |url=https://www.equaldex.com/region/pakistan |website=Equaldex |language=en}}

{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Asia topic|LGBTQ rights in}}
{{LGBT in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Criminalization of homosexuality]]
[[Category:Homophobia]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]
[[Category:Human rights in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Law of Pakistan]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights by country|{{Title country}}]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Pakistan]]

National Institute of Health Research, Dibrugarh

2026-05-07T10:52:19Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{short description|One of six regional centres of Indian Council of Medical Research}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = ICMR–National Institute of Health Research, Dibrugarh
| image_name = ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1982}}
| type = [[Education]] and [[Medical research]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free = ICMR-NIH, Dibrugarh
| endowment =
| staff =
| president =
| provost =
| director = Dr. Kanwar Narain
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| profess =
| city = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dibrugarh]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|27.4727|N|94.9828|E|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR)
| website = {{URL|http://rmrcne.org.in/}}
| logo = Inside campus of Indian Councial of Medical Research, NE Region, at Lahowal, Dibrugarh.jpg
}}
'''''National Institute of Health Research, Dibrugarh''''' (NIH, Dibrugarh, The International Centre of Excellence) is one of the six regional centres of [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) and is located in [[Dibrugarh]] city at Lahowal. It covers the most remote and less developed, eight states of the north-eastern region of India and is responsible for carrying out Biomedical Research in the region. It was established in 1982 and runs with intramural grant from ICMR and extramural ad hoc projects from different funding agencies.

This premier Medical Research institute has been recognized as an "International Centre of Excellence" by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and Washington University of USA.

The institute, in collaboration with Centre for Development of Advance Computing (CDAC), Pune, has been awarded the "MoSQuIT – mBillionth SAARC Countries Award 2013" recognized by The Grand Jury of The mBillionth Award South Asia as an Award Winner for the year 2013 for inventing disease surveillance system for malaria using mobile platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=169419&dtP=2013-10-23&ppr=1#169419 |title=The Sentinel |website=www.sentinelassam.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101228/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=169419&dtP=2013-10-23&ppr=1 |archive-date=2015-09-24}} </ref>

==Research projects==
*Studies on bionomics of Anopheles dirus, the major vector of forest malaria in NE region of India.
*Epidemiological observations on malaria in some parts of Tengakhat PHC, Dibrugarh district, Assam
*Malariometric studies in some parts of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
*Mosquito fauna of Northeast India with special reference to the medically important vectors.
*A study on prevalence and pattern of substance use in North-East India.
*Studies on prevalence of filariasis in some tea garden population of Assam
*Mosquito fauna of Dibrugarh district with special reference to Mansonia annulifera, a reported vector of Japanese encephalitis from the Dibrugarh district of Assam.
*Studies on paddy-field dermatitis (Panikaint) among workers in rice fields of upper Assam.
*Food-borne parasitic [[zoonosis]]: status of metacercarial infection in fishes of Assam.
*Study on Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension (in Mizoram, Assam and Tea gardens of Upper Assam).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rmrcne.org.in/ Official Website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Assam]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1982]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area

2026-05-07T02:32:32Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: created new data more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = South Asian Canadians in Metro Toronto
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = South Asian Distribution in Toronto, 2021 Census.jpg
| caption = Population distribution of South Asian Canadians in Toronto by federal electoral district, 2021 census
| pop = '''1,182,485''' 19% of the population of Greater Toronto Area (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Profile table |lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www12.statcan.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm#a4|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada|date=May 8, 2013|work=statcan.gc.ca|access-date=December 29, 2013|archive-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527051351/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm#a4|url-status=live}}</ref>
| popplace =  [[Mississauga]], [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]], [[Toronto]], [[Greater Toronto Area]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], [[Oakville, Ontario|Oakville]], [[Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[Etobicoke, Toronto|Etobicoke]],
| langs = {{csv|[[English language|English]]||[[Urdu]]| |[[Hindi]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}} various other South Asian languages {{!}}[[Dari]], [[Pashto]]{{!}}
| rels = {{csv| [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]| [[Hinduism in Canada|Hindu]]| [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]]|[[Sikhism]]}}
| related = [[Indo Canadians]], [[Pakistani Canadians]] [[Afghan Canadians]], [[Indian Americans]]
}}
{{Ethnic Toronto sidebar}}
'''[[South Asian Canadians]] in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]''' form 19% of the region's population, numbering 1.2 million as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Comprising the largest [[visible minority]] group in the region, Toronto is the destination of over half of the immigrants coming from South Asia to Canada.<ref name=GeeMarcus>Gee, Marcus. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/south-asian-immigrants-are-transforming-toronto/article625650/ South Asian immigrants are transforming Toronto]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Sunday July 3, 2011. Updated Monday July 4, 2011. Retrieved on October 28, 2014.</ref> South Asian Canadians in the region also includes significant [[Pakistan]]is, [[Bangladesh]]is, [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]]s, and [[Nepali people|Nepali]]s, all representing several different ethnolinguistic backgrounds.

==History==
{{expand section|date=May 2015}}
Indo-Canadians began to move to Toronto in the 1960s.<ref name=Ruprechtp200>Ruprecht, Tony. ''Toronto's Many Faces''. [[Dundurn Group|Dundurn]], November 8, 2010. {{ISBN|1554888859}}, 9781554888856. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QHFNOIketxkC&pg=PA200 200].</ref>

[[Air India Flight 182]] was bombed in 1985. The majority of the passengers resided in the Toronto area. In 2007 a memorial for Air India 182 opened in Toronto.<ref>"[http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=1c86bef6-53ef-464e-9358-647a1ae1647d&k=7283 Toronto reveals Air India memorial]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141128041003/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=1c86bef6-53ef-464e-9358-647a1ae1647d&k=7283 Archive]). ''[[Canwest News Service]]''. June 23, 2007. Retrieved on October 28, 2014.</ref>

From 1986 to 1995, over 140,000 persons of South Asian origin moved to the Toronto area. An additional 266,000 arrived from 1996 to 2006.<ref name=GeeMarcus/>

By 2007 South Asians had established philanthropic efforts.<ref>Reinhart, Anthony. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/toronto-south-asian-leads-swing-toward-donor-diversity/article18139936/ Toronto South Asian leads swing toward donor diversity]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Monday June 25, 2007. Friday March 13, 2009. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref>
[[File:Air India Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|[[Air India Flight 182]] memorial in Toronto]]

==Geography==
As of 2011 the main areas of Indo-Canadian settlement are [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]]<ref name=GeeMarcus/> and [[Etobicoke]]{{fact|date=June 2019}} in Toronto and the cities of [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], and [[Mississauga]].<ref name=GeeMarcus/>

The first persons of South Asian origin settling in Toronto did so in Downtown and other inner-city areas, establishing a [[Little India]] (also known as [[Gerrard India Bazaar]]) on the eastside in the early 1970s. As the community matured, South Asians began moving to suburban and exurban areas.<ref name=GeeMarcus/>

==Demographics==
As of the [[Statistics Canada]] 2001 Census there were 504,005 South Asians in the Toronto region. Of them, 345,855 were classified as East Indian, 45,240 were Sri Lankan, 33,145 were Tamil, 32,305 were South Asian n.i.e., 20,480 were Punjabi, 6,435 were Bangladeshi, 3,795 were Bengali, 2,725 were Goan, 1,970 were Sinhalese, 1,830 were Gujarati, 385 were Nepali, and 270 were Kashmiri.<ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904100704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp |date=2014-09-04 }}). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref>

As of circa 1990 there were higher proportions of [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] and [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], while numbers of [[Maharashtrians]] were fewer.<ref>Wagle, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764129&qryID=c66875fc-9a40-41c6-aa32-163c43fdc8eb 22]([https://archive.today/20240527082217/https://www.webcitation.org/6YTx4DelW?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx%3Fid%3D3764129%26qryID%3Dc66875fc-9a40-41c6-aa32-163c43fdc8eb Archive])-[http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764130&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 23] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YTx7CNoX?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764130&qryID=b6d46629-7544-4428-a502-3767ad438e7b Archive]).</ref>

===Income===

Indo-Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area have an average household income of $86,425, which is higher than the Canadian average of $81,709 but lower than the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area's average of $95,326.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.superdemographics.com/marketEthnics.php?report_name=sa&type=demo|title=Market Size - South Asian Market Size Report|first=Manifold Data Mining|last=Inc.|website=www.superdemographics.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Income+of+households&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census metropolitan area/Census agglomeration|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

Indha Rajagopal, the author of "The Glass Ceiling in the Vertical Mosaic: Indian Immigrants to Canada," analyzed the 1986 [[Census of Canada]]. She concluded that in Toronto Indo-Canadians had salaries lower than other people in Toronto, including native-born persons and people who immigrated. Rajagopal stated that credentials obtained from institutions abroad were possibly not being recognized in Canada, so even though Ontario Indo-Canadians had higher likelihoods of completing university studies than the general population, the Indo-Canadians were unable to get higher income levels.<ref>Li, Peter S. "The Market Value and Social Value of Race" (Chapter 1). In: Kwok, Siu-ming and Maria A. Wallis (editors). ''Daily Struggles: The Deepening Racialization and Feminization of Poverty in Canada''. [[Canadian Scholars' Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|1551303396}}, 9781551303390. Start: [https://books.google.com/books?id=4sp3-sA4yMwC&pg=PA21 21]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4sp3-sA4yMwC&pg=PA29 29].</ref>

===Bangladeshis and Bengalis===
Aminur Rahim, author of an article about the Bengalis of Ontario, wrote that around 1973 a distinct Bangladeshi community was established in Toronto.<ref>Rahim, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764115&qryID=8f84c8f4-c40d-4efb-ac73-f44724898de4 8] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YZRce3TX?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764115&qryID=47c0f1fc-74b8-429c-ac85-5e43f22e3094 Archive])-[http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764116&qryID=8f84c8f4-c40d-4efb-ac73-f44724898de4 9] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YZRlzCf7?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764116&qryID=b74712b8-5bb8-4473-b66f-e576482d266b Archive]).</ref>

===Indo-Caribbean people and Indo-Guyanese===
[[Indo-Guyanese]] began moving to Toronto around 1967 due to a relaxation in Canadian immigration restrictions and simultaneously due to increased discrimination in [[Guyana]].<ref name=Allyp17>Ally, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764124&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 17] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YU0UTMBS?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764124&qryID=a2e2c61e-972c-48dc-91dd-f8880e8a7a01 Archive]).</ref> In 1990 Bruce Ally, the author of an article about Indo-Guyanese in Toronto, wrote that they were "relative newcomers".<ref name=Allyp20>Ally, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764127&qryID=12977b7a-bb21-43f9-8e92-9d661acf374d 20] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YWfBgx4m?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764127&qryID=fd6f76f7-86ba-42ee-ae4d-6ebc08296a3c Archive]).</ref>

When Indo-Guyanese first arrived, many of them did not find advantageous work, despite having high levels of education and skills, due to a lack of credentials, a need for adaptation to Canadian society, and racism from existing Canadians. Many of them lived in cramped dwellings and this forced elders into retirement houses; in Guyana the housing spaces are larger and accommodate entire extended families.<ref name=Allyp17/> In addition many Indo-Guyanese who first settled Toronto lived in neighbourhoods far away from worship centres, and those centres were often not majority Indo-Guyanese and did sermons in languages not understood by Indo-Guyanese.<ref>Ally, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764125&qryID=17973dcb-2f17-4de6-8182-ae7e3ea76e09 18]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([https://archive.today/20240527083230/https://www.webcitation.org/6YWeVbAFH?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx%3Fid%3D3764125%26amp;qryID%3D17973dcb-2f17-4de6-8182-ae7e3ea76e09 Archive]).</ref> As of 1990 many Indo-Guyanese were underpaid in relation to their qualifications and skills, and compared with their political situation in their homeland they had not achieved as much political power by 1990.<ref name=Allyp20/> Indo-Guyanese students attended university at rates higher than the Canadian average due to pressure from parents and a cultural commitment to education, although the people had reduced enthusiasm for achieving this education.<ref>Ally, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764126&qryID=410233f2-70c3-49a3-83dc-5894e955b93c 19]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ([https://archive.today/20240527083304/https://www.webcitation.org/6YWevepce?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx%3Fid%3D3764126%26amp;qryID%3D410233f2-70c3-49a3-83dc-5894e955b93c Archive]).</ref>

===Sri Lankans===
{{expand section|date=May 2015}}
A wave of Sri Lankans arrived in Toronto from 1970 to 1975.<ref name=Ruprechtp200/> During the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]] period, a considerable amount of Sri Lankans immigrated to Canada using refugee visas. Most of them were [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamils]].

==Language==
[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] was historically the most common Indian language among South Asians in Toronto. As immigration from other South Asian countries increased coupled with an increase of immigration from other regions within India, the percentage of Punjabi speakers out of the total South Asian population declined.<ref name=GeeMarcus/> Today, [[Hindustani language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are the three most spoken languages in Toronto's South Asian community.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
[[File:South_Asian_language_in_Greater_Toronto_Area_(2021).jpg|thumb|Largest South Asian language spoken (besides [[Hindustani]]) in Greater Toronto Area by census tract, 2021 census]]

==Media==
[[Channel Punjabi]] programs are broadcast in the Toronto area.

In 1980 there Toronto area had several Indo-Pakistani language periodicals, including two in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and one each in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. At that time the Toronto area had no [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] periodicals.<ref name="Johnstonp1617">Johnston, Hugh. 1988. “The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961”. In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 20:2. p. 16-17.</ref>

==Institutions==
The Toronto Marathi Bhashik Mandal ("[[Marathi language|Marathi]] Speakers' Association",<ref name=Waglep24>Wagle, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764131&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 24] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YTxaIXrP?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764131&qryID=76342607-7c85-4afe-9265-43c23d31f07e Archive])</ref> Toronto's main Maharashtrian organization, was established in 1970. Ram Mulgund, an actuary in a Canadian insurance company who served as the president of Brihan Maharashtra Mandal (BMM), stated that the high level of education of Maharashtrian women meant that they were the primary persons operating the Marathi Bhashik Mandal.<ref name=Waglep23>Wagle, p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764130&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 23] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YTx7CNoX?url=http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764130&qryID=b6d46629-7544-4428-a502-3767ad438e7b Archive]).</ref>

==Commerce==
In 2012 Dakshana Bascaramurty of ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' wrote that the popularity of ethnic shopping centres declined and that many Indo-Canadians are preferring to go to mainstream retailers. Because the prices of saris and salwar kameezes are higher in Toronto than in India and South Asia, many prefer to travel to South Asia to buy the clothing items.<ref name=Bascaramurty>Bascaramurty, Daksha. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-ethnic-mall/article4277988/?page=all The rise and fall of the ethnic mall]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Friday June 15, 2012. Retrieved on October 29, 2014.</ref>

In 2011 there were two GTA theatres, including Albion Cinema, dedicated to showing Indian films. S. G. O. Jafry established Canada's first Indian cinema in 1969 after having shown Indian films at [[North Toronto]] high schools beginning in 1969. The Toronto area at one time had eight Indian cinemas but the rise of home video caused many to go out of business.<ref>Mustafa, Ali and Manmeet Ahuwalia. "[http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/video-the-rise-of-indian-cinema-in-canada-1.1097555 VIDEO: The rise of Indian cinema in Canada]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429014139/http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/video-the-rise-of-indian-cinema-in-canada-1.1097555 |date=April 29, 2015 }}). ''[[CBC News]]''. June 21, 2011. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

==Religion==
Religious groups in Toronto which have Indo-Canadians include Hindus, Muslims, Zoroastrian Parsis, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists.<ref name=Ruprechtp200/> In 2001 the Toronto region had 191,305 Hindus and 90,590 Sikhs.<ref name=StatsCanada/>

[[Sufism|Sufi]] Islamic sects from South Asia practised in Toronto include [[Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi]], and [[Qadri]] orders and [[Inayat Khan]]'s Sufi Order of the West. The Sufi Circle of Toronto, originally the Society for the Understanding of the Finite and Infinite (SUFI), was founded by Dr. Mirza Qadeer Baiq, a ''shaikh'' from [[Ajmer]], [[India]] who served as a professor in the [[University of Toronto]] Islamic Studies Department. The Sufi Circle was founded as a part of the Chishti order.<ref>Hermansen, Marcia. "South Asian Sufism in America" (Chapter 15). CITED: [[Google Books]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TvMecI060sC&pg=PT202 PT202] (page unspecified) (under section "South Asian Sufism in Canada").</ref>

The 1981 [[Census of Canada]] stated that there were 11,620 Sikhs in the Toronto area. Philip Marchand, the author of a July 1982 ''[[Toronto Life]]'' article about Sikhs in Toronto, stated that the population was in a range of 25,000-50,000.<ref name="Johnstonp16">Johnston, Hugh. 1988. “The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961”. In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 20:2. p. 16.</ref>

<gallery>
File:Baitul Islam, Ontario.jpg|The [[Baitul Islam, Vaughan|Baitul Islam Mosque]] is located in [[Vaughan, Ontario|Vaughan]], and it was built by Toronto's Ahmadiyya Muslim community.
File:BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Toronto.jpg|The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]] is located in [[Etobicoke]], and it was built by Toronto's Gujarati Hindu community.
File:Ontario Khalsa Darbar.jpg|The [[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]] is located in [[Mississauga]], and it was built by Toronto's Punjabi Sikh community.
</gallery>

==Education==
As of 1990 the [[North York]] Heritage Language program supports education programs of various languages of India, including [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. As of 1990 the Marathi program in Toronto was facing a decline in enrollment since the Marathi community was less concentrated and smaller than communities of other Indian languages.<ref name=Waglep24/>

The Toronto Marathi Bhashik Mandal established a [[Marathi language]] school for children in 1974, with 15 volunteer teachers, after conducting surveys in the Toronto area. It operated on Sundays with each class lasting two to three hours. It used [[Balabharati]], Marathi texts from India, as instructional materials due to a lack of English-medium teaching materials. At the time the school had classes of five students each. A Canadian federal grant supported this program from 1978 to 1989.<ref name=Waglep24/>

==Legacy==
There is a large statue of [[Mohandas Gandhi]] in Shanti Uddyan on [[Yonge Street]].<ref name=Ruprechtp200/>

==Notable residents==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2023}}
* [[Vasu Chanchlani]]
* [[Jus Reign]]
* [[Russell Peters]]
* [[Amrit Kaur (actress)|Amrit Kaur]]
* [[Deepa Mehta]]<ref>Waugh, Thomas. ''Romance of Transgression in Canada: Queering Sexualities, Nations, Cinemas''. [[McGill-Queen's Press]] (MQUP), July 18, 2006. {{ISBN|0773585281}}, 9780773585287. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MBCDUypv1doC&pg=PA468 468].</ref>
* [[Roger Nair]]
* [[Lata Pada]]
* [[Lilly Singh]]
* [[ Maitreyi Ramakrishnan]]
* [[Iman Vellani]]
* [[Nav Bhatia]]
* [[Prem Watsa]]
* [[Sukha (musician)|Sukha]]

==See also==

* [[Indian diaspora]]
** [[Asian Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
** [[History of the Indian Americans in Metro Detroit]]
** [[Indian community of London]]
** [[Indians in South Africa]]
** [[Indo-Canadian organized crime]]

* [[Pakistani diaspora]]
** [[Pakistani community of London]]
** [[History of the Pakistani Americans in Houston]]

* [[South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* Ally, Bruce. "[http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764123&qryID=b65b17df-88e6-464d-bd3d-296ed5acae15 Indo-Caribbean Life in Guyana and Toronto: A Comparative Survey]." In: Israel, Milton and Narendra K. Wagle. ''[http://nosracines.ca/toc.aspx?id=9232&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 South Asians in Ontario]'' ([https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/API/Download/v1_0/GetOriginal?Identifier=CU2357945&saveName=e1y_ocr.pdf PDF of entire book]). [[Multicultural History Society of Ontario]] (Toronto, Ontario) 1990. Start p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764123&qryID=b65b17df-88e6-464d-bd3d-296ed5acae15 16].
* Rahim, Aminur. "[http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764115&qryID=8f84c8f4-c40d-4efb-ac73-f44724898de4 After the Last Journey: Some Reflections on Bangladeshi Community Life in Ontario]." In: Israel, Milton and Narendra K. Wagle. ''[http://nosracines.ca/toc.aspx?id=9232&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 South Asians in Ontario]''. [[Multicultural History Society of Ontario]] (Toronto, Ontario) 1990. Start p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764115&qryID=8f84c8f4-c40d-4efb-ac73-f44724898de4 8].
* Wagle, Narendra K. (History Professor and Director of the [[University of Toronto]] Centre of South Asian Studies). "[http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764129&qryID=b65b17df-88e6-464d-bd3d-296ed5acae15 On Being Maharashtrian in Toronto]." In: ''[http://nosracines.ca/toc.aspx?id=9232&qryID=02628030-5c9f-41da-99ac-a3c6b0bb4035 South Asians in Ontario]''. [[Multicultural History Society of Ontario]] (Toronto, Ontario) 1990. Start p. [http://nosracines.ca/page.aspx?id=3764129&qryID=b65b17df-88e6-464d-bd3d-296ed5acae15 22].

==Further reading==
* Agrawal, Sandeep and Alexander Lovell. ''Indian Immigrants in Canada: The Shades of Economic Integration''.
* {{cite book|author=Ahsan, Shakib|url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1566107429398~708|title=An inquiry into the identity constructions of the Bangladeshi diaspora in Greater Toronto Areathrough their social networks|date=April 2015}} - PhD thesis, [[McGill University]]

==External links==
* ''[http://www.weeklyvoice.com/ The Weekly Voice]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://iccc.org Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce] (ICCC; ''Chambre de Commerce Indo-Canada'') (Archive)
* [http://www.missindiacanada.com Miss Canada-India]
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Pakistani diaspora}}
{{Bangladeshi diaspora}}
{{Sri Lankan diaspora}}

[[Category:Asian-Canadian culture in Toronto]]
[[Category:Indo-Canadian culture| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Toronto]]

Sangu Mandanna

2026-05-05T05:37:56Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: created first pg first draft...

{{Short description|British author (born c. 1987)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangu Mandanna
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|33|2021|7|14|slash=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], India
| education = [[Lancaster University]]
| years_active = 2012–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[The Very Secret Society of Irregular Witches]]''|''A Witch's Guide to Magical Innkeeping''}}
| website = {{url|sangumandanna.com}}
}}

'''Sangu Mandanna''' (born {{Birth based on age as of date|33|2021|7|14|noage=yes}}) is a British–Indian author of adult, [[Young adult literature|young adult]], and [[Middle grade literature|middle grade]] fiction. She is best known for her [[Romantic fantasy|fantasy romance]] novels ''[[The Very Secret Society of Irregular Witches]]'' (2022) and ''A Witch's Guide to Magical Innkeeping'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waite |first=Olivia |date=5 December 2022 |title=The Best Romance Novels of 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/books/review/best-romance-novels.html |access-date=8 September 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mandanna was born in {{Birth based on age as of date|33|2021|7|14|noage=yes}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite interview |last=Mandanna |first=Sangu |interviewer=Robert Lee Brewer |title=Sangu Mandanna: On Writing Her First Novel for Adults |url=https://www.writersdigest.com/be-inspired/sangu-mandanna-on-writing-her-first-novel-for-adults |access-date=8 September 2025 |work=[[Writer's Digest]] |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> and raised in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangu Mandanna |url=https://sohopress.com/authors/sangu-mandanna/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Soho Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> At 18 she moved to England to attend [[Lancaster University]], where she studied English literature and creative writing before graduating in 2010.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Nick |date=14 July 2021 |title=Norwich author's children's novel blends art and adventure with anxiety |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/20648212.norwich-authors-childrens-novel-blends-art-adventure-anxiety/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Eastern Daily Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2012, Mandanna's debut novel ''The Lost Girl'', a young adult [[Dystopian literature|dystopia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2012 |title=The Lost Girl |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sangu-mandanna/lost-girl-mandanna/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Kirkus]]}}</ref> was published through [[Balzer & Bray]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2012 |title=The Lost Girl by Sangu Mandanna |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780062082312 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Mandanna's subsequent novels for young adults include The Celestial Trilogy, a [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] retelling of the [[Mahabharata]], which began with the publication of ''A Spark Of White Fire'' through [[Sky Pony]] press in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lodge |first1=Sally |last2=Maughan |first2=Shannon |date=20 July 2018 |title=Fall 2018 Children's Announcements: Publishers R-Z |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/childrens-announcements/article/77559-fall-2018-children-s-announcements-publishers-r-z.html |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref> The subsequent novels, ''A House of Rage and Sorrow'' and ''A War of Swallowed Stars'', were published in 2019 and 2021.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, Mandanna edited ''Color Outside the Lines'', a young-adult [[anthology]] about teenagers in interracial relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coven |first=Tiana |date=1 October 2019 |title=Color outside the Lines |journal=[[The Booklist]] |volume=116 |issue=3 |id={{ProQuest|2299100816}}}}</ref> In 2025, Mandanna published the young adult novel ''Vanya and the Wild Hunt'', which describes a [[Neurodiversity|neurodiverse]] pre-teen who finds comfort with creatures from Southeast Asian mythology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Kelly |author-link=Kelly Jensen |date=July 2025 |title=Books of A Feather: A Look At The Emerging Themes In This Year's Starred Titles For Young Readers |journal=[[School Library Journal]] |volume=71 |issue=7 |id={{ProQuest|3224235979}}}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' commended the book's "nuanced depictions of neurodivergent characters and how they move within a magical society", but described the plot as "somewhat rushed and predictable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2024 |title=Vanya and the Wild Hunt by Sangu Mandanna |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781250899835 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref>

In 2021, Mandanna published her first novel in the Kiki Kallira middle grade fantasy series, ''Kiki Kallira Breaks a Kingdom.'' She followed it with ''Kiki Kallira Conquers a Curse'' the subsequent year. Like some of Mandanna's other work, the series incorporates Southeast Asian mythology and discusses neurodiversity; the main character, Kiki, is coping with [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] and anxiety, and explores a world inspired by Indian mythology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deahl |first=Rachel |date=10 January 2020 |title=Book Deals: Week of January 13, 2020 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/82149-book-deals-week-of-january-13-2020.html |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite interview |last=Mandanna |first=Sangu |interviewer=Suma Subramaniam |title=Author Interview: Sangu Mandanna Reflects on her Publishing Journey |url=https://cynthialeitichsmith.com/2022/10/author-interview-sangu-mandanna-reflects-on-her-publishing-journey/ |access-date=September 8, 2025 |work=[[Cynthia Leitich Smith|Cynsations]] |date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> In 2025, Mandanna published her first graphic novel, illustrated by Pablo Ballesteros. ''Jupiter Nettle and the Seven Schools of Magic'' is a middle grade graphic novel, and was positively reviewed by ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegert |first=Mariela |date=20 September 2024 |title=Jupiter Nettle and the Seven Schools of Magic |url=https://www.slj.com/review/jupiter-nettle-and-the-seven-schools-of-magic |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[School Library Journal]]}}</ref>

Mandanna's first novel for adults,<ref name=":0" /> ''The Very Secret Society of Irregular Witches'', was published by [[Berkley Books]] in 2022. [[Kirkus Reviews]] described the book as a "magical tale about finding yourself" in a 2022 starred review.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sangu-mandanna/very-secret-society-irregular-witches/ |title=THE VERY SECRET SOCIETY OF IRREGULAR WITCHES {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> It was nominated for the 2022 [[Goodreads Choice Awards|Goodreads Choice Award]] for Reader's Favourite Fantasy,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Announcing the Goodreads Choice Winner in Best Fantasy! |url=https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-fantasy-books-2022 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Goodreads]]}}</ref> and described as a "hit" by the ''[[The New York Times Book Review|New York Times Book Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waite |first=Olivia |date=August 24, 2025 |title=Delicious Payoffs |journal=[[The New York Times Book Review]] |id={{ProQuest|3242470408}}}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' included the book on its "Best Romance Novels of 2022" list.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waite |first=Olivia |date=2022-12-05 |title=The Best Romance Novels of 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/books/review/best-romance-novels.html?gws_id=nyt://interactive/282e0e20-6298-4c9f-818f-433645cc0fb9&gws_card=7 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 8, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Mandanna released her second novel for adults, ''A Witch's Guide to Magical Innkeeping''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Eidhne |date=28 June 2025 |title=The Author Of One Of The Greatest Cozy Fantasy Books Of The Past 10 Years Has A New One Coming This Summer |url=https://screenrant.com/very-secret-society-irregular-witches-author-new-cozy-fantasy-book-summer-2025/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> The book reached number six on [[the New York Times best-seller list]] for paperback trade fiction,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2025 |title=Books: Bestsellers: Paperback Trade Fiction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2025/08/03/trade-fiction-paperback/ |access-date=8 September 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and number five on ''Publishers Weekly's'' trade paperback bestsellers list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Juris |first=Carolyn |date=25 July 2025 |title=This Week's Bestsellers: July 28, 2025 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/bookselling/article/98293-this-week-s-bestsellers-july-28-2025.html |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref> The book was nominated for the 2025 [[Goodreads Choice Awards|Goodreads Choice Award]] for Reader's Favourite [[Romantasy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the Goodreads Choice Winner in Readers' Favorite Romantasy! |url=https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/readers-favorite-romantasy-books-2025 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Goodreads}}</ref> and was included by the [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] on their list of 100 notable books of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2025 |title=100 Notable books of 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/24/books/notable-books.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Both ''The Very Secret Society of Irregular Witches'' and ''A Witch's Guide to Magical Innkeeping'' have been described as [[cozy fantasy|cosy fantasy]] novels.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Mandanna lives with her husband and three children in [[Norwich]], England.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title='Reading has shaped who I am,' says Norwich author |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy8xz69wp1o |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> She has [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], [[Major depressive disorder|depression]], and [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Bibliography ==

=== Adult ===

* ''The Very Secret Society of Irregular Witches'' (Berkley Books, 2022)<ref name=":0" />
* ''A Witch's Guide to Magical Innkeeping'' (Berkley Books, 2025)<ref name=":1" />

=== Young adult ===

* ''The Lost Girl'' (Balzer + Bray, 2012)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Color Outside the Lines'' (editor; Soho Teen, 2019)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Vanya and the Wild Hunt'' (Roaring Brook Press, 2025)<ref name=":2">{{Cite interview |last=Mandanna |first=Sangu |interviewer=Amanda Ramirez |title=Q & A with Sangu Mandanna |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/95263-q-a-with-sangu-mandanna.html |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=11 June 2024}}</ref>

==== The Celestial Trilogy ====

* ''A Spark of White Fire'' (Sky Pony, 2018)<ref name=":0" />
* ''A House of Rage and Sorrow'' (Sky Pony, 2019)<ref name=":0" />
* ''A War of Swallowed Stars'' (Sky Pony, 2021)<ref name=":0" />

=== Middle grade ===
* ''Kiki Kallira Breaks a Kingdom'' (Viking Children's, 2021)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Kiki Kallira Conquers a Curse'' (Viking Children's, 2022)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Jupiter Nettle and the Seven Schools of Magic'' (graphic novel illustrated by Pablo Ballesteros; Viking Children's, 2024)<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandanna, Sangu}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:21st-century English novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century English women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lancaster University]]
[[Category:British women writers of young adult literature]]
[[Category:British writers of young adult literature]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:English fantasy writers]]
[[Category:English romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:English women children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People with obsessive–compulsive disorder]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Writers from Norwich]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Writers of mythic fiction]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:English women romantic fiction writers]]

Karate Raja

2026-05-04T22:46:09Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting new article

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karate Raja
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Natarajan<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/udyama-simham-movie-audio-launch-1135834|title=జీవితాంతం గుర్తుండిపోతుంది|date=18 November 2018|website=Sakshi}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1978|01|19}}
| birth_place = Chidambaram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[actor]]
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Karate Raja''' is an Indian [[actor]] who has worked in predominantly Tamil-language films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srilankamuslims.lk/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/|title=ஜும்மாவின் பின்னர் புனித இஸ்லாத்தை ஏற்றுக் கொண்டார் நடிகர் கராத்தே ராஜா. » Sri Lanka Muslim|website=srilankamuslims.lk|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327153003/http://srilankamuslims.lk/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his breakthrough as an actor by playing a supporting role in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004), before garnering acclaim for playing the lead role of [[Veerappan]] in the serial ''Sandhan Kaadu'' on [[Makkal TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sequel-to-veerappan-drama-tv-serial-looks-at-human-side/225744/2|title=Sequel to Veerappan drama, TV serial looks at human side - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/sandanakadu-an-attempt-to-unravel-veerappan-070107.html|title=வீரப்பன் வாழ்க்கை மர்மத்தை அவிழ்க்கும் சந்தனக்காடு!|date=7 January 2008|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

== Career ==
Natarajan made his breakthrough as an actor with his role in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004). He was given the name Karate Raja by Haasan.<ref name="S"/> He subsequently appeared in two more popular Tamil films that year, ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) and ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004). Raja later appeared in films including [[Prabhu Deva]]'s ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007) and the horror comedy, ''[[Ambuli]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/supporting-actor/karate-raja|title=Kollywood Supporting Actor Karate Raja Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref> He played a notable role in ''[[Varnam (2011 film)|Varnam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite magazine |date=28 November 2008|title=மீசை|trans-title=Moustache|url=http://varnamthemovie.com/pdf/dhinathanthi28Nov2008.pdf|magazine=Dina Thanthi}}</ref> He played [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]'s brother in ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/tamil-actor-karate-raja-accepts-islam|title=Tamil actor Karate Raja accepts Islam - Kerala9.com|date=31 March 2015|website=Kerala9|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228151701/http://www.kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/tamil-actor-karate-raja-accepts-islam|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played the lead role of [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] in the Telugu-language film ''Udyama Simham'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/udyama-simham-the-first-look-of-kcr-biopic-launched/articleshow/66602318.cms|title='Udyama Simham': The first look of KCR biopic launched|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-biopic-gets-youtube-release-now/articleshow/68731428.cms|title=Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao 'biopic' gets YouTube release now |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On television, Karate Raja notably portrayed the lead role of [[Veerappan]] in the serial ''Sandhana Kaadu'' on Makkal TV during 2008. The directors spent three years on researching about the life of Veerappan and then spent 110 days in the forest and shoot in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/sandhana-kaadu|title=125 Episodes of Sandhana Kaadu Tamil Television Serial|website=nettv4u}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2007oct10/veerappans_wife_seek_ban_tv_serial.html|title=Veerappan's wife to seek ban on a TV serial|date=10 October 2007}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Karate Raja married Divya in July 2009 and has three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/ghilli-movie-actor-karate-raja-family/|title=கில்லி பட வில்லன் நடிகரின் அழகான குடும்பம். புகைப்படம் இதோ.|date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-03/karate-raja-15-07-09.html|title=Vijay's favorite ties the knot - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Vijay Karate Raja Kamal Hassan|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/killi-movie-raja-wife-latest-picture/|title=கில்லி படத்தின் வில்லன் மனைவி யாருன்னு தெரியுமா.! புகைப்படம் உள்ளே|date=3 March 2018}}</ref> In August 2014, Karate Raja filed a complaint to the police that his wife was missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/state/cinema-actors-wife-missing-in-chennai-158000|title=నటుడి భార్య అదృశ్యం|date=15 August 2014|website=Sakshi}}</ref> He later suggested that the pair had marital problems and only lived together for a few days on most months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/actors-wife-is-missing-58992.html|title=Actor's wife is missing|website=Great Andhra}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'' || Suriya's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' || Arivanandam MLA's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Virumaandi's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ghilli]]'' || Muthupandi's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Madhurey]]'' || Kumarasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Raja's sidekick ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005 || ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || Balu's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || Gaja ||
|-
| ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || Lakshman's henchman || Uncredited role<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghajini - Full Movie {{!}} Suriya {{!}} Asin {{!}} Nayantara {{!}} A.R. Murugadoss {{!}} Harris Jayaraj {{!}} HD 1080p |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1heSGaIFaVc&t=707s |website=YouTube |date=13 August 2015 |time=11:47 |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304053724/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1heSGaIFaVc&t=707s |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Aathi]]'' || Sadha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007|| ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Tamizh's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Piragu]]'' || David ||
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' ||Adiseshan then Sivaji's henchman||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]'' || Maruthupandi ||
|-
| ''[[Pattaya Kelappu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Suryaa (film)|Suryaa]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Thoranai]]'' || Rowdy || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' || Ahmedallah || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="5"|2010 || ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]'' || Sivamani's sidekick ||
|-
| ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || Accused ||
|-
| ''[[Pa. Ra. Palanisamy]]'' || Johnson ||
|-
| ''[[Veluthu Kattu]]'' || Rasu Minor ||
|-
| ''[[Aarvam]]''||Aadhi
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Varnam (2011 film)|Varnam]]'' || Muniyandi ||
|-
| ''[[Osthe]]'' || Daniel's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Ambuli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''Sokkali'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhuvanakkadu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''Angusam'' || Anthony || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/may/12/one-mans-fight-against-the-system-611607.html | title=One man's fight against the system }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poojai]]'' || Annathandavam's henchman ||
|-
| '' Sokku Sundaram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015 || ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || City Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Soan Papdi (film)|Soan Papdi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' || Pattu Maami's son ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Oyee]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''Pudhusa Naan Poranthen'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''Vaanga Vaanga'' || ||
|-
| ''Saaya'' || ||
|-
| ''Pannam Pathinonnum Seyum'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Rocky: The Revenge]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''I-R 8'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]'' ||Rathinam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Kodai (film)|Kodai]]'' || Madhan ||
|-
| ''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Terror'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024 || ''[[Pambattam]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''Kolai Thooram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Park (2024 film)|Park]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Dhil Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|''Orea Peachu Orea Mudivu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''Yaman Kattalai '' || ||
|-
|''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || Veerappan ||
|-
| ''[[Pagal Kanavu]]'' || ||
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]'' || Bhooma Reddy's henchman || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]'' || Narendra Shetty || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]'' || Rowdy || rowspan="2"| Telugu || rowspan="2"|Bilingual films
|-
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Eenadu]]'' || Ahmedallah
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' || C. Subramaniam || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Raja's Henchman || rowspan="2"|Malayalam ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Udyama Simham'' || [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] || Telugu || Lead role
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Serial/Program
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2007
|''Sandhanakaadu''
|[[Veerappan]]
|[[Makkal TV]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Sembaruthi]]''
|Durai Manikkam
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021
|''Vidhya No. 1''
|Manickam
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2205359}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Karate}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe

2026-05-01T15:39:24Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added The Data W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Kannada movie directed by Simple Suni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe
| image = Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| writer = Suni
| producer = Mysore Ramesh
| starring = [[Vinay Rajkumar]] [[Mallika Singh]] [[Swathishta]] [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
| cinematography = Karthik Sharma Sabha Kumar
| editing = Aadhi
| music = Veer Samarth
| studio = Ram Movies
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]] Sandalwood Talkies (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|02|08|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe''''' ({{translation|A simple love story}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] written and directed by [[Simple Suni]], produced by Mysore Ramesh under Ram Movies. The film features [[Vinay Rajkumar]], [[Mallika Singh]], [[Swathishta|Swatishta Krishnan]] and [[Rajesh Nataranga]] in the lead roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by Veer Samarth, while the cinematography is by Karthik Sharma and Sabha Kumar, with editing by Aadhi.

The film was released on 8 February 2024 and opened to positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|June 2025|date=June 2025}}
It is the story of a mystic who dreams of becoming a music director, his search for a voice that beats right to the melody of his mind. His other dream is to live with the one who will possess that voice.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|* [[Vinay Rajkumar]] as "Athi" Athishay
* [[Mallika Singh]] as Madhura
* [[Swathishta]] as Anuraga "Anu"
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Athishay's father
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Athishay's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as himself
* [[Karthik Mahesh]] as Ekanjith
* Amrutha Murthy as Athishay's grandmother (younger version)
* [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as music teacher (guest appearance)
* [[Shwetha Srivatsav]] as singer (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The project marks the first collaboration of Suni and Vinay. The project also marks the debut of [[Mallika Singh]] of [[RadhaKrishn|RadaKrishn]] fame and [[Swathishta|Swatishta Krishnan]] of [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] fame in [[Kannada cinema|Sandalwood]]. The film has been shot across various locations of Bengaluru, Mysuru, Rajasthan and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe': film's story is simple & rare |url=https://newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=19744 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=NEWS TRAIL |language=en}}</ref> The shooting was wrapped up on 7 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-07 |title=Suni wraps up shoot for 'Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Nov/07/suni-wraps-up-shoot-for-ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-2630655.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Veer Samarth
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 44:12
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Veer Samarth
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Veer Samarth has composed the film's background and scored for its soundtrack. The album comprises a bit of various versions like ghazal, sufi, duet, melody, devotional, and rap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-01 |title='Suni's OSPK necessitated a musical landscape' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Feb/01/sunis-ospk-necessitated-a-musical-landscape |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ninyaarele
| length1 = 04:54
| lyrics1 = Siddu Kodipura, [[Suni]]
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], Vihaan Santosh Dev, Chetan Naik
| title2 = Gunu Gunugu
| length2 = 06:08
| lyrics2 = Sachin Sanghe
| extra2 = Keshav Anand
| title3 = Ella Maatannu
| length3 = 4:18
| lyrics3 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| extra3 = Shivani Swami, Veer Samarth
| title4 = Nenne Bekilla
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Nagaraju.B, Kadkol Madivaleshwara
| extra4 = Keshav Anand, Sriraksha Priyaram
| title5 = Nanna Kanasanu
| length5 = 3:27
| lyrics5 = [[Suni]]
| extra5 = Siddhartha Belmannu
| title6 = Aamchi Mumbai
| length6 = 3:16
| lyrics6 = Sai Sarvesh
| extra6 = Pancham Jeeva, Shruthi Rao, Rohit Hallikhede
| title7 = Krishna Enabarade
| length7 = 2:56
| lyrics7 = Sri Prundaradaasaru
| extra7 = Shivani Swami
| title8 = Sangeetha Sulabhavalla
| length8 = 3:15
| lyrics8 = Siddu Kodipura, [[Suni]]
| extra8 = Veer Samarth
| title9 = Ninyaarele-Keshav
| length9 = 4:55
| lyrics9 = [[Suni]]
| extra9 = Keshav Anand
| title10 = Sukomale
| length10 = 01:34
| lyrics10 = [[Suni]]
| extra10 = Keshav Anand
| title11 = Percussion Theme
| length11 = 2:15
| title12 = Chende Theme
| length12 = 3:40
| total_length = 44:12
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released across Karnataka on 8 February 2024. The film was released overseas by Sandalwood Talkies few weeks after the local release.

=== Home media ===
The film's digital right was acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and premiered on 19 March 2024, while the satellite rights was acquired by [[Star Suvarna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Rajkumar's Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe bags satellite and OTT partners |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vinay-rajkumars-ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-bags-satellite-and-ott-partners/3c9b5c3b40994 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film opened to positive reviews from critics and audience alike with praise for the performances of [[Vinay Rajkumar|Vinay]] and [[Swathishta|Swatishta]] alongside the witty dialogues.

Harish Basavarajaiah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "OSPK is a rare love story that is simple yet complicated. The movie is sure to haunt filmgoers even after coming out of theatres. Word to the wise! Don’t miss the ‘climax of the climax’, which is indeed the twist in the tale that no one would have expected!".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe Movie Review : Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe review: A musical love story filled with longing and twists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-review/movie-review/107544949.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prathiba joy of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the movie 3.5/5 and described "Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe is the kind of film that you should approach with zero expectations – none whatsoever, not from the director or the cast. Remember, it’s a simple love story, nothing more, nothing less. Suni and team deliver on that promise".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe review: Suni serves largely delightful fun watch rom-com |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-review-suni-serves-a-largely-delightful-rom-com-that-makes-for-a-fun-watch/a83e292f79510 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' in his review said the film is "A fun, light-hearted entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2024-02-09 |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe review: A fun, light-hearted entertainer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-review-a-fun-light-hearted-entertainer |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Vivek of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in his review wrote "A sluggish return to form for Suni".<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-02-09 |title='Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe' movie review: A sluggish return to form for Suni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-movie-review-a-sluggish-return-to-form-for-suni/article67828454.ece |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote "Despite its occasional missteps, the film leaves a lasting impression, akin to a haunting melody that stays with you. It reminds us that love very much like life is a beautiful mix of highs and lows showcasing the resilience of the human heart."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-10 |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe Movie Review: Suni and Vinay Rajkumar orchestrate a symphony of emotions that is mostly in tune |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Feb/10/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-movie-review-suni-and-vinay-rajkumar-orchestrate-a-symphony-of-emotions-tha-51919.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26914670}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ondu_sarala_prema_kathe Rotten Tomatoes]
{{Suni (director)}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suni]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

Santosh Debray

2026-04-21T04:23:10Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: created some info added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Debray
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
| predecessor = Nikhil Kumar Banerjee
| successor = [[Pradip Mazumdar]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
| alma_mater = [[Umakanta Academy]]
| profession = Politician, Ex. [[West Bengal Police Service|WBPS]] Officer
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Santosh Debray''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Durgapur Purba, as a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SANTOSH DEBRAY (Winner) DURGAPUR PURBA (BARDHAMAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=171|access-date=2025-05-25|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Durgapur Purba Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/durgapurpurba-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Paranthu Po

2026-04-20T16:03:50Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added A Article Initial Version

{{Short description|2025 film directed by Ram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paranthu Po
| image = Paranthu Po.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram (director)|Ram]]
| writer = Ram
| producer = Ram V. Gunasekaran V. Karupuchaamy V. Shankar Sajith Sivanandan K. Madhavan
| starring = [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] Mithul Ryan [[Grace Antony]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = Mathi V. S.
| music = '''Score:''' [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Songs and additional score:''' [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| studio = Seven Seas and Seven Hills Productions [[JioHotstar]] GKS Bros Productions
| distributor = Romeo Pictures [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|04|[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]|df=yes|2025|7|4|India}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 14 crores<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=12 May 2025 |title=Ram's Paranthu Po starring Shiva gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/rams-paranthu-po-starring-shiva-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514134338/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/rams-paranthu-po-starring-shiva-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Paranthu Po''''' ({{Translation|Fly Away}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[road film|road]] [[musical comedy film|musical comedy]] film written, directed and co-produced by [[Ram (director)|Ram]] under his banner Seven Seas and Seven Hills Productions along with [[JioHotstar]] and GKS Bros Productions. The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and Mithul Ryan in the lead roles alongside [[Grace Antony]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Aju Varghese]], and [[Vijay Yesudas]] in important roles.

The music and background score was composed by [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and Mathi V. S. respectively. The film was extensively shot in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].

''Paranthu Po'' was screened on 4 February 2025 in the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] and it had its theatrical release on 4 July 2025. The film received positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
In [[Sithalapakkam]], 8-year-old Anbu is a lively and mischievous boy. His parents, Gokul and Glory, work hard to give him a comfortable life. Gokul runs a startup delivering organic products, while Glory sells sarees at expos and is often away from home. When Glory heads to [[Coimbatore]] for an expo, Gokul takes Anbu on a drive to break the monotony. However, their fun outing is soon disrupted by a bike loan EMI collector who starts chasing them. Anbu gets hungry and demands a burger, and [[Google Maps]] directs them to a burger joint 25 km away. As the debt collector threatens Gokul, demanding repayment, they decide to keep driving. Anbu excitedly rides his waveboard on the highway service road, but Gokul quickly catches up to him.

To escape the collector, Gokul decides to head 100 km further to his parents' place, hoping to find some financial relief. There, he asks his father to sell their ancestral land to help him out, but his father doesn't respond. At the Coimbatore expo, Glory unexpectedly runs into her sister, who hasn't spoken to her in 10 years due to her inter-religion marriage to Gokul. The encounter leaves Glory feeling stressed, and she unwinds by joining a flash mob dance. Meanwhile, Anbu leaves his grandparents' house on his waveboard, unwilling to stay the night as planned. When Glory calls, Anbu doesn't reveal his reasons, and Gokul takes him on the road again. As rain sets in, they take shelter in a ruined stone pavilion. Both Gokul and Glory lie to each other about their whereabouts to avoid worrying each other about expenses. At night, Anbu sneaks out to climb a nearby hill, and at dawn, he convinces Gokul to help him slide down, despite Gokul's knee pain.

The next morning, they visit a nearby pond, where Gokul reunites with his childhood sweetheart, Vanitha. Anbu befriends Vanitha's son, Kumar, and gives him his waveboard. Gokul is surprised to see Vanitha's husband, Gunasekhar, living a contented life, despite running a small eatery, which contrasts with Gokul's own struggles with loan EMIs. Gokul also fulfills a promise he made to Vanitha in school by fetching a sunflower. Gokul keeps his debt troubles hidden from Vanitha, but she senses his burden and offers to help. Meanwhile, Anbu receives a call from his school crush, Jenna, inviting him to her lavish farmhouse in Karambur. When Gokul discovers Anbu's expensive slippers are missing, he becomes frustrated and searches the nearby hills. Anbu opens up about his desire for his parents to be with him always, like Kumar's parents are with him. Gokul consoles Anbu, and they continue their journey. Anbu's excitement grows as he watches a swarm of ducks and draws a dinosaur in the riverbed, receiving a duck egg as a gift. At a sunflower farm, Anbu plucks a flower for Jenna, following in his father's footsteps.

At Jenna's farmhouse, they spend time watching a movie in a private screening setup. However, Anbu gets slightly irritated when Jenna's father lies about a body massager being a spaceship. The night takes a turn when Jenna's father and Gokul engage in a dance battle, with Gokul attempting to dance despite having no skills. Anbu is unimpressed and tearfully tells his father he didn't dance properly. Jenna's father notices similarities between Gokul and his own father, both struggling to be heroes in their sons' eyes. Meanwhile, Glory's cash box goes missing at the expo, and she suspects her employee, Myna, of stealing it. However, Myna returns with the box, explaining she took it for safekeeping. Later, Myna reveals she had considered stealing the money for her lover's medical expenses, but couldn't bring herself to do it. Moved by Myna's story, Glory hands over her entire earnings to her. Glory then boards a bus to [[Chennai]], but Gokul asks her to get off at [[Tindivanam]].

The next morning, Gokul and Anbu leave Jenna's house, and Anbu asks Gokul to promise to quit smoking. Gokul appears to agree, but secretly smokes away from Anbu, who witnesses the act. Angered, Anbu runs away and climbs a big tree, intending to punish his father by forcing him to climb up. However, Anbu gets stuck, and Gokul fetches a ladder to rescue him. After Anbu gets down, he takes the ladder and runs away, leaving Gokul stranded. Anbu joins some kids playing football, while Gokul calls Glory for help. Glory arrives, only to find Gokul stuck in the tree, not Anbu. After rescuing Gokul, they spot Anbu playing football. When Anbu sees his father, he runs away again, and Gokul and Glory chase after him. Anbu jumps into a pond, knowing Gokul can't swim. Despite not knowing how to swim herself, Glory jumps in, but Anbu escapes again and boards a tractor. Glory struggles to get out of the pond. Gokul chases after the tractor, but loses sight of it and collapses from dehydration, unaware that his water bottle is in his bag.

Fortunately, the tractor reappears, and Anbu is dropped off nearby. Gokul and Glory spot Anbu on a hill and approach him slowly, as he's scared to come down. However, Anbu musters the courage to climb down and even learns to use the outdoors as a toilet, embracing the natural way of living. He demands that his parents take him to a place where they can live in harmony with nature, unlike their locked apartment. Anbu excitedly runs to a tea shop, and Gokul promises to quit smoking for good. Meanwhile, Glory discards her puff inhaler,
having not used it all day while chasing Anbu through hills and ponds. Gokul and Glory contemplate moving to a village or a place that allows them to live a happier, more nature-connected life, rather than just pursuing wealth. The film ends with a voiceover advising parents to spend quality time and engage in physical activities with their children.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Gokul
* Mithul Ryan as Anbu
* [[Grace Antony]] as Glory
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Vanitha
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Gunashekar
* [[Vijay Yesudas]] as Jenna's father
* Dia Sahel as Jenna's mother
* [[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Gokul's father
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Gokul's mother
* Jess Kukku as Jenna
* Adarrsh Aanandan as Kumar, Vanitha's son
* Murugaveni as Myna
* Arunkumar as an EMI Agent
* Anusha as Glory's sister
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In early 2023, it was reported that [[Ram (director)|Ram]] would collaborate with actor [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] for a [[comedy drama]] film, the first for a director, who was known for directing intense socio-political themes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2023 |title=Shiva to shoot for director Ram's new film in Coimbatore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shiva-to-shoot-for-director-rams-new-film-in-coimbatore/articleshow/97431362.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208062346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shiva-to-shoot-for-director-rams-new-film-in-coimbatore/articleshow/97431362.cms |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was formally launched on 6 February 2023 by the production companies Seven Seas and Seven Hills Productions and GKS Bros Productions for the streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (now JioHotstar),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=ரோட்டர்டாம் சர்வதேச திரைப்பட விழாவில் தேர்வான 'பறந்து போ' - இயக்குநர் ராம் பெருமிதம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1349120-parandhu-po-officially-selected-at-rotterdam-international-film-festival.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131184836/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1349120-parandhu-po-officially-selected-at-rotterdam-international-film-festival.html |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> speculating to its possibilities on either being theatrically or digitally released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=7 February 2023 |title=Director Ram teams up with Shiva for his next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/07/director-ram-teams-up-with-shiva-for-his-next-39749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213140706/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Feb/07/director-ram-teams-up-with-shiva-for-his-next-39749.html |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=7 February 2023 |title=Director Ram makes his OTT debut, ropes in Shiva and Grace Antony for a Disney+ Hotstar original. Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-ram-makes-his-ott-debut-ropes-in-shiva-and-grace-antony-for-a-disney-hotstar-original-details-inside/a717e610f9773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209211154/https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-ram-makes-his-ott-debut-ropes-in-shiva-and-grace-antony-for-a-disney-hotstar-original-details-inside/a717e610f9773 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began production without a title; the official title ''Parandhu Po'' was announced on 18 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=இயக்குநர் ராமின் புதிய படம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/18/director-ram-next-movie-parandhu-po |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118163309/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/18/director-ram-next-movie-parandhu-po |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title=இயக்குநர் ராம் - மிர்ச்சி சிவா இணையும் 'பறந்து போ' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1347545-director-ram-and-mirchi-siva-team-up-for-parandu-po.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205023034/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1347545-director-ram-and-mirchi-siva-team-up-for-parandu-po.html |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Ram, who follows a thesis-driven approach for screenwriting over a plot-driven approach for his earlier films, said in an interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'', adding "when the whole film is about that thesis, it’s better not to have a dialogue or a scene exposing that".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=24 June 2025 |title=Director Ram interview: On 'Paranthu Po' and how filmmaking can be therapeutic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ram-interview-on-paranthu-po-and-how-filmmaking-can-be-therapeutic/article69731173.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704144751/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ram-interview-on-paranthu-po-and-how-filmmaking-can-be-therapeutic/article69731173.ece |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He further added the film is about middle-class people migrating from villages and small towns to cities, living as "slaves", in order to chase their dreams and inspirations as well as escaping the patriarchal values set in villages. It focuses on a middle-class family entranced by their dream, speaking about their happiness and goals.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=1 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po director Ram: The nature of an artform like cinema is to be progressive {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/paranthu-po-director-ram-the-nature-of-an-artform-like-cinema-is-to-be-progressive/ee88631662212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702061703/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/paranthu-po-director-ram-the-nature-of-an-artform-like-cinema-is-to-be-progressive/ee88631662212 |archive-date=2 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> As these middle family members are the majority of the theatre-going audience, Ram further elaborated on making the film, saying "[the] attempt is to see if we can get close to their lives, whether we can find humour, emotion or understand meaning in their lives. How film viewers see life has changed, and so when we observe that change and decide to make a film on them, it means there is an audience within us."<ref name=":1" />

=== Casting ===
Shiva was cast in the lead role, after being a longtime friend of the director since their debuts in 2007, with ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' and ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' and discussed about a possible collaboration ever since.<ref name=":1" /> Ram stated "he is such a natural actor, you might at times wonder if he is acting as an idiot or if he is one. His comedic timing is also quite extraordinary. Moreover, we needed a ‘grown-up child’ for this role; yes, he’s a father, but he has the heart of a child. That’s who Shiva is."<ref name=":1" />

[[Grace Antony]] and [[Aju Varghese]] were cast in pivotal roles, making their respective debuts in Tamil film industry.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=23 May 2025 |title=Aju Varghese makes his Tamil debut with Ram's Paranthu Po |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/aju-varghese-makes-his-tamil-debut-with-rams-paranthu-po |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701143352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/aju-varghese-makes-his-tamil-debut-with-rams-paranthu-po |archive-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shiva further described about their casting, as: "Ram sir is very specific when it comes to choosing his actors. He doesn't cast people for arbitrary reasons. He carefully went through Grace’s filmography before deciding she was the right fit. She has delivered an extraordinary performance and completely lived up to his expectations [...] Working with Aju made me realise how passionate he is about cinema and entertaining audiences. He may describe many of his roles as small, but it’s no easy feat to build such a vast body of work. That speaks volumes about his dedication."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po actor Shiva praises Grace Antony and Aju Varghese, says Ram is never arbitrary in casting |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/04/paranthu-po-actor-shiva-praises-grace-antony-and-aju-varghese-says-ram-is-never-arbitrary-in-casting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705044102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/04/paranthu-po-actor-shiva-praises-grace-antony-and-aju-varghese-says-ram-is-never-arbitrary-in-casting |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Antony's name was recommended by [[Nivin Pauly]], whom he had worked with Ram in ''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]'', and eventually cast her after watching her performance in [[Appan (film)|''Appan'']] (2022).<ref name=":1" /> Varghese considered his role to be unique, despite a brief appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=10 July 2025 |title=Aju Varghese Interview: I would not have found a better director for my Tamil debut than Ram sir |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jul/10/aju-varghese-interview-i-would-not-have-found-a-better-director-for-my-tamil-debut-than-ram-sir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714161952/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jul/10/aju-varghese-interview-i-would-not-have-found-a-better-director-for-my-tamil-debut-than-ram-sir |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], who had previously worked with Ram in all of his films since ''Kattradhu Thamizh'', was signed for a pivotal role.<ref name=":1" /> Other supporting cast members included child artist Mithul Ryan, [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]] and [[Sreeja Ravi]] amongst others.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=18 January 2025 |title=Director Ram and Shiva's film titled Parandhu Po; plot and cast REVEALED |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-ram-and-shivas-film-titled-parandhu-po-plot-and-cast-revealed/d441ecc6ba687 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211053150/https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-ram-and-shivas-film-titled-parandhu-po-plot-and-cast-revealed/d441ecc6ba687 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film's [[principal photography]] commenced at [[Coimbatore]] on 6 February 2023.<ref name=":1" /> It was shot simultaneously with Ram's ''Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai'', retaining cinematographer [[N. K. Ekambaram]] and editor Mathi V. S. to work on the film.<ref name=":1" /> After [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] ''Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai'', Ram then shot few portions of the film which was completed by 2024.<ref name=":1" /> The film was predominantly shot in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Paranthu Po (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] in his maiden collaboration with Ram, while the latter's norm composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] scored the background music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=1 February 2025 |title=Director Ram's Paranthu Po To Be Screened At Rotterdam Film Festival |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/director-rams-paranthu-po-to-be-screened-at-rotterdam-film-festival-article-117815001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218102330/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/director-rams-paranthu-po-to-be-screened-at-rotterdam-film-festival-article-117815001 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=சர்வதேச திரைப்பட விழாவிற்கு தேர்வான 'பறந்து போ' படம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/parandhu-po-selected-for-international-film-festival-1141869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210013942/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/parandhu-po-selected-for-international-film-festival-1141869 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The album consists of 22 songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=23 பாடல்களுடன் இயக்குநர் ராமின் 'பறந்து போ'! |url=https://news7tamil.live/director-rams-fly-away-with-23-songs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219142207/https://news7tamil.live/director-rams-fly-away-with-23-songs.html |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[News7 Tamil]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The first single titled "Sunflower" was released on 23 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=இயக்குனர் ராமின் "பறந்து போ" படத்தின் முதல் பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/director-rams-parandu-po-film-first-song-out-1159377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601230202/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/director-rams-parandu-po-film-first-song-out-1159377 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The second single "Daddy Romba Paavam" was released on 16 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2025 |title=Daddy Romba Paavam, a heartwarming single in Siddharth's vocals |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/daddy-romba-paavam-a-heartwarming-single-in-siddharths-vocals-837302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714162851/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/daddy-romba-paavam-a-heartwarming-single-in-siddharths-vocals-837302 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Kashtam Vandhaa" was released on 24 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title='Kashtam Vandhaa' from Ram's Paranthu Po presents motivation through melody |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/24/kashtam-vandha-from-rams-paranthu-po-presents-motivation-through-melody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705044243/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/24/kashtam-vandha-from-rams-paranthu-po-presents-motivation-through-melody |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The complete soundtrack was split into [[A-side and B-side]] and released through [[Think Music]] on 26 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2025 |title="பறந்து போ" படத்தின் டிரெயிலர்- ஆடியோ நாளை வெளியீடு |trans-title="Parandhu po" trailer-audio release tomorrow |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/parandhu-po-trailer-audio-release-tomorrow-778066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714021858/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/parandhu-po-trailer-audio-release-tomorrow-778066 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>''Paranthu Po'' soundtrack:
* {{Cite web |date=26 June 2025 |title=Paranthu Po (Side A) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/paranthu-po-side-a-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1822941325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714022148/https://music.apple.com/in/album/paranthu-po-side-a-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1822941325 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=26 June 2025 |title=Paranthu Po (Side B) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/paranthu-po-side-b-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1822992135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714022209/https://music.apple.com/in/album/paranthu-po-side-b-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1822992135 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Paranthu Po'' premiered on 4 February 2025 at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] (IFFR) 2025 under the Limelight section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=31 January 2025 |title=Shiva-Ram's Paranthu Po makes it to Rotterdam Film Festival |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/31/shiva-rams-paranthu-po-makes-it-to-rotterdam-film-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714163109/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/31/shiva-rams-paranthu-po-makes-it-to-rotterdam-film-festival |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title='Paranthu Po': Director Ram's film premieres at 54th Rotterdam International Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paranthu-po-director-rams-film-premieres-at-54th-rotterdam-international-film-festival/article69191887.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624132655/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paranthu-po-director-rams-film-premieres-at-54th-rotterdam-international-film-festival/article69191887.ece |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Initially scheduled for a [[direct-to-streaming]] release on JioHotstar, the makers decided to plan for a theatrical release after positive response from premieres.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=12 May 2025 |title=Ram's Paranthu Po starring Shiva gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/rams-paranthu-po-starring-shiva-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514134338/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/rams-paranthu-po-starring-shiva-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 4 July 2025, distributed worldwide through Romeo Pictures.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Parandhu Po'' opened to {{INRConvert|42|l}} on the first day of its release, followed by {{INRConvert|93|l}} on the second day, and {{INRConvert|1.15|c}}. The film collected {{INRConvert|1.46|c}} from the first two days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2025 |title=3BHK takes opening weekend lead over Paranthu Po; Box-office collections dip on Day 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/06/3bhk-takes-opening-weekend-lead-over-paranthu-po-box-office-collections-dip-on-day-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714163408/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/06/3bhk-takes-opening-weekend-lead-over-paranthu-po-box-office-collections-dip-on-day-3 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Within five days, the film earned {{INRConvert|4.1|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Parandhu Po Box Office Collection: கலெக்‌ஷனில் கொடிகட்டி பறக்கும் ராமின் 'பறந்து போ'.. மொத்த வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/director-ram-paranthu-po-movie-box-office-collection-report-here-article-152244739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714163330/https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/director-ram-paranthu-po-movie-box-office-collection-report-here-article-152244739 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "Paranthu Po finds its rhythm in life's unplanned detours. It's a film that understands how the smallest adventures can leave the biggest impressions, especially when viewed through a child's insistent eyes and filtered through a father's weary but willing heart".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po Movie Review: Ram's gentle comedy finds magic in life's smallest detours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paranthu-po/movie-review/122230377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708105602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paranthu-po/movie-review/122230377.cms |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "There is a lot to like in the film, which is light, interesting, adventurous, beautiful, has food for thought, but moreover brims with innocence. The film, much like its title, wants you to fly away for a moment, to shed the manmade constraints built by the society, and take a breather to feel life. But if that sounds a little more tedious, then watch Paranthu Po and taste life once again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po movie review: Director Ram crafts a delightful and whimsical road trip drama that makes you pause and smile |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-ram-crafts-a-delightful-and-whimsical-road-trip-drama-that-makes-you-pause-and-smile/1641504cb3995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704054008/https://www.ottplay.com/review/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-ram-crafts-a-delightful-and-whimsical-road-trip-drama-that-makes-you-pause-and-smile/1641504cb3995 |archive-date=4 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "And when finally, the film ends with a conversation about home, family, parenting, loving, and being loved, you understand what Paranthu Po truly means. It isn't to fly away from responsibility or consumerism or globalisation or troubles or bottled emotions, or even crumbling aspirations. It is to fly away from the pressure of fitting in. It is to fly away to a land of hope on a tourist visa. Yes, we have to return to a sobering reality, but it is not wrong to escape into a world of happiness, hope, and goodness. Just like the movies... Like Ram's movies".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po Movie Review: An enjoyable and poignant pursuit of happiness that never forgets to have fun |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jul/04/paranthu-po-movie-review-an-enjoyable-and-poignant-pursuit-of-happiness-that-never-forgets-to-have-fun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714163755/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/jul/04/paranthu-po-movie-review-an-enjoyable-and-poignant-pursuit-of-happiness-that-never-forgets |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "‘Paranthu Po’ is a beautiful documentation of a cute little family with important lessons on parenting, self-discovery and the importance of pausing and looking at your life instead of giving into the rat race".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po review: Charming family film teaches joy in life's simple things |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/paranthu-po-ram-mirchi-shiva-grace-antony-charming-family-film-joy-in-life-simple-things-2750270-2025-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706111133/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/paranthu-po-ram-mirchi-shiva-grace-antony-charming-family-film-joy-in-life-simple-things-2750270-2025-07-03 |archive-date=6 July 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "''Paranthu Po'' is a film about a child learning to climb down a mountain, literally and metaphorically, but it is also a story that urges us to fly away to the hills and to remember when we threw a tantrum every time life seemed unfair. Perhaps it is a romanticised perspective on life in the modern world, but there’s romance in listening to [[Ilaiyaraaja]] on an old tape recorder while sitting on a hilltop."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=4 July 2025 |title='Paranthu Po' movie review: A gentle reflection on escaping the grind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paranthu-po-review-director-ram-mirchi-shiva-grace-antony-mithul-ryan-anjali-aju-varghese/article69771379.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705100301/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paranthu-po-review-director-ram-mirchi-shiva-grace-antony-mithul-ryan-anjali-aju-varghese/article69771379.ece |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "''Paranthu Po'' is a new voice in director Ram’s filmography, one that aches elsewhere. This turn towards something softer has, ironically, made it feel rocky, impermeable, and ultimately, opaque, a film whose characters feel stolen from myth, forced into a realism whose reality itself is upended. Cinema is an illusion of life. Illusions need to be sustained. If you want a kind world, you cannot will it with words—will it through a cinema that can hold the weight of being human alongside the demands of being kind, nice, joyful, and ultimately, free. ''Paranthu Po'' feels like a stick of god being struck on our heads. A cinema of kindness, perhaps, needs kinder cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=4 July 2025 |title='Paranthu Po' Movie Review: Director Ram's Dramedy Suffers From An Oversaturation of Sweetness |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-rams-latest-suffers-from-an-oversaturation-of-sweetness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714164201/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-rams-latest-suffers-from-an-oversaturation-of-sweetness |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote "the movie is more or less like a gentle, warm hug to all young parents who are still figuring out their new roles, and to the kids of this era who are waiting for chances to fly away. In that regard, Paranthu Po works beautifully."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=4 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po movie review: Ram makes up for Peranbu, offering warm hugs to young parents and kids |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-ram-makes-up-for-mammootty-peranbu-10105281/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705122412/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/paranthu-po-movie-review-director-ram-makes-up-for-mammootty-peranbu-10105281/ |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "There’s a few hints of moralising in the film — to tick the Tamil ''message padam'' ({{translation|film}}) box — but it is a minor aspect. For the most part, ''Paranthu Po'' is a feel-good and engaging watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=8 July 2025 |title=Paranthu Po review: Director Ram's gentle road film is full of heart |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/paranthu-po-review-director-rams-gentle-road-film-is-full-of-heart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714023815/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/paranthu-po-review-director-rams-gentle-road-film-is-full-of-heart |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 50 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2025 |title=பறந்து போ விமர்சனம்: மகன்களைப் பெற்ற அப்பாக்களுக்கு... நம்மையும் பறக்க அழைக்கும் ராமின் உலகம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/mirchi-siva-grace-antony-starrer-rams-parandhu-po-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705073541/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/mirchi-siva-grace-antony-starrer-rams-parandhu-po-movie-review |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Ram (director)}}

[[Category:2020s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
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[[Category:2025 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
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[[Category:Films directed by Ram (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]

Violence against women in India

2026-04-18T14:07:34Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: created the data initial version...

{{short description|Public health issue of violent acts against women}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2026}}
{{Lead too short|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Violence against women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
[[File:A formation of human chain at India Gate by the women from different walks of life at the launch of a National Campaign on prevention of violence against women, in New Delhi on October 02, 2009.jpg|thumb|A formation of human chain at India Gate by the women from different walks of life at the launch of a National Campaign on prevention of violence against women, in New Delhi on October 2, 2009]]

[[Violence against women]] in [[India]] refers to physical or sexual violence committed against a woman, typically by a man.

Common forms of violence against women in [[India]] include acts such as [[domestic abuse]], [[sexual assault]], [[murder]], [[female infanticide]], and [[Acid attack|acid throwing]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sreeparna |date=2011 |title=Watching, Blaming, Silencing, Intervening: Exploring the Role of the Community in Preventing Domestic Violence in India |journal=Practicing Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=22–26 |doi=10.17730/praa.33.3.0308216293212j00 |jstor=24781961 |issn=0888-4552}}</ref>

== Background statistics ==
{{Prose|section|date=November 2025}}
* According to the report of [[National Crime Records Bureau|National Crime Report Bureau]], domestic violence accounts for more than 30% of the crimes against women.
* According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]], in 2011, there were more than 228,650 reported incidents of crime against women, while in 2021, there were 428,278 reported incidents, an 87% increase.
* Statistics calculated from the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] capture reporting to the police, most violence against women is not reported to the police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Violence against Women in India Levels and Trends of Incidence and Reporting |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/35/national-family-health-survey-5/violence-against-women-india.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en}}</ref>
* In January 2011, the [https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/International-Men-and-Gender-Equality-Survey-IMAGES.pdf International Men and Gender Equality Survey] (IMAGES) Questionnaire reported that 24% of Indian men had committed sexual violence at some point during their lives.
* India's [[Gender Gap Index]] rating was 0.629 in 2022, placing it in 135th place out of 146 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Explained: How gender equal is India as per the 2022 Global Gender Gap Index? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-gender-equal-is-india-as-per-the-2022-global-gender-gap-index-8026983/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* According to data from the National Family Health Surveys, physical violence by husbands is the most common type of violence experienced by women. Sexual violence by husbands is the next most common. Most violence, whether physical or sexual, or whether by husbands or others, is not reported to the police. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma |first=Kanika |date=2024-08-31 |title=Violence against Women in India: Levels and Trends of Incidence and Reporting
|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/35/national-family-health-survey-5/violence-against-women-india.html |website=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref>

== Murders ==

=== Dowry deaths ===
{{Further|Dowry system in India}}A [[dowry death]] is the murder or suicide of a married woman caused by a dispute over her [[dowry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=dowry death: definition of dowry death in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US) |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/dowry-death |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082909/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/dowry-death |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> In some cases, husbands and in-laws will attempt to extort a greater [[dowry]] through continuous harassment and torture which sometimes results in the wife committing suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoker |first=Valerie |date=2006-11-22 |title=Veena Talwar Oldenburg, Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=117–118 |doi=10.1007/s11407-006-9013-5 |s2cid=143054469 |issn=1022-4556}}</ref> The majority of these suicides are done through hanging, poisoning or [[self-immolation]].

Bride burning, a form of dowry death, occurs when a woman is set on fire. This act is referred to as bride burning murder, and it is frequently staged to look like a suicide or accident. In some instances, the woman is set on fire in a manner that suggests she caught fire while cooking on a kerosene stove.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315656571/women-rights-human-rights-peters-andrea-wolper |title=Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives |date=2015-09-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-65657-1 |editor-last=Wolper |editor-first=J. S. |editor2=Peters, Andrea |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9781315656571}}</ref> Despite the illegality of dowry in India, the tradition of giving costly gifts to the groom and his relatives remains prevalent at weddings organized by the bride's family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harmeet Shah |date=2014-02-02 |title=Indian woman and baby burned alive for dowry, police say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/02/02/world/asia/indian-burned-alive-dowry/index.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>[[File:2012 India dowry death rate per 100000 people distribution map for its States and Union Territories.svg|thumb|450px|A map of the reported dowry deaths in India, per 100,000 people (2012)]]
[[File:Rising son in law in Bengal, painting by Gaganendranath Tagore - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Rising son in law in Bengal, painting by Gaganendranath Tagore - Indian Museum, Kolkata]]
According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) data, 6,589 dowry deaths were registered in the year 2021 all over the country, a 3.85% decline from 2020, with the highest number of dowry deaths from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (2,222 dowry deaths) and the highest dowry death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in the state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Crime against women rose by 15.3% in 2021: NCRB |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime-against-women-rose-by-15-3-in-2021-ncrb-8119739/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Akchayaa |date=2022-08-30 |title=25% rise in dowry cases in 2021, reveals NCRB data |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/25-rise-dowry-cases-2021-reveals-ncrb-data-167352 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

As of December 31, 2024, data from the NCW website showed that 17% (4,383) of the complaints were related to dowry harassment, alongside 292 reported cases of dowry deaths, showcasing the ongoing challenges women continue to face within their marital homes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=Uttar Pradesh tops list of domestic violence cases in 2024: NCW |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-tops-list-of-domestic-violence-cases-in-2024-ncw/articleshow/116881778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Reported dowry deaths<ref name="bureau">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Crimes Against Women. |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918194641/http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-18 |access-date=2014-03-02 |website=Ncrb.gov.in |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || 8,172
|-
| 2009 || 8,383
|-
| 2010 || 8,391
|-
| 2011 || 8,618
|-
| 2012 || 8,233
|-
| 2020 || 6,843<ref name="news minute 2021 dowry deaths">{{cite news |last1=Rajkumar |first1=Akchayaa |date=2022-08-30 |title=25% rise in dowry cases in 2021, reveals NCRB data |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-rise-dowry-cases-2021-reveals-ncrb-data-167352 |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || 6,589<ref name="Indian-express-2021">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Esha |date=2022-08-30 |title=Crime against women rose by 15.3% in 2021: NCRB |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime-against-women-rose-by-15-3-in-2021-ncrb-8119739/ |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

|}

=== Honour killings ===
An [[honour killing]] is the murder of a family member who is considered to have brought dishonour and shame upon the family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Languages {{!}} The Home of Language Data |url=https://languages.oup.com/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=languages.oup.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Examples of reasons for honour killings include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Ethics - Honour crimes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonour_1.shtml |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* The refusal to enter an arranged marriage.
* Committing adultery.
* Choosing a partner that the family disapproves off.
* Becoming a victim of rape.

Village caste councils or ''[[Caste panchayat|khap panchayats]]'' in certain regions of India regularly pass death sentences for persons who do not follow their diktats on [[caste]] or [[gotra]]. The volunteer group known as [[Love Commandos]] from Delhi, runs a helpline dedicated to rescuing couples who are afraid of violence for marrying outside of caste lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=n2:0029-7712 - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0029-7712 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=search.worldcat.org}}</ref>

The most prominent areas where honour killings occur in India are the northern states—they're especially numerous in [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-21 |title=India court seeks 'honour killing' response |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10364986 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service {{!}} World Agenda - Who Runs Your World? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1817_wawryw/page4.shtml |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Honour killings have notably increased in some Indian states which has led to the [[Supreme Court of India]], in June 2010, issuing notices to both the Indian central government and six states to take preventative measures against honour killings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-21 |title=Honour killing: SC notice to Centre, Haryana and 6 other states |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Honour-killing-SC-notice-to-Centre-Haryana-and-6-other-states/articleshow/6073756.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Honour killings can be very violent, for example, Honour killings can involve extreme violence, with documented cases of severe punishment for defying family or societal expectations. upon hearing that she was dating a man who he did not approve of.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-18 |title=Indian man beheads daughter in rage over lifestyle |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47859037 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118160959/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47859037 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-17 |title=Man beheads daughter in gory Rajasthan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/rajasthan/man-beheads-daughter-in-gory-rajasthan_782437.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Another example was in September 2013 when a young couple decided to get married after having a love affair and were later brutally murdered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=India 'honour killings': Paying the price for falling in love |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24170866 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>

=== Female infanticide ===
{{Main|Female infanticide|Female infanticide in India}}

[[Female infanticide]] is the selected killing of a newborn female child or the termination of a female fetus through sex-selective abortion.

In India, there is incentive to bear a son due to their role in providing security for the family in old age and conducting rituals for deceased parents and ancestors. Conversely, daughters are viewed as a societal and economic burden. An illustration of this is the practice of dowry. The apprehension of being unable to afford a socially acceptable dowry and facing social ostracism can result in female infanticide in economically disadvantaged families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Son Preference and Daughter Neglect in India |url=https://www.unfpa.org/resources/son-preference-and-daughter-neglect-india |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=United Nations Population Fund |language=en}}</ref>

[[Pew Research Centre]] estimated that there are as many as 9 million females missing from the Indian population in the period 2000-2019 according to Indian government data.

Contemporary advancements in medical technology enable the determination of a child's sex during the fetal stage. Following the identification of the fetus's sex through these modern prenatal diagnostic methods, families have the option to choose abortion based on gender. A study revealed that out of 8,000 abortions, 7,997 were performed on female fetuses.<ref>{{Citation |title=Female infanticide in India |date=2023-09-14 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_infanticide_in_India&oldid=1175376904 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en}}</ref>

The fetal sex determination and [[sex-selective abortion]] by medical professionals now costs 1,000 crore Rupees (244 million US Dollars).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sudip |last2=Singh |first2=Amarjeet |date=2017-11-23 |title='The more we change, the more we remain the same': female feticide continues unabated in India |journal=BMJ Case Reports |volume=2017 |pages=bcr2017220456 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-220456 |issn=1757-790X |pmc=5747635 |pmid=29170197}}</ref>

Background:
* The [[Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act]] of 1994 (PCPNDT Act 1994) was modified in 2003 in order to target medical professionals. The Act has proven ineffective due to the lack of implementation.
* Sex-selective abortions have totaled approximately 4.2-12.1 million from 1980 to 2010.<ref>{{Citation |title=Female infanticide |date=2023-12-05 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_infanticide&oldid=1188478768 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en}}</ref>
* There was a greater increase in the number of sex-selective abortions in the 1990s than the 2000s.
* Poorer families are responsible for a higher proportion of abortions than wealthier families.
* Significantly more abortions occur in rural areas versus urban areas when the first child is female

== Sexual crimes ==

=== Rape ===
{{Main|Rape in India}}
India is perceived as one of the world's most dangerous countries for sexual violence against women. Rape is one of the most common crimes in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-14 |title=The world's most dangerous countries for women 2018 |url=http://poll2018.trust.org/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314132643/http://poll2018.trust.org/ |archive-date=2019-03-14 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Reported rapes<ref name="bureau" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2015/chapters/Chapter%205-15.11.16.pdf|title=Chapter 5: Crimes Against Women, NCRB Crime in India 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || 21,467
|-
| 2009 || 21,397
|-
| 2010 || 22,172
|-
| 2011 || 24,206
|-
| 2012 || 24,923
|-
|2013
|34,707
|-
|2014
|36,735
|-
|2015
|34,651
|-
|2016
|38,947<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Deeptiman |title=NCRB Data, 2016: Cruelty by husband, sexual assault, top crimes against women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ncrb-data-2016-cruelty-by-husband-sexual-assault-top-crimes-against-women-4962464/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=The Indian Express |date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|32,599<ref>{{cite news |title=In 2017, rape cases were lowest in 4 yrs: NCRB data |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-2017-rape-cases-were-lowest-in-4-yrs-ncrb-data/story-R622i7C8IZpomo6cNmTJTN.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2019-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|33,356<ref>{{cite news |title=Average 80 Murders, 91 Rapes Daily in 2018: NCRB Data |url=https://thewire.in/government/average-80-murders-91-rapes-daily-in-2018-ncrb-data |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=The Wire |date=2020-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|32,033<ref>{{cite news |title=Average 87 Rape Cases Daily, Over 7% Rise in Crimes Against Women in 2019: NCRB Data |url=https://thewire.in/women/average-87-rape-cases-daily-over-7-rise-in-crimes-against-women-in-2019-ncrb-data |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=The Wire |date=2020-09-30}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|28,046<ref>{{cite news |title=80 Murders, 77 Rape Cases Daily In 2020: What Report Reveals About Crime In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-records-80-murders-77-rape-cases-daily-in-2020-ncrb-report-2542736 |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=NDTV |date=2021-09-16}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|31,677
|-
|2022 || 30,948
|-
|2023 || 31,204
|}
[[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] defines rape as penile and non-penile penetration in bodily orifices of a woman by a man, without the consent of the woman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-06 |title=Office of Public Affairs {{!}} An Updated Definition of Rape |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/updated-definition-rape |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

* According to the National Crime Records Bureau, one woman is raped every 20 minutes in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-10-26 |title=India tackles domestic violence |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6086334.stm |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>
* Incidents of reported [[rape]] increased 3% from 2011 to 2012.<ref name=":03">{{Cite magazine |last=Truman |first=Jennifer |author2=Lynn Langton |author3=Michael Planty |date=October 2013 |title=Criminal Victimization, 2012 |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv12.pdf |magazine=Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin}}</ref>
* Incidents of reported [[incest]] rape increased 46.8% from 268 cases in 2011 to 392 cases in 2012.<ref name=":03" />
* Rape accounted for 10.9% of reported cases of violence against women in 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Suvarna V. |last2=Allen |first2=Nicole E. |date=September 2018 |title=The Formal Systems Response to Violence Against Women in India: A Cultural Lens |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajcp.12249 |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1002/ajcp.12249 |pmid=29693250 |issn=0091-0562|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Victims of rape are increasingly reporting their rapes and confronting the perpetrator. Women are becoming more independent and educated, which is increasing their likelihood to report their rape.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Tilak |first=Sudha G. |title=Crimes against Indian women |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/3/11/crimes-against-women-increase-in-india |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:2001 to 2011 Crime rates against Scheduled Castes, Women and Overall in India per 100,000 population.png|thumb|[[:File:2001 to 2011 Crime rates against Scheduled Castes, Women and Overall in India per 100,000 population.png|2001 to 2011 crime rates against Scheduled Castes, women and overall in India per 100,000 population]]]]
Despite an increase in reported cases of rape, numerous incidents either remain unreported or have their complaints withdrawn, often stemming from concerns about compromising family honour. Many women face challenges in obtaining justice for rape cases as law enforcement may not provide a fair hearing, and medical evidence is frequently undocumented, allowing offenders to evade consequences within the current legal framework.<ref name=":13" />

After international news reported the gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a moving bus that occurred in Delhi, in December 2012, Delhi experienced a significant increase in reported rapes. The number of reported rapes nearly doubled from 143 reported in January–March 2012 to 359 during the three months after the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-20 |title=2012 Delhi gang rape case: What happened on December 16 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-2012-gang-rape-case-what-happened-on-december-16/story-GboszJckGgslhWHpRcci4K.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> After [[2012 Delhi gang rape|the Delhi rape case]], self defense programs run by NGOs like Survival Instincts and Krav Maga Global (KMG) were made mandatory<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-09 |title=Women make a beeline for self-defence classes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/women-make-a-beeline-for-self-defence-classes/articleshow/17948033.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in corporate organizations, and the International Women's Day programs started focusing on improving women's safety in workplaces, and homes.

==== Marital rape ====
In India, [[marital rape]] is not a criminal offense. India is one of fifty countries that have not yet outlawed marital rape.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lodhia |first=Sharmila |date=May 2015 |title=From "living corpse" to India's daughter: Exploring the social, political and legal landscape of the 2012 Delhi gang rape |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277539515000667 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |language=en |volume=50 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2015.03.007|s2cid=141527164 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* 20% of Indian men admit to forcing their wives or partners to have sex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) |url=https://www.icrw.org/publications/international-men-and-gender-equality-survey-images/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=ICRW |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 6.1% of married Indian women have experienced sexual violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=2026-04-12 |title=Web series Chiraiya puts spotlight on marital rape in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgqkl2kqkxzo |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Marital rape can be classified into one of three types:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Pradeep Kumar |date=2013 |title=Marital Rape in India - Needs Legal Recognition |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2290027 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref>

* '''Battering rape:''' This includes both physical and sexual violence. The majority of marital rape victims experience battering rape.
* '''Force-only rape:''' Husbands use the minimum amount of force necessary to coerce his wife.
* '''Compulsive or obsessive rape:''' Torture and/or "perverse" sexual acts occur and are often physically violent.

=== Modesty related violence ===
Violence against women related to modesty encompasses assaults intended to outrage a woman's modesty and insults to the modesty of women.

In the period from 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.5% rise in reported assaults with the intent to outrage her modesty, with [[Madhya Pradesh]] contributing 6,655 cases, making up 14.7% of the national incidents.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last=Ranjan |first=Sheetal |title=Crimes Against Women in India |date=2013 |work=Crime and Justice in India |pages=249–268 |place=New Delhi, India |publisher=SAGE Publications India |doi=10.4135/9788132114109.n12 |isbn=978-81-321-0977-8 }}</ref> During the same period, reported insults to the modesty of women increased by 7.0%, with [[Andhra Pradesh]] recording 3,714 cases, constituting 40.5% of the national total, and [[Maharashtra]] documenting 3,714 cases, representing 14.1% of the national total.<ref name=":22" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Assaults with intent to outrage modesty
!Insults to the modesty of women<ref name=":22"/>
|-
|2008
|40,413
|12,214
|-
|2009
|38,711
|11,009
|-
|2010
|40,613
|9,961
|-
|2011
|42,968
|8,570
|-
|2012
|45,351
|9,173
|-
|2013
|70,739
|12,589
|-
|2014
|82,235
|9,735
|-
|2015
|82,422
|8,685
|}

=== Human trafficking and forced prostitution ===
{{Main|Human trafficking in India}}
[[File:3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg|thumb|A mother who travelled from her village in Nepal to Mumbai, in India, with the aspiration of locating and rescuing her teenage daughter who had been trafficked into an Indian brothel.]]
During the period between 2011 and 2012, a noticeable surge of 5.3% was observed in the occurrences of violations under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/a-2017-023.pdf |title=ДИНАМИКА АЛЬФА-АКТИВНОСТИ ОБРАЗЦА 239PU В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ШКАЛАХ ВРЕМЕНИ |date=2017 |publisher=LJournal |doi=10.18411/a-2017-023 |archive-date=2021-02-13 |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213084917/http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/a-2017-023.pdf }}</ref> of 1956 in India. Within this alarming trend, [[Tamil Nadu]] reported a substantial 500 incidents, representing a significant 19.5% share of the total nationwide violations.<ref name=":22"/> Simultaneously, [[Andhra Pradesh]] documented 472 incidents, contributing significantly with an 18.4% share to the overall national statistic. This increase in reported violations underscores the pressing need for enhanced efforts and measures to address and curb the illicit activities falling under the purview of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956 in various states across the country.<ref name=":22"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Imported girls from foreign countries<ref name=":22"/>
!Violations of the Immoral Traffic Act<ref name=":22"/>
|-
|2008
|67
|2,659
|-
|2009
|48
|2,474
|-
|2010
|36
|2,499
|-
|2011
|80
|2,435
|-
|2012
|59
|2,563
|-
|2013
|31
|2,579
|-
|2014
|13
|2,070
|-
|2015
|6
|2,424
|}

=== Domestic violence ===
{{Main|Domestic violence in India}}

* [[Domestic violence]] is abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as dating, marriage, cohabitation or a familial relationship.
* Domestic violence is also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, [[dating abuse]] and [[intimate partner violence]] (IPV).
* Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, verbal, economic and [[sexual abuse]].
* Domestic violence can be subtle, coercive or violent. As politician Renuka Choudary says, in India, 70% of women are victims of domestic violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-10-26 |title=India tackles domestic violence |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6086334.stm |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>

The [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) conducted in 2016 uncovered a concerning aspect: a substantial 86% of Indian women who experienced [[domestic violence]] chose not to disclose their ordeal, refraining from sharing it with friends or family members. This silence is intricately tied to the victims' internalization of social norms, leading them to believe that they are inadequate as wives and, consequently, deserving of the inflicted punishment.

The pervasive acceptance of domestic violence among women is further highlighted by survey findings indicating that 45% of Indian women rationalize their husbands' abusive actions. The complexity of this issue is illuminated by the [[National Family Health Survey]] of 2019–21, pointing out the alarming acceptance of spousal abuse in the southern states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Sreeparna |last2=Jacob |first2=Suraj |date=2022-07-01 |title=Changing Birth Practices in India: Oils, Oxytocin and Obstetrics |journal=South Asia Research |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=364–380 |doi=10.1177/02627280221105126 |s2cid=250238501 |issn=0262-7280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Viswanath |first=Ms. Kanthi |date=2022 |title=The Impact of Employment of Women on ESG Scores |journal=MET Management Review |volume=09 |issue=2 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.34047/mmr.2020.9204|s2cid=265645526 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sreeparna |date=2011-07-01 |title=Watching, Blaming, Silencing, Intervening: Exploring the Role of the Community in Preventing Domestic Violence in India |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/practicing-anthropology/article/33/3/22/106485/Watching-Blaming-Silencing-Intervening-Exploring |journal=Practicing Anthropology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=22–26 |doi=10.17730/praa.33.3.0308216293212j00 |issn=0888-4552 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2023-12-19 |access-date=2023-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219045459/https://meridian.allenpress.com/practicing-anthropology/article/33/3/22/106485/Watching-Blaming-Silencing-Intervening-Exploring |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geoghegan |first1=C |last2=Whitman |first2=B |date=December 2012 |title=Abstract P6-08-09: Overcoming Breast Cancer: The Importance of Connecting with Fellow Survivors |journal=Cancer Research |volume=72 |issue=24_Supplement |pages=P6–08-09-P6-08-09 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p6-08-09 |issn=0008-5472}}</ref> In these states, a striking 80% of wives express agreement that their husbands are justified in resorting to physical violence, a notably higher percentage compared to other regions in India.

Equally disconcerting is the acknowledgment by 38% of Indian men admitting to engaging in physical [[abuse]] against their partners.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radjabova |first=Aziza M. |date=2022-03-09 |title=From gender blindness to gender equality policy |journal= International Journal of Social Science and Human Resources|volume=05 |issue=3 |doi=10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i3-08 |issn=2644-0679|doi-access=free }}</ref> In response to the widespread prevalence of domestic violence, the Indian government has implemented legislative measures, notably the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act]] of 2005. While these efforts signify a commitment to addressing the issue, the data underscores the complex interplay of societal attitudes and norms that contribute to the persistence of domestic violence, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to challenge and dismantle deeply ingrained beliefs and behaviors.<ref name=":22"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Reported cruelty by a husband or relative<ref name="bureau" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2008 || 81,344
|-
| 2009 || 89,546
|-
| 2010 || 94,041
|-
| 2011 || 99,135
|-
| 2012 || 106,527
|-
|2013
|118,866
|-
|2014
|122,877
|-
|2015
|113,403
|}

=== Forced child marriage ===
Young girls face a heightened susceptibility to coerced early marriages, confronting a dual vulnerability owing to their status as both children and females. The plight of child brides is exacerbated by their limited comprehension of the significance and obligations associated with marriage. The factors contributing to such early unions encompass the prevailing perception that girls represent a burden on their parents, coupled with the apprehension that they might compromise their chastity prior to marriage. This multifaceted issue underscores the urgent need for comprehensive interventions and awareness programs to address the root causes and consequences of child marriages, recognizing the unique challenges faced by young girls caught in this distressing phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sheela |last= Saravanan |date=March 2000 |title=Violence Against Women in India: A Literature Review |url=http://www.isst-india.org/pdf/violence%20against%20women%20india.pdf |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807040250/http://www.isst-india.org/pdf/violence%20against%20women%20india.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-07 }}</ref>{{reliable source?|date=March 2024}}

Around 7.84 million female children under the age of 10 are married in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Has 12 Million Married Children Under Age Ten |url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/of-12-million-married-children-under-age-ten-84-are-hindus |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Acid throwing ==
[[Acid attack|Acid throwing]], also known as an acid attack or vitriolage, stands as a brutal form of violent [[assault]] disproportionately affecting women in India. This act involves the intentional hurling of acid or corrosive substances onto an individual's body "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill."<ref>{{Cite journal |title=breaking-the-silence-addressing-acid-attacks-in-cambodia-may-2010 |website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9983-0029 }}</ref> Typically directed at the face, acid attacks cause severe burns, damaging the skin and often exposing or dissolving bone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Michael I. |date=2019-06-23 |title=Dr. AI or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Economics |journal= Harvard Data Science Review|doi=10.1162/99608f92.b9006d09|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vitro |first1=Kristen A. |last2=Welsh |first2=Miranda E. |last3=BenDor |first3=Todd K. |last4=Moody |first4=Aaron |date=2017-06-15 |title=Ecological Theory Explains Why Diverse Island Economies Are More Stable |journal=Complex Systems |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=135–156 |doi=10.25088/complexsystems.26.2.135 |issn=0891-2513}}</ref> The aftermath of such attacks is marked by enduring physical scars, potential blindness, and the onset of various social, psychological, and economic challenges.

Recognizing the gravity of this issue, the Indian legislature has taken steps to regulate the sale of acid.<ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=2016 |work=Media Power and Global Television News |publisher=I.B.Tauris |doi=10.5040/9780755695072.0007 |isbn=978-1-78453-086-0}}</ref> However, despite these measures, women in India face a heightened risk of falling victim to acid attacks, constituting at least 72% of reported cases. Disturbingly, the country has witnessed a rising trend in acid attacks over the past decade.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=stop-violence-against-women-cambodia-drafts-new-law-to-curb-acid-attacks-apr-30-2010 |website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-3601-0138 }}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2018, [[National Crime Records Bureau]] data revealed that 1,483 victims registered cases of acid attacks in India. While the number of acid attacks continues to rise, there is a concerning decline in the number of people charged by the police. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Delhi collectively account for 42% of all acid attack victims in India. Perpetrators of these horrific crimes often evade punishment, as exemplified by the fact that out of 734 cases that went to trial in 2015, only 33 cases resulted in completion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharjee |first=Rituparna |date=2019-12-15 |title=Determinants of anaemia among children aged under-five years in Meghalaya, India |journal=Spectrum: Science and Technology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=01–09 |doi=10.54290/spect/2019.v6.1.0001 |s2cid=245233013 |issn=2349-2937}}</ref>

In a poignant response to this crisis, in 2018, Zainul Abideen ran a 720 km route known as the [[Golden Triangle (India)|golden triangle in India]], spanning from Delhi to Agra to Jaipur, to raise awareness about acid and rape attacks and advocate for women's safety. This initiative underscores the urgent need for widespread awareness and systemic changes to curb the alarming incidence of acid attacks and ensure justice for the survivors.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-08-18 |title=Redaksjonelt |journal=Agora |volume=39 |issue=1–2 |pages=05–06 |doi=10.18261/issn1500-1571-2021-01-02-01 |issn=0800-7136}}</ref>

== Perpetuation ==
The persistence of violence against women in India is deeply rooted in entrenched systems of [[sexism]] and [[patriarchy]] that permeate Indian culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Rakesh |last2=Srivastava |first2=Sonal |last3=Singh |first3=Aditya |last4=Mukherjee |first4=Saradiya |last5=Patel |first5=Jeetendra Kumar |date=2023-08-04 |title=Locating perpetrators of violence against women in India: An analysis of married men's characteristics associated with intimate partner violence |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=18 |issue=8 |article-number=e0289596 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0289596 |issn=1932-6203 |pmid=37540688 |pmc=10403108 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1889596C |doi-access=free }}</ref> The cycle begins in early childhood, where young girls face unequal access to education compared to their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Suvarna V. |last2=Allen |first2=Nicole E. |date=September 2018 |title=The Formal Systems Response to Violence Against Women in India: A Cultural Lens |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajcp.12249 |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1002/ajcp.12249 |pmid=29693250 |issn=0091-0562|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gender-based inequality manifests even earlier, with reports indicating that female children often receive less food and are provided with less nutritious diets lacking in essential elements like butter and milk and 80% of boys attend primary school, while only half of the girls are afforded the same opportunity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317325482 |title=Women's Rights Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives |date=2018-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-65657-1 |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=Julie |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315656571 |editor-last2=Wolper |editor-first2=Andrea}}</ref>

Education itself becomes a contributing factor to the perpetuation of gender disparities, as girls are informed about the inequities they will face in life, whereas boys remain uninformed and unprepared to treat women and girls as equals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Suvarna V. |last2=Allen |first2=Nicole E. |date=September 2018 |title=The Formal Systems Response to Violence Against Women in India: A Cultural Lens |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajcp.12249 |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1002/ajcp.12249 |pmid=29693250 |issn=0091-0562|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As women progress into adulthood, the social climate continues to reinforce inequality, contributing to the prevalence of violence against them. Within the context of marriage, many women in India come to perceive violence as a routine aspect of their married lives. Those subjected to gender-based violence often face victim-shaming, being told that their safety is solely their responsibility and that any harm they endure is their own fault. Social and cultural beliefs, such as the importance of family honour, exert immense pressure on women to remain complicit in the face of abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Suvarna V. |last2=Allen |first2=Nicole E. |date=September 2018 |title=The Formal Systems Response to Violence Against Women in India: A Cultural Lens |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajcp.12249 |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1–2 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1002/ajcp.12249 |pmid=29693250 |issn=0091-0562|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

When a woman decides to report an incident of gender-based violence or crime, access to adequate support is not guaranteed. Law enforcement officers and doctors may opt not to report cases due to fears of damaging their own honour or bringing shame upon themselves. Even when a victim seeks medical assistance, archaic and invasive methods like the notorious "two-finger test" are often employed, exacerbating the problem and causing psychological harm.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bühler |first1=Peter |title=PDF-Erstellung |date=2018 |work=PDF |pages=12–37 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-54614-7 |last2=Schlaich |first2=Patrick |last3=Sinner |first3=Dominik|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-54615-4_2 }}</ref>

In response to this pervasive issue, organizations like Dilaasa have emerged to combat the perpetuation of violence against women in India. Dilaasa, a hospital-based crisis center operated in collaboration with CEHAT, aims to provide proper care for survivors of violence against women and strives to address gender inequality. From 2000 to 2013, around 3,000 victims of sexual assault, domestic abuse, or other forms of gender-based violence have registered with Dilaasa, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive efforts to break the cycle of violence and foster gender equality in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yee |first=Amy |date=April 2013 |title=Reforms urged to tackle violence against women in India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673613609125 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=381 |issue=9876 |pages=1445–1446 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60912-5|pmid=23630984 |s2cid=40956164 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bühler |first1=Peter |title=PDF-Erstellung |date=2018 |work=PDF |pages=12–37 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-54614-7 |last2=Schlaich |first2=Patrick |last3=Sinner |first3=Dominik|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-54615-4_2 }}</ref>{{Commons category}}

== See also ==
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Crime in India]]
* [[Men Against Violence and Abuse]]
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Women in India]]
* [[Entry of women to Sabarimala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{cite journal |last1=Kumar Kharwar |first1=Shiv |last2=Kumar |first2=Vivek |title=Crimes Against Women In The 21st Century |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Explorer |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=https://www.ijmre.com/publication/Vol-1/Issue-1/IJMRE-15-Crimes-against-women-in-the-21st-century.php |access-date=23 June 2022}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.tathapi.org/ Tathapi – a women and health resource organization]

{{Violence against women by country}}
{{Asia in topic|Violence against women in}}

[[Category:Violence against women in India| ]]
[[Category:Violence against women by country|India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Violence in India|Women]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Pali-Tanakhar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:13:21Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added Basic Biography W/ Infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pali-Tanakhar
| mla = Tuleshwar Hira Singh Markam
| party = [[File:Saw election symbol.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Mohit Ram [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Korba district|Korba]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:228459}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 23
| map_image = Pali-Tanakhar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Pali-Tanakhar''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Korba district|Korba]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Before 1961: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Yagyaseni Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|L. Singh
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Lal Kirtikumar Singh
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bishal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Lalkriti Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Hira Singh Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Amol Singh Salam
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Bodhram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Hira Singh Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |Ram Dayal Uike
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Mohit Ram
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|[[Tuleshwar Hira Singh Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Pali-Tanakhar<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tuleshwar Hira Singh Markam]]
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 60,862
|percentage = 32.87
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Duleshwari Sidhar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60,148|percentage=32.48|change=-6.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Dayal Uike|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=46,522|percentage=25.12|change=+6.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chhatrapal Singh Kanwar|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=5,053|percentage=2.73|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chhavi Raj|party=Independent politician|votes=3,927|percentage=2.12|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,557|percentage=1.92|change=-1.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=714|percentage=0.39|change=-5.18}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=185,163|percentage=81.05|change=-1.09}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pali-Tanakhar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohit Ram
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 66,971
|percentage = 38.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tuleshwar Hira Singh Markam]]|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=57,315|percentage=33.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Dayal Uike|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=32,155|percentage=18.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukhnandan Singh Puhup|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3239|percentage=1.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Cresentia Kujur|party=Independent politician|votes=2954|percentage=1.70|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tapeshwar Singh Maravi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2579|percentage=1.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Alwan Singh|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|votes=2166|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,128|percentage=2.95|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,656|percentage=5.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173560|percentage=82.14|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Korba district]]
*[[Dharamjaigarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.45|82.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Korba district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]

Cristoberea

2026-04-03T20:50:06Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: adding new info!

{{short description|Genus of beetles}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|taxon = Cristoberea assamensis
|authority = [[Stephan von Breuning (entomologist)|Breuning]], 1954
}}

'''''Cristoberea assamensis''''' is a species of [[longhorn beetle]] in the subfamily [[Lamiinae]], and the only species in the genus '''''Cristoberea'''''. It was described by [[Stephan von Breuning (entomologist)|Stephan von Breuning]] in 1954 and is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamiinae.org/80v/index.php?pg=clm&id=14196-4210&lg=en|title=''Cristoberea assamensis'' Breuning, 1954|website=Lamiinae.org|access-date=April 23, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2444007}}

[[Category:Saperdini]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1954]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Stephan von Breuning (entomologist)]]

{{Saperdini-stub}}

The Butcher of Amritsar

2026-03-27T05:43:56Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: created some entry v1

{{Short description|Book by Nigel Collett}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = ''The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer''
| image = The Butcher Of Amritsar.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Nigel Collett]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| subject = [[Reginald Dyer]], [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
| genre = Historical biography
| publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]]
| pub_date = 2006
| pages = 576
| isbn = 978-1852855758
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer''''' is a 2006 historical biography written by [[Nigel Collett]], a former [[Gurkha]] officer, which covers the life of [[Reginald Dyer]]. The book's title refers to the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|massacre at Jallianwala Bagh]] in which 379 people were shot by troops under the command of Dyer.<ref name="French 2005" />

Collett had read Dyer's book ''Raiders of the Sarhad'' while he was serving in the army. He returned to it when writing his dissertation for his Master of Arts in biography at the [[University of Buckingham]]. He spent three years researching and writing the book and completed the manuscript in 2003.<ref name="Singh 2005" />

== Synopsis ==

The book begins with covering Dyer's parents' lives in [[British India]] and their brewery company<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|3}} and then moves on to Dyer's early life, from his time as a day boy at [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton]] school in India.<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Copley 2006" /> The book then covers Dyer's life while he attended [[Midleton|Midleton college]] in County Cork, Ireland and his time at Sandhurst,<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|17}} and then moves on to cover Dyer's life following his graduation from Sandhurst to his postings to the [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25506|page=4082|date=28 August 1885}}</ref> in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] to their deployment to [[Belfast]] during the [[1886 Belfast riots]] and then his service during the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Third Burmese War]].<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|31}} It then covers Dyer's return to India and being reunited with his family in [[Shimla]] and Dyer's studies in the learning [[Urdu]], which was an exam he needed to pass to further his career and his postings to the [[39th Garhwal Rifles]] and the [[29th Punjabis]] to his return to England and the birth of his second child.<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|45}}

The book then covers Dyer's time in the 29th, to the [[Chitral Expedition]], a campaign which Dyer had tried to join but which had ended six days before he arrived back from England,<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|61}} it then covers Dyer's return to England as he had been granted a place at [[Staff College, Camberley|Camberley staff College]] as he had passed the entrance exams, moving on to cover Dyer's passing the final examinations from Camberley and the birth of his second son. It then goes into detail on the Dyer's family return to India and Dyer being given the designation of wing officer.<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|75}}

The book moves on to cover the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Amritsar massacre]] and subsequent investigation. It covers the reception to the news of the massacre in England to Dyer being pensioned out of the army and the campaign by the [[Morning Post|Morning Post newspaper]] which raised £26,000 ($42,386.5) from public donations.<ref name="Collett 2006" />{{rp|207}}<ref name="Fearn 2005" />

== Reception ==

[[Antony Copley]] writing in the ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'' said the book would be an award-winning biography.<ref name="Copley 2006" /> David McKirdy reviewing the book for the ''Asian Review of Books'' said that Collett was ideally placed to write this biography, as like Dyer Collett served in the British army, had attended [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] and had also commanded a [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gurkha regiment]]. McKirdy also says the book is a well referenced addition to other books which cover this time in history.<ref name="McKirdy 2005" /> Chandar S. Sundaram writing for ''[[Itinerario]]'' has said that this was the "definitive work" on the massacre and that Collett had detailed the life of Dyer with exceptional skill.<ref name="Sundaram 2008" /> Nicholas Fearn writing for ''[[The Independent]]'' said the book was a "thorough reconstruction" of the massacre and that the book was "heavily detailed treatment and serious to the point of dryness." He also said that because of the material Dyer could be compared to [[General Melchett]] from the comedy show ''[[Blackadder Goes Forth]]''.<ref name="Fearn 2005" /> Mihir Bose writing for ''[[History Today]]'' said "Collett has told this terrible story with great, forensic skill, marshalling his facts brilliantly."<ref name="Bose 2005" /> [[Gordon Johnson (historian)|Gordon Johnson]] praised it as an "outstanding contribution to our understanding of this horrific event ... [that] presents a balanced reading of Dyer's character".<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Gordon|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/a-family-man-whose-bloody-disposition-sent-the-british-into-a-spin/201603.article|title=A family man whose bloody disposition sent the British into a spin|date=24 February 2006|website=Times Higher Education|access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

<ref name="Singh 2005">
{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Roopinder|title=Fear is the key|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050821/spectrum/book5.htm|newspaper=Sunday Tribune|date=21 August 2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="Fearn 2005">
{{cite news|last=Fearn|first=Nicholas|title=The Butcher of Amritsar, by Nigel Collett|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-butcher-of-amritsar-by-nigel-collett-6147010.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200050/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-butcher-of-amritsar-by-nigel-collett-6147010.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 May 2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="McKirdy 2005">
{{cite news|last=McKirdy|first=David|title=The Butcher of Amritsar by Nigel Collett|url=http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?ID=690#!|newspaper=Asian Review of Books|date=23 June 2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="Sundaram 2008">
{{cite journal|last=Sundaram|first=Chandar S.|title=Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer.|journal=Itinerario|year=2008|volume=32|issue=1|pages=132–133|doi=10.1017/S0165115300001923}}
</ref>

<ref name="Copley 2006">
{{cite journal|last=Copley|first=Antony|title=The Butcher of Amritsar General Reginald Dyer by Nigel Collett|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=2006|volume=16|issue=1|pages=101–103|jstor=25188606|doi=10.1017/s1356186305305918}}</ref>

<ref name="French 2005">
{{cite news|last=French|first=Patrick|title=History: The Butcher of Amritsar by Nigel Collett|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/article89459.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051312/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/article89459.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=24 April 2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="Collett 2006">
{{cite book|last=Collett|first=Nigel|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|year=2006|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1852855758}}
</ref>

<ref name="Bose 2005">
{{cite news|last=Bose|first=Mihir|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (Book Review)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137455846.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040523/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137455846.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|newspaper=History Today|date=1 October 2005}}
</ref>

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butcher of Amritsar, The}}
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:British biographies]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Continuum International Publishing Group books]]
[[Category:2006 non-fiction books]]

Leela (2002 film)

2026-03-26T22:31:44Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: cleaned up content additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|2002 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Leela
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Somnath Sen
| producer = Kavita Munjal Anjalika Mathur
| screenplay =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dimple Kapadia]] [[Deepti Naval]] [[Vinod Khanna]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Lemon Tree Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|11|01|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 97 min
| country = India United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Leela''''' is a 2002 [[drama film]] directed by Somnath Sen. The movie stars [[Dimple Kapadia]] and [[Deepti Naval]]. The film's story is loosely based on ''[[Summer of '42]]''.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501040203.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627192307/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501040203.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 June 2003
|title='Leela'
|date=15 November 2002
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|last=Ziya US Salam
}}</ref> The film premiered at Reel World Film Festivalm, Toronto, in 2005.<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite news
|url=http://www.deeptinaval.com/writeups/poet/grn_pastures_statesman_feb26_05.htm
|title='Deepti Naval in conversation with Shoma A. Chatterji'
|date=26 February 2005
|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]
|last=Shoma A. Chatterji
}}</ref> It also was featured in the 2002 edition of the IAAC Film Festival,<ref name="Business Wire">{{cite news
|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5997789-1.html
|title='Indian Diaspora Film Festival Runs Nov 6-10 at Clearview Cinema, New York; Event Highlights...'
|date=15 October 2002
|work=[[Business Wire]]
|last=Aroon Shivdasani
}}</ref> conducted by the Indian diaspora, which works to showcase the Indian films to the West.

==Plot==
Leela is a professor from Bombay. Married to a popular poet, her life has always been prefixed with the title 'Nashaad's wife'. She wins a chance to be sent as a visiting professor to California, where she rediscovers herself, the woman she is, beyond the duties of a wife that she had always devoted her life to. Kris comes as a bright sunshine in her life, who makes her realise her own desires, the desires of the body. Is it going to be an happily ever after fairy tale? Or another Bollywood melodrama?

==Cast==
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Leela
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Chaitali
* Amol Mhatre as Kris/ Krishna
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Nashaad
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Jai
* Brendan Hughes as Summer
* Kelly Gunning as JC
* Garrett Devereux as Chip
* Kyle Erby as Jamaal
* Michelle Van Wagner as Jennifer
* [[Sarayu Rao]] as Mira
* Partha Dey as Shantanu
* Sandeep Walia as Harsh
* Delna Rastomjee as Joya Chatterjee
* Gargi Sen as Maheed

==Music==
#"Champai Dhoop Ke Saye" - [[Shubha Mudgal]]
#"Dhuan Uttha Hai" - [[Jagjit Singh]]
#"Jaag Ke Kaati Raina" - [[Jagjit Singh]]
#"Jabse Kareeb Ho Ke Chale" - Jagjit Singh
#"Jabse Kareeb Ho Ke Chale v2" - Jagjit Singh
#"Kanha Teri Bansuri" - Falguni Pathak, Dev Choudhury, Karsan Sagathia, [[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
#"Mavan Te Dhiyan" - Jaspinder Narula
#"Tere Khayal Ki" - Jagjit Singh

==Production==
The film was shot mostly in [[Los Angeles]] with funds raised by Kavita Munjal and Anjalika Mathur. This is the directorial debut of Somnath Sen.<ref name="The Independent">{{cite news
|url=http://aivf.org/node/295
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604092647/http://www.aivf.org/node/295
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=4 June 2008
|title='The new, new, Indian Cinema'
|date=1 July 2005
|work=[[The Independent]]
|last=David Alm
}}</ref> "It's a universal story that many women will be able to relate to," remarked Dimple Kapadia, on the sets.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news
|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/25usspec.htm
|title='"I got more than my share in my life"'
|date= 25 May 2001
|work=[[Rediff]]
}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film was well received by critics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adarkar |first1=Vivek |editor1-last=Tomassini |editor1-first=Christine |editor2-last=Schwartz |editor2-first=Carol |title=Magill's Cinema Annual |date=2003 |publisher=Gale Research International, Limited |isbn=978-1-55862-459-7 |page=262 |url=https://archive.org/details/magillscinemaann0000unse_o2u3/page/262/mode/2up |language=en|quote=The film's innocuous charm has elicited a kind reaction from critics.}}</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' called ''Leela'' "a worthy departure from the culture clash comedies that have marked an emerging Indian American cinema".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Kevin |author-link1=Kevin Thomas (film critic) |title='Leela' a deft bicultural portrait |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-leela,0,5358866.story |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114132218/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-leela,0,5358866.story |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2002}}</ref> [[Dave Kehr]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "an unusual combination of Bollywood and Hollywood sensibilities".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kehr |first1=Dave |author-link1=Dave Kehr |title=FILM IN REVIEW; 'Leela' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/08/movies/film-in-review-leela.html |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=8 November 2002}}</ref>

Anil. S. Arora, of Chowk, wrote that film could be considered "the first art film made on the Indian community in north America". He added that the film was about the taboo that sex still is to the Indian Community and their "inability to accept them as the basis for family relationships". He though was dissatisfied with the way Leela is portrayed as a faithful wife to a straying husband, which he wrote is quite outdated for a Mumbai woman who dwells on sexual equality.<ref name="Chowk">{{cite news
|url=http://www.chowk.com/Arts/Sex-in-the-Indian-Family
|title=IA review of Somnath Sen's film 'Leela'
|date=6 November 2002
|last=Anil. S. Arora
|work=Chowk
|access-date=17 May 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026180608/http://www.chowk.com/Arts/Sex-in-the-Indian-Family
|archive-date=26 October 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

The review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' was moderate, which mainly lauded [[Dimple Kapadia]]'s acting, declared that the plot has many loose ends and signed off with a note that it is not a bad choice to watch "at the end of a long, lonely day".<ref name ="The Hindu"/> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "good performances, deft handling of a complex theme, unconventional method of storytelling, a crisp script, and of course, a taut storyline sure make Leela a movie that’s more than just a tale well told."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dinesh |first1=Chethana |title=Leela |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov10/filmr.asp |access-date=3 June 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=10 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021201212255/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov10/filmr.asp |archive-date=1 December 2002}}</ref>

''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' declared it as a flop in its positive review on Shantanu Moitra.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051210/asp/weekend/story_5563284.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922174022/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051210/asp/weekend/story_5563284.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 September 2006
|title='The new melody moguls '
|date=10 December 2005
|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
|last = Sushmita Biswas
}}</ref>

==Recognition and awards==
* Special Jury Award - Reel World Film Festival, Toronto (2002)
* Screened at the Commonwealth Film Festival, Manchester (2002)<ref name="Upperstall">{{cite web
|url=http://www.upperstall.com/content/indian-diaspora-film-festival-2002-new-york
|title='Indian diaspora film festival 2002, New York '
|year=2002
|work=Upperstall.com
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0300115}}
* Bonobology.com: [https://www.bonobology.com/movies-lead-characters-huge-age-difference "6 Bollywood movies where the lead characters have had a huge age difference"]

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2002 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films about juvenile sexuality]]
[[Category:Films about virginity]]
[[Category:Films about puberty]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]

Mahendrapala I

2026-03-26T11:57:55Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: small refine structure per sources and corrected details

{{about|the emperor from the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty|the Pala dynasty emperor|Mahendrapala}}
{{short description|Gurjara-Pratiharan Emperor from 885 to 910}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Parameshvara Parama-bhattaraka [[King of Kings|Maharajadhiraja]] [[Kannauj|King of Kanyakubja]] Raghukula-Chudamani
| succession = [[King of Kings ]]of [[Āryāvarta]] King of Kannauj
| reign = {{circa|885|910}}
| predecessor = [[Mihira Bhoja]]
| successor = [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
| spouse-type = Consorts
| spouse = Dehanaga-Devi Mahidevi
| issue = [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
| father = [[Mihira Bhoja]]
| mother = Candra-Bhattarika-Devi
}}
'''Mahendrapala I''' ([[IAST]]: Mahendrapāla; r. 885 – 910) was the [[Emperor ]]of [[Aryavarta]] (ancient name for India, {{lit|Land of the (Indo-)Aryans}}) and King of Kannauj from 885 until his death in 910 and member of the [[Pratihara dynasty]]. He reigned over a vast empire in northern [[India]]. He is also mentioned on various inscriptions found in present-day Kathiawar, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh by the names ''Mahindrapala'', ''Mahendrayudha'', ''Mahisapaladeva'', and also ''Nirbhayaraja'', ''Nirbhayanarendra'' and ''[[Suryavamsa|Raghukula]]-tilaka'' in the plays of his [[guru]] [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras|author=Baji Nath Puri|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orAJAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 |page=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA248}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title =History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
| author = Radhey Shyam Chaurasia
| publisher =Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| year =2002
| page =208
| isbn = 978-81-269-0027-5
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA208}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[Rajasekhara]] called Mahendrapala as "[[Maharajadhiraja]] of [[Aryavarta]]" ({{lit|King Emperor of Northern India}}) indicating his imperial status in northern India.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Rajasekhara called Mahendrapala as Maharajadhiraja of Aryavarta or King Emperor of Northern India.|author=V.D. Mahajan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ|title=Ancient India|page=489|publisher=S. Chand |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 }}</ref>

Bhoja is thought to have died around A.D. 885, and his son Mahendrapala I succeeded him. The earliest record of Mahendrapala dates to A.D. 893. There is an unclear verse in a work called Rdjatarangvn, that hints he may have lost some land in the Punjab—a territory his father had gained—to a Kashmiri king named Sahkaravarman. Other than that uncertain detail, Mahendrapala kept the large empire he inherited and even pushed its borders further east.<ref name="Majumdar Age of Imperial Kanauj"/>

According to historian R.C. Majumdar, the empire of Mahendrapala I stretched from the Himalayan region in the north to the [[Vindhya|Vindhya range]] in the south, and from the eastern coast to the western sea.<ref name="Majumdar Age of Imperial Kanauj">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Age of Imperial Kanauj |year=2009 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Mumbai |isbn= |page=33}}</ref> Earlier it was thought that the greater part of [[Magadha]] and even the parts of [[North Bengal]] had come under the suzerainty of the emperor Mahendrapal I.<ref name="Sen">Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, {{ISBN|9789380607344}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=21}} However, that theory has been debunked due to the discovery of a Pala king named [[Mahendrapala]] , whose inscriptions were mistakenly attributed to his Gurjara namesake.<ref name="Debala1991">{{cite book | author1=Debala Mitra | author2=Gouriswar Bhattacharya | title=Akṣayanīvī: Essays Presented to Dr. Debala Mitra in Admiration of Her Scholarly Contributions | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu1tAAAAMAAJ | year=1991 | publisher=Sri Satguru Publications | isbn=978-81-7030-275-9}}</ref>

Mahendrapala’s name appears in several forms, including Mahindrapala and Mahendrayudha, and he was also known by titles such as Nirbhaya-narendra or Nirbhayaraja. His spiritual teacher, Rajaiekhara, was a well-known figure in Indian literature. Although Rajaiekhara's writings do not provide many details about Mahendrapala’s life or character, they clearly celebrate the magnificence of the imperial city of [[Kanauj]].<ref name="Majumdar Age of Imperial Kanauj" />

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara Emperor]]
| years = 890–910
| before = [[Mihira Bhoja]] (835–890)
| after = [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (910–913)
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Gurjara-Pratihara kings}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:910 deaths]]
[[Category:Pratihara emperors]]
[[Category:Kings of Kannauj]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

James Macdonald Dunnett

2026-03-23T05:44:27Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting a info

{{Short description|British civil servant (1877–1953)}}
{{infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir James Macdonald Dunnett
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE}}
| image = James Macdonald Dunnett.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Walter Stoneman]], 1934
| office = Reforms Commissioner of the {{avoid wrap|Government of India}}
| term_start = 1930
| term_end = 1936
| predecessor =
| birth_date = 1877
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1953|1877}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Civil servant
| education = {{ubl|[[University of Edinburgh]]|[[Christ Church, Oxford]]}}
}}

'''Sir James Macdonald Dunnett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE}} (1877–1953) was a civil servant in the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Macdonald Dunnett - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp131937/sir-james-macdonald-dunnett |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.npg.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association-1953" />

== Early life ==
Dunnett was born in 1877 in [[Kilmarnock]], to William Dunnett, a minister.<ref name="www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk" /> He attended [[Kilmarnock Academy]], and then [[University of Edinburgh]] from which he graduated with an MA with honours in mathematics,<ref name="University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association-1953">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy4jAQAAIAAJ&q=%22James+Macdonald+Dunnett%22+-wikipedia |title=University of Edinburgh Journal |date=1953 |publisher=University of Edinburgh, Graduates' Association |language=en}}</ref> before studying at [[Christ Church, Oxford]].<ref name="www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=Kilmarnock Academy: Former Pupils |url=https://www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk/cm-content/files/Former%20pupils%20master%20(002).pdf |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk}}</ref>

== Career ==
After passing the entrance exam in 1900, he entered the Indian Civil Service where. In 1901 he became the assistant commissioner for the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and from 1930 to 1936 the [[Reforms Commissioner]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk" /> In 1922 he was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]]. He was made a [[Knight Bachelor|knight bachelor]] in 1932<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_c9AAAAIBAJ&dq=%22James+Macdonald+Dunnett%22&pg=PA11&article_id=4867,684470 |title=The Glasgow Herald |publisher=The Glasgow Herald |language=en}}</ref> and a [[Commander (order)|Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=3560 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 4 JUNE, 1934 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34056/page/3560/data.pdf |journal=London Gazette}}</ref> His final civil service appointment was in Britain as 1940 as Assistant Secretary in the [[Scottish Office|Scottish Department of Health]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

He married Annie Sangster, with whom he had four children, their second son being Sir [[James Dunnett]], a notable UK civil servant.<ref name="www.kilmarnockhistory.co.uk" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunnett, James Macdonald}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

{{British-bio-stub}}

Jiju Antony

2026-03-12T05:09:32Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting info

{{short description|Director (b. 1977)}}
{{Distinguish|Jijo Antony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jiju Antony
| image = Jiju antony.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|05|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kuzhur]], [[Thrissur]]
| occupation = Film Maker
| years_active = 2017 – present
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Jiju Antony''' (born 18 April 1973) is an Indian [[film director]].<ref name="Cinestaan">{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/eli-eli-lama-sabachthani-28956|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113065750/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/eli-eli-lama-sabachthani-28956|url-status=live|archive-date=13 January 2019|title=Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani? review: Dark film that explains the making of a murderer, rapist|publisher=[[Cinestaan]]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cinestaan.com/people/jiju-antony-117937 JIJU ANTONY - Cinestaan]</ref>

==Personal life==
Jiju Antony was born in Kuzhur village, [[Trissur]] district, Kerala on 18 May 1973. ''Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani?'', Jiju's critically acclaimed debut feature film was well recognised in film festivals.<ref name="Scream for a screen">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/101217/scream-for-a-screen.html|publisher=Deccanchronicle|title=Scream for a screen |date=10 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116202323/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31811&articlexml=Rajshri-back-to-Mollywood-with-Eli-Eli-Lama-03102015101017 Rajshri back to Mollywood with Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani... - epaperbeta]</ref>

==Film career==
He made his first feature film Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani? (film){{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} produced by [[Kazhcha Chalachithra Vedi]] and co produced by [[Niv Art Movies]] in 2017.<ref>[http://cinetrooth.in/2015/09/18/eli-eli-lama-sabachthani-a-crowd-funded-film/ Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani: A crowd funded film - Cinetrooth]</ref> The fund was raised through crowd funding.<ref name="times of inida">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/extra-buffaloes-cost-malayalam-film-eli-eli-lama-sabachthani-a-theatre-screening/articleshow/63397206.cms|title='Extra' buffaloes cost Malayalam film Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani a theatre screening! |publisher=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> The film was screened in many film festivals in India.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/eli-eli-lama-sabachthani-to-display-in-the-film-fest-malayalam-news-209373|title='Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani' to display in the film fest|work=[[Indiaglitz]]}}</ref><ref>[https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/interviews/an-exclusive-interview-with-jiju-antony-024935.html പൈസ ഉണ്ടാക്കാന്‍ വേണ്ടിയല്ല സിനിമ ചെയ്യുന്നത്, സിനിമ ചെയ്യാന്‍ വേണ്ടി പൈസ ഉണ്ടാക്കുകയാണ്: ജിജു - filmibeat]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7588695}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antony, Jiju}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]

K. R. Rao

2026-03-05T05:54:26Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Indian-American electrical engineer (1931 - 2021)}}{{Family name hatnote|Kamisetty|lang=Telugu}}{{about|the electrical engineer|the psychologist K. R. Rao|Koneru Ramakrishna Rao}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. R. Rao
| image = KRRao.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = K. R. Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|08|27|df=y}}<ref name="Dang_2021" /><ref name="Rao_Obit" />
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]) <ref name="Dang_2021" /><ref name="Rao_Obit" />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|01|15|1931|08|27|df=y}}<ref name="Rao_Obit" /><ref name="UTA_Mourns" />
| death_place = [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]], [[Texas]], [[United States]]<ref name="Rao_Obit" />
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[College of Engineering, Guindy]]|[[University of Florida]]|[[University of New Mexico]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Discrete Cosine Transform]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Fulbright Scholar<ref name="Dang_2021" />
| signature =
| footnotes =
| field = [[Electrical Engineering]]
| religion =
}}

'''Kamisetty Ramamohan Rao''' (1931{{Spnd}}2021) was an [[Indian-American]] electrical engineer. He was a professor of [[electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]] at the [[University of Texas at Arlington]] (UT Arlington). Academically known as K. R. Rao,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37275488000 | title = IEEE Xplore author page | access-date = 12 June 2020 }}</ref> he is credited with the co-invention of [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT), along with [[Nasir Ahmed (engineer)|Nasir Ahmed]] and T. Natarajan due to their landmark publication, ''Discrete Cosine Transform''.<ref name="Rao_Obit" /><ref name="Ahmed_1974" /><ref name="Rumende" />

==Education==
Rao received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], affiliated with the [[University of Madras]], in 1952. In 1959, he received his Master of Science Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Florida in 1959 followed by a Master of Science in [[Nuclear engineering|Nuclear Engineering]] from the [[University of Florida]] in 1960. He received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the [[University of New Mexico]], Albuquerque in 1966.<ref name="Rao_Obit" />

==Career==
Rao had been with the University of Texas at Arlington since 1966.<ref name="Rumende" /> He was a professor of electrical engineering, and the director of the Multimedia Processing Laboratory. He also taught undergraduate courses on Discrete Signals and Systems and Fundamentals of Telecommunication systems. He also taught graduate courses on Digital Video Coding, Digital Image Processing, Discrete Transforms, and Multimedia Processing.

He had been an external examiner for graduate students from universities in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan. He was a visiting professor at universities in Australia, India, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Thailand. He conducted workshops/tutorials on video/audio coding/standards worldwide. He advised more than a hundred graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Remembering Data Compression Pioneer K. R. Rao |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/krrao-tribute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617192307/https://spectrum.ieee.org/krrao-tribute |archive-date=2022-06-17 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=IEEE Spectrum |language=en}}</ref> He published in refereed journals and has been a consultant to industry, research institutes, law firms, and academia.

He was a [[Fellow of the IEEE]]. He is a member of the Academy of Distinguished Scholars, UTA. He was invited to be a panelist for the 2011 NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP), with service on the Electrical Engineering Panel.
He was a panelist for the US EPA STAR fellowship program during 2013 and 2015 in Chantilly, Virginia.

===Discrete cosine transform===

Rao, along with [[Nasir Ahmed (engineer)|Nasir Ahmed]] and T. Natarajan, introduced the [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT) in 1974 which has since become very popular in [[digital signal processing]]. DCT, INTDCT, directional DCT and MDCT (modified DCT) have been adopted in several international video/image/audio coding standards such as JPEG/MPEG/H.26X series and also by SMPTE (VC-1) and by AVS China.

==Publications==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Nasir | author-link1 = Nasir Ahmed (engineer) | last2 = Natarajan | first2 = T. Raj | author-link2 = | last3 = Rao | first3 = K.R. | author-link3 = K. R. Rao | author-mask3 = 1 | date = 1974-01-01 | title = Discrete Cosine Transform | url = | format = | department = | journal = [[IEEE Transactions on Computers]] | language = en | publisher = IEEE Computer Society | volume = C-23 | issue = 1 | pages = 90{{hyphen}}93 | doi = 10.1109/T-C.1974.223784 | eissn = 1557-9956 | issn = 0018-9340 | lccn = 75642478 | oclc = 1799331 | ol = | s2cid = 206619973 | df = dmy-all }}
*{{cite book | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Nasir | author-link1 = Nasir Ahmed (engineer) | last2 = Rao | first2 = Kamisetty Ramamohan | author-link2 = K. R. Rao | author-mask2 = 1 | date = 1975-08-07 | title = Orthogonal Transforms for Digital Signal Processing | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] | publication-place = New York | doi = 10.1109/ICASSP.1976.1170121 | isbn = 978-3540065562 | lccn = 73018912 | ol = OL22806004M | oclc = 438821458 | s2cid = 10776771 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Elliott | first1 = Douglas F. | author-link1 = | last2 = Rao | first2 = K. Ramamohan | author-link2 = K. R. Rao | author-mask2 = 1 | date = 1983-02-11 | orig-date = | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Fast Transforms Algorithms, Analyses, Applications | url = https://archive.org/details/fasttransformsal0000elli/ | url-access = registration | language = en | volume = | edition = 1st | publication-place = Orlando, Florida | publisher = Academic Press | page = | pages = | doi = | doi-access = | isbn = 978-0122370809 | lccn = 79008852 | oclc = 471811324 | ol = OL33490917M | via = [[Internet Archive]] | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 1985-01-01 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Discrete Transforms And Their Applications | url = | url-access = | series = Benchmark Papers in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[Wiley (publisher)|Van Nostrand Reinhold]] | page = | pages = | doi = | isbn = 978-0442276690 | lccn = 84020832 | oclc = 246796185 | ol = OL2858181M | s2cid = 118773622 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Srinivasan | first2 = Ram | author-link2 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 1985-09-01 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Teleconferencing | url = https://archive.org/details/teleconferencing0000unse_p0p0 | url-access = registration | series = Benchmark Papers in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[Wiley (publisher)|Van Nostrand Reinhold]] | page = | pages = | doi = | isbn = 978-0442278267 | lccn = 85006078 | oclc = 11867822 | ol = OL3025695M | via = [[Internet Archive]] | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. Ramamohan | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Yip | first2 = Patrick C. | author-link2 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 1990-09-11 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Discrete Cosine Transform: Algorithms, Advantages, Applications | url = | url-access = | series = Signal, Image and Speech Processing | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[Academic Press]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1016/c2009-0-22279-3 | arxiv = 1109.0337 | isbn = 978-0125802031 | lccn = 89029800 | oclc = 1008648293 | ol = OL2207570M | s2cid = 12270940 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K.R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Hwang | first2 = J. J. | author-link2 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 1996-07-18 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Techniques and Standards for Image, Video, and Audio Coding | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = | publisher = Prentice Hall | page = | pages = | isbn = 978-0133099072 | lccn = 96015550 | oclc = 34617596 | ol = OL978319M | s2cid = 56983045 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Bojkovic | first2 = Zoran S. | author-link2 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2000-04-15 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Packet Video Communications over ATM Networks | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = 1st | publisher = Prentice Hall | page = | pages = | doi = | isbn = 978-0130115188 | lccn = 99044156 | oclc = 247762667 | ol = OL10073693M | s2cid = 57275175 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. Ramamohan | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Yip | first2 = Patrick C. | author-link2 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2000-09-27 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = The Transform and Data Compression Handbook | url = | url-access = | series = Electrical Engineering & Applied Signal Processing Series | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1201/9781420037388 | isbn = 978-0125802031 | lccn = 00057149 | oclc = 44468841 | ol = OL19020123M | s2cid = 116261584 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Bojkovic | first2 = Zoran S. | author-link2 = | last3 = Milovanovic | first3 = Dragorad A. | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2002-05-06 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Multimedia Communication Systems: Techniques, Standards, and Networks | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = | publisher = Prentice Hall | page = | pages = | doi = | isbn = 978-0130313980 | lccn = 2002021427 | oclc = 807397722 | ol = OL9285737M | s2cid = 59669344 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Wu | first1 = H. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Rao | first2 = K. R. | author-link2 = K. R. Rao | author-mask2 = 1 | date = 2005-11-18 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = The Transform and Data Compression Handbook | url = | url-access = | series = Signal Processing and Communications | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1201/9781420037388 | isbn = 978-0824727772 | lccn = 2005051404 | oclc = 781375718 | ol = OL34589317M | s2cid = 116261584 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Bojkovic | first2 = Zoran S. | author-link2 = | last3 = Milovanovic | first3 = Dragorad A. | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2006-01-03 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Introduction to Multimedia Communications: Applications, Middleware, Networking | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = | publisher = Prentice Hall | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1002/0471656399 | isbn = 978-0471467427 | lccn = 2005001259 | oclc = 940714465 | ol = OL3392250M | s2cid = 60544523 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Britanak | first1 = Vladimir | author-link1 = | last2 = Yip | first2 = Patrick C. | author-link2 = | last3 = Rao | first3 = K. R. | author-link3 = K. R. Rao | author-mask3 = 1 | date = 2006-11-06 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Discrete Cosine and Sine Transforms: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = | publisher = [[Academic Press]] | page = | pages = | doi = | isbn = 978-0123736246 | lccn = 2006931102 | oclc = 220853454 | ol = OL18495589M | s2cid = 118873224 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K.R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Kim | first2 = Do Nyeon | author-link2 = | last3 = Hwang | first3 = Jae Jeong | author-link3 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2010-10-07 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Fast Fourier Transform - Algorithms and Applications | url = | url-access = | series = Signals and Communication Technology | language = en | edition = 2010th | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-6629-0 | isbn = 978-1402066283 | lccn = 2010934857 | oclc = 828528685 | ol = OL25559230M | s2cid = 117791909 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K.R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Kim | first2 = Do Nyeon | author-link2 = | last3 = Hwang | first3 = Jae Jeong | author-link3 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2013-10-21 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Video coding standards: AVS China, H.264/MPEG-4 PART 10, HEVC, VP6, DIRAC and VC-1 | url = | url-access = | series = Signals and Communication Technology | language = en | edition = 2014th | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-6742-3 | isbn = 978-9400767416 | lccn = 2013939570 | oclc = 1026103913 | ol = OL27990888M | s2cid = 39585218 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K. R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Bojkovic | first2 = Zoran S. | author-link2 = | last3 = Bakmaz | first3 = Bojan M. | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2014-06-24 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems: Design, Analysis, and Implementation | url = | url-access = | series = | language = en | edition = 1st | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1201/b17059 | isbn = 978-1466566002 | lccn = 2014007345 | oclc = 1016108013 | ol = OL28774961M | s2cid = 63951744 | df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Rao | first1 = K.R. | author-link1 = K. R. Rao | last2 = Hwang | first2 = J. J. | author-link2 = | last3 = Kim | first3 = D. N. | author-link3 = | author-mask1 = 1 | date = 2017-08-17 | chapter = | script-chapter = | trans-chapter = | chapter-url = | chapter-url-access = | chapter-format = | title = High Efficiency Video Coding and Other Emerging Standards | url = | url-access = | series = Signal, Image and Speech Processing | language = en | edition = | publisher = River Publishers | page = | pages = | doi = 10.1201/9781003338406 | isbn = 978-8793609037 | lccn = | oclc = 1008648293 | ol = OL30586610M | s2cid = 56901176 | df = dmy-all}}
{{refend}}

== See also==
* [[JPEG#Discrete cosine transform|JPEG]] – This article contains an easily understood example of DCT transformation
* [[Modified discrete cosine transform]]
* [[Discrete sine transform]]
* [[Discrete Fourier transform]]
* [[List of Fourier-related transforms]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="UTA_Mourns">{{cite web | url = https://www.uta.edu/academics/schools-colleges/engineering/about/news/2021/01/21/01-rao-obit | title = College Mourns Electrical Engineering Professor KR Rao | date = 2021-01-21 | df = dmy-all | website = [[University of Texas at Arlington]] | access-date = 2021-12-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128145608/https://www.uta.edu/academics/schools-colleges/engineering/about/news/2021/01/21/01-rao-obit | archive-date = 2021-01-28 | url-status = live | quote = Electrical Engineering Professor Kamisetty R. "K.R." Rao, one of the College's longest-serving faculty members, passed away January 15 in Arlington after a short illness. He was 89. }}</ref>

<ref name="Rao_Obit">{{cite web | date = 2021-01-15 | title = OBITUARY {{!}} Dr. K.R. Rao {{!}} AUGUST 27, 1931 {{hyphen}} JANUARY 15, 2021 | url = https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/arlington-tx/kr-rao-10010623 | website = [[Service Corporation International|Dignity Memorial]] | language = en-us | access-date = 2021-12-28 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Ahmed_1974">{{cite journal | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Nasir | author-link1 = Nasir Ahmed (engineer) | last2 = Natarajan | first2 = T. Raj | author-link2 = | last3 = Rao | first3 = K.R. | author-link3 = K. R. Rao | author-mask3 = 1 | date = 1974-01-01 | title = Discrete Cosine Transform | url = | format = | department = | journal = [[IEEE Transactions on Computers]] | language = en | publisher = IEEE Computer Society | volume = C-23 | issue = 1 | pages = 90{{hyphen}}93 | doi = 10.1109/T-C.1974.223784 | eissn = 1557-9956 | issn = 0018-9340 | lccn = 75642478 | oclc = 1799331 | ol = | s2cid = 39023640 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Rumende">{{cite news | last1 = Rumende | first1 = Thevnin | date = 2021-12-20 | title = UTA remembers professor Kamisetty "K.R." Rao | url = https://www.theshorthorn.com/news/uta-remembers-professor-kamisetty-k-r-rao/article_89e782e8-5b9e-11eb-8f8d-13a8fa1fdd87.html | url-status = live | work = [[The Shorthorn]] | language = en-us | issn = 0892-6603 | oclc = 232118097 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210305200132/https://www.theshorthorn.com/news/uta-remembers-professor-kamisetty-k-r-rao/article_89e782e8-5b9e-11eb-8f8d-13a8fa1fdd87.html | archive-date = 2021-03-05 | access-date = 2021-12-28 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Dang_2021">{{cite news | last1 = Le | first1 = Dang | date = 2021-12-27 | title = Electrical engineering professor remembered for his mentorship, kindness and contributions to research | url = https://www.theshorthorn.com/news/electrical-engineering-professor-remembered-for-his-mentorship-kindness-and-contributions-to-research/article_79b8b99a-6013-11eb-8a73-8f4abfa34aac.html | url-status = live | work = [[The Shorthorn]] | language = en-us | issn = 0892-6603 | oclc = 232118097 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210210094809/https://www.theshorthorn.com/news/electrical-engineering-professor-remembered-for-his-mentorship-kindness-and-contributions-to-research/article_79b8b99a-6013-11eb-8a73-8f4abfa34aac.html | archive-date = 2021-02-10 | access-date = 2021-12-28 | df = dmy-all}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*Books by Dr Rao, [https://www.informit.com/authors/bio.aspx?a=cdf971e5-3ea0-4e99-9676-44180bbfd7a6 Books]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010629152615/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/index.html IEEE Fellow Citation] (He was elected Fellow of the IEEE ''for contributions to the theory and practice of image and video compression''.)
*[https://mentis.uta.edu/explore/profile/dr-kamisetty-rao Dr Rao's faculty page at UTA]
*[http://www-ee.uta.edu/DIP/ Multimedia Processing Lab's page at UTA]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. R.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:University of Florida College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:University of New Mexico alumni]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Arlington faculty]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Data compression researchers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]

Geetham (film)

2026-03-03T20:58:41Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: improve details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Geetham
| image = Geetham (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]] (screenplay) Asha Mathew (writer)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|10|09|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Geetham''''' is a [[1986 in film|1986]] [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/Geetham.htm|title=Geetham|work=bharatmovies.com|access-date=2009-04-21|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414073126/http://bharatmovies.com/malayalam/info/Geetham.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1994|edition=illustrated|page=568|isbn= 978-0-85170-455-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Geetham,+1986}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Yatheendran
*[[Mohanlal]] as Jagadeesh Nair
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Aparna, Atheena
*[[Thilakan]] as Kesava Kurup
*[[Srividya]] as Aparna's Mother
*Master Amit
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Bose
*[[Sukumari]]
*Tony as Singer
*[[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] as Herself
*[[Ranjini Haridas]] as child at school (uncredited)

==Plot==
Besides having numerous business ventures in which she is a partner, Aparna ([[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]) joins as a teacher in a non-profitable organisation against her mother's wishes. A kid named Abhimanyu in her class grabs her attention. Later, she finds that Abhimanyu's father is a famous playwright, Yatheendran, alias Yathi ([[Mammootty]]), a man whom she once loved. Yathi's latest play titled "Aparna" was inspired by her life. Aparna treated Abhimanyu with the utmost care until a mysterious man named Jagadeesh Nair ([[Mohanlal]]), claiming to be the biological father of Abhimanyu, landed from the US to take the child with him. Aparna learns that Abhimanyu was none other than the son of her late twin sister Atheena ([[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]) who was married to Jagadeesh.

Jagadeesh pressurises Yathi to get him to hand over Abhimanyu back to Jagadeesh. After trying to resist and reason with Jagadeesh, Yathi finally allows Jagadeesh to take Abhimanyu with him. After spending a night with the child Jagadeesh realises that he cannot replace Yathi's love and care for the child. Jagadeesh gives back Abhimanyu to Yathi and Aparna, before flying back to America.

==Soundtrack==

Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?MovieId=1110 |title=Geetham (1986) |work=devaragam.com |access-date=2009-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010408/http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?MovieId=1110 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

* "Aromal Hamsame" ([[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Bichu Thirumala]], [[Ravindran]])
* "Chuvaduvachu Kalikkane" ([[Sujatha Mohan]], Bichu Thirumala, Ravindran)
* "Hei Kurumpi" ([[K. S. Chithra]], Bichu Thirumala, Ravindran)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271524|Geetham }}

{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sajan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Tharaasu

2026-03-03T05:16:04Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: improve information further and fixed typos based on references

{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tharaasu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajaganapathy
| writer = Rajaganapathy
| producer = G. Kanagasubbu
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Poornam Viswanathan]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Raja Ganapathy Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|03|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Tharaasu''''' ({{translation|[[Weighing scale|Weighing balance]]}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A. R. |author-link=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |date=19 July 2014 |title=And, it all ended |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/and-it-all-ended/article6228189.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250620005531/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/and-it-all-ended/article6228189.ece |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by Rajaganapathy and produced by G. Kanakasubbu. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=241-250 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp25.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614032558/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp25.htm |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: சிவாஜி, பிரபு இரு வேடத்தில் நடித்த படம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/130251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613004117/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/130251 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> It was released on 16 March 1984,<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2020 |title=சிவாஜி, ரஜினியை இயக்கியும் தோல்வியடைந்த இயக்குநர்- ப.கவிதா குமார் |url=https://uyirmmai.com/news/cinema/analysis-on-tamil-lyricist-director-purtchi-thasan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115302/https://uyirmmai.com/news/cinema/analysis-on-tamil-lyricist-director-purtchi-thasan/ |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Uyirmmai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=March 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Manaalan
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Valli
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]]
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Suresh
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[M. N. Nambiar]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]]
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]]
*[[Silk Smitha]] as an [[item number|item girl]]
}}

==Production==
The song "Naanthanya Silk" was shot at Singapore Palace at [[Mandavelli]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 1983 |title=பிரபுவை மயக்க சில்க் ஆடிய நடனம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_325/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620004753/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_325/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The song "Ondra Renda" was shot at Vijaya Gardens.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 1984 |title=காதலன் கண்ணெதிரே மாற்றானுடன் அம்பிகா டூயட் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_95/3.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250622051608/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_95/3.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by Puratchi Daasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharasu Tamil Film Lp Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/tharasu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302134607/https://mossymart.com/product/tharasu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 1984 |title=Tharasu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tharasu/Hv2U80D,bQ4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302134606/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tharasu/Hv2U80D,bQ4_ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sindhanai Thondri
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Polla Pokkiri
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Onna Renda
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Malaysia Vasudevan, Sasikala
| length3 =
| title4 = Naanthanya Silk
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]], [[T. S. Raghavendra|Vijay Ramani]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Aaya Kadai
| note5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, Vijay Ramani
| length5 =
| title6 = Pogathan
| note6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Raja Harishchandra

2026-02-20T00:14:47Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: cleanup

{{short description|1913 film by Dadasaheb Phalke}}
{{About|a feature film made by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] in 1913|a short film made by Phalke in 1917|Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra|the feature film made in Calcutta in 1917|Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Harischandra
| image = Publicity poster for film, Raja Harishchandra (1913).jpg
| caption = Publicity poster for film show at the [[Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall]], [[Girgaon]]
| director = [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
| producer = Dadasaheb Phalke
| screenplay = Dadasaheb Phalke
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[D. D. Dabke|Dattatraya Dabke]]
* [[Anna Salunke]]
* Bhalchandra Phalke
* Gajanan Sane}}
| cinematography = [[Trymbak B. Telang]]
| editing = Dadasaheb Phalke
| studio = Phalke Films Company
| released = {{Film date|1913|04|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 40 minutes
| country = India
| language = Silent
}}

'''''Raja Harishchandra''''' ({{Translation|King Harishchandra}}) is a 1913 Indian [[silent film]] directed and produced by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]. It is often considered the first full-length Indian feature film. ''Raja Harishchandra'' features [[D. D. Dabke|Dattatraya Damodar Dabke]], [[Anna Salunke]], Bhalchandra Phalke and Gajanan Vasudev Sane. It is based on the legend of [[Harishchandra]], with Dabke portraying the title character. The film, being silent, had English, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Hindi]]-language [[intertitle]]s.

Phalke decided to make a feature film after watching ''[[The Birth, the Life and the Death of Christ|The Life of Christ]]'' (1906) at a theatre in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in April 1911. In February 1912, he went to London for two weeks to learn filmmaking techniques and upon return founded Phalke Films Company. He imported the hardware required for filmmaking and [[Film distribution|exhibition]] from England, France, Germany, and the United States. Phalke shot a short film ''Ankurachi Wadh'' (''Growth of a Pea Plant'') to attract investors for his venture. He published advertisements in various newspapers calling for the cast and crew. As no women were available to play female roles, male actors performed the female roles. Phalke was in charge of [[scriptment]], direction, [[Production designer|production design]], [[Theatrical makeup|make-up]], film editing, along with [[Photographic processing|film processing]]. [[Trymbak B. Telang]] handled the camera. Phalke completed filming in six months and 27 days producing a film of {{Convert|3700|ft}}, about four reels.

The film [[premiere]]d at the Olympia Theatre, Bombay, on 21 April 1913, and had its theatrical release on 3 May 1913 at the [[Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall]], [[Girgaon]]. It was a commercial success and laid the foundation for the [[Cinema of India|film industry in the country]]. The film is [[List of incomplete or partially lost films|partially lost]]; only the first and last reels of the film are preserved at the [[National Film Archive of India]]. Some film historians believe these belong to a 1917 remake of the film by Phalke titled ''[[Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]''.

The status of ''Raja Harishchandra'' as the first full-length Indian feature film has been debated. Some film historians consider [[Dadasaheb Torne]]'s silent film ''[[Shree Pundalik]]'', released on 18 May 1912, the maiden Indian film. The [[Government of India]], however, recognises ''Raja Harishchandra'' as the first Indian feature film.

== Plot ==
[[File:Raja Harishchandra- 1913- India's First Silent Film.webm|thumb|right|Raja Harishchandra]]
King [[Harishchandra]] ([[D. D. Dabke]]) is shown teaching his son, [[Rohitashva]] (Bhalchandra Phalke), how to shoot with a bow and arrow in the presence of Queen [[Taramati]] ([[Anna Salunke]]). His citizens ask him to go on a hunting expedition. While on the hunt, Harishchandra hears the cries of some women. He reaches a place where the sage [[Vishvamitra]] (Gajanan Sane) is performing a ''[[yajna]]'' to get help from ''[[Guṇa|Triguna]]'' ''[[Shakti]]'' (''three powers'') against their will.{{efn|As per the [[Samkhya]] [[hindu philosophy]], [[Prakṛti]] is one of two eternal principles. It is composed of three ''gunas'' (prime qualities): ''[[sattva]]'', ''[[rajas]]'', and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]''.<ref name="Frawley2014">{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |title=Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi |date=7 October 2014 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-0-940676-25-1 |page=172 |author-link=David Frawley |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144808/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FrawleyRanade2004">{{Cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFipzD44hNIC&pg=PA28 |title=Ayurveda, Nature's Medicine |last2=Ranade |first2=Subhash |date=August 2004 |publisher=M. Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2040-1 |page=28 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144809/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFipzD44hNIC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Harishchandra unwittingly interrupts Vishvamitra in the midst of his ''yajna'' by releasing the three powers. To appease Vishvamitra's wrath, Harishchandra offers his kingdom. Returning to the royal palace, he informs Taramati of the happenings. Vishvamitra sends Harishchandra, Taramati, and Rohitashva into exile and asks them to arrange for ''[[dakshina]]''. While in exile, Rohitashva dies and Harishchandra sends Taramati to ask the [[Doms|Dom]] king for arranging a free cremation. While Taramati is on her way to meet the Dom king, Vishvamitra frames her for the murder of the prince of Kashi. Taramati faces trial, pleads guilty and is ordered to be beheaded by Harishchandra. When he raises his sword to complete his task, a pleased Lord [[Shiva]] appears. Vishvamitra reveals that he was examining Harishchandra's integrity, returns the crown to him and brings Rohitashva back to life.{{sfn|Raheja|Kothari|2004|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Interrogating Modernity: Culture and Colonialism in India |publisher=Seagull Books |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7046-109-8 |editor-last=Niranjana |editor-first=Tejaswini |editor-link=Tejaswini Niranjana |pages=76–80 |chapter=The Phalke Era: Conflict of Traditional Form and Modern Technology |editor-last2=Dhareshwar |editor-first2=Vivek |editor-last3=Sudhir |editor-first3=P. |chapter-url=http://cscs.res.in/dataarchive/textfiles/textfile.2008-02-06.6750403959/file |chapter-format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119041010/http://cscs.res.in/dataarchive/textfiles/textfile.2008-02-06.6750403959/file |archive-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[D. D. Dabke|Dattatraya Damodar Dabke]] as Harishchandra
* [[Anna Salunke]] as [[Taramati]], Harishchandra's wife
* Bhalchandra Phalke as Rohitashva, son of Harishchandra and Taramati
* Gajanan Vasudev Sane as Vishvamitra

Other artists in the film were Dattatreya Kshirsagar, Dattatreya Telang, Ganpat G. Shinde, Vishnu Hari Aundhkar, and Nath T. Telang.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=243}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{quote box
| quote="While ''The Life of Christ'' was rolling fast before my physical eyes, I was mentally visualising the Gods, Shri Krishna, Shri Ramachandra, their [[Gokul]] and their [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. I was gripped by a strange spell. I bought another ticket and saw the film again. This time I felt my imagination taking shape on the screen. Could this really happen? Could we, the sons of India, ever be able to see the Indian images on the screen?"
| quoted = 1
| source = – Phalke on watching Jesus on the screen<ref name="Dharap">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |title=Indian Films |publisher=National Film Archive of India |year=1985 |pages=35 |oclc=71801090}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 25em
}}

On 14 April 1911, [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] with his elder son Bhalchandra went to see a film, ''Amazing Animals'', at the America India Picture Palace,{{sfn|Kosambi|2017|p=320}} [[Girgaon]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=24–26}} Surprised at seeing animals on the screen, Bhalchandra informed his mother, Saraswatibai, about his experience. None of the family members believed them, so Phalke took his family to see the film the next day. As it was Easter, the theatre screened a film about Jesus, ''The Life of Christ'' (1906) by the French director [[Alice Guy-Blaché]].<ref name="Dharap" />{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=24–26}}{{efn|In one of the interviews, Phalke mentioned the day as Christmas of 1910. But, the issue of ''The Times of India'' of 14 April 1911 contains an advertisement of ''The Life of Christ''.{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=24–26}}}} While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] instead and decided to start in the business of "moving pictures".{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=24–26}} After completing his two-week trip to London to learn filmmaking techniques, he founded Phalke Films Company on 1 April 1912.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=33}}{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=177}}

During his London trip, Phalke had placed an order for a Williamson camera and [[Kodak]] raw films and a [[Film perforations|perforator]] which reached Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in May 1912.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=35}}<ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=73}}</ref> He set up a processing room and taught his family to perforate and develop the film.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=35}} Though Phalke was certain of his idea of filmmaking, he could not find any investors. So, he decided to make a short film to demonstrate the techniques. He planted some peas in a pot, placed a camera in front of it, and shot one frame a day for over a month. This resulted in a film, lasting just over a minute, of the seed growing, sprouting, and changing into a climber. Phalke titled this short film ''Ankurachi Wadh'' (''Growth of a Pea Plant'') and showed it to selected individuals. Some of them, including Yashwantrao Nadkarni and Narayanrao Devhare, offered Phalke a loan.<ref name="Routledge" /><ref name="kesari1913">{{Cite news |date=19 August 1913 |title=मुलाखत: धुंडिराज गोविंद फाळके |language=Marathi |trans-title=Interview: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke |work=Kesari |location=Pune}}</ref>

=== Story ===
[[File:Harishchandra by RRV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=A coloured painting of Harishchandra parting with his wife and son|upright|Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], depicting Harishchandra parting with his wife and son]]

In his [[Marathi language]] magazine ''Suvarnamala'', Phalke had published a story ''Surabaichi Kahani'' (''A Tale of [[Sura (alcoholic drink)|Sura]]''). The story, which depicted the ill effects of alcoholism, was the first he considered for filming. After watching several American films screened in Bombay, he observed that they included [[Mystery film|mystery]] and romance, which the audiences liked. His family members suggested that the storyline should appeal to middle-class people and women and it should also highlight [[Culture of India|Indian culture]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=34}}

After considering various stories depicted in [[Hindu mythology]], Phalke's family shortlisted the legends of Krishna, [[Savitri and Satyavan]], and [[Harishchandra]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=35}} At the time, a play based on the legends of Harishchandra was popular on [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]] and [[Urdu literature#Drama|Urdu stages]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=36}} Friends and neighbours had often called Phalke "Harishchandra" for having sold all his belongings, except his wife's [[mangala sutra]], to fulfil his filmmaking dream.<ref name="kesari1913" /> Thus, Phalke decided on the legends of Harishchandra and wrote the script for his feature film.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=36}}

=== Casting ===
{{quote box
| quote="Wanted actors, carpenters, washermen, barbers and painters. Bipeds who are drunkards, loafers or ugly should not bother to apply for actor. It would do if those who are handsome and without physical defect are dumb. Artistes must be good actors. Those who are given to immoral living or have ungainly looks or manners should not take pains to visit."
| quoted = 1
| source = – Casting call published in various newspapers{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=37}}
| align = left
| width = 30em
}}

Phalke published advertisements in various newspapers like ''[[Induprakash]]'' calling for the cast and crew required for the film. It was well-received and huge number of applicants came in for the auditions.{{efn|Since Phalke was making a silent film, he also allowed [[Muteness|mute]] artists to audition.}} Despite a growing response to the advertisement, he was not satisfied with the performers' skills. He discontinued the advertisements and decided to scout for the artists through theatre companies.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=37}}

Padurang Gadhadhar Sane and Gajanan Vasudev Sane were among the first artists to join Phalke Films Company.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=38}} The former was playing female roles in the Natyakala theatre company; the latter was performing in Urdu plays.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=37}} Both joined for a salary of {{INR}}40 per month. Gajanan Sane introduced his acquaintance [[D. D. Dabke|Dattatraya Damodar Dabke]]. Phalke was impressed with his physique and personality and offered him the lead role of Harishchandra.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=38}}

In response to the advertisement, four prostitutes auditioned for the role of [[Taramati]]. Phalke rejected them for not having satisfactory looks and revised the advertisement to read: "Only good-looking women should come for interview."{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=38}} Two more prostitutes auditioned but left after two days. A young lady, who was a [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]], auditioned and Phalke selected her for the female lead. She rehearsed for four days. However, on the fifth day, her master objected to her working in the film and took her away.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=38}} In despair, Phalke also visited Bombay's [[Red-light district|red-light area]] on [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] in [[Kamathipura]]. He was asked either to pay a high salary or to marry the woman.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=39}} One day, while having tea at a restaurant on Grant Road,{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=39}} Phalke noticed [[Anna Salunke|Krishna Hari alias Anna Salunke]], an effeminate young man with slender features and hands.{{sfn|Bose|2006|p=50}} Salunke was working as a cook or waiter at the restaurant on a monthly salary of {{INR|10}}.{{sfn|Bose|2006|p=50}}<ref name="Dwyer">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qjKJ0yk-gQC&pg=PA23 |title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-203-08865-4 |pages=23 |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103081710/http://books.google.com/books?id=8qjKJ0yk-gQC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> He agreed to work in films when Phalke offered him a raise of five rupees.<ref name="Schulze2003">{{Cite book |last=Schulze |first=Brigitte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DytnAAAAMAAJ |title=Humanist and Emotional Beginnings of a Nationalist Indian Cinema in Bombay: With Kracauer in the Footsteps of Phalke |publisher=Avinus |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-930064-12-0 |pages=127 |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107193914/http://books.google.com/books?id=DytnAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Salunke later reprised the same role in Phalke's 1917 film ''[[Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]''.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=243}} Later, he also became the first actor to play the double role in Indian cinema by portraying the male lead [[Rama]] and his wife [[Sita]], in Phalke's 1917 film ''[[Lanka Dahan]]''.<ref name="Majumdar2009">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Neepa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC&pg=PA224 |title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-252-09178-0 |pages=224}}</ref>}}

Phalke auditioned many boys for the role of [[Rohitashva]], son of Harishchandra and Taramati, but none of the parents would allow their children to work in the film as the character would have to live in the forests and was to die. Finally, Phalke's elder son Bhalchandra was assigned the role, becoming the first child actor in Indian cinema.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=38}}{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=29}}

=== Pre-production ===
[[File:Phalke.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A black-and-white picture of a man looking at the filmstrip|upright|Phalke seated on a chair with a small roll of film in his hands]]
Phalke hired around forty people for his [[film studio]] known as a factory in those days.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=39}}{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=52}} Since working in films was a [[taboo]], Phalke advised his artists to tell others they were working in a factory for a man named Harishchandra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2017 |title='Raja Harishchandra': Indian Cinema Was Born This Day 105 Years Ago |work=Mid Day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raja-harishchandra--indian-cinema-was-born-this-day-105-years-ago/16181165 |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211222/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raja-harishchandra--indian-cinema-was-born-this-day-105-years-ago/16181165 |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> Phalke watched several foreign films to learn about [[Screenwriting|screenplay writing]] and then completed the script for ''Raja Harishchandra''.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=40}} The film had an all-male cast as no women were available to play female leads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=15 December 2001 |title=10 pre-release big ones |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/15jha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620044728/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/15jha.htm |archive-date=20 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> After coming to the studio, male actors playing female roles were asked to wear [[sari]]s and do women's chores like sifting rice, and making flour to help Saraswatibai.<ref name="dhanurdhari1946">{{Cite news |date=16 February 1946 |title=मुलाखत: सरस्वतीबाई धुंडिराज फाळके |language=Marathi |trans-title=Interview: Saraswatibai Dhundiraj Phalke |work=Dhanurdhari |location=Nashik}}</ref> Though some actors were associated with theatres, most of the cast did not have any prior acting experience. Phalke ran several rehearsals with the actors. Often, he had to wear a sari himself and act out the scene.<ref name="kesari1913" /> A number of photographs from English periodicals showing various facial expressions were hung up in the rehearsal studio. All the actors had to go through a mandatory exercise where they were asked to make similar faces.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=40}}

About the same time, the Rajapurkar Natak Mandali drama company visited Bombay. Many of the company's shows were based on Hindu mythology. Phalke met the company's proprietor, Babajirao Rane, and explained his idea of indigenous film production. Rane was impressed by the idea and offered his support by lending his actors and their costumes. Phalke decided to use material like Harishchandra's crown, wig, swords, shields, and bows and arrows in the film.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=41}} Phalke's brother-in-law owned two drama companies, Belgaokar Natak Mandali and Saraswati Natak Mandali. He offered similar help, but Phalke politely declined as the majority of the cast and crew were finalised.<ref name="dhanurdhari1946" /> Phalke designed the costumes and stage scenes based on the paintings of [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]. He painted the scenes for the palace, jungle, mountains, fields and caves himself on curtains. After the sets were erected for the indoor shooting, painter Rangnekar was hired for the monthly salary of {{INR}}60.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=42}}

Phalke imported the hardware required for the filmmaking and [[Film distribution|exhibition]] from England, France, Germany, and the United States from manufacturers including Houghton Butcher, [[Tessar|Zeiss Tessar]], and [[Pathé]]. This included negative and positive film stocks, cameras, lights, [[Film laboratory]] equipment, printing and editing machines, [[negative cutting]] tools, and [[Movie projector|film projectors]].{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=243}} He decided to take on the responsibility for the [[scriptment]], direction, [[Production designer|production design]], [[Theatrical makeup|make-up]], Film editing, and [[Photographic processing|film processing]]. He asked [[Trymbak B. Telang]], his childhood friend from [[Nashik]], to come to Bombay. Telang was working as a priest at the [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]]. Phalke had taught him [[Photography|still photography]] as a childhood hobby.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=41}} After his arrival, Phalke trained Telang in the operation of the Williamson camera and made him the film's [[cinematographer]].<ref name="DEOCAMPO2017">{{Cite book |last=Deocampo |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yFmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |title=Early Cinema in Asia |date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03444-1 |page=270 |author-link=Nick Deocampo |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144809/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yFmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Anna Salunke.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=A black-and-white picture of a man posing as woman|upright|[[Anna Salunke]] as [[Sita]] in ''[[Lanka Dahan]]'' (1917)]]
Production design for the film started after the [[Monsoon#South Asian monsoon|monsoon season]] of 1912. While the [[Set construction|sets were being erected]] at Phalke's bungalow at [[Dadar]], an outdoor shooting was scheduled at [[Vangani]], a village outside Bombay.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=42}} Some of the male actors playing female roles, including Anna Salunke who was playing the female lead, were not ready to shave off their moustaches because it is part of one of the [[Antyesti#Traditional practices|Hindu rituals]] to be performed after the death of one's father.<ref name="kesari1913" /><ref name="ParkesLaungani2015">{{Cite book |last1=Parkes |first1=Colin Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkHLCQAAQBAJ |title=Death and Bereavement Across Cultures |last2=Laungani |first2=Pittu |last3=Young |first3=William |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-52092-4 |edition=2nd |pages=66–67 |access-date=20 June 2018 |orig-year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=EkHLCQAAQBAJ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Phalke persuaded the actors and their fathers to have the moustaches shaved and the unit left for Vangani.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=40}}{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=42}}

The unit was lodged at the village temple and continued their rehearsals until Phalke arrived from Bombay. The villagers were frightened to see the troupe of people wearing costumes, wielding swords, shields, and spears while practising the scenes. They informed the ''[[Patil (title)|Patil]]'' (village headman) that [[Dacoity|dacoits]] (robbers) had entered the village. He immediately reported to the ''[[Faujdar]]'' (commander) who visited the temple.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=42}} The unit explained film-making to them, but the ''Faujdar'' did not believe their story and arrested everyone. When Phalke reached the village, he immediately met the ''Patil'' and the ''Faujdar'' explaining to them again about cinema and filming by showing them the equipment. Without loading film into the camera, he asked his unit to enact one of the film's scenes and went through the motions of filming a scene. After viewing the scene, the ''Faujdar'' understood Phalke's new venture and released everyone.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=43}}

While playing with other children, Bhalchandra fell on a rock and his head started bleeding. Phalke treated him with a [[first aid kit]], but he remained unconscious. Various unit members suggested that Bhalchandra should be taken to Bombay for further treatment and once he was completely recovered, shooting could be resumed. The scene that was to be filmed showed Rohitashva, Bhalchandra's character, dead on a funeral pyre. Resuming the outdoor shoot after Bhalchandra's recovery would have delayed the production and incurred costs. To avoid both, Phalke stoically decided to shoot the scene with the unconscious Bhalchandra.<ref name="kesari1913" />{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=43}} As in the legends of Harishchandra, the King along with Taramati and Rohitashva visit [[Varanasi|Kashi]].<ref name="Mittal2006">{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&pg=PA168 |title=History of Ancient India (A New Version): From 7300 BC to 4250 BC |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-269-0615-4 |volume=1 |page=168 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215100226/http://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was financially challenging for Phalke to go to Kashi and shoot scenes there. So, he took his unit to [[Trimbak]]eshwar, where they camped for about a month and filmed the required scenes. Phalke used to develop the film at night for the scenes that were shot throughout the day. He would re-shoot the scenes next day if they were not of the desired quality. Filming was completed in six months and twenty-seven days to produce a film of {{Convert|3700|ft}}; about four [[Reel#Motion picture terminology|reels]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=43}}

Phalke used [[Photo manipulation|trick photography]] to shoot one of the scenes where the god appears and disappears from behind the smoke of sage Vishvamitra's ''[[Yajna]]-[[Vedi (altar)|kund]]''. The [[Negative (photography)|film negative]] stocks used were of limited [[spectral sensitivity]] with low sensitivity to the red band of the [[spectrum]]; thus, sets, costumes, and artists' make-up artists avoided the colour red.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=243}} During the early nineteenth century, plays had an introductory episode, a compere or a person who introduces the performers in a show.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyer |first=Natesan Sharda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2_aFo5sAroC&pg=PA189 |title=Musings on Indian Writing in English: Drama |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7625-801-2 |volume=3 |pages=189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2_aFo5sAroC&pg=PA189 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Divedi |first=Mahavir Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZR0DhhoqfIC&pg=PA164 |title=Sahitya-Vichar |publisher=Bani Prakashan |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7055-386-1 |page=164 |language=Hindi |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZR0DhhoqfIC&pg=PA164 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Unit members suggested the film should also have similar introductory episode with Phalke and his wife playing the roles of Sutradhar and Nati. Phalke agreed to the idea but could not convince Saraswatibai to act in front of a camera. Finally, Padurang Gadhadhar Sane played the role of Nati.<ref name="Shreeyut1962">{{Cite news |date=May 1962 |title=पहिल्या भारतीय चित्रपटाच्या आठवणी |language=Marathi |trans-title=Memories of the first Indian movie |work=Shreeyut}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Film premiere ===
Phalke had difficulties arranging a theatre for screening as criticism of his work had already started. He decided to show the film to a select audience and arranged for a [[premiere]] at the Olympia Theatre, Bombay on 21 April 1913 at 9:00 pm.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=46}} The invitees included doctor and public worker Sir Bhalchandra Bhatavdekar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9ImAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhalchandra+Bhatavdekar |title=Collected works |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |year=1960 |page=442 |author-link=Mahatma Gandhi |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144809/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9ImAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhalchandra+Bhatavdekar |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> scholar [[R. G. Bhandarkar]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2003 |title=Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar: Orientalist par excellence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ramkrishna-Gopal-Bhandarkar-orientalist-par-excellence/articleshow/72430.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190609073054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ramkrishna-Gopal-Bhandarkar-orientalist-par-excellence/articleshow/72430.cms |archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> a judge of Small Cause Court Justice Donald,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rangoonwalla |first=Firoze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swQwAAAAMAAJ&q=donald |title=75 years of Indian cinema |publisher=Indian Book Co. |year=1975 |page=34 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144812/https://books.google.com/books?id=swQwAAAAMAAJ&q=donald |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> newspaper editors and representatives along with some intellectuals and prominent personalities from Bombay.<ref name="esakal">{{Cite news |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=21 April 2012 |title=भारतातील पहिल्या "प्रीमियर"चे आज शताब्दी वर्षात पदार्पण |language=Marathi |trans-title=100 years for India's first premiere show |work=Sakal |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20120421/5174839222123331331.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422054629/http://esakal.com/esakal/20120421/5174839222123331331.htm |archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref> As Phalke's infant daughter, Mandakini, was ill with [[pneumonia]], his elder brother, Shivrampant, advised him to postpone the premiere to another day.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=46}} But, as the invitations had already been sent and the theatre was available only on 21 April, Phalke could not change his decision.<ref name="esakal" />

Bhatavdekar introduced the premiere acknowledging Phalke for his "daring". Justice Donald noted that the film would help Europeans learn more about Hindu mythology. Anant Narayan Kowlgekar of ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' in his review mentioned that "Phalke has grandly brought his skill to the notice of the world."{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=47}} ''[[The Times of India]]'' in their review noted the scenes depicted in the film are "simply marvellous" and "[I]t is really a pleasure to see this piece of Indian workmanship".{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=183–184}} With the favourable reviews generated, Nanasaheb Chitre, Manager of the [[Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall]], [[Girgaon]], expressed his desire to screen the film.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=48}}

=== Theatrical release ===
The film had its theatrical release on 3 May 1913 at the Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall. The show included a dance by Irene Delmar, a comic act by McClements, foot-juggling by Alexandroff, and Tip-Top comic items followed by the film.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=29}} The show's duration was one-and-half hours with four shows scheduled a day at 6:00 pm, 8:00 pm, 10:00 pm, and 11:45 pm. An advertisement for the film published in ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' had a note added at the end that the ticket rates would be double the usual rates.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=48}} The film had a houseful run for a week, and it was extended for twelve more days. A special show was scheduled on 17 May for women and children only at half rates. Initially, 18 May was advertised as the last show, but the film continued its screening due to popular demand.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=50}} It screened continuously for twenty-three days until 25 May and was screened at the Alexandra Theatre on 28 June.{{sfn|Kosambi|2017|p=320}}{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=29}}{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=50}} ''The Bombay Chronicle'' in its issue of 5 May 1913 mentioned that "this wonderful drama is splendidly represented by the company of actors" and praised the "beauty and ingenuity" with which Phalke succeeded in presenting the film scenes.{{sfn|Watve|2012|pp=183–184}}

News of the film's success in Bombay spread across India and there were demands to screen the film in various locations. As there were no film distributors in those days, Phalke had to move the film, the projector, an operator, and some assistants from place to place. When the film was screened for a week at the Nawabi Theatre in [[Surat]], Phalke signed a temporary agreement for 50% partnership with the theatre owner. Despite advertising the film, at its first showing the film met with a lukewarm response. Disappointed by the earnings of only {{INR}}3, the owner asked Phalke either to cancel the show, increase its length, or reduce ticket prices. Phalke politely rejected these suggestions.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=50}} He issued an advertisement in the [[Gujarati language]] calling on people to see "57,000 photographs of three-quarters of an inch width and two miles length", for just one [[Indian anna]]. He also had his actors enact some of the film's scenes at the town's crossroads. The promotion had the desired effect and earnings increased to {{INR}}300.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=52}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=28 September 2016 |title=Role reversal: Street play to promote cinema |work=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Role-reversal-Street-play-to-promote-cinema/articleshow/54568023.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Role-reversal-Street-play-to-promote-cinema/articleshow/54568023.cms |archive-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> Later, the film was also screened at [[Pune]], [[Colombo]], London, and [[Yangon|Rangoon]] with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]]-language [[intertitle]]s.{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=52}}{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=48}}{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=18}}

== Legacy ==
Film historian Firoze Rangoonwalla feels that the film made "a wide impression and appealed to a large audience in different places" and its box office success provided "the seal of acceptance and laid the foundation of the [[Cinema of India|film industry]]" in the country.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=29}} Director and cinematographer [[Govind Nihalani]] explains that the film was shot partly outdoors in direct sunlight and partly in outdoor studios with sunlight blocked by white [[muslin]] producing soft and diffused light. He appreciates the tonal gradation, lighting, and camera movements. He also notes the scene where the god appears and disappears from behind the smoke of sage Vishvamitra's ''[[Yajna]]-[[Vedi (altar)|kund]]'' gives an impression that the scene was filmed in a single shot.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=243}} Film critic Satish Bahadur points out that though the title cards in the film were in English and Hindi, "there was something unmistakably [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]]" in the film. He also mentions that the interior architecture and dresses of countries in the film are more of a [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] [[Peshwa]]i style than [[North India]]n.<ref name="Routledge" /> Ashish Rajadhyaksha in his ''The Phalke Era: Conflict of Traditional Form and Modern Technology'' (1993) mentions that the film's narrative style was borrowed from painting, theatre and traditional arts to attract the audience into cinema.<ref name="Nelmes2003">{{Cite book |last=Nelmes |first=Jill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vb_1ma9DKH0C&pg=PA367 |title=An Introduction to Film Studies |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-26268-2 |pages=367 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706120307/https://books.google.com/books?id=vb_1ma9DKH0C&pg=PA367 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dilip Rajput of the [[National Film Archive of India]] notes that the film's scenes appear to run faster because of the current projector speed of 24-frames-per-second as compared to 16 to 18-frames-per-second speed of the projector that was used for the film.{{sfn|Raheja|Kothari|2004|p=17}}

Directed by [[Paresh Mokashi]], the 2009 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'' (''Harishchandra's Factory'') depicts the making of ''Raja Harishchandra''. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at the [[56th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=56th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309042256/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=82–83}}</ref> It was selected as India's [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|official entry]] to the [[82nd Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] category along with the [[62nd British Academy Film Awards]] and the [[66th Golden Globe Awards]] but was not listed among the final five nominations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2009 |title=UTV to release Harishchandrachi Factory |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/UTV-to-release-Harishchandrachi-Factory/Article1-482593.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212945/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/UTV-to-release-Harishchandrachi-Factory/Article1-482593.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=18 December 2009 |title=Mokashi lives American dream |agency=The Times Group |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mokashi-lives-American-dream/articleshow/5350394.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-18/news-interviews/28107568_1_paresh-mokashi-marathi-film-harishchandrachi-factory |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BAFTA Screenings Archive |url=http://www.baftala.org/screenings/archive/index.php?type=screening&year=2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215103749/http://www.baftala.org/screenings/archive/index.php?type=Screening&year=2009 |archive-date=15 February 2013 |access-date=24 September 2012 |website=British Academy of Film and Television Arts}}</ref>

=== Extant prints ===
The original length of a film was {{Convert|3700|ft}}, about four [[Reel#Motion picture terminology|reels]].{{sfn|Watve|2012|p=43}} In 1917, the film's last print caught fire due to the constant friction and the exposure to high temperatures while it was being transported from one theatre to another, by a bullock cart. Phalke readily re-shot the film to produce the version that exists today.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2014 |title=Nitrate Fires: Reasons for the loss of India's cinematic heritage |url=http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/nitrate-fires-reasons-for-the-loss-of-indias-cinematic-heritage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019072615/http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/nitrate-fires-reasons-for-the-loss-of-indias-cinematic-heritage/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=Film Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrivastava |first=Vipra |date=4 May 2015 |title=10 times when fire caused damage to movie sets |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/fire-on-movie-sets-fire-tragedies-fire-fighters-day-abcd2-mother-india-comedy-nights-with-kapil-devdas-black-dabangg-2-main-tera-hero-raja-harishchandra-251378-2015-05-04 |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211237/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/fire-on-movie-sets-fire-tragedies-fire-fighters-day-abcd2-mother-india-comedy-nights-with-kapil-devdas-black-dabangg-2-main-tera-hero-raja-harishchandra-251378-2015-05-04 |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> However, only the first and last reels of the original film are preserved at the [[National Film Archive of India]] (NFAI) making it a [[List of incomplete or partially lost films|partially lost film]]. Some film historians believe they actually belong to a 1917 remake of the film, titled ''[[Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Harishchandra |url=http://nfaipune.nic.in/raja_harishchandra.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126134259/http://nfaipune.nic.in/raja_harishchandra.htm |archive-date=26 November 2017 |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=National Film Archive of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakravarty |first=Ipsita |date=4 May 2012 |title=Our no-show |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/our-noshow/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211402/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/our-noshow/ |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> NFAI duplicated the film, but around twenty percent of the left side of the screen was lost in the transfer.<ref name="post">{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |date=7 February 2017 |title=The Film Fragment: Survivals in Indian Silent Film |url=http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/921-the-film-fragment-survivals-in-indian-silent-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211723/http://post.at.moma.org/content_items/921-the-film-fragment-survivals-in-indian-silent-film |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> It was believed the film's remaining reels were destroyed along with 1,700 nitrate-based films in the fire at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] on 8 January 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katakam |first=Anupama |date=18 January 2003 |title=Fire at FTII |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2002/stories/20030131008813300.htm |url-status=live |journal=Frontline |publisher=The Hindu Group |volume=20 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2002/stories/20030131008813300.htm |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> The prints were later retrieved from the private collection of Phalke's children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Cithara |date=19 February 2009 |title=India's first talkie 'silent forever'; All Alam-Ara prints lost, Govt clueless |work=The Telegraph (Calcutta) |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090219/jsp/nation/story_10558194.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073342/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090219/jsp/nation/story_10558194.jsp |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Mohini |date=20 June 2015 |title=Saving India's cinema, one film at a time |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/work/saving-indias-cinema-one-film-at-a-time/40489/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114122119/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/work/saving-indias-cinema-one-film-at-a-time/40489/1 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> The NFAI has restored and digitised the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Digitized and Restored Films |url=https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/circleIconPdf/1499148501_Digitized%20and%20Restored%20Films%20List.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135159/https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/circleIconPdf/1499148501_Digitized%20and%20Restored%20Films%20List.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=National Film Archive of India |pages=10, 18}}</ref>

=== Classification as first full-length Indian film ===
The status of ''Raja Harischandra'' as the first full-length [[Cinema of India|Indian feature film]] has been argued over. Some film historians consider [[Dadasaheb Torne]]'s silent film ''[[Shree Pundalik]]'' as the maiden Indian film.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Melissa U. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TP3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PR25 |title=The Encyclopedia of Musicians and Bands on Film |last2=Willson |first2=Paige A. |last3=Fonseca |first3=Anthony J. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4422-6987-3 |pages=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706120307/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TP3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PR25 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Sumita S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&pg=PA35 |title=National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema, 1947–1987 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-292-78985-2 |pages=35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Torne's film was released at the same theatre as ''Raja Harischandra'' on 18 May 1912, almost a year before.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=243}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=D. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrEIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |title=Mass Communication and Journalism in India |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1979 |isbn=978-81-7023-353-4 |pages=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706120307/https://books.google.com/books?id=xrEIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An argument has been made in favour of ''Raja Harischandra'' that ''Shree Pundalik'' is a cinematographic recording of a play, using a single, fixed camera and it was filmed by a British cameraman with the [[film stock]] processed in London.<ref name="Sengupta2015">{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Mekhala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHfDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 |title=Kanan Devi: The First Superstar of Indian Cinema |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5136-537-2 |location=India |pages=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=FHfDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Damle |first=Manjiri |date=21 April 2012 |title=Torne's 'Pundlik' came first, but missed honour |location=Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Tornes-Pundlik-came-first-but-missed-honour/articleshow/12760794.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530104400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/pune/31378416_1_english-films-subtitles-bourne |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Garima |date=3 May 2012 |title=Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bid-to-get-pundalik-recognition-as-first-indian-feature-film/944090/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629093126/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bid-to-get-pundalik-recognition-as-first-indian-feature-film/944090/ |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srampickal |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9NQAW0tWYC&pg=PA68 |title=Communication and media in India today |publisher=Media House |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7495-039-0 |pages=68 |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630135158/https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9NQAW0tWYC&pg=PA68 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] recognises ''Raja Harischandra'' as the first Indian feature film.<ref name="dadasahebdff">{{Cite web |title=Dada Saheb Phalke Award Overview |url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011438/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> In 1969, it introduced the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the country's highest award in cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2018 |title=Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-khanna-dadasaheb-phalke-national-film-award-5135900/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428055903/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-khanna-dadasaheb-phalke-national-film-award-5135900/ |archive-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> to commemorate Phalke's contribution to Indian cinema.<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=17th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/Attachments/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703092206/http://dff.nic.in/Attachments/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=38–42}}</ref>

== See also ==
*''[[Alam Ara]]'' – The first Indian sound film
*[[List of incomplete or partially lost films]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Mihir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LAaAQAAIAAJ |title=Bollywood: A History |publisher=Tempus |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7524-2835-2 |author-link=Mihir Bose |access-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103041302/http://books.google.com/books?id=6LAaAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |editor-last=Gulzar |editor-link=Gulzar |access-date=15 June 2018 |editor-last2=Nihalani |editor-first2=Govind |editor-link2=Govind Nihalani |editor-last3=Chatterjee |editor-first3=Saibal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey8rDwAAQBAJ |title=Gender, Culture, and Performance: Marathi Theatre and Cinema before Independence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-56590-5 |author-link=Meera Kosambi |access-date=25 June 2018 |orig-year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144815/https://books.google.com/books?id=ey8rDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |title=Indian Cinema: The Bollywood Saga |title-link=The Bollywood Saga |last2=Kothari |first2=Jitendra |publisher=Aurum Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84513-016-9 |author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563579-9 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |access-date=9 June 2018 |orig-year=1994 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193440/https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watve |first=Bapu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadasaheb Phalke, The Father of Indian Cinema |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-237-4319-6 |translator-last=Virkar, S. A. |orig-year=2004}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Film|Business}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0003311}}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:1913 short films]]
[[Category:1913 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1913 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Raja Harishchandra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dadasaheb Phalke]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Public domain films]]

Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-31T23:02:54Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Khadoor Sahib {{Small|PB-3}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Khadoor Sahib.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2008
| party = {{Party index link|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| mp = [[Amritpal Singh]]
| preceded_by = [[Jasbir Singh Gill]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jandiala Assembly Constituency|Jandiala]] [[Tarn Taran Assembly Constituency|Tarn Taran]] [[Khemkaran South Assembly Constituency|Khem Karan]] [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]] [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly Constituency|Khadoor Sahib]] [[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Baba Bakala]] [[Kapurthala Assembly Constituency|Kapurthala]] [[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly Constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]] [[Zira Assembly Constituency|Zira]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = [[File:Amritpal Singh Jallupur.jpg|139x139px]]
}}

'''Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]]. This new constituency came into existence as a part of the implementation of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary and assembly constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080216/main8.htm|title=3 Parliament, 16 assembly seats get new names|author=Singh, Prabhjot|date=16 February 2008|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=2009-04-19}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
This constituency comprises or nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref> Before delimitation, Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi assembly segments were in [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]], Zira assembly segment was in [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]] and Jandiala, Patti, Khadoor Sahib and Tarn Taran assembly segments were in [[Tarn Taran Lok Sabha constituency|Tarn Taran]] Lok Sabha constituencies. Khem Karan assembly segment was created as a part of delimitation in 2008.
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"| Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|14
|[[Jandiala Assembly Constituency|Jandiala]] (SC)
|rowspan="2"|[[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|[[Harbhajan Singh ETO]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=6}}
|-
|25
|[[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Baba Bakala]] (SC)
|[[Dalbir Singh Tong]]
|-
|21
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly Constituency|Tarn Taran]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
|[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|22
|[[Khemkaran South Assembly Constituency|Khem Karan]]
|[[Sarvan Singh Dhun]]
|-
|23
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|[[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|-
|24
|[[Khadoor Sahib Assembly Constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|[[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
|-
|27
|[[Kapurthala Assembly Constituency|Kapurthala]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
|[[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|28
|[[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly Constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]]
|[[Rana Inder Pratap Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|75
|[[Zira Assembly Constituency|Zira]]
|[[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
|[[Naresh Kataria]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=50|value2=25|value3=25|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (2 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(1 Time)]]|label3=[[Independent Candidate|'''IND''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Grey}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadoor Sahib Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/parliamentary-constituencies/khadoor-sahib.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1952-2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Ranjit Singh Brahmpura]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Jasbir Singh Gill]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amritpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Khadoor Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate
| party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = [[Amritpal Singh]]
|votes = 404,430
|percentage =38.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|votes = 207,310
|percentage = 19.80
|change ={{decrease}}24.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|votes = 194,836
|percentage = 18.61
|change = {{increase}}17.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Virsa Singh Valtoha]]
|votes = 86,416
|percentage = 8.25
| change = {{decrease}}22.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manjit Singh Mianwind]]
|votes = 86,373
|percentage = 8.25
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 197,120
|percentage = 18.82
|change = {{increase}}5.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,047,165
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent
|loser= Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Khadoor Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jasbir Singh Gill]]
|votes = {{formatnum:459710}}
|percentage = 43.95
|change ={{increase}}31.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:319137}}
|percentage = 30.51
| change = {{decrease}}14.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Punjab Ekta Party
|candidate = Bibi Paramjit Kaur Khalra
|votes = {{formatnum:214489}}
|percentage = 20.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Manjinder Singh Sidhu
|votes = {{formatnum:13656}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes ={{formatnum:140573}}
|percentage = 13.44
|change = {{increase}}12.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1040636}}
|percentage = 63.96
|change ={{decrease}}2.60
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser= Shiromani Akali Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election 2014]]: [[Tarn Taran district|Khadoor Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ranjit Singh Brahmpura]]
|votes = {{formatnum:467332}}
|percentage = 43.40
| change = {{decrease}}6.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Harminder Singh Gill]]
|votes = {{formatnum:366763}}
|percentage = 35.20
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Baldeep Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:166763}}
|percentage = 12.25
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Simranjit Singh Mann
|votes = {{formatnum:13990}}
|percentage =
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes ={{formatnum:100569}}
|percentage =
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1040622}}
|percentage =66.56
|change ={{decrease}}4.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser=
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Tarn Taran district|Khadoor Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate =Dr. Rattan Singh Ajnala
|votes = 4,67,980
|percentage = 49.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rana Gurjeet Singh
|votes = 4,35,720
|percentage = 46.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surinder Singh Shahi
|votes = 13,333
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes =32,260
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,46,645
|percentage =70.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner =Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser=
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tarn Taran Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/khadoor_sahib/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Khadoor Sahib lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{coord|31.4|75.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Kapurthala district]]

SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada

2026-01-26T05:07:25Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Kannada film female debut award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut  – Kannada
| awardname = SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut -Kannada – Kannada
| country = [[India]]
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| year = 21 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| holder = [[Ankita Amar]], ''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| image =
| image caption =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| awarded_for = Best Debut Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in Kannada cinema
}}

'''SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for the best acting done by a female actor in a leading role in her debut [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="25" |[[wiktionary:superlative|Categories]]
! width="100" |Recipient
!Notes
|- style="height:2.5em;"
|Oldest winner
|[[Anupama Gowda]]
|Age 27
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Sreeleela]]
|Age 18
|}

== Winners and nominees ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:center" | '''2011''' [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|(1st)]]
| style="background:#FAEB86"| '''Akanksha Mansurkar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86"| ''[[Olave Mandara|'''Olave Mandara''']]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Kannada |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003600/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2012''' [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|(2nd)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Parul Yadav]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Govindaya Namaha|'''Govindaya Namaha''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Kannada |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manjari Phadnis]]
| ''[[Munjane]]''
|-
| [[Rashmi Gautam]]
| ''[[Guru (2012 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| [[Deepika Kamaiah]]
| ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]''
|-
| [[Nikesha Patel]]
| ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2013''' [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|(3rd)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Parvati Nair|Parvathy Nair]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Story Kathe|'''Story Kathe''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-15|title=3rd SIIMA 2014 winners list: Googly wins 4 big awards!|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-kannada-googly-wins-four-awards-sivarajkumar-bags-best-actor-award-winners-list-609131|access-date=2020-09-28|website=IB Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akhila Kishore]]
| ''[[Padhe Padhe]]''
|-
| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
| ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]''
|-
| [[Rachita Ram]]
| ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]''
|-
| [[Paavana Gowda]]
| ''[[Gombegala Love]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2014''' [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|(4th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Shilpi Sharma (actress)|Shilpi Sharma]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''Aakramana'''''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-11|title=Mr and Mrs Ramachari, Yash and Radhika shine at SIIMA 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Erica Fernandes]]
| ''[[Ninnindale]]''
|-
| [[Gayathiri Iyer]]
| ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]''
|-
| Aishani Shetty
| ''Jothi Alias Kothiraj''
|-
| Shona Chhabra
| ''Savaal''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2015''' [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|(5th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Manvita Kamath]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Kendasampige]]'''''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-kannada-winners-list | title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Kannada films and awards complete winners list|accessdate=29 September 2016|work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
| Apoorva Gowda
| ''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]''
|-
| [[Nabha Natesh]]
| ''[[Vajrakaya]]''
|-
| [[Urvashi Rautela]]
| ''[[Mr. Airavata]]''
|-
| [[Radhika Chetan]]
| ''[[Rangi Taranga]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2016''' [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|(6th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Rashmika Mandanna]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Kirik Party|'''Kirik Party''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-01|title=6th SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Jr NTR bags Best Actor, Kirik Party wins Best Film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|access-date=2021-09-28|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashika Rangnath]]
| ''[[Crazy Boy (film)|Crazy Boy]]''
|-
| [[Krishi Thapanda]]
| ''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]''
|-
| [[Samyuktha Hegde]]
| ''Kirik Party''
|-
| Pooja S M
| ''[[Thithi (film)|Thithi]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2017''' [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|(7th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''Ekta Rathod'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Siliconn City|'''Siliconn City''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/7th-siima-awards-complete-kannada-nominations-list/articleshow/65308460.cms|title=SIIMA 2018: 7th SIIMA awards - Complete Kannada nominations list|website=Times of India|date=7 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
| ''[[Dhairyam (2017 film)|Dhairyam]]''
|-
| Divya Uruduga
| ''[[Huliraaya]]''
|-
| Kavitha Gowda
| ''[[Srinivasa Kalyana]]''
|-
| [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
| ''[[Raj Vishnu]]''
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''2018''' [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|(8th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Anupama Gowda]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri|'''Aa Karaala Ratri''']]''
|rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA 2019 Full Winner List: Yash, Keerthy Suresh and Vijay Deverakonda take home major awards|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-2019-full-winner-list-yash-keerthy-suresh-and-vijay-deverakonda-take-home-major-awards-468092|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Pinkvilla|date=16 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aishwarya Arjun]]
| ''[[Prema Baraha]]''
|-
| [[Nishvika Naidu]]
| ''[[Amma I Love You]]''
|-
| [[Srinidhi Shetty]]
| [[KGF: Chapter 1|''KGF: Chapter 1'']]
|-
| [[Sonal Monteiro]]
| ''Abhisaarike''
|-
| Sonika Gowda
| ''Shathaya Gathaya''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2019''' [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|(9th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Sreeleela]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|'''Kiss''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-11 |title=SIIMA Awards 2021 Winners: Rakshit Shetty, Rashmika, Darshan, and Rachita Ram among top honors |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakshit-shetty-rashmika-darshan-and-rachita-ram-among-top-honors-at-siima-2021/articleshow/86347445.cms |access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| Vaibhavi/ Vainidhi/ Vaisiri
| ''[[Yaana (film)|Yaana]]''
|-
| Sanjana Anand
| ''Chemistry of Kariyappa''
|-
| Sanah Thimmayyah
| ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]''
|-
| A Kashyap
| ''Kiss''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2020''' [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|(9th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Sapthami Gowda]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger|'''Popcorn Monkey Tiger''']]''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=SIIMA Awards 2020: Dhananjay best actor and Love Mocktail best film among Kannada winners|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/siima-2020-awards-list-dhananjay-best-actor-and-love-mocktail-best-movie-rmd-271969.html/amp|website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref>
|-
| Ragini Prajwal
| ''[[Law (film)|Law]]''
|-
| Chaithra Rao
| ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
|-
| Sarah Harish
| ''Sri Bharatha Baahubali''
|-
| Siri Prahlad
| ''[[Ondu Shikariya Kathe]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2021''' [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|(10th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''Sharanya Shetty'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''1980'''''
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-20 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022: ಪ್ಯಾನ್‌ ಇಂಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳ ಮಿಂಚು; ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಸಲ 'ಸೈಮಾ ಅವಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್ 2022' |work=Hindustan Times Kannada |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/siima-is-back-with-its-10th-edition-this-time-siima-awards-is-organized-in-bangalore-181660989156998.html |access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| Dhanya Ramkuma
| ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
|-
| [[Asha Bhat]]
| ''[[Roberrt]]''
|-
| [[Bhoomi Shetty]]
| ''[[Ikkat (film)|Ikkat]]''
|-
| Ganavi Laxman
| ''[[Hero (2021 film)|Hero]]''
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | '''2022''' [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|(11th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Neetha Ashok]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | ''[[Vikrant Rona|'''Vikrant Rona''']]''
|rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| Anjali Anish
| ''Padavi Poorva''
|-
| [[Rachana Inder]]
| ''[[Love 360]]''
|-
| Nidhi Hegde
| ''[[Dollu (film)|Dollu]]''
|-
| [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]
| ''[[Ek Love Ya]]''
|-
| [[Megha Shetty]]
| ''[[Triple Riding]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | '''2023''' [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|(12th)]]
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''Aradhana Ram'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Kaatera]]'''''
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Amrutha Prem
| ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|-
| Hrithika Srinivas
| ''Aparoopa''
|-
| Risha Gowda
| ''Crazy Keerthy''
|-
| Vrusha Patil
| ''Love''
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" |'''2024''' [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|(13th)]]
| style="background:#FAEB86" |'''[[Ankita Amar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86" |'''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali|''Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali'']]'''
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Malaika Vasupal
|''[[Upadhyaksha]]''
|-
|[[Mallika Singh]]
|[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe|''Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe'']]
|-
|Saanya Iyer
|[[Gowri (2024 film)|''Gowri'']]
|-
|Sherlyn Bhosale
|''[[Hadinelentu]]''
|-
|Spandana Somanna
|''Dil Kush''
|-
|Swathishta Krishnan
|''Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe''
|}

== See also ==
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for debut actress]]

Habib Rahman (architect)

2026-01-17T16:02:42Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: updated page

{{Short description|Indian architect (1915–1995)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Infobox architect
| image = Habib Rahman.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1915}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1995|12|19|1915}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| spouse = [[Indrani Rahman|Indrani Bajpai]]
| children = [[Ram Rahman]] [[Sukanya Rahman]]
}}
[[File:Architect Habib Rahman at the under-construction New Secretariat Building, Calcutta.jpg|thumb|Habib Rahman at the under-construction New Secretariat Building, Calcutta]]
'''Habib Rahman''' (1915 – 19 December 1995<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jadeja |first=Hiralba |title=Architecture of Habib Rahman |url=https://issuu.com/ram-rahman/docs/habib_rahman_thesis_by_hiral_jadeja |journal=|date=24 November 2013 }}</ref>) was an Indian architect. Regarded as a pioneer of the Bahaus style of architecture in India, Rahman was known for combining Indian architectural elements into modernist designs.

Born in Calcutta, Rahman was educated at the [[University of Calcutta]] and later at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. After a brief stint in the United States, he returned to India in 1946, and was appointed senior architect for the government of [[West Bengal]]. Rahman's work in West Bengal includes the Gandhi Ghat, [[IIEST, Shibpur|Bengal Engineering College]],<ref name=":1" /> and New Secretariat building.

In 1953, Rahman moved to Delhi to work for the central government, and designed various public buildings, including the [[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]], and the Rabindra Bhavan. He also designed the tombs of [[Maulana Azad]], [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], and [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1955, and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1974.

==Early life and education==
He was born in 1915 in Calcutta. His father was a judge. Habib Rahman obtained his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1939 from the [[University of Calcutta]]. He studied at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and obtained his [[Master of Architecture|Masters in Architecture]] in 1944 (the first Indian to complete this program<ref name="scroll nehrus">{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vijayta |date=2019-10-06 |title=In photos: Architect Habib Rahman and the making of New Delhi in Nehru's vision |url=https://scroll.in/article/938268/in-photos-architect-habib-rahman-and-the-making-of-new-delhi-in-nehrus-vision |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>). From 1944 to 1946, he worked at the architecture firms of [[Lawrence B. Anderson]], [[William Wurster]], [[Walter Gropius]], and [[Ely Jacques Kahn]] in Boston.<ref name="tribute habib">{{Cite web |date=2010-06-29 |title=Habib Rahman Architecture by Ram Rahman - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/ram-rahman/docs/habib-rahman-architect |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Work in Calcutta (1946-1953) ==
He returned to [[Calcutta]] in 1946 and worked as senior architect of the government of [[West Bengal]] from 1947 to 1953.

His first major project was the Gandhi Ghat, a memorial to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] built in 1948.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Joachim |first1=Jade-Snow |last2=Marshall |first2=Alex |last3=Sedgwick |first3=Josephine |last4=Weingart |first4=Eden |date=2019-04-18 |title=Bauhaus at 100 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/18/arts/design/bauhaus-100-architecture.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/18/arts/design/bauhaus-100-architecture.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The design impressed Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and he invited Rahman to Delhi to design government buildings.<ref name=":0" />

Rahman's other work in Calcutta includes the fourteen-storied new Secretariat building, completed in 1954. The building was India's first [[steel frame]] [[Tower block|high rise]] and remained the tallest building in Calcutta until 1963.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=New Secretariat Building |journal=Model Houses Constructed in the International Exhibition on Low-Cost Housing |date=1954 |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-166250 |last1=Rahman |first1=Habib }}</ref>

==Work in Delhi (1953-1976)==
In 1953, Habib Rahman was appointed senior architect of the [[Central Public Works Department]] in New Delhi.<ref name="tribute habib" />[[File:Architect_Habib_Rahman_in_his_Calcutta_studio,_late_1940s.png|thumb|Architect Habib Rahman in his Calcutta studio, late 1940s]]
[[File:Rabindra Bhawan, Delhi.jpg|thumb|Rabindra Bhawan (1961), Delhi.]]
His early designs in Delhi include the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] building (1954), Dak Bhavan (1954), and Comptroller and Auditor General building (1958).<ref name="scroll nehrus"/>

In 1959, he designed the tomb of [[Maulana Azad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-11 |title=Building Blocks: Here Lies Azad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/building-blocks-here-lies-azad-5439023/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Azad was buried in the area between the [[Red Fort]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]. As per Nehru's requirements, the design of the tomb was not to conflict with the heritage sites, and to reflect the "humble personality" of Azad. The tomb is a modernist interpretation of the [[chhatri]], made up of white marble and cement, set in a [[charbagh]] garden.

In the early 1960s, he was commissioned to design the Rabindra Bhavan, which would house the [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeet Natak]] and [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya]] academies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Building Blocks: Three for the Road |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/building-blocks-three-for-the-road-5220268/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Initial designs were overruled by Nehru.

He designed the Rabindra Bhavan in 1961 (or 1963),<ref name="tribute habib" /> the [[World Health Organization]] in Delhi in 1962 (demolished in July 2019), the Sardar Patel Bhawan in 1973 (opposite to the Dak Bhawan).<ref name="scroll nehrus" /> He also designed the National Zoological Park that opened in 1959 (which included historical ruins, and housed over a thousand animal species).<ref name="scroll nehrus" />

He designed the tomb of Zakir Husain, with its sloping walls inspired by [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] tombs.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Mazar of Zakir Hussain |journal=Winterthur Portfolio |date=1996 |volume=31 |issue=1 |url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-199050-1596775623 |last1=Mayer |first1=Roberta A. |last2=S. |first2=Gondet |last3=D. |first3=Laisney |last4=M. |first4=Mehrabani |last5=K. |first5=Mohammadkhani |last6=F. |first6=Zareh-Kordshouli }}</ref>

In 1970, he was appointed chief of the [[Central Public Works Department]]. From 1974 to 1977, he was Secretary of the Delhi Urban Arts.<ref name="tribute habib" /> Habib's final major project was the tomb of [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] (1976).<ref name="scroll nehrus" />

In 1977, his contract was discontinued after he opposed several projects conceived by the government. These including building a second [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place in New Delhi]],<ref name="scroll nehrus" /> placing of Gandhi's statue under King George's canopy at [[India Gate]], and the building of public urinals blocking the southern entrance to [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Habib Rahman - Articles – bauhaus imaginista |url=http://www.bauhaus-imaginista.org/articles/6220/habib-rahman |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.bauhaus-imaginista.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
After retiring, he remained active as a consultant despite poor health. He had one leg amputated below the knee in 1985.<ref name=":2" /> He died in 1995.

==Bibliography==
*S M Akhtar, ''Habib Rahman, The Architect of Independent India'', 2016 ({{ISBN|978-9383419340}})

==Awards==
*1955: [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="tribute habib"/>
*1974: [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="tribute habib"/>
*1995: JK Cement Architect of the Year Chairman's Award for Life Achievement<ref name="tribute habib"/>

==Personal life==
In 1945 he married [[Indrani Rahman]], Miss India 1952 and an [[Odissi]] dancer. The couple had two children, [[Ram Rahman]] and [[Sukanya Rahman]].<ref name="tribute habib"/>

Habib was an atheist, described as "greatly suspicious of all organized religions" by his son Ram Rahman.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Habib Rahman}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79|state=collapsed}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Habib}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Court Room – Sachchai Hazir Ho

2026-01-17T11:39:34Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: adding info

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{one source|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Court Room.jpeg
| creator = Vipul D Shah
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 27
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|2|9}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|5}}
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Drama]]
*[[Crime]]
}}
| director = Kedar Shinde
| runtime = 45 Minutes approx.
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
}}
'''''Court Room – Sachchai Hazir Ho''''' ({{translation|''Court Room – Is The Truth Present?''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] television series based on law and crime produced by Optimystix Entertainment. It premiered on 9 February 2019 on [[Colors TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livedailynews.in/news/colors-announce-courtroom-justice|title=9 फरवरी से COLORS पर देखिये 'कोर्टरूम', न्याय की बारीकियों को दिखाने वाला एक अपराध-कानूनी धारावाहिक|website=www.livedailynews.in|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> and is hosted by [[Vikas Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/colors-announces-courtroom-sacchai-haazir-ho-a-crime-legal-drama/20365171|title=COLORS announces Courtroom - Sacchai Haazir Ho, a crime-legal drama|date=2019-02-06|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/releases/colors-announces-courtroom-sacchai-haazir-ho-crime-legal-drama-decoding-path-justice/2019/02/06|title=COLORS announces 'Courtroom – Sacchai Haazir Ho', a crime-legal drama decoding the path to Justice|last=Team|first=Editorial|date=2019-02-06|website=IWMBuzz|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series revolves around different crimes and their jurisdiction. The series is inspired by the real cases put forward in the court. It deals the problems of name changing, cold murder and gives logical insights into the cases.

==Cast==
* [[Vikas Kumar]] as Host
* [[Sanjeev Tyagi]] as Advocate<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Stayanveshi|title=Rekha Arora Murder Case: Man killed pregnant wife to marry sister in law (Case 7, Episode 11 on 10 March, 2019)|url=https://www.insidestories.co.in/2019/03/rekha-arora-murder-case-man-killed.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.insidestories.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
* Nissar Khan as Advocate<ref name=":0" />
* [[Rushad Rana]]
* Bhuvnesh Shetty

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" |
!Episode No.
!Telecast Date
!Title
|-
|1.
|9 February 2019
|State Vs Vicky Chaudhary
|-
|2.
|10 February 2019
|State Vs Vicky Chaudhary - Part 2
|-
|3.
|16 February 2019
|State Vs residents of Indira Nagar
|-
|4.
|17 February 2019
|State Vs Geeta Jagtap - Part 2
|-
|5.
|23 February 2019
|State Vs Nikhil Bhonsle
|-
|6.
|24 February 2019
|State vs Nikhil Bhonsle - Part 2
|-
|7.
|2 March 2019
|Supriya Gupta vs The Upholder Publication
|-
|8.
|2 March 2019
|Supriya Gupta vs The Upholder Publication- Part 2
|-
|9.
|3 March 2019
|Aarti Pal murder case
|-
|10.
|9 March 2019
|Barkha Patel murder case
|-
|11.
|10 March 2019
|Rekha Arora murder case<ref name=":0" />
|-
|12.
|16 March 2019
|A heinous crime!
|-
|13.
|17 March 2019
|The missing witness
|-
|14.
|23 March 2019
|Asif Quadri murder case
|-
|15.
|24 March 2019
|Asif Quadri murder case - Part 2
|-
|16.
|30 March 2019
|A marital conspiracy
|-
|17.
|31 March 2019
|A marital conspiracy - Part 2
|-
|18.
|6 April 2019
|A property dispute
|-
|19.
|7 April 2019
|Brutal murder of an innocent child!
|-
|20.
|13 April 2019
|Mysterious case of honour killing!
|-
|21
|14 April 2019
|Mysterious case of honour killing - Part 2
|-
|22.
|20 April 2019
|A case of mistaken identities
|-
|23.
|21 April 2019
|A twisted dowry case
|-
|24.
|27 April 2019
|The spelling mistake!
|-
|25.
|28 April 2019
|The spelling mistake Part-2
|-
|26.
|4 May 2019
|The serial criminal of Delhi
|-
|27.
|5 May 2019
|The serial criminal of Delhi Part- 2
|}

==Rating==
The show earned poor ratings due to its timeslot hence it went off air on May 5, 2019.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Courtroom drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Basaveshwaranagara

2025-12-29T15:57:18Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: added layout also and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basaveshwaranagara
| other_name = Basaveshwaranagar Basaveshnagara Basaveshnagar
| settlement_type = neighborhood
| image_skyline = Basketball_Court_at_Amb_Ground.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Basketball Court, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Stadium
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|59|12|N|77|32|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flagicon image|Flag of India.svg|size=23px}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban|Bengaluru Urban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bengaluru]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = West South
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 74, 75, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1970's
| founder = City Improvement Trust Board (now [[Bangalore Development Authority|BDA]])
| named_for = [[Basavanna]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 914
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560079, 560086
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Telephone code]]
| area_code = 91-80
| registration_plate = KA-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]] [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Rajajinagar Mahalakshmi Layout Govindarajanagar
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basaveshwaranagara''', also known as '''Basaveshwaranagar''', '''Basaveshnagara''' or '''Basaveshnagar''' is a largely residential neighbourhood in the west of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located to the west of [[Rajajinagara]] and is sandwiched between the localities of [[Mahalakshmi Layout]] to the north and [[Vijayanagara, Bengaluru|Vijayanagara]] to the south, spread across multiple sub-localities, three assembly constituencies and seven [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) wards. The area of Basaveshwaranagara is often considered ''West of Chord Road'' as it lies to the west of Chord Road, an arterial road in the western part of Bengaluru.

==Etymology==
Basaveshwaranagara is named after [[Basavanna]] (also known as Basaveshwara), a social reformer whose followers comprise the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] community.<ref>[http://salimathss.blogspot.com/2012/11/life-history-of-basavanna.html life history of Basavanna]</ref>

==History==
Basaveshwaranagara was formed as an extension by the City Improvement Trust Board (currently the [[Bangalore Development Authority]]) in stages between the 1970s and early 1980s. At that time (even now unofficially), the area was known as ''West of Chord Road'' (WCR), as it lay to the west of the Chord Road which at the time was considered the western end of the city.<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/105676/10/10_chapter%203.pdf Chapter: 3 PLANNING BANGALORE CITY: ITS EXPANSION AND LAND DEVELOPMENT]</ref> There were also many private layouts in the area formed in the 1970s by public and private sector organisations for their employees such as [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]], [[Kirloskar Group]], [[State Bank of India|SBI]] and [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited|BEML]] among others. The close proximity of Basaveshwaranagara to the [[Bangalore City railway station|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru Station]], [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], the [[Bengaluru Pete]], residential-cum-commercial localities like [[Rajajinagara]] and [[Malleswara]] and the [[Peenya]] industrial area helped its growth. Today, Basaveshwaranagara is an important residential and commercial hub in West Bangalore. But since Basaveshwaranagara is very far away from the IT Corridor (a large area in the eastern and south-eastern parts of Bangalore city with [[Information Technology|IT]] and software parks and [[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]]s), large-scale development in the area has been minimal and Basaveshwaranagara is today considered one of the greenest and more conservative localities of Bengaluru city.

==Geography==
[[File:Kspcb sanegurvanahalli.png|thumb|300px|left|Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, Saneguruvanahalli]]
Basaveshwaranagara is situated in the western part of Bangalore, about 914 metres above sea level,<ref name="bsvnagar coords">[https://www.latlong.net/place/basaveshwara-nagar-bengaluru-karnataka-india-10164.html Basaveshwara Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India]</ref> at 12°98' N and 77°53' E.<ref name="bsvnagar coords"/> Nearby areas include [[Rajajinagara]], [[Mahalakshmi Layout]], [[Nandini Layout]], Laggere, Sunkadakatte and [[Vijayanagara, Bengaluru|Vijayanagara]].

The terrain of Basaveshwaranagara is quite hilly and uneven. The area is known for its steep and hilly roads which rise high and low. The area was also known for lakes such as the Agrahara Dasarahalli Lake, Kurubarahalli Lake and Saneguruvahalli Lake among others. All the lakes have dried up in recent time and residential layouts or parks have been built over them.

Basaveshwaranagara is considered to be the least polluted locality in Bengaluru city, with real-time air quality level coming well within Good levels of 0–50 most of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi |title=Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618144741/https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is an air quality monitoring station at Saneguruvanahalli maintained by the [[Karnataka State Pollution Control Board]] (KSPCB).<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/articleshow/50685837.cms Silk Board Jn, Whitefield most polluted places in Bengaluru]</ref>

==Climate==
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Bangalore including Basaveshwaranagar itself experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw''). Due to its high elevation, a more moderate climate throughout the year is experienced, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.<ref name="hightemp">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235819/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore|access-date=2 July 2007|date=18 May 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The coolest month is December with an average low temperature of {{convert|15.4|°C}} and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of {{convert|36|°C|0}}.<ref name="metrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm| title=Bangalore|publisher=India Meteorological Department, Government of India|access-date=7 February 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm|archive-date = 8 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|38.9|°C|0}} (recorded in March 1931). The lowest ever recorded is {{convert|7.8|°C|0}} (recorded in January 1884).<ref name="hightem">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm|date=10 May 2006|title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding|first=Vidyashree|last= Amaresh|access-date=22 December 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm| archive-date= 16 December 2007 | url-status= dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="lowtem">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp|work=Deccan Herald|date=17 December 2006|title=Bangalore weather back again|author=Ashwini Y.S.|access-date=22 December 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |archive-date = 4 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{convert|12|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{convert|37|°C}}. Receiving rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s ; the wettest months are September, October and August.<ref name="metrain"/> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{convert|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.<ref name="rainmax">{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm|work=The Frontline|date=5 November 2005|title=Bangalore's woes|first=Ravi|last=Sharma|access-date=5 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm|archive-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Bangalore Weather box}}

==Localities==
[[File:Kirloskar colony.png|thumb|right|600px|Kirloskar Colony, Basaveshwaranagar, Bangalore]]
Basaveshwaranagara is divided into four stages, which are further subdivided into blocks. The area also subsumes sub-localities such as:

* Agrahara Dasarahalli
* Ashtagrama Layout
* Bhimajyotinagara
* Bovi Colony
* Gruhalakshmi Layout
* Indiranagara
* Kamalanagara
* Kamalanagara [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML) Layout
* Karnataka Housing Board (KHB) Colony
* [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] Colony
* Kurubarahalli
* Lakshmi Nagara
* [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC) Model Housing Colony
* Manjunatha Nagara
* Saneguruvanahalli
* Satyanarayana Layout
* Shakti Ganapati Nagara
* Sharada Colony
* Shivanagar
* Shivanahalli
* Sri Venkateshwara Krupa (SVK) Layout
* [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) Colony
* SVNGSS Layout
* Teachers Colony
* Vinayaka Housing Board Cooperative Society (VHBCS) Layout

==Civic administration==

===Politics===

Basaveshwaranagar comes under three [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies: Rajajinagar, Mahalakshmi Layout and Govindarajanagar, which are led by former Minister [[S. Suresh Kumar]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]), K. Gopalaiah ([[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]) and former Minister [[V. Somanna]] (BJP) respectively.<ref name="MLA">[https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/constituencies-results Live: Karnataka Assembly Election Results 2018 | Constituency]</ref> While most of Basaveshwaranagar falls under the Rajajinagar constituency,<ref>[http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/info-rajajinagar-voters-mla-candidates-24622 Info for voters of Rajajinagar Constituency- MLA, Candidates, Voting and more]</ref> some sub-localities like LIC Model Housing Colony, Bhimajyothinagar, Kirloskar Colony, Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar, Sathyanarayana Layout, SBI Colony, [[Kamala Nagar, Bangalore|Kamalanagar]] and Kurubarahalli come under the Mahalakshmi Layout constituency.<ref>[http://opencity.in/data/karnataka-assembly-constituency-no-156-mahalakshmi-layout-mla-local-area-development-funds-2013-2018 Karnataka Assembly Constituency No 156 (MAHALAKSHMI LAYOUT) – MLA Local Area Development Funds : 2013–2018]</ref> Agrahara Dasarahalli comes under the Govindarajanagar constituency.<ref name="agd"/> Rajajinagar, Mahalakshmi Layout and Govindarajanagar assembly constituencies in turn fall under the [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies of [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]], [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] and [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] respectively.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/dp-mail-bangalore-central-676309.html LS polls: Bangalore Central, where the minorities make up the majority]</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mahalakshmi-layout-election-results-2018-live-updates-jds-k-gopalaiah-won-1748293.html Mahalakshmi Layout Election Results 2018 Live Updates: JD(S) K. Gopalaiah Won]</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/politics/govindarajanagar-election-results-2018-live-updates-govindraj-nagar-bjps-v-somanna-won-1748465.html Govindarajanagar Election Results 2018 Live Updates (Govindraj Nagar): BJP's V Somanna Won]</ref> While Bangalore Central and North constituencies are represented by [[P. C. Mohan]] (BJP) and former [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]] [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] (BJP) respectively,<ref>[https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/p-c-mohan P. C. Mohan]</ref><ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/d-v-sadananda-gowda-33644.html D V Sadananda Gowda ]</ref> Bangalore South is represented by [[Tejasvi Surya]] (BJP), who is the youngest Member of Parliament as of 2019.<ref>https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/bjp-gets-its-youngest-mp-from-bengaluru/story/349613.html BJP gets its youngest MP from Bengaluru</ref>

===BBMP wards===

Basaveshwaranagar is spread across seven wards of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP). One of these wards (Ward 100) goes by the name of Basaveshwaranagar itself. Barring this ward and also Ward 74 (Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar), none of the other BBMP wards fully lie within Basaveshwaranagar.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:center; font-size:85%; margin:1em;"
|-
!colspan="7" align="center" |'''Basaveshwaranagar BBMP Ward information'''
|-
! Ward no.
! Ward name
! Land Area (km2)
! Population (2011 census)
! BBMP Zone
! Assembly constituency
! Parliamentary constituency
! Corporator
|-
| align="center" |'''74'''
| Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar<ref name="sgnagar">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/shakthi-ganapathi-nagar Ward #74, Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar ]</ref>
|5.84<ref name="sgnagar"/>
|43,844<ref name="sgnagar"/>
| Rajarajeshwari Nagar<ref name="bbmp zone">http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/will-restructuring-into-10-zones-help-bbmp-19201
Will restructuring into 10 zones help BBMP?</ref>
|Mahalakshmi Layout<ref name="sgnagar"/>
|Bangalore North<ref name="sgnagar"/>
|Gangamma Rajanna<ref name="sgnagar"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''75'''
| Shankar Mutt<ref name="shankarmutt">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/shankar-matt Ward #75, Shankar Matt]</ref>
|0.7<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
|48,734<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
| Rajarajeshwari Nagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Mahalakshmi Layout<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
|Bangalore North<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
|M. Shivaraju<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''99'''
| Rajajinagar<ref name="rjn">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/rajaji-nagar Ward #99, Rajaji Nagar]</ref>
|0.56<ref name="rjn"/>
|32,913<ref name="rjn"/>
| Vijayanagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Rajajinagar<ref name="rjn"/>
|[[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]<ref name="rjn"/>
|G. Krishnamurthy<ref name="rjn"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''100'''
| Basaveshwaranagar<ref name="bsv">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/basaveshwara-nagar Ward #100, Basaveshwara Nagar]</ref>
|0.86<ref name="bsv"/>
|33,084<ref name="bsv"/>
| Vijayanagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Rajajinagar<ref name="bsv"/>
|Bangalore Central<ref name="bsv"/>
|Umavathi Padmaraj<ref name="bsv"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''101'''
| Kamakshipalya<ref name="kamakshipalya">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/kamakshipalya Ward #101, Kamakshipalya]</ref>
|0.84<ref name="kamakshipalya"/>
|30,333<ref name="kamakshipalya"/>
| Vijayanagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Rajajinagar<ref name="kamakshipalya"/>
|Bangalore Central<ref name="kamakshipalya"/>
|Pratima R.<ref name="kamakshipalya"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''105'''
| Agrahara Dasarahalli<ref name="agd">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/agrahara-dasarahalli Ward #105, Agrahara Dasarahalli]</ref>
|0.77<ref name="agd"/>
|26,873<ref name="agd"/>
| Vijayanagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Govindarajanagar<ref name="agd"/>
|[[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]<ref name="agd"/>
|Shilpa G. Sridhar<ref name="agd"/>
|-
| align="center" |'''107'''
| Shivanagar<ref name="shivanagar">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/shivanagar Ward #107, Shivanagar]</ref>
|0.99<ref name="shivanagar"/>
|24,181<ref name="shivanagar"/>
|Vijayanagar<ref name="bbmp zone"/>
|Rajajinagar<ref name="shivanagar"/>
|Bangalore Central<ref name="shivanagar"/>
|Manjula Vijayakumar<ref name="shivanagar"/>
|-
|}

===Post office===
Basaveshwaranagar post office is located along the Siddaiah Puranik Road, opposite S. Cadambi Vidya Kendra. The [[postal index number|pincode]] for the area is 560079. However, the northern parts of Basaveshwaranagar like Kirloskar Colony, Bhimajyothinagar and Kurubarahalli among others come under the Mahalakshmi Layout post office. The pincode for this post office is 560086.

===Police station===
Basaveshwaranagar has its own police station. The police station was earlier located near Havanur Circle opposite to Pavithra Paradise. It was later shifted to its current location on the 1st Main Road, near to the Dr. Ambedkar stadium. It comes under the jurisdiction of West division [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] of [[Bangalore City Police|Bangalore city]] and Vijayanagar division [[Deputy superintendent|ACP]].<ref>[http://opencity.in/data/bengaluru-city-police-police-stations-and-helpline-contact-numbers Bengaluru City Police, Police Stations and Helpline Contact Numbers]</ref>

The area does not have its own traffic police station and falls under the Vijayanagar Traffic Police jurisdiction.

{{commons category}}
<gallery widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="2">
File:Basaveshwaranagar post office.png| Basaveshwaranagar Post Office
File:Basaveshwaranagar police.png|Basaveshwaranagar Police Station
</gallery>

==Transport==

===Roads===
[[File:Modi hospital road.png|thumb|left|200px|Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road, near Shankar Mutt circle]]
The main roads of Basaveshwaranagar are:

* '''Siddaiah Puranik Road''': It is also known as the 1st Cross Road and is the main commercial hub of Basaveshwaranagar with many shopping centres, banks, restaurants and hospitals. It connects Shankar Mutt in the north with Magadi Road in the south.
* '''60 Feet Road''': It is also known as the 1st Main Road. It connects Chord Road in the east with the Basaveshwaranagar Bus Stand in the west. Like Siddaiah Puranik Road, this road is also an important commercial hub. This road intersects with Siddaiah Puranik Road at Havanur Circle.
* '''Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road''': This road connects Chord Road in the east with Shankar Mutt in the west. The Modi Eye Hospital is located on this road, hence this road is named as Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road.

Apart from these roads, there are other important roads in the locality such as 8th Main Road (BEML Layout Road), 15th Main Road (Kamalanagar Main Road), Kurubarahalli Main Road and Thimmaiah Road (Shivanahalli Main Road).

===Metro===
Basaveshwaranagar is easily accessible from both the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] and [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of the [[Namma Metro]]. The nearest station on the Green Line is [[Rajajinagar metro station|Rajajinagar]], which is located 2 km from Basaveshwaranagar, while the nearest Purple Line station, [[Hosahalli metro station|Hosahalli]], is 3 km away. Basaveshwaranagar's connectivity to the Namma Metro will be further improved after Phase 3 of the Namma Metro is completed, where a line from [[Magadi Road metro station|Magadi Road]] to Kadabagere passing through KHB Colony and Kamakshipalya will be built.<ref>[https://themetrorailguy.com/2018/02/17/ka-govt-approves-preparation-of-dpr-for-bangalore-metros-phase-3/ KA Govt Approves Preparation of DPR for Bangalore Metro’s Phase 3]</ref>

===Buses===
[[File:Shankar nag bus station.png|thumb|right|300px|Shankar Nag Bus Station, Kamalanagar, Basaveshwaranagar, Bangalore]]
[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) runs a good fleet of buses to Basaveshwaranagar, connecting it with all the important business districts in the city. There are seven bus stations in the locality:

#Basaveshwaranagar Main Bus Stand in 60 Feet Road (Also known as Sharada Colony Bus Stand as it is located in Sharada Colony)
#BEML Layout Bus Stand in 8th Main Road
#[[Shankar Nag]] Bus Station in Kamalanagar
#Basaveshwaranagar 3rd Stage Bus Stand in Saneguruvanahalli
#KHB Colony Bus Stand in Magadi Road
#Bhimajyothinagar Bus Stand near Shankar Mutt
#Kurubarahalli Bus Stand

The [[Kempegowda Bus Station]] for boarding intercity and interstate buses is just 5 km away from Basaveshwaranagar.

==Economy==
[[File:Pavithra paradise.png|thumb|left|300px|Pavithra Paradise]]
Basaveshwaranagar is home to many industry, banking and retail outlets.

The Siddaiah Puranik Road is the main commercial hub of Basaveshwaranagar. It has many stores ranging from supermarkets and bakeries to pharmacies, branded and generic clothing retail and watch shops among others. Many public sector and private sector bank branches are located along this road as well. The Kurubarahalli Main Road and the 60 Feet Road also have many shopping and banking facilities. Off Havanur Circle is the roadside Basaveshwaranagar market, which sells fresh fruits and vegetables apart from serving street food.

Basaveshwaranagar is also home to a considerable number of restaurants, which includes international dining chains, ice-cream parlours, coffee shops, multi-cuisine and cuisine-specific restaurants. The locality, due to its considerable [[North Karnataka]] population, has many "khanavalis" which serve authentic [[Cuisine of Karnataka|North Karnataka]] cuisine.

==Educational institutions==
Basaveshwaranagar has a considerable number of educational institutions, both at the primary/secondary education and higher education level.

The area consists of renowned schools such as Carmel High School, Sri Vani Education Centre, [[National Academy For Learning]] (NAFL), S. Cadambi Vidya Kendra, St. Mira's High School, VLS International School and Florence High School to name a few. The famous [[National Public School, Rajajinagar]] is located just outside Basaveshwaranagar on the Chord Road. There are also [[Pre-university course|pre-university]] colleges including Carmel Pre-University College, S. Cadambi Independent Pre-University College and Vidya Vardhaka Sangha (VVS) Sardar Patel Pre-University College. One Karnataka Government aided degree college V.V.S. First Grade College.

Basaveshwaranagar also has two government colleges: the Government [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] Medical College and Hospital located on Siddaiah Puranik Road near KHB Colony bus stop and the Government [[Unani]] Medical College and Hospital off Havanur Circle.<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
File:Scvk.png| S. Cadambi Vidya Kendra
File:Vvscollege.png|V. V. S. Sardar Patel Pre-University College
File:Govt homeo colg.png|Government Homeopathy Medical College
</gallery>

==Recreation==
Basaveshwaranagar has many recreational spaces including parks, open grounds and stadiums.

Most prominent among these recreational facilities is the [[Bhimrao Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]] Stadium, which is located on the 60 Feet Road. It is built over the now-dried up Agarahara Darahalli Lake and has several sporting facilities, including a running track for walking, jogging and athletic events, a skating rink, a basketball court as well as facilities for kho-kho, kabaddi, cricket, badminton and taekwondo.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/facilities-galore/article3938437.ece Facilities galore]</ref> It also plays host to Sports Day events of nearby schools which do not have a playground of their own.

Another prominent recreational space is the [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Nethaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] ground at Saneguruvanahalli. It is popularly known as "Bose Park" and is built over the now-dried up Saneguruvanahalli Lake. It has both a park with facilities for walking as well as play and gym equipment and an open ground with facilities for playing cricket, football and other outdoor sports.

There is a famous park in Sharada Colony known as the [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]] Aalada Marada Udyanavana. It was famous for its [[banyan tree]] ("Aalada Marada" in [[Kannada]]), which was more than 500 years old and was home to hundreds of monkeys and birds and hence is also unofficially known as "Big Banyan Park" or "Monkey Park". The tree collapsed in 2009, however, efforts have since been made to translocate a banyan tree from another location to the park.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Fall-of-a-giant/articleshow/4536753.cms Fall of a giant]</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-monkey-park-gets-a-new-member-1266090 Monkey Park gets a new member]</ref> The park has facilities for walking and also a children's recreational area.

Some of the other parks and open spaces in Basaveshwaranagar include the Motappa Park at Manjunatha Nagar, the [[Kuvempu]] ground which is an open space used for playing cricket, football and volleyball, the [[Swami Vivekananda]] Park near Shankar Mutt, the Udaya Ravi Park at Kirloskar Colony and the Subhas Chandra Bose Park at Agrahara Dasarahalli, to name a few. The latter park is said to be the first park in Bangalore to offer free [[Wi-Fi]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/west-bluru-park-offers-free-wifi-to-all/articleshow/66561144.cms West Bengaluru park offers free WiFi to all]</ref>

There is a single cinema hall in the locality, the Veerabhadreshwara Theatre at Kamalanagar near to the BEML Layout Bus Stop. It predominantly shows [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]].

{{commons category}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
File:Monkey park basaveshwaranagar.png| Sir M. Visveswaraya Aalada Marada Udyanavana (Monkey Park)
File:Ambedkar stadium.png|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Stadium
File:Veerabhadreshwara talkies.png|Veerabhadreshwara Theatre
</gallery>

==Hospitals==
[[File:Chord road hospital.png|thumb|left|300px|Chord Road Hospital]]
[[File:Modi hospital.png|thumb|right|300px|Dr. M. C. Modi Super Speciality Eye Hospital]]
Basaveshwaranagar has a wide range of medical specialties practiced through these prominent hospitals:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Hospital Name
! Location
! Speciality
|-
| Chord Road Hospital
| Siddaiah Puranik Road
| [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]]
|-
| Dr. M. C. Modi Super Speciality Eye Hospital
| Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road
| Eye
|-
| Panacea Hospital
| Siddaiah Puranik Road
| Multi-speciality
|-
| Pristine Hospital
| Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road
| Multi-speciality
|-
| Shanbhag Hospital
| 60 Feet Road
| [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|OBG]]
|-
|}

Basaveshwaranagar has ample number of clinics and nursing homes across. The availability of medicine is fulfilled by the in house pharmacy of these hospitals and many prominent local pharmacies.

==Places of Worship==

===Temples===
[[File:8th main ganesha temple.png|thumb|left|300px|Sri Ganesha Temple, 8th Main, Basaveshwaranagar]]
[[File:Shankar mutt.png|thumb|right|300px|Sri Avani Sringeri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam]]
There are many Hindu temples in Basaveshwaranagar. The Sri Avani Sringeri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam, a breakaway mutt of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]],<ref>http://sri-avani-sringeri-shankar-mutt.org/about {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903020317/http://sri-avani-sringeri-shankar-mutt.org/about |date=3 September 2018 }} Mahasamsthanam – Glory & History</ref> is located at Basaveshwaranagar, particularly in the sublocality of Bhimajyothinagar at the junction of Siddaiah Puranik Road, Kurubarahalli Main Road, Dr. M. C. Modi Hospital Road and the Mahalakshmi Layout 14th Main Road. This road junction and the surrounding area is commonly known as Shankar Mutt. Even the BBMP ward where the mutt is situated (Ward 75) takes the name of Shankar Mutt. The mutt premises includes a sma
ll temple dedicated to [[Saraswati|Goddess Sri Sharadamba]], a hall used for religious ceremonies and a sub post office with the pincode 560079.

Another notable temple is the Sri Ganapathi Temple located on the 8th Main Road, near BEML Layout Bus Stop. The temple, situated on a small hillock, includes a small temple complex with temples dedicated to Hindu gods of both the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnava|Vaishnavism]] tradition.

Other important temples in the locality include the Sri Lakshmi Narayana Swami Temple near Havanur Circle, the Sri Subramanya Swami Temple, the Sri Varasiddhi Vinayaka and the Sri Varapradha Lakshmivenkateshwara Temple at Kurubarahalli, the Sri Varasiddhi Vinayaka Temple at Saneguruvanahalli and the Sri [[Shirdi Sai Baba|Sai Baba]] Temple at Gruhalakshmi Layout.

===Churches===
Basaveshwaranagar has a very insignificant number of churches, but there is the Trinity Marthoma Church at Kamalanagar, a small church with the congregation being from the [[Malayalam]]-speaking [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Marthoma]] Christian community.

===Mosques===
There are a few mosques in Basaveshwaranagar such as the Makkah Masjid, Jamia Majid and Masjid-e-Nimra.

==Notable residents==
* [[Ramachandra Gowda]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader and former Medical Education Minister, [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/sep/29/ramachandra-gowda-quits-electoral-politics-1664442.html Breaking News: Netas' helmet rule]</ref>
* [[S. Suresh Kumar]], BJP leader, [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for Rajajinagar (as of [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]) and current Primary and Secondary Education Minister, Government of Karnataka<ref name="MLA"/><ref>[http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/rajajinagar-mla-suresh-kumar-tracker-2013-2018-24070 http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/rajajinagar-mla-suresh-kumar-tracker-2013-2018-24070]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/city/plaint-against-suresh-kumar-668504.html Plaint against Suresh Kumar]</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/29/education-minister-suresh-kumar-to-conduct-phone-in-programme-2054114.html Education Minister Suresh Kumar to conduct phone-in programme]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[Nandini Layout]]
|North = [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|Northeast = [[Rajajinagar|Rajajinagar 1st Block]]
|West = [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]]
|Centre = Basaveshwaranagar
|East = [[Rajajinagar|Rajajinagar 2nd Block]]
|Southwest = [[Kamakshipalya]]
|South = [[Vijayanagar, Bangalore|Vijayanagar]]
|Southeast = [[Rajajinagar|Rajajinagar Industrial Town]]
}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]

Communist Party of India (Marxist) campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

2025-12-27T05:17:33Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: adding new pg!

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]''' is the largest communist party in India in terms of membership and electoral seats and one of the [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national parties]] of India. They are a member of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]].

==Campaigning==
===Andhra Pradesh===
On 14 April 2023, CPI(M) along with [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] started a campaign named Pracha Bheri against the Central government's policies.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-cpi-cpm-launch-prachara-bheri-against-central-govt-792925?infinitescroll=1|title = Vijayawada: CPI, CPM launch Prachara Bheri against Central govt|date=2023-04-15}}</ref>

===Bihar===
The CPI(M) Bihar state committee organised a massive state-wide campaign at [[Gandhi Maidan]] in [[Patna]] as part of nationwide campaign during 14 September to 22 September 2022 against the incumbent central government.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/all-left-secular-forces-in-india-will-come-together-against-pm-modi-in-2024-polls-sitaram-yechury-at-patna-rally20220922190048/|title = All left, secular forces in India will come together against PM Modi in 2024 polls: Sitaram Yechury at Patna rally|access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref> CPIM took part in an "oust-Modi campaign" starting from [[Purnia]] on 25 February 2023 as a part of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/bihar-s-grand-alliance-to-launch-mission-2024-on-february-25/ar-AA17hJY2#:~:text=%C2%A9%20Provided%20by%20The%20Statesman%20Bihar%E2%80%99s%20grand%20alliance,Purnia%20much%20ahead%20of%202024%20Lok%20Sabha%20polls|title = Bihar's grand alliance to launch Mission 2024 on February 25|access-date=2023-02-10|website=MSN.com}}</ref>

===Kerala===
The Kerala unit of CPI(M) started 21 day-long campaign from 1 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newkerala.com/news/2022/161528.htm| title = Target 10, Kerala CPI(M) to hit the road for 2024 LS polls from Jan 1|access-date= 2023-01-15|website=newkerala.com|date=22 December 2022}}</ref> On 13 January 2023, CPIM Kerala unit announced state-wide march led by [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau member]] and state secretary [[M. V. Govindan]] against the central government.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.canindia.com/keralas-ruling-cpi-m-announces-state-wide-yatra-against-centre/| title = Kerala's ruling CPI-M announces state-wide yatra against Centre|access-date= 2023-01-15|work=CanIndia}}</ref> The Kerala CPIM has also announced a series of agitations against the NDA government at the centre starting from 20 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/cpim-announces-mass-campaign-in-kerala-against-central-policies/|title = CPI(M) announces mass campaign in Kerala against Central policies|date= 2022-12-22}}</ref> CPIM has planned to launch a state-wide campaign in March to highlight the centre's neglect of Kerala and its trespasses on federalism and secularism.<ref>{{cite news|title = Kerala CM Pinarayi sets the tone for LDF'S 2024 Lok Sabha campaign| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pinarayi-sets-the-tone-for-ldfs-2024-lok-sabha-campaign/article66501572.ece|access-date=2023-02-15}}</ref>
On 20 February 2023, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] inaugurated statewide Janakeeya Prathirodha Jatha (People's Resistance Yatra) led by [[M. V. Govindan]] to expose the attacks on federalism and threats posed by the RSS-backed BJP government to the constitutional values of the nation.<ref>{{cite news|title = CPI(M)'s Kerala Yatra to 'Expose Threats' of BJP Regime|url = https://www.newsclick.in/cpims-kerala-yatra-expose-threats-bjp-regime|access-date=2023-02-21}}</ref> The rally, that covered 140 constituencies, concluded with a public meeting on 18 March 2023 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] which was inaugurated by [[Sitaram Yechury]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://twitter.com/cpimspeak/status/1637013988742660096?cxt=HHwWgIDQtZXj67ctAAAA|title=Peoples Resistance Rally|website = The official [[Twitter]] handle of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|access-date=2023-03-18}}</ref>

The [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] government in Kerala will celebrate its second year of administration by launching a Lok Sabha election campaign across the state. People's rally will be organised in all constituencies from 25 April to 20 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/04/05/ldf-govt-lok-sabha-election-rallies-constituencies-second-anniversary.html|title=LDF govt to launch LS poll campaign on 2nd anniversary; 5,000 people to participate in statewide rallies|date=5 April 2023|work=onmanorama}}</ref>

===Telangana===
CPI(M) Telangana State committee will organise state-wide march named Jana Chaitanya Yatra starting from 17 March 2023 in order to protest against the pro-corporate and anti-people policies of the BJP led union government. CPI(M) General Secretary [[Sitaram Yechury]] at [[Warangal]], [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau member]] [[B.V. Raghavulu]] at [[Adilabad]] and another [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau member]] [[A. Vijayaraghavan]] at [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] flagged off the rallies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana: CPI(M)'s Jana Chaitanya Yatra to start on March 17|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-cpims-jana-chaitanya-yatra-to-start-on-march-17-786074 |access-date=2023-03-04}}</ref>

=== West Bengal ===
CPI(M) West Bengal State committee has launched mass contact programmes and conducted an extended meeting of state committee members and has resolved to take their "peoples connect" initiative to grassroots levels throughout the state.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

===Tamil Nadu===
On 6 April 2024, CPIM Tamil Nadu Secretary [[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]] released party manifesto in the state.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-polls-cpim-manifesto-focuses-on-state-rights-job-creation-independence-of-central-agencies/article68035681.ece/</ref>

==Seats and Alliances==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Sl. No.
! rowspan="2" |State
! rowspan="2" |No. of contesting seats
! rowspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Result
|-
! align="center" | Won
!Lost
|-
|01
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|A&N Islands]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|02
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|03
|[[Assam]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|04
|[[Bihar]]
|1
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|0
|1
|-
|05
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|06
|[[Karnataka]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|07
|[[Kerala]]
|15
|[[LDF (Kerala)|LF]]
|1
|14
|-
|08
|[[Odisha]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|09
|[[Punjab]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|10
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|1
|0
|-
|11
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|2
|0
|-
|12
|[[Telangana]]
|1
|LF
|0
|1
|-
|13
|[[Tripura]]
|1
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|0
|1
|-
|14
|[[West Bengal]]
|23
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]] + [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|0
|23
|-
| colspan="2" |Total
|52
|
|4
|48
|}

==Candidates==
{{Main article|List of Left Front candidates in the 2024 Indian general election}}

=== Andaman & Nicobar Islands ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency
No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|A&N Islands]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[D Ayyappan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency
No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| style="text-align:center;"|ST
|[[Appala Narsa]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Assam ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Manoranjan Talukdar]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Bihar ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|[[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Jharkhand ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|ST
|[[Gopen Soren]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27
|[[Chikkaballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[M P Munivenkatappa]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Kerala ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|M. V. Balakrishnan
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[M. V. Jayarajan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Elamaram Kareem]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[V Vaseef]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|K.S. Hamza
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|[[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8
| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]]
|[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|[[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[C. Raveendranath]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|K. J. Shine
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Joice George]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|[[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[A. M. Ariff]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13
|[[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Thomas Issac]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|[[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[V. Joy]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Maharastra ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Vijay Gabhane]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Punjab ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Purushottam Lal Bilga]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Rajasthan ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Amra Ram]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

===Tamil Nadu===
In Tamil Nadu, CPIM is part of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] headed by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! align="center" |Constituency
No.
! style="width:180px;" |Constituency
! align="center" |Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
! style="width:200px;" |Candidate
! align="center" |Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |22
|[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| style="text-align:center;" |None
|R. Sachidanandam
|{{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |32
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| style="text-align:center;" |None
|Su Venkatesan
|{{Won}}
|}

=== Telangana ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|Jahangir
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Tripura ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|East Tripura]]
| style="text-align:center;"|ST
|[[Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)|Rajendra Reang]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== West Bengal ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Debraj Burman]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[S M Sadi]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[S M Saadi]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13
|[[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Alokesh Das]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Sujan Chakrabarty]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Srijan Bhattacharyya]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|Saira Shah Halim
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Sabyasachi Chatterjee]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|27
|[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Dipsita Dhar]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|28
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Manadip Ghosh]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|30
|[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Sayan Banerjee]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|36
|[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Nilanjan Dasgupta]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|37
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Shital Kebarta]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|38
|[[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman Purba]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|Nirav Kha
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|39
|[[Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|Sukriti Ghosal
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| style="text-align:center;"|None
|[[Jahanara Khan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|41
|[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Shyamali Pradhan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}
=== Odisha ===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center"| Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! align="center"|Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)
!style="width:200px;"|Candidate
!align="center"| Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|SC
|[[Suresh Chandra Panigrahi]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Left Front candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
* [[2024 Indian general election]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]

Mandakranta metre

2025-12-24T23:54:45Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Done - done

{{Transliteration|sa|'''Mandākrāntā'''}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|मन्दाक्रान्ता}}) is the name of a metre commonly used in classical [[Sanskrit]] poetry. The name in Sanskrit means "slow-stepping" or "slowly advancing".<ref>Morgan et al. (2011), p. 142.</ref> It is said to have been invented by India's most famous poet [[Kālidāsa]],<ref>Deo (2007), p. 105.</ref> (5th century CE), who used it in his well-known poem {{Transliteration|sa|[[Meghadūta]]}} ("the Cloud-Messenger"). The metre characterises the longing of lovers who are separated from each other, expressed in the Sanskrit word {{Transliteration|sa|viraha}} {{lang|sa|विरह}} "separation (of lovers), parting".<ref>Reddy (2017), preface.</ref>

==Metrical pattern==
===Modern analysis===
A line in {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} has 17 syllables, divided into three sections, each separated by a pause. The first section consists of four long syllables, the second of 5 short syllables and one long, and the third a mixture of long and short alternating, in this pattern:
:| – – – – | u u u u u – | – u – – u – x |

As with other Sanskrit metres, the length of the final syllable is indifferent.

Deo (2007) argues that the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre is basically trochaic (i.e. consisting of a "strong-weak, strong-weak" rhythm). She notes that where the third strong beat should come (after the fourth syllable), some performers traditionally leave a pause equivalent to one short syllable; the third strong beat is then silent, and the fourth strong beat then falls on the fourth short syllable. Deo argues that this rhythm is also (a variation of) trochaic, with a strong beat on the 1st, 4th, and 7th syllables.

===Relationship to other metres===
The final section of 7 syllables is also found at the end of other metres such as {{Transliteration|sa|śālinī}}, {{Transliteration|sa|mālinī}}, {{Transliteration|sa|candriṇī}}, {{Transliteration|sa|sragdharā}}, and {{Transliteration|sa|vaiśvadēvī}}. The {{Transliteration|sa|śālinī}} metre, a variety of {{Transliteration|sa|[[triṣṭubh]]}}, goes as follows:
:| – – – – | – u – – u – x |

It thus consists of the beginning and end of the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} without the central section.

The 21-syllable {{Transliteration|sa|sragdharā}} metre goes as follows:
:| – – – – u – – | u u u u u u – | – u – – u – x |

This is the same as the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} except for an additional four syllables. It has been argued that both {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} and {{Transliteration|sa|sragdharā}} are later expansions of the earlier {{Transliteration|sa|śālinī}}, which occurs occasionally even in the [[Vedas]] mixed with other varieties of {{Transliteration|sa|triṣṭubh}}.<ref>Dr R. Ganesh, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0c_1eVIWHI&list=PLABJEFgj0PWVXr2ERGu2xtoSXrNdBs5xS&index=10 SanskritMetres 10 Shalini].</ref>

If compared with the traditional ''[[Shloka|ślōka]]'' metre, the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} can be seen to be similar. For example, the first line of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] scans as follows:
:| – – – – | u – – – || u u – – | u – u – |

whereas the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre is as follows:

:| – – – – | u uu uu – || – u – – | u – – |

The differences are as follows:
*The ''ślōka'' can have many variations but in the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} every verse is the same.
*The break after the first quarter is obligatory in {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}}, but optional in a {{Transliteration|sa|śloka}}.
*The second quarter has [[resolution (meter)|resolutions]], i.e. u uu uu – instead of u – – –.
*The fourth quarter of the line is [[catalectic]], i.e. u – – instead of u – u –.
*In a {{Transliteration|sa|ślōka}} two lines make a [[stanza]], but in {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} there are four lines in a stanza.

===Traditional scansion===
The traditional Indian method of analysing metre is to use three-syllable patterns known as {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa}}, which are algebraically represented by letters of the alphabet. (See [[Sanskrit prosody]].) So, the 11th/12th century<ref>Michael Hahn, ''A Brief Introduction'' p. 1</ref> metrician Kedārabhaṭṭa in his work {{Transliteration|sa|Vṛtta-ratnākara}} characterised the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre by the following [[mnemonic]] line, which is itself in the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre:<ref>{{Transliteration|sa|Vṛtta-ratnākara}} 3.97; cf. Morgan (2011), p. 142.</ref>

:{{lang|sa|मन्दाक्रान्ता जलधिषडगैर्म्भौ नतौ तो गुरू चेत्}}
:{{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā jaladhi-ṣaḍ-agair mbhau natau tād-gurū cēt}}

The meaning of this line is that the metre has a pause after four syllables ({{Transliteration|sa|jaladhi}} = ocean, traditionally four in number), then after six ({{Transliteration|sa|ṣaḍ}} = six), and can be described using the {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa}}s<ref>Described by Michael Hahn, ''A Brief Introduction'', p. 1.</ref> (trisyllabic metrical patterns) ''ma bha na ta ta'' followed by two long (or heavy) syllables, known as {{Transliteration|sa|guru}}, that is:
:(– – –) ( – | u u ) ( u u u ) (– | – u) (– – u) (–) (–)

==Kālidāsa's {{Transliteration|sa|Mēghadūta}}==
The first poem to use the {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre appears to have been Kālidāsa's {{Transliteration|sa|[[Mēghadūta]]}} or {{Transliteration|sa|Mēghadūtam}} "the Cloud-Messenger". This consists of approximately 120<ref>According to the synoptic table in Pathak (1916).</ref> four-line stanzas, each line identical in metre. The opening stanza of the poem is as follows:

:{{lang|sa|कश्चित् कान्ताविरहगुरुणा स्वाधिकारात् प्रमत्तः}}
:{{lang|sa|शापेनास्तंगमितमहिमा वर्षभोग्येण भर्तुः ।}}
:{{lang|sa|यक्षश्चक्रे जनकतनयास्नानपुण्योदकेषु}}
:{{lang|sa|स्निग्धच्छायातरुषु वसतिं रामगिर्याश्रमेषु ॥ १ ॥}}

:{{Transliteration|sa|kaścit kāntā-, viraha-guruṇā, svādhikārāt pramattaḥ}}
:{{Transliteration|sa|śāpēn-āstaṃ-, gamita-mahimā, varṣa-bhogyēṇa bhartuḥ}}
:{{Transliteration|sa|yakṣaścakre, janaka-tanayā-, snāna-puṇyōdakeṣu}}
:{{Transliteration|sa|snigdha-cchāyā-, taruṣu vasatiṃ, rāma-giry-āśramēṣu}}

:"Separated painfully from his beloved, after being negligent of his duty,
:having lost his power by a curse, lasting for a year, of his master,
:a certain ''[[yaksha|yakṣa]]'' (''nature deity'') took up, where the water was made pure by the bathing of [[Janaka]]'s daughter (''[[Sita]]'')
:and shady trees were densely clustered, his residence in [[Rama]]'s mountain hermitages."

==Later use==
Kālidāsa's poem was admired and imitated by many later poets, giving rise to a ''[[genre]]'' known as {{Transliteration|sa|[[Sandesha Kavya|saṁdēśa-kāvya]]}} "message poems" or {{Transliteration|sa|dūta-kāvya}} "messenger poems", mostly in the same metre, although other metres are sometimes used.<ref>Lienhard (1984), p. 126.</ref> The {{Transliteration|sa|mandākrāntā}} metre was also used in the play {{Transliteration|sa|Mālatīmādhava}} by [[Bhavabhuti|Bhavabhūti]] (8th century), for a scene in which the abandoned lover Mādhava searches for a cloud to take a message to his beloved Mālatī.<ref>Lienhard (1984), p. 118.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Deo, Ashwini S. (2007). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4177028 "The Metrical Organization of Classical Sanskrit Verse"]. ''Journal of Linguistics'', Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 63–114.
*[[:de:Michael Hahn|Michael Hahn]]: [https://www.academia.edu/6353023/Michael_Hahn_A_brief_introduction_into_the_Indian_metrical_system_for_the_use_of_students_ "A brief introduction into the Indian metrical system for the use of students"] (pdf)
* Lienhard, Siegfried (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E0aYeR67booC ''A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit''].
* Morgan, Les; Sharma, Ram Karan; Biduck, Anthony (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=d8TbRGlptyYC&dq=mandakranta+croaking+frogs&pg=PA142 ''Croaking Frogs: A Guide to Sanskrit Metrics and Figures of Speech''].
* Pathak, K. B. (1916) [https://archive.org/details/KalidasasMeghadutaSktEngKBPathak1916_201803 ''Kālidāsa's Meghadūta''] Sanskrit and English text with notes.
* Reddy, Srinavas (trans.) (2017). ''Kalidasa: Meghadutam: The Cloud Messenger''. (Penguin).
* Sadhale, D. V. (1895). [https://archive.org/details/exhaustivenotes00mallgoog/page/n10 ''The Meghaduta of Kalidas'']. Sanskrit and English text with notes.
* [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_-_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF.djvu/5 Wikisource Sanskrit text of the ''Meghadūta'']

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsSW9EvsOpo&list=PLABJEFgj0PWVXr2ERGu2xtoSXrNdBs5xS&index=22 Recitation of the first two stanzas of ''Meghaduta''] by [[Shatavadhani Ganesh|Dr R. Ganesh]] (starts at minute 0:18).
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YqnnRR-p84 Recitation of first stanza of ''Meghadūta''] by Sangeeta Gundecha.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pETghkpUu0 Two recitations of ''Meghadūta''] (minutes 7:25 and 32.35).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080630091056/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/meghdk_u.htm ''Meghadūta'': transliterated text]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdAOFaOPFGo ''Meghadūta'' sung to music composed by Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]. (Also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9RfHLkig4M here])
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4RCuSwxnRs Lecture (in Hindi) on Mandākrāntā metre] by Prof. Ravendra Mishra. (The stanza above is recited at minute 3:45.)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIzsHL72AWI Lecture (in Hindi) on Mandākrāntā metre] by Dr Vasudev Prasad.
* [http://www.introductory-sanskrit.com/23502375232823422370234023502381.html Grammatical analysis] of the quoted verse of ''Meghadūta''.

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Poetic rhythm]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]

Cnemaspis kalakadensis

2025-12-16T04:08:45Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: adding a entry

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cnemaspis kalakadensis.jpg
| taxon = Cnemaspis kalakadensis
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
}}

'''''Cnemaspis kalakadensis''''' is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=balerion Cnemaspis kalakadensis]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113560896}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|kalakadensis]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]

{{Cnemaspis-stub}}

Prasanna Gettu

2025-11-28T01:31:57Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added Basic Post More To Come...

{{Short description|Indian victimologist and women right's activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasanna Gettu
| image = Prasanna Gettu.png
| alt = Portrait by Prasanna Gettu by Anne Klein Award Committee
| caption = Portrait by Prasanna Gettu
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education = {{unbulleted list
| [[University of Madras]] (PhD)
| [[Tokiwa University]] (Post-graduate diploma)
}}
| occupation = {{unbulleted list
| Criminologist
| Victimologist
| Social activist
}}
| organization = International Foundation for Crime Prevention and Victim Care (PCVC)
| known_for = Activism against domestic violence
| awards = [[Anne Klein Women's Award]] (2020)
}}
'''Prasanna Gettu''' is an Indian [[criminologist]], [[victimologist]], and women right's activist from [[Chennai]], India. Gettu is known for her work in supporting survivors of [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence]] and [[interpersonal violence]]. She is the co-founder and managing trustee of the International Foundation for Crime Prevention and Victim Care (PCVC), a Chennai-based [[Non-governmental organisations in India|non-governmental organization]]. In 2020, she was awarded the [[Anne Klein Women's Award]] for her work.

== Early life and education ==
Gettu holds a Master's degree in Geology and a PhD in Criminology from the [[University of Madras]]. Her 2002 doctoral thesis was titled "Corruption – A Public View", and focused on police corruption. Gettu's interest in criminology began at a young age, inspired by reading crime and murder stories.<ref name="gotn">{{cite web |title=The Story of Chennai's Criminologist |url=https://www.gotn.in/the-story-of-chennais-criminologist/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=GoTN.in |archive-date=17 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617173204/https://www.gotn.in/the-story-of-chennais-criminologist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gettu also has a post-graduate diploma in Victimology and Victim Assistance from [[Tokiwa University]] in Japan, where she was part of the first batch of a program held by the World Society of Victimology. This course sparked her interest in focusing on the victims of crime and its need in India. She has also received professional training in domestic violence and crisis intervention.<ref name="boellbio">{{cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=Dr. Prasanna Gettu |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2019/12/09/dr-prasanna-gettu |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415163113/https://www.boell.de/en/2019/12/09/dr-prasanna-gettu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hercircle">{{cite web |title=Dr Prasanna Gettu: Helping Domestic Abuse Survivors |url=https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/dr-prasanna-gettu-helping-domestic-abuse-survivors-6563.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Her Circle |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720062559/https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/dr-prasanna-gettu-helping-domestic-abuse-survivors-6563.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career and activism ==
Gettu co-founded the International Foundation for Crime Prevention and Victim Care (PCVC) in Chennai in 2001,<ref name="boellbio" /> along with [[Usharani]] Mohan and Hema Ramachandran—victimologists she had met in Japan during her studies.<ref name="boellbio" /><ref name="gotn" /> The organization was established to provide support services for victims of crime, particularly women and queer individuals facing domestic and interpersonal violence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=K.B |first=Pragati |date=2020-04-10 |title=Not all survivors of violence can stitch bags for a living: Prasanna Gettu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/not-all-survivors-of-violence-can-stitch-bags-for-a-living-prasanna-gettu/article31306270.ece |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420234249/https://www.thehindu.com/society/not-all-survivors-of-violence-can-stitch-bags-for-a-living-prasanna-gettu/article31306270.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shivani |date=2024-10-08 |title=This Mom of 2 Fled Abuse To Rebuild Her Life: How Can We Help Women Facing Domestic Violence? |url=https://thebetterindia.com/369214/prasanna-gettu-helps-domestic-violence-survivors-rebuild-lives-suggests-ways-to-end-crime-abuse-in-india/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In its first year, the majority of cases PCVC handled were related to domestic violence.<ref>{{Cite web |title="It is my job to tell the victim of violence that she is valuable." {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2019/12/09/it-my-job-tell-victim-violence-she-valuable |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.boell.de |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422135101/https://www.boell.de/en/2019/12/09/it-my-job-tell-victim-violence-she-valuable |url-status=live }}</ref> This led Gettu and her colleagues to study shelter models in the United States to build specialized services in India.<ref name="hercircle" /> Since 2005, Gettu has been the managing trustee of PCVC, leading its operations with a board of members and staff.<ref name="boellbio" />

Under her leadership, PCVC has grown to provide a wide range of services. The organization runs [[Dhwani]], the [[National Domestic Violence Hotline]], which operates 24/7 and offers confidential crisis counseling and information.<ref name=":0" /> PCVC also provides emergency, long-term, and transitional shelters for survivors and their children.<ref name="hercircle" /><ref name="boellportrait">{{cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Addressing inter-personal violence, one little joy at a time |url=https://in.boell.org/en/2019/12/10/addressing-inter-personal-violence-one-little-joy-time |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Heinrich Böll Stiftung}}</ref> The foundation offers a holistic, survivor-centric approach, providing legal and medical referrals, psychological support, and assistance with economic rehabilitation, including education and skill-building.<ref name="pcvcabout">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://pcvconline.org/about-us/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=PCVC - The International Foundation for Crime Prevention and Victim Care |archive-date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603000444/https://pcvconline.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="boellportrait" />
[[File:Jury und Preisträgerin Jutta Wagner, Renate Künast, Elke Büdenbender, Michaele Schreyer, Prasanna Gettu, Barbara Unmüßig, Thomas Herrendorf (49647732657).jpg|thumb|296x296px|Prasanna Gettu (pictured with flowers) with members of Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung foundation.]]
Gettu is an advocate for changing societal attitudes towards domestic violence. She emphasizes that such violence is not restricted to any particular socioeconomic class and that survivors deserve to be treated with dignity.<ref name="boellportrait" /> She is a proponent of creating support systems that empower survivors to make their own life decisions.<ref name="betterindia">{{cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=This Mom of 2 Fled Abuse To Rebuild Her Life: How Can We Help Women Facing Domestic Violence? |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/369214/prasanna-gettu-helps-domestic-violence-survivors-rebuild-lives-suggests-ways-to-end-crime-abuse-in-india/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=The Better India |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215070444/https://thebetterindia.com/369214/prasanna-gettu-helps-domestic-violence-survivors-rebuild-lives-suggests-ways-to-end-crime-abuse-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to her work at PCVC, Gettu serves as an external member on the Internal Complaints Committee for the prevention of sexual harassment for over 50 companies and government departments.<ref name="boellbio" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Roshne |date=2020-07-18 |title=Engaging employers to address abuse |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/Jul/18/engaging-employers-to-address-abuse-2171227.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/18/engaging-employers-to-address-abuse-2171227.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2020, Gettu received the [[Anne Klein Women's Award]] from the [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]].<ref name="akaward2020">{{cite web |title=Anne Klein Women's Award 2020 to Prasanna Gettu |url=https://www.boell.de/en/anne-klein-womens-award-2020 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2020-03-06 |title=Indische Aktivistin Prasanna Gettu - Mutige Kämpferin für misshandelte Frauen |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/indische-aktivistin-prasanna-gettu-mutige-kaempferin-fuer-100.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206184802/https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/indische-aktivistin-prasanna-gettu-mutige-kaempferin-fuer-100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The jury recognized her as a "remarkable and courageous defender of human and women's rights, championing the right to a life free of violence, a life lived according to one's own wishes and in dignity and good health."<ref name="akaward2020" />

== Publications ==
Gettu has contributed to several publications on criminology and victimology. Her selected works include:
* "India: the state of criminology in a developing nation" in the ''Routledge handbook of International Criminology'' (2011).<ref name="boellbio" />
* "White Collar Crimes: A Victimological Perspective" in ''Human Rights and Victimology'' (1998).<ref name="boellbio" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Commons and category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gettu, Prasanna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian criminologists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Haryana women's football team

2025-11-04T21:38:06Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Haryana football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Haryana
| current =
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Haryana women's football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owner = [[Haryana Football Association]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Ravi Kumar Punia]]
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = Final round
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _white_sleeve_seams
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _greentop
| leftarm1 = FF8C00
| body1 = FF8C00
| rightarm1 = FF8C00
| shorts1 = 000000
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| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _white_sleeve_seams
| pattern_ra2 =
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}}

The '''Haryana women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Haryana]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Football Association |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/506 |website=AIFF |access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref> They reached the semi-finals at the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2015–16 Senior Women's National Football Championship]] held at Jabalpur before losing to the eventual runners-up [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur enter Finals of National Football Championship for Women |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-enter-finals-of-national-football-championship-for-women |website=AIFF |last1=Solomon |first1=Joseph |date=13 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India (Women) 2015/16 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom2016.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref>

Haryana's junior team were the runners-up of the National Junior Girls’ Football tournament 2010–11 held at Chandigarh while, their sub-junior team were the runners-up of the National Sub-Junior Girls’ Football tournament 2014–15 held at Cuttack.<ref>{{cite web|title=How 300 Women Footballers in a Small Haryana Village Are Bringing Change Through Sports |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/112726/women-footballers-haryana-akhlapura-fc/ |website=The Better India |last1=Aranha |first1=Jovita |date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Portugal Inspires Haryana Girls To Win Against All Odds |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/portugal-inspires-haryana-girls-to-win-against-all-odds |website=AIFF |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Shoubhik |date=16 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (senior)===
* '''[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] (Senior Women's NFC)'''
** Runners-up (2): [[2022–23 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2022–23]], [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]
*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''
** Gold medal (1): [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
** Bronze medal (2): [[2015 National Games of India|2015]], [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]

===State (youth)===
* '''[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Runners-up (1): 2010–11

* '''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Runners-up (1): 2014–15

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Pradyuman Vaja

2025-10-21T02:18:58Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Pradyuman Ganubhai Vaja''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pradyuman Ganubhai Vaja(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KODINAR (SC)(GIR SOMNATH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5221 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Kodinar Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Gir Somnath district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Kodinar Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Pradyuman Ganubhai Vaja Wins From Kodinar , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kodinar-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568219 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat portfolio allocation: CM Bhupendra Patel keeps GAD, Harsh Sanghavi Home and Kanubhai Desai Finance - Details">{{cite news|title=Gujarat portfolio allocation: CM Bhupendra Patel keeps GAD, Harsh Sanghavi Home and Kanubhai Desai Finance - Details|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-portfolio-allocation-cm-bhupendra-patel-keeps-gad-harsh-sanghavi-home-and-kanubhai-desai-finance-details-11760709297502.html|accessdate=18 October 2025|publisher=Mint|date=17 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018145640/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-portfolio-allocation-cm-bhupendra-patel-keeps-gad-harsh-sanghavi-home-and-kanubhai-desai-finance-details-11760709297502.html|archivedate=18 October 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="New Gujarat cabinet: Harsh Sanghavi becomes Deputy CM, Rivaba Jadeja gets education {{!}} Check list">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|title=New Gujarat cabinet: Harsh Sanghavi becomes Deputy CM, Rivaba Jadeja gets education {{!}} Check list|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/gujarat-cabinet-2025-harsh-sanghavi-deputy-cm-kanubhai-desai-finance-rivaba-jadeja-education-check-list-2025-10-17-1013300|accessdate=18 October 2025|publisher=India TV News|date=17 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018150052/https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/gujarat-cabinet-2025-harsh-sanghavi-deputy-cm-kanubhai-desai-finance-rivaba-jadeja-education-check-list-2025-10-17-1013300|archivedate=18 October 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="List Of Portfolios of Gujarat Ministers">{{cite news|url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/list-of-portfolios-of-gujarat-ministers/|title=List Of Portfolios of Gujarat Ministers|last1=|first1=|date=17 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020150044/https://www.vibesofindia.com/list-of-portfolios-of-gujarat-ministers/|archivedate=20 October 2025|publisher=Vibes Of India|language=}}</ref><ref name="Bhupendra Patel 3.0: Gujarat Dy CM Sanghvi, Rivaba take charge as Cabinet gets down to business2">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Oct/18/bhupendra-patel-30-gujarat-dy-cm-sanghvi-rivaba-take-charge-as-cabinet-gets-down-to-business|title=Bhupendra Patel 3.0: Gujarat Dy CM Sanghvi, Rivaba take charge as Cabinet gets down to business|last1=|first1=|date=19 October 2025|accessdate=20 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020171557/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Oct/18/bhupendra-patel-30-gujarat-dy-cm-sanghvi-rivaba-take-charge-as-cabinet-gets-down-to-business|archivedate=20 October 2025|publisher=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here2">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vaja is from [[Ghatlodiya]], Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Ganubhai Vaja. He completed his MBBS, DGO and did MD in 1995 at [[Gujarat University]]. Later, he also did LLB and LLM in 2022. He retired from government service and his wife is also a doctor.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vaja won from [[Kodinar Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 77,794 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mahesh Makwana of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 19,386 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodinar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Pradyuman Ganubhai Vaja Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kodinar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561253.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Gujarat election results 2022: Full list of BJP winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-election-results-2022-bjp-winners-list-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-ahmedabad-porbandar-kutiyana-anand-chhota-udaipur-bharuch-godhra-bhupendra-patel-hardik-patel-101670467963305.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaja, Pradyuman}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]

List of awards and nominations received by Mukta Barve

2025-10-04T07:58:02Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox actor awards
|name=Mukta Barve
|image=Mukta Barve Hrudayantar.jpg
|caption=Barve in 2017
|nominations=67
|wins=43
|award1=[[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]
|award1W=2
|award1N=7
|award2=[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|award2W=7
|award2N=7
|award3=Maharashtra Times Sanman
|award3W=3
|award3N=4
|award4=[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|award4W=1
|award4N=9
|award5=Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards
|award5W=6
|award5N=7
|award6=Screen Marathi Awards
|award6W=0
|award6N=1
|award7=[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|award7W=2
|award7N=3
|award8=Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar
|award8W=7
|award8N=9
|award9=Sakal Premier Awards
|award9W=0
|award9N=2}}

[[Mukta Barve]] is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress and producer who appears primarily in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films, television and theatre. She has received several awards, including seven [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], two [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Awards]], six Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards, two [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]] and seven [[Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar]].

Barve started her career through Marathi stage plays and television serials. For her play ''Dehbhan,'' she earned the [[Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar]] for Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in 2003 and Best Supporting Actress in 2005. In 2004, she made her film debut with ''Chakwa,'' for which she received the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for Most Promising Newcomer of the Year. The following years, she went on to win three Best Actress in a Commercial Play awards at the State Awards for ''Hum To Tere Aashiq Hain,'' ''Final Draft'' and ''Kabaddi Kabaddi,'' respectively. Her portrayal of a student who is unable to grasp the academic teaching in ''Final Draft'' won her much acclaim and even Best Actress Awards at the Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards, the Maharashtra Times Sanman and two Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar. Barve played the role of a jogtin in the film ''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009), dealing with religious superstitions in rural India, she was awarded her first Maharashtra State Film Awards for Best Actress, along with Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards, [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]] and MIFTA.

In 2011, Barve received Best Actress at the [[Pune International Film Festival]] for her portrayal of a physician in ''[[Aaghaat]]''. She started her production house in 2013 with the play ''Chhapa Kata,'' in which she even acted and won Deenanath Mangeshkar Awards and Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards for Best Play. Her role as a straightforward, middle-class insurance agent in ''[[Double Seat]]'' (2015) earned her [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Awards]], Maharashtra State Film Awards and Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar. The film even won her first [[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Maharashtracha Favourite Kon for Best Actress]], alongside eight nominations. She won her second Filmfare Best Actress for [[Smile Please (2019 film)|''Smile Please'']] and went on to win her seventh State Award for ''[[Bandishala]]'' in 2019.

In addition to these awards, Barve was honoured by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] with the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for achievement in Marathi theatre.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Filmfare Marathi Awards ==
The [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] are presented annually by [[The Times Group]] for excellence of cinematic achievements in [[Marathi cinema]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width="5%" | Year
! width="40%" | Nominated work
! width="40%" | Category
! width="10%" | Result
! width="5%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2016]]
|''[[Double Seat]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Mukta Barve wins Best Actress at Marathi Filmfare |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mukta-Barve-wins-Best-Actress-at-Marathi-Filmfare/articleshow/55655872.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2018]]
|''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=best actress: Best Actress nominees at the Filmfare Marathi Awards {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/pune/best-actress-nominees-at-the-filmfare-marathi-awards/videoshow/66014653.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2019]]
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2022]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2025]]
|[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== Maharashtra State Film Awards ==
The [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] are presented annually by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] for excellence of cinematic achievements in Marathi cinema.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2005
|''Chakwa''
|Best Newcomer
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2006
|''Hum To Tere Aashiq Hain''
| rowspan="3" |Best Actress in a Commercial Play
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2007
|''Final Draft''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|''Kabaddi Kabaddi''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukta Barve with her award at an event hosted by Pratap Sarnaik for achievements in Marathi industry, at Hotel Trident, Mumbai on April 8, 2010 - Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/pratap-sarnaiks-event/mukta-barve/articleshow/5777414.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2016
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019
|''[[Bandishala]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[60th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2025]]
|Overall Contribution
|[[V. Shantaram Special Contribution Award]]
|{{honoured}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Maharashtra Times Sanman ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2006
|''Final Draft''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress in a Commercial Play
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007
|''Kabaddi Kabaddi''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2017
|''Codemantra''
|Best Play
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='सैराट', 'व्हेंटिलेटर'ची मोहोर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/sairat-best-movie-ventilater-bags-most-awards-in-mata-sanman-event/articleshow/57862093.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2023
|''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='मटा सन्मान'ची मानांकने जाहीर; चित्रपट, टीव्ही, वेब सीरिज विभागांत चुरस |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/news/mata-sanman-nominations-announced-for-year-2023-tv-serials-and-web-series-cinema/articleshow/98127639.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Maharashtracha Favourite Kon ==
The [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]] are presented by the Marathi television channel [[Zee Talkies]] to honour excellence in [[Marathi cinema]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]''
| rowspan="6" |[[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Favourite Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2011 TV Serial 19th November 2011 Full Episode 1 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2011/0-6-4z587384/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2011/0-1-6z587386 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
|''Badam Rani Gulam Chor''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2012 TV Serial 9th December 2012 Full Episode 1 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2012/0-6-4z587392/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2012/0-1-6z587394 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Mangalashtak Once More]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2017
|''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-18 |title=झी टॉकीज प्रस्तुत महाराष्ट्राचा फेव्हरेट कोण? २०१७ चा दिमाखदार पुरस्कार सोहळा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2017/407192 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Aamhi Doghi]]''
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress|Favourite Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019
|''[[Bandishala]]''
| rowspan="2" |Favourite Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtracha Favorite Kon? 2019 nominations unveiled for Zee Talkies much-awaited awards |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2019-nominations-unveiled-for-zee-talkies-much-awaited-awards-2250069.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2021
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2021-12-01 |title='महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट कोण? सुवर्णदशक सोहळा', नामांकनातून कोण मारणार बाजी? प्रेक्षकांची उत्सुकता शिगेला! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2021-nomination-list-588086.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Planet Marathi Film & OTT Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width="5%" | Year
! width="40%" | Nominated work
! width="40%" | Category
! width="10%" | Result
! width="5%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
| ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
| Best Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2023-05-02 |title=Navarashtra Planet Marathi Film & OTT Awards 2023 {{!}} पहिल्या - वहिल्या सोहळ्याचे काऊंटडाऊन सुरु {{!}} Navarashtra (नवराष्ट्र) |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/navarashtra-planet-marathi-film-and-ott-awards-2023-contdown-begins-nrsr-394112/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Sakal Premier Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width="5%" | Year
! width="40%" | Nominated work
! width="40%" | Category
! width="10%" | Result
! width="5%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019
| ''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='सकाळ प्रीमियर ॲवॉर्ड'ची नामांकने जाहीर |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/sakal-premier-awards-declare-244982 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=19 December 2019 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
| ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='सकाळ प्रीमियर' सोहळ्यात चित्रकर्मींचा गौरव; 'वाळवी' सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/sakal-premier-awards-event-in-thane-pjp78 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=15 April 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|}

== Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards ==

The Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards are presented annually by the Archana Nevrekar Foundation to honour film, television and theatre in the Marathi film industry.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007
|''Final Draft''
|Best Actress in a Commercial Play
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2014
| rowspan="2" |''Chhapa Kata''
|Best Play
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2017
| rowspan="2" |''Codemantra''
|Best Play
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=संस्कृती कलादर्पण गौरवः 'कोडमंत्र' व 'व्हेंटिलेटर' ने मारली बाजी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sanskruti-kala-darpan-awards-2017-codemantra-and-ventilator-1469608/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
|}

== Screen Marathi Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Lagna Pahave Karun]]''
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=स्क्रीन पुरस्कारांमध्ये सचिन खेडेकर, नितीश भारद्वाज, देविका दफ्तरदार यांना नामांकने |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sachin-khedekar-nitish-bharadwaj-devika-daftardar-nominated-for-screen-awards-342916/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2011
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Citation |title=Zee Gaurav Awards 2011 March 13 '11 Part - 25 | date=14 March 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Rs2Gis86s |access-date=2023-08-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कारामध्ये 'कट्यार काळजात घुसली' ची बाजी; विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/list-of-zee-chitragaurav-award-winners-1214483/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2022
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=मुक्ता बर्वे ठरली सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेत्री! 'या' चित्रपटासाठी मिळाला झी गौरव पुरस्कार {{!}} mukta barve wins best actress zee gaurav puraskar 2022 for jogva film |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/mukta-barve-wins-best-actress-zee-gaurav-puraskar-2022-for-jogva-film-mrj-95-2851588/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
|''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: कुणाला मिळणार 'झी चित्र गौरव' २०२३ पुरस्कार.. नामांकन यादी जाहीर.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-nomination-list-announced-nsa95 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=6 March 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|}

== Zee Natya Gaurav Puraskar ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=5%| Year
! width=40%| Nominated work
! width=40%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2003
| rowspan="2" |''Dehbhan''
|Most Promising Newcomer of the Year
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2005
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Final Draft''
|Best Actress in an Experimental Play
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress in a Commercial Play
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''Kabaddi Kabaddi''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|2017
| rowspan="4" |''Codemantra''
|Best Play
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|Special Recognition Play
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|-
|Most Natural Performance of the Year
|{{won}}
|}

== Other awards and recognitions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! width=26%| Nominated work
! width=28%| Award/Organisation
! width=26%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|Marathi International Film and Theatre Awards
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mifta Awards 2010 Feb. 06 '11 Part - 25 | date=7 February 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfIglhTYwzQ |access-date=2023-08-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
|Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/sangeet-natak-akademi-announces-ustad-bismillah-khan-yuva-puraskars-for-2009/article514205.ece |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi announces Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskars for 2009 |author=Special Correspondent |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012062245/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Sangeet-Natak-Akademi-announces-Ustad-Bismillah-Khan-Yuva-Puraskars-for-2009/article16196329.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2011
|Raja Paranjape Festival Awards
|Tarunai Sanman Award
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=tarunaisanman>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-raja-paranjape-festival-kicks-off-in-pune-1532793 |title=Raja Paranjape festival kicks off in Pune |date=17 April 2011 |work=dna |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331044135/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-raja-paranjape-festival-kicks-off-in-pune-1532793 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aaghaat]]''
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
|rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
|Ad Fizz
|Special Achievement Award
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2014
|[[IBN-Lokmat]]
|Udyachi Prerna Award (Natak and Cinema)
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news-ibn-lokmat-presents-prerna-awards-2014-1393583933.html |title=News: IBN-Lokmat presents Prerna Awards 2014 |work=Free Press Release |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012062248/https://www.tptptp.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2014
| ''Chhapa Kata''
| Deenanath Mangeshkar Awards
| Mohan Wagh Puraskar (Best Play)
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabla maestro Zakir Hussain and classical vocalist Pandharinath Kolhapure to get Mangeshkar award |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/node/35291 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2016
| {{n/a}}
|Maharashtra One
|Savitri Sanman
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=savitrisan>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Maharashtra1tv/status/707185145116106752 |title=Maharashtra1 felecitating Mukta Barve |work=Twitter |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611183600/https://twitter.com/Maharashtra1tv/status/707185145116106752 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Chhapa Kata''
|Lokmat Maharashtrian of the Year Awards
|Theatre
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="lmmofy">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bdIaM2OQIA |title=Lokmat Maharashtrian Of The Year 2016 |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=1 April 2016 |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012062244/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bdIaM2OQIA |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{n/a}}
|Nilu Phule Sanman 2016
|Intelligent actress of the year
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=niluphulesanman>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsMarathi/status/758668154008637440 |title=Nilu Phule Sanman 2016 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601004127/https://twitter.com/ColorsMarathi/status/758668154008637440 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{n/a}}
|P.L. Awards
|Tarunai Sanman Puraskar
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=pulawards>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pu-La-awards-for-Ameen-Sayani-Mirasdar/articleshow/55320773.cms |title=Pu La awards for Ameen Sayani, Mirasdar - The Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517111811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pu-La-awards-for-Ameen-Sayani-Mirasdar/articleshow/55320773.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2017
|''Codemantra''
|Lokmat Maharashtrian of the Year
|Theatre
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=lkmt2017>{{cite web |url=http://lmoty.lokmat.com/lmotywinner_2017.php |title=लोकमत महाराष्ट्रीयन ऑफ द इयर - २०१७ |website=lmoty.lokmat.com |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324042813/http://lmoty.lokmat.com/lmotywinner_2017.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2018
|{{n/a}}
|Loksatta Tarun Tejankit
|Art/Film
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=loksattatenjakit>{{cite web |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/loksatta-tarun-tejankit-award-1655006/ |title=समाजासाठी प्रेरणा ठरणाऱ्या 'त्या' बारा जणांचा 'लोकसत्ता तरुण तेजांकित' पुरस्काराने गौरव |date=31 March 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116132957/https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/loksatta-tarun-tejankit-award-1655006/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{n/a}}
|Priyadarshini Academy Global Awards
|Smita Patil Award for Best Actress
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/swargiya-smita-patil-award-2018-honored-mukta-barve/ |title=मुक्ता बर्वेला 'स्वर्गीय स्मिता पाटील स्मृती पुरस्कार २०१८'जाहीर |last=[[Lokmat]] |date=12 December 2018 |website=Lokmat |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216185724/http://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/swargiya-smita-patil-award-2018-honored-mukta-barve/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2020
|{{n/a}}
|[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|Yuva Gaurav Puraskar
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/sppu-to-felicitate-kedar-jadhav-mukta-barve-and-dharamkirti-sumant-on-feb-10/story-SmVY1XopRWwyfwzDliXjZN.html |title=SPPU to felicitate Kedar Jadhav, Mukta Barve and Dharamkirti Sumant on Feb 10 |date=5 February 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207095527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/sppu-to-felicitate-kedar-jadhav-mukta-barve-and-dharamkirti-sumant-on-feb-10/story-SmVY1XopRWwyfwzDliXjZN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
| ''Charchaughi''
|Majha Puraskar
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ऑनलाईन |first=सामना |date=2023-02-21 |title=डॉ. गिरीश ओक, मुक्ता बर्वे यांचा 'माझा पुरस्कारा'ने सन्मान, ज्येष्ठ रंगकर्मी अशोक मुळ्ये यांची संकल्पना {{!}} Saamana (सामना) |url=https://www.saamana.com/maza-puraskar-ceremony-ashok-mulye-concept-honoring-dr-girish-oak-mukta-barve/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2025
|Contribution to Marathi Cinema
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|[[V. Shantaram Special Contribution Award]]
|{{won|Honoured}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ऑनलाईन |first=Indian Express|date=2025-04-18 |title=Maharashtra: Top state awards for Mahesh Manjrekar, Anupam Kher, Kajol & Mukta Barve {{!}} |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-top-state-awards-for-mahesh-manjrekar-anupam-kher-kajol-mukta-barve-9950457/|access-date=2025-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3128068}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Barve, Mukta]]

Barwad

2025-09-19T05:09:06Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: fixed structure and fixed typos

{{for|the caste|Barwar (caste)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barwad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|27|N|77|48|E|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chikodi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barwad''' is a [[village]] in [[Belgaum district]] in the [[South India|southern]] state of Karnataka, India.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Chikodi-geo-stub}}

Agathariruppu

2025-09-04T22:17:18Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: further cleaned up layout for consistency and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agathariruppu
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|26|24.9|N|78|25|48.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramanathapuram district]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 623601
| area_code = 914576 XX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| settlement_type = Village
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Agathariruppu''' is a village in [[Ramanathapuram district]] of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Agathariruppu falls under [[Abiramam]] town panchayat and [[Kamuthi taluk|Kamuthi Taluk]].

== Demography ==
People from Agathariruppu are mostly settled outside for jobs and education. Overall resident population is less than 500.

==Festival==
=== Yearly Mariamman Thiruvizha ===
Mariyamman Mulaipaari Festival celebrated annually, during this festival, the people settled in Chennai, Madurai and Ramanathapuram join.

=== Bullock cart pilgrim trip ===
People from Agathariruppu go for temple trip to M.Pudupatti/ Keela rajakula Raman rajapalayam near Sivakasi in Bullock cart, once in every four years (usually in May month), along with other people who belongs to Aarukarai Yadava community.

They travel for nearly 80 km in three days to worship Sri Ericheeswara Ponnirulappan Swami and Swami Koodamudaya Ayyanar and Kaali Amman
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?nid=50711|title=1000 ஆடுகள் பலியிட்டு பக்தர்கள் நேர்த்திக்கடன்|archive-date=27 May 2013|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527144639/http://dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=50711|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilmurasu.org/Inner_Tamil_News.asp?Nid=43781|title=மாட்டு வண்டிகளில் 3 ஆயிரம் பேர் குல தெய்வம் கோயிலுக்கு பயணம்}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Karmegha Konar|Professor Chenna Pulavar Karmega Konar]] was born in this village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilyadavs.blogspot.de/2013/12/konar-yadav.html?m=1|title=Konar (Yadav)}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Ramanathapuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanathapuram district]]

{{Ramanathapuram-geo-stub}}

Koharwala

2025-08-13T21:40:29Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting a stub

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koharwala
| other_name = ਕੋਹਾਰਵਾਲਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.532578|74.790766|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151204
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Koharwala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕੋਹਾਰਵਾਲਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kohaar Wala · Punjab 151204, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kohaar+Wala,+Punjab+151204/@30.5326054,74.7876335,16z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39174ffaa790ef0f:0x898ddadaced7414d!8m2!3d30.5332899!4d74.7900264!16s/g/1tg2bwv0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Kohaar Wala · Punjab 151204, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 3000 of which 1598 are males while 1402 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koharwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35463-koharwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 541 hectares with 631 number of households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=62}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151204.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Koharwala Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Koharwala, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/koharwala |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Wheel (detergent)

2025-08-12T01:11:03Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{Short description|Brand of laundry detergent}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{infobox brand
| name = Wheel
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Laundry detergent]]
| currentowner = [[Unilever]]
| origin = [[Philippines]]
| introduced = {{start date and age|1952}}
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets = India, [[Bangladesh]]
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
}}
'''Wheel''' is a brand of [[laundry detergent|laundry soap and detergent]] owned by [[Unilever]]. The brand was introduced in the Philippines in 1952 as a laundry soap by Philippine Refining Company (now [[Unilever Philippines]]) under the brand name '''Superwheel'''. The brand was introduced in India in 1985 as a laundry detergent by [[Hindustan Unilever|Hindustan Unilever Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19920630-hindustan-lever-limited-cuts-price-of-wheel-detergent-bar-draws-flak-766508-2013-01-05|title=Hindustan Lever Limited cuts price of Wheel detergent bar, draws flak|first=|last=|work=India Today|date=January 5, 2013|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Unilever brands]]
[[Category:Laundry detergents]]
[[Category:Philippine brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

{{product-stub}}

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho

2025-08-11T09:07:18Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{Short description|Temple in Khajuraho, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Parshvanatha temple
| image = Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Parshvanatha [[Jain Temple|Jinalaya]] a.k.a. Jinanatha Temple
| map_size = 250
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| location = [[Khajuraho]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8448503|79.9365747|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = 950–970 CE
| creator = [[Dhanga]]
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i)(iii)}}(i)(iii)
| designation1_date = 1986 ([[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 240]
}}
'''Parshvanatha temple''' ([[IAST]]: Pārśvanātha Mandir) is a 10th-century [[Digambara]] [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temple]] at [[Khajuraho]] in [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. It is now dedicated to [[Parshvanatha]], although it was probably built as an [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]] shrine during the [[Chandela]] period. Despite the temple's Jain affiliation, its exterior walls feature [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] themes. The entrance has an inscription with a [[most-perfect magic square]]. It is part of a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] along with other temples in the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], because of its outstanding art, architecture, and testimony of the [[Chandela]] period.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web|title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date = 25 June 2023}}</ref>

== History ==

The temple is believed to have been constructed by a prominent Jain family between 950 and 970 CE, during the reign of the [[Chandela]] king [[Dhanga]].{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=209}} A 954 CE (1011 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]) inscription on the left door [[jamb]] of the temple records gifts and endowments of gardens by one Pahila. The gardens are named Pahila-vatika, Chandra-vatika, Laghuchandra-vatika, Shankara-vatika, Panchaitala-vatika, Amra-vatika and Dhanga-vadi. The inscription describes Pahila as a devotee of Jinanatha and states that he was held in great esteem by the king Dhanga.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=205}}

The earliest idol enshrined in the temple appears to have been that of [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]]. When the British archaeological surveyor [[Alexander Cunningham]] visited in 1852, he found the main [[garbhagriha|sanctum]] deserted. He described it as "Jinanatha temple" and wrote that it had been repaired by a Jain banker in 1847. In 1860, a Parshvanatha idol was installed in the main sanctum. An Adinatha statue was placed in a secondary shrine attached to the rear of the temple.{{sfn|Julia A. B. Hegewald|2006|p=410}}

The temple has been classified as a [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].{{sfn|ASI MP List|2016}}

== Art and architecture ==

The Parshvanatha temple is the largest among the [[Jain temples of Khajuraho]].{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}} It has an entrance porch, a small hall, a large hall ([[mandapa]]), a [[antarala|vestibule]], and a sanctum.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} The temple structure has an oblong architectural plan with projections at two ends. The front (eastern) projection forms the entrance porch, the back (western) projection is a shrine attached to the sanctum.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}}

The ceiling of the entrance porch features chain and floral patterns, and a pair of intertwined flying [[vidyadhara]]s. The door-[[lintel]] of the mandapa has the sculpture of Adinatha's attendant: a ten-armed [[Chakreshvari]] riding a [[Garuda]]. The sanctum features sculptures of the [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jinas]].{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}}{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Interior of the temple with Jain deities">
File:Parshwanath Jain Temple Khajuraho 10.jpg
File:Parshwanath Temple - Khajuraho - 2.jpg
</gallery>

The outer walls have three bands of sculptures.{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}} These sculptures feature [[surasundari]]s (graceful women), flying couples, dancers, musicians, and celestial beings.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}} Despite the temple's Jain affiliation, the outer walls also depict [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] themes including sculptures of Hindu gods and their incarnations with their consorts. These include [[Vishnu]]-[[Lakshmi]], [[Rama]]-[[Sita]], [[Balarama]]-[[Revati]], [[Parashurama]], [[Hanuman]], [[Brahma]] and Yamalarjuna legend of [[Krishna]]. These sculptures are similar to those of the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] in modeling, proportions and poise.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}}{{sfn|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}} Unlike the Lakshmana temple, the Parshvanatha temple doesn't feature explicit erotic sculptures, although one particular image appears to show a cross-legged [[apsara]] [[masturbation|masturbating]] with an object.{{sfn|Ali Javid|Tabassum Javeed|2008|p=210}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Three bands of sculpture on the exterior wall">
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638393390).jpg
File:Parsvanatha Temple side 1 Khajuraho.jpg
File:Khajuraho ni05-14.jpg
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Close-up of the exterior sculptures">
6. Khajuraho Parsvanath South wall.jpg | Cross-legged [[apsara]] and [[Vishnu]]-[[Lakshmi]]
File:Khajuraho ni05-12.jpg | Goddess
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638391942).jpg| Couple
Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8637289891).jpg | [[Surasundari]] applying [[kohl (cosmetics)|eye makeup]]
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8637288935).jpg | Tirthankara flanked by surasundaris and [[vyala]]s
File:Kama sur le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638392628).jpg | [[Kamadeva|Kama]] and [[Rati]]
</gallery>

== Magic square ==

[[File:Magic square at the Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho.png|thumb|right|150px|The inscription containing the 4×4 [[most-perfect magic square]]]]

The temple has an inscription with a [[magic square]], called the "Jaina square". This is one of the oldest known 4×4 magic squares,{{sfn|Amir D. Aczel|2015|p=48}} as well as one of the oldest known [[most-perfect magic square]]s.{{sfn|George Katsirelos|Toby Walsh|2010|p=861}}

This magic square contains all the numbers from 1 to 16. The sum of the numbers in every horizontal row, every vertical column and the two diagonal rows is 34.{{sfn|Amir D. Aczel|2015|p=47}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|-
| 7 || 12 || 1 || 14
|-
| 2 || 13 || 8 || 11
|-
| 16 || 3 || 10 || 5
|-
| 9 || 6 || 15 || 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 7 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 12 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 1 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 14
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 2 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 13 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 8 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 16 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 9 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 6 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 15 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 7 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 12 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 1 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 14
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 2 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 13 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 8 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 16 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 9 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 6 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 15 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 7 || 12 || 1 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 14
|-
| 2 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 13 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 8 || 11
|-
| 16 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 || 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 9 || 6 || 15 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 4
|}

{{clear-left}}

The sum of the numbers in the smaller 2×2 squares at the four corners, as well as those in the central 2×2 square, is also 34.{{sfn|Amir D. Aczel|2015|p=47}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 7 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 12 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 1 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 14
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 2 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 13 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 8 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 16 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 9 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 6 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 15 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
| 7 || 12 || 1 || 14
|-
| 2 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 13 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 8 || 11
|-
| 16 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 || 5
|-
| 9 || 6 || 15 || 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
| 7 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 12 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 1 || 14
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 2 || 13 || 8 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 16 || 3 || 10 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 5
|-
| 9 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 6 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 15 || 4
|}

{{clear-left}}

The magic square is [[pandiagonal magic square|pandiagonal, aka diabolic]]: the numbers in its broken diagonals also sum up to 34. For example, 7 + (6 + 10 + 11) = 34.{{sfn|Clifford A. Pickover|2011|p=17}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" |7 || 12 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 1 || 14
|-
| 2 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 13 || 8 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 16 || 3 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 10 || 5
|-
| 9 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 6 || 15 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
|7 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 12 || 1 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 14
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 2 || 13 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 8 || 11
|-
| 16 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 3 || 10 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 9 || 6 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 15 || 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
| 7 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 12 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 1 ||14
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 2 || 13 || 8 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 11
|-
|style="background-color: #ccccff" | 16 || 3 || 10 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 5
|-
| 9 ||style="background-color: #ccccff" | 6 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 15 || 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 7 || 12 || 1 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 14
|-
| 2 || 13 || 8 || 11
|-
| 16 || 3 || 10 || 5
|-
|style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 9 || 6 || 15 ||style="background-color: #ffffaa" | 4
|}

{{clear-left}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{commons category|Parsvnatha Jain Temple Khajuraho}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author1=Ali Javid |author2=Tabassum Javeed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |year=2008 |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-482-2|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Amir D. Aczel |author-link=Amir Aczel |title=Finding Zero: A Mathematician's Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAADBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |year=2015 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4668-7910-2|language=en}}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Parsvanatha Temple |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/chhatarpur_khajuraho_parsvanathatemple.html |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI Bhopal Parshva|2016}} }}
* {{cite web |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Madhya Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |access-date=2016-11-16 |ref={{harvid|ASI MP List|2016}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book |author=Clifford A. Pickover |title=The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars: An Exhibition of Surprising Structures across Dimensions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mu8O8RMG6QC&pg=PA17 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4151-6|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=George Katsirelos |author2=Toby Walsh |title=Symmetries of Symmetry Breaking Constraints (ECAI 2010 Proceedings) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLqiEJVT3u8C&pg=PA861 |year=2010 |publisher=IOS |isbn=978-1-60750-605-8|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Julia A. B. Hegewald |editor=Peter Flügel |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIgqBgAAQBAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0|language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979|language=en}}
{{ref end}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Khajuraho Group of Monuments}}

[[Category:Khajuraho]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain temples]]

Kankuria

2025-08-07T05:41:37Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: general updated structure for clarity and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kankuria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kankuria more
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.65232|N|87.96043|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 15 August 1947
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Rural area
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.46
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 36,925
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742202
| registration_plate = WB58, WB94
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samserganj]]
| website = {{URL|http://murshidabad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kankuria''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]], under the [[Dhulian]] Circle Area in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|42|0|N|87|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Farakka, Samserganj, Suti II CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|48|4|N|87|53|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Srimantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Srimantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|47|33|N|87|54|51|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Benia Gram| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Benia Gram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|48|30|N|87|54|39|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Farakka Barrage |labela3= Township| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Farakka Barrage Township]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|43|21|N|87|56|3|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Arjunpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Arjunpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|42|49|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sibnagar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sibnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|41|55|N|87|55|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mamrejpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Mamrejpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|42|16|N|87|56|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Pranpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Pranpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|41|21|N|87|55|41|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mahadeb Nagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Mahadeb Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|40|30|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Anup Nagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Anup Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|40|8|N|87|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jafrabad| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jafrabad, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|39|46|N|87|57|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Kankuria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=Kankuria (CT)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|34|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Uttar Mahammadpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Chachanda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Chachanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|38|35|N|87|58|50|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Dhusaripara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Dhusaripara]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|0|50|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Serpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Serpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|58|6|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kohetpur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Kohetpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|38|20|N|87|55|31|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Bhasaipaikar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Bhasaipaikar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Jaykrishnapur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|4|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Basudebpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Basudebpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|1|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Jagtaj| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Jagtaj]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|37|34|N|88|1|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Debipur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Debipur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|1|25|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Aurangabad| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Aurangabad, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|37|50|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Mahendrapur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Mahendrapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|37|50|N|88|1|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Hafania| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Hafania]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|38|15|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Dafahat| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Dafahat]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|36|15|N|88|2|35|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Paschim Punropara| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Paschim Punropara]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|34|49|N|88|2|57|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ichhlampur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Ichhlampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|35|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Chakmeghoan| numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Chakmeghoan]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|35|20|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29=Kakramari| numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Kakramari]] (CT)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|34|52|N|88|2|19|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Khanpur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30=[[Khanpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|36|32|N|88|1|40|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Khidirpur| numbered31=CT| mark-title31=[[Khidirpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|36|0|N|88|1|9|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Bhabki| numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Bhabki]] (CT)
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|41|0|N|87|57|14|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Dhuliyan| numbered33=M| mark-title33=[[Dhuliyan]] (M) | shape-color33= #800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Farakka Barrage| numbered34=F| mark-title34= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color34=#967117
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|46|21|N|87|53|39|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Farakka Super TPS| numbered35=F| mark-title35= [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color35=#967117
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|47|25|N|87|54|15|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Farakka| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Farakka]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|35|21|N|88|0|33|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Mahesail| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Mahesail]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|39|44|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Nimtita| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Nimtita]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|2|0|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Suti| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Suti]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|46|45|N|87|54|37|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Nabarun| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Nabarun]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|56|40|E}} | label41= Ganges River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 85| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|38|20|N|88|3|10|E}} | label42= Padma River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 45| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|54|10|E}} | label43= Farakka | labela43 = Feeder Canal| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 85| label-pos43=right| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|40|53|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos44=left|label44= Tarapur| numbered44=R| mark-title44= [[Tarapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color44=#C40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|46|0|N|88|5|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|53|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Kankuria is located at {{coord|24.65232|N|87.96043|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Samserganj CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', [[Anup Nagar]], [[Jafrabad, Murshidabad|Jafrabad]], Kankuria, [[Kohetpur]], [[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad|Jaykrishnapur]], [[Uttar Mahammadpur]], [[Chachanda]], [[Basudebpur]] and [[Dhusaripara]] form a series of census towns from [[Dhuliyan]], a municipal town.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 157, Map of Samserganj CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka |publisher= NTPC| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kankuria had a population of 36,925, of which 18,157 (49%) were males and 18,768 (51%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 7,430. The total number of literate persons in Kankuria was 15,640 (53.03% of the population over 6 years) that is lower than the state average of 76.26%. Male literacy is around 58.21 % while female literacy rate is 48.03 %.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Kankuria Town Population Census 2011 - 2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/313873-kankuria-west-bengal.html |access-date= |work=Population Census |publisher=}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kankuria had a population of 27,372. Males were 50% of the population and females 50%. The average literacy rate was 31%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 39%, and female literacy was 23%, and 23% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Kankuria covered an area of 3.46 km2. It had 8 km roads. The protected water-supply involved service reservoir, hand pump. It had 600 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 3 dispensaries/ health centres, 4 family welfare centres, 4 maternity & child welfare centre, 3 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 22 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school, general degree college at Dak Bungalow 5 km away. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, cultural & recreational facilities it had 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library. It produced [[beedi]]. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
'''College :''' Nur Mohammad Smriti Mohavidyalaya, affiliated to Kalyani University and located beside NH34 highway.

'''School''': Saheb Nagar High School affiliated to West Bengal board of secondary education. Saheb Nagar High School (H.S).

==Economy==
'''Biri industry (nicotine industry)''': Most of people involved in nicotine industry ,especially women.

==Healthcare==
'''Hospitals:''' Tarapur Hospital (government), Anup Nagar Hospital (government), DDH Hospital (private). These hospitals are in Dhulian.

Samserganj CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Samserganj CD block is 287 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Ariyalur Group

2025-08-02T15:54:14Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added The Data First Draft

{{Short description|Geological group in Southern India}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Ariyalaur Group
| type = [[Geological group]]
| age = [[Late Cretaceous]] to [[Palaeogene]] ([[Paleocene]]) ([[Campanian]] to [[Danian]]) ~{{fossil range|82|65.5}}
| period = Cretaceous
| overlies=[[Anaipadi Formation]], [[Trichinopoly Group]]
| subunits= [[Sillakkudi formation]], [[Kallakurichi Formation]], [[Ottakovil formation]], [[Kallamedu Formation]]
| country =[[India]]
| coordinates =
| extent =
| underlies=[[Niniyur Formation]]
| map = {{Location map+ | India#Tamil Nadu
| relief = 2
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India#Tamil Nadu
| lat_deg = 11.1
| lon_deg = 79.1
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 11.6
| lon_deg = 79.41
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 11.05
| lon_deg = 79.02
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Ariyalaur Group''' is a [[group (stratigraphy)|geological group]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in Southern India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bakkiaraj |first1=D. |last2=Nagendra |first2=R. |last3=Nagarajan |first3=R. |last4=Armstrong-Altrin |first4=John S. |date=2010 |title=Geochemistry of sandstones from the Upper Cretaceous Sillakkudi Formation, Cauvery Basin, southern India: Implication for provenance |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12594-010-0128-3 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=453–467 |doi=10.1007/s12594-010-0128-3 |bibcode=2010JGSI...76..453B |issn=0016-7622|hdl=20.500.11937/18718 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerji |first=Ranjit K. |date=1966-06-01 |title=The Genus ''Globotruncana'' and Biostratigraphy of the Lower Ariyalur Stage (upper Cretaceous) of Vridhachalam, South India |url=https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1966/070111 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=51–69 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1966/070111 |issn=0974-6889|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Fossil content ==
{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | '''[[Dinosaur]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Member
!Images
|-
|[[Abelisauridae]] indet.<ref name="Goswami 2013">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1038/ncomms2716|title = A troodontid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of India|year = 2013|last1 = Goswami|first1 = A.|last2 = Prasad|first2 = G. V. R.|last3 = Verma|first3 = O.|last4 = Flynn|first4 = J. J.|last5 = Benson|first5 = R. B. J.|journal = Nature Communications|volume = 4|page = 1703|pmid = 23591870|bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.1703G|doi-access = free}}</ref>
|
| "Disassociated remains" and teeth.
|
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
| [[Carnosauria]] indet.?<ref name="Yadagiri Ayyasami 1987" />
|
| "Fragmentary remains".
| Carnosauria was often used as a wastebasket taxon.
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
| [[Troodontidae]] indet.<ref name="Goswami 2013" />
|
| One isolated tooth (DUGF/52).
|
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
| ''[[Bruhathkayosaurus]]''<ref name="Yadagiri Ayyasami 1987">Yadagiri, P. and Ayyasami, K. (1987). "A carnosaurian dinosaur from the Kallamedu Formation (Maestrichtian horizon), Tamilnadu." In M.V.A. Sastry, V.V. Sastry, C.G.K. Ramanujam, H.M. Kapoor, B.R. Jagannatha Rao, P.P. Satsangi, and U.B. Mathur (eds.), ''Three Decades of Development in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy in India''. Volume 1. ''Precambrian to Mesozoic''. Geological Society of India Special Publication, 11(1): 523–528.</ref><ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Saurabh |last2=Ayyasami |first2=Krishnan |date=May 2022 |title=The lost titan of Cauvery |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12390 |journal=Geology Today |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=112–116 |doi=10.1111/gto.12390 |bibcode=2022GeolT..38..112P |issn=0266-6979|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| ''B. matleyi''
| ilium and ischium, femur, tibia, radius and part of a vertebra (specifically a platycoelous caudal centrum). Remains no longer exist.
| Initially described as a [[Theropod]], it was reclassified as a [[Titanosaur]].
|Kallamedu formation
|[[File:Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi updated.png|thumb]]
|-
| [[Sauropoda]]
|Indeterminate.<ref>[[Richard Lydekker|R. Lydekker]]. (1877). Notices of new and other Vertebrata from Indian Tertiary and Secondary rocks. ''Records of the Geological Survey of India'' 10(1):30–43</ref><ref>C. R. Narayana Rao and L. Rama Rao. 1930. The limb bones of a sauropodous dinosaur. ''Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, Allahabad'' '''17''':330.</ref>
| "Fragmentary remains".
|
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
| [[Titanosauria]]
|Indeterminate.<ref name="Dhimpay2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhiman |first1=Harsha |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |last3=Goswami |first3=Anjali |year=2018 |title=Parataxonomy and palaeobiogeographic significance of dinosaur eggshell fragments from the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Cauvery Basin, South India |journal=Historical Biology |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1450408 |s2cid=89969203}}</ref>
| Solitary egg.
|
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
|[[Titanosauria]]
|Indeterminate.<ref>Matley, 1929. "The Cretaceous Dinosaurs of the Trichinopoly district and the rocks associated with them". ''Records of the Geological Survey of India''. Vol. 61 (4):337-349.</ref>
|Ten large sauropod bones, some of which could be identified as a humerus or femur, proximal end of a femur and scapula. All the bones pertain to the limbs.
|Similar in size to ''Bruhathkayosaurus''.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
| style="background:#E3F5FF;" |''[[Fusioolithus]]''<ref name="Dhimpay2019" />
| style="background:#E3F5FF;" | F. baghensis
| style="background:#E3F5FF;" |[[Dinosaur egg]]s.
| style="background:#E3F5FF;" |
| style="background:#E3F5FF;" |Kallamedu formation
|style="background:#E3F5FF;" |
|-
|?[[Camarasauridae]]<ref>C. R. Narayana Rao and L. Rama Rao. 1930. Some dinosaurian vertebrae. ''Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, Allahabad'' '''17''':329.</ref>
| Indeterminate.
|Vertebrae.
| Camarasaurids are not known from the cretaceous.
|Kallamedu formation
|
|- style="background:#fbdddb;"
| ?[[Stegosauria]]<ref name="Galton Ayyasami 2017">{{cite journal |author1=Peter M. Galton |author2=Krishnan Ayyasami |year=2017 |title=Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=285 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671}}</ref>
|Indeterminate.
| Misinterpreted [[sauropod]] bone.
| Other more plausible [[Stegosaur]] material is known from [[Cretaceous]] India.
|Kallamedu formation
|
|-
|[[Sauropoda]]
|Sauropoda indet.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|"Scant remains".
|
|
|-
|[[Stegosauria]]
|Stegosauria indet.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Theropoda]]
|Theropoda indet.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|"Scant remains".
|
|
|-
| [[Theropoda]]<ref name="Weishampel etal 2004 p680" />
| indet.
|
| A [[Theropod]].
|Kallankurichchi formation
|
|- style="background:#E6E6E6;"
| ?''[[Titanosaurus]]''<ref name="Weishampel etal 2004 p680" />
| ''T. indicus''
|
| A dubious genus of [[titanosaurian]] sauropod.
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
[[File:Titanosaurus.jpg|thumb|''Titanosaurus'']]
|-style="background:#E3F5FF
| ''[[Megaloolithus]]''<ref name="Kohring 1996">Kohring et al., 1996{{Incomplete short citation|date=December 2024}}</ref>
| ''M. cylindricus''
| Fossilised eggs.
| A Sauropod [[Oogenus]].
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
[[File:Sanajeh fossil.png|Sanajeh fossil|thumb]]
The holotype of [[Sanajeh]] preserved with Megaloolithus
|-
| [[Stegosauridae]]<ref name="Weishampel etal 2004 p680">Weishampel, et al. (2004). ''The Dinosauria''. Second Edition. p. 680.</ref>
| Stegosauridae indet
|
|
| A [[Stegosauridae|Stegosaurid]].
|Kallakurichi Formation
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Mollusc]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Member
!Images
|-
|''[[Inoceramus]]''<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|''I''. sp.
|
|
|Sillakkudi formation
|
[[File:Inocérame (Inoceramus cycloides colossus), exposition Un T-Rex à Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|''[[Karapadites]]''<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|''K. karapadense''
|
|
|Sillakkudi formation
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Inoceramus]]''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989">Ayyasami, 1989{{Incomplete short citation|date=December 2024}}</ref>
| ''I. bulbus''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | A [[clam]].
|Kallakurichi formation
|
|-
| ''I. tamulicus''
|Kallakurichi formation
|
|-
| ''[[Pycnodonta]]''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
| ''P. vesicularis''
|
| A [[clam]].
|Kallakurichi formation
|
|-
| ''[[Ostrea (Alectryonia)]]''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
| sp.
|
| A [[clam]].
|Kallakurichi formation
|[[File:Ostrea edulis 07.jpg|thumb]]
|-
| ''[[Anisomyon]]''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
| ''A. indicus''
|
| A [[snail]].
|Kallakurichi formation
|
[[File:Report of the United States Geological Survey of the territories (1876) (14783910965).jpg|thumb]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Foraminifera]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus
! !! Species !! Material !! Notes
!Images
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Globotruncana]]''
|''G. arca''<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|
|Sillakkudi formation
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Globotruncana stuarti et G. lapparenti.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|''G. ventricosa''<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|
|Sillakkudi formation
|-
|''G. elevata''<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022" />
|
|
|Sillakkudi formation
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Sea Urchin]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Member
!Notes!! Images
|-
| ''[[Hemipneustes]]''
| ''H. compressus''<ref name="Aziz Badve 1990">Aziz & Badve, 1990{{Incomplete short citation|date=December 2024}}</ref>
|
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
|
[[File:Holasteridae - Hemipneustes oculatus.JPG|thumb]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Rhynchonellatan]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Member
!Images
|-
| ''[[Rectithyris]]''
| ''R. subdepressa''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
|
|
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
|-
| ''[[Rhynchonella]]''
| ''R. sp.''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
|
|
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
[[File:Rhynchonella sp.4 - Jurasico.JPG|thumb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Brachiopod]]s from the Ariyalaur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Member
!Images
|-
| ''[[Gyrodina]]''
| ''[[G. globosa]]''<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
|
|
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
|-
| ''[[Neobulimina]]''
| ''N.'' sp.<ref name="Ayyasami 1989" />
|
|
|Kallakurichi Formation
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | '''[[Arthropod]]s from the Ariyalur group'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes !! Member
!Images
|- style="background:#FEF6E4;"
|''[[Thalassinoides]]''
|''T.'' sp.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022"/>
|
|An ichnofossil made by [[decapod]] [[crustacean]]s, or [[fish]]
|Ottakovil Formation
|
[[File:Hermann Krone - Spurenfossil Thalassanoides aus der sächsischen Kreide (1871).jpg|thumb]]
|- style="background:#FEF6E4"
|''[[Ophiomorpha]]''
|''O.'' sp.<ref name="Pal Ayyasami 2022"/>
|
|Made by [[burrow]]ing arthropods
|Ottakovil Formation
|
[[File:Ophiomorpha from Cerro Ballena.png|thumb]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geologic groups of Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Campanian Stage]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]

CIIE.CO

2025-07-16T01:07:05Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: adding new info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian startup accelerator}}
{{Infobox company
| name = CIIE.CO
| logo = CIIE Logo.png
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_upright = 
| image = CIIE, IIM Ahmedabad.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_upright = 
| image_caption = CIIE headquarters at [[IIM Ahmedabad]]
| romanized_name =
| former_name = CIIE
| type = [[Venture capital]]
| industry = [[Startup accelerator]], [[Startup incubator]]
| predecessor = 
| founded ={{Start date and age|2002}} in [[Ahmedabad]], India
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| successor = 
| hq_location = [[IIM Ahmedabad]]
| hq_location_city = [[Gujarat]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 5 ([[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Indore]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Guwahati]])
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = Kunal Upadhyay (CEO)
| services = [[Venture capital]], [[Investment]]
| revenue_year = 
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| aum = 
| assets_year = 
| equity_year = 
| members_year = 
| website = {{URL|https://ciie.co/}}
}}
'''CIIE.CO''' is an Indian [[startup accelerator]] and [[Business incubator|incubator]] that supports early-stage startups located at [[IIM Ahmedabad]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]. It was founded in 2002 to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in India.<ref name=bw>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Vasudha |title=Innovation-Driven Entrepreneurship Ecosystem |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Innovation-Driven-Entrepreneurship-Ecosystem/03-08-2022-440302/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=3 August 2022}}</ref> It is a [[Center of excellence]] set up at [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] with support from the [[Government of India]]'s [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name=businesstoday>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Taslima |title=What makes IIM-Ahmedabad's incubation centre stand out |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/best-b-schools-iim-a-incubation-centre-stand-out-44670-2013-10-17 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=27 October 2013}}</ref>

It provides investments, incubation, acceleration, infrastructure, training and access to a network of collaborators. As of August 2022, it has accelerated nearly 1000 startups, funded 300 and mentored and coached over 5000 startups<ref name=bw/> across its various programs such as {{Proper name|iAccelerator}}, Power of Ideas, Powerstart, India Innovation Growth Program, Start up Oasis, Bharat Inclusion Initiative.<ref name=inc>{{cite news |last1=Khatri |first1=Bhumika |title=CIIE's Bharat Innovation Fund Announces First Close Of $100 Mn Fund |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ciie-bharat-innovation-fund-announces-first-close-of-100-mn-fund/ |publisher=Inc42 |date=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=thehans>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Kumud |title=CIIE.CO accelerates 1,000 startups, invests in 200 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/ciieco-accelerates-1000-startups-invests-in-200-738918 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=20 April 2022}}</ref> CIIE.CO provides funding in the form of government grants, pre-seed, seed and series, an investment starting from around {{INR}}10 lakh to {{INR}}15 lakh of grand capital up to US$5 million.<ref name=thehans/> It has similar incubation centres in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] and one facility in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=thehans/>

== History ==
The CIIE previously stood for Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship. It was originally set up in 2002 as a research institution with a grant pool from the [[Government of Gujarat]], the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] and IIM Ahmedabad. In 2007, it became an incubation centre after its incorporation under Section 25 of the [[Companies Act, 1956]].<ref name=businesstoday/> In 2008, a non-profit organization, CIIE Initiatives, was registered to help the emerging startup ecosystem in India. It continues to operate as an academic centre at IIM-A. It was rebranded as CIIE.CO in 2018, with the 'CO' denoting the continuum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Ankur |last2=Sharma |first2=Supriya |title=The Innovation Continuum at IIM Ahmedabad |url=https://facultynewsletter.iima.ac.in/pastinstinifaculty/february2021/The-Innovation-Continuum-at-IIM-Ahmedabad.html |work=Faculty News - IIMA |agency=[[IIM Ahmedabad]] |date=February 2021}}</ref>

In 2009, CIIE started an accelerator program, {{Proper name|iAccelerator}}, which focused on startups in [[Information and communications technology|information and communication technology]]. In July 2010, CIIE tied up with ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]] and launched 'Power of Ideas', a platform for aspiring and budding entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Power of Ideas: We're now bigger, better & have more power |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/power-of-ideas-were-now-bigger-better-have-more-power/articleshow/6076623.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 June 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, it launched INFUSE (Indian Fund for Sustainable Energy), a cleantech and sustainability focused fund in collaboration with the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE), [[BP|BP Plc]] and [[Technology Development Board]] (TDB). A {{INR}}A 100-crore budget was allocated for the INFUSE Ventures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 100-cr IIM-A fund to plug clean energy |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rs-100cr-iima-fund-to-plug-clean-energy/836517/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 August 2011}}</ref> The MNRE provided monetary support and guided the startups through policies and regulations. For institutional support, CIIE teamed up with the [[Asian Development Bank]] and the [[International Finance Corporation|International Financial Corporation]], both are part of the [[World Bank Group]].<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |last1=Singh Thakur |first1=Angad |title=How Infuse Ventures is helping Bharat catch up with India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/social-impact-special/how-infuse-ventures-is-helping-bharat-catch-up-with-india/45439/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2013, the Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship formed an incubator, Startup Oasis, in partnership with the [[Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation]] (RIICO), [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name=businesstoday/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Vishal |title=Startups no longer concentrated in South India, extend to even Kutch desert |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/startups-no-longer-concentrated-in-south-india-extend-to-even-kutch-desert/articleshow/46886081.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 April 2015}}</ref> Startup Oasis is based in Jaipur and has incubated 202 startups as of 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Yatti |title=Rajasthan Startup Hub: The Investors, Incubators Enabling Innovation |url=https://inc42.com/features/rajasthan-startup-hub-the-investors-incubators-enabling-innovation/ |publisher=Inc42 |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, CIIE.CO launched Bharat Innovation Fund, a US $150-million fund announced in late 2015 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during his visit to [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM announces $150 mn Bharat Fund to catalyse disruptive solutions for India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/pm-announces-150-mn-bharat-fund-to-catalyse-disruptive-solutions-for-india/article64342825.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Bharat Innovation Fund is a [[Public–private partnership|public-private-academia partnership]] set up by the CIIE at [[IIM Ahmedabad]] in collaboration with the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]], [[Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and [[Tata Trusts]].<ref name=forbes/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-11 |title=Bharat Fund |url=https://www.empat.tech/blog/4-real-life-lessons-from-running-a-startup |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250703105922/https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133089 |archive-date=2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Government of India. Ministry of Finance}}</ref>

In December 2021, the Innocity Startup School, a 14-week non-residential programme, was started to help early-stage startups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Sreeradha |title=Caspian Debt partners with CIIE to launch Innocity startup school |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/caspian-debt-partners-with-ciie-to-launch-innocity-startup-school/articleshow/79547239.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> In partnership with [[Bajaj Electricals]], CIIE.CO launched a new incubation centre, Anant Bajaj Limitless Ideas Hub, in [[Jaipur]] in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bajaj Electricals Limited And CIIE.CO - IIM Ahmedabad Launch 'Anant Bajaj Limitless Ideas Hub' |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Bajaj-Electricals-Limited-And-CIIE-CO-IIM-Ahmedabad-Launch-Anant-Bajaj-Limitless-Ideas-Hub-/13-08-2021-400614/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

=== {{Proper name|iAccelerator}} ===
In 2009, CIIE.CO launched {{Proper name|iAccelerator}}, which was the first accelerator program in India for startups offering mentorships, market connections and access to capital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koujalgi |first1=Sandeep |last2=Chopra |first2=Priyanka |title=What does it take to accelerate startups building for Bharat? |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2021/07/12/demand-from-non-metros-powers-amazon-s-small-business-day-sale |publisher=[[VCCircle|Tech Circle]] |date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=iAccelerator searches for next Sergey Brin in India |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/iaccelerator-searches-for-next-sergey-brin-in-india/594547/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=23 March 2010}}</ref> {{Proper name|iAccelerator}} program provides three-month residential mentorship and guidance to the batch of selected startups. During the three-month stay, these startups get investment, infrastructure and business mentoring from experts, mentors, investors, and tech enthusiasts. At the end of the incubation program, these startups pitch their innovation to early-stage angels and venture capitalists on the demo day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Millward |first1=Steven |date=28 June 2013 |title=IIM Ahmedabad's iAccelerator Invites Fresh Batch of Startups |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/iim-ahmedabads-iaccelerator-invites-fresh-133033936.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250703105054/https://web.archive.org/web/20220923205315/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/iim-ahmedabads-iaccelerator-invites-fresh-133033936.html |archive-date=2025-07-03 |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] via Tech In Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-A's CIIE launches third edition of iAccelerator |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-a-s-ciie-launches-third-edition-of-iaccelerator-111070900031_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Bharat Inclusion Initiative ===
Bharat Innovation Fund is a public-private-academia partnership set up by the CIIE.CO in 2017 in collaboration with the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]], [[Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]] and [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]. In August 2018, as a part of Bharat Inclusion Initiative, CIIE.CO and [[J. P. Morgan|J.P. Morgan]] collaboratively set up a $9.5 million financial inclusion lab, under which [[J.P. Morgan & Co.|J.P. Morgan]] announced to provide up to $7 million over the next four years, making it the largest philanthropic commitment made by the banking giant outside the US. The financial lab was started to incubate and support the startups and entrepreneurs working to help the lower and middle income (LMI) segment in financial inclusion, health and education.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Jui |title=J.P. Morgan, IIM-A to set up $9.5 mn financial inclusion lab |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/jp-morgan-iim-a-to-set-up-95-mn-financial-inclusion-lab/102256 |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-07 |title=JP Morgan, Bill Gates and Dell foundations join IIM-A to set up $9.5 million financial inclusion lab |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-jp-morgan-bill-gates-and-dell-foundations-join-iim-a-to-set-up-9-5-million-financial-inclusion-lab-1272537/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

It has received a pledge of US$12.5 million from the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], the [[Michael & Susan Dell Foundation|Michael and Susan Dell Foundation]], [[Omidyar Network]] and [[Tata Trusts]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shweta |title=IIM Ahmedabad Incubator Hits First Close Of Bharat Inclusion Seed Fund |url=https://www.vccircle.com/iim-ahmedabad-incubator-hits-first-close-of-bharat-inclusion-seed-fund |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=15 May 2018}}</ref>

== Projects ==
The organisation published ''[[Stay Hungry Stay Foolish]]'', a non-fiction bestseller by author [[Rashmi Bansal]], an alumnus of IIM-A. The book featured stories of 25 [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] IIM Ahmedabad graduates who left their jobs to pursue entrepreneurship. It has reached over a million readers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahoo |first1=Namrata |title=Young at heart and art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/aug/23/young-at-heart-and-art-509540.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=23 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vivek |first1=TR |title=Book Review: Stay Hungry Stay Foolish |url=https://www.vccircle.com/book-review-stay-hungry-stay-foolish |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=22 October 2008}}</ref>

In 2015, it conducted the 'Innovate for Digital India challenge' with [[Intel]], the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and [[MyGov.in]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Intel, DST & CIIE launch Innovate for 'Digital India Challenge' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/intel-dst-ciie-launch-innovate-for-digital-india-challenge-115052501334_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

In May 2022, CIIE.CO came up with another book, ''Startup Compass: How Iconic Entrepreneurs Got It Right'', published by [[HarperCollins]], written by IIM-A alumni Ujwal Kalra and Shobhit Shubhankar. The book is based on the 'How to Start a Startup' series at IIM Ahmedabad and has comprehensive interviews by 15 Indian entrepreneurs, including [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]] ([[Naukri.com]]), [[Deep Kalra]] ([[MakeMyTrip]]), [[Sachin Bansal]] ([[Flipkart]]), [[Falguni Nayar]] ([[Nykaa]]), Kunal Shah ([[Cred (company)|CRED]]), Sahil Barua ([[Delhivery]]), Raghunandan G. (TaxiForSure). It has a foreword by [[Infosys]] founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM Ahmedabad alumni launch 'Startup Compass' supported by CIIE CO |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/iim-ahmedabad-alumni-launch-startup-compass-supported-by-ciie-co |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

== Portfolio ==
Some of the notable ventures backed by CIIE.CO, through its various initiatives and programs, includes [[Ridlr]], CreditVidya, FireCompass, Detect Technologies, Recruiterbox, Chara Technologies, Forus Healthcare, MechMocha, SalesKen, Tookitaki, Zumutor Biologics and Razorpay.<ref name=inc/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |title=Accel, Bharat Innovation Fund Write Cheque To Biotechnology Firm Zumutor |url=https://www.vccircle.com/accel-bharat-innovation-fund-write-cheque-to-biotechnology-firm-zumutor |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatla |first1=Prabhjeet |title=Deeptech Startup Chara Technologies Raises $850,000 From Kalaari Capital And CIIE.CO |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/369693#:~:text=Bengaluru%2Dbased%20deeptech%20startup%20Chara,funding%20ventures%20with%20disruptive%20solutions. |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CreditVidya raises $3 m from investors led by Bharat Innovation Fund |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/creditvidya-raises-3-m-from-investors-led-by-bharat-innovation-fund/1474887/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=4 February 2019}}</ref> Razorpay, a payment gateway platform later turned into a [[List of unicorn startup companies|unicorn startup]], was incubated by CIIE.CO in Jaipur, at Startup Oasis.

From 2018 to 2021, CIIE.CO has conducted various craft-centric startup programs and supported more than 46 craft startups, out of which 17 startups received funding from the CIIE, including startups such as Khadigi, Kosha, Golden Feather, Fabriclore, Fabricmonde, P-Tal, Kalaghar, Dressfolk, Abira, Country Clay, Claybotik, Baansuli, Guddee.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Bora |first1=Garima |title=CIIE.CO to support over 100 early-stage craft companies by 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/ciie-co-to-support-over-100-early-stage-craft-companies-by-2025/articleshow/92868912.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In July 2022, it announced to support over 100 early-age craft startups by the year 2025. The craft vertical at CIIE.CO offers over 15 craft companies with access to portfolio support through sprints, incubation and acceleration, seed funding and catalytic capital support of up to {{INR}}50 lakh. In 2022, it also published a report on the crafts sector, outlining the startup opportunities in the sector.<ref name=":0" />

== People ==
Kunal Upadhyay is the CEO of CIIE.CO and Managing Partner of Bharat Fund.<ref name=techcircle>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shweta |title=Sky is the limit for startups in a digitally transformed world: Kunal Upadhyay of CIIE.CO |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2021/03/18/sky-is-the-limit-for-startups-in-a-digitally-transformed-world-kunal-upadhyay-of-ciie-co |publisher=[[VCCircle|TechCircle]] |date=18 March 2021}}</ref> 35 to 40 people work from the office at IIM-A, while the rest operate from different parts of the country.<ref name=thehans/>

== Research ==
The CIIE was set up as a research institution back in 2002.<ref name=businesstoday/> It has a team for research like management research, identifying trends and innovations, publications and thematic reports. In 2021, CIIE conducted a research study on the [[cultivated meat]] sector in India in partnership with [[The Good Food Institute]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=How India can Lead in the Upcoming $25 bn Cultivated Meat Sunrise Industry |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/article/whats-hot/retail-trends/how-india-can-lead-in-the-upcoming-25-bn-cultivated-meat-sunrise-industry.a7717/ |work=Indianretailer.com |date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://ciie.co/|Official website}}
{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:CIIE}}
[[Category:Business incubators of India]]
[[Category:Startup accelerators]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurship in India]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Gujarat]]

Mahendra Gop

2025-05-18T00:56:48Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: added references

#REDIRECT [[Mahendra Gope]]

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Palaivananathar Temple

2025-05-13T07:00:39Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Added Initial Location Added Tags...

{{short description|Temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Palaivananathar Temple
| image = IMG-20190909-WA0009.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|56|N|79|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Tirupalathurai
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tanjore]]
| location = [[Papanasam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Palaivananathar ([[Shiva]])
Dhavala Vennakaimangai ([[Parvati]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Palaivananathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Papanasam]], in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shiva is worshiped as Papanasanathar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Thavalavennayagal. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers around one acre and can be entered through a five-tiered gopuram, the main gateway. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Papanasanathar and Thavalavennayagal, being the most prominent. All the shrines of the temple are enclosed in large concentric rectangular granite walls. The temple has a granary made of brick from the Vijayanagar Empire, which is maintained as a monument of the state Archeological Department.

The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. Chitra Pournami and Aani Thirumanjanam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaani'' (June–July) are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the temple.

The original complex is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]], while the present masonry structure was built by Vijayanagar kings during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, [[Shiva]] is believed to have killed a tiger and worn the skin of the tiger as a sign of his victory in the forest Darukavana. At a later time, during the [[Mahabharat]] times, the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] who was in exile along with his brothers was asked by sage Dhaumya to visit the forest and seek the blessings of Shiva. Arjuna visited the place and obtained special skills and weapons in archery from Shiva. The presiding deity is believed to have absolved the sins of various other deities namely [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Rama]], [[Sita]], sage [[Vashista]], [[Lakshmana]], other celestial deities and hence got the name Papanasanathar, the one who absolves sins.<ref name=R/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Palaivananathar4.jpg|left|250px|legend of [[Thiruvilaiyadal]] depicted on the walls of the gateway tower|thumb]]
Papanasam ([[Tirunelvli]]) ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பாபநாசம், literally means Destruction of Sins) is a ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' town in [[Thanjavur district]] in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, located {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kumbakonam]] and {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Thanjavur]] on the Kumbakonam - Thanjavur highway.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=85}}</ref> There are three rivers named [[Kaveri]], Thirumalairajan and Kudamurutti in the town, with the temple located on the bank of Kudamuruti river. The walls on the temple tower has inscriptions depicting [[Thiruvilaiyadal]], the 64 divine plays of Shiva to test his devotees. Thirupalaithurai temple with two ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer courtyard) occupies an area of {{convert|3|acre|m2}}, and its entrance is crowned with a five tiered ''Raja[[gopuram]]''. The first precinct houses the images of various supporting deities of Shiva namely, Vinayagar, Dakshninamurthy, Durga, Chandesa and also the images of the 63 nayamars.<ref name=R/>

There is also a world-famous granary<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_26/cholas.html#rajara_1
|title=A comprehensive list of Chola inscriptions, Archaeological Survey of India
|work=whatisindia.com
|accessdate=16 July 2011
}}</ref> (Store House of paddy) Breadth: {{convert|86|ft|m}}, Height: {{convert|36|ft|m}} capacity of 3,000 Kalam (measure) constructed by [[Raghunatha Nayak]] in 1600 - 1634. The granary is circular in shape and conical at the top. The State Archaeological Department maintains as a monument of state importance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Granary - Thirupalaithurai|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/granary-tirupalithurai |publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu|date=1 January 2018|accessdate=31 October 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Granary of the Palaivananathar Temple.jpg|thumb|The granary of the Palaivananathar Temple at Papanasam was constructed during the Nayak period, specifically by the Thanjavur Nayak King Ragunatha Nayak (CE 1600-1634).]]

The original complex is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]], while the present masonry structure was built by Vijayanagar kings during the 16th century. Inscriptions from the [[Chola]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] periods are seen in this temple. The temple has inscriptions from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III]] speaking of gifts made to the temple during the [[Chola]] period. In the inscriptions, the presiding deity of the temple is referred as Thirupalaithurai Makarathevar. The region is a part of Nittavinoda valanattu Nallur and the inscriptions indicate the survey of land done by the kings. The inscriptions also indicate generous contributions of land for the temple in the form of gardens and arable lands for the maintenance of the temple.<ref name="TN">{{cite web|title=What to see - Thanjavur district attractions|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|publisher=Thanjavur District Administration|accessdate=2013-07-07|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518021412/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|archivedate=2013-05-18}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|page=169|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|page=127|publisher=Mudgala Trust|author1=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam |author2=B. Natarajan |author3=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran }}</ref>

==Festivals and religious importance==
[[File:IMG-20190909-WA0013.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The inner shrine of the temple]]
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Sambandar]].<ref name=Arasili>{{cite web|title=Thirupalaithurai|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=201|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. It is located on the banks of [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamurutti]], a tributary of river Kaveri.<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=32|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m, and ''Arthajamam'' at 8:00 p.m.. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Papanasanathar and Thavalavennayagal. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Chitra Pournami and Aaani Thirumanjanam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaani'' (June–July) are the most important festivals of the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Papanasanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=960|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=174–5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Palaivananathar Temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology

2025-05-07T06:31:57Z

Ashok Vijayakumar:

{{Short description|College in Mangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| motto =
| established = 2016
| type = Private
| affiliation = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University|VTU]]
| principal = Dr. Shantarama C Rai
| president = A J Shetty
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|54|6|N|74|59|58.1|E|region:IN}}
| campus =
| other_name = AJIET
| free_label =
| website = {{url|www.ajiet.edu.in}}
}}
'''AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology''', commonly known as '''AJIET''' is an engineering college in [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India. It offers BE and PhD (Part-Time) across different departments. Department of Electronics and Communication is student friendly department.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/laxmi-memorial-trust-to-start-engineering-college/article8563689.ece|title=Laxmi Memorial Trust to start engineering college |date=6 May 2016|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=496034|title=Mangaluru: Valedictory function of state level techno-cultural fest 'AJIET AAKAR' held|date=16 February 2018|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=446876|title=Mangaluru: A J Institute of Engineering and Technology observes Cultural Day|date=11 April 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=494676|title=Mangaluru: 2nd annual sports meet held at A J Institute of Engineering & Technology|date=8 February 2018|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=495615|title=Mangaluru: AJIET holds two-day state level techno-cultural fest|date=14 February 2018|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=494568|title=Mangaluru: AJIET's Rithin Kumar conferred with PhD|date=7 February 2018|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=459038|title=Mangaluru: AJIET chief librarian Sankappa awarded PhD|date=29 June 2017|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/space-under-mangalurus-kottara-chowki-flyover-to-be-beautified/articleshow/71138506.cms|title=Space under Mangaluru's Kottara Chowki flyover to be beautified|date=15 September 2019|access-date=5 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Deepthi Sanjiv}}</ref>

== Engineering departments ==
The college has the following Engineering departments<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajiet.edu.in/pages/aboutus.html|title=AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology - About Us|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
* Civil Engineering
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Electronics & Communication Engineering
* Information Science & Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

== Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) ==
The college has Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the following organizations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajiet.edu.in/pages/rmou.html|title=AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology - Memorandum of Understanding|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Russian State Hydrometeorological University]] ([[Saint Petersburg|St.Petersburg]])
* Epitas Software LLP
* Graphene Media Pvt. Ltd

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Kolarayar

2025-04-26T04:30:27Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting a article...

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Kolarayar''' River is a 8 km{{failed verification|date=November 2022}} long revived river which acts as a [[tributary]] of both the [[Pamba River|Pamba]] and the [[Manimala River|Manimala]] rivers in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It passes through the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s of [[Kadapra]] and [[Niranam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/project-to-rejuvenate-kolarayar-waterway/article2689456.ece|title=Project to rejuvenate Kolarayar waterway|first=Radhakrishnan|last=Kuttoor|date=5 December 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/an-effort-to-regain-kolarayars-lost-glory/article19504741.ece|title=An effort to regain Kolarayar’s lost glory|first=Radhakrishnan|last=Kuttoor|date=16 August 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]
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Bhanumati (Mahabharata)

2025-03-25T17:00:37Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Improved readability and structure

#REDIRECT [[Wives of Duryodhana]]

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Vanlalzawma

2025-03-21T22:21:25Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: enhance content also and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vanlalzawma
| image = Vanlalzawma.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lunglei]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Aizawl]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mizoram]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]],[[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 6 October 1999 - 16 May 2009
| predecessor = [[H. Lallungmuana]]
| successor = [[C. L. Ruala]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
| spouse = Remtluangi
| children = 3 sons, V.L. Hriatpuia, C. Hmingsanga, Lalrin Nunga
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September|
| year = 2006|
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=535
}}

'''Vanlalzawma''' a politician from Mizoram who was a Member of the [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in the [[13th Lok Sabha]] and [[14th Lok Sabha]].
Before he became a politician, he was the president of Central Young Mizo Association (CYMA) in 1993 at the age of 37 and served two terms. During this period CYMA had wildlife conservation as its yearly goal ("nungcha humhalh kum" in Mizo) and Vanlalzawma received an award for CYMA from the President of India, for successful wildlife conservation in Mizoram.

At the age of 43, he was elected to be the MP of Mizoram in 1999 (He was a history lecturer prior to this and he has deep interest in education). Immediately after he became the MP in 2000, he successfully pursued the overdue Mizoram University Bill in the Parliament. Which as a result, [[Mizoram University]] (MZU) was established on 2 July 2001, by the Mizoram University Act (2000) of the Parliament of India.

He is a good mathematician and besides his career he loves playing Chess. He was the highest rated chess player in Mizoram for several years. He is also very good at running and has won several medals at Mizoram games in 100 meters sprint.

In the confidence voting on 22 July 2008 that the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) won with a 275-256 margin. Among these ten, two MPs toed their party line of equidistance from the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Lone Mizo MP to abstain from voting, but attend LS session |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lone-mizo-mp-to-abstain-from-voting-but-attend-ls-session/articleshow/3262299.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic times | date=22 July 2008 |access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> Those two are:
*[[Trinamool Congress]]: [[Mamata Banerjee]] and
*[[Mizo National Front]]: Vanlalzawma

==Education==
He was educated in [[Pachhunga University College]] and North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU)and has completed his Education in MA History.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanlalzawma - Former Lok Sabha member and crucial MNF player |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mizoram-election/article/mizoram-poll-vanlalzawma-the-key-candidates-of-assembly-elections-2018-mizo-national-front-mnf-lok-sabha-aizawl-west-indian-national-congress/316764 |website=timesnownews |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
He served as lecturer in [[Hrangbana College]] and was elected as President of [[Young Mizo Association]] (YMA), the largest NGO in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central YMA President hlui Pu Vanlalzawma, Aizawl West III bialtu MLA chuan ram leh hnam himna ngai pawimawh reng turin YMA member te a chah |url=https://www.zonet.in/central-yma-president-hlui-pu-vanlalzawma-aizawl-west-iii-bialtu-mla-chuan-ram-leh-hnam-himna-ngai-pawimawh-reng-turin-yma-member-te-a-chah/ |website=zonet |date=6 February 2018 |access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>

==Politics==
He is a member of the [[Mizo National Front]] and has represented the [[Mizoram]] constituency in the [[Lok Sabha]] since 1999. He was a member of the following committees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanlalmzawma |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/vanlalzawma-13817.html |website=One |access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>
*Member of Committee on Petroleum & Natural Gas
*Member of Consultative Committee, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports.
*Member of Committee on Human Resource Development.
*Member of Committee on Ministry of Communications and Information Technology

==References==
{{reflist}}
[http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=535 Lok Sabha Member's homepage.]

{{Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency}}

[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Mizoram]]

Kesholal Gomasta

2025-02-27T12:02:32Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: starting new entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{one source|date=January 2013}}

'''Kesholal Gomasta''' was an Indian politician from the state of the [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He represented [[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Balod Vidhan Sabha constituency]] of undivided [[Madhya Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly by winning [[General election]] of 1957.<ref name="General Elections of MP 1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=General Elections of MP 1957|publisher=Election Commission Of India|year=2004|page=8}}</ref> He also won in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical report on general election, 1962 to the legislative assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1962.pdf |website=ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomasta, Lesholal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:People from Balod district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Peth Vadgaon

2025-02-17T18:31:53Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peth Vadgaon
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.50|N|74.19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 545.6
| population_total = 25,651
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=605330 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124327/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=605330 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 416112
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0230
| registration_plate = MH-09
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Peth Vadgaon'''<ref name="Maharashtra">{{cite book|author=India. Director of Census Operations, Maharashtra|title=Census of India, 1991: A-C series. Socio-cultural tables|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qoUAQAAMAAJ&q=kasba+vadgaon|accessdate=25 November 2012|publisher=Controller of Publications}}</ref> is a city and education hub in [[Kolhapur district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is governed by a [[Municipal governance in India|municipal council]].<ref name="Maharashtra1964">{{cite book|author=India (Republic). Superintendent of Census Operations, Maharashtra |title=District Census Handbook [Maharashtra] Census of India, 1961: Kolhapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KQWAQAAMAAJ&q=kasba+vadgaon|accessdate=25 November 2012|year=1964|publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Maharashtra State|page=186}}</ref><ref name=Pethvadgaon>{{cite web|title=Pethvadgaon-Website|url=http://pethvadgaon.com/|publisher=pethvadgaon.com|accessdate=25 November 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622164358/http://www.pethvadgaon.com/|archivedate=22 June 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Vadgaon Kasba had a population of 22,754. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Vadgaon Kasba has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 67%. In Vadgaon Kasba, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Current population of Peth Vadgaon is above 30,000 as in 2020.

==History==
[[Dhanaji Shambhusinha Jadhav]] (1650–1708), popularly known as Dhanaji Jadhav, was a warrior of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Along with [[Santaji Ghorpade]] he made terrifying campaigns against [[Mughal Army]] from 1689 to 1696. After Santaji, Dhanaji became the chief of the Maratha army in 1696 and remained on the post until his death in 1708. A monument of him stands in the town.<ref name=Pethvadgaon/><ref>‘Marathi Riyasat Volume II’ ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) by [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]</ref><ref>‘Marathyanche Svatantra Yuddha’ ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) by Setu Madhavrao Pagadi</ref><ref>‘Anecdotes of [[Aurangzeb]]’ (English) by Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]]</ref> [[shri sadguru jivanmukt swami sanjiwan samadhi math|Shri Sadguru Jivanmukt Swami Sanjiwan Samadhi math]] Bhajani galli: It is the oldest samadhi in Peth Vadgaon city. The math was established in 1826. It is one of the first namadev shimpi math. There is lake "Mahalaksmi Talav" near Mahalaxmi temple which is constructed by Shahu Maharaj. It is finely engineered to provide water for people in town. In city, there are 4 water tanks, which get filled automatically without any pumps or any other mechanism. Only by using gravity they achieved this feet.

==Educational institutes==


Educational institutes in Pethvadgaon include:<ref name=Pethvadgaon/><ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, Ambap's Group of Institutions|url=http://www.bmspm.in/institutes.html|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref>
* Vadgaon High School & Junior College, Peth Vadgaon<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&q=Dr.+Babasaheb+Ambedkar+College+pethvadgaon&pg=PA772|accessdate=31 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0608-6|pages=772–}}</ref><ref name=shivajiuni>{{cite web | url = http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/bcud/dnlds/affcollist221210.pdf | title = Shivaji University, Kolhapur Affiliated Colleges List 2010-11 List of Colleges Under the Faculty of Arts, Commerce and Science | accessdate = 2013-05-31 | publisher = Shivaji University | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111204195425/http://unishivaji.ac.in/bcud/dnlds/affcollist221210.pdf | archivedate = 2011-12-04 }}</ref>
* Shri Vijaysinh Yadav Arts & Science College<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's Group of Institution, Faculty of Management Studies, Vathar Tarfe Vadgaon<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal,B.Ed. College<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Savitribai Phule Mahila Shikshanshastra Mahavidyalaya<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Holy Mother English Medium School
* Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Engg., Wathar Tarfe Vadgaon<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy<ref name=shivajiuni />
* Ashokrao Mane Polytechnic, Vathar Tarf Vadgaon<ref>{{cite web | url = http://admission.dte.org.in/download/List-of-Approved-Institutes-24.02.2012.pdf | title = List of the Diploma and PDGM Institute Approved by STB/DTE-Office in Maharashtra for user registered with Role as "Institute-STB/DTE-Officer" | accessdate = 2013-05-31 | publisher = DTE}}</ref>
* Shrimati Indira Gandhi Madhyamik Vidyalaya<ref name=mane>{{cite web | url = http://www.bmspm.in/institutes.html | title = Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal | accessdate = 2013-05-31 | publisher = Shri Balasaheb Mane Shikshan Prasarak Mandal}}</ref>
* Smt. Sushiladevi Malharrao Desai Kanya Mahavidyalaya<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sndt.ac.in/downloads/aca/affiliated-colleges/list-of-affiliated-colleges-colleges-in-maharashtra.pdf | title = Districtwise List of Affiliated colleges In State of Maharashtra SNDT Women's University | accessdate = 2013-05-31 | publisher = SNDT Women’s University }}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav Monument]]
* [[Mahalaxmi]] talav and mandir
* [[Ganesh]] mandir
* [[Shiva|Mahadev]] mandir
* Nagnath mandir
* Shri Jewheshwar mandir (Swakul Sali Samaj)
* Shri Jivanmukta swami sanjiwan samadhi, bhajani galli ESTD:1660]] samadhi
* Historical Temple of Mahalaxmi (Kuranatil)
* Historical Mahalaxmi Lake (Build by Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj
* Nagaoba Wadi Temple
* Maa Saheb Sawari Masoodi Pir Temple

Tourisam Near Peth Vadgaon
* Gandharv Farms & Resorts near Chinmay Ganesh
* Chinmay Ganesh Statue (82&nbsp;ft tall Statue)
* Bahuballi (Jain Temple and Statue)
* Dhuloba Mandir
* Ramling Mandir
* Allamprabhu Mandir
* Mahalaxmi Temple (Kolhapur) (Approx. 23&nbsp;km from Vadgaon)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]

Peth Vadgaon

2025-02-17T18:31:53Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Content improved for clarity and flow

Laksha

2024-11-06T22:50:20Z

Ashok Vijayakumar: Details - done

{{wikt|लक्ष}}
'''Laksha''' ({{Langx|sa|लक्ष|link=no}}) means hundred thousand or a [[lakh]].

* [[Laksha Gala Sankeertanarchana]], a Guinness record-breaking mass singing event held at Hyderabad
* ''[[Lakshadhikari]]'', a 1963 Indian Telugu-language drama film
* [[Lakshadweep]], the smallest union territory of India

==See also==
*[[Laks (disambiguation)]]
*[[Laksa (disambiguation)]]
*[[Laksh Lalwani]], an Indian actor

{{Disambiguation}}