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Rationing

2026-05-29T04:18:17Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Adding First Details Added Tags.

{{Short description|Controlled distribution of things}}
{{About||the 1944 film|Rationing (film)|the human activity of reasoning|Rationality}}
{{Redirect|Ration|Field and garrison rations|Military rations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Romanian ration-card for bread, 1989.jpg|thumb|right|[[Romania]]n ration card, 1989]]

'''Rationing''' is the controlled [[distribution (marketing)|distribution]] of resources, goods, services,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Rationing|year=1994|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica|edition=15th|quote=government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, usually practiced during times of war, famine or some other national emergency.}}</ref> especially when scarce, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the '''ration''', which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. There are many forms of rationing, although rationing by price is most prevalent.<ref name="Cox2013">{{cite book|last=Cox|first=Stan|title=Any Way You Slice It: The Past, Present, and Future of Rationing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-YcAwAAQBAJ|accessdate=3 July 2021|date=7 May 2013|publisher=New Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59558-884-5|format=Hardcover}}</ref>{{RP|8–12}}

Rationing is often done to keep price below the [[market clearing|market-clearing]] price determined by the process of [[supply and demand]] in an [[free market|unfettered market]]. Thus, rationing can be complementary to [[incomes policies|price controls]]. An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the [[1973 energy crisis]].

A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a high input, which would drive the market price very high. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them. However, economists{{Who|date=May 2026}} point out that high prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource, while also providing incentive to produce more.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

Rationing using [[ration stamp]]s is only one kind of non-price rationing. For example, [[scarcity|scarce]] products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at [[amusement park]]s, where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides. Similarly, in the absence of [[road pricing]], access to roads is rationed in a [[first come, first served]] [[queueing]] process, leading to [[traffic congestion|congestion]].

Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the [[black market]]. Despite the fact that rationing systems are sometimes necessary as the only viable option for societies facing severe consumer goods shortages, they are usually extremely unpopular with the general public, as they enforce limits on individual consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/ww2/Pages/services-rationing.aspx|title=Life on the Home Front; Rationing: A Necessary But Hated Sacrifice|website=Oregon Secretary of State|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumcrush.org/how-the-ministry-of-food-managed-food-rationing-in-world-war-two/|title=How the Ministry of Food managed food rationing in World War Two|last=Charman|first=Terry|website=Museum Crush|date=22 March 2018|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/24/food-rationing-crises-public-health-problem-obesity-hunger-big-government|title=Could rationing hold the key to today's food crises?|last=Williams|first=Zoe|date=2013-12-24|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-09-22|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Civilian rationing==
Rationing for civilians has most often been instituted during wartime. For example, each person may be given "ration [[coupon]]s" which allow them to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and fuel.

[[File:"Food is Ammunition- Don't Waste It.", ca. 1918 - ca. 1918 - NARA - 512488.jpg|alt=A basket of fruits and vegetables sits in the foreground of the image. In the background, there are shadows of soldiers waving the American flag. The text below the imagery reads "Food is Ammunition – Don't Waste It".|thumb|A 1918 advertisement urges civilians to preserve their food during World War I.]]
Rationing of food and water may also become necessary during an emergency, such as a [[natural disaster]] or [[Terrorism|terror attack]].

In the U.S., the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) has established guidelines for rationing food and water when replacements are not available. According to FEMA standards, every person should have a minimum of {{convert|2|USqt|litre}} per day of water, and more for children, nursing mothers, and the ill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/f&web.pdf|publisher=FEMA|title=Food and Water in an Emergency}}</ref>

===Origins===
[[File:Lebensmittel Karikatur, item 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[First World War]] German government propaganda poster describing rationing with personifications of meat, bread, sugar, butter, milk, and flour, 1916]]

Military [[siege]]s have often resulted in shortages of food and other essentials. In such circumstances, the rations allocated to an individual have often been determined based on age, sex, race or social standing. During the [[Siege of Lucknow]] (part of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]) women received three-quarters of a man's food ration. Children received only half.<ref name=Inglis>{{cite book|last=Inglis|first=Julia Selina|title=The Siege of Lucknow: A Diary|year=1892|publisher=James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.| location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/siegelucknowadi00inglgoog}}</ref>{{rp|71}} During the [[Siege of Ladysmith]] in the early stages of the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]] in 1900, [[White people|white]] adults received the same food rations as soldiers while children received half that. Food rations for [[Indian people]] and [[black people]] were significantly smaller.<ref name=Nevinson>{{cite book|last=Nevinson|first=Henry Wood|title=Ladysmith: The Diary of a Siege |year=1900|publisher=New Amsterdam Book Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/ladysmithdiarya00nevigoog}}</ref>{{rp|266–272}}

The first modern rationing systems were imposed during the [[World War I|First World War]]. In [[German Empire|Germany]], suffering from the effects of the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|British blockade]], a rationing system was introduced in 1914 and was steadily expanded over the following years as the situation worsened.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym|url-access=registration|title=World War I|first=Neil M. |last=Heyman|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym/page/85 85]|isbn=978-0313298806}}</ref> Although [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] did not suffer from food shortages, as the sea lanes were kept open for food imports, [[panic buying]] towards the end of the war prompted the rationing of first [[sugar]] and then [[meat]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Samuel J. |last=Hurwitz |title=State Intervention in Great Britain: Study of Economic Control and Social Response, 1914–1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQtYAQAAQBAJ|year=1949|pages=12–29|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136931864 }}
</ref> It is said to have benefited the overall health of the country,<ref name="Beckett">{{cite book|last=Beckett|first=Ian F.W.|title=The Great War|year=2007|publisher=Longman|edition=2|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYbKgcAW88C|pages=380–382}}</ref> through the "levelling of consumption of essential foodstuffs".<ref>Beckett attributes this quotation (page 382) to Margaret Barnett, but does not give further details.</ref> To assist with rationing, ration books were introduced on {{Nowrap|15 July}} 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar. During the war, average caloric intake decreased by only three percent, but protein intake by six percent.<ref name="Beckett"/>

Food rationing appeared in [[Poland]] after the First World War, and [[ration stamp]]s were in use until the end of the [[Polish–Soviet War]].

===World War II===
{{See also|Rationing in the United Kingdom|Rationing in the United States}}
[[File:Sample UK Childs Ration Book WW2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Child's ration book, used in Britain during the [[Second World War]]]]

Rationing became common during the [[home front during World War II|Second World War]]. [[Ration Stamps|Ration stamps]] were often used. These were redeemable stamps or coupons, and every family was issued a set number of each kind of stamp based on the size of the family, ages of children, and income. The British [[Minister of Food (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Food]] refined the rationing process in the early 1940s to ensure the population did not starve when food imports were severely restricted and local production limited due to the large number of men fighting the war.<ref name="suckingeggs">{{cite book|title=Sucking Eggs|first=Patricia|last=Nicol|url=http://www.vintage-books.co.uk |publisher=Vintage Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0099521129}}</ref>

Rationing on a scientific basis was pioneered by [[Elsie Widdowson]] and [[Robert McCance]] at the Department of Experimental Medicine, [[University of Cambridge]]. They worked on the chemical composition of the human body, and on the nutritional value of different flours used to make bread. Widdowson also studied the impact of infant diet on human growth. They studied the differing effects from deficiencies of salt and of water and produced the first tables to compare the nutritional contents of foods before and after cooking. They co-authored ''The Chemical Composition of Foods'', first published in 1940 by the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]].<ref name="McCanceWiddowson1940">{{cite book|last1=McCance|first1=Robert Alexander|author-link1=Robert McCance|last2=Widdowson|first2=Elsie May|author-link2=Elsie Widdowson|title=The Chemical Composition of Foods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scvQAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 July 2021|series=Medical Research Council (GB) Special Report Series, no. 235|year=1940|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London}}</ref> Their book, "McCance and Widdowson", became known as the dietician's bible and formed the basis for modern nutritional thinking.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6228307.stm|work=BBC News|title=Elsie – mother of the modern loaf|date=2007-03-25|first=Jane|last=Elliott}}</ref>

[[File:INF3-96 Food Production Dig for Victory Artist Peter Fraser.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Poster for the "[[Victory garden|Dig for Victory]]" campaign, encouraging Britons to supplement their rations by cultivating gardens and [[Allotment (gardening)|allotments]]]]

In 1939, they tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if [[U-boat]]s ended all imports. Using 1938 food-production data, they fed themselves and other volunteers a limited diet, while simulating the strenuous wartime physical work Britons would likely have to perform. The scientists found that the subjects' health and performance remained very good after three months. They also headed the first ever mandated addition of vitamins and minerals to food, beginning with adding [[calcium]] to bread. Their work became the basis of the wartime austerity diet promoted by the [[Minister of Food]], [[Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton|Lord Woolton]].<ref name="bbc"/>

The British public's wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because German U-boats failed to halt trans-Atlantic supply,<ref name="dawes20130924">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/sep/24/fighting-fit-britain-second-world-war | title=Fighting fit: how dietitians tested if Britain would be starved into defeat | work=The Guardian | date=2013-09-24 | access-date=25 September 2013 | author=Dawes, Laura}}</ref> but rationing improved the health of British people: infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose. This was because everyone had access to a varied diet with enough nutrients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/9728.php|title=Wartime Rationing helped the British get healthier than they had ever been|date=21 June 2004|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html|title=History in Focus: War – Rationing in London WWII|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213428/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first commodity to be controlled was petrol. On 8 January 1940, bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This was followed by successive rationing schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits, [[breakfast cereals]], cheese, eggs, lard, milk, and canned and dried fruit. Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed, but supplies were limited. Many people grew their own vegetables, greatly encouraged by the highly successful "[[Digging for Victory]]" campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last=Regan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes |date=1992 |pages=19–20 |publisher=Guinness Publishing |isbn=0-85112-519-0}}</ref> Most controversial was bread; it was not rationed until after the war ended, but the "[[national loaf]]" of wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety, to the distaste of most housewives who found it mushy, grey, and easy to blame for digestive problems.<ref>{{cite book |first=Angus |last=Calder |title=The People's War: Britain 1939–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleswarbritai00cald |url-access=registration |date=1969 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/peopleswarbritai00cald/page/276 276]–277|publisher=New York, Pantheon Books }}</ref> Fish was not rationed, but fish prices increased considerably as the war progressed.<ref name="AgFish1946">{{cite book|title=Fisheries in war time: report on the sea fisheries of England and Wales by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the Years 1939–1944 inclusive|author=Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1946}}</ref>

[[File:RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg|right|thumb|Lining up at the Rationing Board Office, [[New Orleans]], 1943]]
In May 1941, Woolton appealed to Americans to reduce consumption of certain foods (dairy, sugar canned salmon and meat) so more of those could go to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1941-05-31 |title=Woolton Asks Sacrifices by U.S. To Build Food Surplus for Britain; Minister Urges Reduction in Use of Milk, Sugar, Cheese, Meat and Canned Salmon -Calls Situation Now 'Secure' |language=en |page=4 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/31/archives/woolton-asks-sacrifices-by-us-to-build-food-surplus-for-britain.html |access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> The [[Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum and electricity shortages.<ref name="life19410609">{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 | title="Creamless Days?" / The Pinch | magazine=Life | date=1941-06-09 | access-date=December 5, 2012 | pages=38}}</ref> It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="kennett1985">Kennett, 1985 p 133, 137-138</ref> In June 1942 the [[Combined Food Board]] was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain.

[[File:"An eager school boy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two. With many parents engaged in war work, chil - NARA - 535567.tif|thumb|left|"An eager school boy gets his first experience in using War Ration Book Two. With many parents engaged in war work, children are being taught the facts of point rationing for helping out in family marketing.", 1943]]
American civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One, or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942,{{r|life19420511}} through more than 100,000 school teachers, [[Parent-Teacher Association]]s, and other volunteers.<ref name="kennett1985"/> [[Sugar]] was the first consumer commodity rationed. Bakeries, ice cream makers, and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage.<ref name="life19420511">{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=Sugar: U.S. consumers register for first ration books | magazine=Life | date=1942-05-11 | access-date=November 17, 2011 | pages=19}}</ref> [[Coffee]] was rationed on 27 November 1942 to {{convert|1|lb}} every five weeks.<ref name="life1942113064">{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 | title=Coffee Rationing | magazine=Life | date=1942-11-30 | access-date=November 23, 2011 | pages=64}}</ref> By the end of 1942, ration coupons were used for nine other items.<ref name="kennett1985"/> Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stoves, meat, lard, shortening and cooking oils, cheese, butter, margarine, [[processed food]]s (canned, bottled, and frozen), dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal, jams, jellies, and [[fruit butter]]s were rationed by November 1943.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameshistory.org/exhibits/ration_items.htm |title=Rationed Goods in the USA During the Second World War |publisher=Ames Historical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010131120/http://www.ameshistory.org/exhibits/ration_items.htm |archive-date=2014-10-10 }}</ref>

The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5,500 local ration boards of mostly volunteers. As a result of the gasoline rationing, all forms of automobile racing, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], were banned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/chronology/chronology_driver.pl?q=&year=&month=5&day=26&start_line=0&searchtype=single&page=sim |title=Historic Pittsburgh: Chronology |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> All rationing in the United States ended in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1674.html |title=World War II Rationing |publisher=Online Highways}}</ref>

[[File:Tanya Savicheva Diary.jpg|thumb|right|The diary of [[Tanya Savicheva]], a girl of 11, her notes about starvation and deaths of her sister, then grandmother, then brother, then uncle, then another uncle, then mother. The last three notes say "Savichevs died", "Everyone died" and "Only Tanya is left." She died of intestinal [[tuberculosis]] shortly after the siege.]]
In the [[Soviet Union]] food was rationed from 1941 to 1947. In particular, daily bread rations in [[Siege of Leningrad|besieged Leningrad]] were initially set at {{convert|800|g|oz|abbr=off}}. By the end of 1941 the bread rations were reduced to {{convert|250|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=off}} for workers and {{convert|125|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=off}} for everyone else, which resulted in a [[Effect of the Siege of Leningrad on the city#Food shortages|surge of deaths]] caused by starvation. Starting in 1942 daily bread rations were increased to {{convert|350|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=off}} for workers and {{convert|200|g|oz|frac=4|abbr=off}} for everyone else. One of the documents of the period is the diary of [[Tanya Savicheva]], who recorded the deaths of each member of her family during the siege.

Rationing was also introduced to a number of British dominions, and colonies, with rationing of clothing imposed in Australia, from 12 June 1942, and certain foodstuffs from 1943. Canada rationed tea, coffee, sugar, butter and mechanical spares, between 1942 and 1947. The Cochin, Travancore and Madras states, of [[British India]] elected to ration grain between the fall of 1943 and spring 1944. Egypt introduced a ration card-based subsidy of essential foodstuffs in 1945.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[1942 in New Zealand#April–June|New Zealand rationing]] in began in 1942<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Official Yearbook 1946 |url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1946/NZOYB_1946.html}}</ref> and was abolished on most foods in 1948,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rationing of New Zealand-Grown Foods {{!}} NZETC |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Econ-c17-35.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz}}</ref> but continued on butter until 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Dec 1949 |title=Availability of Butter Coupons. Gisborne Herald|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GISH19491216.2.90 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>

Similarly rationing was introduced across the Japanese empire, as commodities such as rice became scarce in territories, after the destruction of the transport infrastructure that once served colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Japanese occupation: Malayan economy before, during and after - Articles {{!}} Economic History Malaya |url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/the-japanese-occupation-malayan-economy-before-during-and-after |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.ehm.my}}</ref>

Many countries had [[gasoline]] rationing that determined how much gasoline could be filled in a fuel tank, depending on whether the driver was essential to the war effort.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===Peacetime rationing===
[[File:Kartka na mleko.jpg|thumb|right|Polish milk ration stamp from 1981 to 1983]]
Civilian peacetime rationing of food has been employed after natural disasters, during contingencies, or after failed governmental economic policies regarding production or distribution, as well as due to extensive [[austerity]] programs implemented to cut or restrict public spending in countries where the rationed goods previously relied on government procurement or subsidies, as was the case [[Austerity in Israel|in Israel]].

In the [[United Kingdom]], rationing remained for several years after the end of the [[Second World War|war]]. Some aspects of rationing became stricter than they were during the conflict—two major foodstuffs that were never rationed during the war, bread and potatoes, were rationed after it (bread from 1946 to 1948, and potatoes for a time from 1947). Tea was still rationed until 1952. In 1953 rationing of sugar and eggs ended and in 1954, all other rationing was abolished when cheese and meats came off ration.<ref name="suckingeggs"/> Sugar was again rationed in 1974 after Caribbean producers began selling to the more lucrative United States market.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rationing starts as sugar shortage looms|work=The Guardian|page=3|date=9 July 1974}}</ref>

Some centralized [[Planned economy|planned economies]] introduced peacetime rationing systems due to food shortages in the postwar period. [[North Korea]] and [[China]] did so in the 1970s and 1980s, as did [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] during Ceausescu's rule in the 1980s, the [[Rationing in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] in 1990–1991, and from 1962–present in [[Rationing in Cuba|Cuba]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe482|title=FE482/FE482: Overview of Cuba's Food Rationing System}}</ref>

[[File:Israel Austerity.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tel Aviv]] residents standing in line to buy food rations, 1954]]
From 1949 to 1959, [[Israel]] was [[Austerity in Israel|under a regime of austerity]], during which rationing was enforced. At first, only staple foods such as cooking oil, sugar, and margarine were rationed, but it was later expanded, and eventually included furniture and footwear. Every month, each citizen would get food coupons worth six [[Israeli pound]]s, and every family would be allotted food. The average Israeli diet was 2,800 calories a day, with additional calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women.

Following the 1952 [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany]], and the subsequent influx of foreign capital, Israel's economy was bolstered, and in 1953, most restrictions were cancelled. In 1958, the list of rationed goods was narrowed to just eleven, and in 1959, it was narrowed to only jam, sugar, and coffee.

[[File:No gas 1974.gif|alt=A man at a service station reads about the U.S. gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available. 1974|thumb|A man at a service station reads about the U.S. gasoline rationing system in an afternoon newspaper; a sign in the background states that no gasoline is available, 1974.]]
Petroleum products were rationed in many countries following the [[1973 oil crisis]]. The [[United States]] introduced [[odd–even rationing]] for fuels during the crisis, which allowed only vehicles with even-numbered [[numberplate]]s to fill up on gas one day and odd-numbered ones on another.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942763,00.html|title=Shortages: Gas Fever: Happiness Is a Full Tank|date=1974-02-18|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922193802/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942763,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Poland]] enacted rationing in 1981 to cope with economic crisis. The rationing system initially encompassed most of the population's daily necessities, but was gradually phased out over time, with the last ration being abolished in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/31/world/poland-to-end-rations-and-food-price-freeze.html|title=Poland to End Rations And Food-Price Freeze|date=1989-07-31|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Rationing in Cuba]] for basic goods was enacted in 1991 following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], which had previously subsidised the island nation's economy. Rationing started being phased out in the year 2000 at the end of the "special period", as Cuba had shifted to a more diversified and self-sustaining economy. Rationing, however, was not fully abolished and instead turned into an alternative way to purchase goods, in addition to the markets. This makes a curious departure from classical rationing, as during the 2001–2019 period, the rationing system was used in addition to, instead of as a replacement for regular markets. Cubans would be able to buy a certain amount of items at 'liberated' prices using ration coupons at a significantly reduced rate, while still being able to purchase more at regular market prices. This 'liberated' system persisted even during Cuba's period of economic growth and relative prosperity during the early and mid 2010s and enjoyed considerable popularity among the island's citizens. Cuba later re-introduced a classical limiting rationing system in 2019, following the imposition of strict sanctions on the island by US President [[Donald Trump]], as well as the collapse of petroleum shipments from [[Venezuela]], which was facing its own economic troubles at that time. Cuba's president pitched the new system as significantly more lenient than the 1991–2000 "special period", though admitted that it would negatively affect consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Garth|first=Hanna|title=Things Became Scarce: Food Availability and Accessibility in Santiago de Cuba Then and Now |url=https://www.academia.edu/965534|journal=NAPA Bulletin|year=2009|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=178–192|doi=10.1111/j.1556-4797.2009.01034.x|issn=1556-4789}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2009/11/07/cuba_cuts_back_on_rationed_products/|title=Cuba cuts back on rationed products|last=Haven|first=Paul|date=2009-11-07|work=Boston.com|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cuba-to-widen-food-rationing-as-supply-crisis-bites/a-48695569|title=Cuba to widen food rationing as supply crisis bites |work=Deutsche Welle |date= 11 May 2019 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/world/americas/cuba-rationing-sanctions.html|title=Cuba Rations Staple Foods and Soap in Face of Economic Crisis|agency=Associated Press|date=2019-05-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:U.S. gas rationing stamps 1974.jpg|thumb|right|United States gasoline ration stamps printed, but not used, during the [[1973 oil crisis]]]]
Short-term rationing for gas and other fuels was introduced in the [[U.S. state]]s of [[New Jersey]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] following [[Hurricane Sandy]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/19/nyregion/new-york-to-extend-gas-rationing-through-friday.html|title=New York City Decides to Extend Gas Rationing Through Friday|last=Hu|first=Winnie|date=2012-11-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In April 2019, [[Venezuela]] announced a 30-day electricity rationing regime in the face of power shortages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3004084/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-announces-electricity|title=Venezuela's Maduro announces electricity rationing amid power cuts|date=2019-04-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/electricity-rationing-plan-announced-in-venezuela-119040100192_1.html|title=Electricity rationing plan announced in Venezuela|last=IANS|date=2019-04-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>

For a few years during a [[2011–2017 California drought|series of droughts in California]] (from 2015 to 2019), the [[California State Water Resources Control Board]] had mandatory water-use restrictions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/us/california-imposes-first-ever-water-restrictions-to-deal-with-drought.html|title=California Imposes First Mandatory Water Restrictions to Deal With Drought|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|date=2015-04-01|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-09-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Stephanie Koons, [https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/californias-drought-is-over-but-water-conservation-remains-a-way-of-life/360819 California's drought is over, but water conservation remains a 'way of life'], ''AccuWeathey'' (July 10, 2019).</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Ezra David |last=Romero |url=https://www.kqed.org/science/1975782/drought-stricken-california-hasnt-mandated-statewide-water-restrictions-heres-why |title=Drought-Stricken California Hasn't Mandated Statewide Water Restrictions. Here's Why |work=KQED |date=July 16, 2021}}.</ref>

In 2021, [[Sri Lanka]], facing a major economic crisis, is considering introducing food rationing.<ref name="ThePrint 2021">{{cite web | first=Samyak | last=Pandey | title=How Sri Lanka's overnight flip to total organic farming has led to an economic disaster | website=ThePrint | date=5 September 2021 | url=https://theprint.in/world/how-sri-lankas-overnight-flip-to-total-organic-farming-has-led-to-an-economic-disaster/728414/ | access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Perumal 2021">{{cite news | last=Perumal | first=Prashanth | title=Explained - What caused the Sri Lankan economic crisis? | website=The Hindu | date=6 September 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/explained-what-caused-the-sri-lankan-economic-crisis/article36314148.ece | access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jayasinghe 2021">{{cite news | last=Jayasinghe | first=Amal | title=Sri Lanka organic revolution threatens tea disaster | website=Phys.org | date=1 September 2021 | url=https://phys.org/news/2021-09-sri-lanka-revolution-threatens-tea.html |publisher=Omicron Limited | access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="France 24 2021">{{cite news | title=Sri Lanka walks back fertiliser ban over political fallout fears | website=France 24 | date=5 August 2021 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210805-sri-lanka-walks-back-fertiliser-ban-over-political-fallout-fears | access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', "President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] has called in the army to manage the crisis by rationing the supply of various essential goods."<ref name="Perumal 2021"/>

In 2023, Iran began the [[National Credit Network]] mechanism.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/the-ministry-of-labor-announced-expanding-the-coupon-economy-in-iran/7154438.html |language=Persian | title=وزارت کار خبر داد: گسترش اقتصاد کوپنی در ایران | date=27 June 2023 |trans-title=The Ministry of Labor announced the expansion of the coupon economy in Iran |website=Voice of America}}</ref>

{{As of|2024}}, peacetime rationing for basic foodstuffs and similar goods is in effect in Cuba and North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2024 |title=Cuba slashes size of daily bread ration as ingredients run thin |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuba-slashes-size-daily-bread-ration-ingredients-run-thin-2024-09-16/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

===Refugee aid rations===
{{See also|Refugee camp#Food rations}}
Aid agencies, such as the [[World Food Programme]], provide food rations and other essentials to [[refugees]] or [[internally displaced person]]s who are registered with the [[UNHCR]] and are either living in [[refugee camps]] or are supported in [[Urban refugee|urban centres]]. Every registered refugee is given a ration card upon registration which is used for collecting the rations from food distribution centres. The 2,100 calories allocated per person per day is based on minimal standards and is frequently not achieved, as has been the case in Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wfp.org/faqs#faq14 |title=FAQs | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818001023/http://www.wfp.org/faqs#faq14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WFP Forced To Reduce Food Rations To Refugees In Kenya |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-forced-reduce-food-rations-refugees-kenya |website=UN World Food Programme |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

According to Article 20 of the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] refugees shall be treated as national citizens in rationing schemes when there is a rationing system in place for the general population.

==Other types==

===Health-care rationing===
{{Main|Healthcare rationing}}

As the British [[Royal Commission on the National Health Service]] observed in 1979, "whatever the expenditure on health care, demand is likely to rise to meet and exceed it". Rationing health care to control costs is regarded{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} as an explosive issue in the US, but in reality health care is rationed everywhere. In places where a government provides healthcare, rationing is explicit. In other places people are denied treatment because of personal lack of funds, or because of decisions made by insurance companies. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|American Supreme Court]] approved paying doctors to ration care, stating that there must be "some incentive connecting physician reward with treatment rationing".<ref>{{cite news |title= The Nation: The 'R' Word; Justice Souter Takes on a Health Care Taboo|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/weekinreview/the-nation-the-r-word-justice-souter-takes-on-a-health-care-taboo.html|access-date= 19 May 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date= 18 June 2000}}</ref> Shortages of [[Organ donation|organs for donation]] forces the rationing of organs for transplant even when funding is available.

=== Cultural rationing ===
[[Censorship]], [[library|libraries]] and [[museum]]s can function to limit, moderate and share out approved [[cultural good]]s, experiences and exposures to the general public.<ref>
{{cite book
|editor-last1 = Goldstone
|editor-first1 = Jack A.
|editor-link1 = Jack Goldstone
|year = 1994
|orig-date = 1986
|title = Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-8zCcMpaVj0C
|edition = 2
|publication-place = Fort Worth
|publisher = Harcourt Brace College Publishers
|pages = 223–224
|isbn = 9780155003859
|access-date = 12 December 2023
|quote = [...] there is also cultural rationing, with strict official control over what is published and performed in China, so that, particularly in recent years, there is a very narrow range of cultural entertainment from which all strata of society have to pick.
}}
</ref>

===Credit rationing===
[[Credit rationing]] describes a situation wherein a bank limits the [[supply (economics)|supply]] of loans, even when it has enough funds to loan, and the provision of loans has not yet equaled the [[demand]] of prospective borrowers. Changing the price of the loans (interest rate) does not balance loan demand and supply.<ref name=Stiglitz1981>{{cite journal|last1=Stiglitz|first1=Joseph E.|last2=Weiss|first2=Andrew|date=1981|title=Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=71|issue=3|pages=393–410|issn=0002-8282|jstor=1802787}}</ref>

===Carbon rationing===
{{Main|Carbon rationing}}

'''Personal carbon trading''' refers to proposed [[emissions trading]] schemes under which emissions credits are allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal [[per capita]] basis, within national [[United Kingdom Climate Change Bill|carbon budgets]]. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to engage in emissions trading and purchase additional credits. Conversely, those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation have the opportunity to sell their surplus credits. Thus, individual trading under Personal Carbon Trading is similar to the trading of companies under [[EU ETS]].

Personal carbon trading is sometimes confused with [[carbon offset]]ting due to the similar notion of paying for emissions allowances, but is a quite different concept designed to be mandatory and to guarantee that nations achieve their domestic carbon emissions targets (rather than attempting to do so via international trading or offsetting).

==Rationing mechanisms==
[[File:POUKAZKA.png|thumb|A (Soviet) voucher for the purchase of one pair of men's shoes, valid from 1990 to 1993]]
The purpose of rationing is to guarantee a minimum of some resource or to impose a maximum limit on its use. (The latter is the case with carbon rationing, where the scarcity is artificial). Usually, the government determines a fair ration, for example, one proportional to the number of family members. If participants possess different rights to a portion (even when they have the same need) and there is not enough for everyone, then one of the many algorithms for solving the [[bankruptcy problem]] may apply.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Priority Rules and Other Asymmetric Rationing Methods|journal=Econometrica|url=https://www.uibk.ac.at/economics/bbl/lit_se/papieress08/moulin2000.pdf|last=Moulin|first=Hervé|volume=68|pages=643–684|issue=3|date=2000-05-01|doi=10.1111/1468-0262.00126|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918151923/https://www.uibk.ac.at/economics/bbl/lit_se/papieress08/moulin2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sweden from 1919 to 1955 and Finland from 1944 to 1970, also Estonia from 1 July 1920 to 31 December 1925 sought to limit the consumption of alcohol by rationing with the [[Bratt System]], where each household was given a booklet (''motbok'' in Sweden, ''viinakortti'' in Finland, ''tšekisüsteem'' in Estonia), where after each purchase of alcoholic beverages, a stamp was added, based on the amount of alcohol bought. If the buyer had reached their monthly ration, they would have to wait until next month to buy more.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bjorkman |first=Jenny |date=2018-06-15 |title=Motboken – hatad av många |url=https://slakthistoria.se/livet-forr/motboken-blev-en-klasstampel |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Slakthistoria.se |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-08 |title=Alkoholikeeldudest Eestis |url=https://www.postimees.ee/47256/alkoholikeeldudest-eestis |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Postimees |language=et}}</ref> The rations were based on gender, income, wealth and social status, with unemployed people and welfare recipients not being allowed to buy any alcohol at all. In addition, since the ''motboks'' were distributed per household, not per person, wives had to share their household allowance with their husbands, and in fact thus got nothing at all.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} People often sought to circumvent the rationing by making frequent use of friends or even strangers' booklets, for example by rewarding a young woman with a dinner out in return for the other party consuming most or all of the alcohol incurring the stamps. Alcohol rationing was eventually abolished in Sweden with the opening of state-owned [[Systembolaget]] liquor stores, where people could buy alcoholic beverages without limit.

At other times, the ration can only be estimated by the beneficiary, such as a factory for which energy is to be rationed. In such cases, a mechanism is needed to discourage misreporting the needs or wants (i.e., to meet strategy-proofness). Suppose every participant reports an ideal ration. For so-called uniform rationing, each ration is set to the minimum of the participant's ideal ration and a cap, the cap being determined so that the sum of the rations equals the amount available. So, loosely speaking, the participant asking least will be served first. This mechanism is strategy-proof, avoids unnecessary waste (Pareto optimality) and equally treats equals (anonymity.) In fact, it is the only such mechanism.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sprumont's characterization of the uniform rule when all single-peaked preferences are admissible|journal=Review of Economic Design|last=Weymark|first=John A.|volume=4|pages=389–393|issue=4|others=(January 2000)|year=1999|doi=10.1007/s100580050044|s2cid=154970988}}</ref> (Anonymity in this statement can be replaced by envyfreeness). For the redistribution of scarce goods to demanders by suppliers, see [[Non-monetary economy#Non-monetary microeconomies|non-monetary microeconomies]].

For smooth [[supply chain management]] the supplies may be rationed,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An equilibrium theory of rationing|journal=RAND Journal of Economics|url=http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/users/klemperer/rand_Gilbert.pdf|last1=Richard|first1=Gilbert J.|volume=31|pages=1–21|last2=Klemperer|first2=Paul}}</ref> which is sometimes referred to as the rationing game.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Bullwhip and Reverse Bullwhip Effects under the Rationing Game|journal=SSRN|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1240173|last1=Rong|first1=Ying|date=2017-05-25|last2=Snyder|first2=Lawrence V.|last3=Shen|first3=Zuo-Jun Max|ssrn=1240173}}</ref> The references mentioned here are a small sample of the literature about rationing inventories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Find Research Output |url=https://research.tue.nl/en/publications |website=Eindhoven University of Technology |access-date=3 July 2021}}{{nonspecific|date=July 2021}}</ref>

== Ration stamp ==
[[Image:Reichskarte fur Urlauber 1.jpg|thumb|right|German ration stamp for a person on holiday/vacation during World War II (5-day-stamp)]]
[[Image:Tickets de rationnement.JPG|thumb|right|French ration stamps, 1944.]]
[[File:Cartilla_de_racionamiento_España_1945.JPG|right|thumb|Spanish ration stamps, 1945.]]
[[File:HuoQuan 1962 China.jpg|right|thumb|Nanjing 1962 daily industrial products ration stamp/coupon, China.]]
[[File:Romanian ration-card for bread, 1989.jpg|right|thumb|Romanian 1989 ration card for bread.]]
[[File:Jugoslavia milk cards.jpg|thumb|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] ration stamps for milk. 1950]]
[[File:Artsakh ration stamps.jpg|thumb|right|Ration stamps for [[sugar]], [[buckwheat]], [[vegetable oil]], [[rice]], and [[pasta]], provided by the [[Government of Artsakh|Artsakh government]] in January 2023.]]
A '''ration stamp''', '''ration coupon''', or '''ration card''' is a stamp or [[Charge card|card]] issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other [[Commodity|commodities]] that are in short supply during [[war]]time or in other emergency situations when rationing is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help maintain the amount of food one could hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than another.

===India===
{{Main|Ration card (India)}}
Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local [[Public Distribution System (India)|Public distribution system]] (PDS) shop.

There are two<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dfpd.nic.in/LwB3AHIAaQB0AGUAcgBlAGEAZABkAGEAdABhAC8AUABvAHIAdABhAGwALwBNAGEAZwBhAHoAaQBuAGUALwBEAG8AYwB1AG0AZQBuAHQALwA=1_43_1_NFS-Act-English.pdf|title=National Food Security Act (2013)|last=Government of India}}</ref> types of ration cards:
* Priority ration cards (replaced the erstwhile [[Poverty threshold|above poverty line]] and [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] ration cards after the enactment of the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]] in 2013)
* Antyodaya (AAY) ration cards, issued to the "poorest of the poor"

===United States===
{{Main|Rationing in the United States}}
Rationing was used in the United States during World War II.

Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]] are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used in war time rationing are limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps.

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Rationing in the United Kingdom}}
Rationing was widespread in the United Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/26/newsid_2502000/2502691.stm|title=1950: UK drivers cheer end of fuel rations|access-date=2009-03-27|date=26 May 1950}}</ref>

===Poland===
Ration cards were used in the [[Polish People's Republic]] in two periods: April 1952 to January 1953 and August 1976 to July 1989.

If one were to buy more food than specified on the stamp, they had to pay 2.5 times the price.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Basic income]]
* [[Colorado River Compact]]
* [[Food bank]]
* [[Ration stamp|Food stamps]]
* [[Grain rationing in China]]
* [[Public Distribution System (India)|Rationing in India]]
* [[2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran]]
* [[Military rations]]
* [[Rationing in Nicaragua]]
* [[Rationing in the Soviet Union]]
* [[Rationing in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Rationing in the United States]]
* [[Road space rationing]]
* [[Salt lists]]
* [[Juntas de Abastecimientos y Precios]], rationing in [[Chile under Allende]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite book | title=For the duration...: the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor – 1942 | publisher=Scribner | last1=Kennett |first1= Lee | year=1985 | location=New York | isbn=0-684-18239-4 | url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/fordurationunite00kenn }}

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927194310/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/influenza/pandemic/ventilators/docs/ventilator_guidance.pdf Allocation of Ventilators in an Influenza Pandemic], Report of New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, 2007.
* Matt Gouras. "Frist Defends Flu Shots for Congress." ''Associated Press''. October 21, 2004.
*{{Cite book |title=Local justice in America |date=1995 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-0-87154-233-5 |editor-last=Elster |editor-first=Jon |lccn=94039623 |location=New York|language=en }}
*{{Cite book |title=Canada rationing, 1942-1947 : a numismatic record |first1=Harold Don |last1=Allen |oclc=1007738043 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|ration|rationing}}
{{EB1922 Poster}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125115930/http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/ Are You Ready?: An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness] – FEMA
*[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWrationing.htm short descriptions of World War I rationing] – Spartacus Educational
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030618194917/http://youth.net/memories/hypermail/0189.html a short description of World War II rationing] – Memories of the 1940s
*[http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/hfc/ Ration Coupons on the Home Front, 1942–1945 – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140210124436/http://www.ameshistory.org/exhibits/events/rationing.htm World War II Rationing on the U.S. homefront, illustrated] – Ames Historical Society
*[http://www.genealogytoday.com/guide/war-ration-books.html Links to 1940s newspaper clippings on rationing, primarily World War II War Ration Books] – [[Genealogy Today]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090224003647/http://www.taxrationing.com/ Tax Rationing]
*[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/HumanEcol.WWIHomeCook Recipe for Victory:Food and Cooking in Wartime]{{nonspecific|date=July 2021}}
*[http://www.wartimememories.co.uk/rationing.html war time rationing in UK]

{{Economics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rationing| ]]
[[Category:Civilians in war]]
[[Category:Military logistics]]
[[Category:Disaster preparedness]]

M. Rajamuthu

2026-05-07T02:30:20Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Rajamuthu
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[P. Manonmani]]
| successor = Palanivel M. S.
}}

'''M. Rajamuthu''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223082750/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC091.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC091.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veerapandi Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a091|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Veerapandi Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Veerapandi Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamuthu, M}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Walter Cook (VC)

2026-05-03T18:30:24Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created The Data Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Walter Cook
|birth_date=18 June 1834
|death_date= 1864 (aged 29-30)
|birth_place= [[London]], England
|death_place=India
|burial_place=
|image= Victoria Cross Medal without Bar.png
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|service_years=
|rank=[[Private (rank)|Private]]
|branch=British Army
|commands=
|unit=[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]
|battles=[[Indian Mutiny]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]]
|other_work=
}}'''Walter Cook''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (18 June 1834 – c. 1864) was an English recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was about 25 years old, and a [[private (rank)|private]] in the [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Regiment]] (later [[The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)]], [[British Army]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed took place on 15 January 1859 at [[Maylah Ghat]], [[India]] for which he and Private [[Duncan Millar (VC)|Duncan Millar]] were awarded the VC:
{{quote|text=In the action at Maylah Ghaut, on the 15th January, 1859, Brigadier-General Walpole reports that the conduct of Privates Cook and Millar deserves to be particularly pointed out. At the time the fight was the severest, and the few men of the 42nd Regiment were skirmishing so close to the enemy (who were in great numbers), that some of the men were wounded by sword cuts, and the only officer with the 42nd was carried to the rear, severely wounded, and the Color-Serjeant was killed, these soldiers went to the front, took a prominent part in directing the Company, and displayed a courage, coolness, and discipline, which was the admiration of all who witnessed it.|sign=War-Office|source={{London Gazette|issue=22278|page=2420|date=21 June 1859}}}}

The pipe tune ''Lawson's Men'' was written about the incident.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (This England, 1997)
*''Scotland's Forgotten Valour'' (Graham Ross, 1995)

{{Royal Regiments of Scotland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, Walter}}
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Black Watch soldiers]]
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]

Dor (film)

2026-05-03T12:02:47Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Cleanup|date=February 2026|reason=Odd insinuations over the film's language and music-composers in the lede and dated language like "glamour doll" in Production section among others}}{{Infobox film
| name = Dor
| image = dorfilm.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]
| producer = Elahe Hiptoola
| writer = Nagesh Kukunoor Mir Ali Hussain (dialogues)
| story = Nagesh Kukunoor (adaptation) [[T. A. Razzaq]] (original)
| screenplay = Nagesh Kukunoor
| based_on = {{based on|[[Perumazhakkalam]]|[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]}}
| starring = [[Ayesha Takia]] [[Gul Panag]] [[Shreyas Talpade]] [[Girish Karnad]] [[Uttara Baokar]] [[Prateeksha Lonkar]]
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = Sanjib Datta
| distributor = [[Sahara One Motion Pictures]] Percept Picture Company [[Eros International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|2006|9|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dor-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzuxmte|title=Dor|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131174859/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dor-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtoduxotiy|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi Urdu
}}
'''''Dor''''' ({{IPA|hi|ɖoːɾ}}; {{Translation|''String''}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] and features [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Gul Panag]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] as the lead actors. The film is an official remake of the [[Malayalam]] film, ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' (2004) and was well received by the critics after its release on 22 September 2006.

''Dor'', which was produced by [[Elahe Hiptoola]], had [[cinematography]] by [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] and editing by Sanjib Datta. For a film that had [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as the predominant language with a sporadic use of [[Urdu]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]] composed the background score.

The story is about two women who come from different backgrounds and how fate brings them together. Meera (Ayesha Takia), a young woman who becomes a widow shortly after marriage, is trapped by tradition. Zeenat (Gul Panag), on the other hand, faces the daunting task of saving the life of her husband, who is on trial for murder. A ''[[Behrupiya|bahuroopiya]]'' (Shreyas Talpade) helps her reach Meera, who holds the "string" to Zeenat's hope. The companionship that develops between Meera and Zeenat results in redemption for both.

== Plot ==
Zeenat is an independent [[Muslims|Muslim]] woman who lives in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She marries her boyfriend, Amir Khan, who then leaves for [[Saudi Arabia]] to work.

Meera is a traditional [[Rajasthani peoples|Rajasthani]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] woman who leads a life in accordance with custom. This includes her arranged marriage into a traditional Rajasthani family, as well as her daily household chores. Her husband, Shankar, also works in Saudi Arabia. He regularly sends his wages home to support his family, including his father, Randhir Singh, his mother and his grandmother. When the remittances stop and there is no correspondence from Shankar, Meera learns that he was killed in a freak accident allegedly caused by his Muslim roommate. She is devastated by the news.

The ceremonies that turn her into a widow are emotionally draining. Her exuberance and vivaciousness are stifled. The rest of the family direct their frustration at losing their sole provider towards her, blaming her for bringing bad luck to the family.

Then Zeenat hears that her husband has been arrested for murdering his roommate in Saudi Arabia. Amir is scheduled to be executed. An Indian officer explains that, under [[Legal system of Saudi Arabia|Saudi law]], a criminal can be released if the wife of the victim forgives them. Armed only with a photograph of Shankar and Amir, Zeenat sets out to find Meera. En route, she meets a behrupiya with a talent for mimicry and the performing arts. However, he proves to be a petty con man when he tricks Zeenat and steals her belongings. When Zeenat gets into trouble, however, he returns to rescue her, using his talents. He shows empathy when she tells him her story and offers to help. After making some educated guesses, they reach Jodhpur and identify the Singh haveli. When Zeenat asks the Singh family to forgive Amir for his mistake, they become angry and drive her away.

Thinking that befriending Meera might further her cause, Zeenat approaches her at the temple she visits daily. However, she is too afraid to tell Meera the truth and does not reveal who she is. Nevertheless, they become good friends and spend most of their time together. Their friendship brings out the missing part of each other's personalities. Meera gets a glimpse of freedom, which helps her to break free from tradition and gives her a new perspective on life.

The Singh family owes money to Chopra, a local factory owner. When Randhir asks for more time to repay the debt, Chopra makes him an offer: he will forgive the debt in exchange for Meera. Randhir accepts. When news of the death sentence arrives, Zeenat feels compelled to tell Meera the truth. Meera is hurt by the fact that their friendship was based on false pretences, and she refuses to sign the maafinama (statement of forgiveness). She makes it clear that she wants to hurt her husband's murderer, even though it was an accident, because she is suffering in her new, veiled life.

Zeenat is hurt, but she accepts it as fate and decides to leave. However, Meera has a change of heart due to her disillusionment at Randhir's willingness to 'sell' her to Chopra. She hurries to the railway station, where she gives Zeenat the signed statement of forgiveness. Zeenat extends her hand from the train and Meera grabs it, climbing aboard and running away from the only life she has ever known.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ayesha Takia]] as Meera
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Bahuroopiya
* [[Gul Panag]] as Zeenat
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Randhir Singh
* [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] as Chopra
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Gowri Singh
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Dadima, Meera's grandmother-in-law.
* [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] as Shankar Singh, Meera's husband
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Amir Khan, Zeenat's husband
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Meera's brother-in-law
}}

== Production ==

=== Pre-production ===
The story of ''Dor'' began when Nagesh Kukunoor was attending the [[International Film Festival of India]] in November 2005. During the festival, he had hinted to a journalist that he began writing his next script.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 November 2005 |access-date=4 January 2008 |last=Sen |first=Raja |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/29nagesh.htm |title=Final scene of Iqbal still moves me |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102075021/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/29nagesh.htm |archive-date= 2 January 2008 }}</ref> He confirmed this in another interview that after watching ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' (2005),<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2005 |access-date=4 January 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/19/stories/2005031912840300.htm |title=Mathrubhumi, Medimix film awards announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101143433/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/19/stories/2005031912840300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 1 January 2008 }}</ref> whose story is based on a newspaper article, at the Film Festival, he decided to make his own version of the film. After purchasing the story rights from Kamal, director of ''Perumazhakkalam'', he wanted to remake it in a different way. Through his story, he wanted to emphasize the protagonists' ordeal while in isolation in the form of a visual drama.<ref name="rediff_kukunoor">{{cite web|date=26 September 2006 |access-date=4 January 2008 |last=Sen |first=Raja |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26nagesh.htm |title=Why Nagesh picked Ayesha and Gul |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226093255/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/26nagesh.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007 }}</ref> However, acknowledgments to ''Perumazhakkalam'' or its makers were not provided in the credits.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2596425.cms |title=Foreign body in ''Bombay to Bangkok''? |work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216221555/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2596425.cms |archive-date=16 February 2008 }}</ref>

Kukunoor announced the news about film making in early March 2006 and suggested of its release in August 2006.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/03/03/6775/index.html |title=Nagesh Kukunoor announces his next movie Dor |work=Indiafm.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214072752/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/03/03/6775/index.html  |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref> He conceptualized the film in thirds: the first and third for the lead characters and the second for the supporting one.<ref name="rediff_kukunoor2">{{cite web|date=27 September 2006 |access-date=4 January 2008 |last=Sen |first=Raja |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/27nagesh.htm |title=The Dor-man and his secrets |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214221750/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/27nagesh.htm |archive-date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> However, Kukunoor said that all his films, at the core, have "the human element – the simplicity of the basic emotions that bind us all." Since the backdrop of the film was to be [[Rajasthan]], he had been there and did the necessary research so as to better portray the place and characters.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 September 2006 |access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/09/20/1595/index.html |title=The one thing in this industry is that you can never say a "yes" with finality - Nagesh Kukunoor |work=Indiafm.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629220245/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/09/20/1595/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2008 }}</ref>

=== Locations and casting ===
[[File:Ayesha Takia Aug-8th-2006.jpg|thumb|150px|Ayesha Takia's performance of Meera was critically acclaimed]]
Kukunoor had not visited [[Rajasthan]] or [[Himachal Pradesh]] before, but he felt that he would find great locations there. [[Salooni]] in [[Chamba district]] is considered for shooting in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. In spite of this geographical inexperience, all went as per the plans while shooting in Rajasthan. However, minor modifications in the script were allowed for the surroundings.<ref name="rediff_kukunoor"/> Though Panag had been in Rajasthan, she felt the scorching summer heat unbearable at times. She liked the only continuous shooting schedule and said that it provided consistency in look and performance.<ref name="rediff_panag">{{cite web|date=21 September 2006 |access-date=1 April 2008 |last=Sen |first=Raja |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/21sd2.htm |title=I wasn't stalking Nagesh |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221160722/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/21sd2.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> In Himachal, it was slightly different when the crew had hard time framing the mountains correctly. On seeing the captured frames, they shifted all the interior shots to outside.<ref name="rediff_panag"/> Filming was completed in 37 days in several locations of Rajasthan.<ref name="apunkachoice_kuku">{{cite web|date=18 September 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20060918-0.html |title=Nagesh Kukunoor believes in realistic cinema |work=Apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415053731/http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20060918-0.html |archive-date=15 April 2008 }}</ref> Since most of the old palaces in Rajasthan have been converted into hotels, the crew stayed at a palace resort called Manwar.<ref name="rediff_locations">{{cite web|date=20 October 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |title=From Iqbal to Behrupia |last=Jain |first=Priyanka |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221160820/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> They resided at a palace resort in [[Pokhran]], while filming was done at [[Mehrangarh Fort]] in [[Jodhpur]].<ref name="rediff_locations"/> Kukunoor, after completion of the shooting, said that it was his most challenging film as it involved a real-life story.<ref name="apunkachoice_kuku"/>

[[Gul Panag]] was impressed with Kukunoor's previous film, ''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]'' (1999) and her constant correspondence with him fetched her the role of Zeenat.<ref name="rediff_panag"/> Kukunoor felt that Panag had characteristics of someone who was lean and fit, good height, large frame, and with an appropriate skin tone.<ref name="rediff_kukunoor"/> After a successful audition, she was chosen for the character that she felt was a difficult one to portray.<ref name="rediff_panag"/> Critiquing the actress with "I see urgency, pain but no sadness"<ref name="rediff_panag"/> and "I see anger and vulnerability but no guilt", the director pushed Panag to her limits. She felt that Kukunoor was such a man of conviction that he constantly forgot to eat and this once caused him a stomach infection.<ref name="rediff_panag"/> Gul Panag, on the other hand, said that her role was very multi-dimensional, multi-layered and hence it was quite tough to play the character. She said that Kukunoor helped her in defining her character with ease and said, "Nagesh looked at the minutest detail and was an immense support to me as an actor."<ref name="indiaglitz_intws">{{cite web|date=23 September 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |last=Shahriyar |first=Faridoon |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/25558.html |title="Dor is Based on a Real Life Story", says Nagesh Kukunoor |work=Indiaglitz.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102195629/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/25558.html |archive-date= 2 November 2007 }}</ref> However, ''Dor's'' executive producer, Elahe Hiptoola lent her [[dubbing (filmmaking)|voice]] for Panag in the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2006 |access-date=7 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/09/26/7935/index.html |title=Elahe Hiptoola dubbed for Gul Panag |work=Indiafm.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228162841/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/09/26/7935/index.html  |archive-date=28 February 2008}}</ref>

It was in ''[[Socha Na Tha]]'' (2004) that Kukunoor noticed [[Ayesha Takia]] and until then he assumed her to be a glamor doll. After getting convinced about her acting skills, she was roped in for the character of ''Meera''.<ref name="hindu_kukunoor">{{cite web|date=22 September 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/22/stories/2006092201140100.htm |title=Making movies his way |last=Us Salam |first=Ziya |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221070601/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/22/stories/2006092201140100.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> Takia said that though her character emotionally drained her, it was not tough to portray and that she could learn a lot about life. She further said that, "''Dor'' was indeed an exciting challenge for the actor in me. I am happy that it was also a very exciting role, which not many actors get to portray at such a young age."<ref name="indiaglitz_intws"/> She said that with ''Dor'', she was not only in the film industry for glamor, but also for her acting prowess.<ref name="apunkachoice_kuku"/> While filming, Kukunoor bonded so well with Takia that he requested her to be his sister. Since she did not have a brother in real life, she got quite emotional with Kukunoor's brotherly proposal. This affection eventually solemnized in the form of a [[Raksha Bandhan|rakhi]] symbolically.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 September 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060920-3.html |title=Ayesha Takia finds a brother in Nagesh Kukunoor |last=Kumar |first=Nikhil |work=Apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172506/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060920-3.html |archive-date=21 August 2008 }}</ref>

When Kukunoor was thinking of a character full of disguises, he first came up with an old man. When the thought of a scene with the three major characters dancing in the dunes came up, he realized that an older character could not realistically dance in the desert. He immediately felt that [[Shreyas Talpade]], whom he knew of knowing [[mimicry]], could be used for ''bahuroopiya''.<ref name="rediff_kukunoor2"/> Kukunoor, who worked previously with [[Girish Karnad]], said that he was the strength for the film and added that he found him a good actor and a good human being.<ref name="hindu_kukunoor"/> Talpade, who previously featured as the title character in Kukunoor's ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' (2005), observed the ''bahuroopiyas'' in [[Rajasthan]] and incorporated their [[dialect]], accent, and their body language for his character. About Kukunoor, he said that, "though one tends to go overboard as an actor most of the times, the way he handles the character as a director, Nagesh makes you feel that it is very simple for you to delineate the character."<ref name="indiaglitz_intws"/> Through his character of a ''bahuroopiya'', Talpade was required to perform [[mimicry]]. While he was good at mimicry in college, it was during the filming of ''Iqbal'', Kukunoor noted this talent of his and thus ''Dor'' came into Talpade's hands. About his co-actors, he said that it was refreshing to work with Panag and Takia despite the scorching heat of {{convert|45|°C|°F|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="TOI_talpade">{{cite web|date=15 October 2006 |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/its-great-when-legends-appreciate-your-performance/articleshow/2172632.cms |title=It's great when legends appreciate your performance |work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111023903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Its-great-when-legends-appreciate-your-performance/articleshow/2172632.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref> Kukunoor first wrote the screenplay in English, then had it translated to Hindi.<ref>The Making of ''Dor'', 2006, Sahara One Motion Pictures</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dor
| type = soundtrack
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|08|26}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:35
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
}}
The soundtrack, which was composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and the lyrics by [[Mir Ali Hussain (Poet)|Mir Ali Hussain]], was released on 26 August 2006 with a typical and traditional [[Rajasthan]]i flavour.<ref name="music_launch"/>

One review about the soundtrack said that, "this is no ordinary album and will be preferred by musical elites. Infused with classical music and Rajasthani [[folk music]], it is a good quality album coming out of Salim-Sulaiman. But the shortcoming comes in the form that this is not the kind of music that'll please every ear."<ref>{{cite news|title=Audio Review : Dor - Will be preferred by musical elites |access-date=1 March 2008 |work=Musicindiaonline.com |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8600/0/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017214604/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/8600/0/ |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref> Another review, in a similar tone, said that the album "works only for those who are either followers of classical music or enjoy hearing songs with a Rajasthani folk music base. There is no doubt that composers good quality throughout, but overall the album caters only to a niche audience."<ref>{{cite news|title=Dor: Music Review by Joginder Tuteja |access-date=1 March 2008 |date=4 September 2005 |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |work=Indiafm.com |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/12935/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220071609/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/12935/index.html |archive-date=20 February 2008 }}</ref> About the background score, Kukunoor said that "to put soaring music to give it a larger-than-life film image was pretty difficult".<ref name="apunkachoice_kuku"/> Despite this worry, with Salim–Sulaiman composing the music, he was happy with the way it was composed according to the sequence. [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Karsan Sagathia, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and a [[Pakistan]]i singer, [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]] were among those who sang the songs.<ref name="apunkachoice_kuku"/> While releasing the soundtrack, Kukunoor said that Salim–Sulaiman and he tried make songs that "stood out from the clutter and something that was different from the [[item number]]s or the boring love ballads."<ref name="music_launch">{{cite web|date=27 August 2006 |access-date=5 March 2008 |url=http://202.54.157.195/news/181_1779618,001100050001.htm |title=Music of Dor will break rules: Kukunoor |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221135511/http://202.54.157.195/news/181_1779618%2C001100050001.htm |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Allah Hoo|Allah Hoo Allah Ho]]
| extra1 = [[Salim Merchant]]
| length1 = 04:50
| title2 = Expression of Love
| extra2 = [[Trilok Gurtu]]
| length2 = 05:44
| title3 = Imaan Ka Asar
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 04:12
| title4 = [[Kesariya Balam]]
| extra4 = Karsan Sagathia
| length4 = 06:05
| title5 = Piya Ghar Aaya
| extra5 = Pratichee
| length5 = 05:39
| title6 = Theme Music
| extra6 = Salim Merchant
| length6 = 01:48
| title7 = Yeh Honsla
| extra7 = [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
| length7 = 04:39
| title8 = Yeh Honsla
| note8 = Sad
| extra8 = Shafqat Amanat Ali
| length8 = 01:33
}}

== Release and reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' said in its review, "When you first watch Nagesh Kukunoor's impressively shot ''Dor'', you want to simply applaud it as good cinema. Whether it's Ayesha's award-worthy performance or Shreyas' amusing moments, the credit marks pile up in favour of the director who has made engaging cinema."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061008/asp/look/story_6837562.asp |title=Kukunoor's minority report |last=Pradhan |first=Bharathi |date=8 October 2006 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221155726/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061008/asp/look/story_6837562.asp |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' said:

<blockquote>''Dor'' makes a strong feminist statement without being strident or shouting slogans. And all along, the riveting friendship between the two polarized women and the events that bring them together, keep tugging at your heart. [[Shreyas Talpade]] proves that (his previous film), Iqbal was no accident and [[Gul Panag]] gives one of the most convincing portrayals of her career. But, it is [[Ayesha Takia]] who simply blows your breath away. Her journey from joyous subjugation – where she is content to dance before her husband and be at the beck and call of her in-laws – to silent emancipation is absolutely endearing.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dor/moviereview/2019038.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019212540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-22/hindi/27821755_1_meera-dor-zeenat |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2012 |title=Dor: Hindi movie review |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |date=22 September 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref></blockquote>

About the technical department, ''[[The Hindu]]'' said:
: "There is this one scene when the director cuts from Zeenat (Gul Panag) trying to fix her house literally from the outside, perched on a ladder, with a hammer in hand, to Meera (Ayesha Takia) inside the house and behind a veil. The play of such visual metaphors throughout gives the film a world-class feel, the kind of stuff you usually see in Indian cinema."<ref name="hindu_kukunoor"/>
Another review from ''The Telegraph'' says:
: "Sudeep Chatterjee's cinematography is excellent. He composes and constructs stylised but simple images which don't scream for attention, but unassumingly add up to create the film's striking overall visual design."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=5 March 2008 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060929/asp/etc/story_6796431.asp |title=Striking visual design |last=Mitra |first=Mandira |date=29 September 2006 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221155718/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060929/asp/etc/story_6796431.asp |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref>

While writing about the plot and the picturization, [[Rediff.com]] concluded:
: "The script is engaging; the dialogues entertaining, witty and yet quite profound. Every scene seems to have been well etched out. The character sketches are strong and the characters are inspiring but not patronizing. The script, the story and the characters take the spotlight and the sets, though picturesque add to the plot instead of overshadowing it."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/22dor.htm |title=Dor is a must-watch |last=Diniz |first=Merill |date=22 September 2006 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219210947/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/22dor.htm |archive-date=19 February 2008 }}</ref>
[[Taran Adarsh]], while writing about the chances of its commercial success, said, "''Dor'' is a well-made film that caters to those with an appetite for qualitative cinema. Awards and glowing critical acclaim, yes, it has the power to win it. But, box-office rewards and a mandate from the ''aam junta'' (common man) will elude it. The lethargic pacing will also go against it."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12935/index.html |title=Dor: Movie Review |last=Adarsh |first=Tarun |date=22 September 2006 |work=Indiafm.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220073337/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12935/index.html |archive-date=20 February 2008 }}</ref>

=== Reception and awards ===
As per the reviews, the film could not capture much appeal at the theatres. In [[Kolkata]], theatre officials withdrew ''Dor'' from screening one week after its theatrical release. The reason cited for this withdrawal was due to many simultaneous releases such as the films ''[[Woh Lamhe]]'' and ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]''. However, commercial success notwithstanding for these films, ''Dor'' was brought back to the screens.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061005/asp/calcutta/story_6829507.asp |title=Dor back |date=5 October 2006 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221155325/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061005/asp/calcutta/story_6829507.asp |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> Following this, ''Dor'' was screened at the annual Indo-American Arts Council Film Festival<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.iaac.us/sixth_film_festival2006/reviews10.htm |title=DOR to be screened at IAAC Film Festival |date=6 October 2006 |work=Glamsham.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219144922/http://www.iaac.us/sixth_film_festival2006/reviews10.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 }}</ref> and the Atlanta Indo-American Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.iafs.us/Web/Forms/frmMovieScreenings.aspx |title=IAFF: Event and Screening Locations |work=Atlanta Indo-American Film Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221072507/http://www.iafs.us/Web/Forms/frmMovieScreenings.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref>

Along with nominations for [[cinematography]], [[Dialogue (fiction)|dialogues]], [[lyrics]] and [[supporting actor]] (for [[Shreyas Talpade]]), the film won the critics award for [[Ayesha Takia]] and [[Gul Panag]] at the 2007 [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |title=2007 Zee Cine Awards - The Winners |work=Sify.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011415/http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref> At the annual [[Star Screen Awards]], Talpade and Takia won the best actor in a comic role and critics' choice for best actress awards respectively along with other nominations.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |date=8 January 2007 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20398.html |title=Rang De Basanti bags eight Screen awards |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505214931/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20398.html |archive-date= 5 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/12935/index.html |title=Dor: Awards and Nominations |work=Indiafm.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221075246/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/12935/index.html |archive-date=21 December 2007 }}</ref> At [[Stardust Awards]] ceremony, Takia and Panag won awards for their performances.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |date=20 February 2007 |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070220-0.html |title=Aishwarya Rai, Sanjay Dutt bag top honours at Stardust awards |work=Apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318210531/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070220-0.html |archive-date=18 March 2008 }}</ref> Takia further won the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|Best Actress Award]] at the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2 March 2008 |date=20 February 2007 |url=http://calcuttaweb.com/cinema/2005_2006_bfja.shtml |title=2005-2006 BFJA Awards |work=Calcuttaweb.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922033735/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/cinema/2005_2006_bfja.shtml |archive-date=22 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Karthik Saragur]] and Komal Sahani were nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] at [[52nd Filmfare Awards]].

== Home media ==

=== DVD ===
The [[DVD]] version of the film was released on 20 October 2006.<ref name="DVD_release">{{cite web|work=Indiafm.com |title=Dor releases on DVD |access-date=1 March 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/10/20/1725/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016094553/http://indiafm.com/features/2006/10/20/1725/index.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 }}</ref>
The DVD release, which was distributed by [[Eros Entertainment]],<ref name="DVD_release"/> is available in [[Aspect ratio (image)#1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen|16:9]] [[Anamorphic widescreen]], [[Dolby Digital#Dolby Digital Surround EX|Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround]], [[Progressive scan|progressive]] 24 [[Frame rate|FPS]], [[widescreen]] and [[NTSC]] format. With a runtime of 147 minutes, the DVD has a provision for English subtitles.<ref name="DVD_release"/> However, some versions of the film jacket list the runtime as 63 minutes.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0824316|Dor}}
* [https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932377.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 Variety review]

{{Nagesh Kukunoor}}
{{good article}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nagesh Kukunoor]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Zoroastrianism in India

2026-05-02T12:23:19Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created A Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|Overview of the Zoroastrian populace in India}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Indian Zoroastrians
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| flag_size =
| image = Maneckji Seth Agiary, Mumbai.jpg
| image_caption = [[Maneckji Seth Agiary]], the second-oldest Zoroastrian [[fire temple]] in the city of [[Mumbai]], 2009
| image_size =

| population = 61,000 (2012)<ref name=Roshan>{{cite web|last1=Rivetna|first1=Roshan|title=The Zoroastrian World A 2012 Demographic Picture|url=http://fezana.org/downloads/ZoroastrianWorldPopTable_FEZANA_Journal_Fall_2013.pdf|website=Fezana.org}}</ref>
| founder = [[Zoroaster|Zarathustra]]
| regions = Primarily [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| tablehdr =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 =
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| religions =
| scriptures = [[Avesta]]
| languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], and [[Indian English|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Anglicisation of the Parsis |date=30 April 2006 |url=https://parsikhabar.net/culture/anglicisation-of-the-parsis/375/ |publisher=Parsi Khabar |access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>
| related-c =
| website =
| notes =
}}

{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}
[[Zoroastrianism]], an [[Iranian religions|Iranian religion]], has been present in [[India]] for thousands of years.<ref name="Continuity" /> Though it split into a separate branch, it shares a common origin with [[Hinduism]] and other [[Indian religions]], having been derived from the [[Indo-Iranian religion]]. Though it was once the majority and official religion of the Iranian nation, Zoroastrianism eventually migrated to the [[Indian subcontinent]] in light of the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest of Iran]], which saw the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] annex the [[Sasanian Empire]] by 651 CE. Owing to the [[persecution of Zoroastrians]] in the post-Sasanian period, a large wave of Iranian migrants fled to India, where they became known as the [[Parsis|Parsi people]], who now represent India's oldest Zoroastrian community. Later waves of Zoroastrian immigration to India took place over the following centuries, with a spike in the number of these refugees occurring during the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam]] and again during the reign of the [[Qajar dynasty]], whose persecution of Zoroastrians prompted many to flee to [[British Raj|British India]], where they became known as the [[Irani (India)|Irani people]].<ref name=Ringer/> Though Zoroastrian, the Parsis and the Iranis are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from each other due to their inception in separate periods of migration.

{{anchor | Hindustan}} The comparatively liberal atmosphere of India and the protection provided by historical Indian kingdoms to their Zoroastrian subjects enabled the religion to flourish outside of the [[Iranian Plateau|Iranian plateau]]. Today, India is home to the largest Zoroastrian population in the world, and despite their overall low population number, Indian Zoroastrians have had a significant impact on India's [[Economy of India|economy]], [[Culture of India|culture]], [[Politics of India|politics]] and [[Military history of India|military]], and also played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]].

== History ==
By 632 CE, [[Yazdgird III|Yazdegerd III]] came to power in Persia but the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Arab/Muslim army]] had already begun [[Muslim conquest of Persia|invading Persia]]. The Muslims [[Battle of Nahāvand|defeated]] them at [[Nahavand]] and Yazdegerd was slain by a miller in [[Merv]] in 652, bringing an end to the Sasanian dynasty and with it Zoroastrianism's history as the official religion of Iran. While losing their religion and script along with some Sasanian historiographical literature, the language and culture essentially survived. Between the seventh and thirteenth century, political and social pressures resulted in ascendancy of Iranian Muslim over the Zoroastrians. With the conquests, Iranians gradually lost their predominant religion.<ref name=Continuity>{{cite book|title=Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage|pages=54–55, 136–137|publisher=Routledge|author=Fereshteh Davaran}}</ref>

The Zoroastrians moved to India in successive migrations in the Islamic period. The initial migration following the conquest has been characterized as a religious persecution by invading Muslims. According to the account, the Zoroastrians suffered at their hands and in order to protect themselves and safeguard their religion, fled first to northern Iran, then to the [[Hormuz Island|island of Hormuz]] and finally to India. This generally accepted narrative of migration emphasises Muslim persecution while identifying Parsis as religious refugees. Recently, scholars have questioned this explanation of Iranian origins. There is a scarcity of sources about the migration. Historians are forced to rely exclusively on ''[[Qissa-i Sanjan]]'' written in 1599 by a Parsi Priest and ''Qissah-ye Zartushtian-e Hindustan'' written more than 200 years later. This is complicated by the fact that there were already Zoroastrians in India in the Sasanian period.<ref name=Ringer>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oyiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|title=Pious Citizens: Reforming Zoroastrianism in India and Iran|pages=25, 26|publisher=Syracuse University Press|author= Monica M. Ringer|date=13 December 2011|isbn=9780815650607}}</ref>

Iranian Zoroastrians are known to have been trading with India for centuries before the dates calculated for arrival of Parsis per [[Qissa-i Sanjan]]. Ruksana Nanji and Homi Dhalla while discussing archaeological evidence for 'The Landing of Zoroastrians at Sanjan', conclude that the most likely date for the migration at the start of the middle phase of their chronology, namely the early-to-mid-eighth century. Nevertheless, they express their general skepticism about the Qissa-i Sanjan account.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7i2wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|title=The Zoroastrian Myth of Migration from Iran and Settlement in the Indian Diaspora: Text, Translation and Analysis of the 16th Century Qesse-ye Sanjān 'The Story of Sanjan|pages=205, 206|publisher=Brill Publishers|author= Alan Williams|date=24 September 2009|isbn=9789047430421}}</ref> Scholar Andre Wink has theorized that Zoroastrian immigrants to India, both before and after the Muslim conquest of Iran, were primarily merchants, since evidence suggests it was only some time after their arrival that religious experts and priests were sent for to join them. He argues that the competition over trade routes with Muslims may also have contributed to their immigration.<ref name=Ringer/>

Although historically unsubstantiated, the story of how Zoroastrians gained permission to step on the shores of [[Gujarat]] continues to be critical to the self-identity of the group. Per the commonly told narrative, the [[Rajah]] of [[Sanjan (Gujarat)|Sanjan]], summoned them and demanded to know how they would not be a burden on or a threat to the local communities. Replying to their request of practising their religion and till the land, he showed them a jug full of milk, saying Sanjan like it was full. In one version, a [[dastur]] added a coin to the milk, saying like the coin, no one would be able to see that they were there but they would enrich the milk nonetheless. In another version, he added sugar instead and claimed that like it, they would sweeten lands of Sanjan. In both of them their settlement is approved by the Rajah who addresses certain conditions for it: they would explain their religion, promise not to proselytise, adopt Gujarati speech and dress, surrender their weapons and only conduct their rituals after nightfall.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cb_U56WcdHMC&pg=PA75|title=Topographies of Faith: Religion in Urban Spaces|page=75|publisher=Brill Publishers|chapter=Excarnation and the City: The Tower of Silence in Mumbai|date=15 April 2013|isbn=978-9004249073}}</ref> During this period, Zoroastrian traders faced execution outside India, including in [[China]] where many were killed during the [[Guangzhou massacre]].<ref>"The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China" by Chiara Betta, p. 2</ref>

The immigration of Zoroastrians to India continued, and by 1477 they had lost all contact with Persia. Not until three hundred years had passed would they come into contact. Zoroastrians also played a notable role during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movements]] of India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City|pages=26–35|publisher=BRILL|author=Jesse S. Palsetia|date=January 2001|isbn=9004121145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC}}</ref> There were also subsequent migrations, especially resulting from attempts of [[Safavids]]' to convert their subjects to [[Shia Islam]] in the sixteenth century. This added to the Parsi population and cemented their close association with Iran.<ref name=Ringer/>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population of Zoroastrians (Parsi) in India
|align = Right
|footnote = Sources:<ref name="Census1872">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057647 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057647 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72. |year=1872 |pages=50–54 |last1=Waterfield |first1=Henry |author2=Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department }}</ref><ref name="Census1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057654 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057654 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2 |year=1881 |pages=9–18 }}</ref><ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |pages=87–95 |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="Frazer 1897 p.">{{cite book | last=Frazer | first=R.W. | title=British India | publisher=G. P. Putnam's sons | series=The story of nations | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | page=355 | access-date=8 May 2023 | archive-date=8 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508025115/https://books.google.com/books?id=9F8qAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=57–62 }}</ref><ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=37–42 |last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}</ref><ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=39–44 }}</ref><ref name="Bureau of Manufactures">{{cite book |author=United States Department of Commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |title=Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 |publisher=Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |year=1924 |edition=Supplement to Commerce Reports |page=46 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164851/https://books.google.com/books?id=PYA0AQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1931 |pages=513–519 }}</ref><ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215532 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215532 |access-date=20 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India |year=1941 |pages=97–101 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|title=Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study|newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|1872 | 69476
|1881 | 85397
|1891 | 89904
|1901 | 94190
|1911 | 100096
|1921 | 101778
|1931 | 109752
|1941 | 114890
|1971 | 91266
|1981 | 71630
|2001 | 69601
|2011 | 57264
}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 57,264 Parsis in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/where-we-belong-the-fight-of-parsi-women-in-interfaith-marriages-4900480/|title=Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages|date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Parsi-population-dips-by-22-per-cent-between-2001-2011-study/article14508859.ece|title=Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/biotech-firm-tries-to-unravel-secret-behind-parsizoroastrian-longevity/331544/|title=Biotech firm tries to unravel secret behind Parsi-Zoroastrian longevity - Indian Express|date=5 July 2008|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> and the 2014 figures indicate there are now 69,000. These numbers do not include [[Irani (India)|Irani people]] who identify themselves as Zoroastrians. The previous figure of Zoroastrians in the [[diaspora]], and on the results of the Indian census of 1981, which counted over 71,630 Zoroastrians (Parsi). Independent estimates are that there are at least 100,000 Zoroastrians (Parsi) in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indovacations.net/english/Zoroastrianism.htm|title=Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism in India|first=Indo Vacations|last=Team|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=National & Regional Styles of Cookery: Proceedings : Oxford Symposium 1981|page=71|author=Alan Davidson|publisher=Oxford Symposium}}</ref> Parsis' mother tongue is Gujarati.

The Zoroastrian community in India remains one of the most recognized groups, playing a part in various commercial sectors such as industry, movies, and politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jains-become-sixth-minority-community-1954568|title=Jains become sixth minority community - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=21 January 2014|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/fMzSdy9is9fL2R9QBwWA3I/Govt-grants-minority-status-to-Jain-community.html|title = Govt grants minority status to Jain community|date = 20 January 2014}}</ref>

== Communities ==
There are two major Zoroastrian communities in India.

=== Parsi ===
{{main|Parsi}}
[[File:Parsee Wedding 1905.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[Parsi people|Parsi]]'' Wedding, 1905]]
The word ''Parsi'' in the [[Persian language]] literally means "Persian". Persian is the official language of modern [[Iran]], which is also known as [[Persia]]. The language (''Parsi'') is commonly referred to as ''Farsi'', because, after the [[Islamic conquest of Persia|Arab invasion of Persia]], because of the absence of the "P / G / Zh / Ch" sounds in the [[Arabic language]], ''Parsi'' became ''Farsi''. Similarly, [[Babak Khorramdin]]'s first name, originally ''Papak'' (Papa + Kuchak = Papak), "Young Father", became ''Babak''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The long presence of the Parsis in the Gujarat and Sindh areas of India is supported by a [[genetic study]]<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1186/s13059-017-1244-9|title = "Like sugar in milk": Reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population|year = 2017|last1 = Chaubey|first1 = Gyaneshwer|last2 = Ayub|first2 = Qasim|last3 = Rai|first3 = Niraj|last4 = Prakash|first4 = Satya|last5 = Mushrif-Tripathy|first5 = Veena|last6 = Mezzavilla|first6 = Massimo|last7 = Pathak|first7 = Ajai Kumar|last8 = Tamang|first8 = Rakesh|last9 = Firasat|first9 = Sadaf|last10 = Reidla|first10 = Maere|last11 = Karmin|first11 = Monika|last12 = Rani|first12 = Deepa Selvi|last13 = Reddy|first13 = Alla G.|last14 = Parik|first14 = Jüri|last15 = Metspalu|first15 = Ene|last16 = Rootsi|first16 = Siiri|last17 = Dalal|first17 = Kurush|last18 = Khaliq|first18 = Shagufta|last19 = Mehdi|first19 = Syed Qasim|last20 = Singh|first20 = Lalji|last21 = Metspalu|first21 = Mait|last22 = Kivisild|first22 = Toomas|last23 = Tyler-Smith|first23 = Chris|last24 = Villems|first24 = Richard|last25 = Thangaraj|first25 = Kumarasamy|journal = Genome Biology|volume = 18|issue = 1|page = 110|pmid = 28615043|pmc = 5470188 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and it also distinguishes them from the smaller Zoroastrian Indian community of [[Irani (India)|Irani]]s, who are more recent arrivals.

=== Iranis ===

{{main|Irani (India)}}
Although the term 'Irani' is first attested during the [[Mughal era]], most Iranis are immigrants who arrived on the subcontinent during the 19th and early 20th centuries, that is, when Iran was ruled by the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]] and when religious persecution of non-Muslims was rampant. The descendants of the immigrants of those times remain culturally and linguistically closer to the [[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrians of Iran]], in particular to the Zoroastrians of [[Yazd]] and [[Kerman]]. Consequently, the [[Dari (Zoroastrian)|Dari]] dialect of the Zoroastrians of those provinces may be heard among the Iranis.

== See also ==
* [[List of countries by Zoroastrian population]]
* [[Indo-Sasanians]]
* [[List of fire temples in India]]
* [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]]
* [[Persecution of Buddhists by Zoroastrians]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.hindupedia.org/en/Zoroastrianism_and_Hinduism Zoroastrianism and Hinduism] - a comparison of both religions and exploring the origins of Zoroastrianism

== References ==
{{reflist}}


{{Zoroastrianism}}
{{Asia in topic|Religion in|PS=Palestinian territories#Religion}}
{{Religion in India topics}}

[[Category:Zoroastrianism in India| ]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism by country|India]]

First Medhi ministry

2026-05-02T12:04:05Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|1950 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 9 August 1950
| date_dissolved = 1952
| government_head = [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| state_head = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[Bordoloi ministry (Assam)|Bordoloi]]
| successor = [[Second Medhi ministry|Medhi II]]
| image = Bishnuram Medhi.jpg
| last_election = [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
}}

The '''First Medhi ministry''' was the Cabinet of Assam headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Bishnuram Medhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medhi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 9 August 1950 to 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=assamassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The Ministry consisted of 8 cabinet ministers (including chief minister) and two deputy ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian National |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Year_of_Freedom/vLCA1pJUP1IC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=1950%20bishnuram%20medhi%20mahendra%20mohan%20nicholas%20roy |title=Year of Freedom |last2=Committee |first2=Indian National Congress All India Congress |date=1950 |publisher=All Indian Congress Committee. |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|[[Bishnuram Medhi]]
Chief Minister
|
* Appointment
* Home
* Transport
* Publicity
* Legislative
|[[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy]]
|
* Medical
* Health
* Excise
* Jails
|Shillong
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ramnath Das
|
* Public works department
|Jorhat North
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Forest
* Judicial
* Registration
* General
|Kokrajhar Sidli
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]]
|
* Local self-government
* Veterinary
|[[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Omeo Kumar Das]]
|
* Labour
* Agriculture
* Education
* Welfare of backward tribes
|Dhekiajuli North
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Motiram Bora
|
* Finance
* Revenue
* Relief and rehabilitation
|Marigaon Dhing
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry|Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]]
|
* Procurement
* Supply
* Textile
* Cooperative
* Rural development
* Village industries
* Publicity
|[[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

=== Deputy ministers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Deputy Ministers'''
|-
|Hareswar Das
|North Salmara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Purnananda Chetia]]
|[[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1952]]

Disperis monophylla

2026-05-01T15:11:52Z

Ashok Hathrasi: New first page added tags - done

{{Short description|Species of orchid endemic to India}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| genus = Disperis
| species = monophylla
| authority = [[Blatt.]] ex [[C.E.C.Fisch.]]<ref name=GBIF>{{GBIF |title=''Disperis monophylla'' Blatt. ex C.E.C.Fisch. |id=2805055 |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{species list|Disperis monophylla |Blatt.}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GBIF/>
}}

'''''Disperis monophylla''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Orchidaceae]]. It is a terrestrial orchid endemic to India and is assigned to the genus ''[[Disperis]]'', a group of orchids distributed primarily in tropical Africa and parts of Asia.<ref name="powo">{{cite POWO |title=''Disperis monophylla'' Blatt. ex C.E.C.Fisch. |id=60447292-2 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The species was [[species description|first formally described]] by [[Ethelbert Blatter]] in 1928 in [[Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer]]'s ''Flora of the Presidency of Madras''.<ref name="powo" />

The identity of ''Disperis monophylla'' remained unclear for many decades and it was often overlooked or confused with related species such as ''Disperis neilgherrensis''. It has since been reinstated as a distinct species following recent taxonomic study.<ref name="yadav2024">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=P.B.S. |last2=Karuppusamy |first2=S. |last3=Chelladurai |first3=V. |year=2024 |title=Rediscovery and taxonomy of a rare species Disperis monophylla (Orchidaceae) |journal=Environmental and Experimental Biology |volume=22 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.22364/eeb.22.17 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Description ==
''Disperis monophylla'' is a small terrestrial orchid with underground tubers. It is characterised by a single leaf, typically broadly ovate to cordate in shape, from which the specific epithet ''monophylla'' (meaning "one-leaved") is derived.

The plant produces a short flowering stem bearing one to three flowers. The flowers are resupinate, greenish-white with striped markings that may become purplish with age. Floral structures include a specialised lip and spur typical of the genus, adapted for pollination.<ref name="yadav2024" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
The species is endemic to India and is known from the southern [[Western Ghats]], particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref name="powo" /><ref name="yadav2024" />

It grows in shaded evergreen forest habitats, typically in humus-rich soils at elevations above {{cvt|1000|m}}. It is often associated with moist understory conditions and moss-rich environments.<ref name="yadav2024" />

== Ecology ==
Like other orchids, ''Disperis monophylla'' is likely dependent on symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and nutrient uptake.

Although specific pollinators have not been documented, species of ''Disperis'' are generally adapted for specialised insect pollination.

== Conservation ==
''Disperis monophylla'' has historically been considered a rare species, having been known only from early 20th-century collections and rediscovered after several decades.<ref name="yadav2024" />

However, its current distribution and population status remain insufficiently documented, and further field studies are required to accurately assess its abundance and conservation status.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15455845}}

[[Category:Orchideae]]
[[Category:Orchids of India]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1928]]

1995 Kohima Massacre

2026-04-27T06:30:57Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new post

{{Short description|1995 massacre in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1995 Kohima Massacre
| partof = [[Naga conflict]]
| location = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
| coordinates =
| date = 5 March 1995
| image =
| caption =
| time = 1:30–3:30{{nbsp}}p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| target = Civilians
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 7
| injuries = 36
| perps = 16th [[Rashtriya Rifles]]
}}
The '''1995 Kohima Massacre''' took place in India on 5 March 1995, when forces of the 16th [[Rashtriya Rifles]] of the [[Indian Army]] fired upon the civilian populace while the convoy was traversing through [[Kohima]], the capital city of Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naleo|first=Villo|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/remembering-truthfully-and-forgiving-generously/|title=Nagaland: Remembering Truthfully and Forgiving Generously|date=23 August 2016|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=5 December 2021}} - {{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/timeline/1995.htm|title=Nagaland Timeline - Year 1995|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Sayak|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election/history-of-separatism-in-the-conflicted-northeastern-state-of-nagaland-1195265.html|title=History of separatism in the conflicted northeastern state of Nagaland|date=26 February 2023|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The incident was sparked by a tyre burst from one of the convoy's own vehicle leading the armed troops to fire at civilians after mistaking the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bora|first=Aniruddha|url=https://gaurilankeshnews.com/afspa-the-tale-of-agony-in-nagaland/|title=AFSPA – The tale of Agony in Nagaland|date=6 July 2020|website=[[Gauri Lankesh News]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On 5 March 1995, a convoy of the 16th Rastriya Rifles (RR) was traversing through Kohima on its way from [[Bishnupur, Manipur]], to [[Dimapur]], Nagaland.

The heavily armed convoy which stretched over {{convert|5|km}} had 63 vehicles with five officers, 15 JCOs and 400 privates. As the convoy was crossing the AOC and BOC area which is a thickly populated part of Kohima, a tyre on one of the convoy's truck [[Blowout (tire)|burst]] which led the army personnel to react immediately. Unaware that the tyre burst was one of their own, the armed troops started firing at the civilian populace. The fired included 1,207 rounds of gunfire and five rounds of mortar fire. The firing continued from 1:30{{nbsp}}p.m. until after 3:30{{nbsp}}p.m. Seven civilians were killed and 36 were injured.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tsükrü Kense |first=Atono |date=4 March 2022 |title=When Bloody Sunday came to Kohima: Memories of March 5, 1995 |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/when-bloody-sunday-came-to-kohima-memories-of-march-5-1995#google_vignette |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

The RR personnel also deliberately attacked property, damaging buildings and houses. They then prevented the injured from being treated.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Legacy ==
In 2022, TakeOne Nagaland produced a short documentary under its series ''Lest We Forget'', documenting the fear and trauma arising from the incident.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkGEOFSPyl8 |title=lest we forget - march 5, 1995 |date=2022-03-04 |last=TakeOne Nagaland |access-date=2025-12-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=qkGEOFSPyl8 lest we forget - 5 March 1995] A short documentary based on the incident on ''[[YouTube]]''

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:1995 in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1990s in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1995 mass murders]]
[[Category:March 1995 in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:1995 in India]]

Vishnu Deo

2026-04-22T02:33:47Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created New Article More To Come

{{Short description|Fijian politician (1900–1968)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Vishnu Deo
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| native_name = विष्णु देव
| image = Vishnu_Deo_Fiji.jpg
| title =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| title2 = Member of the Legislative Council for Southern Division
| term_start2 = 1929, 1937
| term_end2 = 1959
| predecessor2 = [[K. B. Singh]]
| successor2 = [[B. D. Lakshman]]
| title3 = Member of Executive Council (Fiji)
| term_start3 = 1956
| term_end3 = 1959
| predecessor3 = [[James Madhavan]]
| successor3 =
| title4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date = 17 July 1900
| birth_place = [[Navua District, Fiji|Navua]], Fiji
| death_date = 7 May 1968
| death_place = [[Suva]], Fiji
| party =
| spouse =
| profession = Customs Agent, Editor
| footnotes =
}}

[[Pandit|Pt.]] '''Vishnu Deo''' ([[Fiji Hindi|Hindi]]: '''विष्णु देव''') [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Vidyalankar |first= Nardev|author2=Manohar Somera |title= Arya Samaj and Indians abroad|year=1975 |publisher=Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha |location= New Delhi, India| page = 123}}</ref> (17 July 1900 – 7 May 1968) was the first [[Fiji]] born and bred leader of the [[Indo-Fijians]]. From his initial election to the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] in 1929 to his retirement in 1959, he remained the most powerful Indo-Fijians political leader in Fiji. He was a staunch supporter of [[Arya Samaj in Fiji]] and also the editor of the first successful [[Hindi]]-language newspaper to be published in Fiji.

== Early life ==
Pandit Vishnu Deo was born on 17 July 1900. He attended [[Marist Brothers]] School and had a keen intellect, becoming a fluent debater in both [[English language|English]] and [[Fiji Hindi|Hindi]]. He joined the immigration department as a clerk in 1918, taught at a school established by [[M. N. Naidu]] in [[Lautoka]] in the early 1920s,<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma | first = Guru Dayal | title = Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987 | publisher =Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji | year = 1987 | page = 70}}</ref> and started his own importing and exporting agency in 1927. In 1922, he had assisted the [[Raju Commission]] which had been sent to Fiji to make enquiries into the plight of the [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indian]] community.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma | first = Guru Dayal | title = Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987 | publisher =Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji | year = 1987 | page = 87}}</ref>

Vishnu Deo also founded a number of social and religious organisations. The [[Governor of Fiji]] proclaimed 15 May 1929 a public holiday to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the first Indians in Fiji, but Vishnu Deo wanted this to be a day of mourning; at a meeting in Lautoka on 12 May 1929, it was decided to fast and pray on the day and to form the [[Fiji Indian National Congress]]. While there was an official ceremony and floats through [[Suva]], Vishnu Deo and his associates displayed a black flag and burned the [[Indian indenture system|indenture system]] in effigy.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Fight for equal rights ==
After a sustained campaign by Indo-Fijians for equal rights, constitutional amendments made in 1929 created three elected Indo-Fijian seats in the Legislative Council. In the [[1929 Fijian general election|elections later that year]], Deo was elected to the Council, easily defeating John F. Grant in the Southern Division. Deo was sworn into the Legislative Council on 25 October 1929, and on 5 November moved a motion calling for [[Open constituencies|common roll franchise]]. Upon the defeat of the motion, Vishnu Deo and the other two Indo-Fijians members resigned. The strength of support for his policy by the Indo-Fijians was demonstrated by the fact that when nominations were later called to fill the Legislative Council vacancies, no nominations were made.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Second World War ==
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Vishnu Deo advised Indo-Fijians to enlist in the [[Indian Platoon]] only if they were paid the same wages as [[European ethnic groups|European]]s. He was initially appointed to the Central Indian War Committee but had his appointment terminated when he published a serial record of a Committee meeting in his newspaper, the ''[[Fiji Samachar]]''. According to his account, a majority of members at that meeting had expressed similar views regarding Indian enlistment. Later Deo, together with other Indian members of the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]], cooperated in recruiting volunteers for the Indian Civilian Labour Force. In June 1943 he addressed workers from the [[Ba District, Fiji|Ba]] and Lautoka sugar mills and persuaded some to join the Labour Force at better pay than what they were getting from their employer, the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillion |first=Kenneth |title= The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance 1920-1946|year= 1977|publisher= Australian National University Press|location= Canberra, Australia|isbn= 0-7081-1291-9 | pages= 178–179}}</ref>

== Religious activities ==
Vishnu Deo was a leader of Arya Samaj in Fiji. He took a proactive role in propagating the teachings of [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayanand]], some of which were the establishment of a [[Caste|castless]] society, education for girls, an end to child marriage and remarriage for widows. He soon found himself at loggerheads with other religious groups, who for the first time had to deal with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] society aggressively promoting re-conversion to Hinduism. He participated in public debates, and during one of these debates published material for which he was convicted and fined. He was the editor of the Hindi language newspaper, ''[[Fiji Samachar]]'', which was regarded as the mouthpiece of the Arya Samaj in Fiji.

== Political leader ==
Although ineligible to contest the [[1932 Fijian general election|1932 elections]] due to his earlier conviction, Vishnu Deo won the Southern Division seven times between 1937 and 1959.<ref>[http://www.oocities.org/girmitya/FijiElections/1929/SouthDiv.htm#1929 Elections for the Legislative Council: Southern Division 1929 - 1959] Fiji Election Archive</ref> During his early political career he worked closely with the other champion of common roll in Fiji, [[A. D. Patel]]. They did not have the same view on all issues, however; for example, Deo supported education in Hindi for Indo-Fijians, whereas A. D. Patel believed that regional Indian languages were the better choice for Indo-Fijians schools. As Vishnu Deo was based in the Southern Division and A.D. Patel in the Western Division, there was no competition between the two until it was decided to nominate an Indian into the [[Executive Council of Fiji|Executive Council]] in 1948. Both Indian leaders believed that they deserved the honour, but Patel managed to outmanoeuvre Vishnu Deo and gain the support of three of the five Indian members of the Legislative Council to become the Indian Member of the Executive Council. During the next election, however, Vishnu Deo had his revenge when a candidate he supported ([[Tulsi Ram Sharma]]) easily defeated A.D. Patel, who was kept out of the Legislative Council for as long as Vishnu Deo remained politically active.

After the 1950 Legislative Council elections, [[James Madhavan]] was chosen as the Indian member in the Executive Council. Vishnu Deo had to wait until 1956 before he finally joined the Executive Council.

== Leader of the cane farmers ==
When negotiations began for the 1950 cane contract, there was a split among the [[Rewa Province|Rewa]] farmers. Vishnu Deo stepped in to provide a unified voice for these farmers. From a personal perspective, this action ultimately had the effect of creating a further rift between himself and A.D. Patel, because he supported A.D. Patel's lifelong opponent, [[Ayodhya Prasad]], in the ensuing cane dispute.

== Later years ==
During his final years of public service, Deo no longer displayed his firebrand characteristics of the 1920s and 1930s, but instead had mellowed and became beloved and respected by all sections of Fiji's population.

When Radio Fiji started broadcasting in July 1954, the first Hindi voice heard over the air in Fiji was that of Vishnu Deo, who presented the inaugural address.<ref>J.S. Kanwal, A Hundred Years of Hindi in Fiji, Fij Teachers' Union, Fiji, 1980</ref> He had been appointed to the Commission in March 1954, following the death of [[Ami Chandra]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharma | first = Guru Dayal | title = Memories of Fiji: 1887 - 1987 | publisher =Guru Dayal Sharma, Suva, Fiji | year = 1987 | page = 157}}</ref>

On 14 September 1956 Pundit Vishnu Deo was appointed to the Executive Council. In the selection of Vishnu Deo, the Indian members displayed remarkable unity as reported by the Fiji Times (10/10/1956):
<blockquote>The appointment of Mr. Pdt. Vishnu Deo to the Executive Council was unanimously endorsed at a meeting of the five Indian Legislative Council members held at Nausori during the weekend. This is believed to be the first time in Fiji when all Legislative Council members of any race combined to support the candidature of one of their own members into the Executive Council.</blockquote>

In November 1958, in his speech to welcome the new Governor, [[Kenneth Maddocks|Sir Kenneth Maddocks]], he again displayed a conciliatory approach and said:
<blockquote>I assure you Sir, that we will at all times co-operate with you in this Council and outside the Council on all matters that are for the welfare of the Colony and every section of the community.</blockquote>

During the same sitting of the Legislative Council, H. B. Gibson, European member for Eastern Division, pointed out that although the rules of the Legislative Council made him the Senior Member, the Father of the House—both by length of service and by age—was Mr Vishnu Deo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Members welcome Governor |publisher= Fiji Times|date= 22 November 1958}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Vishnu Deo died on 7 May 1968 but his contribution to the Indo-Fijians can be seen by the number of schools and roads named after him. Some of these are:
* '''Vishnu Deo Road''', located at Nasinu 9 ½ Miles and is the main trunk road to the newly developed suburb of Nakasi.
* '''Vishnu Deo Secondary School''', located between Lautoka and [[Nadi]] and is also the site of the [[University of Fiji]].
* '''Vishnu Deo Primary School''', located in Raiwaga, Suva, was one of the first multi-racial schools established in Fiji

== See also ==
* [[Arya Samaj in Fiji]]
* [[Fiji Samachar]]

== References ==
* [http://www.fijisun.com.fj/main_page/view.asp?id=62117 Ramrakha on Vishnu Deo]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Vishnu}}
[[Category:Indian members of the Legislative Council of Fiji]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis in Fiji]]
[[Category:Politicians from Navua]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]

Aligarh murder case

2026-04-22T01:26:51Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new bio

{{Short description|2019 death of a 2-year-old Hindu girl in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| name = Murder of Twinkle Sharma
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2019|6|2}}
| time =
| location = [[Tappal]], [[Aligarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.042212|N|77.579136|E|display=inline,title}}
| charges =
| participants =
| fatalities = One two-year-old girl
| accused = Zahid Ali, Shabusta, Mehdi Hasan, Aslam
}}

The '''Aligarh murder case''' involved the death of a two-year-old girl in the [[Aligarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]]. She went missing on 30 May 2019, and her body was found three days later in a garbage dump. Police stated that the girl was abducted and killed in a form of revenge crime over a monetary dispute. The murder caused widespread outrage, which led to the spread of [[misinformation]] on social media as rumours were circulated.

Zahid Ali and Aslam were arrested on 4 June 2019 and confessed to the killing over an unpaid loan of 10,000 rupees. Zahid's wife, Shabusta and brother Mehdi Hasan were arrested on 8 June 2019 for assisting the crime.

==Murder==

On 30 May in [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], a {{frac|2|1|2}}-year-old girl went missing. The next day a police report was filed. On 2 June, the body of the child was found in a garbage dump. On 5 June, the police claimed that the girl was abducted and killed in a revenge crime over a monetary dispute involving her father.<ref name=":i1"/>

The family said that the primary accused, Zahid Ali, had threatened them over a monetary dispute. Police investigations have revealed Zahid lured the girl and killed her with the help of Aslam in the latter's home. The body was then dumped in a [[dupatta]] belonging to his wife Shagufta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lucknow-girl-murdered-pain-grief-but-social-fabric-intact/story-B8mlggfABomE4B8qbZdUFI.html|title=Lucknow girl murdered: Pain, grief but social fabric intact|date=2019-06-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>

Three days after the victim was abducted, her body was carried by stray dogs out of a dumping ground on 2 June 2019 in Aligarh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/twinkle-sharma-murder-what-happened-and-what-didnt/cid/1691957|title=Aligarh toddler's murder: What happened, and what didn't|last=Chaudhury|first=Bhagyasri|date=8 June 2019|website=The Telegraph|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607125436/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/twinkle-sharma-murder-what-happened-and-what-didnt/cid/1691957 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> and were eating at her body when locals found her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/article/aligarh-cops-rule-out-rape-angle-in-horrific-murder-of-infant-fir-reveals-police-negligence/431986|title=Aligarh: Cops rule out rape angle in horrific murder of infant; FIR reveals police negligence|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> Widespread condemnation and outrage sparked on social media via hashtags and tweets that included misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/twinkle-sharma-case-bollywood-reacts-shock-after-3-year-olds-murder-aligarh-799089|title=Twinkle Sharma case: Bollywood reacts with shock after 3-year-old's murder in Aligarh|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=2019-06-07|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-rajkummar-rao-and-abhishek-bachchan-to-twinkle-khanna-and-akshay-kumar-bollywood-celebrities-mourn-the-death-of-baby-twinkle-sharma/articleshow/69686805.cms|title=B-Town mourns Twinkle Sharma's death, demands strict action|date=7 June 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607195524/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-rajkummar-rao-and-abhishek-bachchan-to-twinkle-khanna-and-akshay-kumar-bollywood-celebrities-mourn-the-death-of-baby-twinkle-sharma/articleshow/69686805.cms |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

ADG (Law and Order) Anand Kumar told [[Asian News International|ANI]], "It is a shocking incident for all of us. The [[Uttar Pradesh Police|UP Police]] has taken up this case in right earnest. We will leave no stone unturned in the matter. We hope that the entire case will be worked out very soon."<ref name=":i1"/>

==Investigation==
Although the police ruled out rape, vaginal swabs were sent for testing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/up-news-aligarh-crime-five-years-ago-one-of-aligarh-accused-was-booked-for-rape-of-his-dau-01564377.html|title=मुख्य आरोपी की पत्नी और भाई भी गिरफ्तार, बच्ची के परिवार ने कहा- इंसाफ नहीं मिला तो खुदकुशी कर लेंगे|last=|first=|date=2019-06-08|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|trans-title=Aligarh murder case / wife and brother of main accused also arrested, the girl's family said - If justice is not found, we will commit suicide|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104220/https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/up-news-aligarh-crime-five-years-ago-one-of-aligarh-accused-was-booked-for-rape-of-his-dau-01564377.html |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> SSP of police Akash Kulhari said cause of death were "ante-mortem" injuries and was confirmed by post-mortem due to choking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/man-accused-of-aligarh-minors-murder-was-booked-for-raping-own-daughter-five-years-ago-2177149.html|title=Man Accused of Aligarh Minor's Murder was Booked for Raping Own Daughter Five Years Ago|website=News18|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/aligarh-murder-forensic-report-to-clear-if-2-5-yr-old-underwent-rape-protesters-demand-justice-1008258|title=Aligarh murder: Forensic report to clear if 2.5 yr-old was raped; Protesters demand justice|last=|first=|date=2019-06-08|website=ABPlive|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214112326/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/aligarh-murder-forensic-report-to-clear-if-2-5-yr-old-underwent-rape-protesters-demand-justice-1008258 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> Questions have been raised over the police investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/up-sets-up-sit-after-claiming-aligarh-killing-is-an-open-and-shut-case-valid-questions-remain-unanswered|title=UP sets up SIT after claiming Aligarh killing is an 'open and shut' case, valid questions remain unanswered|last=Banerjee|first=Biswajeet|date=8 June 2019|website=National Herald|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608140659/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/up-sets-up-sit-after-claiming-aligarh-killing-is-an-open-and-shut-case-valid-questions-remain-unanswered |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> The family of the victim has claimed that she was raped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://menafn.com/1098621055/Aligarh-Murder-Accused-was-earlier-arrested-for-raping-his-daughter|title=Aligarh Murder: Accused was earlier arrested for raping his daughter|last=|first=|date=8 June 2019|website=menafn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608143038/https://menafn.com/1098621055/Aligarh-Murder-Accused-was-earlier-arrested-for-raping-his-daughter |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>

On 7 June, the police gave the investigation to a six-member Special Investigation Team (SIT) to enquire into death of the child. ADG (Law and Order) Anand Kumar said, "A SIT has been formed under the Superintendent of Police, Rural Area (SPRA). A forensic science team, the Special Operations Group (SOG) and a team of experts have been included in the SIT to conduct the investigation on a fast-track basis. The [[Child sexual abuse laws in India|POCSO Act]] will also be there in the case..."<ref name=":i1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/up-police-form-sit-to-probe-murder-of-child-in-aligarh/articleshow/69690638.cms|title=UP Police form SIT to probe murder of child in Aligarh|website=Times of India |date=7 June 2019|access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":i2">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sit-to-probe-3-yr-old-s-murder-in-up-s-aligarh-five-cops-suspended/story-HWMGaeVJhSMUgg8TeYkAPL.html|title=SIT to probe 3-yr-old's murder in UP's Aligarh, five cops suspended|website=Hindustan Times|date=8 June 2019|access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>

The Aligarh police stated that POCSO had been applied though the post-mortem didn't find evidence of rape. It denied reports of the eyes of the victim being gouged out and invoked the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] against the accused due to the seriousness of the crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aligarh-murder-accused-had-raped-his-daughter-in-2014-say-police-2049980|title=Aligarh Murder Accused Had Raped His Daughter In 2014, Say Police|last=Dhingra|first=Ruby|date=8 June 2019|website=NDTV.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608112839/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aligarh-murder-accused-had-raped-his-daughter-in-2014-say-police-2049980 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>

The investigation of the [[forensic science laboratory]] of Agra did not come to any conclusion on sexual assault, so the police applied for permission to consult another forensic science laboratory in Lucknow and the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] in [[Chandigarh]]. The report stated that the rotting of the skin gave the perception that her eyes were gouged out and her arm had been detached from the body due to being eaten at by insects. She had also suffered a fracture in her left leg and her rib bones had pierced the chest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/aligarh-girls-murder-fsl-report-inconclusive-on-rape/articleshow/69806257.cms|title=Aligarh girl's murder: FSL report inconclusive on rape|last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=16 June 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711202952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/aligarh-girls-murder-fsl-report-inconclusive-on-rape/articleshow/69806257.cms |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

==Arrest of suspects==

Zahid Ali and Aslam were arrested on 4 June and confessed to killing the victim over the unpaid loan of 10,000 rupees. Zahid's wife Shagufta and his brother Mehdi Hasan were arrested on 8 June for "[[criminal conspiracy]]" and "causing disappearance of evidence of offence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/accuseds-brother-held-as-police-intensifies-probe-in-murder-of-aligarh-minor-search-on-for-4th-perpetrator-2177611.html|title=4 Accused in Aligarh Minor's Murder Arrested, Rs 3 Lakh Compensation Announced|last=|first=|date=8 June 2019|website=News18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609123125/https://www.news18.com/news/india/accuseds-brother-held-as-police-intensifies-probe-in-murder-of-aligarh-minor-search-on-for-4th-perpetrator-2177611.html |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/aligarh-girls-murder-wife-and-brother-of-accused-held-for-conspiracy-destruction-of-evidence/articleshow/69707830.cms|title=Aligarh girl's murder: Wife and brother of accused held for conspiracy, destruction of evidence|last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=9 June 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/magisterial-probe-into-killing-of-girl-in-aligarh-2-more-held/story-RVZOyOq4lCkic07ilk3cRN.html|title=Magisterial probe into killing of girl in Aligarh, 2 more held|date=2019-06-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Child filicides]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:2019 murders in India]]
[[Category:June 2019 in India]]
[[Category:June 2019 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2019 scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sandeep Thakral

2026-04-19T20:26:24Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created The Post W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian bridge player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = 13 October 1973
| birth_place =
| height = 1.77 m
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[contract bridge|bridge]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Bridge at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Bridge at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Bridge at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
}}

'''Sandeep Thakral''' (born 13 October 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahiri |first=Dipankar |date=5 October 2023 |title=Away from media glare, Indian bridge team conquers China in their mind palace |url=https://thebridge.in/asian-games/india-bridge-team-away-media-glare-conquer-china-mind-palace-44263 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Contract bridge|bridge]] player. He was selected to the Indian bridge team to take part in the [[Bridge at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]] at Hangzhou, China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> In the final, team suffered a defeat to Hong Kong and were awarded the silver medal.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=6 October 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games Bridge: Indian men go down against Hong Kong; settle for silver |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-bridge-indian-men-go-down-against-hong-kong-settle-for-silver/article67388535.ece |access-date=6 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Indian men's bridge team beats China to enter final |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-mens-bridge-team-beats-china-to-enter-final/articleshow/104165664.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Aashin |date=6 October 2023 |title=Cards on the table, smoke breaks in between: Behind the scenes of India's silver medal in bridge at Asian Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/asian-games-2023-india-wins-silver-medal-bridge-explained-rules-hanzghou-2022/article67389883.ece |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In the semifinals, India defeated China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Indian men's bridge team beats China to enter final |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-mens-bridge-team-beats-china-to-enter-final/articleshow/104165664.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2018 Asian Games, the Indian team won a bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2023 |title=Men's bridge team upgrades Jakarta bronze to silver |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/mens-bridge-team-upgrades-jakarta-bronze-to-silver/articleshow/104223887.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

Sandeep is a resident of Gurugram. He runs his own IT company. He began playing bridge in 1998 and won a bronze medal at the Commonwealth Championships in 2011. He won the gold at the BIFEM in 2021 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Bridge to Asiad podium: CEO who knows how to play his cards right |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/bridge-to-asiad-podium-ceo-who-knows-how-to-play-his-cards-right/articleshow/104250840.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|bridge/athlete-profile-n2003532-thakral-sandeep}}
* {{World Bridge Federation|9892}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakral, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in bridge]]
[[Category:Bridge players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{Contract-bridge-stub}}
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:07:52Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created Some Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shajapur
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2009
|reservation= SC
|assembly_cons = [[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur (166)]] Gulana (167) [[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur (168)]] [[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar (169)]] [[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner (170)]] [[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas (186)]] [[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch (187)]] [[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya (188)]]
}}

'''Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]] from 1976 to 2008. This constituency covered the entire [[Shajapur district]] and part of [[Dewas district]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
From 1976 to 2008, Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:50px; font-size:75%;"|Constituency number
! style="width:100px;"|Name
! style="width:100px; font-size:75%;"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|District
! style="width:150px; font-size:75%;"|Number of electorates (2003)
|-
|166
|[[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur]]
|None
|Shajapur
|177,272
|-
|167
|Gulana
|None
|Shajapur
|149,307
|-
|168
|[[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]]
|None
|Shajapur
|181,088
|-
|169
|[[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]]
|SC
|Shajapur
|160,102
|-
|170
|[[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]]
|None
|Shajapur
|145,332
|-
|186
|[[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]]
|None
|Dewas
|214,981
|-
|187
|[[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]]
|SC
|Dewas
|142,073
|-
|188
|[[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipalya]]
|None
|Dewas
|146,729
|- style="background-color:#fff999;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right; "|Total:
||1,316,884
|}

[[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]], [[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]], [[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur]], [[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]], [[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]] and [[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipalya]] Vidhan Sabha segments are currently part of [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]] is part of [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh constituency]] and Gulana was abolished in 2008.

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Details
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member/s
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Photo
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
|2-member seat for Madhya Bharat state: (as Shajapur Rajgarh)
|[[Liladhar Joshi]] and Bhagu Nandu Malvia
|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|2-member seat for Madhya Pradesh
|[[Liladhar Joshi]] and Kanahiyalal Malvia
|
|-
|1962-1967
|colspan="5"| Seat did not exist
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|1-member seat
|[[Baburao Patel]]
|[[File:Baburao Patel.jpg|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
|
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=9|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]-reserved seat
|rowspan=2| [[Phool Chand Verma]]
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan=2|Janata Party (Joined BJP in April 1980)
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Bapulal Malviya]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=2| [[Phool Chand Verma]]
|rowspan=2|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan=4| [[Thawarchand Gehlot]]
|rowspan=4|[[File:Thaawar Chand Gehlot_(cropped).jpg|75px]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|After 2008
|
|Seat ceased to exist
|
|
|
|-
|}

The constituency ceased to exist when Lok Sabha seats map for Madhya Pradesh was redrawn in 2008.

==References==
[[Election Commission of India]] -http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

==See also==
* [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Shajapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.50|76.25|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Shajapur district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Francis Hastings (administrator)

2026-04-18T04:07:11Z

Ashok Hathrasi: New basic details more to come - done

{{Short description|British administrator}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Francis Hastings
| image =
| order =
| office = President of Fort St George (Madras)
| term_start = 18 January 1720
| term_end = 15 October 1721
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[Joseph Collett]]
| successor = [[Nathaniel Elwick]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1721
| death_place =
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| profession =
| signature =
}}

'''Francis Hastings''' was a British administrator and a factor of the [[British East India Company]] who functioned as the President of Madras from 18 January 1720 to 15 October 1721.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1879 |title=Handbook of the Madras Presidency |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02486/page/n57/mode/2up?q=Francis+Hastings#:~:text=Joseph%20Collett%20Francis-,Hastings,-Nathaniel%20Elwick%20.%20James |website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Tenure as President of Madras ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2012}}
Hastings' Presidency which lasted a year and a half.

On 19 February 1720, a Havildar had stopped a consignment of goods belonging to the [[British East India Company]] from passing through the village of [[Egmore]] and arrested the transporters. When the news reach the Directors the next morning, a dubash and later, the Company's chief peon were dispatched to negotiate with the Havildar. But when the Chief peon approached the Havildar, a struggle broke out between the peons and 50 of the Havildar's supporters in which the Chief peon shot dead the Havildar and 2 of his supporters. The chief peon was commended for his act by the President. However, these incidents and other misgivings were thoroughly investigated by Hastings' successor [[James Macrae]].

Hastings regarded the ''Chetties'' of Madras with an amount of aversion and dislike. Hence, in April 1720, when the tidings of a secret correspondence between the Portuguese at Goa and the Chetties of Madras reached the ears of the Directors, Hastings proclaimed that the Chetties of Madras intended to desert the British and migrate en masse to the Portuguese colony of St. Thome. He placed the chief of the Chetties under confinement and promised a handsome reward to anyone who would provide a testimony to the conspiracy. But no one came forward. More important, Hastings provoked the ire of Factor Elwick who was thoroughly displeased with the President's conduct.

However, despite the internal troubles, Hastings' Presidency was one of relative calm. The Company maintained a peaceful relationship with the Nawab of Carnatic as well as the Mughal Subedar of Deccan.

On 15 October 1721 Francis Hastings was replaced with Nathaniel Elwick as the President of Fort St George.

== Later life ==

Francis Hastings died on 19 December 1721 and was the first to be buried in [[St. Mary's Church Chennai|St. Mary's Church]], Madras.<ref name="genealogy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-hastings6884+2-2-0-1|title=Francis Hastings|accessdate=2008-05-25}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= [[Joseph Collett]] | title= [[Madras Presidency|President]] of [[Madras]] | after=[[Nathaniel Elwick]] | years=18 January 1720 – 15 October 1721}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hastings, Francis}}
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:1721 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Madras]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century English merchants]]
[[Category:Factors]]

Mostaque Alam

2026-04-17T20:29:36Z

Ashok Hathrasi: creating a details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{resume-like|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mostaque Alam
| image =
| caption =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = Birendra Kumar Moitra, [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| successor1 = [[Tajmul Hossain]], [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| constituency1 = [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
| majority1 =
| majority =
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2021
| constituency2 = [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tajmul Hossain]], [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| successor2 = [[Tajmul Hossain]], [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|1|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Harishchandrapur]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], India
| spouse = Munima Alam
| children = 2
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = {{hlist|[[Social worker]]|[[Politician]]}}
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Mostaque Alam''' (born 2 January 1957) is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]] who has served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] of [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency]] from 2001 to 2006 and 2016 to 2021, combined for a decade.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Live |first1=A. B. P. |title=Harischandrapur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Harischandrapur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-harischandrapur-constituency-46.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

He stepped into politics as a student leader under the leadership of the late [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] and started his political career as the first elected General Secretary of Chattra Parisad Unit at [[Samsi College|Samsi College, Malda]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=কর্মী-সমর্থকদের মিশ্র প্রতিক্রিয়া চিন্তার কিছু দেখছেন না মোস্তাক |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/home?cid=16&id=533229 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=bartamanpatrika.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a social and political worker known for his contributions to various spheres of public service. He has been actively engaged in working alongside [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]], [[Somen Mitra]] and other veterans of Indian National Congress. He has been actively involved in social and political activities throughout his career. Among his notable works, he frequently files [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigations (PILs)]] to secure justice for the impoverished unrepresented. Notably, he vigorously compelled the Central Government, with the support of the Honourable Calcutta High Court, to allocate a fund of [[Indian rupee|₹]]3.5 lakh crores ({{INRConvert|3.5|t}}) for the welfare of migrant labourers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldaha Uttar constituency West Bengal Lok Sabha election 2024: Date of Result, Voting, Counting, Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maldaha-uttar-west-bengal-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-maldaha-uttar-election-winner-runner-up-party-wise-candidate-list/3419397/lite/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=Financialexpress |date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> His political career is notable for his long-standing involvement with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He has held various significant positions within the party at the district and state levels.<ref name="st"/>

He was the [[Member of parliament|MP]] candidate of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] for the seat of [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]], [[West Bengal]], for the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref name="st">{{cite web |title=Congress fields five minority candidates to counter BJP |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/congress-fields-five-minority-candidates-to-counter-bjp-1503282740.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en |date=23 March 2024}}</ref> He placed third in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldaha Uttar lok sabha election results 2024: Maldaha Uttar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/maldaha-uttar-constituency-result-25507 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mostaque Alam was born on 2 January 1957 to a [[Shershabadia]] family in Baghua village of [[Harishchandrapur]], [[Malda, West Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
He completed his academic and professional qualifications with a master's degree in History and English, a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) with first-class honours.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Professional life ==
Alam has served in various capacities, including being the first elected General Secretary of the Chattra Parishad unit at [[Samsi College]], Malda. His administrative roles include being a member of the Malda Zilla Parishad and holding positions in the [[Harishchandrapur II]] Panchayat Samity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alam Mostaque |url=https://www.electwise.in/politician/alam-mostaque/ |website=Electwise |access-date=25 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
'''Mostaque Alam''' is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=Affidavit>{{cite web |title=Mostaque Alam(Indian National Congress(INC)): Constituency- HARISCHANDRAPUR(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1711 |website=myneta.info |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> He has held positions within the party at the district and state levels.

=== Administrative assignments ===
* 1975 - 1978: First elected General Secretary of Chattra Parisad unit at Samsi college, Malda.
* 1983 - 1988: Member of Malda Zilla Parishad
* 1983 - 1998: Sabhapati, Harishchandrapur - II Panchayat Samity
* 1998 - 2001: Saha-Sabhapati, Harishchandrapur - II Panchayat Samity, As the post Reserved for Women
* 2001 - 2006: MLA, Harishchandrapur Assembly Constituency, West Bengal
* 2001 - 2006: Member of WAKFS Board, West Bengal
* 2008 - 2013: Karmadhakhya, ( Purto, O Paribahan S.S.) Malda Zilla Parishad
* 2016 - 2021: MLA, Harishchandrapur Assembly Constituency, Malda
* 2016 - 2021: Chairman, PLT Committee, W.B.L.A
* 2016 - 2021: Member, Standing Committee, P & R.B & S.B, West Bengal
* 2016 - 2021: Member, Standing Committee, Labour, West Bengal
* 2016 - 2021: Member, Assembly Committee, Local Fund, West Bengal
* 2016 - 2021: Member Wakfs Board, West Bengal

=== Political assignments ===

* 1977 - 1991: General Secretary District Chattra Parisad Malda
* 1991 – present: General Secretary District Congress Committee, Malda
* 2007 – present: District Spokesperson, District Congress Committee, Malda
* 1991 – present: Member of [[Pradesh Congress Committee]], West Bengal
* 2011 - 2018: Secretary, [[Pradesh Congress Committee]], West Bengal
* 2016 – present: Member of Pradesh Congress Executive Committee, West Bengal
* 2016 – present: Member, [[All India Congress Committee]]
* 2019 – present: President, Malda District Congress Committee
* 2020 – present: General Secretary, PCC West Bengal & Member Election Committee
* 2020 – present: State Coordinator, RGPRS, West Bengal
* 2020 – present: Working President, West Bengal Quami Tanjim

== Personal life ==
Alam is married to Munima Alam, a state government employee; they have two children.<ref name=Affidavit/>

== Social category ==
Alam belongs to the [[Other Backward Class|OBC-A]] social category with a sub-caste of [[Shershabadia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alam Mostaque |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/alam-mostaque |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Mostaque}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]

Barwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:25Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barwara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
| map_image = 91-Barwara.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Katni district|Katni]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Dhirendra Bahadur Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
}}
'''Barwara''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Katni District]] and is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Dhirendra Bahadur Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" |Moti Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|[[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Dhirendra Bahadur Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barwara<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dhirendra Bahadur Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:112916}}
|percentage = 56.92
|change = +20.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:61923}}
|percentage = 31.21
|change = -17.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Arvind Singh Tekam
|votes = {{formatnum:10060}}
|percentage = 5.07
|change = +2.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Geeta Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4273}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Suresh Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:3316}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3386}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50993}}
|percentage = 25.71
|change = +13.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198380}}
|percentage = 78.23
|change = +3.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barwara<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:84236}}
|percentage = 48.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Moti Kashyap
|votes = {{formatnum:62876}}
|percentage = 36.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Gotiya
|votes = {{formatnum:5942}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Arvind Singh Tekam
|votes = {{formatnum:4938}}
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Lal Bhattar
|votes = {{formatnum:2024}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baniya Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1877}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Anjan Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:1745}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3783}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21360}}
|percentage = 12.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171977}}
|percentage = 74.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.87|80.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Katni district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Hindumalkote

2026-04-13T21:47:41Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting some details needs work

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hindumalkote
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Gurpal Singh Butter
| established_title = Named after
| established_date = Diwan of [[Bikaner]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| elevation_m =
| website =
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.13637|73.91685}}
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan##Location in India
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| official_name = Hindumalkote Border
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}

The '''Hindumalkote''' is a border [[village]] situated 26 km from [[Sri Ganganagar|Sri Ganganagar city]] in [[Sri Ganganagar district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Rajasthan]]. It serves as a [[Demarcation line|demarcation]] point between the countries of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ganganagar's Hindumalkot Border is another prominent Indo-Pak boundary {{!}} Times of India Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/ganganagars-hindumalkot-border-is-another-prominent-indo-pak-boundary/articleshow/70677248.cms |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=HINDUMALKOT BORDER The Hindumalkot border situated in the town of Sri Ganganagar separates India and Pakistan. Named in honour of Hindumal, the Diwan of Bikaner, the border is one of the foremost tourist attractions of the city. The border is located at a distance of 25 kms from Sri Ganganagar - Picture of Sri Ganganagar, Sri Ganganagar District - Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g2295148-i432431965-Sri_Ganganagar_Sri_Ganganagar_District_Rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.tripadvisor.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Named in honor of Hindumal, the Diwan of [[Bikaner]], this border has become one of the primary tourist attractions in the region. It is located approximately 26 kilometers from the [[Sri Ganganagar|city of Sri Ganganagar]].<ref name=":0" />

The Hindumalkote Border is open to the public every day from 10:00 AM to 5:30 PM. Visitors can witness various ceremonies and events that take place at the border, making it a significant cultural and patriotic experience.<ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
Hindumalkot is located on the international border between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], in [[Sri Ganganagar district]] of India. It is adjacent to the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] border. It is located at a distance of 26 kilometers (16 miles) both from the town of [[Abohar]] and [[Sri Ganganagar]].<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
Hindu Malkot was earlier known as Odaki. Its distance from the present Odaki village is about eight kilometers. The demarcation was done by Bikaner state in 1914. At that time, the Diwan of the state, Hindumal, had also come to this area along with the demarcation workers. While staying here, he fell ill and passed away. [[Maharaja Ganga Singh|Maharaj Ganga Singh]] changed the name of this market from Odaki to Hindumalkot in the memory of his Diwan.

Before partition, Hindumalkot was an important trading market of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner state]]. Its trade relations extended from [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Quetta|Queeta]] to Afghanistan, [[Kabul]] and Kenya. During the reign of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner state]], this mandi had the status of a Nagarpanika tailor and this mandi had created its own special identity in the gram trade. but

In 1959, the traders got a big blow when this market was given the status of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] from [[Municipality]]. 03. During the [[British Raj|British rule]], three railway routes were built to connect [[Bombay]] and [[Delhi]] with [[Karachi]], one of which was from [[Delhi]] via [[Bahawalpur]] via [[Bathinda]], Hindumalkot. The Hindumankot-Bahawalpur railway route was closed a few days after partition.

The [[Government of Pakistan]] uprooted the railway tracks in its territory and leveled the tracks. Whereas the [[Delhi]]-[[Bathinda]] train continued to run at Hindumalkot railway station till 1969. But in 1970, for security reasons, the [[railway station]] was shifted three kilometers away. The building of the old railway station is still reminiscent of the bygone days <ref name=":1" />

== Tourist attractions ==

The Hindumalkot Border is known for its [[Borders_of_India#Border_ceremonies|India-Pakistan Border daily flag-lowering ceremony]]. This is an opportunity for tourists to witness the border guards from both India and Pakistan participating in a coordinated and synchronized display of patriotism.<ref name=":0" />

== Transport ==
Hindumalkot is well connected with road and is linked directly to Sri Ganganagar, Fazilka, Abohar, Bathinda, and many other cities. National Highway 62 passes through Sri Ganganagar. <ref name=":0" /> [[Hindumalkote railway station]] is a main railway station in Sri Ganganagar District. The Village is directly connected to Sri Ganganagar, Abohar, Fazilka, Bikaner, Ambala, and some other cities via train.

== See also ==
* [[Sri Ganganagar]]
* [[India-Pakistan Border]]
* [[Bhalgaon, Rajasthan|Bhalgaon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Villages in Sri Ganganagar district]]

Prakash Veer

2026-04-11T19:50:37Z

Ashok Hathrasi: creating basic details nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the film director|Prakash Veer (director)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prakash Veer
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|12|25}}
| years_active =
| party = {{Party index link|Janshakti Janata Dal}} {{small|(from 2025)}}
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2025
| predecessor = Kanhaiya Kumar
| successor = [[Vimal Rajbanshi]]
| other_party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} {{small|(till 2025)}}
}}
'''Prakash Veer'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Veer(RJD):Constituency- RAJAULI (SC)(NAWADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10513 |access-date= |website=myneta.info}}</ref> (born 25 December 1966) is an Indian politician and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rajauli Assembly constituency]].<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> He was elected in 2015, again in 2020, but lost in 2025 to Vimal Rajbanshi, who ran as a [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] candidate. He was a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} and new political party founded by [[Tej Pratap Yadav]] named [[Janshakti Janata Dal]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

RTO

2026-04-11T00:04:10Z

Ashok Hathrasi: creating some entry first draft.

{{Wiktionary|RTO}}
'''RTO''' may refer to:

==Organizations==
* [[The Really Terrible Orchestra]], a British amateur orchestra
* [[Regional Transport Office]], an Indian government bureau
* [[Regional transmission organization]], in electric utility distribution
* [[Registered training organisation]]
* [[NATO Research and Technology Organisation]], a [[Structure of NATO#Organizations and agencies|division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)]]
* [[Russian theatrical society]], which was formed in the 19th century

== Other uses ==
* [[Reverse takeover]], the acquisition of a public company by a private company
* [[Return to office]], a reduction or cessation of remote work
* [[Recovery time objective]], the time for a business process to be restored after a disruption
* [[Referred-to-output]]
* [[Rejected takeoff]], in aviation
* [[Regenerative thermal oxidizer]], in off-gas treatment
* [[Retransmission timeout]], in concept Transmission Control Protocol
* [[Rent-to-own]], a type of contract

==See also==
{{Self-reference tool}}
{{Disambiguation}}

Svatantrya

2026-04-03T04:09:11Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created Some Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Kashmiri Shaivite concept of divine sovereignty}}
{{Saivism|expanded=Philosophy}}
'''Svātantrya''' (from the [[Sanskrit]] ''sva'' meaning ''self'' and ''tantram'' meaning ''dependence''<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9">Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 9</ref> – 'self-dependency', or '[[free will]]') is the [[Kashmir Shaivism|Kashmiri Shaivite]] concept of divine sovereignty. ''Svātantrya'' is described as an energy that emanates from the Supreme (''Paramaśiva''),<ref>Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 10</ref> a wave of motion inside consciousness (''spanda'') that acts as the fundament of the world,<ref>Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 262</ref> or in another view, the original word ([[logos]], pārāvak).<ref name="J. Singh p. 16">Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 16</ref> It does not use any external instrument<ref>The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 10</ref> as it itself is the first stage of creation.

In antithesis with the [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] concept of [[Brahman]], which is a mere conscious witness without effective power, being inflicted by the illusory power (or ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]'' of the Brahman), in the Kashmiri Shaivite viewpoint creation is actively willed into existence by the supreme consciousness (''[[Śiva]]'') by the means of his irresistible will-force (''Svātantrya'').<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9"/> This is an important aspect of the [[Pratyabhijna]] school of ''Kashmir Shaivism''.

''Svātantrya'' is a concept that goes to the root of many spiritual matters in Kashmir Shaivism,<ref>The Mirror of Self-Supremacy or Svatantrya-Darpana – B.N. Pandit, p. 11</ref> like, the divine sovereignty of ''Śiva'' (God),<ref>History of Kashmir Saivism – B.N. Pandit, p. 86</ref> consciousness (''caitanya''), creative power (''vimarśa''), [[mantra|mantric efficiency]] and ''[[Kundalini energy|Kundalini]]''.

==Divine sovereignty==
In its acception of divine sovereignty, ''svātantrya'' is described as an absolute power of action, or, absolute power of freedom.<ref>The Trika Saivism of Kashmir – M.L. Pandit, p. 183</ref> This power arises from the mirror-like ability of the supreme consciousness (''caitanya'') to contain images (''vimarśa'')<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9"/><ref>Triadic mysticism – P.E. Murphy, p. 199</ref> – the whole universe being a mere image shining inside this unique god-consciousness.

''Svātantrya'' has a number of traditional attributes such as: perfect fullness (of the energy of will),<ref name="Vac – Andre Padoux, p. 247">Vac – Andre Padoux, p. 247</ref> self-sufficiency,<ref name="J. Singh p. 7">Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 7</ref> autodetermination,<ref name="J. Singh p. 7"/><ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 12</ref> the power of doing and undoing – essence of the subject,<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 219</ref> supreme creativity,<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9"/> sovereignty,<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9"/> source of knowledge (''jñāna'') and action (''kriyā'')<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 9"/> and being beyond contradictions:<ref name="J. Singh p. 122">Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 122</ref> it exists beyond laws of any kind and is the source of all laws in the universe.

==Supreme creative energy==
The Kashmir Shaivism theory of creation affirms that the world was willed into existence by the sovereign force of ''Śiva''. Thus, the world has no external causes outside ''Śiva's Svātantrya''.<ref>Towards Transcendence – M.L. Pandit, p. 156</ref><ref>Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 8</ref><ref>The Pratyabhijna Philosophy – G.V. Tagare, p. 77</ref> This power creates multiplicity (''māyā'') from the original unity of the absolute,<ref name="J. Singh p. 17">Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 17</ref><ref>Abhinavaguptas commentary on the Bhagavad Gita – B. Marjanovic, p. 16</ref> and as such, it exists inside and beyond ''māyā''.<ref>Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 133</ref> It is the seed of the universe,<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 167</ref> the matrix (''mātrkā'') of generative phonemes,<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 177</ref> the ultimate creative force.<ref>The Stanzas on Vibration – M.S.G. Dyczkowski, p. 345</ref>

==In relation to consciousness==
Disclaimer: on this topic there is a certain amount of melding and unification of the seemingly distinct concepts of will, freedom, consciousness, speech and bliss in the speciality texts. This is due to the insufficient ability of common language to describe the mystical states of consciousness.

The ''prakāśa-vimarśa'' theory affirms the world is based on two principles: the self shining conscious light (''[[Prakasa|prakāśa]]'') and its ability to contain a reflection of itself and of the creation (''vimarśa'').<ref>Doctrine of Divine Recognition – K.C. Pandey, p. 95</ref><ref name="Swami Lakshmanjoo p. 110">Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 110</ref> To reflect itself is to know absolute bliss (''ānanda'') – thus, free will (''svātantrya''), conscious reflection (''vimarśa'') and bliss (''ānanda'') are three concepts describing the same reality.<ref name="J. Singh p. 7"/><ref name="Vac - Andre Padoux, p. 247">Vac - Andre Padoux, p. 247</ref> Bliss (''ānanda'') is the internal state of consciousness, its natural state. The same is true of svātantrya: it too is a fundamental quality of the subject.<ref name="J. Singh p. 122"/><ref>Towards Transcendence – M.L. Pandit, p. 193</ref><ref>Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 22</ref>

Svātantrya is the first stage of creation, an undifferentiated energy, or, looking from bottom up, we could also say that it is the force that unifies all the energies of creation.<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 30</ref> The first creation of ''svātantrya'' is the energy of will (''icchā śakti''). Then come the energies of knowledge (''jñāna śakti'') and action (''kriyā śakti'') and together with the energy of consciousness (''cit śakti'') and the energy of bliss (''ānanda śakti'') they form the supreme pentad of creation, the so-called "pure creation".<ref>Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 20</ref><ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 176</ref>

Everything related to consciousness is also related to ''svātantrya''. Speech is seen in Kashmir Shaivism as differentiated in four classes : external (''vaikharī''), mental (''madhyamā''), subtle (''paśyanti'') and supreme (''parā''). ''Svātantrya'' is equated to ''pārāvak'', the creative [[logos]] / ''logos spermatikos''.<ref name="J. Singh p. 16"/>

==In relation to mystical practices==
In the mystical practices of Kashmir Shaivism, ''svātantrya'' is both the sovereign will of ''Śiva'', solely deciding the descent of divine grace (''[[śaktipāt]]'') and the will of the adept as s/he becomes more and more submerged into the divine.

According to Kashmir Shaivism, spiritual realization is more than a state of illumination (defined as ''pure witness'', ''non-dual consciousness'' or ''atma-vyapti'').<ref>Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 148</ref> Full spiritual realization means to know bliss (''ānanda'') and to control the energies (''śakti'') and the mantras<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 69</ref> (or, the so-called ''śiva-vyāpti''). The root of spiritual efficiency is ''svātantrya'', the operative, dynamic aspect of the absolute.

An adept who reaches spiritual illumination needs to learn how to stabilize the experience. The Kashmir Shaivism scriptures declare that stability is based on the assimilation of the energy of ''svātantrya''.<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 149">Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 149</ref> Thus, while the incipient practitioner aims for the experience of the nondual consciousness, more advanced ones focus on the assimilation of all the energies into non-duality. ''Svātantrya'' being the root of all energies, it becomes automatically the final step of the spiritual practice.<ref name="Siva Sutras - Jaideva Singh, p. 149"/>

The will of such an advanced practitioner becomes more and more efficient as it identifies with the will of ''Śiva''. Resulting actions are necessarily without base in egoism (without the attributes of good or bad)<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 25</ref> – and this is an attitude that defines the discipline of [[karma yoga]].

All the spiritual paths (''upāyas''): that of Śiva (''śāmbhavopāya''), that of Śakti (''śāktopāya'') and that of the human (''āṇavopāya'') are subsumed under the umbrella of ''svātantrya'' as it is the sole mediator of divine grace.<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 33</ref> The adept who has attained ''svātantrya'' is beyond the need for formal meditation – that is – to meditate or to act in everyday life is identical – all actions emerge from a state of perfect unity with ''Śiva'' from now on. This is the culmination of the Kashmiri Shaivite spiritual practice.<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 32</ref> Such an adept does not need to expend energy to maintain this state of consciousness because it has become natural. From this point of view, everything is made of forms of consciousness, identified with the consciousness of ''Śiva'' at this stage. This energy is the risen form of [[Kundalini energy|Kundalini]].<ref>The Aphorisms of Siva – M.S.G. Dyczkowski, p. 72</ref> The practitioner's mantras have spiritual efficacy.<ref>The Aphorisms of Siva – M.S.G. Dyczkowski, p. 85</ref> The practitioner's heart (''hṛdaya'') is the receptacle of all objects.<ref>Abhinavaguptas commentary on the Bhagavad Gita – B. Marjanovic, p. 305</ref>

Kashmir Shaivism doctrine affirms that nothing can compel ''Śiva'' to bestow the final spiritual realization – it is solely based on the unconditioned ''svātantrya'', or, from the opposite perspective, there is no obstacle that can separate the disciple from becoming one with ''Śiva'' because s/he has ''svātantrya'' which is the ultimate power that cannot be impeded by anything.<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 26</ref> Thus, in Kashmir Shaivism there is this paradoxical concept that nothing needs to be done, as the supreme realization can appear without effort, but also, no matter what effort one undertakes, one cannot compel ''Śiva'' to liberate anyone (''ātman'').<ref>The Himalayan mysticism – [[R. Nataraj]], p. 17</ref> This is not an invitation to abandon hard work but a justification for humility.

In a meditation prescribed in [[Vijnana Bhairava|Vijñana Bhairava Tantra]], one is supposed to unite vital energy (''[[prana|prāṇa]]'') with ''svātantrya'' in the mystical force center that exists 12 finger widths above the head, ''dvadaśānta''.<ref>Vijnana Bhairava – Swami Lakshman Joo, p. 59</ref>

==Alternative names==
''Svātantrya'' has a number of synonyms such as: ''maheśvaraya'' (from maheśvara which means supreme lord),<ref name="J. Singh p. 17"/> or ''aiśvarya'' (similarly, from the word Iśvara which also means Lord).<ref>Pratyabhijnahrdayam – J. Singh, p. 144</ref> It has been personalized as the Goddess (''[[Devi]]''),<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 47</ref> the virginal feminine deity ''[[Parvati|Uma]]'' (virginity being a symbol of existence outside the reach of the profane world)<ref>Siva Sutras – Jaideva Singh, p. 53</ref> and the playful goddess ''Kumārī''.<ref>Shiva Sutras – Swami Lakshmanjoo, p. 46</ref> Other scriptures also refer to ''svātantrya'' as the ''Glory of Siva''<ref name="Swami Lakshmanjoo p. 110"/> on account of it being identical to the 'ocean' of uncreated light (''prakāśa'') and cosmic bliss (''ānanda'') – ''cidānanda-Ghana''.

==Citations==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian philosophy}}

[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Free will]]

Australian Broadcasting Corporation

2026-03-29T08:42:34Z

Ashok Hathrasi: small fix citations based on references further

{{Short description|Public broadcaster}}
{{Redirect2|ABC (Australia)|ABC Australia|other uses|ABC (disambiguation){{!}}ABC|and|ABC Australia (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|American Broadcasting Company}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| logo = [[File:Australian Broadcasting Corporation logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2018
| image = Ultimo ABC.JPG
| image_caption = ABC headquarters in Ultimo
| type = [[Statutory corporation]]
| industry = Mass media
| predecessors = [[Australian Broadcasting Commission]], [[Australian Broadcasting Company]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1932|07|01|df=y}}
| founder = [[Lyons government]]
| hq_location = 700 Harris St
| hq_location_city = [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]], Sydney, Australia
| area_served = Australia and worldwide
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kim Williams (media executive)|Kim Williams]] (chair)
*Hugh Marks (managing director)
}}
| products = {{flat list|
* Broadcasting
* [[Web portal]]s
}}
| services = {{flat list|
* [[ABC Television (Australian network)|Television]]
* [[ABC Radio (Australian network)|radio]]
* online
* [[ABC iview|streaming]]
}}
| former_name = Australian Broadcasting Commission (1932–1983)
| operating_income = $100.363 million
| income_year = 2024
| equity = $1.169 billion
| equity_year = 2024
| assets = $1.953 billion
| assets_year = 2024
| net_income = –$2.205 million
| net_income_year = 2024
| owner = [[Australian government]]
| num_employees = 4,682{{efn|Including Ongoing and Non-ongoing employees as at 28 August 2024.}}
| num_employees_year = 2024
| divisions = {{ubl|
[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|
[[ABC Radio (Australian network)|ABC Radio]]|
[[ABC Television (Australian network)|ABC Television]]|
[[ABC Sport]]|
[[ABC Music]]|
}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes = Annual Report 2024<ref name="Annual Report">{{Cite report|url=https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b4ee2afa69a0f6e1a000c42aeb27ed01|title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation Annual Report 2024|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 August 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112062445/https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b4ee2afa69a0f6e1a000c42aeb27ed01|archive-date=12 November 2024|access-date=12 November 2024|pages=159, 164, 219}}</ref>
}}

The '''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''' (ABC) is Australia's principal [[Public broadcasting|public-service broadcaster]]. It operates across [[ABC Television (Australian network)|television]], [[ABC Radio (Australian network)|radio]], and the web to provide [[ABC News (Australia)|news and current affairs]], emergency information, and entertainment and factual [[List of programs broadcast by ABC Television (Australian TV network)|programming]] to regional and metropolitan Australia. The ABC is funded by taxpayers and receives grants from the [[Australian Government|federal government]], though it also generates minor funding via [[ABC Commercial]]. It is a publicly owned statutory organisation with a government-appointed [[ABC Board|board of directors]], and has a remit to be politically independent and accountable.{{Efn|The ABC's remit is outlined in the ''Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013'' and the ''Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013'', with its charter enshrined in the ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislative Framework |url=https://www.abc.net.au/about/legislative-framework/103700608 |publisher=About the ABC |access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>|name=legislation}}

The ABC was established as the '''Australian Broadcasting Commission''' on 1 July 1932 by an Act of Federal Parliament. It effectively replaced the [[Australian Broadcasting Company]], a private company established in 1924 to provide programming for certain radio stations. The ABC was given statutory powers that reinforced its independence from the government and enhanced its news-gathering role. It was originally financed by a [[Television licence|license fee]] from households with a broadcast receiver, but the [[Chifley government]] saw this as insufficient due to Australia's small population and vast area to service, and decided in 1949 that the ABC would be mostly publicly funded.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=National Museum of Australia – Start of the ABC |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/start-of-the-abc |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.nma.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Richard |title=The politics of broadcasting |date=1985 |publisher=Croom Helm |isbn=978-0-7099-1542-3 |editor-last=Kuhn |editor-first=Raymond |location=London |page=239 |chapter=Australia: Broadcasting in the Political Battle}}</ref> The Commission was renamed to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 1983.

Its news division, [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], provides factual programming to its television, radio, and online platforms. [[ABC Television (Australian network)|ABC Television]] operates five free-to-air channels, including [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]] and [[ABC Entertains]], while [[ABC Australia (Asia-Pacific TV channel)|ABC Australia]] broadcasts to the [[Asia-Pacific]]. It has an [[ABC Radio (Australian network)|expansive radio presence]], with [[ABC Local Radio]] operating 45 regional and eight metropolitan stations, along with its four national networks, [[Radio National]], [[ABC Classic]], [[ABC NewsRadio (Australia)|ABC NewsRadio]] and [[Triple J]]. It also provides the free streaming services [[ABC iview]] and [[ABC listen]].

The postal address of the ABC in every Australian capital city is PO Box 9994, as a tribute to the [[List of Test cricket records|record-breaking]] Test batting average of Australian cricketer [[Don Bradman|Sir Donald Bradman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daffey |first1=Paul |title=The Ten |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/the-ten-20041128-gdz325.html |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501065532/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/the-ten-20041128-gdz325.html |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2015 |work=The Age |date=28 November 2004}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

===Origins===
After [[public radio]] stations were established independently in the state capitals from 1924, a licensing scheme administered by the [[Postmaster-General's Department]] was established, allowing certain stations (with "Class A" licences") government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content.<ref name="langdon95">{{Cite web|title=The History of Radio in Australia |publisher=[[Australian Centre for the Moving Image]] |url=http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RADIO_HIST_AUS.html |access-date=3 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903081543/http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RADIO_HIST_AUS.html |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> In 1928, the government established the National Broadcasting Service to take over the 12 A-Class licences as they came up for renewal, and contracted the [[Australian Broadcasting Company]],<ref name="bcasthistory">{{Cite web | title =This is the International Section of The Broadcast Archive: Australian Broadcast History | first = Barry |last=Mishkid | url = https://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/austral.html|quote=Revisions April 2017 by Peter Smerdon & Ron Langhans [original date 26 November 2000]| date= 2017 | access-date = 3 October 2007}}</ref> a private company established in 1924,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204085872 |title=Radio Broadcasting |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=21,458 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=10 January 1924 |access-date=2 June 2021 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=national>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article179330017 |title=National Service |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)]] |issue=17,631 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=7 June 1929 |access-date=2 June 2021 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> to supply programs to the new national broadcaster.<ref name="bcasthistory" /><ref name=lee>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/commission/books/linking-a-nation/chapter-9.html |title=Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 – 1970 |chapter= Chapter 9: Radio and Television, 1905–1970|first= Robert|last=Lee|publisher= [[Australian Heritage Council]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812163651/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/linking-a-nation/contents#introduction |url-status=dead | archive-date=12 August 2017|quote=Australia: Our national stories, by Dr Robert Lee of the [[University of Western Sydney]], Australian Heritage Commission, 2003. 'Linking a Nation' forms part of a research project on the theme of Transport and Communications, and was commissioned by the Australian Heritage Commission. | via=[[Department of the Environment and Energy]], Australia|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/linking-a-nation/contents#introduction}}</ref>

After it became politically unpopular to continue to allow the Postmaster-General to run the National Broadcasting Service, the government established the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) on 1 July 1932, under the ''Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932''.<ref name=1932act>{{Cite Legislation AU | Cth | num_act | abca193214o1932393 | Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932 (No 14 of 1932)}}</ref> to take over the Australian Broadcasting Company and run the National Broadcasting Service.<ref name="abc-birth"/><ref name=ABC010712>{{cite news|title=ABC celebrates 80 years of broadcasting|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=1 July 2012|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-01/abc-turns-80/4103108|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524192257/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-01/abc-turns-80/4103108|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ABC became informally referred to as "Aunty",<ref name="NewTeethForAunty">{{cite web |title=New Teeth for Aunty: Reinvigorating the National Broadcaster |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/reinvigorating-national-broadcaster-new-teeth-aunty-robert-manne-749 |url-access=registration |date=1 December 2007 |work=Monthly |author=Robert Manne |access-date=7 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111130151/http://www.themonthly.com.au/reinvigorating-national-broadcaster-new-teeth-aunty-robert-manne-749 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aunty75inTownsville">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-16/aunty-celebrates-75th-birthday-in-townsville/2503718|title=Aunty celebrates 75th birthday in Townsville|date=16 July 2007|work=ABC News|access-date=1 August 2018|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013704/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-16/aunty-celebrates-75th-birthday-in-townsville/2503718|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LoveAuntyat80">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/06/28/3534787.htm|title=Why I love Aunty at 80|date=28 June 2012|website=ABC|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904045204/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/06/28/3534787.htm|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> originally in imitation of the [[BBC#Colloquial terms|British Broadcasting Corporation's nickname]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fabc.org.au/fabc/fabc_archive_data/background_briefing/bb104/bb4_9.html |title=Aunty, a personality of steady and solid conservatism |work=Background briefing 4 – [[Ken Inglis]] |publisher=Friends of the ABC |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127091453/http://www.fabc.org.au/fabc/fabc_archive_data/background_briefing/bb104/bb4_9.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> The structure and programming was broadly modelled on the British Broadcasting Corporation, and programs not created in Australia were mostly bought in from the [[BBC]].<ref name="bcasthistory" />

In 1940 one of the [[ABC Board]]'s most prominent members, [[Dick Boyer]], was appointed to the ABC, becoming chairman on 1 April 1945. Today known for the continuing series of [[Boyer Lectures]] he initiated in 1959, he had a good but not too close working relationship with Sir [[Charles Moses]] (general manager 1935–1965<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2401051 |title=Broadcasting |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=9 |issue=2542 |location=Australian Capital Territory |date=5 November 1935 |access-date=13 June 2021 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=moses>{{cite journal | last=Petersen | first=Neville | journal=Global Media Journal – Australian Edition |title=A Biography of Sir Charles Moses |volume=3 |issue= 1 |date=2009 | publisher= [[Western Sydney University]]|issn= 1835-2340 | url=https://www.hca.westernsydney.edu.au/gmjau/archive/v3_2009_1/3vi1_neville_petersen.html | access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>), and remained chair until his retirement in 1961. He was determined to maintain the autonomy of the ABC.<ref name=adbboyer>{{cite book | last=Bolton | first=G. C. | title=Sir Richard James Fildes Boyer | chapter=Boyer, Sir Richard James Fildes (1891–1961) | date=1993 | publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University | chapter-url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/boyer-sir-richard-james-fildes-9562 | access-date=13 June 2021| quote=This article was first published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13, (MUP), 1993.}}</ref>

===1950–2000===
{{See also|ABC Television (Australian network)}}
[[File:The start of TV ABC.ogv|thumb|The first broadcast of ABC TV, presented by [[Michael Charlton (journalist)|Michael Charlton]], 5 November 1956|left]]
[[File:Jamesdibble.jpg|thumb|[[James Dibble]], reading the first [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] television bulletin in NSW, 1956]]
The ABC started television broadcasting in 1956. [[ABN-2]] in Sydney was inaugurated by prime minister [[Robert Menzies]] on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by [[Michael Charlton (journalist)|Michael Charlton]], and [[James Dibble]] reading the first television news bulletin.<ref>Australian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/galpost9.htm "About the ABC: History of the ABC: James Dibble"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113143939/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/galpost9.htm |date=13 January 2009 }}. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</ref> Television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s, so news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by [[teleprinter]], to be prepared and presented separately in each city.<ref name="abc-50s">{{cite web | title=About the ABC – The 50s – The Postwar Years | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist4.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211062257/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist4.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 December 2012| access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> In 1975, colour television was permanently introduced into Australia, and within a decade, the ABC had moved into [[satellite broadcasting]], greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally.<ref name="abc-60s70s" />

In 1975 the ABC introduced a 24-hour-a-day AM rock station in Sydney, 2JJ ([[Double Jay (radio network)|Double Jay]]), which was eventually expanded into the national [[Triple J]] FM network.<ref name="abc-60s70s" /> A year later, a national classical music network was established on the [[frequency modulation|FM]] band, broadcasting from [[Adelaide]]. It was initially known as [[ABC-FM]] (later ABC Classic FM) – referring both to its "fine music programming and radio frequency".<ref name="abc-60s70s">{{cite web |title=About the ABC – The 60s and 70s |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist5.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206032912/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2012}}</ref>

ABC budget cuts began in 1976<ref name=molomby>{{cite book | last=Molomby | first=T. | title=Is There a Moderate on the Roof?: ABC Years | publisher=W. Heinemann Australia | series=William Heinemann Australia politics | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-85561-410-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8BIAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2 June 2021 | page=110,114,160}}</ref> and continued until 1998,<ref>ABC Annual Report 2020-21 p 134 ABC Operational Revenue from Government</ref> the largest cuts (calculated by the ABC as 25% in real terms) coming between 1985 and 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/crude-tone-of-attacks-is-new-but-softening-up-the-abc-for-cuts-isnt-25993|title = Crude tone of attacks is new, but softening up the ABC for cuts isn't| date=30 April 2014 }}</ref>

The ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983'' changed the organisation's name to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, effective 1 July 1983. Although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains [[editorial independence|editorially independent]] as ensured by the 1983 Act.<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|abca1983361|Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983|6}}</ref> At the same time, the newly formed corporation underwent significant restructuring, including a split into separate television and radio divisions, and ABC Radio was restructured significantly again in 1985.<ref name="abc-80s" /> [[Geoffrey Whitehead]] was the managing director of the ABC at this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bookstore.iuniverse.com/Products/SKU-000538367/Tending-the-Flame-of-Democracy.aspx |title=Tending the Flame of Democracy: A personal view by international communications expert, by Geoffrey Whitehead [blurb] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215025/http://bookstore.iuniverse.com/Products/SKU-000538367/Tending-the-Flame-of-Democracy.aspx |date=2014|archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date= 26 June 2013|website=iUniverse}}</ref> Following his resignation in 1986, [[David Hill (businessman)|David Hill]] (at the time chair of the ABC Board) took over his position<ref name="whoseabc" /> and local production trebled from 1986 to 1991.<ref name="abc-80s">{{cite web | title=About the ABC – The 80s | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist6.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208165604/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist6.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 December 2012| access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|thumb|Ultimo Centre – the ABC's national headquarters in Sydney]]
Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990, and by the early 1990s, all major ABC broadcasting outlets operated 24 hours a day.

In 1991 the ABC helped launch Australian children's music band [[The Wiggles]], under the ABC music label.

In 1991 the corporation's Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building,<ref name="abc-90s"/> the ABC Ultimo Centre,<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC Ultimo Centre, Sydney | website=About the ABC | publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation| url=https://about.abc.net.au/tours/ultimo/ | access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> in the inner-city suburb of [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]]. In Melbourne, the [[Southbank, Victoria#Media|ABC Southbank Centre]] was completed in 1994.<ref name="abc-90s">{{cite web | title=About the ABC – The 90s | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist7.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206003650/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist7.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 December 2012| access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

In 1992 Australian children's television series ''[[Bananas in Pyjamas]]'' first aired.

International television service [[ABC Australia]] was established in 1993, while at the same time Radio Australia increased its international reach. Reduced funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts.<ref name="abc-90s" />

The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July 1995 to manage the new ABC website, which was launched in August.<ref name="abc-90s" />

The ABC was registered on the [[Australian Business Register]] as a Commonwealth Government Entity on 1 November 1999.<ref name=abnhistory/>

===2000s–2010s===
In 2001 [[digital television]] started (see [[#Online and digital|Online, below]]). At the same time the ABC's multimedia division was renamed "ABC New Media", becoming an output division of the ABC alongside television and radio.<ref name="abc-00s">{{cite web | title=About the ABC – 2000s – A New Century | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist8.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209065740/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist8.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 December 2012| access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref>

In 2002 the ABC launched [[Australia Network|ABC Asia Pacific]], the replacement for the defunct Australia Television International operated previously by the [[Seven Network]].<ref name="whoseabc" /> A [[digital radio]] service, [[ABC DiG]], was also launched in November that year.

On 8 February 2008 ABC TV was rebranded as [[ABC TV (Australian TV network)|ABC1]], and a new channel for children, [[ABC3]], was funded and announced by the [[Rudd government (2007–10)|Rudd government]] in June.<ref name="rebrand">{{cite news | title = ABC promises more content choice | work = The Australian | date = 6 February 2008 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23171159-12377,00.html | access-date = 6 February 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080207070937/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23171159-12377,00.html | archive-date = 7 February 2008 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Welch | first = Dylan | title = ABC squiggle to stay | work = Brisbane Times | date = 30 January 2008 | url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2008/01/30/1201369172600.html | access-date = 30 January 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624220803/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/articles/2008/01/30/1201369172600.html | archive-date = 24 June 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> A new online [[video-on-demand]] service launched in July of the same year, titled [[ABC iview]].<ref name="announce">{{cite press release | title=The Television Revolution Has Begun! | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=24 July 2008| url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2313534.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20080915193252/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s2313534.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 September 2008| access-date=21 September 2008}}</ref>

ABC News 24, now known as the [[ABC News Channel]], a channel dedicated to news, launched on 22 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/13/2952551.htm/ |title=ABC to launch 24h news channel |publisher=ABC |location=Australia |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715053603/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/13/2952551.htm |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 20 July 2014, ABC1 reverted to its original name of ABC TV.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/10/abc-rebrands-its-main-television-channel-using-social-media-hashtag ABC rebrands its main television channel using social media hashtag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004409/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/10/abc-rebrands-its-main-television-channel-using-social-media-hashtag |date=17 November 2017 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 July 2014</ref>

In November 2014 a cut of $254 million (4.6%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/abc-cuts-malcolm-turnbull-announces-budget-reduction-of-250-million-20141119-11pquv.html|title = ABC cuts: Malcolm Turnbull announces budget reduction of $250 million|date = 19 November 2014}}</ref>) to funding over the following five years together with the additional unfunded cost of the news channel<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-01-21/abc-to-launch-24-hour-news-channel/1217150|title=ABC to launch 24-hour news channel|newspaper=ABC News|date=20 January 2010}}</ref> meant that the ABC would have to shed about 10% of its staff, around 400 people. There were several programming changes, with regional and local programming losing out to national programs, and the Adelaide TV production studio had to close.<ref>{{cite web | last=Anderson | first=Stephanie | title=400-plus job losses announced amid ABC and SBS cuts | website=SBS News | date=24 November 2014 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/400-plus-job-losses-announced-amid-abc-and-sbs-cuts | access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref>

In November 2016 the ABC announced that ABC News 24, [[ABC NewsRadio (Australia)|ABC NewsRadio]], as well as its online and digital news brands, would be rebranded under a unified [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] brand,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lallo |first=Michael |date=2 November 2016 |title=ABC in 2017: Diversity a focus, but which popular shows aren't returning? |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/abc-in-2017-diversity-a-focus-but-which-popular-shows-arent-returning-20161026-gsb8py.html |newspaper=Brisbane Times |location=Brisbane |access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> which was launched on 10 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/new-look/ |title=ABC News has a new look |date=10 April 2017 |work=ABC News |access-date=31 March 2017| first=Stuart|last= Watt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2017/04/new-look-abc-news-ditches-news-24.html|title=New-look ABC News ditches News 24|date=8 April 2017|work=TV Tonight| first= David |last= Knox}}</ref>

[[Michelle Guthrie]] took over from managing director [[Mark Scott (businessman)|Mark Scott]], whose second five-year contract finished in April 2016.<ref name=abcnews>{{cite news|title=Michelle Guthrie to replace Mark Scott as ABC managing director|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-21/google-executive-michelle-guthrie-to-replace-abc-boss-mark-scott/7044940|access-date=21 December 2015|work=ABC News|date=21 December 2015|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021142200/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-21/google-executive-michelle-guthrie-to-replace-abc-boss-mark-scott/7044940|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Between July 2017 and June 2018, the whole of the ABC underwent an organisational restructure, after which the Radio and Television Divisions were no longer separate entities each under a director, instead being split across several functional divisions,<ref name=ar2017volII>{{Cite report|title=Annual Report 2017 |volume=II |url=https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/8fa2eca3d61b8a8cb22681f5cd7db416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113010318/https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/8fa2eca3d61b8a8cb22681f5cd7db416 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| chapter=Appendices, Appendix 4|page=144}}</ref> with different teams producing different genres of content for television, radio and digital platforms. The Entertainment & Specialist (E&S) team focussed on comedy, kids' programs, drama, [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous-related]] programs, music, other entertainment and factual content; the new ABC Specialist team created content across the arts, science, religion & ethics, education and society & culture; while the Regional & Local team focussed on regional and local content.<ref name=ar2018volII>{{Cite report|title=Annual Report 2018 |volume=2 |url=https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/82917a63a4f83d2e1092f3f9b7790ce3|access-date=12 June 2021|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113005601/https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/82917a63a4f83d2e1092f3f9b7790ce3|archive-date=13 November 2024|url-status=live|pages=8–14,209}}</ref>

Around 23 September 2018 Guthrie was fired.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-24/michelle-guthrie-leaves-as-md-of-the-abc/10297608|title=Michelle Guthrie sacked from ABC managing director role halfway through term|date=26 September 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=8 February 2019|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227133620/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-24/michelle-guthrie-leaves-as-md-of-the-abc/10297608|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A leadership crisis ensued after allegations arose that chair, [[Justin Milne]], had, according to the [[MEAA]], engaged in "overt political interference in the running of the ABC that is in clear breach of the ABC charter and the role of the chairperson" by interfering in editorial and staffing matters. After pressure for an independent inquiry or statement from Milne, or his resignation, following meetings by ABC staff in various locations, on 27 September Milne resigned.<ref name=meaa>{{cite web | title=Public broadcasting. The ABC has been beset by allegations … | website=MEAA | date=3 May 2019 | url=https://pressfreedom.org.au/public-broadcasting-c0eb525c0ac9 | access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

In February 2019, after the roles of ABC chair and managing director had been vacant for more than four months,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandt.com.au/media/scomo-decide-three-candidates-abc-chairman |title=ScoMo To Decide Between Three Candidates For ABC Chairman |access-date=8 February 2019|date=6 February 2019|work=B&T}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandt.com.au/media/abc-begins-search-new-md-guthrie-dismissal-case-continues |title=ABC Begins Search For New MD While Guthrie Dismissal Case Continues |access-date=19 February 2019|date=18 February 2019|work=B&T}}</ref> [[Ita Buttrose]] was named chair. Buttrose named [[David Anderson (media executive)|David Anderson]] as managing director in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC chair Ita Buttrose on governing the national broadcaster | website=Australian Institute of Company Directors | date=1 December 2019 | url=https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/membership/company-director-magazine/2019-back-editions/december/abc-chair-ita-buttrose-on-governing-the-national-broadcaster |first=Narelle |last=Hooper | access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

On 5 June 2019 [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) raided the headquarters of the ABC looking for articles written in 2017 about alleged misconduct by [[Special forces of Australia|Australian special forces]] in Afghanistan, later dubbed the [[Afghan Files (Australia)|Afghan Files]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/police-raid-australian-public-broadcaster-over-afghan-leak|title=Police raid Australian public broadcaster over Afghan leak|website=[[Fox News]]|date=5 June 2019|agency=Associated Press|language=en-US|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605070851/https://www.foxnews.com/world/police-raid-australian-public-broadcaster-over-afghan-leak|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522729|title=Police raid Australia's public broadcaster ABC|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> The raid was countered by lawyers for the ABC in litigation against the AFP, challenging the examination of over 9,200 documents, including internal emails.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522729|title= ABC raid: Outcry as Australian police search public broadcaster |date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/media/australia-abc-police-raid/index.html|title=Australian journalists fear for press freedom after two police raids|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605144040/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/media/australia-abc-police-raid/index.html|archive-date=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/abc-sues-australian-police-force-after-newsroom-raid/a-49327256|title=ABC sues Australian police force after newsroom raid|date=2019-06-24|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-02/abc-police-raids-warrant-federal-court-hearing/11377016|title=ABC challenge to 'legally unreasonable' AFP raids hits court|last=McKinnell|first=Jamie|date=2019-08-02|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> In February 2020 the case was dismissed by the [[Federal Court of Australia|federal court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/a-blow-to-democracy-federal-court-dismisses-abc-case-against-afp-raids|title='A blow to democracy': Federal Court dismisses ABC case against AFP raids|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/very-unhelpful-and-unco-operative-abc-and-afp-face-off-in-court-20200224-p543ns.html|title='Very unhelpful and uncooperative': ABC and AFP face off in court|last=Whitbourn|first=Michaela|date=2020-02-24|website=The Age|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=McKinnell | first=Jamie | title=AFP warrants used to raid ABC valid, Federal Court rules | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=16 February 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-17/afp-warrants-used-to-raid-abc-valid-court-rules/11971018 | access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> In June 2020, the AFP sent a brief of evidence to the [[Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions]] (CDPP), the federal public prosecutor, recommending charges be laid against journalist Dan Oakes for breaking the Afghan Files story,<ref>{{cite web | last=Hayne | first=Jordan | title=Investigation into Afghan Files that sparked ABC raids enters next phase with brief of evidence sent to prosecutors | website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=2 July 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-02/federal-police-seek-charges-abc-investigation-afghan-files-dpp/12415930 | access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> but in October 2020, the CDPP dropped the case.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Galloway|first=Anthony|date=2020-10-15|title=Police won't charge ABC journalist over 'Afghan Files' stories|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/police-won-t-charge-abc-journalist-over-afghan-files-stories-20201015-p565gc.html|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref>

===2020s===

In June 2020 the ABC announced it needed to cut 229 jobs,<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/abc-cuts-229-jobs-in-response-to-government-funding-freeze-20201021-p567a1.html|archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506084911/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/abc-cuts-229-jobs-in-response-to-government-funding-freeze-20201021-p567a1.html |url-status=live|url-access=registration|first=Lisa |last=Visentin|title = ABC cuts 229 jobs in response to government funding freeze|date = 21 October 2020}}</ref> a number of programs, and reduce its travel and production budgets after the [[Turnbull government]]'s announcement of a freeze to indexation of its budget in 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-08/budget-2018-abc-funding-frozen-in-$84-million-hit-bottom-line/9740690|title=Budget 2018: ABC funding frozen in $84 million hit to bottom line|work=ABC News|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506085209/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-08/budget-2018-abc-funding-frozen-in-$84-million-hit-bottom-line/9740690|url-status=live|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> this was estimated at the time to cost the ABC {{AUD|84 million}} over three years, however the actual appropriation did not decrease<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/fact-check-are-there-no-cuts-to-abc-funding/12417226|title = Paul Fletcher says ABC funding is rising each year. Is he correct?|newspaper = ABC News|date = 15 July 2020|author=[[Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology|RMIT]] ABC Fact Check |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506085538/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/fact-check-are-there-no-cuts-to-abc-funding/12417226 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ABC chair was quoted as saying it would actually increase "but by a reduced amount".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/26/ita-buttrose-rebukes-scott-morrisons-claims-the-abcs-budget-has-not-been-cut|title = Ita Buttrose rejects Scott Morrison's claims the ABC's budget has not been cut|website = [[Guardian Australia|theguardian.com]]|date = 27 June 2020|first=Elias|last=Visontay|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506090023/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/26/ita-buttrose-rebukes-scott-morrisons-claims-the-abcs-budget-has-not-been-cut|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-24/abc-announces-cuts-to-programming-and-jobs-funding/12384972|title=Up to 250 ABC jobs to go, ABC Life brand scrapped, flagship radio news bulletin dumped to tackle $84 million budget cut|date=24 June 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=7 July 2020|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702143124/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-24/abc-announces-cuts-to-programming-and-jobs-funding/12384972|archive-date=2 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hurst | first=Daniel | title=ABC to cut 250 jobs, dump 7.45am radio news bulletin and axe ABC Life brand | website=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] | date=24 June 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/24/abc-to-cut-250-jobs-dump-745am-radio-news-bulletin-and-axe-abc-life-brand | access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506090348/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/jun/24/abc-to-cut-250-jobs-dump-745am-radio-news-bulletin-and-axe-abc-life-brand|archive-date=6 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In all, over a five-year period there were 737 redundancies, a further 866 resignations, and 203 retirements; but the total number of staff only fell by 313 due to the ABC hiring 650 staff over that period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/hunger-games-bungled-budget-cuts-staff-exodus-take-toll-on-abc-20210126-p56wur.html|title = 'Hunger games': Bungled budget cuts, staff exodus take toll on ABC|date = 7 February 2021|archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506084042/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/hunger-games-bungled-budget-cuts-staff-exodus-take-toll-on-abc-20210126-p56wur.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|first=Zoe |last=Samios}}</ref>

In June 2021 the ABC announced its plan to move around 300 staff to offices in the western Sydney suburb of [[Parramatta]], in a plan which would see 75% of journalists and producers moving out of the Ultimo building by 2025 to reduce costs. Rental from some of the vacant space in the city centre would earn additional income to offset the ongoing effects of the significant funding cuts since 2014 and the recent indexation freeze.<ref>{{cite news | last=Meade | first=Amanda | title=ABC to move 300 Sydney staff from Ultimo headquarters west to Parramatta | website= [[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] | date=16 June 2021 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jun/16/abc-to-move-300-sydney-staff-from-ultimo-headquarters-west-to-parramatta |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506084408/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jun/16/abc-to-move-300-sydney-staff-from-ultimo-headquarters-west-to-parramatta |url-status=live | access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

In December 2021 the ABC announced that, in addition to the 83 additional positions already established, it was to create an additional "50-plus" new jobs in regional Australia as a result of commercial agreements with digital platforms flowing from the [[Morrison government]]'s [[News Media Bargaining Code]].<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://about.abc.net.au/press-releases/abc-to-add-more-than-50-journalists-in-regional-australia/|title = ABC to add more than 50 journalists in Regional Australia|archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506083751/https://about.abc.net.au/press-releases/abc-to-add-more-than-50-journalists-in-regional-australia/ |website=about.abc.net.au |url-status=live|date=3 December 2021|first=John |last=Woodward}}</ref>

In May 2024 the ABC started moving from its [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] office to a new office in [[Parramatta Square]]. The first program to be broadcast from the new studio in Parramatta was [[ABC Radio Sydney|''ABC Radio Sydney Mornings'']].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2024/05/abc-parramatta-opens-for-broadcasting.html |title=ABC Parramatta opens for broadcasting |first=David |last=Knox |work=[[TV Tonight]]|archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506083046/https://tvtonight.com.au/2024/05/abc-parramatta-opens-for-broadcasting.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2024 |date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.abc.net.au/about/media-centre/press-releases/abc-parramatta-officially-opens/103901598 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113011608/https://www.abc.net.au/about/media-centre/press-releases/abc-parramatta-officially-opens/103901598 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |title=ABC Parramatta Officially Opens |website=about.abc.net.au|first=Nick|last=Leys}}</ref>

==Logo==
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| width =
| image1 = Australian Broadcasting Corporation logo (1974-).svg
| width1 = 180
| caption1 = The Lissajous curve logo, as it appeared on some properties since October 1974–2002, and was reintroduced from 2014 onwards
| image2 = Lissajous-Figur 1 zu 3 (Oszilloskop).jpg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Lissajous figure on an oscilloscope, on which Bill Kennard designed the current logo
| image3 =
| width3 = 180
| caption3 = The silver 2002 logo, which was used by the corporation from 2002 to 2018
}}
The ABC logo is one of the most recognisable logos in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ingram |first1=Karin |title=10 Of The Best Australian Logos |url=https://www.kwikkopy.com.au/blog/10-of-the-best-australian-logos |website=Kwik Kopy |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top10 Australian logos of all time |url=https://www.marketingmag.com.au/news-c/top10-australian-logos-of-all-time/ |website=Marketing Mag |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 13 Australian Logos of All Time |url=https://www.tailorbrands.com/blog/australia-logo |website=Tailor Brands |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> In the early years of television, the ABC had been using [[Lissajous curve]]s as fillers between programmes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The ABC's of Lissajous figures |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/holo/liss.htm |website=ABC.net |publisher=ABC |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122174128/http://www.abc.net.au/science/holo/liss.htm |archive-date=22 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1961, prior to the adoption of an official corporate logo, the ABC commissioned Tasmanian artist George Davis to create a large mosaic mural for its new Hobart studios at [[5–7 Sandy Bay Road]]. The abstract design, composed of more than 150,000 glass tiles and spanning {{cvt|19|m}}, was prominently displayed on the building's façade. Observers and later commentators have noted similarities between the mural's sinuous linework and the ABC's eventual logo, with some suggesting it may have served as a visual influence.<ref name="ArchitectureAU">{{cite web |title=Conservatorium Institute Letter |url=https://www.architecture.com.au/wp-content/uploads/20200826-Conservatorium-Institute-Letter.pdf |website=[[Australian Institute of Architects]] |publisher=[[Architecture Australia]] |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tasmanian artist George Davis dies, aged 94. His work inspired the ABC logo |url=https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/tasmanian-artist-george-davis-dies-aged-94-his-work-inspired-the-abc-logo/news-story/daf323cb0e664e687b3041150b62f5c7 |work=The Mercury |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

In July 1963, the ABC conducted a staff competition to create a new logo for use on television, stationery, publications, microphone badges and ABC vehicles.<ref name="atvh-50s60s">{{cite web |title=AusTVHistory: Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1950s–1960s |url=http://www.austvhistory.com/abc/index.htm |publisher=Aus TV History |author=Brooklyn Ross-Hulands |access-date=4 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007030333/http://www.austvhistory.com/abc/index.htm |archive-date = 7 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Memoirs of a Space Engineer – about Doug Rickard | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 19 October 2000 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/memoirs/about.htm | access-date = 30 January 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508190613/http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/memoirs/about.htm | archive-date = 8 May 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1965, ABC graphics designer Bill Kennard submitted a design representing a [[Lissajous curve|Lissajous]] display, as generated when a sine wave signal is applied to the "X" input of an [[oscilloscope]] and another at three times the frequency at the "Y" input. The letters "ABC" were added to the design and it was adopted as the ABC's official logo. Kennard was presented with [[Australian pound|£]]25 (about [[Australian dollar|AU]]$850 in 2024) for his design.<ref name="atvh-50s60s"/>

On 19 October 1974 the Lissajous curve design experienced its first facelift with the line thickened to allow for colour to be used. It would also be treated to the 'over and under' effect, showing the crossover of the line in the design. To celebrate its 70th anniversary on 1 July 2002, the ABC adopted a new logo, which was created by (Annette) Harcus Design in 2001. This logo used a silver 3D texture but the crossover design was left intact and was then used across the ABC's media outlets. After the on-air revival of the 1974 logo since 2014, the ABC gradually reinstated the classic symbol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herbison |first1=Michelle |title=ABC rebrand takes main TV channel back to its roots |url=https://www.marketingmag.com.au/news-c/abc-rebrand-takes-main-tv-channel-back-to-its-roots/ |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=Marketing Magazine}}</ref> The most recent change happened in February 2018, with a new logotype and brand positioning under its tagline, ''Yours''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samios |first1=Zoe |title=ABC Yours rebrand aims to build on Aunty's reputation of 'trust' at every stage of Australian life |url=https://mumbrella.com.au/abc-aims-to-build-on-its-reputation-of-trust-with-new-brand-positioning-498585 |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=Mumbrella |date=12 February 2018}}</ref> The 2002 silver logo is no longer in use by the corporation.

==Governance and structure==
{{Main|ABC Board}}

The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000110.htm |title = Establishment of Australian Broadcasting Corporation Board |publisher=ScalePlus | access-date=26 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530102717/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000110.htm |archive-date = 30 May 2006}}</ref> consisting of a managing director,<ref name="boardmembership">{{cite web | url = http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |title = Membership of Board |publisher=ScalePlus|access-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220135/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref> five to seven directors,<ref name=boardmembership/> and until 2006, a staff-elected director.<ref name=boardmembership/><ref name="restructure">{{cite press release|title=Restructure of ABC Board |publisher=Senator the Hon [[Helen Coonan]], Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts |url=http://www.minister.dcita.gov.au/coonan/media/media_releases/restructure_of_abc_board |access-date=27 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613183239/http://www.minister.dcita.gov.au/coonan/media/media_releases/restructure_of_abc_board |archive-date=13 June 2009 }}</ref> The managing director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years, but is eligible for renewal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000180.htm |title = Tenure of Managing Director |publisher=ScalePlus | access-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220029/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000180.htm |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref> The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983''.<ref name="1983act"/><ref name="Abouttheboard">{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/board/about_board.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231044042/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/board/about_board.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 December 2012 |title= About the board | publisher=ABC Online |access-date=26 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Board">{{cite web | title = Membership of Board |url=http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |publisher=Scaleplus |access-date=26 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060530102806/http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/histact/10/5029/0/HA000170.htm |archive-date = 30 May 2006}}</ref>

Appointments to the [[ABC Board]] made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees' political affiliation, background, and relative merit.<ref name="aboveboard">{{cite web|title=Methods of appointment to the ABC Board: Chapter 2 – The selection criteria – who should be on the board? |work=Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts Committee, ABC Board inquiry report |publisher=Parliament of Australia |date=September 2001 |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_ctte/completed_inquiries/1999-02/abcboard/report/c02.htm |access-date=4 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912075859/http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_ctte/completed_inquiries/1999-02/abcboard/report/c02.htm |archive-date=12 September 2006 }}</ref><ref name="pm-politics">{{cite news |title=Whose ABC? |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1726253.htm |date=26 August 2006 |publisher=ABC Radio |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113152107/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1726253.htm |archive-date=13 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Past appointments have associated directly with political parties – five of fourteen appointed chairmen have been accused of political affiliation or friendship, include Richard Downing and [[Ken Myer]] (both of whom publicly endorsed the [[Australian Labor Party]] at the 1972 election),<ref name="whoseabc" /> as well as Sir Henry Bland, [[David Hill (businessman)|David Hill]] was close to [[Neville Wran]], while [[Donald McDonald (ABC chairperson)|Donald McDonald]] was considered to be a close friend of [[John Howard]].

From 2003 the [[Howard government]] made several controversial appointments to the ABC Board, including prominent ABC critic [[Janet Albrechtsen]],<ref name="pm-albrechtsen">{{cite web| last = Caldwell| first = Alison| title = ABC critic appointed to board of directors| publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date = 24 February 2005| url = http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1310461.htm| access-date = 28 November 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210145740/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1310461.htm| archive-date = 10 December 2007| url-status = live}}</ref> [[Ron Brunton]],<ref>{{cite news| last = Marriner| first = Cosima| title = Anthropologist on ABC Board| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date = 3 May 2003| url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/02/1051382095367.html| access-date =28 November 2006 }}</ref> and [[Keith Windschuttle]].<ref name="pm-politics" /><ref>{{cite web| last = Colvin| first = Mark| title = Govt appoints ABC board members| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date = 15 June 2006| url = http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1664194.htm| access-date =28 November 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061019202429/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2006/s1664194.htm| archive-date= 19 October 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

During their [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 federal election campaign]] Labor announced plans to introduce a new system, similar to that of the BBC, for appointing members to the board.<ref name="alpboardappt">{{cite press release|title=Australian Labor Party: ABC Board |url=http://www.alp.org.au/media/0607/mscoitloo050.php |date=5 June 2007 |publisher=Australian Labor Party |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412045133/http://www.alp.org.au/media/0607/mscoitloo050.php |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,22876717-7582,00.html|title=Conroy sets ABC collision course|last=Sainsbury|first=Michael|date=6 December 2007|website=The Australian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207155859/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,22876717-7582,00.html|archive-date=7 December 2007|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> Under the new system, candidates for the ABC Board would be considered by an independent panel established "at arm's length" from the Communications Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23232789-7582,00.html|title=Panel selecting ABC board to be named|date=18 February 2008|website=The Australian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219131144/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23232789-7582,00.html|archive-date=19 February 2008|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> If the minister chose someone not on the panel's shortlist, they would be required to justify this to parliament. The ABC chairman would be nominated by the [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] and endorsed by the [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|leader of the opposition]].<ref name="alpboardappt" /><ref name=loyalists>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/broadcast/john-howard-loyalists-join-abc-panel/story-fna045gd-1226975669412|title=John Howard loyalists join ABC panel|work=[[The Australian]]|author=[[Sharri Markson|Markson, Sharri]]|date=3 July 2014|access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="markday">{{cite news|title=Free podcasts don't suit ABC's results|url=http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/markday/index.php/theaustralian/comments/free_podcasts_dont_suit_abcs_results/|date=18 September 2008|publisher=news.com.au|author=Day, Mark|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924061048/http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/markday/index.php/theaustralian/comments/free_podcasts_dont_suit_abcs_results|archive-date=24 September 2008}}</ref>

A new merit-based appointment system was announced on 16 October 2008, in advance of the new triennial funding period starting in 2009.<ref name="mb-board">{{cite press release|url=http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2008/076|title=Measures to ensure strong and independent national broadcasters|date=16 October 2008|access-date=16 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020011330/http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2008/076|archive-date=20 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mb-boardrules">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbcde.gov.au/media_broadcasting/abc_and_sbs/abc_and_sbs_board_appointments/the_merit-based_appointment_process |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121127115121/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/media_broadcasting/abc_and_sbs/abc_and_sbs_board_appointments/the_merit-based_appointment_process |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2012 |title=The merit-based appointment process |access-date=16 October 2008 }}</ref>

In 2013 the Coalition government introduced a merit-based system for appointing the board based on the recommendations of a nominations panel. However, the panel was ultimately only advisory, with almost all of the board members in 2018 directly appointed by the Communications minister, despite some being rejected by the panel or not being considered at all.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Anne |date=2018-09-27 |title=ABC board members appointed by Fifield despite being rejected by merit-based panel |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/sep/27/abc-board-members-appointed-by-fifield-despite-being-rejected-by-merit-based-panel |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

{{as of|January 2025}} board members include:<ref name="boardlist">{{cite web | title=Who we are – The ABC Board | website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=http://about.abc.net.au/who-we-are/the-abc-board/ | access-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504135014/http://about.abc.net.au/who-we-are/the-abc-board/| archive-date=4 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Functional role
! Start of term
! Reference
|-
| [[Kim Williams (media executive)|Kim Williams]]|| Chair || 7 March 2024 || Term ends 6 March 2029<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
| [|[[Hugh Marks]]|| Managing Director || 10 March 2025 || Term ends 9 March 2030<ref name="newmd2025">{{cite web |title=New Managing Director Appointed |url=https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/rowland/media-release/new-abc-managing-director-appointed |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Laura Tingle]] || Staff-elected director || 1 May 2023 ||Term ends 30 April 2028<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
| Nicolette Maury || || 16 October 2023 ||Term ends 15 October 2028<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
| [[Georgie Somerset]]|| Deputy Chair || 23 February 2017 ||Term ends 22 Feb 2027<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
| Louise McElvogue || || 16 October 2023 ||Term ends 15 October 2028<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
| Mario D'Orazio || || 13 May 2021 ||Term ends 12 May 2026<ref name="Annual Report" />
|-
|Katrina Sedgwick
|
|2 October 2024
|Term ends 1 October 2029<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Sedgwick |url=https://www.abc.net.au/about/profiles/katrina-sedgwick/104421580 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=About the ABC |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|}

==Funding==
The ABC is primarily funded by the [[Australian government]], in addition to some revenue received from commercial offerings and [[ABC Commercial|its retail outlets]]. The ABC's funding system is set and reviewed every three years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wils|first=Tyson|date=May 2018|title=Funding for the national broadcasters|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201819/Fundingfornationalbroadcasters|access-date=2 July 2020|website=Parliament of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703155615/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201819/Fundingfornationalbroadcasters|archive-date=3 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Background to licence fees ===
In the early 1920s there existed two forms of radio licences A and B. Those with 'A' licences were funded by listener fees and those with 'B' by commercial advertising. It was tied to 'sealed set' system in which listeners would purchase a radio receiver and then pay a subscription to continue to listen to it; its implementation was a cross between the BBC's licence fee and more commercially supported radio, such as those found in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tully |first=Helen |title=When local radio and TV required a licence |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/radio-and-tv-licences |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia (NFSA)}}</ref> This continued until the Report of the Royal Commission on Wireless together with appendices was published on the 5th of October, 1927, which recommended in its summary that it should issue no further A radio licences alongside pooling resources to improve programmes and secure an efficient service to the public.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apo.org.au/node/190706 |title=Report of the Royal Commission on Wireless, together with appendices |last=Wireless |first=Royal Commission on |date=1927-10-05 |publisher=Government of Australia |language=en}}</ref>

The Australian government – also known as the Commonwealth government – decided in July 1928 against the recommendations in the Royal Commission and nationalised stations with A licences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |title=New Waves: The birth of radio in Australia |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/radio-100-chapter-1-new-waves-birth-radio-australia-1923 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia}}</ref> By 1929 the government had nationalised the provision of transmission and contracted the delivery of programming to the conglomerate [[Australian Broadcasting Company]]. By 1932, 12 stations had been nationalised<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Australian Radio |url=https://media.adelaide.edu.au/radio/intro/history_OZ-radio.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316015626/https://media.adelaide.edu.au/radio/intro/history_OZ-radio.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=Radio Adelaide}}</ref> and in May of that year the Commonwealth government passed the Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932. Under the act a new public broadcaster was created, it was funded directly by listener fees until 1948 and run by a five-member commission with the Postmaster-General's Department responsible for the technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacka |first=Liz |title=Screen Australia Digital Learning – The ABC Act (1932) |url=https://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/638/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia |language=en-au}}</ref> Amendments were also made to the Australian Broadcasting Act 1983 which meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the federal government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagshaw |first=Eryk |date=2019-09-29 |title=Time for an ABC 'TV tax'? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/time-for-an-abc-tv-tax-20190929-p52vz5.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2018 |title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A02723/2018-03-14/text |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Federal Register of Legislation}}</ref>

=== Proposed combined TV and radio licence ===
From 1956 to 1974 a combined licence for TV and radio was required.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Combined Receiving Licence |url=https://www.heritage.noosa.qld.gov.au/nodes/view/15687 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Heritage Noosa}}</ref>

=== Abolition of licence fees ===
[[File:Frank Crean 1974.jpg|thumb|"The National Broadcasting and Television Service is a service provided to the community as a whole, and the Government believes that the cost of the service should therefore be met out of general taxation revenues rather than through a licence fee which, being a poll tax, bears relatively more heavily on the less affluent." Frank Crean, Budget Speech, 1974–75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 1974 |title=Budget 1974‑75 |url=https://archive.budget.gov.au/1974-75/downloads/Budget%201974-75_Budget_Speech_and_Statements.pdf |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Budget archive 1974‑75}}</ref>]]
Licence fees remained until 18 September 1974, when they were abolished by the [[Whitlam government|Whitlam Labor government]], on the basis that the licence fee represented a poll tax and in turn cost more for the less affluent. Its abolishment was introduced by [[Frank Crean]] in his 1974 budget speech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget 1974‑75 |url=https://archive.budget.gov.au/1974-75/index.htm |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=archive.budget.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcasting and Television Act 1974 No. 55 of 1974 - SECT 10 Refund of certain licence fees. |url=https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/bata1974258/s10.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Broadcasting and Television Act 1974 |date=1974-09-18 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A00113/latest/text |access-date=19 January 2025 |publisher=Federal Register of Legislation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tully |first=Helen |title=Licence to... watch TV? |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/radio-and-tv-licences |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=The National Film and Sound Archive of Australia}}</ref>

It was also considered too costly to monitor compliance.<ref name=":2" />

=== Reception to the abolishment of fees ===
Journalist Jenny Hill of [[CTC (TV station)|CTC]] 7 News interviewed a woman about the abolition of the licence fees for TV and radio, during the interview she exclaimed about the unfairness of the decision referencing those who had already paid annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 1974 |title=CTC7 News 1974.09.20: abolition of radio and TV licence fees |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/asset/97224-ctc7-news-19740920-abolition-radio-and-tv-licence-fees |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=The National Film and Sound Archive of Australia}}</ref>

=== Attempt to reinstate the TV licence ===
In a letter to [[The Canberra Times]] on 16 January 1976, reader R. O. MEE Flynn wrote:

"Now it is rumoured that the TV licence fee might be introduced again, just as I was in the act of writing to the PMG (Postmaster General) to ask if it was possible for us to get paid for watching the box. I have no intention of wasting money on a colour TV until the programs improve or more overseas content is allowed. We have been brainwashed with the advertisement that Australia waited and chose the best colour system; it's a pity they did not choose the programs to go with it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Television licences - The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995) - 16 Jan 1976 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110797302?searchTerm=television%20licence# |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Trove |language=en}}</ref>

The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 10 February 1976, the federal cabinet was considering reintroducing the TV licence but not for radios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollinsworth |first=Harry |date=2023-02-09 |title=In the Herald: February 10, 1976 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/in-the-herald-february-10-1976-20230202-p5chiz.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The debate and its discussion continued, with one reader on 23 July 1978 to the Canberra Times stating "Sir, - The rumour is that reintroduction of TV licences is to occur shortly (no smoke without fire). Once again the ordinary hard-working people are expected to be able to pay - if as rumoured - S120 for a colour television set and S80 for a black-and-white set each year." they went onto to say "...People such as pensioners, the unemployed etc, who are not in any position to pay licences and need some form of entertainment or stimulation will be the hardest hit. As usual they bear the brunt of this Government's crushing tactics on them."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1978-07-23 |title=Television licences |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110898677?searchTerm=television%20licence |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=Canberra Times}}</ref>

In 2014 the ABC absorbed $254 million in federal budget deficits.<ref name="SMHgather">{{Cite news|last=Hunter|first=Fergus|date=2 April 2019|title=Federal budget 2019: ABC wins local news-gathering funds|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/federal-budget-2019-abc-wins-local-newsgathering-funds-20190402-1o25za.html|url-access=registration|access-date=2 July 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703235123/https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/federal-budget-2019-abc-wins-local-newsgathering-funds-20190402-1o25za.html|archive-date=3 July 2020|url-status=live|quote=The ABC has absorbed $254 million worth of cuts unveiled in 2014, and the enhanced news-gathering fund – first supported by the former Labor government in 2013 – had been shrunk from 2016 onwards. ... Under a further measure announced in last year's budget, the broadcaster's base funding will be frozen at 2018–19 levels for three years from July, saving $84 million. ... Unchanged in this year's budget, this gives the ABC $3.16 billion in base funding from 2019–20 to 2021–22.}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Australian federal budget|2018–19 budget]] handed down by then-Treasurer [[Scott Morrison]], the ABC was subject to a pause of indexation of operation funding, saving the federal government a total of $83.7 million over 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Morrison|first1=Scott|last2=Cormann|first2=Mathias|date=8 May 2018|title=Budget Measures, Budget Paper No. 2 2018–19|url=https://archive.budget.gov.au/2018-19/bp2/bp2.pdf |page=79 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://archive.budget.gov.au/2018-19/bp2/bp2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2020|work=The Commonwealth of Australia |issn=1326-4133}}</ref> In [[fiscal year]] 2016–17, the ABC received $861 million in federal funding, which increased to $865 million per year from 2017 to 2018 to 2018–19, representing a cut in funding of $43 million over three years when accounting for inflation.<ref name=ar2017volII/><ref name=ar2018volII/> In the [[2019 Australian federal budget|2019–20 federal budget]] funding was around $3.2 billion over three years ($1.06 billion per year) for the ABC. The ''Enhanced Newsgathering Fund'', a specialised fund for regional and outer-suburban news gathering set up in 2013 by the [[Gillard government]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-07/abc-news-gets-2410m-funding-boost/4506798|title = ABC News gets $10m funding boost|work = ABC News|date = 7 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/specials/budget-2013/2013-05-14/abc-welcomes-multi-million-dollar-funding-pledge/4689724|title = ABC welcomes multi-million-dollar funding pledge|newspaper = ABC News|date = 14 May 2013}}</ref> was $44 million over three years as of the 2019–20 budget, a reduction of $28 million per year since the [[2016 Australian federal election]]. This came after speculation that the fund would be removed, to which Acting managing director David Anderson wrote to Communications Minister [[Mitch Fifield]] expressing concerns.<ref name="SMHgather" />

Despite the cuts made by Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull and the freeze introduced by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Communications Minister Mitch Fifield, the ABC itself has published financial data that shows an increase in the taxpayer appropriation to the ABC of 10% in real terms (i.e. above inflation) between 1998 and 2021.<ref name="ar2020">{{cite report |date=9 September 2021 |url=https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/fb64381f4245ba0fdc8da8bf289b615c |page=134 |title=ABC Annual Report 2020–2021 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113003735/https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/fb64381f4245ba0fdc8da8bf289b615c |archive-date=13 November 2024 }}</ref>

In 2023, fulfilling one of [[Australian Labor Party|Labor's]] [[2022 Australian federal election|election]] pledges, the ABC moved into a five instead of three-year funding term.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501130056/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-19/promise-check-abc-sbs-five-year-funding-periods/101792234 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=live |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-19/promise-check-abc-sbs-five-year-funding-periods/101792234 |access-date=1 May 2024 |title=Promise check: Provide the ABC and SBS with five-year funding periods |date=19 May 2023 |work=RMIT ABC Fact Check |via=ABC News}}</ref>

The term "where your 8 cents a day goes", coined in the late 1980s during funding negotiations,<ref name="8cents">{{cite news |title=Your ABC |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s203582.htm |date=24 October 2000 |publisher=Lateline |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113151239/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s203582.htm |archive-date=13 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC.<ref>{{cite speech
|title=Launch of ABC Disability Awareness resources: An ABC for all Australians |author=Sev Ozdowski OAM
|date=9 August 2001|location=Sydney, Australia |url=http://svc013.wic009tp.server-web.com/disability_rights/speeches/2001/ABC2001.htm |access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815203907/http://svc013.wic009tp.server-web.com/disability_rights/speeches/2001/ABC2001.htm |archive-date=15 August 2008}}</ref> It was estimated that the cost of the ABC per head of population per day was 7.1 cents a day, based on the corporation's 2007–08 "base funding" of {{AUD|543 million}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crikey – Comments, clarifications, and c*ckups |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Comments/20070813-Comments-corrections-clarifications-and-cckups.html |year=2008 |access-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223130405/http://www.crikey.com.au/Comments/20070813-Comments-corrections-clarifications-and-cckups.html |archive-date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Services==
===Radio===
[[File:ABC Building South Bank.jpg|thumb |right|[[ABC Radio Brisbane]] headquarters in South Bank]]{{Main|ABC Radio (Australian network)}}
The ABC operates 4 national radio stations, 8 metropolitan stations in the capital cities, and a further 45 stations servicing regional Australia. These [[ABC Local Radio|local stations]] mainly consist of locally presented light entertainment, news, talk back, music, sport and interviews, but also simulcast national programs like ''[[AM (radio program)|AM]]'', ''[[PM (radio program)|PM]]'', ''[[The World Today (Australian radio program)|The World Today]]'', ''[[Nightlife (radio program)|Nightlife]]'' and sporting events.

The ABC's national stations are:

* [[Radio National]] – A generalist station broadcasting more than 60 special interest programmes per week covering a range of topics including music, comedy, book readings, radio dramas, poetry, science, health, the arts, religion, social history and current affairs.
* [[ABC NewsRadio (Australia)|ABC NewsRadio]] – A news service broadcasting federal parliamentary sittings and news on a 24/7 format with updates on the quarter-hour. Broadcasts news content produced by the ABC itself, as well as programs relayed from [[Radio Australia]], the [[BBC World Service]], [[NPR]], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]] and [[CNN]].
* [[ABC Classic]] – A classical music station which also plays some jazz and world music. ABC Classic was the ABC's first FM radio service.
* [[Triple J]] – A youth-oriented radio network, with a strong focus on alternative and independent music, especially Australian artists.

Additionally, the ABC hosts several stations exclusive to [[Digital radio in Australia|digital radio]] and streaming. These include [[ABC Country]], [[ABC Jazz]], [[Double J (radio station)|Double J]] and [[Triple J Unearthed]].<ref name="dig">{{cite web|title=Three digital stars are born|url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/communications/s2628902.htm|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=17 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616193755/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/communications/s2628902.htm|archive-date=16 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=radioinfo|title=Double J announces full program line up and presenters|url= https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/double-j-announces-full-program-line-and-presenters| access-date=3 June 2021| date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

Covering the [[Asia-Pacific]] region, the ABC also operates the international service [[Radio Australia]].

===Television===
{{Main|ABC Television (Australian network)}}

The ABC operates 5 national television channels:
* [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)|ABC TV]] – The corporation's original television service, receives the bulk of funding for television and shows first-run comedy, drama, documentaries, and [[ABC News (Australia)|news and current affairs]]. In each [[States and territories of Australia|state and territory]] a local [[ABC News (Australia)|news bulletin]] is shown at 7:00 pm nightly.
* [[ABC Family (Australian TV channel)|ABC Family]] – Airing content aimed at late-primary school and early-high school children and families. It does not broadcast 24 hours a day, but is broadcast daily from 7:30 pm to around 3:00 am the following night. The channel shares airspace with the [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] programming block from 5:00 am to 7:30 pm.
* [[ABC Entertains]] – General entertainment programming mainly for adults, with some teenage content in the morning. It broadcasts 24 hours a day.
* [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] – Preschool children's block featuring children's programming aimed at the 0–5 age groups. ABC Kids broadcasts during [[ABC Family (Australian TV channel)|ABC Family]] downtime, from 4:00 am to 7:30 pm daily.
* [[ABC News Channel]] – A 24-hour news channel, featuring programming from the [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] division, selected programs from [[BBC News (international TV channel)|BBC News]], coverage of the federal parliament's [[Question time]], documentaries and factual, arts programming and state or national election coverage.

Although the ABC's headquarters in Sydney serve as a base for program distribution nationally, ABC Television network is composed of 8 state and territory based stations, each based in their respective state capital and augmented by repeaters:

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[ABN (TV station)|ABN]] ([[Sydney]])
* [[ABV (TV station)|ABV]] ([[Melbourne]])
* [[ABQ]] ([[Brisbane]])
* [[ABS (TV station)|ABS]] ([[Adelaide]])
* [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]] ([[Perth]])
* [[ABT (TV station)|ABT]] ([[Hobart]])
* [[ABC (TV station)|ABC]] ([[Canberra]])
* [[ABD (TV station)|ABD]] ([[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]])
{{Div col end}}

The 8 ABC stations carry opt outs for local programming. In addition to the nightly 7:00 pm news, the stations also broadcast state election coverage, and in most areas, live sport on Saturday afternoons.

The ABC also operates an international [[pay television]] service, [[ABC Australia (Asia-Pacific TV channel)|ABC Australia]], for the Asia-Pacific region.

=== Online and digital ===
The ABC operates two free streaming services:

* [[ABC iview]]: [[Video on demand]] service available via the website or app, which enables streaming of all ABC television stations and catch-up on programmes.
* ABC Listen: [[Streaming media|Streaming service]] available via the website or app, which enables streaming of all ABC radio stations, plus podcasts and other audio programmes. Launched in 2012 as the ABC Radio app.<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC listen to replace existing ABC Radio app | website=Radio Today | date=13 September 2017 | url=https://radiotoday.com.au/abc-listen-replace-existing-abc-radio-app/ | access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Abbey | first=Jocelin | title=ABC launches new ABC listen audio app | website=ABC Radio | date=11 September 2017 | url=https://radio.press.abc.net.au/abc-launches-new-abc-listen-audio-app | access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:ABC office in Southbank.jpg|thumb|ABC office in [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], Melbourne]]

==== History of operations ====
The official launch of ABC Online, then part of the ABC's Multimedia Unit, was on 14 August 1995,<ref name="2014report">{{cite report | title=The ABC: an overview (updated) | publisher=Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library | date=11 July 2014| series=Research Paper Series, 2014–15 |issn= 2203-5249| first= Rhonda|last=Jolley| url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ABCoverview | access-date=16 June 2021}} [https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/3346567/upload_binary/3346567.pdf;fileType=application/pdf PDF]</ref> charged with developing policy for the ABC's work in web publishing. At first it relied upon funding allocation to the corporation's TV and radio operations, but later began to receive its own. The ABC provided live, online election coverage for the first time in 1996, and limited news content began to be provided in 1997.<ref name="abc-90s" /> This unit continued until 2000, when the New Media division was formed, bringing together the ABC's online output as a division similar to television or radio. In 2001 the New Media division became New Media and Digital Services, reflecting the broader remit to develop content for digital platforms such as [[digital television]], becoming an "output division" similar to Television or Radio.<ref name="abc-00s" /> In addition to ABC Online, the division also had responsibility over the ABC's two digital television services, [[Fly TV]] and the [[ABC Kids channel]], until their closure in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s863660.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231153922/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s863660.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 31 December 2012| title = ABC Closes Digital Multichannels| access-date =25 September 2007| date = 26 May 2003| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
}}</ref>

[[ABC TV Plus]], a digital-only [[free-to-air]] television channel, launched on 7 March 2005, as ABC2. Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding, instead running on a budget of {{AUD|3 million}} per year.<ref name="whoseabc">{{cite book |last=Inglis |first=Kenneth Stanley|author-link = Ken Inglis |title=Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Black Inc. |location=Melbourne, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |isbn=978-1-86395-189-0 }}</ref> Minister for Communications [[Helen Coonan]] inaugurated the channel at [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament House]] three days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dba.org.au/index.asp?sectionID=74&newsID=641&display=news |title=ABC2 launched at Parliament House |access-date=31 March 2007 |date=11 March 2005 |work=ABC New Media & Digital Services |publisher=DBA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723182639/http://www.dba.org.au/index.asp?sectionID=74&newsID=641&display=news |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October 2006 – ABC TV Plus (then ABC2) was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport, and entertainment.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/australia/story/0,,1925263,00.html| title = Australia opens up media investment| access-date =31 March 2007| date = 18 October 2006| work=The Guardian | first=Julia | last=Day}}</ref>

In conjunction with the ABC's radio division, New Media and Digital Services implemented the ABC's first podcasts in December 2004. By mid-2006 the ABC had become an international leader in podcasting with over fifty podcast programmes delivering hundreds of thousands of downloads per week,<ref name="podcasting">{{cite web |title=Podcasting: ABC Radio National Tops 100,000 mp3s in One Week |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1409756.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231052535/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1409756.htm
|url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012|access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> including trial video podcasts of ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]'' and [[Triple j tv|jtv]].<ref name="vodcasting">{{cite web| title = ABC Launches Vodcasting| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1698372.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20071013102015/http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1698372.htm| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 13 October 2007| access-date =1 October 2007}}</ref>

In February 2007 the New Media & Digital Services division was dissolved and divided up among other areas of the ABC. It was replaced by a new [[ABC Innovation|Innovation division]], to manage ABC Online and investigate new technologies for the ABC.<ref name="innovation">{{cite web| title = The ABC of Digital Media Evolution| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1842869.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20070923100453/http://abc.net.au/corp/pubs/media/s1842869.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 23 September 2007| access-date =1 October 2007| date = 7 February 2007}}</ref>

In 2008 [[Crikey]] reported that certain ABC Online mobile sites in development were planned to carry commercial advertising.<ref>{{Citation|author=Andrew Dodd |title=New ABC Mobile service to include advertising |url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Media-Arts-and-Sports/20080908-ABC-advertising.html |publisher=[[Crikey.com.au]] |date=2008-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911121619/http://www.crikey.com.au/Media-Arts-and-Sports/20080908-ABC-advertising.html |archive-date=2008-09-11 }}</ref> Screenshots, developed in-house, of an [[ABC Radio Grandstand]] sport page include advertising for two private companies. ''[[Media Watch (TV program)|Media Watch]]'' later revealed that the websites were to be operated by [[ABC Commercial]] and distinguished from the main, advertising-free, mobile website by a distinct logo.<ref>{{Citation |title=ABC Designs for the future |url=http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s2365258.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919050733/http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s2365258.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2008 |date=2008-09-15 |author=Media Watch|publisher=ABC Online}}</ref>

In 2015 the Innovation Division was replaced with the [[ABC Digital Network Division|Digital Network Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnews.com.au/news/abc-innovation-boss-angela-clark-to-head-up-new-digital-network|title=ABC innovation boss Angela Clark to head up new Digital Network|publisher=AdNews|date=25 November 2014|author=Rosie Baker|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231201155/http://www.adnews.com.au/news/abc-innovation-boss-angela-clark-to-head-up-new-digital-network|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Angela Clark was head from 2012 until at least the end of financial year 2015/6,<ref name=ar2016>{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.abc.net.au/corp/annual-report/2016/about-org-chart.html| title=From the Everyday to the Extraordinary: Annual Report 2016| author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date=2016|url= https://www.abc.net.au/corp/annual-report/2016/|chapter= Organisational Structure}}</ref> but by 2017 she was gone, and the Digital Network fell into the Technology division under the Chief Technology Officer.<ref name=ar2017volII/>

In May 2017 Helen Clifton was appointed to the new role of Chief Digital and Information Officer.<ref>{{cite news | last=Saarinen | first=Juha | title=ABC anoints first chief digital and information officer | website=iTnews |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501091254/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/abc-anoints-first-chief-digital-and-information-officer-461472 |url-status=live | date=12 May 2017 | url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/abc-anoints-first-chief-digital-and-information-officer-461472 | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> She retired from this role in 2022<ref>{{cite press release |quote=ABC Chief Digital & Information Officer Helen Clifton has announced she will leave the national broadcaster to take up the role of Executive Director of Product Delivery for NHS Digital (part of the National Health Service), based in London, UK. | title=ABC Chief Digital & Information Officer Helen Clifton | website=about.abc.net.au |first=Nick |last=Leys | date=17 January 2022 | url=https://about.abc.net.au/press-releases/abc-chief-digital-information-officer-helen-clifton/ |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501090715/https://about.abc.net.au/press-releases/abc-chief-digital-information-officer-helen-clifton/ |url-status=live | access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

In December 2019 a refreshed ABC homepage was launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://help.abc.net.au/hc/en-us/articles/360001175195-Why-has-the-ABC-Homepage-changed- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125163400/http://help.abc.net.au/hc/en-us/articles/360001175195-Why-has-the-ABC-Homepage-changed- |archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=dead| title= Why has the ABC Homepage changed?|website=help.abc.net.au|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> ABC News is one of Australia's largest and most-visited [[web site]]s; from its position as 11th most popular in the country in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/mark_scott_npc_address_10.09.08.pdf |title=Address to National Press Club 10 September 2008 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=26 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012164616/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/mark_scott_npc_address_10.09.08.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in recent years up to 2021 it has maintained its top position in the rankings.<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC News Websites Ranks No. 1 | website=Nielsen | url=https://www.nielsen.com/au/en/press-releases/2020/abc-news-websites-ranks-no-1 | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://mumbrella.com.au/news-com-au-tumbles-to-sixth-in-ranking-of-australias-most-popular-websites-as-abc-maintains-lead-630211| website=Mumbrella| title=News.com.au tumbles to sixth in ranking of Australia's most popular websites, as ABC maintains lead| date= 4 June 2020| first= Vivienne |last= Kelly| access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mediaweek 2021">{{cite web | title=ABC News websites continue to top digital news rankings | website=Mediaweek | date=12 January 2021 | url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/abc-news-websites-continue-to-top-digital-news-rankings-as-nine-overtakes-news-com-au/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

In June 2023 the broadcaster released its five-year plan, outlining that it would move its resources away from radio and television, and instead dedicate these resources to improving and promoting its digital platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meade |first=Amanda |date=2023-06-09 |title=ABC to move resources away from AM radio and TV to podcasts and on-demand by 2028 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jun/09/abc-to-cut-number-of-am-radio-stations-and-tv-channels-by-2028-under-digital-plan |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===International===

{{further|ABC Australia (Asia-Pacific TV channel)|Radio Australia}}

ABC International is responsible for its international operations, which include the internationally broadcast [[Radio Australia]], the Asia-Pacific TV channel [[ABC Australia (Southeast Asian TV channel)|ABC Australia]],<ref name=pma2012/> and its ABC International Development (ABCID) branch.<ref>{{cite web | title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Premium Company Report Australia| website=IBISWorld | url=https://www.ibisworld.com/default.aspx | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

In June 2012 Lynley Marshall, former head of [[ABC Commercial]], was appointed CEO of ABC International, filling a role left empty by the retirement of Murray Green.<ref name=pma2012>{{cite web | title=Lynley Marshall appointed to lead ABC International | website=Public Media Alliance | date=19 June 2012 | url= https://www.publicmediaalliance.org/lynley-marshall-appointed-to-lead-abc-international/ | access-date=8 June 2021 | author1=Pma_Admin }}.</ref> At the time, it was intended that Radio Australia, ABC Australia and ABC News Channel would work together more closely<ref>{{cite web | title=Lynley Marshall appointed to head ABC International | website=radioinfo | date=13 June 2012 | url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/lynley-marshall-appointed-head-abc-international | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> ABC International was at this time a division of the ABC, but it has not been represented as a separate division in the organisational structure of the ABC since 2016,<ref name=ar2013>{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.abc.net.au/corp/annual-report/2016/about-org-chart.html| title=Annual Report 2013| author=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date=2013|url=https://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ABC-Annual-Report-2013-Part-7.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ABC-Annual-Report-2013-Part-7.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|chapter= Part 7: Appendices| page=219}}</ref><ref name=ar2016/><ref name=ar2017volII/><ref name=ar2018volII/><ref name="ar2019"/><ref name="ar2020" /> after Marshall's departure in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC farewells CEO ABC International | website=About the ABC | date=2 December 2016| url=http://about.abc.net.au/press-releases/abc-farewells-ceo-abc-international/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

There were fears of job losses in the division after the huge budget cuts in 2014, as well as an earlier termination of a {{AUD|220 million}} contract with the [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs]], one year into the 10-year contract.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ireland | first=Judith | title=Fear for jobs growing at ABC's international arm | website=The Canberra Times | date=30 June 2014 | url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6142399/fear-for-jobs-growing-at-abcs-international-arm/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

On 24 May 2021 Claire Gorman was appointed to an expanded role to manage both the International Strategy and the International Development teams.<ref>{{cite news | title=ABC appoints new Head International Services | website=Mirage News | date=17 May 2021 | url=https://www.miragenews.com/abc-appoints-new-head-international-services-561088/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

ABC Australia is an international satellite television service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, funded by advertising and grants from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Aimed at the Asia-Pacific region, the service broadcasts a mixture of English language programming, including general entertainment, sport, and current affairs.

Radio Australia is an international [[satellite radio|satellite]] and [[internet radio]] service with transmissions aimed at South-East Asia and the [[Pacific Islands]], although its signals are also audible in many other parts of the world. It features programmes in various languages spoken in these regions, including [[Putonghua|Mandarin]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]] and [[Tok Pisin]]. Before 31 January 2017 Radio Australia broadcast [[short-wave]] radio signals. Radio Australia bulletins are also carried on [[WRN Broadcast]], available via satellite in Europe and North America.

ABC International Development, or ABCID, is a media development unit that promotes [[public interest]] journalism and connects with local media in the region. ABCID employs local people in [[Papua New Guinea]] and many Pacific countries.<ref>{{cite web | title=About Us | website=ABC International Development | url=https://www.abc.net.au/abc-international-development/about-us/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/abc-international-development-55997|website=Devex| title=ABC International Development}}</ref> The team "provides expertise, training, technical and program support to partner organisations", by working with a variety of organisations, including international development donors,<ref name="ar2019"/> for example through the Pacific Media Assistance Scheme (PACMAS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/pacific/people-connections/media-partnerships-in-the-pacific |title=Media partnerships in the Pacific| website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|DFAT]]| access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

==Independence and impartiality==
Under the ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983'', the [[ABC Board]] is bound to "maintain the independence and integrity of the Corporation" and to ensure that "the gathering and presentation by the Corporation of news and information is accurate and impartial according to the recognised standards of objective journalism".<ref name="1983act">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|abca1983361|Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983|8}}</ref>

The ABC's editorial policy on impartiality requires it to take "no editorial stance other than its commitment to fundamental democratic principles including the rule of law, freedom of speech and religion, parliamentary democracy and non-discrimination".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=4 Impartiality and diversity of perspectives |url=https://www.abc.net.au/edpols/4-impartiality-and-diversity-of-perspectives/13635402 |access-date= |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-AU}}</ref> The ABC follows the following "hallmarks of impartiality": "a balance that follows the weight of evidence, fair treatment, open-mindedness and opportunities over time for principal relevant perspectives on matters of contention to be expressed".<ref name=":1" />

The editorial policy on diversity also requires the broadcaster "to present, over time, content that addresses a broad range of subjects from a diversity of perspectives reflecting a diversity of experiences, presented in a diversity of ways from a diversity of sources". However, it also notes that this "does not require that every perspective receives equal time, nor that every facet of every argument is presented".<ref name=":1" />

==ABC Commercial==
{{Main|ABC Commercial}}

The commercial arm of the ABC was established in 1974 under the name Enterprises as a self-funding unit, marketing products relating to the ABC's activities. It was renamed in 2007 to ABC Commercial,<ref name=aboutcomm2007>{{cite web |title=About ABC Shops |website= ABC Shops |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url= http://help.shop.abc.net.au/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002124551/http://shop.abc.net.au/help/about.shtm |archive-date=2 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="innovation" /> The aim of ABC Commercial was "to create, market and retail high quality consumer products which reflect and extend the scope of the ABC's activities".<ref name=aboutcomm2007/> At this time it comprised the ABC Shop, ABC Consumer Publishing and Content Sales, ABC Resource Hire, and ABC Content Services (Archives).<ref>{{cite web |title= About ABC Commercial|website=ABC Commercial|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://abcenterprises.com.au/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007215717/http://abcenterprises.com.au/|archive-date=7 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Welcome|website=ABC Commercial |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abccommercial.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517012259/http://www.abccommercial.com//|archive-date=17 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

ABC Commercial was registered as a business name under Australian Broadcasting Corporation in April 2007 and continues to exist {{as of|lc=yes|June 2021}}.<ref name=abnhistory>{{cite web | title=Historical details for ABN 52 429 278 345 | website=ABN Lookup | date=November 2014 | url=https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View/52429278345# | access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> It includes [[ABC Music]], a leading [[independent record label]]; ABC Events, which stages concerts and other events; and publishing and licensing activities by ABC Books, ABC Audio, ABC Magazines and ABC Licensing.<ref name=ar2019/>

ABC Shop Online was wound up at the end of 2018, along with the in-store ABC Centres.<ref>{{cite web | title=ABC Commercial announcement on retail activity | website=About the ABC | date=2 August 2018 | url=http://about.abc.net.au/statements/abc-commercial-announcement-on-retail-activity/ | access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> In early 2019, ABC Commercial split from the Finance division and became an independent business unit of the ABC.

In the financial year 2018–2019, ABC Commercial turned a profit of {{AUD|4.4 million}}, which was invested in content production.<ref name=ar2019>{{cite report| title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation Annual Report 2019| website=about.abc.net.au| date=11 September 2019|url= https://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ABC-Annual-Report-201819v2.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501120525/https://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ABC-Annual-Report-201819v2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ABC Studios and Media Production hires out some of the ABC studios and sound stages, operating as part of ABC Commercial. The studios for hire are in Sydney (Studios 21, 22, 16), Melbourne (31), Adelaide (51B) and Perth (61).<ref>{{cite web | title=Studios | website=ABC Studios & Media Production | url=https://www.abc.net.au/studiosmediaproduction/studio/|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609025924/https://www.abc.net.au/studiosmediaproduction/studio/ | archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=live | access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

==Orchestras==
{{listen|type=music
| filename = Charles Williams, 'Majestic Fanfare'.ogg
| title = "Majestic Fanfare"
| description = The original [[ABC News and Current Affairs]] theme music. In the mid-1980s ABC Television changed to its own news theme, while the "Majestic Fanfare" is still used for radio news bulletins.
}}
{{further|History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation#1990s}}
Up until the installation of disc recording equipment in 1935, all content broadcast on the ABC was produced live, including music.<ref name="abc-birth">{{cite web| title = About the ABC – The Birth of the ABC| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| url = http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist2.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231062823/http://abc.net.au/corp/history/hist2.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 31 December 2012| access-date =1 October 2007}}</ref> For this purpose the ABC established broadcasting orchestras in each state, and in some centres also employed choruses and dance bands. This became known as the ABC Concert Music Division, which was controlled by the Federal Director of Music – the first of whom was [[William G. James|W. G. James]].<ref name=Sametz>{{cite book|last1=Sametz|first1=Phillip|title=Play on!: 60 years of music-making with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra|date=1992|publisher=ABC Enterprises|location=Sydney|page = 35|isbn=0733301029}}</ref>

In 1997 the ABC divested all ABC orchestras from the Concerts Department of the ABC into separate subsidiary companies, allied to a service company known as [[Symphony Australia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/ypa/past/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619065240/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/ypa/past/|archive-date=19 June 2009|title=Past Winners|website=ABC Classic FM}}</ref><ref name="abc-90s" /> and on 1 January 2007 the orchestras were divested into independent companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/75years/timeline/orchestras.pdf|title=History of ABC Orchestras and Bands|website=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906095537/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/history/75years/timeline/orchestras.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> The six state orchestras are:
* [[Adelaide Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Queensland Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Sydney Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[West Australian Symphony Orchestra]]

==ABC Friends==

'''ABC Friends''', formerly '''Friends of the ABC''' ('''FABC'''), consists of independent organisations in each state and territory, under an umbrella organisation established in December 2016, ABC Friends National Inc. In 2024 ABC Friends was registered as a company limited by guarantee (ABC Friends Ltd).

In 1976 three independent groups were formed: Aunty's Nieces and Nephews in Melbourne, Friends of the ABC (NSW) Inc.<ref name=fabcabout>{{cite web|url =https://www.abcfriends.org.au/about_us|title=About us|website= ABC Friends| access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> (now ABC Friends NSW & ACT<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.abcfriends.org.au/nsw_act|title= ABC Friends NSW & ACT|website= ABC Friends| access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>) and Friends of the ABC (SA) (since 2007/2008, ABC Friends SA/NT).<ref name=fabcsa>{{cite web|url =https://www.abcfriends.org.au/sa_nt|title=South Australia & Northern Territory|website= ABC Friends| access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> The groups were formed by citizens who were concerned about government threats to make deep cuts to the ABC's budget. Historian [[Ken Inglis]] wrote that "The Friends were in the line of those people who had affirmed over the years that the ABC was essential to the nation". Over the years, independent state organisations were established, run by committees, and in January 2014 the name of each was changed to ABC Friends.<ref name=fabcabout/>

The objectives of ABC Friends National are stated as follows:<ref name=fabcabout/>{{blockquote|To represent community interest in defending and promoting the vital role of Australia's independent national public broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) to ensure:
* that the ABC be properly funded to maintain and advance its role as the national public broadcaster in all media, promoting and reflecting Australian culture and diversity
* that it remain editorially independent of government and commercial interests.}}

==Controversies==
{{See also|ABC Board|History of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

===Defamation===
In 2023 the ABC lost a defamation case against [[Heston Russell]], where the corporation withdrew a truth defence and opted for the case to be heard under a public interest defence.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Myriam |last=Robin |date=2023-10-17 |title=Judge lashes ABC's PR strategies |url=https://www.afr.com/rear-window/abc-s-war-crimes-defo-loss-reveals-the-battle-within-20231017-p5ecyu |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en |url-access=subscription |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501121053/https://www.afr.com/rear-window/abc-s-war-crimes-defo-loss-reveals-the-battle-within-20231017-p5ecyu |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the landmark ruling Justice Lee awarded Russell $390,000 in addition to interest and damages. Estimates of legal expenses ranged between $1.2 million and $3 million. The broadcaster did not take up an earlier settlement offer of $99,000 and removal of the published articles. The ABC managing director, [[David Anderson (media executive)|David Anderson]], who took home a six-figure pay rise shortly after the defamation case loss, outlined in senate estimates that he would not apologise to Russell for the false reporting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=ABC to pay defamed commando more than $400k but won't apologise |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/heston-russell-abc-to-pay-defamed-commando-but-won-t-apologise/7071115d-2432-474d-9256-96844ffb974f |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.9news.com.au}}</ref>

Recordings of [[Mark Willacy]]'s interviews that formed part of the defamation case were garnished as part of the legal discovery process. They were made available to [[Ben Fordham]]'s [[2GB]] radio program.

In December 2023 [[Antoinette Lattouf]] was hired for five days to fill in for [[Sarah Macdonald (journalist)|Sarah Macdonald]] on [[ABC Radio Sydney]] and then sacked three days later after reposting a [[Human Rights Watch]] social media post regarding actions of Israeli soldiers in the [[Gaza war|Israel-Gaza war]]. Two days later Lattouf initiated law action with the [[Fair Work Commission]] against the ABC for alleged racial discrimination. ABC members of the [[Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance]] voted no confidence in Anderson partly due to [[WhatsApp]] messages that had come to light from a pro-Israel lobby group known as "Lawyers for Israel". The next day the ABC Board voted unanimous confidence in Anderson.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219093717/https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-sacking-of-a-casual-presenter-tipped-the-abc-into-turmoil-20240125-p5ezzm.html |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-sacking-of-a-casual-presenter-tipped-the-abc-into-turmoil-20240125-p5ezzm.html |title=How the sacking of a casual presenter tipped the ABC into turmoil |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url-access=subscription |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |url-status=live |first1=Michael |last1=Bachelard |last2=Jaspan |first2=Calum}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=ABC News |title=ABC board passes unanimous vote of confidence in managing director David Anderson |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-23/abc-board-vote-of-confidence-david-anderson/103381302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219101941/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-23/abc-board-vote-of-confidence-david-anderson/103381302 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |url-status=live |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/secret-whatsapp-messages-show-co-ordinated-campaign-to-oust-antoinette-lattouf-from-abc-20240115-p5exdx.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219100749/https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/secret-whatsapp-messages-show-co-ordinated-campaign-to-oust-antoinette-lattouf-from-abc-20240115-p5exdx.html |archive-date=19 February 2024 |url-status=live |date=16 January 2024 |first1=Michael |last1=Bachelard |first2=Calum |last2=Jaspan |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |title=Secret WhatsApp messages show co-ordinated campaign to oust Antoinette Lattouf from ABC |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In March 2024 the ABC aired a documentary titled "Ukraine's War: The Other Side," by [[Sean Langan]] which has been criticised by Ukrainian ambassador [[Vasyl Myroshnychenko]] as the "journalistic equivalent of a bowl of vomit" and seemed to repeat Russian justification for the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|War in Ukraine]] and structured in a way that seems to favor the Russian side.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=19 February 2024 |title=UK documentary listens to both sides on Ukraine's frontline with Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/19/uk-documentary-listens-to-both-sides-on-ukraines-frontline-with-russia |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The ABC has defended its position with a spokesperson stating "we believe Australian audiences also have the right to watch it and make up their own minds."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meade |first=Amanda |date=2024-03-19 |title=ABC defends broadcasting Russia-Ukraine war documentary after ambassador calls it 'bowl of vomit' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/mar/19/abc-four-courners-russia-ukraine-war-documentary-bowl-of-vomit |access-date=2024-09-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Perceived bias===
External critics have complained in particular of left-wing political bias at the broadcaster,<ref name=2014report/> citing a prominence of Labor Party-connected journalists hosting masthead political programs or a tendency to favour "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" over "[[Conservatism in Australia|conservative]]" political views on issues such as [[immigration to Australia|immigration]], [[Asylum in Australia|asylum seekers]], the [[Australian republicanism|republic]], [[Multiculturalism in Australia|multiculturalism]], [[Reconciliation Australia|Indigenous reconciliation]], [[Feminism in Australia|feminism]], [[Environmental movement in Australia|environmentalism]], and [[same-sex marriage in Australia|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ABCoverview#_Toc395086092|title=The ABC: an overview- Pt 5 The ABC and Bias|date=11 August 2014|publisher=Parliament of Australia|first=Rhonda|last=Jolly|issn=2203-5249|work=Research Paper Series 2014–15|language=en-AU|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704022008/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ABCoverview#_Toc395086092|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1771608.htm|title=The ABC of How To Complain|newspaper=Media Watch|date=23 October 2006|publisher=ABC|access-date=8 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418072247/http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1771608.htm|archive-date=18 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=NewTeethForAunty/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/kerry-obrien-opens-up-about-his-critics-his-family-and-a-new-life-in-byron-20101130-18el9.html|title=Kerry O'Brien opens up about his critics, his family and a new life in Byron|last=Dick|first=Tim|date=30 November 2010|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201235805/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/kerry-obrien-opens-up-about-his-critics-his-family-and-a-new-life-in-byron-20101130-18el9.html|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> [[Gerard Henderson]] has argued that the ABC is supportive of diversity in areas such as identity, race, gender and ethnicity, but not so strong on diversity of views.<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |first=Gerard |last=Henderson |author-link=Gerard Henderson |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/inquirer/auntys-fine-with-diversity-just-not-diversity-of-views/news-story/6f9d25dbfa52a41ea8a452268802b5df?amp&nk=75a1525d627b3bd8cdb56e2aa16f1a1e-1714184348 |access-date=11 January 2025 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240427021856/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/inquirer/auntys-fine-with-diversity-just-not-diversity-of-views/news-story/6f9d25dbfa52a41ea8a452268802b5df?amp&nk=75a1525d627b3bd8cdb56e2aa16f1a1e-1714184348 |title=Aunty's fine with diversity, just not diversity of views |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Australian]] |page=13 |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

In December 2013 former judge and ABC chair [[James Spigelman]] announced that four independent audits would be conducted each year in response to the allegations of bias in the reporting of news and current affairs. [[ABC Friends]] have observed that: "Most of the complaints about bias in the ABC have come from the government of the day – Labor or Liberal. Significantly both parties have been far less hostile to the ABC when in opposition".<ref name=2014report/>

====Reviews and investigations====

Reviews of the ABC are regularly commissioned and sometimes not released.<ref name=Martin>{{cite news|last1=R Martin|first1=Fiona|title=What would be the point of yet another ABC inquiry?| url=http://theconversation.com/what-would-be-the-point-of-yet-another-abc-inquiry-21213|archive-date=12 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112024451/https://theconversation.com/what-would-be-the-point-of-yet-another-abc-inquiry-21213|url-status=live|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|access-date=30 November 2014|date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=Gordon>{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael|title=Canberra refuses to release report on ABC funding|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/canberra-refuses-to-release-report-on-abc-funding-20140305-347l7.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112024730/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/canberra-refuses-to-release-report-on-abc-funding-20140305-347l7.html|archive-date=12 January 2025|url-access=registration|access-date=30 November 2014|date=6 March 2014}}</ref>

Both internal and external research has been conducted on the question of bias at the ABC. These include the following:
*A 2004 [[Roy Morgan Research|Roy Morgan]] media credibility survey found that journalists regarded [[#Radio|ABC Radio]] as the most accurate news source in the country and the ABC as the second "most politically biased media organisation in Australia".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/resources/pdf/papers/20040903.pdf |title=Why Australians Don't Respect The Media|access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914061917/http://www.roymorgan.com/resources/pdf/papers/20040903.pdf |website=roymorgan.com |at=Media Credibility Survey |archive-date=14 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*A 2013 [[University of the Sunshine Coast]] study of the voting intentions of journalists found that 73.6% of ABC journalists supported [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] or [[Australian Greens|the Greens]] – with 41% supporting the Greens (whereas only around 10% of people in the general population voted for the Greens).<ref name=Hanusch>{{cite news|last1=Hanusch|first1=Folker|title=Journalists in times of change: evidence from a new survey of Australia's journalistic workforce|url=http://research.usc.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/usc:10859?queryType=vitalDismax&sort=ss_dateNormalized%5C&query=Folker+Hanusch+2013&f0=sm_creator%3A%22Hanusch%2C+F%22|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903210303/http://research.usc.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/usc:10859?queryType=vitalDismax&sort=ss_dateNormalized%5C&query=Folker+Hanusch+2013&f0=sm_creator%3A%22Hanusch%2C+F%22|archive-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oriel|first=Jennifer|date=24 July 2017|title=Why the ABC is at odds with us|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170624025920/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/jennifer-oriel/diversity-of-thought-practically-whitewashed-by-pc-ideology/news-story/9d16179ec45fe24f6b05072f64540ec7|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fjennifer-oriel%2Fdiversity-of-thought-practically-whitewashed-by-pc-ideology%2Fnews-story%2F9d16179ec45fe24f6b05072f64540ec7&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=565bdb630766f7233bbf806733473c3e-1612870245|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Australian}}</ref>
*At the [[2016 Australian election|2016 federal election]], a study commissioned by the ABC's Election Coverage Review Committee and conducted by [[Isentia]] compiled [[Share of voice|share-of-voice]] data and found that the ABC devoted 42.6% of election coverage to the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition government]] (this compares to the 42.04% [[First-preference votes|primary (first-preference) vote]] received by the Coalition in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (HOR)), 35.9% to the Labor opposition (34.73% HOR), 8% to [[Australian Greens|the Greens]] (10.23% HOR), 3.1% to independents (1.85% HOR), 2.2% to the [[Nick Xenophon Team]] (1.85% HOR) and 8.1% to others. However, the ABC itself notes the "significant limitations around the value of share of voice data" as "duration says nothing about tone or context".<ref>{{cite report |orig-date=14 July 2016 |first=Alan |last=Sunderland |title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2016 Federal Election Report of the Chairman, Election Coverage Review Committee |url=https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b27093c9a863e66213dec2e98371ed83 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016FederalElectionECRCRPT.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
*In December 2020, the Board commissioned its 19th editorial review by an independent reviewer, which found that the ABC's news coverage of lead-up to the [[2019 Australian election]] was "overwhelmingly positive and unbiased", although it also found that specific episodes of ''[[The Drum (TV program)|The Drum]]'' and ''[[Insiders (Australian TV program)|Insiders]]'' reflected too narrow a range of viewpoints. The government forced the publication of the report after [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] senator [[James McGrath (Australian politician)|James McGrath]] raised a motion in the Senate, which led to ABC Chair [[Ita Buttrose]] and managing director David Anderson writing to the [[President of the Senate (Australia)|president of the Senate]], [[Scott Ryan (Australian politician)|Scott Ryan]], to express their concerns about the use of the such powers, which went against the public interest.<ref name=meade>{{cite web | last=Meade | first=Amanda | title=ABC criticises Senate for releasing internal report which found some panel programs 'favoured' Labor | website=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] | date=10 December 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/10/abc-criticises-senate-for-releasing-internal-report-which-found-some-panel-programs-favoured-labor |archive-date=12 January 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112023044/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/10/abc-criticises-senate-for-releasing-internal-report-which-found-some-panel-programs-favoured-labor | access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

The ABC has an Election Coverage Review Committee that supervises the allocation of available broadcasting time to political parties and checks broadcast content against their editorial policies. The ABC also has a Referendum Coverage Review Committee which performs similar functions to the Election Coverage Review Committee. These committees are convened when an electoral event is announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/about/election-coverage-review-committee/103700626 |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-date=12 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112031142/https://www.abc.net.au/about/election-coverage-review-committee/103700626 |url-status=live |title=Election and Referendum Coverage Review Committee |date=26 May 2024 |publisher=About the ABC}}</ref>

===Relationships with government===
Labor prime minister [[Bob Hawke]] considered the ABC's coverage of the [[1991 Gulf War]] to be biased.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/comment/abbotts-bias-crusade-as-simple-as-abc-20140130-31phn.html#ixzz48nAslZrK Abbott's Bias Crusade: as simple as ABC]; The Age; 31 January 2014</ref> In 1996, conservative opposition leader [[John Howard]] refused to have [[Kerry O'Brien (journalist)|Kerry O'Brien]] of the ABC moderate the television debates with Labor prime minister Paul Keating because Howard saw O'Brien as biased against the Coalition.<ref>John Howard; ''Lazarus Rising: A Personal and Political Autobiography''; Harper Collins; 2010; pp. 194 & 223</ref>

Liberal Prime Minister [[Tony Abbott]] perceived the ABC to be left wing and hostile to [[Abbott government|his government]], while [[Malcolm Turnbull]] enjoyed better relations with the national broadcaster.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pearlman|first=Jonathan|title=Tony Abbott says ABC unpatriotic|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10604115/Tony-Abbott-says-ABC-unpatriotic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10604115/Tony-Abbott-says-ABC-unpatriotic.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=1 February 2014|date=29 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Australia's Tony Abbott calls broadcaster ABC unpatriotic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25925312|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 February 2014|date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/tony-abbott-steps-up-criticism-of-abc/5224676|title=Prime Minister Tony Abbott says ABC not on Australia's side in interview with 2GB|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=29 January 2014|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202205704/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/tony-abbott-steps-up-criticism-of-abc/5224676|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Turnbull's successor, Scott Morrison, once again presided over "strained" relations between the government and the ABC.<ref name="Karp">{{Cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=2021-11-15 |title=Scott Morrison backs Senate ABC inquiry, saying national broadcaster 'not above scrutiny' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/nov/15/scott-morrison-backs-senate-abc-inquiry-saying-national-broadcaster-not-above-scrutiny |access-date=2023-04-20 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Under Morrison's leadership, an investigation was launched into the ABC and its complaints-handling process—a decision which was criticised by Ita Buttrose as "political interference".<ref name="Karp"/> The inquiry was abandoned the following June.<ref>{{Cite news|last=[[Australian Associated Press]]|first= |date=2022-06-02 |title=Liberal-led Senate inquiry into ABC and SBS abandoned|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/jun/02/liberal-led-senate-inquiry-into-abc-and-sbs-abandoned |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref>

===Specific topics===
====The Catholic Church and George Pell====
{{further|George Pell#Reactions after acquittal}}

The ABC's coverage of the issue of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Australia|sexual abuse in the Catholic Church]] received praise and criticism. The [[Melbourne Press Club]] presented the 2016 Quill for Coverage of an Issue or Event for the report ''George Pell and Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church'', and the 2016 Golden Quill award to [[Louise Milligan]] and Andy Burns for their extensive coverage of Cardinal [[George Pell]]'s evidence given at the [[Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Quills: Gold Quill|url=https://www.melbournepressclub.com/article/2016-quills--gold-quill|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Melbourne Press Club|date=17 March 2017 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101327/https://www.melbournepressclub.com/article/2016-quills--gold-quill|archive-date=27 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Quills: Coverage of an Issue or Event|url=https://www.melbournepressclub.com/article/2016-quills--coverage-of-an-issue-or-event|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Melbourne Press Club|date=16 March 2017 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627183217/https://www.melbournepressclub.com/article/2016-quills--coverage-of-an-issue-or-event|archive-date=27 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ABC ''Media Watch'' program of 20 April 2020 noted that the ABC had been accused of leading a "witch hunt" against Cardinal Pell. ''Media Watch'' reported that, following his acquittal, Pell said the ABC gave an "overwhelming presentation of one view and only one view". Media Watch also canvassed other criticisms including from ''[[The Australian]]'' newspaper's editor-at-large [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]], who charged the ABC with having run a "sustained campaign against Pell". Media Watch also offered criticism of its own, noting Louise Milligan and the ''Four Corners'' program had failed to canvass any of Pell's defence from the trial and "lined up witnesses condemning Pell", while social media commentary by [[Barrie Cassidy]] and [[Quentin Dempster]] had undermined the presumption of innocence.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/episodes/pell/12166274|title=Pell – The Final Verdict|date=20 April 2020|website=ABC Media Watch}}</ref> Margaret Simons similarly noted in ''The Guardian'' that "there has been some social media activity by ABC journalists that looks very much like lobbying against Pell..."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/apr/15/andrew-bolt-and-the-abc-did-the-reporting-on-george-pell-step-over-a-line|title=Andrew Bolt and the ABC: did the reporting on George Pell step over a line?|date=15 April 2020|newspaper=The Guardian|location=UK|first=Margaret|last=Simons}}</ref>

====Environmentalism====
Planet Slayer was an ABC website run by scientist Bernie Hobbs to teach children about the environment in around 2008/09.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scienceandtechnologyaustralia.org.au/profile/bernie-hobbs/| title=Bernie Hobbs| website= Science & Technology Australia|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> It included a "[[greenhouse effect|Greenhouse]] Calculator" which aimed to help children to work out their [[carbon footprint]] by providing an estimate of the age a person needs to die if they are not to use more than their fair share of the Earth's resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/abc-website-tells-kids-when-they-should-die/news-story/7ca875df4d93111901d7412aa58b6a49?sv=997f4d964ea1d478aff0698da97acfce |title=ABC website tells kids when they should die| first=Karlis| last=Salna|work=news |date =23 October 2009|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> Victorian Liberal senator [[Mitch Fifield]] criticised a cartoon series on the site for portraying those who eat meat, [[lumberjack|loggers]], and workers in the [[nuclear power|nuclear industry]] as "evil".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/abc-on-defensive-over-claims-of-bias/2008/05/26/1211653938544.html |title=ABC on defensive over claims of bias |date=27 May 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529022504/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/abc-on-defensive-over-claims-of-bias/2008/05/26/1211653938544.html |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> ABC managing director Mark Scott said the site was not designed to offend anyone, but instead have children think about environmental issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smarthouse.com.au/Wireless_And_Networking/Broadband/D8T7R8F3 |title=The ABCs of Exploding Pigs And Topless Women |access-date=10 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601030649/http://www.smarthouse.com.au/Wireless_And_Networking/Broadband/D8T7R8F3 |archive-date=1 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Unlawful termination of Antoinette Lattouf====
In September 2025, the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] ruled that the ABC had unlawfully terminated journalist [[Antoinette Lattouf]] during a short-term presenting role at ABC Radio Sydney in December 2023, after she shared a [[Human Rights Watch]] post about the [[Gaza genocide|humanitarian situation in Gaza]] on her personal [[Instagram]] account. Justice Darryl Rangiah found the broadcaster had acted "to appease pro-Israel lobbyists" who organised a campaign of complaints, in breach of the [[Fair Work Act 2009|Fair Work Act]]. The court ordered the ABC to pay Lattouf a total of $220,000 in compensation and penalties, and criticised the broadcaster for surrendering its independence and integrity to external pressure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=Judge says ABC 'let down the Australian public' over Lattouf sacking |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-09-24/antoinette-lattouf-costs-decision-in-abc-unlawful-termination/105810052 |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Antoinette Lattouf awarded $150,000 over unlawful Gaza sacking |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly6dlpd332o |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=courts |first=Max MasonSenior |last2=Reporter |first2=Crime |date=2025-09-24 |title=Judge slams ABC, awards $150,000 to Lattouf for unlawful sacking |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/antoinette-lattouf-abc-unfair-dismissal-penalty-20250924-p5mxif |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref>

===Breaching of Source Confidentiality===
The ABC's [[investigative journalism]] program ''[[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|Four Corners]]'' has on multiple occasions failed to [[source protection|protect their sources]] on a number of stories, which some claim are examples of a severe breach in [[journalism ethics and standards]] and an undermining of the principle of [[source protection]], a fundamental principle and vital part of investigative journalism. <ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000248054</ref> <ref>Abramowicz, David. 2008. “Calculating the Public Interest in Protecting Journalists' Confidential Sources.” Columbia Journalism Review 108(8):1949–90. Retrieved March 1, 2019 (www.jstor.org/stable/40041814</ref> <ref>Kitrosser, Heidi (2015-03-15). "Leak Prosecutions and the First Amendment: New Developments and a Closer Look at the Feasibility of Protecting Leakers". William & Mary Law Review. 56 (4): 1221. ISSN 0043-5589.</ref>

====Disrupt Burrup Hub====
In 2023, ''Four Corners'' produced a documentary on climate activist group Disrupt Burrup Hub, in which they followed the activists as they protested in front of [[Woodside Energy]] CEO [[Meg O'Neill]]'s home. The documentary discussed the influence the Woodside Group has over Western Australian politics and the willingness of institutions to protect the group. The [[Western Australia Police Force]] approached ''Four Corners'' and requested all footage they had of the protesters.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/01/climate-activists-target-woodside-ceos-home-in-protest-company-claims</ref> <ref>https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/abc-hands-over-four-corners-footage-over-woodside-protest-more-arrests-made-20231123-p5emep.html</ref> Despite initially refusing, and reassuring the public and activist group that they would not comply, Four Corners and the ABC did ultimately hand over the footage. In doing so, they provided information that could identify a number of activists involved in the protest, thus effectively giving the identify of their sources to the police. Disrupt Burrup Hub, in a press release, cited this as a massive breach in trust on behalf of the ABC, claiming that the ABC went back on the assurances they gave to a number of those involved, stating "...the ABC has breached explicit undertakings given to sources for the Four Corners story, several of whom only agreed to participate subject to a guarantee that they would not be identified and none of whom consented to have any footage provided to WA police." <ref>https://www.disruptburruphub.com/news/media-release-abc-decides-to-hand-over-four-corners-footage-to-wa-police-in-basic-breach-of-trust-with-sources-despite-assurances-and-undertakings</ref>

===Mahmood Fazal===
''Four Corner's'' is the ABC's investigative journalism program. One of their journalists, Mahmood Fazal, has faced significant controversy over his conduct. Four Corner's has subsequently faced criticism for their decision to stand by and defend this reporter during some of these controversies.

====FriendlyJordies====
Kristo Langker, producer for independent journalist and [[YouTuber]] [[Jordan Shanks|friendlyjordies]] reported to police that Fazal repeatedly informed him in January 2024 that he had been communicating with "very serious gang figures" who were threatening that "something bad is going to happen" if a video made by Shanks, "Coronation", was not deleted from YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClymont |first=Kate |date=12 May 2024 |title=The ABC reporter, the underworld postman and the 'sinister threats' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-abc-reporter-the-underworld-postman-and-the-sinister-threats-20240512-p5jcxf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512190113/https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-abc-reporter-the-underworld-postman-and-the-sinister-threats-20240512-p5jcxf.html |archive-date=12 May 2024 |access-date=27 October 2025 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The video alleged links between the [[Alameddine crime network]] and the Coronation Property Group. In February 2024, Shanks subsequently removed the video from his channel, citing non-specific death threats as the reason.<ref name="McClymont-2024" />

In October 2025, Fazal was accused by a former business partner of relaying death threats from the Alameddine crime network to Shanks, which corresponded with the claims made by Shanks' producer in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McClymont |first1=Kate |title=The ABC reporter, the underworld postman and the ‘sinister threats’ |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-abc-reporter-the-underworld-postman-and-the-sinister-threats-20240512-p5jcxf.html |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 May 2024}}</ref> Fazal described the messages attributed to him as falsified and taken out of context.<ref name="friendlyjordies">{{cite news |last1=McClymont |first1=Kate |last2=Jaspan |first2=Calum |title=‘I wanna kill him so bad’: Bikie turned Four Corners journalist in ‘fabricated message’ feud |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bikie-turned-four-corners-journalist-in-fabricated-message-feud-over-friendlyjordies-text-20251021-p5n495.html |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=25 October 2025}}</ref>. In the aforementioned messages, Fazal allegedly said "Fuck Jordies and his people. They're dogs. I want to kill him so bad."

Shanks shortly after reinforced the claims and further accused ''Four Corners'' and by extension the ABC of defending Fazal by refusing to view evidence offered to them in relation to Fazal's actions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=friendlyjordies |title="I wanna kill him so bad" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZBQe4RLdZ8 |website=YouTube |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> The ABC stated their management were thoroughly investigating the matter.<ref name="friendlyjordies"/>.

==See also==
{{Portal|Television|Australia}}
* [[History of broadcasting in Australia]]
* [[Timeline of Australian radio]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Nick Cater|Cater, Nick]] ''The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class '' (2013) pp 199–228
* Curgenven, Geoffrey. ''Dick Boyer, an Australian humanist'' (Bolton, 1967) ([[Dick Boyer]] was chair of the ABC Board from 1940 until his death in 1961.)
* [[Ken Inglis|Inglis, K. S.]] ''This is the ABC – the Australian Broadcasting Commission 1932 – 1983'' (2006)
* [[Ken Inglis|Inglis, K. S.]] ''Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983–2006'' (2006)
* [[Mitcham, Chad J.]] ''Bland, 'Sir Henry Armand (Harry) (1909–1997)'', ''Australian Dictionary of Biography'', National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bland-sir-henry-armand-harry-1549/text41469, published online 2024
* Moran, Albert, and Chris Keating. ''The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009)
* [[Clement Semmler|Semmler, Clement]]. ''The ABC: Aunt Sally and Sacred Cow'' (1981)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
* {{official website|http://www.abc.net.au/}} {{in lang|en|id|tpi|zh}}
* [https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2022C00075 ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983'']

{{Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Commercial-free television networks]]
[[Category:Public television in Australia]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of Australia]]
[[Category:Radio broadcasting companies of Australia]]
[[Category:Publicly funded English language broadcasters]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1932]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1932]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Podcasting companies]]

Shanghai

2026-03-27T19:56:18Z

Ashok Hathrasi: small fixed formatting and fixed typos

{{Short description|Municipality and largest city in China}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shanghai
| native_name = 上海市
| native_name_lang = zh
| settlement_type = [[Direct-administered municipality|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 290
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Huangpu Park 20124-Shanghai (32208802494).jpg
|caption1 = [[Lujiazui]] skyline from [[Suzhou Creek]] with the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] (left) and [[Shanghai Tower]] (right)
|image2 = 2024-Apr Shanghai Yu Yuan Garden 豫园 - img 20.jpg
|caption2 = [[Yu Garden]]
|image3 = 2024-Apr Shanghai East Nanjing Road morning 01.jpg
|caption3 = [[Nanjing Road]]
|image4 = 上海展览中心·上海.jpg
|caption4 = [[Shanghai Exhibition Centre]]
|image5 = Old City of Shanghai, China (December 2015) - 13.JPG
|caption5 = [[Old City of Shanghai]]
|image6 = The Bund, Shanghai, China (December 2015) - 08.JPG
|caption6 = [[HSBC Building, the Bund|HSBC Building]] at [[The Bund]]
|image7 = Jing'an Temple Shanghai 6.jpg
|caption7 = [[Jing'an Temple]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7|frame-lat=31.22|frame-long=122.1}}
| image_map1 = Shanghai in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| map_caption1 = Location of Shanghai Municipality in China
| coor_pinpoint = [[People's Square (Shanghai)|People's Square]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|13|57|N|121|28|9|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-31|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = China
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region of China|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East China]]
| seat_type = Municipal seat
| seat = [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]
| established_title = Establishment of  - Qinglong Town
| established_date = 746<ref name="kaogu" />
| established_title2 =  - {{ill|Huating County (Tang)|lt=Huating County|zh|华亭县 (唐朝)}}
| established_date2 = 751<ref>''New Book of Tang'', vol. 41: "Huating County, a greater county, established in the tenth year of Tianbao (751), which splits the Jiaxing Prefecture"</ref>
| established_title3 =  - [[Shanghai County]]
| established_date3 = 1292<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641941&type=-1 |publisher=Government of Shanghai |title=行政区划 (in Chinese) |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| established_title4 =  - Municipality
| established_date4 = 7 July 1927
| parts_type = Divisions  - [[County-level division|County-level]]  - [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township- level]]
| parts = {{ubl|[[List of administrative divisions of Shanghai|16 districts]]|210 towns and subdistricts}}
| government_type = [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Party Secretary of Shanghai|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Chen Jining]]
| leader_title1 = [[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress|Congress]]
| leader_name1 = [[Huang Lixin]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Gong Zheng]]
| leader_title3 = [[Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Municipal CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3 = [[Hu Wenrong]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = [[Shanghai delegation to the National People's Congress|57 deputies]]
| total_type = Municipality
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mofcom">{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="landarea">{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36484.html |title=地域 (in Chinese) |publisher=Government of Shanghai |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508135319/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |publisher=Government of Shanghai |title=水文 (in Chinese) |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508141431/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 6341
| area_water_km2 = 653
| area_metro_km2 = 14922.7
| area_urban_footnotes =  (2018)<ref name="demog14">{{cite book |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition |last=Cox |first=W. |publisher=Demographia |year=2018 |location=St. Louis |page=22 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="topo" />
| elevation_m = 4
| elevation_max_m = 118
| elevation_max_point = [[Sheshan Hill]]
| population_total = 24874500
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=[[Shanghai Statistics Bureau]] |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in China by urban population|1st]] in China [[List of Asian cities by population within city limits|1st]] in Asia
| population_demonym = [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) {{normal|(2025)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |title=National Data |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]] |date=March 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |url-status=live}} see also {{cite web |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |title=National Data |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]] |date=March 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |url-status=live}} see also {{cite web |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |title=zh: 2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=shanghai.gov.cn |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |url-status=live}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release |url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html |title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development |publisher=China NBS |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305035331/https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Municipality
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 5,67 billion ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th]])
 [[US$]] 814.1 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 228,280 ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|2nd]])
 US$ 32,840
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = '''2000'''00–'''2021'''00
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|21]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SH]]
| etymology = {{lang|zh|上海浦}} ({{Transliteration|zh|Shànghǎi pǔ}}) {{nwr|The original name of the [[Huangpu River]]}}
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|CST]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| blank3_name_sec1 =  GDP Growth
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}}5.4% [[Exports]] {{increase}}10.8% [[Services]] {{increase}}6% [[Added Value]] {{increase}}5%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank4_info_sec1 = 0.901<ref
name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924022302/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|2nd]]) – {{color|#003c00|very high}}
| blank7_name = Climate
| blank7_info = [[Humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa)
| blank5_name = [[Licence plates of the People's Republic of China|License plate]] prefixes
| blank5_info = {{ubl|{{lang|zh|沪A, B, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N}}|{{lang|zh|沪C}} (outer suburbs only)}}
| blank6_name = Abbreviation
| blank6_info = SH{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|沪}} ({{zhi|p=Hù}})
| blank1_name_sec2 = City flower
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Yulan magnolia]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Languages
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{ubl|[[Shanghainese]]|[[Standard Mandarin]]}}
| official_name = Shanghai Municipality
| flag_link = Draft:Flag of Shanghai
| image_seal = Shanghai Municipal seal.png
| seal_link =
| flag_size = 150px
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.shanghai.gov.cn|shanghai.gov.cn}}|{{URL|https://english.shanghai.gov.cn|en.shanghai.gov.cn}}}}
}}
'''Shanghai'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|æ|ŋ|ˈ|h|aɪ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929230659/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shanghai |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2020 |title=Shanghai |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|上海}}|p=Shànghǎi}}, [[Shanghainese]]: {{Transliteration|wuu|zaon6 he5}} {{IPA|wuu|zɑ̃˩ hɛ˦||audio=zh-wuu-2-上海.ogg}}, [[Standard Chinese]] pronunciation: {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Shanghai.ogg|sh|ang|4|.|h|ai|3}}}} is a [[direct-administered municipality]] and the [[List of cities in China by population|most populous urban area]] in [[China]]. It has a population of 29,558,908 in the urban area as of 2025. The city is located on the [[East China|Chinese]] shoreline on the southern [[estuary]] of the [[Yangtze River]], with the [[Huangpu River]] bisecting the city. Shanghai is a global center for finance, business and economics, research, science and technology, manufacturing, transportation, [[List of tourist attractions in Shanghai|tourism]], and [[Culture of Shanghai|culture]]. The [[Port of Shanghai]] is the [[world's busiest container port]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/features/busiest-ports-world-container/?cf-view |title=The ten busiest ports in the world by container traffic |website=Investment Monitor |publisher=GlobalData plc |first1=Richard |last1=Gardham |date=17 September 2021 |access-date=31 July 2024 |quote=Located on the Yangtze Delta, the port of Shanghai is the busiest in the world, a position it has held since 2010. }}</ref> As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce a [[gross metropolitan product]] ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]) of nearly 13 trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($1.9 trillion).<ref name="GDP2022" />

Originally a [[fishing village]] and market town, Shanghai grew to global prominence in the 19th century due to domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of five [[treaty ports]] forced to open to trade with the [[Europeans]] after the [[First Opium War]], with the [[Shanghai International Settlement]] and [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]] subsequently established. The city became a primary commercial and financial hub of [[Asia]] in the 1930s. During the [[Second World War]], it was the site of the [[Battle of Shanghai]]. This was followed by the [[Chinese Civil War]] with the [[Shanghai Campaign|Communists taking over the city]] and most of the mainland. During the [[Cold War]], trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in the [[Eastern Bloc]], causing the city's global influence to decline.

The [[reform and opening up]] supported by [[Deng Xiaoping]] led to extensive redevelopment by the 1990s, particularly in the [[Pudong New Area]], spurring the return of finance and foreign investment. The city has re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance. It is the home of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]], [[List of major stock exchanges|the largest stock exchange in the Asia-Pacific]] by [[market capitalization]] and the [[Shanghai Free-Trade Zone]], the first [[free-trade zone]] in mainland China. It is ranked eighth globally on the [[Global Financial Centres Index]]. Shanghai has been classified as an Alpha+ ([[Global city|global first-tier]]) city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. As of 2024, it is home to 13 companies of the [[Fortune Global 500#Fortune Global 500 of 2021|''Fortune'' Global 500]]—the fourth-highest number of any city.<ref name="FG" /> Shanghai is the world's second [[List of cities by scientific output|largest city by scientific outputs]] and home to several [[Double First-Class Construction|highly ranked universities]], including [[Fudan University|Fudan]], [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University|Shanghai Jiao Tong]] and [[Tongji University|Tongji]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 2024{{!}} Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities (ARTU) |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/research/artu/artu-results#country=China |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615053027/https://www.unsw.edu.au/research/artu/artu-results#country=China |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Shanghai Metro]], first opened in 1993, is the [[List of metro systems|largest metro network]] in the world by route length.

Shanghai has been described as a global finance and innovation hub, and it is one of the ten biggest economic hubs in the world. Featuring several architectural styles such as [[Art Deco]] and [[shikumen]], the city contains the [[Lujiazui]] skyline, and museums and historic buildings such as the [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]], [[Yu Garden]], the [[China Pavilion]] and buildings along [[the Bund]]. Shanghai is known for its [[Shanghai cuisine|cuisine]], [[Shanghainese|local language]], and cosmopolitan culture. It ranks sixth in the [[list of cities with the most skyscrapers]].

==Etymology==
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Shanghai_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Shanghai" in [[kaishu|regular]] Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|上海}}
| l = "Upon the Sea"
| p = Shànghǎi
| psp = Shanghai
| w = Shang4-hai3
| bpmf = ㄕㄤˋ   ㄏㄞˇ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Shanghai pron.ogg|sh|ang|4|.|h|ai|3}}
| gr = Shanqhae
| wuu = {{Audio|zh-wuu-2-上海.ogg|Zaon22 he44|help=no}}
| lmz = Zånhae
| j = soeng6 hoi2
| y = Seuhnghói
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|oeng|6|-|h|oi|2}}
| poj = Siōng-hái
| buc = Siông-hāi
| h = Sông-hói
| showflag = pwuu
| tp = Shànghǎi
| myr = ShàngHǎi
}} The two [[Chinese character]]s in the city's name are {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|上}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|shàng}}/''zaon'', "upon") and {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|海}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|hǎi}}/''hé'', "sea"), together meaning "On the Sea". The earliest occurrence of this name is the 11th-century [[Song dynasty]], when there was a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years, and that its ancient name, "Hu", suggests it was a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai", which translates to "Above the Sea".<ref>{{cite book |last=Choy Chong |first=Li |year=1998 |title=Business Environment and Opportunities in China: Shanghai and its Surrounding Region |publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag |page=4 |isbn=978-3824404131 }}</ref> The name's interpretation was disputed, but Chinese historians concluded that during the [[Tang dynasty]], the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level, so the land appeared to be "on the sea".<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, pp.8-9">Danielson, Eric N., ''Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta'', 2004, pp. 8–9.</ref>

Shanghai is officially abbreviated {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|沪}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:教育部重編國語辭典修訂本 |url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1 |access-date=29 September 2019 |author=National Academy for Educational Research |work=dict.revised.moe.edu.tw |language=zh |author-link=National Academy for Educational Research |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093159/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù}}/''wu'') in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], a contraction of {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|沪渎}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬瀆}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:滬瀆詞語解釋 / 滬瀆是什麽意思 |url=http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=chinesewords.org |language=zh-Hant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929063643/http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù Dú}}/''wu-doq'', "[[Harpoon]] Ditch"), a 4th- or {{nowrap|5th-century}} [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Jin]] name for the mouth of [[Suzhou Creek]] when it was the main conduit into the ocean.<ref name="Shenhu Origin">{{cite web |title=Geography |script-title= |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |publisher=International Services Shanghai |language=English }}</ref> This character appears on motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgs.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国机动车号牌 |trans-title=License plate of motor vehicle of the People's Republic of China |date=28 September 2007 |access-date=29 September 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China]] |language=zh-cn |page=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503024552/http://www.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Alternative names ===
{{lang-zh|c={{linktext|申}} |labels=no}} (''Shēn''/''sén'') or {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|申|城}} |labels=no}} (''Shēnchéng''/''sén-zen'', "Shen City") was an early name originating from [[Lord Chunshen]], a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the [[Chu (state)|state of Chu]], whose [[fief]] included modern Shanghai.<ref name="Shenhu Origin" /> {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|华|亭}} |labels=no}}{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=華亭}}|name=|group=}} (''Huátíng''/''gho-din'') was another early name for Shanghai. In AD 751, [[Songjiang, Shanghai|Huating County]] was established as the first [[County (China)|county-level administration]] within modern-day Shanghai by [[Zhao Juzhen]], the governor of [[Wu Commandery]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:华亭宾馆和零的突破 |url=http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html |work=[[Xinmin Evening News]] |date=5 September 2013 |access-date=12 January 2014 |language=zh-cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905221558/http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html |archive-date=5 September 2013 }}</ref>

{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|魔|都}} |labels=no}} (''Módū''/''mó-tu'', "monster/fiend/magical city"),{{efn|The first Chinese character "魔" has three meanings according to The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese: (1) Devil. (2) Metaphor for something that harms people or evil forces. (3) Magical; unpredictable.}} is a contemporary nickname for Shanghai.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Modu' Shanghai but why people call it 'Modu'? |url=https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/ |website=shanghaifact.weebly.com |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002030902/https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name was first mentioned in ''Mato'' (1924) by Japanese novelist [[Shōfu Muramatsu]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lippet |first=Seiji |year=2002 |title=Topographies of Japanese Modernism |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=84 |isbn=0231500688 }}</ref> The city has various English nicknames including the "[[New York City|New York]] of China", in reference to its status as a cosmopolitan [[New York metropolitan area|megalopolis]] and [[financial hub]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm |title=Shanghai and New York—Similar, But Different |publisher=China.org |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131170537/http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the "Pearl of the Orient", and the "Paris of the East".<ref name="paris of the east">{{cite news |last=Moraski |first=Brittney |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |url=http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |title=Shanghai brings a touch of home |newspaper=Daily Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204603/http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |title=Shanghai: Pearl of the Orient |publisher=Meetingsfocus.com |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830214236/http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Shanghai}}

{{For timeline}}

===Antiquity===
The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm |title=The Shanghainese of 6000 Years Ago – the Majiabang Culture |publisher=Shanghai Qingpu Museum |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104183445/http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm |archive-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (approximately 771 to 476 BC), it belonged to the [[Wu (state)|Kingdom of Wu]], which was conquered by the [[Yue (state)|Kingdom of Yue]], which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.<ref name="ancient">{{cite web |title=Ancient History |url=http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |website=cultural-china.com |access-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616022620/http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |archive-date=16 June 2013 }}</ref> During the [[Warring States period]] (475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief of [[Lord Chunshen]] of Chu, one of the [[Four Lords of the Warring States]]. Local legends claim he ordered the excavation of the [[Huangpu River]], an important river in the area. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn".<ref name="ancient" /> Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the ''hù'', which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the [[Old City of Shanghai|Old City]] and became a common nickname and [[Chinese abbreviations|abbreviation]] for the city.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:"申"、"沪"的由来 |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |website=shanghai.gov.cn |access-date=1 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001111540/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |archive-date=1 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Imperial era===

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town ({{lang|zh-Hans|青龙镇}}{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=青龍鎮}}|name=|group=}}) in modern [[Qingpu District]] was a major trading port. Established in 746, it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast". The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the [[Yangtze]] and the Chinese coast, as well as foreign countries such as Japan and [[Silla]].<ref name="kaogu">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |script-title=zh:上海青浦青龙镇遗址 |trans-title=Ruins of Qinglong Town in Qingpu, Shanghai |publisher=[[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221826/http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the [[Song dynasty]], the center of trading had moved downstream of the [[Wusong River]] to Shanghai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |script-title=zh:青龙镇考古：上海首个贸易港，为何人称"小杭州" |publisher=Thepaper.cn |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071123/http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status was upgraded from a village to a market town in 1074; in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the [[Yangzi Delta]], 2004, p.9.</ref> From the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a [[municipality]] in 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under [[Songjiang, Shanghai|Songjiang Prefecture]], which had its seat in the present-day [[Songjiang District]].<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9, pp.11–12, p.34.</ref>

[[File:Old City of Shanghai will walls and seafront.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Old City of Shanghai]] in the 17th century]]
Shanghai's first [[city wall]] was built in 1554 to protect the town from raids by [[Wokou|Japanese pirates]]. It was {{convert|10|m|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|5|km|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} in circumference. A [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]] was built in 1602 during the [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a county seat like Shanghai. Scholars theorized that this reflected the town's economic importance.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10">Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.10.</ref>

During the [[Qing dynasty]], two central government policy changes caused Shanghai to become one of the most important seaports in the [[Yangtze Delta]] region. The first was in 1684, when the [[Kangxi Emperor]] reversed the 1525 prohibition on oceangoing vessels. In 1732, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] moved the customs office for [[Jiangsu]] province ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|江|海|关}};{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=江海關}}|name=|group=}} see [[Customs House, Shanghai]]) from [[Songjiang, Shanghai|Songjiang]] to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. Shanghai became the major trade port for the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11.</ref>

[[File:Shanghai 1884.jpg|thumb|right|A map of Shanghai in 1884; Chinese area are in yellow, French in red/pink, British in blue, American in orange.|alt=]]
In the 19th century, international attention and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the [[Yangtze]] grew.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sergeant |first=Harriet |title=Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures 1918-1939 |publisher=Crown Publishers |year=1990 |isbn=0-517-57025-4 |edition= |location=New York |pages=10–29 |language=en }}</ref> British forces occupied the city during the [[First Opium War]].<ref>Rait, Robert S. (1903). ''[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407043230/https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up |date=7 April 2016}}''. Volume 1. p. 267–268</ref> The war ended in 1842 with the [[Treaty of Nanking]], which opened Shanghai as one of the five [[treaty ports]] for international trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began |title=The Opium war (or how Hong Kong began) |work=South China Morning Post |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094130/http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Treaty of the Bogue]], the [[Treaty of Wanghia]], and the [[Treaty of Whampoa]], signed between 1843 and 1844, forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade in China. Britain, France, and the [[United States]] established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.<ref name="SHChronicles">{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海通志总述 |trans-title=General History of Shanghai – Overview |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |date=1 July 2008 |access-date=2 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125124109/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the [[Small Swords Society]] in 1853, but was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.<ref>Scarne, John. ''[https://archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich Twelve years in China] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728114957/http://www.archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich |date=28 July 2014}}.'' Edinburgh: Constable, 1860: 187–209.</ref> In 1854, the [[Shanghai Municipal Council]] was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]] [[Battle of Shanghai (1861)|twice attacked]] Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.<ref name="WellWilli">Williams, S. Wells. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002013393773 The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants]'', Vol. 1, p. 107. Scribner (New York), 1904.</ref> In 1863, the British settlement south of [[Suzhou Creek]] (northern [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]) and the American settlement to the north (southern [[Hongkou District]]) joined to form the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The French opted out of the [[Shanghai International Settlement|Shanghai Municipal Council]] and maintained [[Shanghai French Concession|its own concession]] at the city's south and southwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |title=Shanghai International Settlement |publisher=Flag of the World |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213116/https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] concluded with the 1895 [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]], which elevated Japan as another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were copied by other foreign powers. This international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great [[Athens]] of China".<ref>Gordon Cumming, C. F. (Constance Frederica), "The inventor of the numeral-type for China by the use of which illiterate Chinese both blind and sighted can very quickly be taught to read and write fluently", London: Downey, 1899, [https://archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt archive.org] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729170142/http://www.archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt|date=29 July 2014 }}</ref>

=== Republic era ===
[[File:Shanghai Bund seen from the French Concession.jpg|thumb|[[The Bund]] as seen from the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]] in the 1920s]]
In 1912, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=洪智勤 |title=上海市区最后的古城墙在哪里？这些青砖堆砌的故事讲给你听 |url=https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=sh.cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 1921, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was founded in the [[Shanghai French Concession]].<ref name="SHChronicles" /> On 30 May 1925, the [[May Thirtieth Movement]] broke out when a worker in a Japanese-owned [[cotton mill]] was shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.<ref name="Ku">Ku, Hung-Ting [1979] (1979). Urban Mass Movement: The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13, No.2. pp.197–216</ref> Workers in the city then launched [[general strikes]] against [[imperialism]], which became nationwide protests that gave rise to [[Chinese nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cathal J. Nolan |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1509 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32383-6 |page=1509 }}</ref>

The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from [[Jiangsu]] on 7 July 1927.<ref name="SHChronicles" /><ref name="GovHistory">{{cite web |script-title=zh:第一卷建置沿革 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041944/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> This new Chinese municipality was {{convert|494.69|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}}, and included the districts of [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan]], [[Yangpu District|Yangpu]], [[Zhabei]], [[Nanshi District, Shanghai|Nanshi]], and [[Pudong]].<ref name="GovHistory" /> Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the city's government implemented the [[Greater Shanghai Plan]] to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p. 34.</ref> The city became a commercial and financial hub of the [[Asia-Pacific]] region in the 1930s.<ref name="1930hub">{{cite web |url=http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf |title=Shanghai: Global financial center? Aspirations and reality, and implications for Hong Kong |author=Scott Tong |date=October 2009 |work=Hong Kong Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624000600/http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011 }}</ref> During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries immigrated to Shanghai; those who stayed for long periods⁠⁠ called themselves "[[Shanghailander]]s".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401164357/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |title=Shanghai: Paradise for adventurers |date=1 April 2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=CBC - TV |archive-date=1 April 2009 }}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 [[White Movement|White Russians]] fled the newly established [[Soviet Union]] to reside in Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai's White Russians (1937) |publisher=SHANGHAI SOJOURNS |url=http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |date=21 August 2018 |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112736/http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> These [[Shanghai Russians]] constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |title=All About Shanghai. Chapter 4 – Population |website=Tales of Old Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024207/https://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |archive-date=20 May 2010 }}</ref> In the 1930s, approximately 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |title=Shanghai Sanctuary |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |archive-date=14 August 2009 |date=31 July 2008 }}</ref>
==== Japanese invasion ====
{{Main|Battle of Shanghai}}

[[File:Shanghai1937city zhabei fire.jpg|thumb|[[Zhabei District]] on fire, 1937|alt=]]
On [[January 28 incident|28 January 1932]], Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings<ref>{{cite book |title=A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932 |author=Board of Directors of the Oriental Library |publisher=Mercury Press |date=1932 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2024 }}</ref> were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:图说上海一二八事变----战争罪行 |website=archives.sh.cn |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |access-date=3 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204225310/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |archive-date=4 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1937, the [[Battle of Shanghai]] resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city experienced hunger, oppression, or death.<ref>Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI</ref> The foreign concessions were occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |title=149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=16 June 2005 }}</ref>

Many Jewish people arrived in Shanghai during the Japanese occupation period. A vice-consul for Japan in Lithuania, [[Chiune Sugihara]], issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees escaping the [[Holocaust]], and the Japanese government transferred many of them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees traveled from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned in the [[Shanghai Ghetto]] in Hongkou District after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. After the [[surrender of Japan]], the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto, and most of the Jews left over the next few years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |last=Griffiths |first=James |work=The Atlantic |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014031/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== People's Republic era ===
On 27 May 1949, the [[People's Liberation Army]] took control of Shanghai through the [[Shanghai Campaign]]. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |title=Changhai est tombé sans combat |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928152915/https://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |work=Le Monde |date=27 May 1949 }}</ref> Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to [[Hong Kong]], as part of a foreign [[divestment]] due to the PRC's victory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Thompson |year=1979 |title=China's Nationalization of Foreign Firms: The Politics of Hostage Capitalism, 1949–1957 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |page=16 |isbn=0-942182-26-X |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223100622/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:1967-12 1967年上海市南京路.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Nanjing Road]], 1967, during the [[Cultural Revolution]]]]

After the war, Shanghai's economy was restored. From 1949 to 1952, the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%, respectively.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radical [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66 ''Shanghai: transformation and modernization under China's open policy''. By Yue-man Yeung, Sung Yun-wing, page 66] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214639/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=7 September 2024}}, Chinese University Press, 1996</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976), Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the [[People's Bank of China]] were [[Red Guards]], and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.<ref name="Liu-2023">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= }}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}} The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.<ref name="Liu-2023" />{{Rp|page=38}} Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.<ref name="SHChronicles" />

In 1990, [[Deng Xiaoping]] permitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms, which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district, resulting in the birth of [[Lujiazui]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm |script-title=zh:浦东，改革开放尽显"上海风度" |work=[[Xinhua News]] |date=17 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929114521/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That year, the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" of the [[reform and opening up]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Li |title=Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State |date=2021 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |isbn=978-0-674-26022-1 |edition= |series=[[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] monograph series |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=xviii }}</ref> In 2022, Shanghai experienced a large outbreak of [[COVID-19]] cases and the [[2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak|Chinese government locked down]] the entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city as food-supply chains were severely disrupted. These restrictions were lifted on 1 June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336 |title=Shanghai, in Lockdown, Struggles to Feed Itself |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120154/https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Shanghai}}

[[File:Sprawling Shanghai 2016-07-20.jpg|thumb|left|The urban area of Shanghai in 2016, along with [[islands of Shanghai|its major islands]]. From northwest to southeast: [[Chongming Island|Chongming]], [[Changxing Island (Shanghai)|Changxing]], [[Hengsha Island|Hengsha]], and the [[Jiuduansha]] shoals off Pudong. The Yangtze's natural [[Sediment transport|sediment discharge]] can be seen.]]
Shanghai is located on the Yangtze [[Estuary]] of China's east coast, with the Yangtze River to the north, [[Hangzhou Bay]] to the south, and the [[East China Sea]] to the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] and modern [[land reclamation]] projects. It has [[Loam|sandy soil]], and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir">{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海通志第二卷自然环境 |trans-title=General History of Shanghai – Volume 2. Natural environment |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date=4 July 2008 |access-date=5 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041948/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The provincial-level [[Municipality of Shanghai]] administers the estuary and many of its [[islands of Shanghai|surrounding islands]]. It borders the provinces of [[Zhejiang]] to the south and [[Jiangsu]] to the west and north.<ref name="location">
{{cite web |title=Geography |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=english.shanghai.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}
</ref> The municipality's northernmost point is on [[Chongming Island]], the second-largest [[List of islands of China|island in mainland China]] after its expansion during the 20th century.<ref>[http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx#52 "Chongming Island" in the ''Encyclopedia of Shanghai'', p. 52.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302131933/http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx |date=2 March 2013}} Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai.</ref>

Shanghai is located on an [[alluvial plain]] and the vast majority of its {{convert|6340.5|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=off|adj=on}} land area is flat, with an average elevation of {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}}.<ref name="topo">{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:地域 (in Chinese). |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Government of Shanghai}}
</ref> Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary, but they have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215055309/https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |url-status=dead |issn=1540-9295 }}</ref> The city's few hills, such as [[Sheshan Hill|She Shan]], lie to the southwest; its highest point is the peak of [[Dajinshan Island]] ({{convert|103|m|ft|disp=or}}) in Hangzhou Bay.<ref name="topo" /> Shanghai has rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the [[Lake Tai]] [[drainage basin]].<ref name="waterresources">
{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html |title=Water Resources |work=Basic Facts |publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government |access-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003033713/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{climate chart
| Shanghai
|1|8|72
|3|10|65
|6|14|97
|12|20|84
|17|25|91
|22|28|225
|26|33|163
|25|32|226
|21|28|132
|16|23|70
|10|17|61
|3|11|50
|float=right
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/global-summary-of-the-month/ The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)]
}}

Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-made [[tributary]] of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period.<ref name="ancient" /> The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu ([[Puxi]]), near the mouth of Suzhou Creek, connecting it with Lake Tai and the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]]. The central financial district, Lujiazui, was established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of local [[wetlands]] due to the construction of [[Pudong International Airport]] has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal, [[Jiuduansha]], as a nature preserve.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm "Fourth Island Wetland Emerging", pp. 1–2.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042546/http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm |date=24 September 2015}} ''[[Shanghai Daily]]''. 8 December 2009. Hosted at China.org.</ref>

===Climate===
Shanghai has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), with an average annual temperature of {{convert|17.5|°C}} for downtown areas and {{convert|16.2–17.2|°C}} for suburbs.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from [[Siberia]] can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year, there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> Summers are hot and humid, and occasional downpours or [[thunderstorms]] can be expected. On average, 14.5 days exceed {{convert|35|°C}} annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn, the city is susceptible to [[typhoon]]s.<ref name="wiphatelegraph">
{{cite news |title=1.6m flee Shanghai typhoon |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtyphoon119.xml |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=20 March 2008 |first=Richard |last=Spencer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183032/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtyphoon119.xml |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August, the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually.{{efn|All the mean values mentioned in this paragraph are data observed in Baoshan District.}} According to China's seasonal division standard, from 2001 to 2025, Shanghai enters spring on 9 March, summer on 15 May, autumn on 5 October, and winter on 4 December. The average temperature for the three weeks from 19 July to 8 August is above {{convert|30|°C|1}}. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−10.1|°C|1}} on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of {{convert|−12.1|°C|1}} was set on 19 January 1893) to {{convert|40.9|°C|1}} on 21 July 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hottest day ever in Shanghai as heat wave bakes China |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902055903/https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and 13 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Shanghai hits record high - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=en.people.cn |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902061414/http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at a [[weather station]] in [[Xujiahui]]. It also has {{convert|32.1|°C|1}} as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui on 2 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |url=https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=www.mherrera.org |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115040834/https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2025, the average temperature of Xujiahui was 19.4°C, which was 1.9°C higher than the average from 1991 to 2020.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| location = Shanghai ([[Xujiahui]]), elevation {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan record high C = 21.6
| Feb record high C = 27.0
| Mar record high C = 31.1
| Apr record high C = 33.9
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 38.5
| Jul record high C = 40.9
| Aug record high C = 40.8
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.0
| Nov record high C = 28.5
| Dec record high C = 23.4
| Jan record low C = -10.1
| Feb record low C = -7.9
| Mar record low C = -5.4
| Apr record low C = -0.5
| May record low C = 6.9
| Jun record low C = 12.3
| Jul record low C = 16.3
| Aug record low C = 18.8
| Sep record low C = 10.8
| Oct record low C = 1.7
| Nov record low C = -4.2
| Dec record low C = -8.5
| Jan high C = 8.7
| Feb high C = 10.7
| Mar high C = 14.9
| Apr high C = 20.9
| May high C = 25.8
| Jun high C = 28.6
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.6
| Sep high C = 28.7
| Oct high C = 23.5
| Nov high C = 17.8
| Dec high C = 11.3
| Jan mean C = 5.4
| Feb mean C = 7.0
| Mar mean C = 10.7
| Apr mean C = 16.1
| May mean C = 21.3
| Jun mean C = 24.7
| Jul mean C = 29.1
| Aug mean C = 28.8
| Sep mean C = 25.1
| Oct mean C = 19.9
| Nov mean C = 14.3
| Dec mean C = 7.9
| Jan low C = 2.9
| Feb low C = 4.1
| Mar low C = 7.6
| Apr low C = 12.6
| May low C = 17.9
| Jun low C = 22.0
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 26.2
| Sep low C = 22.5
| Oct low C = 17.1
| Nov low C = 11.4
| Dec low C = 5.3
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 72.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 65.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 97.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 84.2
| May precipitation mm = 91.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 224.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 163.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 225.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 131.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 69.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 61.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 50.4
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 70
| Apr humidity = 69
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 79
| Jul humidity = 76
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 70
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 69
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.6
| Feb precipitation days = 10.4
| Mar precipitation days = 12.7
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 11.2
| Jun precipitation days = 14.3
| Jul precipitation days = 12.2
| Aug precipitation days = 12.7
| Sep precipitation days = 10.1
| Oct precipitation days = 7.5
| Nov precipitation days = 9.2
| Dec precipitation days = 8.5
| year precipitation days = 130.7
| Jan sun = 114.3
| Feb sun = 119.9
| Mar sun = 128.5
| Apr sun = 148.5
| May sun = 169.8
| Jun sun = 130.9
| Jul sun = 190.8
| Aug sun = 185.7
| Sep sun = 167.5
| Oct sun = 161.4
| Nov sun = 131.1
| Dec sun = 127.4
| year sun = 1775.8
| Jan snow days = 2.1
| Feb snow days = 1.8
| Mar snow days = 0.5
| Apr snow days = 0.0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.9
| year snow days = 5.4
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618052416/https://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="experience.arcgis.com">{{cite web |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023 |title=Experience Template |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = CMA2 >{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title=中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=Chinese |access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |url-status=dead }}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622141215/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = [[Minhang, Shanghai|Minhang District]], elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 24.0
| Feb record high C = 27.2
| Mar record high C = 31.5
| Apr record high C = 33.3
| May record high C = 37.5
| Jun record high C = 37.9
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.9
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 35.4
| Nov record high C = 29.7
| Dec record high C = 23.9
| Jan record low C = -11.0
| Feb record low C = -8.5
| Mar record low C = -5.2
| Apr record low C = -0.6
| May record low C = 6.0
| Jun record low C = 12.4
| Jul record low C = 16.6
| Aug record low C = 18.5
| Sep record low C = 10.3
| Oct record low C = 2.3
| Nov record low C = -4.7
| Dec record low C = -8.8
| Jan high C = 8.7
| Feb high C = 10.7
| Mar high C = 14.8
| Apr high C = 20.6
| May high C = 25.5
| Jun high C = 28.3
| Jul high C = 32.8
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 28.5
| Oct high C = 23.6
| Nov high C = 17.9
| Dec high C = 11.5
| Jan mean C = 4.9
| Feb mean C = 6.6
| Mar mean C = 10.4
| Apr mean C = 15.8
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 24.4
| Jul mean C = 28.8
| Aug mean C = 28.5
| Sep mean C = 24.7
| Oct mean C = 19.5
| Nov mean C = 13.7
| Dec mean C = 7.3
| Jan low C = 1.9
| Feb low C = 3.3
| Mar low C = 6.8
| Apr low C = 11.9
| May low C = 17.2
| Jun low C = 21.5
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 21.6
| Oct low C = 15.9
| Nov low C = 10.1
| Dec low C = 3.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 70.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 65.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 95.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 82.5
| May precipitation mm = 93.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 207.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 148.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 187.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 118.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 68.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 59.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 50.3
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 72
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.9
| Feb precipitation days = 10.2
| Mar precipitation days = 12.9
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 11.2
| Jun precipitation days = 14.5
| Jul precipitation days = 11.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.4
| Sep precipitation days = 9.8
| Oct precipitation days = 7.4
| Nov precipitation days = 9.1
| Dec precipitation days = 8.3
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 114.8
| Feb sun = 117.9
| Mar sun = 143.8
| Apr sun = 168.1
| May sun = 176.8
| Jun sun = 131.2
| Jul sun = 209.4
| Aug sun = 202.3
| Sep sun = 163.7
| Oct sun = 162.1
| Nov sun = 131.1
| Dec sun = 129.7
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 36
| Feb percentsun = 37
| Mar percentsun = 39
| Apr percentsun = 43
| May percentsun = 41
| Jun percentsun = 31
| Jul percentsun = 49
| Aug percentsun = 50
| Sep percentsun = 45
| Oct percentsun = 46
| Nov percentsun = 42
| Dec percentsun = 41
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 1.8
| Feb snow days = 1.4
| Mar snow days = 0.4
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.7
| year snow days =
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=26 August 2023 |title=Experience Template |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| location = [[Baoshan, Shanghai|Baoshan District]], elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan record high C = 23.0
| Feb record high C = 27.0
| Mar record high C = 33.1
| Apr record high C = 34.3
| May record high C = 36.4
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.7
| Nov record high C = 29.2
| Dec record high C = 24.4
| Jan record low C = -10.1
| Feb record low C = -7.9
| Mar record low C = -5.4
| Apr record low C = -0.5
| May record low C = 6.9
| Jun record low C = 12.3
| Jul record low C = 16.3
| Aug record low C = 18.3
| Sep record low C = 10.8
| Oct record low C = 1.7
| Nov record low C = -4.2
| Dec record low C = -8.5
| Jan high C = 8.2
| Feb high C = 10.1
| Mar high C = 14.3
| Apr high C = 20.1
| May high C = 25.1
| Jun high C = 27.8
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 27.9
| Oct high C = 22.9
| Nov high C = 17.5
| Dec high C = 11.0
| Jan mean C = 4.9
| Feb mean C = 6.5
| Mar mean C = 10.3
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 24.4
| Jul mean C = 28.8
| Aug mean C = 28.5
| Sep mean C = 24.7
| Oct mean C = 19.7
| Nov mean C = 13.9
| Dec mean C = 7.5
| Jan low C = 2.2
| Feb low C = 3.6
| Mar low C = 6.9
| Apr low C = 12.0
| May low C = 17.5
| Jun low C = 21.7
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 22.2
| Oct low C = 16.7
| Nov low C = 10.7
| Dec low C = 4.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 69.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 64.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 86.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 77.1
| May precipitation mm = 90.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 196.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 146.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 210.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 116.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 71.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 57.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 49.3
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 79
| Jul humidity = 76
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 71
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 71
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 9.7
| Mar precipitation days = 12.2
| Apr precipitation days = 10.6
| May precipitation days = 10.8
| Jun precipitation days = 13.7
| Jul precipitation days = 11.9
| Aug precipitation days = 12.5
| Sep precipitation days = 9.9
| Oct precipitation days = 7.0
| Nov precipitation days = 8.6
| Dec precipitation days = 8.1
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 110.4
| Feb sun = 115.4
| Mar sun = 136.6
| Apr sun = 157.0
| May sun = 169.7
| Jun sun = 120.7
| Jul sun = 184.7
| Aug sun = 186.5
| Sep sun = 161.2
| Oct sun = 157.6
| Nov sun = 127.1
| Dec sun = 127.1
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 34
| Feb percentsun = 37
| Mar percentsun = 37
| Apr percentsun = 40
| May percentsun = 40
| Jun percentsun = 28
| Jul percentsun = 43
| Aug percentsun = 46
| Sep percentsun = 44
| Oct percentsun = 45
| Nov percentsun = 40
| Dec percentsun = 41
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 1.9
| Feb snow days = 1.4
| Mar snow days = 0.4
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.7
| year snow days =
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref name="experience.arcgis.com"/>
}}

==Cityscape==
[[The Bund]], located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[HSBC Building, Shanghai|HSBC Building]] to the [[Art Deco]] Sassoon House (now part of the [[Peace Hotel]]).<ref name="art deco" /> The area has been revitalized several times: the first was in 1986, with a new [[Esplanade|promenade]] by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.<ref name="Potter">{{cite web |url=https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/ |title=Strolling Shanghai's Bund (Part 2) |work=EVERETT POTTER'S TRAVEL REPORT |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second was before the [[Expo 2010|2010 Expo]], which includes restoration of the century-old [[Waibaidu Bridge]] and reconfiguration of traffic flow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534 |title=Bigger and better: The Shanghai Bund is back – CNN Travel |website=cnngo.com |access-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093739/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534 |archive-date=1 November 2012 }}</ref>

Shanghai's construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s caused the city to have several Art Deco buildings.<ref name="art deco" /> [[László Hudec]], a [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |title=The man who changed Shanghai |at=Who is L.E.Hudec |last1=Kabos |first1=Ladislav |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504041550/http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> designed Art Deco buildings such as the [[Park Hotel Shanghai|Park Hotel]], the [[Grand Cinema (Shanghai)|Grand Cinema]], and the [[Paramount (Shanghai)|Paramount]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |script-title=zh:一个外国建筑设计师的上海传奇----邬达克和他设计的经典老房子 |publisher=Shanghai Archives Bureau |last=Jin |first=Zhihao |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120214/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other prominent Art Deco-style architects are [[P&T Group|Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner]], who designed the Peace Hotel, the [[Metropole Hotel (Shanghai)|Metropole Hotel]], and the [[Broadway Mansions]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |title=FAIRMONT PEACE HOTEL – A HISTORY |work=[[Accor]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115202/https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Austrian architect [[C. H. Gonda|C.H. Gonda]], who designed the [[Capitol Theater (Shanghai)|Capitol Theatre]].<ref name="Potter" /> One common architectural element is the [[shikumen]] ({{lang|zh|石库门}}, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.<ref name="radical quaintness">{{cite magazine |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline |title=Shanghai Surprise: The radical quaintness of the Xintiandi district. |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=26 December 2005 |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000836/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as [[longtang]]{{efn|[[Shanghainese]] romanization: longdhang; {{IPA|wuu|lòŋdɑ̃́|pronunciation:}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Qian |first1=Nairong |year=2007 |script-title=zh:上海话大词典 |publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |author-link1=Qian Nairong |isbn=9787532622481 }}</ref>}} ({{lang|zh|弄堂}}).<ref name="radical quaintness" /> Shanghai also has [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] neoclassical architecture or [[Stalinist architecture]]: most were erected between the founding of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic]] in 1949 and the [[Sino-Soviet Split]] in the late 1960s when Soviet personnel came to China to aid in the development of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]].<ref name="Lonely Planet - undated - Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre |title=Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Centre |work=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113175246/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shanghai has {{what|date=December 2025}} making it the fifth [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|city in the world with the most skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150 |title=Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings – The Skyscraper Center |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102726/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of [[List of skyscrapers in Shanghai|Shanghai's skyscrapers]] include the [[Jin Mao Tower]], the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]], and the [[Shanghai Tower]], which was completed in 2015 and is currently the tallest building in China and the [[List of tallest buildings|third tallest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710 |title=Shanghai Tower: Asia's new tallest skyscraper presents a future vision of 'vertical cities' |author=Alfred Joyner |work=International Business Times UK |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140923/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Oriental Pearl Tower, at {{convert|468|m|abbr=on}}, is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.<ref>{{skyscraperpage|25 }}</ref> Many areas in the former foreign concessions are well-preserved.<ref name="art deco">{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |title=An art deco journey through Shanghai's belle époque |last1=Loh |first1=Juliana |date=16 February 2016 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007082034/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City retains traditional architecture and designs, such as the [[Yu Garden]], an elaborate [[Jiangnan]] style garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |title=Shanghai Architectural History |website=shanghaiguide.org |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023003942/http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="155">
File:·˙·ChinaUli2010·.· Shanghai - panoramio (231).jpg|The [[Shanghai Museum]]
File:Shanghaigrandtheatre.jpg|The [[Shanghai Grand Theater]]
File:The Sino-Soviet Friendship Mansion.JPG|The [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]], an example of [[Stalinist architecture]]
File:20045-Shanghai-Pano (cropped).jpg|View of skyscrapers in [[Lujiazui]] from [[The Bund]]
</gallery>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Shanghai|Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}

===Structure===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+ Current leaders of the Shanghai Municipal Government
|-
!
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Danghui.svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg|25px]]
|-
! Title
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress|SMPC]] Chairwoman'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Shanghai [[CPPCC]] Chairman'''
|-
! Name
| [[Chen Jining]]
| [[Huang Lixin]]
| [[Gong Zheng]]
| [[Hu Wenrong]]
|-
! [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|Ancestral home]]
| [[Lishu County|Lishu]], [[Jilin]]|| [[Suqian]], [[Jiangsu]]|| [[Suzhou, Jiangsu]] || [[Putian]], [[Fujian]]
|-
! Born
| {{Birth year and age|1964|02}}|| {{Birth year and age|1962|08}}|| {{Birth year and age|1960|03}} || {{Birth year and age|1964|07}}
|-
! Assumed office
| October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=CPC reshuffles Shanghai Party chief-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028025233/https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| January 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= |script-title=zh:黄莉新当选上海市人大常委会主任 |trans-title=Huang Lixin was elected chairwoman of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/20240124/fd33d8cccb1c44e894d6c0525db66603/c.html%BB%E3%80%82 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh-cn}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| March 2020<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566 |script-title=zh:龚正正式出任上海代市长 |publisher=[[Lianhe Zaobao]] |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=zh-cn |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324072716/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| January 2023<ref name="Dong Yunhu">{{cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title= |script-title=zh:胡文容当选上海市政协主席 |trans-title=Hu Wenrong has been elected chairman of Shanghai CPPCC |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=zh-CN |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114182654/http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
[[File:Shanghai Government Building.jpg|thumb|Shanghai Municipal Government building]]

Like all [[Politics of China|governing institutions in mainland China]], Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |title=Understanding China's Political System |last1=Lawrence |first1=Susan |last2=Martin |first2=Michael |date=20 March 2013 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=28 September 2019 }}</ref> in which the [[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]], officially termed the [[Chinese Communist Party]] Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？ |trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have? |date=23 January 2007 |script-work=zh:人民论坛 |publisher=[[People's Daily]] Press |language=zh-cn |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP committee]] acts as the top policy-formulation body, and typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary); it has control over the [[Shanghai Municipal People's Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:中国共产党上海市委员会 |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425132615/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=shtong.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |language=zh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市委常委名单+简历 |publisher=经济日报-中国经济网 |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501050811/http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Political power in Shanghai has been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since [[Jiang Zemin]] became the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] in June 1989, several former Shanghai party secretaries and deputy party secretaries were elevated to the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]], the ''de facto'' highest decision-making body in China.<ref name="PoliticalSystem" /> Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the [[Shanghai Clique]], which has often been viewed as competing against the rival [[Youth League Faction]] over personnel appointments and policy decisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Factions Help Drive Modern China History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Ted |last=Plafker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012200255/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|List of administrative divisions of Shanghai|List of township-level divisions of Shanghai}}

Shanghai is one of the four [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|municipalities]] under the direct administration of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Central People's Government]],<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2009 |script-title=zh:中国的行政区划——省级行政单位 |trans-title=Administrative divisions in China – Provincial-level administrative divisions |url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715231343/http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=31 August 2019 |publisher=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-Hans }}</ref> and is divided into 16 [[District of China|districts]]. These are further divided to 108 [[Subdistrict (China)|subdistricts]], 106 [[Town (China)|towns]] and 2 [[Township (China)|townships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海市行政区划情况统计表（截至2024年7月31日） |url=https://mzj.sh.gov.cn/MZ_zhuzhan34_0-2-6/20200519/MZ_zhuzhan34_43817.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005233307/https://mzj.sh.gov.cn/MZ_zhuzhan34_0-2-6/20200519/MZ_zhuzhan34_43817.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When the [[Shanghai Municipal People's Government]] was founded in 1949, the land area governed was {{Convert|663.5|km2|sqmi}}, largely located within the present-day [[Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway|Outer Ring Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Chang |first=Qing |year=2009 |title=旧改中的上海建筑及其都市历史语境 |journal=Architectural Journal |language=zh |issue=10 |pages=23–28 }}</ref> In 1958, ten [[Counties of China|counties]] were reassigned under Shanghai from [[Jiangsu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=JFDaily |date=7 January 2011 |title=江苏10县是怎样并入上海的 |trans-title=How did 10 counties in Jiangsu become part of Shanghai? |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqpl/zggc/2011-01-07/content_1532243_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191417/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqpl/zggc/2011-01-07/content_1532243_2.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=China Daily }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=6 December 1958 |title=國務院關於行政區劃變更的決定 |url=http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1958/gwyb195834.pdf |url-status=live |journal=State Council Gazette |issue=34 |page=717 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201105901/http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1958/gwyb195834.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=11 March 2019 }}</ref> District reorganizations saw several counties in the suburbs become districts between 1988 and 2015, and Chongming was the last county to be retitled as a district in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2016 |title=上海崇明撤县设区全国4个直辖市3个已进入"无县时代" |url=http://leaders.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0809/c58278-28621914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121031428/http://leaders.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0809/c58278-28621914.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2016 |work=People's Daily }}</ref>

Shanghai also administers several [[enclaves]] in Jiangsu and [[Anhui]] provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=23 May 2025 |title=他们出生在江苏，却生来就有上海户口 |url=https://www.huxiu.com/article/4381954.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Huxiu |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819095834/https://www.huxiu.com/article/4381954.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Local residents hold Shanghai ''[[Hukou|household registration]]'' and enjoy benefits identical to Shanghai residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=关于印发《上海市常住户口管理规定》的通知 |url=https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=110ef360e4374a41a9bee739534e6c5c54d01a372ab513b4df6374b968980fd4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082924/https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=110ef360e4374a41a9bee739534e6c5c54d01a372ab513b4df6374b968980fd4 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Shanghai Public Security Bureau }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Administrative divisions of Shanghai
|-
|colspan="8" |<div class="center" style="position: relative">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Shanghai.png|width=600|link=}}
{{Image label|x=1260|y=1610|scale=600/2600|text=[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|{{small|'''Huangpu'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1160|y=1740|scale=600/2600|text=[[Xuhui District|'''Xuhui''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1020|y=1650|scale=600/2600|text=[[Changning District|{{small|'''Changning'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1150|y=1440|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jing'an District|{{small|'''Jing'an'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1110|y=1530|scale=600/2600|text=[[Putuo District, Shanghai|'''Putuo''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=1500|scale=600/2600|text=[[Hongkou District|{{small|'''Hongkou'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1360|y=1420|scale=600/2600|text={{small|[[Yangpu District|'''Yangpu''']]}}}}
{{Image label|x=1210|y=1970|scale=600/2600|text=[[Minhang District|'''Minhang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1130|y=1210|scale=600/2600|text=[[Baoshan District, Shanghai|'''Baoshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=790|y=1280|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jiading District|'''Jiading''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1700|y=1890|scale=600/2600|text='''[[Pudong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=810|y=2580|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jinshan District|'''Jinshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=730|y=2100|scale=600/2600|text=[[Songjiang District|'''Songjiang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=1810|scale=600/2600|text=[[Qingpu District, Shanghai|'''Qingpu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1450|y=2370|scale=600/2600|text=[[Fengxian District|'''Fengxian''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=610|scale=600/2600|text=[[Chongming District|'''Chongming''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=560|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jing'an District|''' ''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=640|scale=600/2600|text=[[Hongkou District|''' ''']]}}
{{Image label end}}</div>
|-
!! scope="col" |[[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |script-title=zh:国家统计局统计用区划代码 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405092331/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref>
!! scope="col" |Division
!! scope="col" |Area (km2)<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2">{{cite web |title=Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2023 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nj23.htm?d1=2023tjnj/C0202.htm |publisher=Shanghai Bureau of Statistics |access-date=21 January 2025 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526151113/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nj23.htm?d1=2023tjnj/C0202.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
!! scope="col" |Total population 2022<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2" />
!! scope="col" |Seat
!! scope="col" |Postal code
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 310000 !! Shanghai
|6,340.50 ||24,758,900 ||[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu]] ||200000
|-
! 310101 !! [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu]]
|20.46 ||507,800 ||Waitan Subdistrict ||200001
|-
! 310104 !! [[Xuhui District|Xuhui]]
|54.76 ||1,098,500 ||Xujiahui Subdistrict ||200030
|-
! 310105 !! [[Changning District|Changning]]
|38.30 ||684,600 ||[[Jiangsu Road Subdistrict, Shanghai|Jiangsu Road Subdistrict]] ||200050
|-
! 310106 !! [[Jing'an District|Jing'an]]
|36.88 ||940,500 ||Jiangning Road Subdistrict ||200040
|-
! 310107 !! [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]]
|54.83 ||1,242,900 ||Zhenru Town Subdistrict ||200333
|-
! 310109 !! [[Hongkou District|Hongkou]]
|23.48 ||681,900 ||Jiaxing Road Subdistrict ||200080
|-
! 310110 !! [[Yangpu District|Yangpu]]
|60.73 ||1,199,200 ||Pingliang Road Subdistrict ||200082
|-
! 310112 !! [[Minhang District|Minhang]]
|370.75 ||2,688,800 ||[[Xinzhuang, Shanghai|Xinzhuang town]] ||201100
|-
! 310113 !! [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan]]
|270.99 ||2,271,900 ||Youyi Road Subdistrict ||201900
|-
! 310114 !! [[Jiading District|Jiading]]
|464.20 ||1,893,400 ||Xincheng Road Subdistrict ||201800
|-
! 310115 !! [[Pudong New Area|Pudong]]
|1,210.41 ||5,782,000 ||Huamu Subdistrict ||200135
|-
! 310116 !! [[Jinshan District|Jinshan]]
|586.05 ||823,700 ||Shanyang town ||201500
|-
! 310117 !! [[Songjiang District|Songjiang]]
|605.64 ||1,954,500 ||Fangsong Subdistrict ||201600
|-
! 310118 !! [[Qingpu District, Shanghai|Qingpu]]
|670.14 ||1,265,600 ||Xiayang Subdistrict ||201700
|-
! 310120 !! [[Fengxian District|Fengxian]]
|687.39 ||1,126,300 ||Nanqiao town ||201400
|-
! 310151 !! [[Chongming District|Chongming]]
|1,185.49 ||597,400 ||Chengqiao town ||202100
|}
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" |Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English
! Chinese
! Pinyin
! Shanghainese Romanization
|-
! Shanghai Municipality
|{{lang|zh-hans|上海市}}
|Shànghǎi Shì
|zaon he zy
|-
! [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|黄浦区}}
|Huángpǔ Qū
|waon phu chiu
|-
! [[Xuhui District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|徐汇区}}
|Xúhuì Qū
|zi we chiu
|-
! [[Changning District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|长宁区}}
|Chángníng Qū
|zan nyin chiu
|-
! [[Jing'an District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|静安区}}
|Jìng'ān Qū
|zin oe chiu
|-
! [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|普陀区}}
|Pǔtuó Qū
|phu du chiu
|-
! [[Hongkou District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|虹口区}}
|Hóngkǒu Qū
|ghon kheu chiu
|-
! [[Yangpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|杨浦区}}
|Yángpǔ Qū
|yan phu chiu
|-
! [[Minhang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|闵行区}}
|Mǐnháng Qū
|min ghaon chiu
|-
! [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|宝山区}}
|Bǎoshān Qū
|pau sae chiu
|-
! [[Jiading District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|嘉定区}}
|Jiādìng Qū
|ka din chiu
|-
! [[Pudong|Pudong New Area]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|浦东新区}}
|Pǔdōng Xīnqū
|phu ton sin chiu
|-
! [[Jinshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|金山区}}
|Jīnshān Qū
|cin se chiu
|-
! [[Songjiang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|松江区}}
|Sōngjiāng Qū
|son kaon chiu
|-
! [[Qingpu District, Shanghai|Qingpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|青浦区}}
|Qīngpǔ Qū
|tsin phu chiu
|-
! [[Fengxian District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|奉贤区}}
|Fèngxián Qū
|von yi chiu
|-
! [[Chongming District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|崇明区}}
|Chóngmíng Qū
|dzon min chiu
|}

==Economy==

[[File:大上海都市圈.jpg|thumb|Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area<ref>{{citation |title=上海大都市圈协同规划：把零散的蓝图拼成一张贯通的愿景图 |url=https://ghzyj.sh.gov.cn/gzdt/20201009/3e74e232eb4f4436a3972b63e1f8adf1.html |website=ghzyj.sh.gov.cn |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117181510/https://ghzyj.sh.gov.cn/gzdt/20201009/3e74e232eb4f4436a3972b63e1f8adf1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=重磅规划公布！一文看懂上海大都市圈十大特质，江浙各有四个城市被纳入，到底有多牛？！ |url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/569267442 |website=zhuanlan.zhihu.com |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214748/https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/569267442 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! City
! Area km2
! [[2020 Chinese census|Population (2020)]]
! GDP (CN¥)<ref name="GDP2022">The GDP figures are from the statistical bulletin on 2022 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of relevant cities, see {{cite web |title=2022年GDP100强城市榜：江苏13市均超4000亿，10强有变化 |url=https://yicai.com/news/101703850.html |publisher=yicai.com |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131014728/https://www.yicai.com/news/101703850.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! GDP (US$)
|-
| Shanghai || 6,341 || 26,875,500 || CN¥ 4,465 billion || US$663.9 billion
|-
| [[Suzhou]] || 8,488 || 12,748,252 || CN¥ 2,396 billion || US$356.0 billion
|-
| [[Ningbo]] || 9,816 || 9,618,000 || CN¥ 1,570 billion || US$233.5 billion
|-
| [[Wuxi]] || 4,628 || 7,462,135 || CN¥ 1,485 billion || US$221.0 billion
|-
| [[Nantong]] || 8,544 || 7,726,635 || CN¥ 1,138 billion || US$169.2 billion
|-
| [[Changzhou]] || 4,385 || 5,278,121 || CN¥ 955 billion || US$142.0 billion
|-
| [[Jiaxing]] || 4,009 || 5,400,868 || CN¥ 551 billion || US$73.6 billion
|-
| [[Huzhou]] || 5,818 || 3,367,579 || CN¥ 272 billion || US$40.7 billion
|-
| [[Zhoushan]] || 1,378 || 1,157,817 || CN¥ 151 billion || US$20.0 billion
|-
|- style="background:#feb;"
| '''Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area''' || '''53,407''' || '''79,634,907''' || '''CN¥ 12.983 trillion''' || ''' US$1.927 trillion'''
|-
|}

The city is a global center for [[finance]] and [[Science and technology in China|innovation]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 26 |date=September 2019 |website=[[Z/Yen]] |pages=17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003083940/https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=20 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking |title=Shanghai tops next global innovation hub ranking |last=Yu |first=Sheila |date=7 March 2017 |access-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831070105/https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking/ |archive-date=31 August 2019 |website=TechNode }}</ref> and a national center for commerce, trade, and transportation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm |script-title=zh:上海简介 |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=4 September 2019 |publisher=国务院新闻办公室 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904090216/http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the world's busiest container port—the [[Port of Shanghai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports/ |title=Top 50 World Container Ports |website=World Shipping Council |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704184751/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=15 October 2019 }}</ref> As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area, which includes [[Suzhou]], [[Wuxi]], [[Nantong]], [[Ningbo]], [[Jiaxing]], [[Zhoushan]], and [[Huzhou]], was estimated to produce a [[gross metropolitan product]] ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]) of nearly 13 trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($1.9 trillion).<ref name="GDP2022" /> As of 2020, the economy of Shanghai was estimated to be $1 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), ranking the most productive metro area of China and among the top ten [[List of cities by GDP|largest metropolitan economies]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=www.visualcapitalist.com |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020135357/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai's six largest industries—[[retail]], finance, [[IT]], [[real estate]], [[machine industry|machine manufacturing]], and [[automotive manufacturing]]—comprise about half the city's GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html |script-title=zh:主要年份六大支柱产业增加值 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |language=zh |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304223405/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 }}</ref>

{{As of|2025||df=US}}, Shanghai had a GDP of {{CNY|5.67 trillion|link=yes}} ($814 billion in nominal; $1.66 trillion in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) that makes up 4% of China's GDP, and a [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] of {{CNY|228,280}} ({{US$|32,840}} in nominal; {{US$|66,944}} in PPP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanghai's GDP exceeds 5.6 trillion yuan in 2025 |url=http://english.scio.gov.cn/pressroom/2026-01/21/content_118292482.html |website=The State Council Information Office of China (SCIO) |access-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |last= |date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP conversion rate 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO//CHN |access-date=1 February 2026 |website=World Economic Outlook (IMF) |archive-date=18 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818121334/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/CHN |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, the average annual [[disposable income]] of Shanghai's residents was {{CNY|79,610}} ({{US$|11,836}}) per capita, while the average annual salary of people employed in urban units in Shanghai was {{CNY|212,476}} ({{US$|31,589}}),<ref name="data2022" /> making it one of the wealthiest cities in China,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhejiang eclipsed only by Shanghai, Beijing in per capita disposable income |url=https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=subsites.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035300/https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> but also the most expensive city in [[mainland China]] to live in according to a 2023 study by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=These are the world's most expensive cities |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |access-date=19 December 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902010115/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report, Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=For the Rich, Living in Asia Is Costlier Than Anywhere Else |author-first1=Yoojung |author-last1=Lee |author-first2=Denise |author-last2=Wee |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else |access-date=13 February 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222837/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion), accounting for 18.5% of the national total.<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海国际服务门户英文网International Economic Center |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231223210/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html |url-status=live |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=International Service Shanghai }}</ref> In 2022, Shanghai was ranked [[List of cities by number of billionaires|fifth-highest]] in the number of billionaires by Forbes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909022520/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai's [[nominal GDP]] was projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's top 5 major cities in terms of [[Gross regional product|GRP]] according to a study by Oxford Economics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These will be the most important cities by 2035 |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/ |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=World Economic Forum |date=31 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103162218/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2024, Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in [[Greater China]] (after Beijing) by the largest number of the [[Fortune Global 500#Fortune Global 500 of 2021|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref name="FG">{{Cite web |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822093815/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| style="margin:0 auto 0 auto; border:1px solid #999; background:#fff;" border="0"
|+ Economy of Shanghai since the [[reform and opening up]]
|- style="text-align: center; background: #ccc;"
! Year
! 1978
! 1980
! 1983
! 1986
! 1990
! 1993
! 1996
! 2000
! 2003
! 2006
! 2010
! 2013
! 2016
! 2017
! 2018<ref name="SHECO2018">{{cite web |script-title=zh:2018年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title=Statistical Communiqué of Shanghai on the 2018 National Economic and Social Development |website=tjj.sh.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |date=1 March 2019 |language=zh |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/html/sjfb/201903/1003219.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183918/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/html/sjfb/201903/1003219.html |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! 2019<ref name="SHECO2019">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 March 2024 |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|GDP (¥T)<ref name="SHSTAT2018:4.1">{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje/E0405.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014915/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0405.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2020 |title=4.5 PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (1978～2017) |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau }}</ref>}}
|0.027
|0.031
|0.035
|0.049
|0.078
|0.152
|0.298
|0.481
|0.676
|1.072
|1.744
|2.226
|2.818
|3.063
|3.268
|3.816
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|GDP per capita (¥K)<ref name="SHSTAT2018:4.1" />}}
|2.85
|2.73
|2.95
|3.96
|5.91
|11.06
|20.81
|30.31
|38.88
|55.62
|77.28
|92.85
|116.58
|126.63
|134.83
|157.14
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|Average disposable income (urban) (¥K)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1013.htm |title=10.13 DISPOSABLE INCOME AND ITS COMPOSITION OF URBAN RESIDENTS (2015～2017) |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014939/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1013.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SHSTAT2018:10.25">{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1025.htm |title=10.25 PER CAPITA INCOME AND CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE OF URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN MAIN YEARS |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |language=zh |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014824/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1025.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1027.htm |title=10.27 PER CAPITA DISPOSABLE INCOME OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN MAIN YEARS |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |language=zh |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014932/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1027.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|
|0.64
|
|
|2.18
|4.28
|8.16
|11.72
|14.87
|20.67
|31.84
|43.85
|57.69
|62.60
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|64.18 (total)
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|69.44 (total)
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|Average disposable income (rural) (¥K)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1014.htm |title=10.14 DISPOSABLE INCOME AND ITS COMPOSITION OF RURAL RESIDENTS (2015～2017) |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014923/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1014.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SHSTAT2018:10.25" />}}
|
|0.40
|
|
|1.67
|
|4.85
|5.57
|6.66
|9.21
|13.75
|19.21
|25.52
|27.82
|
|}

In the last two decades, Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world; it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008, before the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje/E0109.htm |title=Growth rate of major national economic indicators over preceding year (1978～2010) |publisher=Stats-sh.gov.cn |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111042716/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje%2FE0109.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref>

===Finance===
[[File:Shanghai Stock Exchange 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization.]]
Shanghai is a global [[financial center]], ranking third in Asia and eighth globally on the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFCI 38 Rank |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-38-explore-the-data/gfci-38-rank/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=Long Finance |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005233307/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-38-explore-the-data/gfci-38-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021, the city was ranked as the 2nd [[Fintech]] powerhouse in the world after New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2021 |title=Global Financial Centres Index 29 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Z/Yen Group |page=3 |quote=New York continues to lead the FinTech ranking, followed by Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, and London |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718204719/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2019||df=}}, the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] had a [[market capitalization]] of {{US$|4.02 trillion}}, making it the largest [[stock exchange]] in China and the [[List of stock exchanges|fourth-largest stock exchange]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/ |title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges In The World By Market Capitalization |last=Shukla |first=Vikas |date=19 February 2019 |website=ValueWalk |language=en-US |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20190515114023/https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, the trading volume of six key commodities—including rubber, copper, and zinc—on the [[Shanghai Futures Exchange]] all ranked first globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |title=The rise of Lujiazui Financial City in Shanghai |publisher=CCTV News – CNTV English |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118232503/http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the end of 2017, Shanghai had 1,491 financial institutions, of which 251 were foreign-invested.<ref name="hktdc.com">{{cite web |url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm |title=Shanghai: Market Profile |date=29 March 2019 |website=HKTDC Research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020060040/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 October 2019 }}</ref>

===Manufacturing===
[[File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG|thumb|left|The [[F-22P]] frigate built by [[Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding|Hudong-Zhonghua]] for the [[Pakistan Navy]]]]
As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and [[heavy industry]]. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's [[secondary sector]]. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker [[Baosteel Group]], China's largest [[shipbuilding]] base [[Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding|Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group]], and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, the [[Jiangnan Shipyard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |title=Shipping industry woes |work=China Daily |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606062813/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |title=China's Largest Shipbuilding Industry Based in Shanghai |work=People's Daily |date=10 April 2001 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116115328/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In auto manufacturing, the Shanghai-based [[SAIC Motor]] is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with [[Volkswagen]] and [[General Motors]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |script-title=zh:上海汽车工业（集团）总公司|上汽集团 |publisher=Saicgroup |date=18 August 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529020940/https://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |archive-date=29 May 2011 }}</ref> The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAIC Motor ranks 84th on Fortune Global 500 list |url=https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml |date=7 August 2023 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=SAIC Motor |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603144409/https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main list|List of tourist attractions in Shanghai
}}

In 2017, the number of domestic tourists to the city increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.<ref name="hktdc.com" /> In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning [[tourist city]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Töre |first=Özgür |title=WTTC reveals the world's best performing tourism cities |url=https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=ftnnews.com |date=22 October 2018 |language=en-gb |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807052628/https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[International Congress and Convention Association]], Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract |url=http://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321 |publisher=[[International Congress and Convention Association]] |page=28 |date=June 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021015554/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2017 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract |url=https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241 |publisher=[[International Congress and Convention Association]] |page=25 |date=June 2018 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329021310/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it had 57 [[five star hotel|five-star hotel]]s, 52 [[four star hotel]]s, 1,942 [[travel agencies]], 144 [[Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China|rated tourist attractions]], and 34 [[Red tourism|red tourist]] attractions.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2023, Shanghai had 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. It generated CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion) in value, a 98.5% increase from the previous year. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million, with a 5.2-fold increase.<ref name="SHECO2019" />

===Free-trade zone===

In September 2013, the city launched the [[Shanghai Free-Trade Zone]]—the first [[free-trade zone]] in mainland China. It introduced several reforms to incentivize foreign investment. ''[[The Banker]]'' reported that Shanghai attracted the highest volumes of financial sector [[foreign direct investment]] in the Asia-Pacific region in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |title=Shanghai top for FDI into Asia-Pacific |publisher=The Banker |date=1 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709152447/http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm |script-title=zh:再添6个！18个自贸试验区构筑开放新版图 |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |work=[[Xinhua News]] |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050831/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm |archive-date=27 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|October 2019}}, it is the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind {{ill|Hainan Free Trade Zone|lt=|zh|中国（海南）自由贸易试验区}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |script-title=zh:中国最大自贸区奏响奋进序曲 |date=8 December 2018 |access-date=20 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192548/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>) covering an area of {{convert|240.22|km2|abbr=on}} and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313 |title=Shanghai free-trade zone launched |date=29 September 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=State Council |script-title=zh:国务院关于同意设立中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区的批复（国函〔2019〕68号） |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |website=gov.cn |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=27 July 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806104150/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T |title=China Is About To Open A New 'Free Trade Zone' And People Are Excited That It Could Lift The Economy |date=14 September 2013 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328033143/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live |author-first1=Mamta |author-last1=Badkar }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Shanghai}}

{{Historical population
| source = [[Census in China]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=China County Map with 2000-201o Population Census Data |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |website=dataverse.harvard.edu |date=2020 |doi=10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |access-date=6 January 2024 |author1=China Data Lab |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106191117/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[1953 Chinese census|1953]] |5258210
|[[1964 Chinese census|1964]] |6423017
|[[1982 Chinese census|1982]] |6320829
|[[1990 Chinese census|1990]] |8348299
|[[2000 Chinese census|2000]] |14489919
|[[2010 Chinese census|2010]] |20555098
|[[2020 Chinese census|2020]] |22209380
|align = right
}}

{{As of|2023||df=US}}, Shanghai had a population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) [[hukou]] holders (registered locally).<ref name="SHECO2019" /> {{As of|2022||df=US}}, 89.3% of Shanghai's population lives in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.<ref name="data2022">{{cite web |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |title=National Data |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind [[Chongqing]], but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.<ref name="chan_paper">{{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383 |s2cid=153676671}} p. 395</ref> According to the [[OECD]], Shanghai's [[metropolitan area]] has an estimated population of 34 million.<ref name="OECD">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html |title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises |last1=Justina |first1=Crabtree |date=20 September 2016 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html |archive-date=9 December 2017 }}</ref>

According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans, and 20,800 Koreans.<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.11">{{cite web |url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm |title=2.11 RESIDENT FOREIGNERS IN SHANGHAI IN MAIN YEARS |website=stats-sh.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185612/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai Population 2015 – World Population Review |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124061733/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.<ref name="SHECO2019" />

Shanghai has a [[life expectancy]] of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm |script-title=zh:上海户籍人口人均期望寿命83.63岁，女性超86岁 |work=[[Xinhua News]] |language=zh-cn |date=14 February 2019 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822020543/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm |archive-date=22 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the highest life expectancy of [[List of cities in China by life expectancy|all cities in mainland China]]. This has also caused the city to [[Aging of China|experience population aging]]—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai |title=China's radical plan to limit the populations of Beijing and Shanghai |last=Roxburgh |first=Helen |date=19 March 2018 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171520/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=8 April 2018 }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in China}}

[[File:Shanghai, China (Unsplash 8T9p4FDu590).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Bird's-eye view of the golden [[pagoda]] of [[Jing'an Temple]]]]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including [[Buddhists]] with 10.4%, [[Protestants]] with 1.9%, [[Catholics]] with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1%. The remaining 86.9% of the population could be either [[atheist]]s or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities and ancestors]] or [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].<ref name="CFPS2012">{{cite web |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |page=13 |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Shanghai (2012):

|label1 = Chinese folk religion, or atheist
|value1 = 87.46
|color1 = #C00000
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 10.30
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.88
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = Green
}}
Buddhism, in its [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese varieties]], has had a presence in Shanghai since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, during which the [[Longhua Temple]]—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the [[Jing'an Temple]] were founded.<ref name="Buddhism">{{cite web |url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/ |script-title=zh:上海市佛教概况 |trans-title=An overview of Buddhism in Shanghai |date=29 September 2003 |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/ |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 [[Clergy#Buddhism|clergical staff]], and 453,300 registered followers.<ref name="Buddhism" /> The religion also has its own college, the {{ill|Shanghai Buddhist College|lt=|zh|上海佛学院}}, and its own press, {{ill|Shanghai Buddhological Press|lt=|zh|上海佛学书局}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041826/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2019 |script-title=zh:上海宗教简介 |trans-title=Brief introduction to the religions in Shanghai |date=25 December 2014 |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions |language=zh }}</ref>
[[File:Photo of St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai 圣依纳爵主教座堂.jpg|thumb|170px|The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]]]]
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary [[Lazzaro Cattaneo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/ |script-title=zh:上海天主教概况 |trans-title=An overview of Catholicism in Shanghai |date=19 September 2003 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041853/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/ |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Apostolic Vicariate]] of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Diocese of Shanghai]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/ |script-title=zh:天主教上海教区 |trans-title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai |date=19 September 2003 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/ |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]] in Xujiahui is the largest Catholic church in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm |script-title=zh:徐家汇天主教堂 |trans-title=Xujiahui Catholic Church |date=6 May 2018 |access-date=24 October 2019 |publisher=[[Xuhui District]] People's Government |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001015/http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shanghai has the highest concentration of urban [[Catholic Church in China|Catholics in China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Paul P. |date=2016 |title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 |issn=0021-969X |jstor=24708489 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411155926/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}} Other forms of [[Christianity in Shanghai]] include [[Eastern Orthodox]] minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant [[All Saints Church, Shanghai|All Saints Church]] in [[Huangpu, Shanghai|Huangpu]] was built in 1925 and features a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] tower.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=春日骑行——别具一格的教堂建筑赏析之旅 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_22288727 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=25 September 2025 |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005233307/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_22288727 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prominent Jewish families immigrated to Shanghai when the [[Treaty of Nanking]] opened the city to Western populations.<ref name="ShanghaiJews">{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Rupert |date=15 December 2019 |title=The Jews of Shanghai |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125801/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=The JC }}</ref> During [[World War II]], thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai to flee [[Nazi Germany]]. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, (now the [[Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/ |title=Jewish Refugees Museum: Ohel Moishe Synagogue Shanghai |work=Visions of Travel |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195934/http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1939, [[Horace Kadoorie]], the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |title=Harry Fiedler and other students wave Zionist flags during a celebration at the Kadoorie School. |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070458/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Islam]] came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, [[Songjiang Mosque]], was built during the Zhizheng ({{lang|zh|至正}}) era under [[Toghon Temür|Emperor Huizong]] (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's [[Muslim]] population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the [[Xiaotaoyuan Mosque]], the [[Huxi Mosque]], and the [[Pudong Mosque]]—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2019 |script-title=zh:上海市伊斯兰教概 |trans-title=An overview of Islam in Shanghai |date=19 September 2003 |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions |language=zh }}</ref> According to the 2010 [[Census in China|census of China]], there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim in Shanghai: Muslim Population, Market, Restaurant, Mosques |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=www.topchinatravel.com |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103010301/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the [[Dajing Ge Pavilion]] dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general [[Guan Yu]], the [[Confucian Temple of Shanghai]], and a major Taoist center {{ill|Shanghai White Cloud Temple|lt=|zh|海上白云观}} where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html |script-title=zh:海上道教名观：白云观 |trans-title=Shanghai's famous taoism temple: Shanghai White Cloud Temple |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204742/http://shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Shanghainese}}

{{bar box
| float = right
| title = Ability to speak the following dialects/languages in Shanghai (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html |script-title=zh:上海市民语言应用能力调查. |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=5 May 2024 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505100756/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| left1 = Languages
| right1 = %
| right2 = Can Speak
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]|#CC2222|97.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Shanghainese]]|Gold|81.4}}
{{bar percent|[[English language|English]]|Yellow|47.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Varieties of Chinese|Other Chinese]]|YellowGreen|29.7}}
{{bar percent|Other foreign languages|CadetBlue|7.8}}
| caption = [[Survey sampling|Sampled]] among residents ≥ 13 years old.
}}

The [[vernacular]] language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the [[Taihu Wu]] subgroup of the [[Wu Chinese]] language family. This is different from the national language, [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages |title=Chinese languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025100/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages |archive-date=20 February 2018 }}</ref> Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably [[Suzhou dialect|Suzhounese]], and [[Ningbo dialect|Ningbonese]].<ref name="CZMShanghainese">{{cite web |url=http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc |script-title=zh:上海市区话语音一百多年来的演变 |trans-title=Changes in the downtown Shanghainese pronunciations in the past one hundred years |page=1 |last=Chen |first=Zhongmin |access-date=24 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820235310/http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around [[Jiaxing]] and later [[Suzhou]],<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> and was known as "the local tongue" ({{lang|zh-Hans|本地閑話}}), a name which is now used in suburbs only.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722 |script-title=zh:“上海闲话”和“本地闲话”为何差别这么大? |work=Shanghai Observer |last=You |first=Rujie |date=16 October 2018 |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210922/https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese ({{lang|zh-Hans|市區閑話}} or simply {{lang|zh-Hans|上海閑話}}) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and replacing Suzhounese as the [[prestige dialect]] of the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region. At the time, most immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) also had an impact on Shanghainese because it was promoted by the government.<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region come to Shanghai for education and jobs; they often cannot speak the local language and use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a [[lingua franca]]. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Shanghai's local dialect, and culture, in crisis? |author=Zat Liu |url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262 |newspaper=CNN GO |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903072555/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262 |archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stopping the local dialect becoming derelict |author=Jia Feishang |url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml |newspaper=[[Shanghai Daily]] |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091106/http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Shanghai|Education in China|Higher education in China}}

{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Shanghai
}}

[[File:20191027 Xuhui Campus of SJTU 04.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] Library]]

Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2025, it was ranked [[List of cities by scientific output|second globally]] (after [[Beijing]]) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=Leading 200 science cities 2025{{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=www.nature.com }}</ref> When compared to other countries, Shanghai ranked higher than France and nearly on par with Japan, securing sixth place globally after China, the US, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, according to the Nature Index for 2025. For instance, Shanghai's share of the 2024 Nature Index is 3,153.61, with a count of 6,680, while Japan's share is 3,185.39, with 5,555 counts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Research Leaders: Leading countries/territories {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2025/country/all/global |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=www.nature.com |archive-date=27 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127052515/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2025/country/all/global |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in [[East China]] region as a city with most higher education institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 – 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city government's education agency is the [[Shanghai Municipal Education Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海市教育委员会 |url=https://edu.sh.gov.cn/ |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=Shanghai Municipal Education Commission |archive-date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718103740/https://edu.sh.gov.cn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shanghai has 15 universities listed in [[Double First-Class Construction|147 Double First-Class Universities]], ranking second nationwide among Chinese cities (after Beijing). According to the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]] for 2025–26, Shanghai had the third highest concentration of universities among all major cities in the world included in the ranking, totaling 22, with three in the top 125 and six in the global top 500.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2025 |title=2025-26 US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=shanghai |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=US News |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708201108/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=shanghai |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2025 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], Shanghai had two in the top 40, three in the top 150 and nine in the top 500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025 |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815055209/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of these universities were selected as "[[Project 985|985 universities]]" or "[[Project 211|211 universities]]" since the 90s by the Chinese government to build world-class universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai 985 Project Universities list |url=https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028062423/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=China's University and College Admission System }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai 211 Project Universities {{!}} Study in China {{!}} CUCAS |url=https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193701/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=cucas.cn }}</ref>

[[File:Fudan-guanghualou2.jpg|thumb|[[Fudan University]]]]

Shanghai has two members ([[Fudan University]] and [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]) in the [[C9 League]], an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152504/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |url-status=live }}</ref> These two universities are consistently ranked in the Asia top 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Asia University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042657/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 – Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173427/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2025, Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University were ranked in the global top 35 [[Research university|research comprehensive universities]] based on aggregate performance from three widely observed university rankings ([[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]]+[[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]]+[[QS World University Rankings|QS]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTU 2025- Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities (ARTU) |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/research/artu |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204090735/https://www.unsw.edu.au/research/artu |url-status=live }}</ref>

The other two members of [[Project 985]], [[Tongji University]] and [[East China Normal University]], are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they were ranked they ranked 150–175th globally by the ''[[Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings]]'' where .<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=World Reputation Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/reputation-ranking |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135916/https://lax1-ib.adnxs.com/vevent?an_audit=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2021%2Freputation-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&e=wqT_3QKADfBVgAYAAAMA1gAFAQip2eqLBhCbronj6pzyw1wYqPze65mVyu0aKjYJHgnVb6xV9z8Rr-sXHY-Z9D8ZAAAAgOtREkAhq8_VVuwv9T8pAAAAAAAA-D8xAAABG7joPzCJg_cJOEpAnAVIAlCKg_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_EQGwAaoFJDJDOTIyOEFELTA2QzEtNDdCRS05RjdCLTIzRjc4NTkzM0ZEMcAFAMkFAU8YAADwP9IFCQVbAQFw2AUB4AUB8AXbkEH6BQQIABAAkAYAmAYAuAYAwQYBIQExINAG1gHaBhYKEAkRGQFcEAAYAOAGAfIGAggAgAcBiAcAoAcBugcLAUg4GAA40h5AAcgH1M4F0gcNFXIBNAjaBwYJIzDgBwDqBwIIAPAHAPoHCfEBAQHxBQEEgghKFQA.&s=d4c207765a527a56423179720763c81ed7546d6f&type=nv&nvt=5&jm=1003&px=691&py=1825&bw=300&bh=600&sid=4266722271880150286&vd=ct~0%7Crr~0&sv=220&tv=view7-1js&ua=chrome52&pl=linux&x=v&tag_id=20824457&cid=3&cr=nv&sw=1600&sh=1000&pw=1025&ph=11392&ww=1025&wh=11392&ft=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shanghai University of Sport]] is also based in the city, which is consistently ranked the best in China among universities specialized in sports,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking of Chinese Sport Science Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718023021/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as of 2025, SUS was ranked #1 in Asia and #23 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released by [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/grsssd/2025 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229075215/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/grsssd/2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has many {{ill|Chinese–foreign joint education institutes|zh|中外合作办学}}, such as the [[Shanghai University]]–[[University of Technology Sydney]] Business School since 1994, the [[University of Michigan]]–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and [[New York University Shanghai]]—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html |title=Program offers global degrees – Chinadaily.com.cn |last=He |first=Qi |date=13 June 2018 |website=China Daily |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024074949/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html |script-title=zh:上海中外合作办学走过25年已在各区遍地开花 |work=[[Xinmin Evening News]] |last1=Wang |first1=Wei |last2=Lu |first2=Zihua |date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115730/http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |language=zh }}</ref> In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] founded the [[ShanghaiTech University]] in the [[Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park]] in Pudong.<ref>Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). [http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119203749/http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html |date=19 November 2015}}. ''Chemical & Engineering News''. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</ref> The city is also a seat of the [[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]], China's oldest [[think tank]] for the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=上海社会科学院 |url=http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910071056/http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2022 }}</ref>

By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools. Five years of [[primary education]] and four years of [[Education in China#Junior secondary|junior secondary]] education are free, with a [[gross enrollment ratio]] of over 99.9%.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the [[Program for International Student Assessment]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dillon |first=Sam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |title=In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512225939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |title=How China is winning the school race |publisher=BBC |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102134543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The consecutive three-year [[senior secondary education]] is priced and uses the [[Senior High School Entrance Examination]] (''Zhongkao'') as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf |script-title=zh:上海市教育改革和发展“十三五暠规划 |page=7 |date=16 August 2016 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070130/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2019-10-26 |language=zh }}</ref> [[Shanghai High School]], [[No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University]], [[High School Affiliated to Fudan University]], and [[High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]—are termed "The Four Schools" ({{lang|zh|"四校"}}) of Shanghai and highlighted as having the best teaching quality in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |script-title=zh:新中考名额分配补充说明发布 “四校”65%招生计划数参与名额分配 |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022539/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Shanghai}}

===Public===

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Shanghai Metro 09A04.jpg
| image2 = Sunwin SWB6109BEV69G (iEV10) S0S-0224 and SWB5129BEV77G (iEV12T) S5A-0069 at Zhongshan Rd (S-1) Xizang Rd S.jpg
| image3 = A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg
| image4 = 松江有轨电车 Songjiang Tram.jpg
| footer = Various modes of public transport in Shanghai. From top to bottom, left to right: [[Shanghai Metro]], [[Buses in Shanghai|buses]] and [[Trolleybuses in Shanghai|trolleybuses]], [[Shanghai Maglev]] and [[Songjiang Tram]]
}}

Shanghai has a public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, which can be accessed using a [[Shanghai Public Transport Card]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html |script-title=zh:上海公共交通卡用卡范围 |publisher=Shanghai Public Transport Card |language=zh |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121818/http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shanghai's rapid transit system, the [[Shanghai Metro]], incorporates subway and light metro lines and extends to each core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. {{As of|2025}}, there are 19 metro lines (excluding the [[Shanghai maglev train]] and [[Jinshan railway]]), 508 [[List of Shanghai Metro stations|stations]], and {{convert|808|km|0|abbr=on}} of lines in operation, making it the [[List of metro systems|longest network in the world]].<ref name="SHECO2019" /> On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.<ref name="ridership record">{{cite web |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ |script-title=zh:3月8日上海地铁客流创历史新高 |website=[[WeChat]] |publisher=Shanghai Metro |date=9 March 2019 |language=zh |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219060732/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ |url-status=live }}</ref> Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed [[maglev]] in the world, with a maximum operation speed of {{Convert|430|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Hugh |title=How we can make super-fast hyperloop travel a reality |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=Independent |date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005348/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first [[Trams in Shanghai (1908–1975)|tram line in Shanghai]] was opened in 1908. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,<ref>{{cite book |last=Warr |first=Anne |year=2007 |title=Shanghai Architecture |publisher=The Watermark Press |isbn=978-0-949284-76-1 }}</ref> all of which were [[nationalized]] in 1949. Since the 1960s, tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by [[trolleybus]] or [[motorbus]] lines;<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:第三节公共交通 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |date=5 September 2003 |access-date=7 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627182759/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |archive-date=27 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> the last tram line was demolished in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:第三节轨线 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |date=30 December 2002 |access-date=7 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427214528/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010 with the [[Rubber-tyred tram|rubber-tyred]] [[Zhangjiang Tram]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2010 |script-title=zh:上海首条现代化有轨电车新年正式载客运营 |url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm |work=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |access-date=12 August 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812081051/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the steel wheeled [[Songjiang Tram]] started operating in Songjiang District.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=26 December 2018 |title=Shanghai Songjiang Tramway opens |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co. |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011917/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shanghai has the world's most extensive [[Buses in Shanghai|bus network]], including the world's oldest continuously operating [[Trolleybuses in Shanghai|trolleybus system]], with 1,575 lines covering a total length of {{convert|8,997|km|0|abbr=on}} by 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> The system is operated by multiple companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html |script-title=zh:公交行业概况 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=3 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103020721/http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html |archive-date=3 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, 30,900 taxis were in operation in Shanghai, which carried 134 million passengers that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20250324/a7fe18c6d5c24d66bfca89c5bb4cdcfb.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |website=tjj.sh.gov.cn |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618172627/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20250324/a7fe18c6d5c24d66bfca89c5bb4cdcfb.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Roads and expressways===
{{See also|Expressways of Shanghai}}
[[File:Yan'an East Road Interchange, Shanghai, China (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|[[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] between [[Yan'an Elevated Road]] and [[North–South Elevated Road (Shanghai)|North–South Elevated Road]]]]

Shanghai is a major hub of [[Expressways of China|China's expressway network]]. Many national expressways pass through or end in Shanghai, including [[G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway|Jinghu Expressway]], [[G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway|Hurong Expressway]], [[G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway|Shenhai Expressway]], [[G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway|Hushaan Expressway]], [[G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway|Huyu Expressway]], [[G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway|Hukun Expressway]], and [[G1503 Shanghai Ring Expressway|Shanghai Ring Expressway]].<ref name="expresswayshanghai">{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html |script-title=zh:高速公路网 |website=shanghai.gov.cn |access-date=28 August 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828085045/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S.<ref name="expresswayshanghai" /> As of 2019, Shanghai has 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml |date=7 December 2017 |script-title=zh:上海人飞跃黄浦江历史:建14条隧道12座大桥8条轨交 |access-date=28 August 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828051031/http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784 |date=18 July 2018 |script-title=zh:黄浦江上第13座大桥开始主塔施工，除了可以"走"，还有哪里与众不同？ |access-date=28 August 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718033241/https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, bicycles and motorcycles are banned on expressways and some main roads. Cycling has increased in popularity due to the emergence of dockless, app-based [[bicycle-sharing system]]s, such as [[Mobike]], [[Hello (Chinese company)|Hello]], and {{ill|DiDi Bike|zh|滴滴青桔}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |title=Ofo, Mobike, BlueGogo: China's Messy Bikeshare Market |website=What's on Weibo |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806025220/http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |archive-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Hai Guide] Everything you need to know about those shared bikes |url=https://www.citynewsservice.cn/service/%5BHai-Guide%5D-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-those-shared-bikes-qyjar4kb0vmxp63w |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=www.citynewsservice.cn |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103219/https://www.citynewsservice.cn/service/%5BHai-Guide%5D-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-those-shared-bikes-qyjar4kb0vmxp63w |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2018|12}}, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=128912 |title=zh:共享单车最新调查上海共享单车一年时间缩水一大半，"共享经济"是伪命题吗？ |work=Shanghai Observer |date=23 January 2019 |language=zh |trans-title=The latest survey of shared bicycles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117003939/https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do%3Fid%3D128912 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> New private cars cannot be driven without a [[license plate]], which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price was about {{CNY|89,600}} ({{US$|12,739}}) in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=184394 |script-title=zh:10月沪牌拍卖结果出炉：中标率6.1%，最低成交价8.93万元 |work=Shanghai Observer |date=26 October 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329025210/https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=184394 |url-status=live }}</ref> This policy was introduced to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |script-title=zh:沪牌拍卖规定修订完善调整申请人资格条件名下已有沪牌额度的不可再参拍 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=27 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807171929/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Shanghai Railway Station 4.jpg|left|thumb|[[Shanghai railway station]]]]
Shanghai has four major railway stations: [[Shanghai railway station]], [[Shanghai South railway station]], [[Shanghai Songjiang railway station]], and [[Shanghai Hongqiao railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20250201A02JIW00 |script-title=zh:上海有这么多座火车站，出行前一定要确认好乘车地点！|date=1 February 2025|}}</ref>

Built in 1876, the [[Woosung Road|Woosung railway]] was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html |title=Songhu Railway |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919022647/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html |archive-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1909, [[Shanghai–Nanjing railway]] and [[Shanghai–Hangzhou railway]] were in service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm |script-title=zh:第一节沪宁线 |access-date=19 January 2019 |script-work=zh:江苏交通志·铁路篇 |publisher=Jiangsu People's Government |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232421/http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm |archive-date=13 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html |date=25 December 2003 |script-title=zh:第一节修建 |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427144741/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2019|10}}, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: [[Beijing–Shanghai railway]] and [[Shanghai–Kunming railway]], respectively.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=zh:《辞海》（1989年版） |page=2353 |publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |year=1989 |editor=辞海编辑委员会 }}</ref>

Shanghai is a terminus for five high-speed railways (HSRs): [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway|Beijing–Shanghai HSR]] (overlaps with [[Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway]]), [[Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway]], [[Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway|Shanghai–Kunming HSR]], [[Shanghai–Nantong railway]], and [[Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou high-speed railway|Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR]].

Shanghai also has four [[Shanghai Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway|commuter railways]]: [[Pudong railway]] (although passenger service was suspended in 2015) and [[Jinshan railway]] operated by [[China Railway]], and [[Line 16 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 16]] and [[Line 17 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 17]] operated by Shanghai Metro.<ref name="envir20160218">{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价公示 |script-work=zh:上海环境热线 |date=18 February 2016 |url=http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm |language=zh |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055306/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="envir20160418">{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价第二次公示 |script-work=zh:上海环境热线 |date=18 April 2016 |url=http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm |language=zh |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506185941/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2022|01}}, four additional lines—[[Chongming line]], [[Jiamin line]], [[Airport Link line (Shanghai)|Airport link line]] and [[Lianggang Express line]]—are under construction.<ref name="envir20160418" /><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海规土局：机场联络线和嘉闵线已明确采用市郊铁路制式 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date=10 August 2016 |url=http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321 |language=zh |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810070018/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air and sea===
{{See also|Port of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport_Interior.jpg|thumb|right|Inside Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal 1]]

Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/ |title=New satellite terminals to propel Shanghai's ascent |last=Chan |first=KG |date=15 August 2019 |website=Asia Times Online |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174057/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/ |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 }}</ref> The city has two commercial airports: [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]] and [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html |title=Transportation |publisher=Shanghai Focus |access-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230072918/http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html |archive-date=30 December 2010 }}</ref> Pudong is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.<ref name="aerodata">{{cite web |url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released |title=Preliminary world airport traffic rankings released |date=13 March 2019 |website=[[Airports Council International]] |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910062136/https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/ |archive-date=10 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |title=2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. |year=2020 |location=United States |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110141/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.<ref name="aerodata" />

[[File:Yangshan-Port-Balanced.jpg|thumb|Due to [[Yangshan Port]], Shanghai has become the world's busiest container port.]]
Since its opening, the [[Port of Shanghai]] has become the largest port in China.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海：一个城市的传奇和梦想 |work=[[Sina News]] |date=12 September 2006 |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml |access-date=11 March 2011 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112053622/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large [[container ships]]. The port is connected with the mainland through the {{Convert|32|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} long [[Donghai Bridge]]. In 2010, it became [[List of world's busiest container ports|world's busiest container port]] with an annual [[twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] transportation of 42 million in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shanghai overtakes S'pore as world's busiest port |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815030034/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lloyd's2019">[https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment One Hundred Ports 2019] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826231536/https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment|date=26 August 2019}} Lloyd's List，2019</ref> The Port of Shanghai also handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> Although the port is run by the [[Shanghai International Port Group]] under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to [[Shengsi County]], Zhejiang.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：嵊泗县 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610191432/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html |archive-date=10 June 2019 |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |language=zh }}</ref> Shanghai is part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/ |title=China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative |date=22 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129233212/https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. (2017).</ref><ref>Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2019).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Maritime Shipping and Export Trade on "Maritime Silk Road" |first1=Bao |last1=Jiang |first2=Jian |last2=Li |first3=Chunxia |last3=Gong |date=1 June 2018 |journal=The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.005 |s2cid=169732441 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html |title=Neue Seidenstraße: Das Mega-Projekt aus China |website=www.merkur.de |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629064839/https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Shanghai}}

The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the [[Wuyue culture]] and the "East Meets West" [[Haipai]] culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and [[Shanghai cuisine]], which was influenced by those of [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]] and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml |title=The key ingredients of Shanghai culture |work=[[Shanghai Daily]] |date=2 June 2018 |access-date=16 February 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216112246/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm |title=Shanghai-style Culture |publisher=Top China Travel |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022084025/https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The culture fuses elements of [[Western cultures]] with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing">{{cite web |last1=Xu |first1=S.L |title=The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing |url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216011720/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm |archive-date=16 December 2012 }}</ref> The term Haipai was coined by Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize Shanghai scholars for admiring [[capitalism]] and Western culture.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yu |first1=Jianhua (俞剑华) |script-title=zh:中国绘画史（下册） |date=1937 |publisher=[[The Commercial Press]] |location=Shanghai |page=196 }}</ref> In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for [[cyberpunk]] culture.<ref>Sahr Johnny, "Cybercity – Sahr Johnny's Shanghai Dream" ''[[That's_Shanghai]]'', October 2005; quoted online by [http://www.xyberia.com/] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081636/http://www.xyberia.com/|date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> The city is recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a "[[Design Cities (UNESCO)|City of Design]]" since February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanghai |url=https://www.designcities.net/city/shanghai/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Cities of Design Network |language=en-US |archive-date=7 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807164522/https://www.designcities.net/city/shanghai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{see also|List of museums in China#Shanghai}}
[[File:China Art Museum 1.jpg|left|thumb|The China Art Museum, located in [[Pudong]]]]
Cultural curation in Shanghai has grown since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018 |title=3 New Museums to Look Out for in 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004339/http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018 |archive-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city".<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2018 |title=Shanghai releases blueprint for becoming global cosmopolis by 2035 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191835/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |archive-date=15 January 2018 }}</ref> The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of [[ancient Chinese bronze]]s and [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai |title=Free Art in Shanghai |work=BBC |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214702/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[China Art Museum, Shanghai|China Art Museum]] is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century painting [[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm |title=China Art Museum |work=Travel China Guide |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193907/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Shanghai Natural History Museum]] and the [[Shanghai Science and Technology Museum]] are natural history and science museums. There are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in archeological and historical sites, such as the [[Songze culture|Songze]] Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643 |script-title=zh:【文化】小编带你走进上海崧泽遗址博物馆 |work=绿色青浦 |date=22 July 2018 |access-date=6 August 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310195502/https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]], the site of the former [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm |script-title=zh:朴槿惠在沪为"大韩民国临时政府旧址"展馆更新启用剪彩 |work=[[Xinhua News]] |date=22 July 2018 |access-date=6 August 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194102/http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in the [[General Post Office Building, Shanghai|General Post Office Building]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/ |title=The Shanghai Post Office Museum |website=www.mytravels.asia |date=23 August 2017 |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194141/https://mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Shanghainese cuisine}}

[[File:Xiao Long Bao at Nanxiang Mantou Dian 1.jpg|thumb|[[Xiaolongbao]] in Shanghai]]
Benbang cuisine ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=本帮菜}})<ref name="kankanews">{{cite web |url=http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml |script-title=zh:看懂上海：上海本帮菜 |script-work=zh:看看新闻 |language=zh-cn |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704135853/http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml |archive-date=4 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include [[Xiaolongbao]], [[Red braised pork belly]], and [[Chinese mitten crab|Shanghai hairy crab]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine |title=A Brief Intro to Shanghai "Hu" Cuisine |website=theculturetrip.com |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828111530/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine/ |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Haipai cuisine]] is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It uses elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them for local taste preferences and to incorporate local ingredients.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Junxiang |last2=Duan |first2=Lian |script-title=zh:话说沪商 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ocpibm_gSMYC |year=2007 |publisher=中华工商联合出版社 |isbn=9787801934925 |page=136 |script-chapter=zh:顺应上海人口味的海派西餐 }}</ref> Haipai cuisine dishes include Shanghai-style [[borscht]] ({{lang|zh|罗宋汤}}, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and [[Shanghai salad]], derived from [[Olivier salad]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海故事“吃西菜到红房子”：海派西餐那些事 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date=19 November 2018 |access-date=18 February 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218061602/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine use various seafoods including [[freshwater fish]], [[shrimp]], and crab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai Food |url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |work=Travel China Guide |access-date=6 August 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=30 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630165029/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Visual arts ===
[[File:Renxiong wan04s.jpg|thumb|upright|{{lang|zh-hans|十万图之四}} (''No. 4 of a Hundred Thousand Scenes'') by [[Ren Xiong]], a pioneer of the Shanghai School of Chinese art, {{Circa|1850}}]]
The Songjiang School ({{lang|zh|淞江派}}), containing the Huating School ({{lang|zh-hans|华亭派}}) founded by [[Gu Zhengyi]],<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:松江画派：价格与地位不符 |author=崔庆国 |url=https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |date=9 April 2009 |access-date=5 September 2019 |script-newspaper=zh:《鉴宝》 |language=zh-Hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234817/https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海通志>>第三十八卷文化艺术（上）>>第六章美术、书法、摄影>>节 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |access-date=20 April 2012 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927072850/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was represented by [[Dong Qichang]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:《上海地方志》>>1989年第五期>>"松江画派"源流 |publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70393/node70403/node72565/node72684/userobject1ai82593.html |access-date=20 April 2012 |language=zh}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> The school was considered an expansion of the [[Wu School]] in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:董其昌與松江畫派 |author=單國霖 |url=http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |date=May 2005 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=mam.gov.mo |language=zh |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234819/http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Haipai|Shanghai School]] commenced in the 19th century, focusing on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors, using secular objects like flowers and birds as themes.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:海上画派的艺术特点及对后世的影响 |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=sohu.com |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042208/http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Western art]] was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer ({{lang|zh-hans|范廷佐}}), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the [[Tushanwan|Tushanwan orphanage]] (土山湾孤儿院).<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:171年前一个西班牙人来到上海，西洋绘画由此传播开来 |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=sohu.com |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042207/http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Republic of China, artists including [[Zhang Daqian]], [[Liu Haisu]], [[Xu Beihong]], [[Feng Zikai]], and [[Yan Wenliang]] settled in Shanghai, allowing it to become the art center of China. Art forms such as [[photography]], [[wood carving]], [[sculpture]], [[comics]] ([[Manhua]]), and [[Lianhuanhua]]—thrived. [[Sanmao (comics)|Sanmao]] was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:"三毛"最早诞生于1935年7月28日《晨报》副刊 |work=[[Jiefang Daily]] |date=29 July 2010 |url=http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |access-date=20 April 2012 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161639/http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum, with {{Convert|64000|m2|sqft}} of exhibition space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New museums add colour to Shanghai art landscape |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20121001-china-shanghai-new-museums-open-rival-art-cities-modern-contemporary-culture |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=France 24 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410064836/https://www.france24.com/en/20121001-china-shanghai-new-museums-open-rival-art-cities-modern-contemporary-culture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=赋能国际文化大都市建设，中华艺术宫十载打造"人民美术馆" |url=https://www.pudong.gov.cn/rmt_pdxw/20241017/792399.html |date=17 October 2024 |website=Shanghai Pudong Media Center }}</ref>

Since 2001, Shanghai has held [[Shanghai Fashion Week]] each April and October. The main venue is in [[Fuxing Park]], and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month [[Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:历届回顾 COLLECTION |url=http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/?page_id=68293 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213140139/http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/?page_id=68293 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Performance arts===

[[File:Mei Lanfang performing at Tianchan Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mei Lanfang]] performing the [[Peking opera]] "Resisting the Jin Army" at [[Tianchan Theatre]]]]

Traditional [[Chinese opera]] became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, [[monologue]] and [[burlesque]] in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. In the 1920s, [[Suzhou Pingtan|Pingtan]] performance art expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai;<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:历史上的今天 3月2日 |script-work=zh:中国网 |url=http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422114201/http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm |archive-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> commercial radio stations expanded its popularity in the 1930s, with 103 programs every day. A Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed in the 1930s, led by [[Zhou Xinfang]] and {{interlanguage link|Gai Jiaotian|lt=|zh|盖叫天}}.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:梅兰芳的几次出国演出(附图) |publisher=上海档案信息网 |date=27 February 2008 |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109120331/http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 }}</ref> A small troupe from Shengxian (now [[Shengzhou]]) promoted [[Yue opera]] on the Shanghainese stage.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:怀想当年"越剧十姐妹"绍兴将共演《山河恋》 |work=[[Sohu]] Entertainment |date=1 February 2007 |url=http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305025651/http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shanghai opera]] was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Huju: Traditional Opera in modern Shanghai |last=Stock |first=Jonathan |publisher=Oxford; New York: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0197262732 }}</ref>

[[Drama]] appeared in [[Mission school|missionary schools]] in Shanghai in the late 19th century, mainly performed in English. ''Scandals in Officialdom'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=官场丑史}}), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:剧变沧桑：第1集舞台西洋风 |script-website=zh:文明网 |date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211044131/http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> In 1907, ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly]]'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=黑奴吁天录}}) was performed at the {{interlanguage link|Lyceum Theatre, Shanghai|lt=Lyceum Theatre|zh|兰心大戏院}}.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:话剧百年 "兰心"之韵 |script-work=zh:城市经济导报 |date=11 March 2001 |url=http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html |access-date=17 October 2011 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134944/http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

Shanghai is the birthplace of [[Cinema of China|Chinese cinema]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html |title=Shanghai Film Museum |work=timeoutshanghai.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602191309/https://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html |archive-date=2 June 2016 }}</ref> China's first short film, ''[[The Difficult Couple]]'' (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, ''[[An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|孤儿救祖记}}, 1923)<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2020 |script-title=zh:中國電影史｜孤兒救祖記 |url=https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9 |script-work=zh:繪琳美育 |access-date=19 April 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516170423/https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> were both produced in the city. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as [[Hu Die]], [[Ruan Lingyu]], [[Zhou Xuan]], [[Jin Yan]], and [[Zhao Dan]]. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the [[Communist revolution]] contributed to the development of the [[Hong Kong film industry]].<ref name="SHHKFilm">{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海电影对香港电影的影响 |trans-title=The influence of Shanghai film on Hong Kong film |script-work=zh:香港电影论文 |url=https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=3 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003035140/https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |archive-date=3 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shanghai Television Festival]], founded in 1986, is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. The [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Festivals in Shanghai |url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/when-to-go.htm |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=www.travelchinaguide.com |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003141028/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/when-to-go.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Shanghai F1 Circui 01.jpg|thumb|F1 Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai]]
[[File:Tsonga Potro 2008 Tennis Masters.jpg|thumb|Shanghai Masters in [[Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena]]]]
Shanghai has several [[Association football|football]] teams, including two in the [[Chinese Super League]]: [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]]<ref name="绿地宣布接手申花朱骏时代宣告终结">{{cite web |url=http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html |title=绿地宣布接手申花朱骏时代宣告终结 |publisher=sports.163.com |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202220527/http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live |language=zh }}</ref> and [[Shanghai Port F.C.|Shanghai Port]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml |script-title=zh:新王登基！上港终夺中超冠军再也不是"千年老二" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111071905/http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2018 |work=Sina Sports |date=7 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018 |language=zh |url-status=live }}</ref> Shanghai's top-tier [[basketball]] team, the [[Shanghai Sharks]] of the [[Chinese Basketball Association]], developed [[Yao Ming]] before he entered the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |script-title=zh:上海哔哩哔哩篮球俱乐部官方网站 |publisher=Shanghai Sharks |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504202947/http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="yao ming">{{Cite news |last=Passa |first=Dennis |url=https://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |title=Chinese great Yao Ming retires from basketball |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130114954/http://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shanghai's baseball team, the [[Shanghai Golden Eagles]], plays in the [[China Baseball League]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Baseball America 2007 Almanac: A Comprehensive Review of the 2006 Season |year=2007 |author=Will Lingo |isbn=978-1932391138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik7CkgZIitEC&pg=PA361 |page=361 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> Professional athletes from Shanghai include [[110 metres hurdles]] runner [[Liu Xiang (hurdler)|Liu Xiang]],<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2006 |title=Liu sets new world hurdles record |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/5156040.stm |access-date=12 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |department=[[BBC Sport]] |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/5156040.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[table tennis]] player [[Wang Liqin]],<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Wang Liqin others also retire from the nat |url=http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145120/http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/ |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Table Tennis Master }}</ref> and [[badminton]] player [[Wang Yihan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2008 |script-title=zh:南方都市报：王仪涵是下一站天后? |url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/ty/jdpl/news/2008/09-26/1395184.shtml |access-date=19 March 2009 |publisher=China News |language=zh |archive-date=5 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205004214/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/ty/jdpl/news/2008/09-26/1395184.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Shanghai Cricket Club]] dates back to 1858, when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of [[Royal Navy|British Naval]] officers and a Shanghai 11. The [[Shanghai cricket team]] played various international matches between 1866 and 1948 as China's de facto [[China national cricket team]]. After going dormant in 1949 after the founding of the PRC, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Shanghai Cricket Club |url=http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411205407/http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/ |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019 |publisher=Shanghai Cricket Club }}</ref>

Shanghai hosts several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], a round of the [[Formula One|Formula One World Championship]], at the [[Shanghai International Circuit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |title=Grand Prix Shanghai Set to Go |publisher=China.org.cn |date=22 October 2002 |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234108/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]] tennis tournament, which is part of [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]], as well as golf tournaments including the [[BMW Masters]] and [[WGC-HSBC Champions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |title=European Tour, CGA unveil BMW Masters |date=25 April 2012 |work=China Daily |access-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061851/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Shanghai hosted 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=《2023年上海市体育赛事影响力评估报告》发布-新华网 |url=http://sh.news.cn/20240302/df9a5552b08d41b9aaafdd5184e2a216/c.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=sh.news.cn |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710150058/http://sh.news.cn/20240302/df9a5552b08d41b9aaafdd5184e2a216/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Environment==
=== Parks and resorts ===
[[File:Shanghai_disneyland_castle.jpg|thumb|right|Enchanted Storybook Castle of [[Shanghai Disneyland]]]]
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was {{convert|9|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Shanghai Overview 2019">{{cite web |year=2023 |title= |script-title=zh:上海市绿化和市容管理局关于报送《上海市生态空间建设和市容环境优化“十四五” 规划》中期评估报告的函 |trans-title=Letter from Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau on the Mid-term Evaluation Report of the “14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Space Construction and Amenity Optimization in Shanghai” |url=https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/d1/d1597f1c33b24a3d82e4198e5afb3a1c/ce4274ae0477e9ab050eaeac12ec9fed.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau |page=1 |language=zh |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515102101/https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/d1/d1597f1c33b24a3d82e4198e5afb3a1c/ce4274ae0477e9ab050eaeac12ec9fed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in Shanghai is [[Century Park (Shanghai)|Century Park]] in Pudong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Yue |title="公园城市"在魔都：绿意与街区融合，大自然24小时可及 |trans-title="Park City" in Shanghai: Greenery and streetscapes integrate and nature becomes accessible 24/7 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27076690 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502171626/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27076690 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[People's Square (Shanghai)|People's Square]] park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. [[Fuxing Park]], located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/taste/2009176255/ |title=Stroll into history along a street full of delights |date=17 September 2020 |first=Jing |last=Zhu |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[Shanghai Daily]] |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120130421/https://www.shine.cn/feature/taste/2009176255/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lu Xun Park]] in Hongkou is named after writer [[Lu Xun]], whose tomb is located within the park.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2020 |title=公园云导赏⑪ {{!}} 百年的历史故事见证——鲁迅公园 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_9149025 |work=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]] |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005233307/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_9149025 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Zhongshan Park (Shanghai)|Zhongshan Park]], in western central Shanghai, contains a monument of [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/arts/06iht-chopin.html |title=A Polish 'Nationalist' Whose Music Also Resonates Across China |last=Melvin |first=Sheila |date=5 July 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=27 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227192220/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/arts/06iht-chopin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The park features [[Cherry blossom|sakura]] and [[peony]] gardens and a 150-year-old [[platanus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html |script-title=zh:中山公园 |trans-title=Zhongshan Park |date=20 August 2019 |website=Shanghai Changning Government |language=zh |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015300/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Shanghai Botanical Garden]] is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the city center and established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—[[Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden]]—opened in Songjiang District.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2011 |script-title=zh:2011-01-23:亚洲最大温室建成九千种植物齐聚辰山植物园全面开放 |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040518/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=28 August 2019 |agency=Office of Shanghai Chronicles }}</ref> The [[Shanghai Disney Resort]] opened in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |title=Disneyland Shanghai to open 2016 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |access-date=16 December 2011 |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119155711/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |archive-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> featuring a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Barboza |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |title=Disney to Open Park in Shanghai |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701090014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air pollution===
{{See also|Pollution in China#Air pollution}}
[[File:Shanghai haze in Huangpu Distract 20131206.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]] during the 2013 Eastern China smog]]

[[Air pollution]] in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |title=Shanghai Warns Children to Stay Indoors on Haze, PM2.5 Surge |date=25 December 2013 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233031/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2013 Eastern China smog]], air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206 |title=Flights delayed as air pollution hits record in Shanghai |website=[[Reuters]] |agency=Reuters Editorial |date=6 December 2013 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Liu Chen-yao">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |script-title=zh:中国出现入冬以来最大范围雾霾局地严重污染 |trans-title=Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013; surrounding areas severely polluted |publisher=China news agency |author=Liu Chenyao |language=zh-hans |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001427/http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 [[Particulates|particulate matter]] in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref name="Liu Chen-yao" /> Levels of PM2.5 in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |script-title=zh:上海今日PM2.5均值超600 高楼在雾霾中若隐若现 |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212111750/http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |script-title=zh:新闻晨报：释疑——重度污染为何不发霾红色预警 |script-work=zh:上视新闻频道-上海早晨栏目 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232250/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following month, [[Yang Xiong (politician)|Yang Xiong]], the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|mayor of Shanghai]], announced three measures to manage the air pollution in Shanghai: implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement">{{cite web |url=http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |script-title=zh:上海将采取三大措施治理空气污染 |trans-title=Three main measures will be taken against Shanghai's air pollution |website=cnstock.com |language=zh-hans |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112414/http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, China's cabinet announced that a {{CNY|10 billion}} ({{US$|1.7 billion}}) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.<ref>[[Jane Qiu|Qiu, Jane]]. ''Fight against smog ramps up'' ([http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 Nature] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205301/http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 |date=8 May 2014}}, 18 February 2014).</ref> From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual [[smoke]], [[nitrogen oxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]] emissions decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm |script-title=zh:2013年大气环境保护情况统计数据 |trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data 2013 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment |language=zh |date=15 October 2014 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065049/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm |script-title=zh:2018年上海市大气环境保护情况统计数据 |trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data of Shanghai 2018 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment |language=zh |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065028/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics }}</ref>

===Environmental protection===
[[File:A residual waste truck and a household food waste truck on Zhonghua Road, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|right|A residual waste truck and a kitchen waste truck in [[Huangpu, Shanghai|Huangpu]]]]

A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/nov/26/shanghai-suzhou-creek-clean-up-redevelopment |title=Shanghai's Suzhou Creek cleans up its act |first=Taras |last=Grescoe |work=The Guardian |date=26 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/df/sh/201203/t20120328_217472.html |script-title=zh:沉睡百年的苏州河黑臭底泥首次大规模疏浚完工 |trans-title=The first large-scale dredging of the Suzhou River's black, odorous sediment, which has been dormant for a hundred years, has been completed |first=Tianjun |last=Ouyang |work=China Water |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=15 November 2020 |language=zh }}</ref> The government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces.<ref name="airpollution">
{{cite web |title=Environmental Protection in China's Wealthiest City |url=http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165307/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm |archive-date=30 October 2007 |publisher=The American Embassy in China |date=July 2001 |access-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> Shanghai once promoted the usage of [[liquefied petroleum gas]] vehicles, such as scooters and taxis, in the early 2000s; due to safety risks and lack of refuelling stations, these vehicles met limited success in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shi |first1=Yanjun |last2=Li |first2=Keda |date=23 August 2011 |title=上海LPG助动车：断气还是求生? |trans-title=Shanghai's LPG mopeds: Running out of gas or surviving? |url=http://auto.ce.cn/xwzx/201108/23/t20110823_21025596.shtml |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=China Economic Net |language=zh-cn }}</ref>

On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts waste into categories such as residual, kitchen, recyclable, and hazardous.<ref name="garbageclassification">{{cite web |title=Shanghai Businesses to Comply with New Waste Management Norms from July 1 |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/ |archive-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=China-briefing |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630050942/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to [[incineration]] plants, [[landfill]]s, [[recycling]] centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:垃圾分类新风｜上海分类后的垃圾到底去哪儿了？ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2432317 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=zh-cn }}</ref>

==Media==
{{ill|Media in Shanghai|zh|上海传媒业}} covers newspapers, publishers, broadcast, television, and the Internet, with some media having influence over the country. Concerning foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the ''[[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle|Chronicle]]''."<ref>{{cite book |last=Walravens |first=Hartmut |title=Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers presented by the Newspapers at IFLA General Conferences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA95 |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-096279-6 |page=95 |chapter=German Influence on the Press in China }}</ref>

{{as of|2020|3}}, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Jiefang Daily]]''
* ''[[Oriental Sports Daily]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Review of Books]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Daily]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Star]]''
* ''[[Xinmin Evening News]]''
* ''[[Wen Hui Bao]]''
* ''[[Wenhui Book Review]]''
{{Div col end}}

Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Der Ostasiatische Lloyd]]''
* ''[[Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung]]''
* ''[[Gelbe Post]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/gelbepost |title=Gelbe Post : ostasiatische Halbmonatsschrift. (Shanghai, China : 1939–1940.) |work=Internet Archive |access-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>
* ''[[North China Daily News]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury]]''
* ''[[The Shanghai Gazette]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049318/ |title=The Shanghai gazette |work=Library of Congress |access-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>
* ''[[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Herald]]''
* ''[[The Shanghai Mercury]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049387/ |title=The Shanghai Mercury |work=Library of Congress |access-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>
* ''[[The Shanghai Post (German-language newspaper)|The Shanghai Post]]''<ref>{{cite book |title=Newspapers in International Librarianship |first1=Hartmut |last1=Walravens |first2=Edmund |last2=King |publisher=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] Publications |year=2003 |isbn=3-598-21837-0 |page=94 }}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Shanghai Times|zh|上海泰晤士报}}''
* ''[[Shen Bao]]''
* ''[[Israel's Messenger]]''
{{Div col end}}

The city's main broadcaster is [[Shanghai Media Group]].

==International relations==
The city is the seat of the [[New Development Bank]], a [[multilateral development bank]] established by the [[BRICS]] [[Sovereign state|states]].

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Shanghai is [[Sister city|twinned]] with 68 cities from the following 57 countries:<ref>{{cite web |title=市级友好城市 |url=http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html |website=sh.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai |language=zh |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163609/http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

* {{flagicon|YEM}} [[Aden]], Yemen (1995)
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt (1992)
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Antwerp]], Belgium (1984)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], France (2008)
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand (2016)
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain (2001)
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Basel-Stadt]], Switzerland (2007)
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia (2018)
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava Region]], Slovakia (2003)
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (2013)
* {{flagicon|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1993)
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco (1986)
* {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Central Denmark Region]], Denmark (2003)
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand (2000)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1985)
* {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka (2003)
* {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Constanța]], Romania (2002)
* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland (2005)
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates (2000)
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Dunedin]], New Zealand (1994)
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[East Java]], Indonesia (2006)
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Espoo]], Finland (1998)
* {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador (2001)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel (1993)
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hamburg]], Germany (1986)
* {{flagicon|PRK}} [[Hamhung]], North Korea (1982)
* {{flagicon|VNM}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam (1994)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], United States (2015)
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1989)
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (2020)
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Jalisco]], Mexico (1998)
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan (1984)
* {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa (2001)
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru (2018)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom (1999)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom (2009)
* {{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique (1999)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France (1987)
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia
* {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Metro Manila]], Philippines (1983)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy (1979)
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus (2019)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada (2011)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (2014)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (1974)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka Prefecture]], Japan (1980)
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Oslo]], Norway (2001)
* {{flagicon|KHM}} [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia (2008)
* {{flagicon|GRC}} [[Piraeus]], Greece (1985)
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]], Poland (1985)
* {{flagicon|VUT}} [[Port Vila]], Vanuatu (1994)
* {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Porto]], Portugal (1995)
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Queensland]], Australia (1989)
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina (1997)
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1979)
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1988)
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Salzburg]], Austria (2009)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], United States (1979)
* {{flagicon|CUB}} [[Santiago de Cuba]], Cuba (1996)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (1988)
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], Bulgaria (2016)
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tabriz]], Iran (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tabriz and Shanghai agree to be sister cities |url=https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html |website=tabriz.ir |publisher=Tabriz |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128020427/https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (1994)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada (1985)
* {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Valparaíso]], Chile (2001)
* {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia (1995)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], Japan (1973)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1980)
}}

=== Consulates and consulates general ===
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in China}}As of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulates in Shanghai, China |url=https://www.embassypages.com/city/shanghai |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=www.embassypages.com |language=en }}</ref>
[[File:Russian Consulate General in Shanghai.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai|Russian Consulate General in Shanghai]], located on the banks of the [[Suzhou River]]]]
{|
|
* {{ARG}}
* {{AUS}}
* {{AUT}}
* {{BLR}}
* {{BEL}}
* {{BRA}}
* {{BUL}}
* {{CAM}}
* {{CAN}}
* {{CHI}}
* {{COL}}
* {{CRI}}
* {{CUB}}
* {{CZE}}
* {{DEN}}
* {{ECU}}
* {{EGY}}
* {{ETH}}
* {{FJI}}
| valign="top" |
* {{FIN}}
* {{FRA}}
* {{GER}}
* {{GRE}}
* {{HUN}}
* {{IND}}
* {{INA}}
* {{IRI}}
* {{IRL}}
* {{ISR}}
* {{ITA}}
* {{JPN}}
* {{KAZ}}
* {{LAO}}
* {{LUX}}
* {{MAS}}
* {{MDV}} (Consulate)
* {{MLT}}
* {{MEX}}
| valign="top" |
* {{MCO}} (Consulate)
* {{MGL}}
* {{NEP}} (Consulate)
* {{NED}}
* {{NZL}}
* {{NGR}}
* {{NOR}}
* {{PAK}}
* {{PAN}}
* {{PNG}} (Consulate)
* {{PER}}
* {{PHL}}
* {{POL}}
* {{POR}}
* {{ROU}}
* {{RUS}}
* {{SRB}}
* {{SYC}}
* {{SGP}}
| valign="top" |
* {{SVK}}
* {{SVN}} (Consulate)
* {{RSA}}
* {{KOR}}
* {{ESP}}
* {{SRI}}
* {{SWE}}
* {{SUI}}
* {{THA}}
* {{TUR}}
* {{UKR}}
* {{UAE}}
* {{GBR}}
* {{USA}}
* {{URY}}
* {{UZB}}
* {{VAN}}
* {{VEN}}
* {{VIE}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia}}
* [[List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai]]
* [[List of administrative divisions of Shanghai]]
* [[List of fiction set in Shanghai]]
* [[List of films set in Shanghai]]
* [[List of people from Shanghai]]
* [[Shanghai Detention Center]]
* [[Shanghai International Football Tournament]]
* [[Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers]]
* [[Shuping Scholarship]]
* [[Urban planning in Shanghai]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Discover Shanghai |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2010 }}
* {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions |year=2004 |isbn=978-981-232-597-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaiyangzide0001unse }}
* {{cite book |author=Elvin, Mark |chapter=Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910 |title=The City in Late Imperial China |editor1-first=G. William |editor1-last=Skinner |location=Stanford, Cal. |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8047-0892-0 |oclc=2883862 |pages=441–474 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author1=Erh, Deke |author2=Johnston, Tess |title=Shanghai Art Deco |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Old China Hand Press |year=2007 }}
* Haarmann, Anke. ''Shanghai (Urban Public) Space'' (Berlin: Jovis, 2009). 192 pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020630/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39796 online review]
* {{cite book |author=Horesh, Niv |title=Shanghai's Bund and Beyond |location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2009 }}
* {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1995 }}
* {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1424-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Scheen, Lena |title=Shanghai Literary Imaginings: A City in Transformation |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-8964-587-6 }}
* Scheen, Lena (2022). "History of Shanghai." ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History'' 18 [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.689 online]
* Yan Jin. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field" ''History Compass'' (October 2018) e12496 Historiography of recent scholarship. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190606020020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12496 online]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|wikt = Shanghai
|commons = 上海
|species = no
|n = Category:Shanghai
|q = Shanghai
|voy = Shanghai
|d = Q8686
}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Shanghai}}
* [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn Official website] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625064719/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/ |date=25 June 2008 }})
* [http://www.ICShanghai.com ''ShanghaiEye''] – English news website of SMG
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=31.224252&lon=121.472397&z=11&m=b WikiSatellite view of Shanghai] at [[WikiMapia]]
* {{OSM relation|913067|Shanghai}}

{{Navboxes top
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{{Shanghai |state = expanded}}
{{Geographic location
|Center = Shanghai
|North = [[Nantong]], Jiangsu
|Northeast = ''East China Sea''
|East = ''[[East China Sea]]''
|Southeast = ''East China Sea''
|South = ''[[Hangzhou Bay]]''
|Southwest = [[Jiaxing]], Zhejiang
|West = [[Suzhou]], Jiangsu
|Northwest = Suzhou or Nantong
}}
{{Yangtze River Delta}}
{{Regions and cities of China}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
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{{World's most populated urban areas}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shanghai| ]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in China]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:East China]]
[[Category:Jiangnan]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of China]]
[[Category:Direct-administered municipalities of China]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in China]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in China]]
[[Category:Province-level divisions of China]]
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[[Category:Yangtze River Delta]]
[[Category:Tech hubs]]

2023 in Kerala

2026-03-20T14:10:56Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting info

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2023''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Photo
!Post
!Name
|-
|[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|center|frameless|99x99px]]
|[[List of governors of Kerala|The Governor of Kerala]]
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|-
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan 1.jpg|center|frameless|80x80px]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|-
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]
|[[S. Manikumar]] (till April 23)
|-
|[[File:Justice S. V. Bhatti.jpg|center|frameless|121x121px]]
|[[Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti]] (June 1- July 13)
|-
|
|[[Ashish Jitendra Desai]] (22 July - till date)
|}

== Events ==

=== January ===
* January 3 - The 61st edition of [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]] commenced at [[Kozhikode]]. The event was conducted for the first time after [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and nearly 140,000 students participated in it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Kalolsavam in Kozhikode: 14,000 students to participate in 239 competitions |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kozhikode-all-set-for-school-kalolsavam-2023-1.8173704 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* January 15 - [[One Day International]] match held between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with a low spectatorship of below one fifth the stadium capacity, owing to high ticket charges and disrespectful remarks by [[V. Abdurahiman]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Inconsequential 3rd ODI fails to fire up spectator interest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/jan/15/inconsequential-3rd-odi-fails-to-fire-up-spectator-interest-2537997.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Starving people need not watch cricket game; won't reduce tax on ticket rates': V Abdurahiman |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/starving-people-need-not-watch-cricket-game-won-t-reduce-tax-on-ticket-rates-v-abdurahiman-1.8204589 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* January 19 - [[Government of Kerala]] appoints former [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[K. V. Thomas]] as its special representative in [[New Delhi]] with cabinet rank and privileges.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala govt appoints expelled Congress leader K V Thomas as its special representative |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-govt-appoints-expelled-congress-leader-k-v-thomas-as-its-special-representative/articleshow/97128870.cms |access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref>
* January 22 -
* ''PT - 7,'' a rogue wild elephant was tranquilized and captured by Wildlife Department, [[Government of Kerala]] near [[Dhoni, Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2023-01-22 |title=Rogue elephant PT-7 captured in a ‘textbook operation’ in Palakkad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dhonis-rogue-bull-pt-7-confined-at-last/article66420895.ece |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Police]] arrests Swathik Rahim in connection with Save Box Investment Scam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=Thrissur ‘Save Box’ investment scam: Prime accused nabbed |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/thrissur-save-box-investment-scam-prime-accused-nabbed-7deee1ce |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== February ===

* February 5 - An enquiry on fake birth certificate case in [[Kalamassery]] reveals incident of illegal adoption of a girl child with help of health workers that took place in [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Suspected case of illegal adoption by faking birth certificate at Kochi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/suspected-case-of-illegal-adoption-by-faking-birth-certificate-at-kochi-1188197.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EKM birth certificate forgery: SIT nabs key accused from TN |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ekm-birth-certificate-forgery-sit-nabs-key-accused-from-tn-1.8318954 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* February 11 - Viswanathan, a 46 year old tribal from [[Wayanad district]] was found dead in premises of [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]]. It is alleged that he was abused and man handled accusing theft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=Viswanathan's tragic death in Kerala brings back memories of Madhu's lynching |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/viswanathan-s-tragic-death-kerala-brings-back-memories-madhu-s-lynching-173236 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* February 14 - [[Enforcement Directorate]] arrests former [[Indian Administrative Service]] official M. Sivasankaran, a close confidant of [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister of Kerala]] in connection with [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]] violations in Life Mission, a state funded housing project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-02-15 |title=Sivasankar's arrest: Congress, BJP slam Left govt; seek CM's reply |url=https://theprint.in/india/sivasankars-arrest-congress-bjp-slam-left-govt-seek-cms-reply/1373226/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* February 17 - Biju Kurian a farmer from [[Kannur district]] who was part of a state government led delegation went absconding from [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Kerala farmer who absconded in Israel returns |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-farmer-who-absconded-in-israel-returns-1195512.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* February 22 - Enforcement Directorate attaches assets worth 305 crores of [[Joy Alukkas]] for [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] violations and carrying out [[Hawala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=ED attaches Rs 305-cr assets of Joyalukkas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ed-attaches-over-rs-305-crore-worth-of-assets-of-joyalukkas-jewellery-group-on-hawala-charges-8465116/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* February 23 - A statewide raid conducted by [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala]] finds that organized racket in state which siphons off money from Chief Minister Disaster Relief Fund (CMDRF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Kerala: Day after Vigilance unearths CMDRF fund racket, CM promises stern action, Opp Leader demands special team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/racket-swindling-kerala-cm-distress-relief-fund-vijayan-vows-action-8462796/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== March ===

* March 2 - [[Bhrahmapuram Fire|Massive fire burst out]] at [[Bhrahmapuram landfill|Brahmapuram waste treatment plant]] in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmapuram fire: Smoke continues to choke Kochi, firefighters struggle to douse flames |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/04/brahmapuram-waste-plant-fire-flames-smoke.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* March 3 - [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) activists attacks [[Asianet News Network]] office at Kochi for telecasting a report regarding [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances]] abuse among school children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-04 |title=SFI activists booked for protest against Asianet: What is the controversy about? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sfi-activists-booked-protest-against-asianet-what-controversy-about-174079 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* March 14 - [[Bhrahmapuram fire]]: Twelve day long fire at Bhrahmapuram was brought into control. The [[air quality index]] of Kochi hit historic low during the fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90 per cent of fire at Brahmapuram waste plant extinguished: Kerala govt |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/90-per-cent-of-fire-at-brahmapuram-waste-plant-extinguished-kerala-govt-1.8384653 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* March 15 - Scuffle took place outside speakers office of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] between [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) and [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) legislators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Assembly ruckus: UDF's self goal and CPM's strange disinterest in Speaker's CCTV |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/17/kerala-assembly-ruckus-udf-cpm-reactions.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* March 18 -
** [[Bhrahmapuram fire]]: [[National Green Tribunal (India)|National Green Tribunal]] slaps 100 crore penalty on [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmapuram fire: NGT slaps Rs 100 cr fine on Kochi corporation |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/18/brahmapuram-fire-national-green-tribunal-ngt-kochi-corporation.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
** A patient who was sedated for thyroid surgery was sexually assaulted in [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raveendran |first=Aabha |date=2024-04-05 |title=ICU sexual assault case: survivor joins protest staged by nursing officer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/icu-sexual-assault-case-survivor-joins-protest-staged-by-nursing-officer/article68033091.ece |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* March 20 - [[Kerala High Court]] declares the election of [[A. Raja (Kerala politician)|A. Raja]] from [[Devikulam Assembly constituency]] null and void on the grounds of candidate producing fake caste certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fake caste certificate: Devikulam MLA Raja's election declared void |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/mar/21/fake-caste-certificate-devikulam-mla-rajas-election-declared-void-2557958.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* March 23 - [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]] gets disqualified following a criminal defamation conviction against him from a [[Surat]] court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Rahul Gandhi disqualified: What this means, what happens next? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/explained-law-rahuls-disqualification-after-8517591/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* March 29 - Kerala High Court takes an adverse stand on capture and caging of rogue wild tusker [[Arikomban]]. Court leaves the matter to expert panel and suggests relocation of [[Chinnakanal]] settlement to reduce [[Human–wildlife conflict|human-wildlife conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Arikomban: Permanent solution is to relocate residents, not elephant, observes HC |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mission-arikomban-permanent-solution-is-to-relocate-residents-not-elephant-observes-hc-1.8433936 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

===April===
*April 2 - Eight passengers sustained burn injuries after [[Elathur train attack|an unidentified person set co-passengers on fire]] on board an express train in [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]], Kozhikode which was bound for [[Kannur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Kozhikode train fire: Police suspect attack was premeditated, suspect escaped on bike |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kozhikode-train-fire-police-suspect-attack-is-premeditated-assailant-escaped-in-bike-1.8447893 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Later the incident, three people including a two-year-old girl, were found dead on a railway track.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=ട്രെയിൻ നമ്പർ 16307, കേരളം നടുങ്ങിയ തീവെപ്പ്; നീങ്ങാതെ ദുരൂഹത; സംഭവം ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/specials/kerala-train-fire-kozhikode-elathur-executive-express-fire-1.8447963 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
*April 4 - [[Elathur train attack]]: [[Maharashtra Police]] arrested Shahrukh Saif a [[Shaheen Bagh]] native who is the prime accused in Elathur train attack case from [[Ratnagiri]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=Kerala train fire accused arrested in Ratnagiri, is a carpenter from Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kozhikode-train-fire-incident-accused-nabbed-in-maharashtras-ratnagiri-8539058/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*April 5 - [[Mannarkkad]] special court for [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]] which convicted 14 accused of [[Attappadi]] Madhu lynching case pronounces punishments for the guilty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Attappadi tribal lynching case: Kerala court finds 14 guilty, acquits 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-tribal-youth-madhu-lynching-14-guilty-acquits-2-8537432/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*April 6 - Anil Antony, son of [[A. K. Antony]] joins [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Anil Antony, Congress leader AK Antony's son, likely to join BJP |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/anil-antony-congress-leader-ak-antonys-son-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/99293011.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*April 25 - [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] inaugurates Kerala's first [[Vande Bharat Express]], [[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Kottayam)|Kasaragod - Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express]] and [[Kochi Water Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title=PM Modi flags off Vande Bharat train, inaugurates water metro project in Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-train-india-s-first-water-metro-in-kerala-kochi-101682392451340.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*April 29 - Kerala wildlife department successfully tranquillised and captured rogue wild elephant [[Arikomban]] from [[Chinnakanal]] and released into [[Periyar National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Arikomban successful, tusker being transported to Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/04/29/tusker-arikomban-mission-capture-translocation.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

===May===
*May 7 - [[2023 Tanur boat disaster|A tourist boat overturned]] in [[Tanur Beach|Tanur beach]], [[Malappuram]] which resulted in the death of 22 people .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/8/many-dead-as-tourist-boat-capsizes-in-indias-kerala-state |title=At least 22 dead as tourist boat capsizes in India’s Kerala state |date=2023-05-08 |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
*May 11 - A doctor named Vandana Das [[Murder of Vandana Das|was stabbed to death]] while she was on hospital duty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=‘Doctors are easy targets’: IMA Kerala president reacts to Dr Vandana's murder |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doctors-are-easy-targets-ima-kerala-president-reacts-dr-vandana-s-murder-176999 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*May 12 - [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] makes its biggest [[drug]] seizure in history in [[territorial waters]] off Kerala coast. [[Methamphetamine]] valuing Rs. 12,000 crores were seized from a [[Pakistan]] origin vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |date=2023-05-14 |title=NCB catches narcotics carrying ‘mothership’ in Indian Ocean, seizes 2,500 kg methamphetamine worth Rs 12,000 cr |url=https://theprint.in/india/ncb-seizes-narcotics-carrying-mothership-in-indian-ocean-seizes-2500-kg-methamphetamine-worth-rs-12000-cr/1573416/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
*May 13 -
**Three persons, including a firefighter, sustained injuries, albeit minor ones, after a major fire broke out at a multi-storey commercial building at the [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (KINFRA) Export Promotion Industrial Park, near [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]], at [[Kakkanad]], [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire breaks out in building near InfoPark, at least three suffer burns |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/13/kochi-infopark-fire-accident-several-feared-trapped-as-massive-fire-erupts.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
**A [[migrant worker]] from [[Bihar]] was lynched to death at [[Kondotty]] due to suspicion of theft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Eight arrested in Kerala over suspected lynching of Bihar native |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eight-arrested-kerala-suspected-lynching-bihar-native-8608822/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
**A seventeen-year-old girl named Asmiya was found dead in mysterious circumstances in a [[Madrasa]] at [[Balaramapuram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special team to probe teen student's death at Balaramapuram religious school |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/16/special-team-investigate-asmiya-mol-madrassa-suicide.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
*May 17 -
**[[Government of Kerala]] passes an [[Ordinance (India)|ordinance]] to ensure safety of health professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=Kerala cabinet approves ordinance to ensure safety of health workers |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-cabinet-approves-ordinance-seeking-to-ensure-safety-of-health-workers-1.8565815 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
**SFI's [[Kattakada]] area secretary A. Visakh attempts impersonation to clinch post of University Union Councilor (UUC) to [[University of Kerala]] that was electorally won by a student named A.S. Anakha from Christian College, Kattakada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPM enraged over college election impersonation row |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/05/18/cpm-enraged-kattakada-christian-college-union-election-sfi-impersonation-row.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

===June===
*June 2 - A graduate student named Sradha Satheesh commits suicide in Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, [[Kanjirappally]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Kottayam student Sradha's suicide: Collegemates allege harassment by authorities |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kottayam-student-sradha-s-suicide-collegemates-allege-harassment-authorities-178110 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*June 3 - A group of men who claim themselves to be members of 'All Kerala Mens Association' welcomes and garlands Savad Sha, a man who was accused and jailed for two weeks in a case of [[public sex|public flashing]] in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=Outrage over welcome for flashing case accused Savad |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/outrage-over-welcome-for-flashing-case-accused-savad-1.8614575 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
*June 5 - [[Kerala Fiber Optic Network]] was inaugurated by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinarayi Vijayan Launches Kerala's KFON Project to Ensure 'Internet as a Basic Right' |url=https://thewire.in/government/pinarayi-vijayan-launches-keralas-kfon-project-to-ensure-internet-as-a-basic-right |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
*June 6 - A controversy erupts after SFI leader P.M. Arsho from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], who has not attended his third semester university exam since he was in jail, got declared as pass in the results announced in the university website.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=Maharaja's College blames software for mark list error |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/maharajas-college-blames-software-for-mark-list-error/articleshow/100836625.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*June 7 - A case was registered against former SFI leader K.Vidya for producing forged certificates to secure teaching job at Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Govt. Arts & Science College, Attappadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certificate 'forgery': Worked in Maharaja's College for 20 months, says accused Vidya's biodata |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/14/certificate-forgery-case-vidya-maharajas-biodata-attappady-college.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
*June 8 - A delegation comprising Pinarayi Vijayan and his family, [[K. N. Balagopal]], [[A. N. Shamseer]], and staff leave for a 10-day visit to the United States and Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala govt delegation led by CM Pinarayi Vijayan leaves on 8-day US, Cuba trip |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-govt-delegation-led-by-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-leaves-on-8-day-us-cuba-trip-2390352-2023-06-08 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*June 9 - Inauguration of construction works of the [[Munambam – Azhikode Bridge]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-04 |title=Work on Munambam-Azhikode bridge to be launched on June 9 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/work-on-munambam-azhikode-bridge-to-be-launched-on-june-9/article66930569.ece |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*June 11 - Pinarayi Vijayan addresses [[Loka Kerala Sabha]] in [[Times Square]], New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Pinarayi highlights Kerala's development at Times Square public gathering |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/pinarayi-highlights-kerala-s-development-at-times-square-public-gathering-1.8636010 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
*June 14 - [[Chief Judicial Magistrate Court]] [[Ernakulam]] accepted to file a case against an illegal [[organ transplantation]] taken place at [[Lakeshore Hospital]], Kochi in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor says Kochi hospital's rush to sell organs killed patient, Kerala court takes notice |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kerala-court-issues-summons-private-hospital-8-doctors-violating-organ-transplantation-norms-2393405-2023-06-15 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*June 15 - Pinarayi Vijayan-led delegation makes first ever chief ministerial visit from India to Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan arrives in Cuba for a two-day visit |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-arrives-in-cuba-for-a-two-day-visit20230615144249/}}</ref>
*June 16 - SFI's [[Alappuzha district]] committee member Nikhil Thomas is accused of securing admission for [[Master of Commerce]] in Milad-E-Sherief Memorial College, Kayamkulam by producing fake degree certificate of [[Kalinga University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Another SFI member in Kerala caught in controversy for submitting fake certificate |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/another-sfi-member-kerala-caught-controversy-submitting-fake-certificate-178635 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*June 21 - [[Kerala Police]] arrests K. Vidya, accused in certificate forgery case from a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM) sympathisers house at Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Former SFI leader from Kerala arrested for forging experience certificate |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/former-sfi-leader-kerala-arrested-forging-experience-certificate-178814 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*June 22 - [[Income Tax Department]] raids prominent [[Internet celebrity|Internet celebrities]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tax officials raid premises linked to top Malayali YouTubers across Kerala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/i-t-dept-raids-spots-linked-to-top-malayali-youtubers-across-kerala-2396850-2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*June 23 - [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] president [[K. Sudhakaran]] arrested in connection with acquaintance with Monson Mavunkal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress chief Sudhakaran arrested in fraud case, released on bail |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/06/23/kpcc-chief-k-sudhakaran-arrested-in-monson-mavunkal-cheating-case.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
*June 25 - CPIM affiliated trade union, [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU) workers assault a bus owner in [[Kottayam]] after preventing him to operate his bus for weeks in name of labour issues and defying a court order in favour of the operator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-25 |title=CITU protest snowballs into deeper crisis |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/citu-protest-snowballs-into-deeper-crisis/article67008605.ece |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== July ===

* July 3 - Kerala Police conducts raid and seized computers from office of a digital media company 'Marunadan Malayali' following complaints against its owner Shajan Scaria by [[P. V. Srinijin]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=Police raid Marunadan Malayali office in Kochi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/police-raid-marunadan-malayalis-office-in-kochi/article67038154.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* July 10 - The residents of Muthalapozhi, a coastal village in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] and local [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholic]] church protests against unscientific construction of [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] that is repeatedly causing deaths of fishermen in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthalapozhi boat tragedy imperils uneasy truce between govt and Church |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/jul/11/muthalapozhi-boat-tragedy-imperils-uneasy-truce-between-govt-andchurch-2593516.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* July 15 - CPIM conducts a national seminar in Kozhikode against [[Uniform Civil Code]] (UCC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-16 |title=CPI(M) holds national seminar on UCC at Kozhikode, calls it a communal weapon |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cpim-holds-national-seminar-ucc-kozhikode-calls-it-communal-weapon-179800 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* July 16 - Kerala Police's cyber cell recovers Rs. 40,000 that was swindled from a Kozhikode native in an internet fraud by using [[artificial intelligence]] based [[deepfake]] technology. It is first reported case of artificial intelligence based [[cybercrime]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Kerala's first AI-aided scam, man extorts Rs 40,000 over WhatsApp video call |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-keralas-first-ai-aided-scam-man-extorts-rs-40000-over-whatsapp-video-call-2407514-2023-07-17 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* July 21 - Ananthapuri FM 101.9 which had a large listener base in and around [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] was closed down by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-07-22 |title=Ananthapuri FM shuts down without notice, listeners stage protest |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ananthapuri-fm-shuts-down-without-notice-listeners-stage-protest/article67109725.ece |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* July 25 - Kerala Police books a case for mike howling during Pinarayi Vijayan's speech in [[Oommen Chandy|Oommen Chandy's]] condolence meeting in Thiruvananthapuram and impounds mic and amplifier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Mic howling during CM's speech at Chandy's condolence meet: Police register case, owner reacts |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malfunctioning-of-mike-during-kerala-cm-s-speech-at-chandy-s-condolence-meet-police-registers-case-1.8763172 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* July 28 - A man from [[Pathanamthitta district]] named Noushad, who was missing since last 18 months, found alive at [[Thodupuzha]], a day after his wife Afsana, who filed the missing case, was booked on charges of murder of missing person by [[Kerala Police]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-28 |title=Missing Kerala man spotted alive, day after wife held for his murder |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/missing-kerala-man-spotted-alive-day-after-wife-held-for-his-murder/articleshow/102205868.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*July 29 - A five-year-old girl from [[Bihar]] was [[Murder of Chandini|abducted and killed]] in [[Aluva]]. The police arrested a migrant worker in connection with the rape and murder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=അഞ്ചുവയസ്സുകാരിയുടെ സ്വകാര്യഭാഗങ്ങളിൽ മുറിവ്, കല്ല് കൊണ്ട് തലയ്ക്കടിച്ചു; അതിക്രൂരമായ കൊലപാതകം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/news/aluva-girl-murder-police-says-girl-injured-in-private-parts-1.8772788 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== August ===

* August 2 - [[Nair Service Society]] organised a ''nama japa yatra'' to protest against remarks made by [[A. N. Shamseer]] against [[Ganesha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-02 |title=NSS organises public protests against Shamseer |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nss-organises-public-protests-against-shamseer/article67150543.ece |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* August 4 - A pharmacist impersonates as a hospital nurse and attempts to murder mother of a newborn through [[air embolism]] in [[Parumala]] over alleged relationship issues former had with later's husband.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=Woman impersonates nurse, tries to kill newborn's mother by injecting air in vein |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/woman-impersonates-nurse-tries-to-kill-newborns-mother-by-injecting-air-in-vein-8878657/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* August 9 - [[Malayala Manorama]] breaks news about details of Interim Board of Settlement proceedings that confirmed Pinarayi Vijayan's daughter Veena Vijayan getting illegal graft from [[Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-13 |title=What is the CMRL ‘illegal payments’ case, in which Kerala CM's daughter has been named |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/cmrl-bribery-case-in-which-kerala-cms-daughter-has-been-named-8890829/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* August 23 - Enforcement Directorate conducts raids on [[A. C. Moideen]] in connection with 100 crore worth [[Karuvannoor]] Cooperative Bank fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-08-23 |title=Kerala Cooperative Bank fraud: ED raid at my house 'pre-planned', says Moideen |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/100-crore-kerala-cooperative-bank-fraud-case-ed-raid-at-my-house-pre-planned-says-ex-minister-a-c-moideen-11692769669274.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* August 24 - A college girl who went missing from Kozhikode was found abused, naked and tied up inside a house in [[Thottilpalam]], Kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth held for abducting, raping college girl in Kozhikode |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/08/24/missing-girl-found-undressed-at-friends-house-in-Kozhikode.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
* August 28 - Achu Oomen, the daughter of former chief minister [[Oommen Chandy]] files complainer against concerted [[cyberbullying]] against her and her profession by CPIM followers during campaign for the by-election to [[Puthuppally Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyberbullying: Former Secretariat officer apologizes after Achu Oommen files complaint |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/08/29/cyberbullying-former-secretariat-officer-apologizes-after-achu-oommen-files-complaint.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
* August 29 - Actor [[Jayasurya]] criticised delay in payment of dues to [[Paddy field|paddy]] farmers by [[Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation]] against ''Paddy Receipt Sheets'' and diversion of quality produce from state markets. The actor faced cyberbullying from left sympathisers following this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Jayasurya criticises Kerala govt over delay in payment to farmers at event with ministers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/aug/30/actor-jayasurya-criticises-kerala-govt-over-delay-in-payment-to-farmers-at-event-with-ministers-2610049.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== September ===

* September 1 -
** [[RPG Group|Spencer's]], a century old supermarket chain, ends its operations in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 100-year-old Spencer's store winds up operation in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/sep/02/over-100-year-old-spencers-store-winds-up-operation-in-kerala-2611006.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
** [[List of RTO districts in Kerala#Kerala Motor Vehicles Department|Kerala Motor Vehicles Department]] (MVD) prevents Robin Travels from operating bus service between Pathanamthitta and Coimbatore.<ref name="onmanorama.com">{{Cite web |title=MVD blocks 'Robin' bus at five locations; owner says law should be changed for citizens too |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/19/robib-bus-controversy-mvd-slaps-fine-over-permit-violation.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* September 5 - Government of Kerala transfers land 12,700 hectares of land from [[Kuttampuzha]] to [[Edamalakkudy]] resulting in [[Idukki district]] becoming the largest district in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Idukki reclaims top spot as Kerala's largest district |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/idukki-reclaims-top-spot-as-kerala-s-largest-district-1.8894290 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* September 12 - Nippah cases registered in Kozhikode 2 Patients died earlier was diagnosed by [[Nipah virus infection|nippah virus]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}
* September 14 - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] unanimously passes Kerala Government Land Assignment (Amendment) Bill, 2023 which legalise construction on pattayam (title) land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Govt Land Assignment Amendment Bill passed; construction to be allowed on title lands |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/09/15/govt-land-assignment-bill-amendment-passed-kerala-assembly.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

=== October ===

* October 13 - Enforcement Directorate attached assets worth Rs. 57.7 crores in relation with Karuvannoor cooperative society scam under [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuvannur bank scam: ED attaches assets worth Rs 57.75 cr |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/13/kerala-karuvannur-cooperative-bank-scam-ed-attaches-assets.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* October 14 - Mini [[cloudburst]] caused floods in and around Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name=":0" />
* October 15 - Pinarayi Vijayan flags in the first ship to [[Vizhinjam International Seaport, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":1" />
* October 16 - MVD stops Robin bus from conducting trip to Coimbatore following All India Tourist Permit for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first=|date=2023-11-18 |title=Kerala Motor Vehicles dept. and ‘Robin’ play cat and mouse again |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-motor-vehicles-dept-and-robin-play-cat-and-mouse-again/article67546834.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* October 26 - [[Indian Union Muslim League]] conducts India's largest [[Pro-Palestine]] rally at Kozhikode. [[Shashi Tharoor]] faced criticism for condemning [[Hamas]] in this meet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=Muslim league holds massive pro-Palestine rally in Kerala, calls Israel a terror state |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/iuml-holds-massive-pro-palestine-rally-thangal-calls-israel-a-terror-state/articleshow/104741890.cms |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* October 29 - A series of [[improvised explosive device]] took place [[2023 Kerala bombing|during a convention of Jehovah’s Witnesses]] in Kalamassery, Kochi.

=== November ===

* November 7 - A [[Non Resident Indian]] investor who invested 25 crores in a sports complex stages protest at [[Manjoor (village)|Manjoor]] against [[Local government]] who is delaying project through [[Red tape]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NRI investor protests as authorities 'delay' opening of Rs 25 crore sports complex in Kottayam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/07/nri-investor-protests-authorities-delay-opening-rs-25-crore-sports-complex-kottayam.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* November 8 - Enforcement Directorate conducts raid on officials of [[Communist Party of India]] supported [[Kattakada|Kandala Cooperative Bank, Kattakada]] for 101 crore worth [[Money laundering]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-08 |title=ED raid at Kandala bank in Kerala puts CPI and LDF on the defensive |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-raid-at-kandala-bank-puts-cpi-and-ldf-on-the-defence/article67512796.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* November 11 - CPIM conducts massive [[Pro-Palestine|pro-palestine]] - [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]] rally in Kozhikode in protest of [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2023-11-14 |title=In Kerala, playing politics over Gaza |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-kerala-playing-politics-over-gaza/article67531993.ece |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala palestine protest is appeasement politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/prabhu-chawla/column/2023/nov/19/kerala-palestine-protest-is-appeasement-politics-2634123.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* November 17 - Income Tax Department raids prominent contractors linked with LDF and Kerala Police in Thiruvananthapuram unearthing [[Black market|black money]] based in [[United Arab Emirates]] worth more than 100 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=വൻകിട കരാറുകാരെ ഉന്നമിട്ട് ആദായനികുതി വകുപ്പ്; 100 കോടിയലധികം രൂപയുടെ കള്ളപ്പണ ഇടപാട് കണ്ടെത്തി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/raid-by-the-income-tax-department-black-money-transaction-worth-crores-were-found-1.9083072 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* November 18 - [[Nava Kerala Sadas]] commence at [[Kasaragod district]].
* November 19 - MVD slapped fine at five locations on ''Robin bus'' while attempting to conduct Pathanamthitta - Coimbatore service using All India Tourist Permit for the third time. The bus was seized by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] on completion of trip.<ref name="onmanorama.com"/>
* November 24 - MVD seized controversial Robin bus on reaching back from [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robin bus seized by MVD at 1am, shifted to police camp |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/24/robin-bus-seized-mvd-camp.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* November 25 - A huge [[stampede]] occurred during a music concert in [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] (CUSAT) which caused the death of 4 students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Stampede at Kochi college kills 4: What went wrong and why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/stampede-at-kochi-college-kills-4-what-went-wrong-and-why-9043340/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* November 27 - A six-year-old girl was kidnapped in [[Oyoor]] to be found 21 hours later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debt-ridden 3-member family abducted Kollam child for quick money: Police |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/02/kollam-child-abduction-case-adgp-says-padmakumar-wanted-to-solve-financial-crisis.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

=== December ===

* December 9 - [[Crowd control]] by Kerala Police failed in [[Sabarimala Temple]] resulting in 18 hours long queue and death of a minor girl.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=18 hours in queue? Crowd management goes haywire at Sabarimala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/18hrs-in-queue-crowd-mgmtgoes-haywire-at-sabarimala/articleshow/105871116.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11-year-old girl collapses and dies while waiting in queue at Sabrimala temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sabrimala-temple-crowd-girl-collapses-dies-waiting-kerala-pilgrim-rush-2474332-2023-12-11 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* December 10 - [[Kerala Students Union]] hurls shoes on Pinarayi Vijayan’s [[convoy]] at [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghunath |first=Arjun |title=Shoes hurled at Kerala CM, black flags shown to Governor at separate protests |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/shoes-hurled-at-kerala-cm-black-flags-shown-to-governor-at-separate-protests-2805033 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* December 11 - SFI activists attacks [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], the [[List of governors of Kerala|governor of Kerala]] on his way to [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]. Kerala Police faces criticism for intelligence failure and drawing up a weak [[chargesheet]] by omitting Section 124 of [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Governor alleges police complicity in the 'attack' against him by SFI workers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/dec/12/kerala-governor-alleges-police-complicity-in-the-attack-against-him-by-sfi-workers-2640851.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 SFI activists booked under six charges; slap IPC Sec 124 on Guv direction |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/12/seven-sfi-workers-booked-six-ipc-charges-attack-on-governor.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* December 14 - [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|POSCO Fast Track Court, Kattappana]] acquits the sole accused in a rape and murder of a six-year-old girl citing defects in investigation by Kerala Police. The accused was a [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI) worker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jolly |first=Tellmy |date=2023-12-15 |title=Vandiperiyar Rape & Murder Of Minor Girl : Kerala Court Acquits Sole Accused Citing Lack Of Evidence, Defects In Investigation |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/kerala-court-acquittal-rape-murder-minor-girl-vandiperiyar-sole-accused-lack-evidence-defects-investigation-244565 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>
* December 20 - Kerala cabinet decides to set up ''Kerala Urban Commission.''<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-20 |title=Kerala Cabinet decides to constitute Kerala Urban Policy Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cabinet-decides-to-constitute-kerala-urban-policy-commission/article67657685.ece |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* December 22 - DYFI leaders attacks Kerala Police and vandalised their jeep at [[Chalakudy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DYFI attack on police jeep in Chalakudy: Block secretary Nidhin Pullen in custody |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/23/dyfi-vandalise-police-jeep-chalakudy-nidhin-pullen-in-custody-govt-iti-union-elections.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
* December 30 - Leading Social Media Influencer and Fastest Performing Cartoonist [[S. Jithesh|Dr. Jitheshji]] was appointed as the International Brand Ambassador of India's best Tourism village award winning [[Kanthalloor]] Grama Panchayath.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==Deaths==

=== January - June ===
* January 4 - [[Beeyar Prasad]], poet, 62
* February 22 - [[Subi Suresh]], comedian, 41.
* March 26 - [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], actor, 75.
* April 7 - [[Kalamandalam Devaki]], [[Ottan Thullal]] dancer, 76
* April 23 - [[Gemini Sankaran]], [[circus]] entrepreneur, 98.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gemini Shankaran, doyen of Indian circus, passes away at 99 in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/apr/24/gemini-shankarandoyen-of-indian-circuspasses-away-at-99-in-kerala-2568885.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* April 26 - [[Mamukkoya]], actor, 76.
* May 1 - [[M. Chandran (politician)|M. Chandran]], former MLA, 76.
* May 16 - [[P. K. R. Pillai]], film producer, 92
* June 5 - [[Sudhi Kollam]], actor and comedian, 39.
* June 18 - [[Poojappura Ravi]], actor, 86
* June 20 - [[M. A. Kuttappan]], former [[Minister (government)|minister]], 76.
* June 26 - [[C. V. Dev]], actor, 83
* June 27 - [[P. Chitran Namboodirippad]], writer, 103

=== July===
* July 7 - [[Namboothiri (artist)|K. M. Vasudevan Namboothiri]], painter, 97
* July 8 - [[K. Ravindranathan Nair]], [[industrialist]] and film producer, 90.
* July 18 - [[Oommen Chandy]], former [[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]], 79.
* July 31 - [[Vakkom Purushothaman]], former [[governor]], 96.

=== August ===
* August 8 - [[Siddique (director)|Siddique Ismail]], film director, 69.

=== September ===
* September 16 - [[C. R. Omanakuttan]], writer, 80.
* September 24 - [[K. G. George]], film maker, 77.
* September 28 - [[M. S. Swaminathan]], father of [[Green Revolution in India]], 98.

=== October ===
* October 5 - [[Anathalavattom Anandan]], politician, 86.
* October 10 - [[Karthyayani Amma]], woman who passed literacy test at 96 with top mark, 101.
* October 13 - [[P. V. Gangadharan]], film producer, 80.
* October 17 - [[Kundara Johny]], actor, 71.

=== November ===
* November 9 - [[Kalabhavan Haneef]], actor, 63.
* November 21 - [[R. Ramachandran (Kerala CPI politician)|R. Ramachandran]], politician, 71.
* November 30 - [[Subbalakshmi]], carnatic musician and actress, 87
* November 30 - [[P. Cyriac John]], former minister, 90

=== December ===
* December 3 - [[M. Kunjaman]], economist, 74
* December 8 - [[Kanam Rajendran]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] state secretary, 73
* December 15 - [[K. P. Viswanathan]], former minister, 83

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2022 in Kerala]]
* [[2023 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2023 in Kerala]]

Ramki

2026-03-20T13:14:15Z

Ashok Hathrasi: cleanup information and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ramki
| image =
| birth_name = Ramakrishnan Arunachalam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|03|31}}
| birth_place = [[Sattur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1987–2004; 2013–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nirosha]]|1995}}
| relatives = [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] (sister in law)
| occupation = [[Actor]]
}}

'''Ramakrishnan''' (born 31 March 1962), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Ramki''', is an Indian actor best known for his work in [[Tamil cinema]]. He made his debut in ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'' (1987). He was a leading actor from 1987 to 2004. He is well known by his unique hair style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/entertainment/artist/Ramki/A273287|title = Ramki}}</ref>

He was known for his performances in successful movies such as ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' (1988), ''[[Maruthu Pandi]]'' (1990), ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' (1990), ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' (1993), ''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' (1996) and ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' (2018).

He made his comeback in cinema after nine years and returned in a supporting role with the supernatural thriller film ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' (2013).

== Career ==
Ramki started as an actor in 1987 with the film, ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]''. He appeared alongside [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]. The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://letterboxd.com/film/chinna-poove-mella-pesu/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930045116/https://letterboxd.com/film/chinna-poove-mella-pesu/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2022 | title=Chinna Poove Mella Pesu (1987) }}</ref> Ramki appeared in eight films during the year 1988, including ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' where he co-starred with [[Vijayakanth]] and his future wife [[Nirosha]]. The film ran for over 200 days in theatres and was one of the highest-grossing Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/vijayakanth-senthoora-poove-have-telugu-remake-116990.html|title = Vijayakanth's Senthoora Poove to Have Telugu Remake|date = 12 August 2013|access-date = 8 January 2020|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051112/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/vijayakanth-senthoora-poove-have-telugu-remake-116990.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> ''[[Poovizhi Raja]]'' and ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' have received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://letterboxd.com/film/poovizhi-raja/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930045323/https://letterboxd.com/film/poovizhi-raja/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2022 | title=Poovizhi Raja (1988) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://letterboxd.com/film/paravaigal-palavitham/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930045406/https://letterboxd.com/film/paravaigal-palavitham/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2022 | title=Paravaigal Palavitham (1988) }}</ref> In 1989, he worked in movies such as ''Oru Thottil Sabadham'', ''Ellame En Thangachi'', ''Penn Buthi Mun Buthi'', ''Yogam Rajayogam'' and ''En Kanavar''.

After the success of ''[[Maruthu Pandi]]'' (1990), in the same year, he acted in the action-adventure, ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' directed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]] and featured him in the second leading role alongside [[Arun Pandian]] and lead actress Nirosha.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://letterboxd.com/film/inaindha-kaigal/ | title=Inaindha Kaigal (1990) | access-date=9 January 2020 | archive-date=11 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191949/https://letterboxd.com/film/inaindha-kaigal/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews and became a Blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/inaindha-kaigal-17319/box-office | title=Do you know how Inaindha Kaigal did at the Box Office? | access-date=9 January 2020 | archive-date=11 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191950/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/inaindha-kaigal-17319/box-office | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1991, he played in ''[[Vetri Padigal]]'' directed by [[Manobala]] while [[R. Sarathkumar]] acted in negative role.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tamil.cinemaprofile.com/movies/vetri-padigal-movie-details-1991-biography-online.html#sthash.0GSAGtfz.dpbs | title=Vetri Padigal Movie Wiki, Vetri Padigal Tamil Movie, Overview, Release date, Trailer, Review, Star Cast, Director, Music Director, Producer, Biography, User Reviews | Tamil Cinema Profile | access-date=9 January 2020 | archive-date=11 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191950/http://tamil.cinemaprofile.com/movies/vetri-padigal-movie-details-1991-biography-online.html#sthash.0GSAGtfz.dpbs | url-status=live }}</ref> He starred in the [[Horror film|horror]] films genre that are successful as ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' (1993), ''[[Thanga Pappa]]'' (1993), ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' (1995) and ''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' (1996). In 1997, Ramki has acted in the movies such ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'', ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'', ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'', ''[[Thadayam]]'' and ''[[Pudhalvan]]''. He was known for his onscreen chemistry with [[Nirosha]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. In 1999, he acted in second role in ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' starring with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.woodsdeck.com/movies/4028-nilave-mugam-kaattu-1999 | title=Nilave Mugam Kaattu Tamil Movie Reviews, Photos, Videos (1999) | access-date=10 January 2020 | archive-date=10 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110231406/http://www.woodsdeck.com/movies/4028-nilave-mugam-kaattu-1999 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He appears in a few sequences in the movies such as ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' (1999) and ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' (2000).

During the 2000s, Ramki acted in second roles in devotional films such as ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' (2000), ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' (2001) and ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' (2002). His 1991 film, he acted in a movie ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' of [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s. After 15 long years, this movie finally got released in 2007; deleting some scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/ramki |title=Kollywood Movie Actor Ramki Biography, News, Photos, Videos |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612210638/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/ramki |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, he made his come back with films such as ''[[Maasani]]'' and ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''. In 2016, he acted in ''[[Vaaimai]]'' and ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yeclo.com/telemiroir/titles/167337|title=YECLO.com|website=www.yeclo.com|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190529/https://www.yeclo.com/telemiroir/titles/167337|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/atti-movie-review-rating/|title=Tamil Atti Movie Review & Rating Audience Response, Live Updates, Hit or Flop|date=9 December 2016|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190527/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/atti-movie-review-rating/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2017, he acted in Telugu movie, ''[[Aakatayi]]'', where he played a pivotal role, followed by Tamil horror comedy film, ''[[Aangila Padam]]'' in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/aakatayi-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Aakatayi Telugu Movie Review | Aashish Raj Aakatayi Movie Review and Rating | Aakatayi Cinema Review | Aakatayi Film Review|date=10 March 2017|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190527/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/aakatayi-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aangila-padam-aka-english-padam-review-tamil-movie-20223|title=Aangila Padam (aka) English Padam review. Aangila Padam (aka) English Padam Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190523/https://www.indiaglitz.com/aangila-padam-aka-english-padam-review-tamil-movie-20223|url-status=live}}</ref> He acted in a Telugu film, ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' (2018) with which he won Best Character Actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rx-100-review-a-raw-love-story-marred-by-violence-review-telugu-shnlJocfifgbd.html|title=RX 100 review: A raw love story marred by violence|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108203233/https://www.sify.com/movies/rx-100-review-a-raw-love-story-marred-by-violence-review-telugu-shnlJocfifgbd.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-shriya-saran-adds-glamour-to-an-awards-night/20191001.htm|title = PIX: Shriya Saran adds glamour to an awards night}}</ref> He also appeared in the [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' (2019) starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/action-review-a-below-average-action-thriller-review-tamil-tlpqOSdjdcefc.html|title=Action review: A below-average action thriller|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116060237/https://www.sify.com/movies/action-review-a-below-average-action-thriller-review-tamil-tlpqOSdjdcefc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, he appeared in Telegu movie, ''[[Disco Raja]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/disco-raja-ravi-tejas-film-going-steady-and-safe/articleshow/73659344.cms|title = Disco Raja: Ravi Teja's film going steady and safe| newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 January 2020 }}</ref> He plays one of the main roles in ''[[Vettai Naai]]'' (2021) and ''[[Gurumoorthi]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vettai-naai/movie-review/81211098.cms|title = Vettai Naai |newspaper = The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gurumoorthy/movie-review/96118741.cms|title = Gurumoorth| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

In 2023, Ramki played an important role in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s Tamil-Telugu bilingual, ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jan/12/actor-ramki-joins-cast-of-custody-38694.html|title = Actor Ramki joins cast of Custody |website = [[Cinema Express]] |date = 12 January 2023 }}</ref> and played a supporting role in ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lucky-baskhar/movie-review/114803404.cms|title = Lucky Baskhar |newspaper = The Times of India }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ramki married actress [[Nirosha]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-ramki-talks-about-his-role-in-rx-100/articleshow/64930112.cms |title=Actor Ramki talks about his role in 'RX 100' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-ramki-talks-about-his-role-in-rx-100/articleshow/64930112.cms |url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Asha Kiran }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'' || Raja || Debut film, Dubbed into Telugu as ''Abhishekam''
|-
| ''[[Thangachi]]'' || Raja ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|1988
|''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || Raja || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Goonda Police''
|-
| ''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Thali]]'' || Inspector Paandi ||
|-
| ''Manaivi Oru Mandhiri'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' || Ashok || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Sindhura Puvvu''
|-
| ''[[Poovizhi Raja]]'' || Inspector Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' || Sekar ||
|-
| ''Maduraikara Thambi'' || Chinna Thambi ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1989
|''Oru Thottil Sabadham'' || || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Samaram''
|-
| ''Ellame En Thangachi'' || Vasanth ||
|-
| ''Penn Buthi Mun Buthi'' || Muthupandi ||
|-
| ''Yogam Rajayogam'' || Siva ||
|-
| ''En Kanavar'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|1990
| ''[[Maruthu Pandi]]'' || Maruthu Pandi / Manickam ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Pillai]]'' || Sathish ||
|-
| ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' || Pratap ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' || Thevan ||
|-
| ''Pudhiya Sarithiram'' || Inspector Dinakaran / Raja ||
|-
| ''Vaazhnthu Kaattuvom'' || Vijay ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1991
|''[[Vetri Padigal]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| ''Pillai Paasam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Manitha Jaathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Pottukku Sonthakkaran]]'' || Chinna Paandi ||
|-
|1992
| ''Uyarndhavan'' || Mohan ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993
| ''[[Thanga Pappa]]'' || Lawrence || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pass Mark]]'' || Murali || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Allari Abbayi''
|-
|''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' || Saravanan / Vignesh || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Rathnagiri Ammoru''
|-
|rowspan="3"|1994
| ''[[Chinna Madam]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| ''Ulavaali'' || Raja || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Bayankara Goodachari''
|-
|''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || Raja ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1995
|''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]'' || Pitchai ||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Ram ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1996
| ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' || Balu ||
|-
|''[[Rajali]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]'' || Dorai ||
|-
| ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan (1996 film)|Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' || Balu ||
|-
|''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|1997
|''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| ''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]'' || ACP Jai Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'' || Sakthi ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'' || Samrat / Ashok ||
|-
| ''[[Thadayam]]'' || Chandru (Chandrasekhar) || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Chattam''
|-
| ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' || Inspector Siva ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|1998
|''[[Ellame En Pondattithaan]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999
|''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' || Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' || Shankar || Dubbed into Telugu as ''Devatha''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' || Raasaiyya ||
|-
| ''[[Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
|''Shakalaka Baby'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2004
|''[[Super Da]]'' || Kathirvel ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2007
|''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' || ACP Ramakrishnan || Production in 1991; Released 2007
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013
|''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Vetri ||
|-
|''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || Vijaykrishna ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
|''[[Vaaimai]]'' || Thirumaaran IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]'' || Om Prakash ||
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Aangila Padam]]'' || Rail Murugan ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Koothan]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019
|''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vettai Naai]]'' || Bose ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2022 || ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' || Maaran's father ||
|-
|''[[Gurumoorthi]]'' || Kandasamy ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]''
|[[Maj. Gen.]] Philips Sathya Raj
|
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''Ghatana'' || Vijay ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992 || ''Bhale Khaideelu'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''Doshi'' || Siva || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Rocky''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' || Narasimha || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Adimai Penn'' Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Durbar]]'' || Koti || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Thalapathi Kottai''
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aakatayi]]'' || Vikram Simha ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' || Daddy || Won, [[17th Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Awards Best Character Actor - Telugu]] Nominated, [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Disco Raja]]'' || Bharani ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' || [[Maj. Gen.]] Philips Sathya Raj ||
|-
|2024 || ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' || Anthony || Won, Behindwoods Gold Hall of Famers Award
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[Nilakanta (film)|Nilakanta]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]'' || IG Ramesh Chandra ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1682953}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]

Agartala

2026-03-20T06:20:34Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{short description|Capital city of Tripura, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Agartala
| native_name = {{native_name|bn|{{noitalic|Agôrtôla}}}} {{native_name|trp|{{noitalic|Aguli}}}}
| native_name_lang = bn, trp
| settlement_type = City
| nickname = Below Agar Tree
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg
| photo2a = 1487239146-tripura-assembly-fb.jpg
|photo2b = Mbb airport.jpg
|photo4a= Agartala Railway Station.jpg
| size = 300 |border=white |spacing=.7 |color= black
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = (clockwise from top) [[Ujjayanta Palace]], [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]], [[Agartala Railway Station]], [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Agartala city
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Agartala in Tripura
| coordinates = {{coord|23|49|53|N|91|17|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal_of_Tripura.svg}} [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Tripura District|West Tripura]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Subdistricts|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[West Tripura district#Divisions|Sadar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1951
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Agartala Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = Monika Das Datta<ref name="mantras.tv">{{Cite web |url=https://mantras.tv/2021/12/06/bjps-deepak-majumder-elected-as-agartala-municipal-corporation-mayor-monika-das-datta-as-deputy-mayor/ |title=BJP's Deepak Majumder elected as Agartala Municipal Corporation Mayor, Monika das Datta as Deputy Mayor | Welcome to Mantra |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207063719/https://mantras.tv/2021/12/06/bjps-deepak-majumder-elected-as-agartala-municipal-corporation-mayor-monika-das-datta-as-deputy-mayor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 76.504
| elevation_m = 12.80
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 400,004
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801523-agartala-tripura.html | title=Agartala Municipal Council City Population Census 2011-2023 | Tripura}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|Bengali|Kokborok|[[Meitei language|Meitei]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 799 xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 (0) 381
| registration_plate = TR 01 XX YYYY
| blank3_name = Major ethnicities
| blank3_info = {{hlist|[[Bengali people|Bengalis]]|[[Tripuri people|Tripuris]]|[[Tripura Meiteis|Meiteis]]}}
| website = {{URL|agartalacity.nic.in}}
| official_name =
| image_map =
| mapsize = 300px
| leader_title = [[Agartala Municipal Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Dipak Majumdar<ref name="mantras.tv"/>
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| parts_type = Paras
| area_total_sq_mi = auto
| area_metro_km2 = 92
| area_metro_sq_mi = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_metro = 512,264
| population_est = 578,577
| pop_est_as_of = 2022
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population data of AMC (2012 to 2022)|url=https://agartalacity.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population-year-wise-22.pdf|publisher=Agartala Municipal Corporation|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Agartalite or Agulian
}}

'''Agartala''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɑːr|t|ə|l|ə}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈagɔɾˌtɔla|lang|আগরতলা Audio.ogg}}, {{IPA|trp|aguli|lang}})<ref>{{MW|Agartala}}</ref> is the capital and the [[List of cities and towns in Tripura|largest city]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tripura]], situated on the banks of [[Haora River|Haora/Saidra River]], about {{Convert|2|km|mi}} east of the border with [[Bangladesh–India border|Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agartala Travel and Tourism Guide |url=https://www.india.com/travel/tripura/places-to-visit/nature-agartala/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> and about 2,499 km (1,552 mi) from the national capital, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance Calculator{{Snd}} Distance from Agartala to Dhaka |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-agartala-to-dhaka |access-date=9 October 2019 |website=distancecalculator.net}}</ref> According to 2022 [[Agartala Municipal Corporation|AMC]] data,<ref>{{cite web|title=Population data of AMC (2012 to 2022)|url=https://agartalacity.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population-year-wise-22.pdf|publisher=Agartala Municipal Corporation|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> Agartala is the second most populous city after [[Guwahati]] in [[Northeast India]]. It is India's third international internet gateway and being developed under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Agartala becomes India's third int'l internet gateway {{pipe}} Agartala News{{Snd}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/Agartala-becomes-Indias-third-intl-internet-gateway/articleshow/51544682.cms |access-date=10 December 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Agartala is a derivative of two words, namely ''[[Agarwood|agar]]'', a valuable perfume and incense tree of genus [[Aquilaria]], and the suffix ''tala'', meaning ''underneath,'' a reference to the density of agarwood trees in the region.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} The agar tree is historically referred to in the story of the King Raghu who tied up his elephant's feet to an agar tree on the banks of River Lauhitya.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Maharaja bir bikram manikya.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]], one of the most ambitious kings of Tripura]]

One of the earliest kings of Tripura was Patardan B.C. 1900, long before the [[Manikya Dynasty]]. According to folklore, Chitrarath, Drikpati, Dharmapha, Loknath Jivandharan were important kings during the time of B.C. in Agartala.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deb Barman |first=Debapriya |date=11 October 1983 |title=Treatise on Traditional Social Institutions of the Tripuri Community |url=https://trci.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Treatise_on_Traditional_Social_Institutions_of_the_Tripuri_Community.pdf |journal=Directorate of Research, Department of Welfare of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes, Government of Tripura |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=122}}</ref>

In the past, Tripura served as the capital to several [[Hinduism|Hindu]] kingdoms. Although a timeline of the rulers has not been found, records reveal that the area has been ruled by as many as 179 Hindu rulers, starting from the mythological King Druhya to the last King of Tripura, [[Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur|Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya]]. Tripura also came under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The state came under the governance of the British in 1808.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/agartala/history-of-agartala.html|title=History Of Agartala|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120151132/https://www.iloveindia.com/travel/agartala/history-of-agartala.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Much later the ancient capital of the then [[princely state]] 'Swadhin Tripura' was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the [[Gumti River (transboundary river)|Gomati River]]. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829–1849) of Manikya Dynasty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/t/tripura.html |title=UQconnect, The University of Queensland |publisher=Uq.net.au |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> to present old Agartala by the bank of the river [[Haora River|Haora]]/Saidra and was named 'Haveli'. Due to frequent invasion of the [[Kuki peoples|Kukis]] and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengali, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

During the [[British Raj]], Agartala was the capital of the '[[Hill Tippera]]' state; it became a municipality in 1874–75, and in 1901 had a population of 9,513.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5, page 70 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_078.gif|access-date=10 March 2022|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> The princely state always remained as cake piece to the British and many other invaders. For example, when Arakhan soldiers attacked the old capital of the state the king of Tripura responded by defeating the entire troop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iloveindia.com/travel/agartala/history-of-agartala.html |title=History Of Agartala{{Snd}} Agartala History |publisher=Iloveindia.com |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120151132/https://www.iloveindia.com/travel/agartala/history-of-agartala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Agartala Municipality was established during the reign of Maharaja [[Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–1896) within an area of {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} having a population of only 875 by a royal proclamation in the last part of 1871. A.W.S. Power, the first British political agent for [[Tripura (princely state)|Tipperah]] was also appointed as the Chairman of the Agartala Municipality in 1872 who held office from 1872 to 1873. The municipality located at the crossing of latitude N 23 –50' and longitude E 91-17' covering 3 km2 area during that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agartalacity.nic.in |title=Agartala Municipal Council |publisher=Agartalacity.nic.in |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012171715/http://agartalacity.nic.in/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bir Bikram Manikya Debbarma]] is called the founder of the planned city of Agartala. He had gone on a tour to the [[United Kingdom]] and was so impressed by the architecture that he started planning a similar township in Agartala. During the 1940s the town was re-organised in a planned manner with new roads and a market building.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The estimated population of Agartala was 522,603 in 2014 after the municipal expansion<ref>[http://tripura.nic.in/amc/amcdetails.doc Agartala Municipality Statistics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504004126/http://tripura.nic.in/amc/amcdetails.doc |date=4 May 2006 }}, provided by the ''AMC''([[Agartala Municipal Council]]) at the ''Government of Tripura website''</ref> (189,327 in the 2001 census).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510061218/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|url-status=dead|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-date=10 May 2006|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

From 1901 to 1971 the city did not experience notable progress in infrastructure development with only an 8 km2 of area but 1981 saw Agartala expanding and increasing its connectivity as well as businesses in various fields, the city area expanding to 58.84 km2, greater Agartala is planned as of 2011 with an additional of 92 km2. Agartala had a different type of history from the earlier times of the epic days as it was a princely state and was connected with Bangladesh. Though the [[East India Company]] had not arrived in the princely capital of the state but they always remained in a certain in capturing and ruling. The East India Company had set their base of North East India in the Assam province with [[Shillong]] as their capital.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Indian Nobel laureate and poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited the city multiple times and built a house that still exists. The historical book Rajmala contains incidents and historical stories of Agartala.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Geography and climate==

Agartala is situated on a plain land along the [[Haora River]], although the city also extends to the low-lying hills on its northern parts.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Agartala has a monsoon influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') just short of being hot enough to qualify as a borderline [[tropical savanna climate|tropical savanna]] (''Aw'')/[[tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon]] (''Am'') climate. Large amounts of rain fall all year except during the dry "winter" or "cool" season. The city experiences long, hot and wet summers, lasting from April to October. Average temperatures are around {{convert|28|C|F|1|disp=or}}, fluctuating with rainfall. There is a short, mild winter from mid-November to early March, with mostly dry conditions and average temperatures around {{convert|18|C|F}}. The best time to visit is from September to February. Summers are long and extremely hot with much sunlight and warm days. Rain is very common in this season<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherinfo.com |title=Hurricane Risk Landfall Options |publisher=Weatherinfo.com |access-date=2 February 2014 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the city can be found flooded. The Haora River flows through the city and remains flooded with water during the time of monsoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/weather-forecast/IN/Agartala.html |title=Agartala, India Weather Forecast from Weather Underground |publisher=Wunderground.com |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com |title=About India, India Travel Guide, Holiday Packages, Tour & Travel Packages |publisher=Mustseeindia.com |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Agartala (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.2
| Feb record high C = 35.1
| Mar record high C = 38.9
| Apr record high C = 41.5
| May record high C = 42.2
| Jun record high C = 40.2
| Jul record high C = 37.7
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 37.6
| Oct record high C = 38.2
| Nov record high C = 34.8
| Dec record high C = 33.1
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 24.9
| Feb high C = 28.5
| Mar high C = 32.2
| Apr high C = 33.3
| May high C = 33.1
| Jun high C = 32.6
| Jul high C = 32.1
| Aug high C = 32.6
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 26.4
| year high C = 30.8
|Jan mean C = 17.5
|Feb mean C = 21.1
|Mar mean C = 25.6
|Apr mean C = 27.9
|May mean C = 28.2
|Jun mean C = 28.4
|Jul mean C = 28.3
|Aug mean C = 28.6
|Sep mean C = 28.1
|Oct mean C = 27.0
|Nov mean C = 23.4
|Dec mean C = 19.1
| Jan low C = 10.8
| Feb low C = 14.3
| Mar low C = 19.2
| Apr low C = 22.5
| May low C = 23.8
| Jun low C = 25.5
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 25.1
| Oct low C = 23.1
| Nov low C = 17.5
| Dec low C = 13.0
| year low C = 20.4
| Jan record low C = 3.3
| Feb record low C = 4.7
| Mar record low C = 9.4
| Apr record low C = 13.2
| May record low C = 16.1
| Jun record low C = 18.9
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 20.0
| Sep record low C = 20.0
| Oct record low C = 14.6
| Nov record low C = 9.2
| Dec record low C = 2.0
| year record low C = 2.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 6.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 19.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 60.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 175.3
| May precipitation mm = 391.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 408.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 359.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 271.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 212.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 155.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 34.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 12.8
|year precipitation mm = 2108.0
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 2.8
| Apr rain days = 7.6
| May rain days = 13.8
| Jun rain days = 15.3
| Jul rain days = 15.9
| Aug rain days = 14.7
| Sep rain days = 11.4
| Oct rain days = 7.1
| Nov rain days = 1.2
| Dec rain days = 0.5
|year rain days = 92.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 59
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 74
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 83
| Nov humidity = 81
| Dec humidity = 80
|year humidity = 76
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Agartala Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M209
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120180535/https://agartala.imd.gov.in/Tripura-Climatology/
| archive-date = 20 January 2021
| url = https://agartala.imd.gov.in/Tripura-Climatology/
| title = Climate of Tripura
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
| date = May 2012
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42724
| title = Normals Data: Agartala – India Latitude: 23.88°N Longitude: 91.25°E Height: 16 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Indian Census]], Agartala had a total population of 400,004, of which 200,132 were males and 199,872 were females. The population within the age range of 0 to 6 year is 35,034. The total number of literates in Agartala was 344,711, which constituted 86.18% of the population with male literacy of 87.53% and female literacy of 84.82%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Agartala was 94.5%, of which male literacy rate was 96.2% and female literacy rate was 92.8%. The sex ratio of Agartala is 999 females per 1,000 males. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] are 77,663 and 19,767 respectively.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Agartala |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=308549 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Agartala city (2011)<ref name="CensusLang">{{cite web|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX |work=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 90.84
|color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]] (Kokborok)
|value2 = 4.05
|color2 = Brown
|label3 = [[Hindi]]
|value3 = 2.36
|color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] (Meitei)
|value4 = 0.83
|color4 = #ED9121
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 1.92
|color5 = grey
}}

In 1941 Agartala had a population of 17,693.<ref>Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer. p. 18</ref> By 1991 the population had risen to 157,358.<ref>Cohen, Saul B., ed. ''Columbia Gazetteer of the World'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) p. 26</ref>

Bengali, the official state language, is the dominant language in Agartala spoken by 90.84% of the population, while [[English language|English]] is also a popular language in the state; [[Kokborok]], another official language, is spoken by 4.05% in the city. [[Hindi]] and [[Meitei language in Tripura|Meitei]] are spoken by 2.36% and 0.83%, respectively.<ref name="CensusLang"/>

=== Ethnicities ===
{{Further|Meitei people in Tripura}}
The city mainly consists of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] and [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]]. Bengali is widely spoken in the city as a result of the erstwhile regal patronage and high influx of Bengalis from [[Comilla]], [[Sylhet]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], and [[Chittagong District|Chittagong districts]] of Bangladesh. [[Durga Puja]] and [[Saraswati Puja]] are celebrated with great grandeur and ecstatic enthusiasm, which reflect the influence of the culture of the Bengalis. Hence, nearly every festivity attracts participation from citizens of diverse backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelomy.com |title=Travel Guide for South Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives |publisher=Travelomy |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

There is also a growing population of Tripuri people in the city. Among the native [[Tripuri culture|Tripuri]] festivals, the most famous are [[Kharchi, Garia & Ker|Kharchi, Garia and Ker]] festivals and Tring. The major areas where the Tripuri live are in the localities of Abhoynagar, Banamalipur, Krishnanagar, Nandannagar and Kunjaban areas who have started to mass migrate to Agartala from other parts of Tripura.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

There is also a sizeable population of [[Meitei people in Tripura|Meitei]] as well as [[Hindi]]-speakers.<ref name="CensusLang"/>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
| title = Religion in Agartala City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community{{Snd}} Tripura|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW16C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Cen2"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|94.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|4.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Gold|0.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|Grey|0.27}}
|caption=Others include [[Sikh]]s, [[Jain]]s & other religions
}}

According to the 2011 census, 94.09% of the population is [[Hindus|Hindu]], 4.37% [[Muslims|Muslim]], 0.99% [[Christianity|Christian]], and 0.28% [[Buddhism|Buddhist]].<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="Cen2">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801523-agartala-tripura.html|title=Agartala Population Census 2011|work=Census2011|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> The remainder of the population includes [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], and other religions; 0.27%.

=== Population density ===
{{see also|List of cities and towns in Tripura}}
[[File:Areal view of agartala, mainly showing the parts of Ramnagar and the ICP.jpg|thumb|255px|Aerial view of Agartala, mainly showing the parts of [[Ramnagar, Agartala|Ramnagar]] and the Integrated Check Post (ICP) (white landmark). Beyond that point is the Indo-Bangla border showing the territory of [[Bangladesh]] (paddy field).]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Population
!Area
|-
| 1901 || 6,415 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1911 || 6,831 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1921 || 7,743 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1931 || 9,580 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1941 || 17,693 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1951 || 42,595 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1961 || 54,878 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1971 || 100,264 || {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}}
|-
| 1981 || 132,186 || 10.94 km2
|-
| 1991 || 157,358 || 15.81 km2
|-
| 2001 || 188,540 || 16.02 km2
|-
| 2004 || 367,822 || 58.84 km2
|-
| 2011 || 404,004 || 58.84 km2
|-
| 2013 || 438,408 || 76.504 km2 (Greater Agartala Planning Area: 512,264 and 92 km2)
|}

Agartala has emerged as one of the fastest-growing cities in the north-eastern region of India today. The city area under the AMC has seen a consistent expansion in recent times with conglomeration of various industries and businesses shaping up. Poverty and literacy still remains a challenge for the governing bodies.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Localities==
Agartala city consists of many ''[[Para (Bengali)|paras]]'', which means "locality" in Bengali. Each collection of neighbourhoods or ''para'' is usually also a municipal ward or division. There are 49 wards under the municipal corporation jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[File:Agartala town Hall.JPG|thumb|Agartala Town Hall]]
[[File:Big Bazaar along with ML Plaza shopping mall.jpg|thumb|Big Bazaar, ML Plaza]]
[[File:Ujjayanta Market formerly was known as Indira Book market.jpg|thumb|Ujjayanta Market used to be known as Indira Book market and Tulsibati Market.]]

[[Banamalipur]] is an important business centre and a part of urban Agartala, which falls under the Agartala post office. [[Dhaleswar]] is a locality in the state close to Banamalipur, under the east police station and Dhaleswar Post Office.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Pratapgar, Math Chowmuhani, Kashari Patti, and Ker Chowmuhani are some important places in the city. One of the largest banyan trees is located in Ker Chowmuhani. Under that tree lies the Shiv-Kali temple of Ker Chowmuhani. This is one of the most peaceful temples in Agartala. In local language ''Chowmuhani'' is an intersection of three or four roads, i.e., a place where a couple of roads are linked up across a particular point; in pure Bengali ''Chowmuhani'' is called "more".{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Kaman Chowmuhani is the most important place and a part of the heart of the city. The name Kaman Chowmuhani is derived from the Bengali word ''Kaman'' meaning "Cannon" in English. It so happened when the king of Tripura Dhanya Manikya defeated the soldiers of Husain Shah in battle and forfeited their cannon which was later set up in this place from where its name is derived. The place along with its object is a unique icon of Agartala.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[Krishnanagar, Agartala|Krishnanagar]] is one of the most densely populated parts of the city. It encompasses the most visited temples of Agartala like Jagannnatha temple, Laxminarayana temple, Durgabari temple and Alpkhbaba temple. Radha Nagar has a bus stand and it connects buses and other vehicles to the northern part of the state.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[Shibnagar, Agartala|Shibnagar]] is another locality which connects the city to [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]], the oldest college of the state whereas [[Ramnagar, Agartala|Ramnagar]] is the most dense locality in Tripura. The rectangular gridiron network of Ramnagar dates from the eras of the Rajas, one of the earliest planned neighbourhood in the city. There are 12 divisions in this area and many clubs which organise Durga puja. [[Joynagar, Agartala|Joynagar]] is another a locality in Agartala which has six lanes. There are four clubs which organise Durga puja. The closest landmark of Joynager is Battala market, one of the important business hubs in the state.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Abhoynagar and Arundhutinagar are two residential areas around the city and are densely populated, (Arundhutinagar) being located 5 km away from the city centre confining the [[Agartala Railway Station|railway station of the capital city]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Gol Bazar (Maharajganj bazar) is the most important business hub as well as the largest market in the state of Tripura. Products are exported to many Indian cities from this zone. The market was established by the king of Tripura before India's independence.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Gurkha Basti is one of the biggest slum areas in the city, a recent campaign has been launched by the [[Government of Tripura|state government]] to make the city slum free and hence relocation of its residents is underway. [[Kunjaban]] is a [[census town]] in west Tripura district, which mainly includes government buildings and localities. The secretariat and the seat of the state government is located in this area. New Capital Complex is located in Kunjaban and is a planned and modern area. The Secretariat and the State Assembly along with the new Governor House is located here.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

College Tilla consists of the historic [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]] which was set up by Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya in 1947. It is surrounded by some localities and quarter complexes of many government employees.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

MBB Club, Indranagar, Bholagiri and Bhati Abhoynagar are some residential places in the city.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[79 Tilla]] is another important part of Agartala with major offices such as the BSNL Office, electric office, Geological Survey office and Quarters, and the AG Quarters. It is located 2.5 km approx from the heart of the city.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

GB Bazar is another important market of this state which is located 2 km from the heart of the city. The [[Agartala Government Medical College]] is located here.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[Amtali, Agartala|Amtali]], Badhar Ghat, College Tilla, Jagaharimura, Lake Chowmuhani, Advisor Chowmuhani, Ganaraj Chowmuhani, Durjoynagar, Bardowali are some important places in the city.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Battala is the commercial area of the city, it is often called Bottala in Bengali and is also known as the electronics market of Agartala. Products are imported from surrounding countries and the cheapest variety of cloths and accessories are found. Battala also has a strong food market and is the second biggest market in Tripura after Gol Bazar.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[Melarmath, Agartala|Melarmath]] is one of the most important parts of the city and also the electronic business hub centre; the city center market as well as other prominent structures are located here. Melarmath Kali Bari temple is one of the widely known temples of Agartala.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Khayerpur and Chandrapur are located on the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

These areas are subdivided into residential blocks, such as [[Banamalipur]] which is divided into North Banamalipur, Madhya Banamlipur, South Banamalipur, etc.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

From 2004 the [[Agartala Municipal Council]] has been further extended, taking 16 villages of Dukli R. D. Block, seven villages of Mohanpur R. D. Block and two villages of Jirania R. D. Block with area of 43 km2 and {{formatnum:178495}} population in addition to the 16 km2 and population of {{formatnum:200000}} in the 2001 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/amc/amcdetails.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504004126/http://tripura.nic.in/amc/amcdetails.doc|url-status=dead|title=Agartala Municipality Statistics|archive-date=4 May 2006|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Jrp/pdf/jrp_133_09.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928094940/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Jrp/pdf/jrp_133_09.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Agartala Statistics and future outlook|archive-date=28 September 2006|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

==City administration==
The city is managed by the [[Agartala Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), which divides the city into 49 municipal wards under four zones: North, South, East and Central zones. Each ward has an elected ward representative or municipal councillor. For postal administration the city is divided into postal zones. The complete list of municipal wards and their locations by municipal zones are shown in the table below.<ref>{{URL|http://agartalacity.tripura.gov.in/map.htm}} Agartala municipal wards map (Bengali)</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ward no.
! Para / locality
! Municipal zone
|-
|1 || Barjala
| North
|-
|2 || Chandinamura-Lichubagan
| North
|-
|3 || Kunjaban
| North
|-
|4 || Chanmari
| North
|-
|5 || Indranagar
| North
|-
|6 || Nandannagar
| North
|-
|7 || Abhoynagar
| North
|-
|8 || Radhanagar
| North
|-
|9 || Ranjitnagar
| Central
|-
|10 || Rajnagar
| Central
|-
|11 || Paschim Jaynagar
| Central
|-
|12 || Ramnagar
| Central
|-
|13 || Paschim Krishnanagar
| Central
|-
|14 || Krishnanagar
| Central
|-
|15 || Dimsagar-Banamalipur
| Central
|-
|16 || Dhaleswar
| East
|-
|17 || Kashipur-Khayerpur
| East
|-
|18 || Shibnagar
| East
|-
|19 || Paschim Shibnagar
| East
|-
|20 || Town Pratapgarh
| Central
|-
|21 || Shantipara
| Central
|-
|22 || Melarmath
| Central
|-
|23 || Bardowali
| South
|-
|24 || Bhattapukur-Badarghat
| South
|-
|25 || Arundhutinagar
| South
|-
|26 || Dakkhin Badarghat
| South
|-
|27 || Siddhi Ashram
| South
|-
|28 || Rajlaxminagar
| South
|-
|29 || Arundhutinagar
| South
|-
|30 || Paschim Pratapgarh
| South
|-
|31 || Purba Pratapgarh
| South
|-
|32 || Jogendranagar
| East
|-
|33 || Uttar Jogendranagar
| East
|-
|34 || Aralia
| East
|-
|35 || Purba Jogendranagar
| East
|}

==Politics==

On 1 November 1956, Tripura became a [[Union Territory]] and an Advisory Committee was formed to advise the [[Chief Commissioner]]. On 15 August 1957, a Territorial Council was formed with 30 elected members and two members nominated by the [[government of India]]. On 1 July 1963, the Tripura Territorial Council was dissolved and a Legislative Assembly with the existing members of the Territorial Council was formed. Tripura is governed through a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature it shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the speaker, or by the deputy speaker in the case of the speaker's absence. The Assembly is [[unicameral]] with 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name="60mla">
{{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| title = Tripura Legislative Assembly| access-date = 21 April 2007| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513185344/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| archive-date = 13 May 2007| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}
</ref>
Agartala assembly constituency is part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies — Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=8 October 2008 |work=Tripura
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040227/http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=8 November 2005 }}</ref> Political clashes between the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian National Congress]] were common until 2018. Now [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is the main Party in the state.

After the independence of India in 1947 Tripura was still a princely state. After the death of the last king [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman Manikya Bahadur|Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya]] Bahadur on 17 May 1947, a Regency Council was formed headed by Maharani [[Kanchan Prava Devi]], for aid of the minor Prince, Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur. The regent signed the merger agreement with the government of India. After the merger Tripura became a Part 'C' state. On reorganisation of the states, effected in November 1956, Tripura became a Union Territory with an Advisory Committee to aid and advise the chief commissioner. Tripura gained its statehood on 21 January 1972 before that but merging with India in 1949 the first chief minister of the state was on 1 July 1963, [[Sachindra Lal Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was the CM of the state for around 3,046 days. From 5 January 1978 the rule of the Congress came to an end as [[Nripen Chakraborty]] became the first [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|communist]] chief minister of Tripura. Later again the communists fell and the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] rose and was in power till 1992, from 1993 again [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] came to power. [[Manik Sarkar]] was the CM of the state from 11 March 1998 to March 2018. In [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] BJP won 36 out of 59 seats, defeating CPI(M) in the process. BJP's [[Biplab Kumar Deb]] was sworn in as the chief minister of Tripura. In [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] BJP won another majority and the government was re-elected. [[Manik Saha]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Tripua.

Agartala is administered by several government agencies. The [[Agartala Municipal Corporation]], or AMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city which together encompass 49 wards. Each ward elects a councillor to the AMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Economy==
[[File:IBC Post.jpeg|thumb|Integrated Border Check Post at Akhaura]]
Most of the population is employed in the state and central government, and other government owned enterprises.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
[[File:Agratala Centre.jpeg|thumb|Agartala City Centre]]
The consumption patterns of the residents of Agartala have evolved considerably since the expansion of the city and the corresponding rise in population; previously, major consumption took place once a year, during [[Durga puja]], while during the rest of the year consumption took place largely only for special occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetripurafoundation.org/article-perspective-on-economy-of-agartala |title=A Perspective on Economy of Agartala |publisher=The Tripura Foundation |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224912/http://www.thetripurafoundation.org/article-perspective-on-economy-of-agartala |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Agartala Book Fair]] has been held annually, usually in Agartala, since 1981.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Agartala book fair begins, bibliomania grips people |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/agartala-book-fair-begins-bibliomania-grips-people-117021100642_1.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=11 February 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Templetripura (22).JPG|thumb|Laxmi Narayan Bari temple in the Palace Compound]]
[[File:Universal Prayer Hall, Ramakrishna Mission, Agartala, India.jpg|thumb|Universal Prayer Hall, Ramakrishna Mission, Agartala]]
Like in other Indian states, there is mixed religion in Agartala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.sulekha.com/agartala_culture.htm |title=Culture in Agartala{{pipe}}Agartala Place of Visit |publisher=Travel.sulekha.com |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053541/http://travel.sulekha.com/agartala_culture.htm |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hinduism]] is the dominant religion and there are many temples across the city. The whole city is nestled with tents catering to a variety of themes. [[Christianity]] is a widespread faith as well, with [[Christmas]] being a very busy time of the year. Agartala is also known for its [[Tripuri culture|Tripuri]] festivals like Kharchi, and Garia Ter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelmarg.com/agartala.html |title=Agartala Travel Information: Agartala Travel Guide, Agartala Sightseeing, Agartala Distances, Agartala Climate |publisher=TravelMarg.com |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

===Temples===
Some prominent temples are:
* [[Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala|Lakshmi Narayan Temple]], the Palace Compound
* [[Agartala Jagannath Mandir]]

===Churches===
[[File:Don bosco church in agartala.jpg|thumb|Catholic Church of Nandangagar parish, Don Bosco]]

* [[Agartala Baptist Church|Union Baptist Church]], Arundhutinagar, the oldest church in Agartala
* [[Agartala City Baptist Church]], Supari Bagan
* Agartala Capital Baptist Church, Nandanagar
* [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Agartala|St. Francis Xavier Cathedral Church]], Durjoynagar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agartaladiocese.org/Parish.htm |title=Diocese of Agartala |publisher=Agartaladiocese.org |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811180756/http://agartaladiocese.org/Parish.htm |archive-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Airport===
[[File:Mbb airport.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport Terminal]]
[[File:Interior of MBB Agartala Airport.jpg|thumb|Interior of [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|airport]]]]
Agartala is connected to other cities in India by air via [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} There are direct flight connections to [[Kolkata]], [[Imphal]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bangalore]] and [[New Delhi]]. As per AAI report, Agartala airport is the third international airport in northeast India.<ref name=news18-06Jan21>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/agartala-to-get-ne-indias-third-international-airport-by-march-2021-aai-3249782.html |title=Agartala to Get NE India's Third International Airport by March 2021: AAI |work=[[News 18]] |date=6 January 2021}}</ref> The airport was built in 1942 by [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur]] who was the ruler of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura State]] until 1947, and used to be called "Singerbhil Airport"; the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation]] renamed the airport in 2018.<ref name=news18-06Jan21/> During World War II, US [[4th Combat Cargo Group]] flew [[Curtiss C-46 Commando|Curtiss C-46]] from the airport to fly supplies over Burma.<ref name=news18-06Jan21/>
The airport is located in Singerbhil {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Agartala.<ref name=news18-06Jan21/>
The major airlines are [[Air India]], [[IndiGo]]. The airport is under construction to make it an international airport.<ref name=news18-06Jan21/>

Plans passed to upgrade the airport building with a new terminal under construction and better facilities and modern equipment along with more apron, expansion of runways, better CAT and navigation system.<ref name=news18-06Jan21/>

===Roads===
[[National Highway 8]] connects Agartala to [[Assam]] and the rest of India by road, also known as the lifeline of Tripura. The highways (NH44, NH 44A) connect Agartala with [[Silchar]] (317 km), [[Guwahati]] (599 km), [[Shillong]] (499 km), [[Dharmanagar]] (200 km) and [[Aizawl]] (443 km). A bus service connects it to [[Dhaka]] (150 km).
* [[National Highway 8 (India)]]{{Snd}} connected to [[Tripura]] to [[Shillong]] and [[Mizoram]] (NH 108)
* [[National Highway 108 (India)]]{{Snd}} connected to [[Tripura]] to [[Mizoram]]

Agartala is well connected by road to other parts of Tripura state. National Highway 8 has been extended to the south, thus improving the road connectivity between Agartala and south Tripura. Buses, Jeeps, Trekkers and SUVs are the most common public carriers,{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} and cars and vans are usually used for private hire.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
The highway passes through hilly terrains, while travelling from the city towards the [[North Tripura|North]] one can experience the lavishing and lush green Baramura Hill Range, [[Atharamura|Atharamura Hills]] and the [[Longtharai|Longtharai Hills]] and while moving towards the [[South Tripura|South]] Debatamura Hills can be seen.

The main mode of public transportation within the city consists of a network of [[cycle rickshaw]]s, [[auto rickshaw]]s and buses. To ease traffic congestion a 2.26 km long [[Agartala flyover|flyover]] is constructed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150530/jsp/northeast/story_22896.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725055921/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150530/jsp/northeast/story_22896.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2015|title=Agartala to get first flyover{{Snd}} CM lays foundation stone, work to be completed in 30 months|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref>

===Railways===
Since 2008, Agartala has been connected to other cities in India by the [[Agartala Railway Station]] situated at Dukli. The foundation stone for the 119-km Kumarghat-Agartala railway project was laid in 1996 by former prime minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].
[[File:AGARTALA MAIN STATION.jpg|thumb|[[Agartala railway station]]]]
[[File:Agartala railway station.jpg|thumb|left|A passenger train at Agartala railway station]]
Agartala is the second capital city (after [[Guwahati]], Assam) in the [[Northeast India|northeast]] which is connected to the country's railway network. The railway station is located approximately 5.5 km (2.96 nautical miles) from the heart of the city and a lot of modes of transportation are available to reach the city from the station.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Broad-gauge conversion work in the Lumding-Silchar segment was completed in March 2015. Gauge conversion work up to Agartala was completed by the end of March 2016, and railway traffic between Agartala and Silchar began. During the laying of rail lines from Kumarghat to Agartala, provisions were kept for swiftly converting it to broad gauge. Presently, local trains from Agartala to Dharmanagar and Silchar are functional. Work on express trains connecting Agartala to Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati and Dibrugarh has started. Local railway traffic between Agartala to Sabroom has become functional.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Connecting with Tripura Train Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Janshatabdi, Garib Rath, Duronto, Yuva, AC Trains.
A rail link between Agartala and [[Akhaura]] in Bangladesh was approved by the government of India in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2011sep21/india_approves_new_railway_link_bangladesh.html |title=India approves new railway link with Bangladesh |date=21 September 2011 |publisher=TwoCircles.net |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> [[IRCON]] is constructing this 15 km long track that will directly connect northeast India to [[Chittagong port|Chittagong international sea port]]. The TripuraSundari Express and Rajdhani Express are two Super Fast weekly trains connecting Agartala to Anand Vihar Terminal, Delhi. Other trains like Deoghar express (weekly), Kanchanjungha Express to Sealdah runs four days a week, Agartala-Habibganj weekly special train and Bengaluru bound Bi-weekly Humsafar Express connects the city to the states of Assam, [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Communications==

===Radio stations===
* [[All India Radio|AIR]]
* [[Big 92.7 FM|Big FM]]
* [[Red FM 93.5]]
[[File:AIR AGARTALA.JPEG|thumb|All India Radio, Agartala Station]]

===Television===
[[Doordarshan]] (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Akash Tripura is one of the first television channels in Agartala. It is a full-time Agartala-based news channel. Other full-time based channels are PB 24, Headlines Tripura,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.headlinestripura.net |title=Tripura Homepage |publisher=Headlinestripura.net\accessdate=2015-05-07}}</ref> Akash Tripura, News Vanguard and Focus Tripura etc.

There are other cable channels such as{{Snd}} Hallabol, Sristi Tripura, Sristi Music, Sristi Bangla, Sristi Cinema, CITI, News All India, and Tripura Pratidin, which are not 24 hours channels and are run by Siti and Sristi Cable networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sristicabletv.com/ |title=Sristi Cable TV digital entertainment - Home |access-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211210845/http://www.sristicabletv.com/ |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref>

There are also KokBorok channels like KokTripura, KhumpuiTV and ChiniKhorangTV Which are currently in service.

===Newspapers===
Bengali-language media is dominant in the city. Major news publications are:
* ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Syandhan Patrika]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Ajker Fariad]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Bartaman]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Daily Desher Katha]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Aajkaal]]'' (Bengali)'
* ''[[Pratibadi Kalam]]'' (Bengali)
* ''[[Hachukni Kok]]'' (Kokborok)
*''[[The Tripura Times]]'' (English)
* ''"[[Jagron]]"'' (Bengali)
* ''"[[Tripura oberserver]]"'' (English)

==Education==
{{directory|section=yes|date=March 2019}}

===Universities===
[[File:The ICFAI University, Tripura building.jpg|thumb|ICFAI University, Tripura]] [[Tripura University]] is Agartala's central university, located in a 10 km range from the city of Agartala. Other universities include the ICFAI University, which was established in 2004 and is ranked 2nd in the Engineering Colleges of India. The [[Maharaja Bir Bikram University]] is known as the only state university within Tripura. The Sikkim Manipal University has been ranked 13th in India's best medical universities by India Today<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Manipal University |url=https://smu.edu.in/smu.html |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=smu.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> as well as being in the top 10 emerging colleges of India.

===Colleges===
There are currently 15 general colleges within Agartala<ref>{{Cite web |last=indcareer.com |date=1 January 1970 |title=List of All Colleges In Tripura |url=https://www.indcareer.com/find/all-colleges-in-tripura |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.indcareer.com |language=en}}</ref> including the [[Bir Bikram Memorial College]], the [[Ramthakur College]] and the [[Women's College, Agartala]] which was established in 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's College, Agartala |url=https://www.womenscollege.nic.in/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=www.womenscollege.nic.in}}</ref> and is the only existing college for women within the capital city. [[File:National Institute of Technology, Agartala (aerial view).jpg|thumb|Aerial View of [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]]]]
[[File:Tripura Institute of Technology entrance gate.jpg|thumb|The entrance gate to the new campus of [[Tripura Institute of Technology]]]]Colleges with a specific academic focus within Agartala include the [[Tripura Government Law College]] which provides a five-year Bachelor of Law Degree for its students. Agartala is also home to numerous technical colleges including the [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]], the [[Tripura Institute of Technology]] and the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Agartala]].
{{Further|Agartala Government Dental College}}

===Prominent schools===
The prominent primary and secondary schools of Agartala include the St Paul's School, Agartala which has an aim to teach students who are a part of the Christian faith. A similar school, the [[Holy Cross School, Agartala|Holy Cross School]], was established by the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]]. Other prominent schools include the [[Shishu Bihar H.S. School]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Shishu Bihar H.S. School |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/public-utility/shishu-bihar-h-s-school/ |website=westtripura.nic.in |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>[[Netaji Subhash Vidyaniketan]], [[Umakanta Academy English Medium School]]

==Sports==
[[File:Agratala staduim.jpeg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda Maidan, Agartala]]

Tripura is an important state in the northeast India with regard to sports. [[Cricket]] is the most important sport in the state. [[Football in India|Football]] also has an important role.

===Football===
Agartala has a large base of football followers. UK mini stadium is an important venue for this game. [[Tripura Football Association]] organises a football league known as Agartala League every year to popularise the sport in the state.

===Cricket===

Tripura has [[Tripura cricket team|a state team]] which plays under the auspices of the [[Tripura Cricket Association]] in the Eastern division of the [[Ranji Trophy]] championship, the national [[first-class cricket]] competition of India. The most important cricket grounds are [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]] and [[Polytechnic Institute Ground]], [[Narsingarh, Tripura|Narsingarh]]. Some other notable grounds are Astabal ground and the Pragati School cricket ground. [[Tripura Cricket Association]] organises cricket tournaments at the U-13, U-15, U-17 and U-19 levels where clubs affiliated to [[Tripura Cricket Association]] compete against each other.

===Stadiums===

The following are the stadiums in Agartala:
* [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]]{{Snd}} the premier cricket stadium in the city with a capacity of 30,000 persons.
* [[Polytechnic Institute Ground]]- the second cricket stadium in the city with capacity of 15,000 persons.
* [[Swami Vivekananda Stadium]]{{Snd}} another multi-purpose stadium in the capital city of Tripura in Agartala. Located around 2 km away from the city centre, the stadium has a sitting capacity around 8000 including a grand stand and press gallery. The area of the inner ground is 7350 sqm. It is considered the most highly modernised and the best stadium in northeast India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/2193/tripura-rsquo-s-largest-multi-ndash-purpose-stadium-inaugurated-by-cm.html |title=Welcome to Tripura Infoway |publisher=Tripurainfoway.com |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2019}}

===Places of interest===
[[File:Ujjayanta palace Tripura State Museum Agartala India.jpg|thumb|[[Ujjayanta Palace]]]]

* College Tilla{{Snd}} [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]], [[Tripura University]] buildings, football ground, international cricket stadium, picturesque lush landscapes and serene natural lakes. It is also a national bird sanctuary.
* [[Ujjayanta Palace]]{{Snd}} Palace of the Tripura kings also known as Nuyungma in [[Kokborok]], was converted to state legislative assembly and now into a museum, situated in the area of Palace Compound. It is a former royal palace in Agartala, and also served as the meeting place of the Tripura Legislative Assembly until 2011. The name Ujjayanta Palace was given by the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who visited the state of Tripura many times.<ref name="Tourism">{{Cite web |title=Tripura Tourism |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/single-tour.php?id=1 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=tripuratourism.gov.in}}</ref> [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur|Maharaja Bir Bikram Manikya]] was the last king of Tripura and the last king who resided in the Ujjayanta Palace. It has now been transformed into a museum named Ujjayanta Museum and it was inaugurated by Dr.[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]], the former vice-president of India
* [[Agartala Jagannath Mandir]] — Hindu temple of the Vaishnava school of thought.

===Parks and playgrounds===
[[File:Main gate of the Heritage park.jpg|thumb|Main gate of Heritage Park]]
* Heritage Park: The most visited of all the parks in the city,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Heritage Park on your trip to Agartala or India • Inspirock|url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/agartala/heritage-park-a6227273783|access-date=28 March 2021|website=www.inspirock.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Blog like promotional source|date=March 2021}} the most notable features here are the miniature models of various monuments of the state, the Ayurvedic herb-garden and the fountain.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Rabindra Kanan: A park in the vicinity of the Pushpavanta Palace, former Raj Bhavan of Tripura and the Malancha Nivas, this park annually holds the birth anniversary ceremony of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], after whom the park is named. It is near to Heritage Park.
*Vivek Uddyan: Adjacent to [[Ujjayanta Palace]] and Children's Park, this park annually holds the birth anniversary ceremony of [[Swami Vivekananda]], after whom the park is named
*Nehru Park: A stroll or walking park that is decorated in greenery with rivers (no mechanical themed-machinery), close in driving distance from Heritage Park and Rabindra kanan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Nehru Park on your trip to Agartala or India • Inspirock|url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/agartala/nehru-park-a1280993433|access-date=28 March 2021|website=www.inspirock.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Blog like promotional source|date=March 2021}}
*Children's Park
*Albert Ekka Park
*Lembucherra Park: The latest addition to Agartala's parks

===Museums===
[[File:Tripura state musi.jpeg|thumb|[[Ujjayanta Palace|Tripura State Museum]]]]
* Tripura State Museum, located at the [[Ujjayanta Palace]]
* Science Museum, located in Sukanta Academy
* Haveli Museum, located in Khayerpur

===Multiplexes===
*Rupasi Multiplex: One of the established multi-screen cinemas in Agartala is the Rupasi Cinema, ML Plaza, Agartala.
*Balaka Cinema: Located in the City Center Agartala.

==Notable people==

* [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman|Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur]], King of [[Tripura State]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tanmoy|last=Chakraborty|date=19 August 2019|title=Tribute to 'architect of modern Tripura'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tribute-to-architect-of-modern-tripura/cid/1698892|access-date=25 November 2021|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
* [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]], [[Tripuri language]] playwright, poet and lyricist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Author stirs up language storm |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/author-stirs-up-language-storm/cid/233761 |access-date=15 April 2021 |first1=Sekhar |last1=Datta |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]}}</ref><ref name=telegraphindia19Jan05>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tripura-debate-on-kokborok/cid/686865 |title=Tripura debate on Kokborok |date=19 January 2005 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Ramanika|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=81-8069-300-7|location=New Delhi|pages=209}}</ref>
* [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Axomson |date=20 February 2020|title=Tripura: Knowing the Bubagra |work=Inside NE |url=https://www.insidene.com/tripura-knowing-the-bubagra/|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2020 |title=Does the 'North East India' not a integral part of the Nation: Pradyot Manikya |work=Fast Nation |url=https://www.fastnation.in/does-the-north-east-india-not-a-integral-part-of-the-nation-pradyot-manikya/amp/ |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[S. D. Burman]], music director, singer and composer in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] language films<ref>{{cite news |title=Master who learnt from beggar, baul |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2013/jul/28/master-who-learnt-from-beggar-baul-501042.html |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 July 2013}}</ref>
* [[Biplab Kumar Deb]], 10th Chief Minister of Tripura.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Tripura Chief Minister Biplab Deb Escapes "Attempted Murder", 3 Arrested: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tripura-chief-minister-biplab-deb-escapes-attempted-murder-3-arrested-report-2504892 |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=NDTV.com |date=7 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[N. C. Debbarma]], Former AIR Director, politician, current [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] Chief and [[Biplab Kumar Deb ministry|Revenue Minister of Tripura]].
* [[Sourabhee Debbarma]], singer (winner of ''[[Indian Idol 4]]'')
* [[Kalpana Debnath]], gymnast
* [[Mantu Debnath]], gymnast<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Aditya |title=Flipping through the pages of Tripura's gymnastics glory {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Flipping-through-the-pages-of-Tripuras-gymnastics-glory/articleshow/54289632.cms |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Somdev Devvarman]], professional Indian tennis player
* [[Manik Dey]], member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], former minister of Power, Urban Development, Rural Development and Transport in Government of Tripura<ref>{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |website=tripuraassembly.nic.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[David Dhawan]], Bollywood film director<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Govinda-is-a-delight-for-the-director-David-Dhawan/articleshow/19322624.cms |title=Govinda is a delight for the director: David Dhawan |date=2 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Priya |last1=Gupta}}</ref>
* [[Chandra Shekhar Ghosh]], founder of [[Bandhan Bank]]
* [[Dipa Karmakar]], gymnast. Represented India at [[2016 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Borkung Hrangkhawl]], rapper, singer, songwriter<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2016|title=Borkung Hrangkhawl: Tripura rapper who fights racism with music|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/borkung-hrangkhawl-tripura-rapper-who-fights-racism-with-music/story-jIHwSonMfzBxEIBp8bQ5HO.html|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Moko Koza and Tripura based rapper BK releases new song|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/moko-koza-and-tripura-based-rapper-bk-releases-new-song/|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2021|website=easternmirrornagaland.com|date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514102234/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/moko-koza-and-tripura-based-rapper-bk-releases-new-song/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Naresh Mitra]], Bengali actor and director
* [[Manisankar Murasingh]], cricketer
* [[Bishweshwar Nandi]], gymnast
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]], politician, [[List of governors of Telangana|3rd Governor of Telangana]] and former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tripura|Deputy Chief Minister of Tripura]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2018 |title=Tripura Deputy CM Jishnu Debbarma wins Assembly by-election |work=[[The Statesman (India)]] |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/tripura-deputy-cm-jishnu-debbarma-wins-assembly-by-election-1502602090.html |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2021 |title=Tripura Deputy CM composed song 'Omono Ani Imang' to release on Dec 18 |work=Inside NE |url=https://www.insidene.com/tripura-deputy-cm-composed-song-omono-ani-imang-to-release-on-dec-18/|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=15 February 2018 |title=In poll-bound Tripura, royalty in focus |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-poll-bound-tripura-royalty-in-focus/article22765476.ece |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]
* [[Tourism in North East India]]
* [[Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension]]
* [[Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141222165845/http://agartalacity.tripura.gov.in/ Agartala Municipal Corporation] (archived)
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{North East India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agartala| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Tripura district]]
[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]

Islam in Kerala

2026-03-19T00:29:47Z

Ashok Hathrasi: brief cleanup details and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Islam in Kerala
| image = File:Muslim women of Kerala (1901) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Muslim women of Kerala (1901)
| population = {{Circa|'''9 million'''|lk=yes}} (26.56%) in 2011<ref name="thehindu.com">T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus" ''The Hindu'' August 26, 2015 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/5472-of-population-in-kerala-are-hindus/article7581145.ece]</ref><ref name="Miller1"/>
| popplace = [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]],<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha 1996">Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P- '''ix''' . {{ISBN|81-86668-06-3}} .
First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973</ref> [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|States of Persian Gulf]], [[Europe]], [[Tulu Nadu]], [[Kodagu]], [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]],<ref>''Gulf Dream: For Indians The Golden Beaches Still gleam'', [[Malayala Manorama]] Yearbook 1990;</ref> [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| languages = [[Malayalam]], [[Arabi Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kottaparamban|first=Musadhique|date=1 October 2019|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|pages=406–416|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31|issn=2590-3691|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuzhiyan|first=Muneer Aram|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India|journal=University |date=24 July 2015 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref>
| religions = [[Islam]]
}}
{{Islam}}
{{Sunni Islam}}
{{Islam in India}}
[[Islam]] arrived in [[Kerala]], the [[Malayalam]]-speaking region in the south-western tip of India, through Middle Eastern merchants.<ref name="Miller13">Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. xi.</ref><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/> The Indian coast has an ancient relation with West Asia and the Middle East, even during the pre-Islamic period.

Kerala Muslims or Malayali Muslims from north Kerala are generally referred to as [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref> According to historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] and other scholars, the early members of Muslim Mappila community originated from the descendants of children born to non muslim Arab traders and native women along the Malabar coast, before Islam.<ref name="Narayanan1972">{{cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |location=Trivandrum |year=1972 |pages=45–48}}</ref> These early individuals were referred to as ma-ppila, as they did not belong to any existing caste group. Arab traders often stayed on the Malabar coast for extended periods, sometimes up to three months, while waiting for the reverse monsoon winds, during which some formed temporary relationships with local women, often in exchange for money.<ref name="Miller1992">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |title=Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Hyderabad |year=1992 |pages=27–31}}</ref> The offspring of such unions were not accepted into any Hindu caste and came to be known as ma-ppila.

After the rise of Islam in Arabia, many among these mappilas embraced the new faith. However, the majority of present-day Mappilas estimated to constitute around 90 percent are considered descendants of lower-caste Hindus, mainly Dalits, who converted to Islam at a later stage to escape caste based oppression.<ref name="Panikkar1989">{{cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |title=Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1989 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Conversion to non-Hindu religions offered them social freedom, as the Brahmanical order did not define how such converts should be treated. Scholars note that these conversions were motivated primarily by the desire for social emancipation rather than by theological comparison between the Bhagavad Gita and the Qur’an.<ref name="Osella2008">{{cite book |last=Osella |first=Caroline |author2=Osella, Filippo |title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |pages=22–25}}</ref>

Even after India’s independence, the practice known as [[Arabikalyanam]] (“Arab marriage”) remained prevalent in the districts of Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, and Malappuram, where visiting Arabs offered money or wealth in exchange for temporary marriages with Mappila women.<ref name="Hindu_KozhikodeVisitorsPastime">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Visitors' pastime, women's tragedy |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2013 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/visitors-pastime-womens-tragedy/article5075036.ece |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jain2020">{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Saumya |title=The Arabikalyanam: Kerala's Forgotten Story of Temporary Marriages |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/08/01/the-arabikalyanam.html|work=The Week |date=1 August 2020 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> Several Mappila families in Kozhikode and Malappuram accumulated considerable wealth through these arrangements.<ref name="Miller1992" /><ref name="Miller13"/><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22">Miller, R. E. "Mappila" in ''The Encyclopedia of Islam'' Volume VI. Leiden E. J. Brill 1988 p. 458-66 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBkMSIZ2LYC&q=editions:lTASeHyksMsC]</ref> As per some studies, the term "Mappila" denotes not a single community but a variety of Malayali Muslims from Kerala (former [[Malabar District]]) of different origins.<ref name=":3"/><ref name="KunhaliV2"/> Some were called 'Moors' in Kasargod district.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)</ref> Unlike the common misconception, the [[Caste|caste system]] does exist among the Muslims of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caste system exists among Muslims though not overtly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/sep/01/caste-system-exists-among-muslims-though-not-overtly-2027243.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 August 2019 }}</ref> Muslims in Malabar are also known as ''Jonakar'' (similar to Tamil name {{Spaced en dash}} {{Langx|ta|சோனகர்|Cōṉakar|links=no|label=none}} {{Spaced en dash}} for [[Sri Lankan Moors]]), [[Koya (Malabar)|''Koya'']], and ''Kaka'' (meaning “crow,” referring to its characteristics).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamophobia Clinic: Analyse Kerala Events March, 'Love Jihad' etc |website=Keraleeyam Masika |date=10 June 2025 |url=https://www.keraleeyammasika.com/islamophobia-clinic-analyse-kerala-events-march-love-jihad-pc-george-casa-kk-shahina-thusgar-gandhi-erattupetta/ |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> During the colonial period, an unusual practice called Hal-ilakkam ([[Amok syndrome|running amok]]) was reportedly common among the Mappilas of [[Malappuram]], in which a priest would select a mentally disturbed or emotionally vulnerable person, such as someone whose wife had been abducted, to incite him into attacking non-Muslims as a means of regaining his lost honour. This practice is described in detail by Lance Corporal Vincent J. Ryder of the [[Cheshire Regiment]], in his 1907 book 'Two Years in Malabar'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ryder |first=Vincent J. |title=Two Years in Malabar: Being a Description of the Military Station and Cantonment of Malappuram, South Malabar; an Account of the Moplah Caste and Their Superstitions; the History and Origin of the Great Moplah Feast of the "Nurcha"; Moplah Risings from 1840 to 1900 and Other Interesting Information Concerning This Important Caste |year=1907 |publisher=Thacker Spink, Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06912 |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Razak|first1= P. P. Abdul|title=From Communitas to the Structure of Islam: The Mappilas of Malabar |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date= 2007|volume= 68|issue= |pages= 895–911|doi= |jstor=44147898 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147898}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Abdul Razak |first=P. P. |title=Colonialism and Community Formation in Malabar: A Study of Muslims of Malabar |publisher=University of Calicut |year=2007 |type=PhD thesis |url=https://scholar.uoc.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/c5f374c6-dcd5-4dcd-91f9-f931fe150066/content}}</ref> The Muslims of Southern and Central Kerala or the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore are known as ''Methanmar'' and [[Rowther]]s.

Muslims in Kerala share a common language ([[Malayalam]]) with the rest of the non-Muslim population and have a culture commonly regarded as the Malayali culture.<ref name="brill">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ Pg 461, Roland Miller, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol VI, Brill 1988]</ref><ref>Panikkar, K. N., ''Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921''</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus" ''The Hindu'' August 26, 2015 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/5472-of-population-in-kerala-are-hindus/article7581145.ece]</ref><ref name="Miller13" /> Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow [[Sunni Islam]] of [[Shafi'i|Shāfiʿī School]] of thought. Kerala's Muslim community has a higher [[Total Fertility Rate]] (TFR) compared to other religious groups in the state, with a TFR of 2.25, nearly double that of other religious groups in Kerala. If a typical [[Hindu]] family has 2 children, a typical Muslim family in Kerala, based on the TFR ratio, would have around 3 children.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhat |first1=P. N. Mari |title=Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials in India: An update |url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/social-identity/hindu-muslim-fertility-differentials-in-india-an-update.html |website=Ideas for India |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Trends in Fertility among Hindus and Muslims in India |url=https://gidr.ac.in/pdf/WP-167.pdf#:~:text=groups.%20According%20to%20the%20NFHS%2D1%2C%20the%20TFR,fertility%20was%20relatively%20higher%20(TFR%20of%202.97). |website=Gujarat Institute of Development Research |publisher=GIDR |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="brill12">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 pp. 458–56.</ref><ref name="KunhaliV2" />

==History==
[[File:Mappilas of Malabar 1914.jpg|thumb|Mappilas of Malabar 1914]]
[[File:Silk route.jpg|left|thumb|[[Silk Road]] trade routes. The spice trade was mainly by water (blue).]]
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to [[Sumer|Sumerian records]] and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/of-kerala-egypt-and-the-spice-link/article5625620.ece |first=Kaavya |last=Pradeep Kumar |work=The Hindu |title=Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{Cite book|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Srikumar|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC|last2=Franke|first2=Richard W.}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Kerala's spices attracted ancient [[Arab]]s, [[Babylonians]], [[Assyria]]ns and [[Egyptians]] to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. [[Phoenicians]] established trade with Kerala during this period.<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book |author=A Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57 |access-date=10 October 2012 |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |pages=57–58}}</ref> [[Arab]]s and [[Phoenicians]] were the first to enter [[Malabar Coast]] to trade [[Spice]]s.<ref name="Menon57"/> The Arabs on the coasts of [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], and the [[Persian Gulf]], must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other [[Eastern world|eastern countries]].<ref name="Menon57"/> They must have brought the [[Cinnamon]] of Kerala to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Menon57"/> The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.<ref name="Menon57"/>

In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammed |first=Hedayuthabdulla|title=kabir:The Apposaitle of Hindu Muslim Unity|date=January 2009|publisher=Motilal Banarasidess|page=47|isbn=9788120833739}}</ref> There had been considerable trade relations between [[Middle East]] and [[Malabar Coast]] even before the time of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570 – 632 AD).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|date=March 1976|title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System|journal=Man|series=New Series|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=11|issue=1|pages=53–70|doi=10.2307/2800388|jstor=2800388}}</ref><ref name="PPRazakAbdul2">P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of muslims of Malabar" Unpublished PhD thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/13105]</ref> Muslim tombstones with ancient dates, short inscriptions in medieval mosques, and rare Arab coin collections are the major sources of early Muslim presence on the Malabar Coast.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/> Islam arrived in [[Kerala]], a part of the larger [[Indian Ocean]] rim, via spice and silk traders from the [[Middle East]]. Historians do not rule out the possibility of [[Islam]] being introduced to Kerala as early as the seventh century CE.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Trade-not-invasion-brought-Islam-to-India/articleshow/2144414.cms |title=Trade, not invasion brought Islam to India |last=Sethi |first=Atul |date=24 June 2007 |work=Times of India |access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated20002">Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.</ref> Notable has been the occurrence of [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal Tajuddin]], the Hindu King that moved to [[Arabia]] to meet the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Theresa |title=Stark World Kerala |date=2006 |publisher=Stark World Pub. |isbn=9788190250511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=cheraman+perumal+tajuddin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |date=27 February 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&q=cheraman+perumal+tajuddin&pg=PA346 |publisher=Routledge |language=en|isbn=9781136704918 }}</ref><ref>Minu Ittyipe; [[Solomon]] to Cheraman; Outlook Indian Magazine; 2012</ref> Kerala Muslims are generally referred to as the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref name="Divakaruni20112">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0wLgfQyvFAC |title=The Palace of Illusions |author=Chitra Divakaruni |date=16 February 2011 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-47865-6 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A few [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from [[Kothamangalam]] in the eastern part of [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |author-link=Roland E. Miller |article=Mappila |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=VI |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1988 |pages=458–66}}</ref>
[[File:3rd Tiruvalla Copper Plate.jpg|left|thumb|The earliest major epigraphic evidence of Muslim merchants in Kerala is the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (9th century AD)|214x214px]]
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|300px|thumbnail|[[Shafiʽi school]] (shaded in dark blue) is the most-prominent school among the [[Muslim]]s of [[Kerala]], coastal [[Karnataka]], and [[Sri Lanka]] unlike from rest of [[South Asia]]]]
The known earliest mention about [[Muslim]]s of Kerala is in the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 9th century CE, granted by the ruler of [[Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cereti|first=C. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=9783447059374|editor-last=Sundermann|editor-first=W.|location=Wiesbaden|pages=|chapter=The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates|editor-last2=Hintze|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=de Blois|editor-first3=F.}}</ref> A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable [[Muslim]] population in the [[Malabar Coast]]. Arab writers such as [[Al-Masudi]] of [[Baghdad]] (896–956 AD), [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] (1100–1165 AD), [[Abulfeda]] (1273–1331 AD), and [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Al-Dimashqi]] (1256–1327 AD) mention the Muslim communities in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar|last=Razak|first=Abdul|publisher=|year=2013}}</ref> Some historians assume that the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s can be considered as the first native, settled Muslim community in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Kupferschmidt1987"/><ref name="Kulakarṇī1996">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA54|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7154-579-7|pages=54–55|access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref> [[Al-Biruni]] (973–1048 CE) appears to be the first writer to call [[Malabar Coast]] as ''Malabar''.<ref name="askh"/> Authors such as [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] and [[Al-Baladhuri]] mention Malabar ports in their works.<ref name="K.M."/> The Arab writers had called this place ''Malibar'', ''Manibar'', ''Mulibar'', and ''Munibar''. ''Malabar'' is reminiscent of the word ''Malanad'' which means ''the land of hills''.<ref name="Logan">{{cite book |author=William Logan |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up |title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I) |publisher=Madras Government Press |year=1887 |pages=1}}</ref> According to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the word ''Malabar'' comes from a combination of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] word ''Mala'' (hill) and the [[Persian Language|Persian]]/[[Arabic]] word ''Barr'' (country/continent).<ref name="Logan"/> The [[Cheraman Juma Mosque|Kodungallur Mosque]], has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style.<ref name="K.M.">{{Cite book|title=Arab Relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries|last=Muhammad|first=K. M.|publisher=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1999|pages=226–234}}</ref> The [[Arabic]] inscription on a copper slab within the [[Madayi Palli|Madayi Mosque]] in [[Kannur]] records its foundation year as 1124 CE.<ref name="Madayi">{{cite book
| author = Charles Alexander Innes | year=1908
| title= Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press |pages=423–424
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" /><ref name="K.M."/>

The monopoly of overseas spice trade from [[Malabar Coast]] was safe with the West Asian shipping magnates of Kerala ports.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA144|title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)|author=Mehrdad Shokoohy|date=29 July 2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-30207-4|pages=144|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> The Muslims were a major financial power to be reckoned with in the kingdoms of Kerala and had great political influence in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] royal courts.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC|title=The Legacy of Kerala|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala|year=1982|isbn=978-8-12643-798-6|edition=Reprinted|access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Travellers have recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala.<ref name="Miller13"/> Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/><ref name=":3">Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast''. Cambridge University Press, 2018.</ref> The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an [[Old Malayalam]] inscription written in a mixture of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'' and [[Grantha script]]s which dates back to 10th century CE.<ref name="Okay">Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.), ''South Indian Inscriptions.'' VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.</ref> It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a [[Hindu]] king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the [[Muslim]]s of Kerala.<ref name="Okay"/> A 13th century granite inscription, written in a mixture of Old Malayalam and [[Arabic]], at [[Muchundi Mosque]] in [[Kozhikode]] mentions a donation by the king to the mosque.<ref name="Narayanan2017">M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-81-8267-114-0}}</ref>

The [[Morocco|Moroccan]] traveller [[Ibn Battuta]]h (14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala.<ref name="Miller1">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |authorlink=Roland E. Miller |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |date=27 April 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=xi |isbn=978-1-4384-5601-0}}</ref> By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of [[Kozhikode|Calicut (Kozhikode)]] as the major port city in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of [[Zamorin of Calicut]], such as that of the port commissioner, were held by [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2">K. V. Krishna Iyer, ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938.</ref> The port commissioner, the ''Shah Bandar'', represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Battutah mentions Shah Bandars in [[Calicut]] as well as [[Kollam|Quilon]] (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar).<ref name="Miller1"/><ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The [[Ali Raja]]s of [[Arakkal kingdom]], based at [[Kannur]], ruled the [[Lakshadweep]] Islands.<ref name="askh"/> [[Arab]]s had the monopoly of trade in [[Malabar Coast]] and [[Indian Ocean]] until the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[Age of Discovery]].<ref name="askh"/> The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

The arrival of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explorers in the late 15th century checked the then well-established and wealthy Muslim community's progress.<ref name="google1" /> Following the discovery of sea route from [[Europe]] to [[Kozhikode]] in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between [[Ormus]] and the [[Malabar Coast]] and south to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Knox, Robert | author-link = Robert Knox (sailor) | year = 1681 | title = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon | pages = 19–47 |publisher = Reprint. Asian Educational Services | place = London| title-link = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon }}</ref> The ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] (born around 1532) of [[Ponnani]] during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="Noorani">AG Noorani {{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |title=Islam in Kerala |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021629/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref> It was first printed and published in [[Lisbon]]. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref>Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref> ''Tuhfatul Mujahideen'' also describes the history of [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslim]] community of Kerala as well as the general condition of [[Malabar Coast]] in the 16th century CE.<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011"/> With the end of [[Portugal|Portuguese]] era, [[Arab]]s lost their monopoly of trade in [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="askh">A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, DC Books, Kottayam (2007)</ref> As the Portuguese tried to establish monopoly in spice trade, bitter naval battles with the zamorin ruler of Calicut became a common sight.<ref name="Subrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C&pg=PA294|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|date=29 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64629-1|pages=293–294|access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="MorseStephens1897">{{cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31226/31226-h/31226-h.htm|title=Albuquerque|author=Henry Morse Stephens|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1897|isbn=978-81-206-1524-3|series=[[Rulers of India series]]|chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> The Portuguese naval forces attacked and looted the Muslim dominated port towns in the Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA147|title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)|author=Mehrdad Shokoohy|date=29 July 2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-30207-4|page=147|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfbNcIXQwSAC&q=moplahs&pg=PA181|title=The Edinburgh review: or critical journal – Sydney Smith, Lord Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, William Empson, Harold Cox, Henry Reeve, Arthur Ralph Douglas Elliot (Hon.)|year=1922|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> Ships containing trading goods were drowned, often along with the crew. This activities, in the long run, resulted in the Muslims losing control of the spice trade they had dominated for more than five hundred years. Historians note that in the post-Portuguese period, once-rich Muslim traders turned inland (southern interior Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce.<ref name="google1" />

By the mid-18th century the majority of the Muslims of Kerala were landless labourers, poor fishermen and petty traders, and the community was in "a psychological retreat".<ref name="google1" /> The community tried to reverse the trend during the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] invasion of Malabar District (late 18th century).<ref name="Elgood1995">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epaMx7jSZjIC&pg=PA164|title=Firearms of the Islamic World: in the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait|author=Robert Elgood|date=15 November 1995|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-963-9|pages=164–|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> The victory of the [[East India Company|English East India Company]] and princely Hindu confederacy in 1792 over the Kingdom of Mysore placed the Muslims once again in economical and cultural subjection.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&q=Muslims+Kerala |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |first=Thomas Johnson |last=Nossiter |date=January 1982 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520046672 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref><ref name="Kurien2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMmSFw8G4wgC&pg=PA51|title=Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India|author=Prema A. Kurien|date=7 August 2002|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3089-5|pages=51–|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> The subsequent partisan rule of British authorities throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries brought the landless Muslim peasants of Malabar District into a condition of destitution, and this led to a series of uprisings (against the Hindu landlords and British administration). The series of violence eventually exploded as the [[Malabar Rebellion|Mappila Uprising]] (1921–22).<ref name="google1" /><ref name="gazette">{{Cite book |last=Kerala (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF0bAAAAIAAJ |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Kozhikode (supplement) |date=1962 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |language=en}}</ref><ref name="brill" /><ref name="Books.google.co.in">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=history+muslims+kerala|title=Cultural heritage of Kerala – A Sreedhara Menon – Google Books|isbn=9788126419036|access-date=2012-11-16|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|year=2008 |publisher=D.C. Books }}</ref> The Muslim material strength - along with modern education, theological reform, and active participation in democratic process - recovered slowly after the 1921-22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in state and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Muslim literacy rate was only 5% in 1931.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] in the following years (c. 1970s). This widespread participation in the "Gulf Rush" produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. A great influx of funds from the earnings of the employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment, and educational backwardness began to change.<ref name="Miller13"/> The Muslims in Kerala are now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change, and positive involvement in the modern world. Malayali Muslim women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/> [[University of Calicut]], with the former Malabar District being its major catchment area, was established in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/|title=Official website of Calicut University – Home|website=www.universityofcalicut.info|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111210221/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Calicut International Airport]], currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kozhikodeairport.com/#|title=Kozhikode Calicut International Airport (CCJ)|website=www.kozhikodeairport.com|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Silver-jubilee-does-not-bring-cheer-to-Karipur-airport-users/articleshow/12498757.cms|title=Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> An [[Indian Institutes of Management|Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996.<ref name="About IIM K">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/about/about.php|title=The Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508141700/http://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/about/about.php|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Demography ==
The last Indian Census was conducted in 2011. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population is as shown below:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Population By Religious Community – 2011 Census of India|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{nowrap|District wise map of Kerala}}
!'''District'''
!'''Total Pop'''
!'''Muslims'''
!'''% of Pop'''
!'''% of Muslims'''
|-
|rowspan ="15"| [[File:Political map of Kerala.svg|300px]]
|'''[[Kerala]]'''
|'''33,406,061'''
|'''8,873,472'''
|'''26.56%'''
|'''100.0%'''
|-
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
|1,307,375
|486,913
|37.24%
|5.49%
|-
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|2,523,003
|742,483
|29.43%
|8.37%
|-
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|817,420
|234,185
|28.65%
|2.64%
|-
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|3,086,293
|1,211,131
|39.24%
|13.65%
|-
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|4,112,920
|2,888,849
|70.24%
|32.56%
|-
|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|2,809,934
|812,936
|28.93%
|9.16%
|-
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|3,121,200
|532,839
|17.07%
|6.00%
|-
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|3,282,388
|514,397
|15.67%
|5.80%
|-
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|1,108,974
|82,206
|7.41%
|0.93%
|-
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|1,974,551
|126,499
|6.41%
|1.43%
|-
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|2,127,789
|224,545
|10.55%
|2.53%
|-
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|1,197,412
|55,074
|4.60%
|0.62%
|-
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|2,635,375
|508,500
|19.30%
|5.73%
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|3,301,427
|452,915
|13.72%
|5.10%
|}
[[File:Distribution of Muslim population in Kerala (2011 Census of India).svg|thumb|right|350px|Distribution of [[Muslim]]s in [[Kerala]] – District-wise.]]

== Theological orientations and denominations ==

Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow [[Sunni Islam]] of [[Shafi'i|Shāfiʿī]] school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Miller13"/><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/> The latter section consists of majority [[Salafi movement|Salafists (the Mujahids)]] and the minority [[Islamism|Islamists]]. Both the traditional Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to sub-identities.<ref>Shajahan Madampat, "Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir" ''Outlook'' 21 August 2017 [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/malappuram-isnt-mini-kashmir/299195]</ref><ref name="Miller13"/><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

* [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī Islam]]<ref name=":2">[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2788279.pdf Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India] Modern Asian Studies</ref>
**[[Shafi'i|Shāfi'ī]]<ref name=":2"/>—mainly [[Samastha (disambiguation)|two groups]] (majority of traditional Sunnis in Kerala are Shafi{{ayin}}is).
**[[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]]
*[[Salafi movement|Salafists (the Mujahids)]]—with different splinter factions (with varying degrees of puritanism).<ref name=":2"/> [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]] (K. N. M) is the largest Mujahid organisation in Kerala.<ref name=":2" />
*[[Islamism|Islamists]] ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|the Jama'at-i-Islami India]])—representing [[political Islam]] in Kerala.<ref name=":2"/>
* [[Shia Islam|Shīiah Islam]]
*Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at – Head Quarters of [[Ahmadiyya muslim community|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] in Kerala is located at Baitul Quddoos,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam HomePage|url=https://www.alislam.org/malayalam/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=www.alislam.org}}</ref> G.H Road Kozhikode (Calicut). [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Community.

== Communities ==
* '''[[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]]:''' The largest community among the Muslims of Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/> As per some studies, the term "Mappila" denotes not a single community but a variety of Malayali Muslims from north Kerala (former Malabar District) of different ethnic origins. In south Kerala Malayali Muslims are not called Mappilas.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>

A Mappila is either,

# A descendant of any native convert<ref>{{Cite journal|title=MAPPILA|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673|url-access=subscription}}</ref>) to Islam<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=E.|first=Miller, Roland|title=Mappila muslim culture.|date=2016|publisher=State Univ Of New York Pr|isbn=978-1-4384-5600-3|oclc=928782482}}</ref> (or)
# A descendant of a marriage alliance between a [[Middle Eastern]] individual and a native low caste woman<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=MAPPILA|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The term Mappila is still in use in Malayalam to mean "bridegroom" or "son-in-law".<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>

* '''[[Pusalan]]s:''' Mostly converts from the [[Mukkuvar (India)|Mukkuvan]] caste. Formerly a low status group among the Muslims of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=David Murray|title=Matrilineal Kinship|last2=Gough|first2=Kathleen|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5|pages=415|language=en}}</ref> The other Mappilas used call them "Kadappurattukar", while themselves were known as "Angadikkar". The Kadappurattukar were divided into two endogamous groups on the basis of their occupation, "Valakkar" and "Bepukar". The Bepukar were considered superior to Valakkar.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>

In addition to the two endogamous groups there were other service castes like "Kabaru Kilakkunnavar", "Alakkukar", and "Ossans" in Pusalan settlements. Ossan occupied the lowest position in the old hierarchy.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>

* '''[[Ossan]]s:''' the Ossans were the traditional barbers among the Muslims of Kerala. Formed the lowest rank in the old hierarchy, and were an indispensable part of the village community of Muslims of Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
* '''[[Thangal]]s (the [[Sayyid]]s):''' Claiming descent from the family of [[Muhammed]]. People who had migrated from Middle East. Elders of a number of widely respected [[Thangal|Thangal families]] often served as the focal point of the Muslim community in old Malabar District.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
* [[Rowther]]s: The Muslim community originated in [[Tamilakam]]. Mainly they settled in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Alappuzha|Alapuzha]], [[Kochi]], [[kottayam]], [[kollam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Pandalam]], [[Palakkad]] regions in kerala. Rowther sect is a prominent and prosperous muslim community in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pottamkulam |first=George Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvYyEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rawthers+kerala+travancore&pg=PT322 |title=Kerala A Journey in Time Part II: Kingdom Of Cochin & Thekamkoor Rajyam; People Places and Potpourri |date=2021-06-11 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63873-514-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or [[Nawayath|Navayats]]:''' ancient community of Muslims, claiming Arab origin, originally settled at Bhatkal, Uttara Kannada. Speaks Navayati language. Once distributed in the towns of northern Kerala as a mercantile community. They are mainly distributed in the Northern parts of Malabar bordering [[Karnataka]].<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
* '''[[Nakhuda|Nahas]]:''' The origin of the name Naha is supposed to be a transformation of "nakhuda" which means captain of ship. Community concentrated mainly in [[Parappanangadi]], south of Kozhikode who trace their origins to [[Persians|Persian]] ship owners.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Citation|last=Chakravarti|first=Ranabir|title=Nakhuda Nuruddin Firuz at Somanātha: AD 1264|date=2020-06-09|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003084129-11|work=Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society|pages=220–242|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781003084129-11|isbn=978-1-003-08412-9|s2cid=225771373|access-date=2021-03-22|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''[[Marakkar]]s:''' once multilingual maritime trading community settled in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, the Palk Strait and Sri Lanka. The most famous of the Marakkar were "[[Kunjali Marakkar]]s", or the naval captains of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. The Muslims of pure Middle Eastern descent held themselves superior to Marakkars.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
* '''[[Keyi family|Keyis]]:''' community of wealthy merchants, mainly settled in [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]] and [[Parappanangadi]] with [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] origin.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abraham|first=Santhosh|date=2017-10-04|title=The Keyi Mappila Muslim Merchants of Tellicherry and the Making of Coastal Cosmopolitanism on the Malabar Coast|journal=Asian Review of World Histories|volume=5|issue=2|pages=145–162|doi=10.1163/22879811-12340009|issn=2287-965X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''[[Koya (Malabar)|Koyas]]:''' Muslim community, in the city of Kozhikode forming a significant majority in Kozhikode and its adjoining areas. May be of [[Omani people|Omani]] origin. It is said that the name is a corruption of “Khawaja”. Held administrative positions in the Kozhikode court of the zamorins.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ravindranath|first1=D.|last2=Injeti|first2=M.S.|last3=Busi|first3=B.R.|date=1984|title=Anthropometric Variation among Koyas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000153449|journal=Human Heredity|volume=34|issue=2|pages=131–132|doi=10.1159/000153449|pmid=6745953|issn=1423-0062|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''Kurikkals''': a community of Muslims, claiming Arab origin, settled around [[Manjeri]] in Malappuram District.The family was first settled in Mavvancheri in North Malabar and moved to Manjeri in the beginning of the 16th century. Many of the members of the family served as instructor in the use of fire-arms in the employ of various chiefs of Malabar.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
* '''[[Nainars]]:''' a community of Tamil origin. Settled only in [[Cochin]], [[Mattancherry|Mattanchery]], [[Fort Kochi]] and [[Kodungallur]]. It is believed that the Nainars first settled in Kerala in the 15th century, entering into contract for certain works with the chiefs of Cochin.<ref name="KunhaliV2" />
* '''[[Deccanis|Dakhnis]] or Pathans:''' "[[Deccani language|Dakhni]]" speaking community. Migrated as cavalry men under various chiefs, especially in South Travancore. Some of them came South India along with the invasion of the Coromandel by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]]. Many of the Dakhnis had also come as traders and businessmen.<ref name="KunhaliV2"/>
*'''[[Kutchi Memon]]s''': They are a [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] speaking Gujarati ethnic group from the [[Kutch district|Kutch]] region. They are descended from the [[Lohana]] community among Gujarati Hindus.They were mainly traders who had migrated to Central Kerala with the other Gujarati traders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=LLC.|first=General Books|title=Social Groups of Gujarat : Parsi, Kutchi Gurjar Kashtriya, Ahirs, Mughal, Dhangar, Meghwal, Charan, Nagar Brahmins, Mers, Sıddi, Lohar, Chhipa, Vaghela, Sulaymani, Gauda Brahmins, Gujarati Muslims, Kumhar, Memon People, LOhana, Hujaratı People, Rabari, Khateek, Samma, Jadeja|date=2011|publisher=General Books LLC|isbn=978-0-7103-0849-8|oclc=949589339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukadam|first1=Anjoom Amir|last2=Mawani|first2=Sharmina|date=2007-11-22|title=Diaspora Revisited: Second-Generation Nizari Ismaili Muslims of Gujarati Ancestry|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789048501069.008|journal=Global Indian Diasporas|pages=195–210|doi=10.1017/9789048501069.008|isbn=9789048501069|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*'''[[Beary|Beary/Byary]]''': Muslims: community Stretching along the Tulunadu region. In Kerala they inhabits the coastal area of Kasargod district.They speak their own tongue which is called [[Beary language]]. They are originally mercantile community, hece the name 'beary', from the Sanskrit word 'Vyapari'(merchant).
* '''[[Sunni Bohra|Bohras]] ([[Dawoodi Bohra|Daudi Bohras]])''': Western ([[Mustaʽli Ismailism|Mustaalis]]) Ismaili [[Shia Islam|Shiah]] community. Settled in a few major town in Kerala like [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]], [[Kochi]] and [[Alappuzha]]. Bohras migrated from [[Gujarat]] to Kerala. They form the major part of the Shia community in Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV2" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Qutbuddin|first=Tahera|title=The Daʾudi Bohra Tayyibis: Ideology, Literature, Learning and Social Practice|date=2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755610259.ch-013|work=A Modern History of the Ismailis|pages=331–354 |publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9780755610259.ch-013|isbn=978-1-84511-717-7|access-date=2021-03-22|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Culture==
=== Literature ===
{{See also|Arabi Malayalam|Arabi Malayalam script}}
Mappila Songs (or Mappila Poems) is a famous [[folklore]] tradition emerged in ''c.'' 16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Dravidian (Malayalam/Tamil) and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script.<ref name="hindu_may092">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050719690300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107014307/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/07/stories/2006050719690300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Preserve identity of Mappila songs|date=7 May 2006|access-date=15 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as religion, satire, romance, heroism, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

As the modern Malayali Muslim literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Kerala Muslim authors of the modern age.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/> Muslim periodical literature and newspaper dailies – all in Malayalam – are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The newspaper known as "[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Muslim community.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam22"/>

=== Kerala Muslim folk arts ===

* '''Oppana''' was a popular form of social entertainment. It was generally performed by a group of women, as a part of wedding ceremonies a day before the wedding day. The bride, dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments, is the chief "spectator"; she sits on a pitham, around which the singing and dancing take place. While the women sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride in steps.
* '''Kolkkali''' was a dance form popular among the Muslims. It was performed by a group of dozen young men with two sticks, similar to the [[Dandiya Raas|Dandiya]] dance of Gujarat in Western India.
* '''Duff Muttu'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WcJ7kNsdrA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/4WcJ7kNsdrA |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year. |date=21 May 2009 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=17 February 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims, using the traditional duff, or [[daf]], also called tappitta. Performers dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff.
* '''Arabana muttu''' was an art form named after the ''aravana'', a hand-held, one-sided flat tambourine or drumlike musical instrument. It is made of wood and animal skin, similar to the duff but a little thinner and bigger.
* '''Muttum Viliyum''' was a traditional orchestral musical performance. It is basically the confluence of three musical instruments—kuzhal, chenda and cheriya chenda. Muttum Viliyum is also known by the name "Cheenimuttu".
* '''[[Vattappattu]]''' was an art form once performed in the Malabar region on the eve of the wedding. It was traditionally performed by a group of men from the groom’s side with the putiyappila (the groom) sitting in the middle.

===Mappila cuisine===
{{See also|Thalassery cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
|align= centre
|direction = horizontal
|width= 150
|header_align = left/right/center
|footer_align = left/right/center
|header_background =
|footer_background =
|image1 = Pathiri.jpg
|caption1 = ''[[Pathiri]]'', a pancake made of [[rice flour]], is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malabar
|image2 = KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg
|caption2 = ''Kallummakkaya nirachathu'' or ''arikkadukka'' (mussels stuffed with rice)
|image3 = Chicken Biriyani with Raita.jpg
|caption3 = Thalassery ''biryani'' with ''[[raita]]''
|image4 = Calicut Halwa.jpg
|caption4 = Halwas are popular in towns like [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Ponnani]]
}}
The [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] cuisine is a blend of traditional [[Kerala]], [[Cuisine of Iran|Persian]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemenese]] and [[Arab]] food culture.<ref name="MC">{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=Sabhnani|first=Dhara Vora|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.<ref name="MC"/> ''Kallummakkaya'' ([[mussels]]) [[curry]], ''irachi puttu'' (''irachi'' meaning meat), ''parottas'' (soft flatbread),<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Pathiri]]'' (a type of rice pancake)<ref name="MC"/> and ''[[ghee]]'' rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—[[black pepper]], [[cardamom]] and [[clove]] are used profusely.

The [[Malabar District|Malabar]] version of ''[[biryani]]'', popularly known as ''kuzhi mandi'' in [[Malayalam]] is another popular item, which has an influence from [[Yemen]]. Various varieties of ''biriyanis'' like [[Thalassery biriyani|Thalassery ''biriyani'']], Kannur ''biriyani'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-23|title=Thalassery Chicken Biriyani|url=https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Take It Easy Chef|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kozhikode ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shamsul|date=2016-05-07|title=Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe|url=https://www.cookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=CookAwesome|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001041102/https://www.cookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Ponnani ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_rosewater_70042|access-date=2021-05-13|website=BBC Food|language=en}}</ref> are prepared by the Mappila community.<ref name="MC"/>

The snacks include ''[[Unnakai|unnakkaya]]'' (deep-fried, boiled ripe [[banana]] paste covering a mixture of cashew, [[raisins]] and [[sugar]]),<ref name="MC_2">{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=Kurian|first=Shijo|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Pazham pori|pazham nirachathu]]'' (ripe banana filled with [[coconut]] grating, [[molasses]] or sugar),<ref name="MC_2"/> ''[[Fios de ovos|muttamala]]'' made of [[egg as food|eggs]],<ref name="MC"/> ''[[chatti pathiri]]'', a [[dessert]] made of flour, like a baked, layered ''chapati'' with rich filling, ''arikkadukka'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels|url=https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Faces Places and Plates|language=en-US}}</ref> and more.<ref name="MC"/>

== Religious education ==
{{excerpt|Religious education in Kerala|Islam}}

== See also ==
*[[Arabi Malayalam]]
*[[Arabi Malayalam script]]
*[[Onam and Islam]]
*[[Beary|Beary Muslims]]
*[[Beary language]]
*[[Tamil Muslim]]
*[[Sri Lankan Moors]]
*[[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani Mappila]]

== Bibliography ==

* P. Shabna & K. Kalpana (2022) Re-making the self: Discourses of ideal Islamic womanhood in Kerala, Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 28:1, 24-43, {{doi|10.1080/12259276.2021.2010907}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
| access-date = 3 December 2020}} (The English translation of the historic book [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]] written about the society of Kerala by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] during sixteenth century CE)
* Muhsin, S. M. . (2021). [https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1045 Three Fatwas on Marriage in South India] (Tiga Fatwa Perkahwinan di India Selatan). ''Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077)'', ''18''(1), 251–282.https://doi.org/10.31436/jia.v18i1.1045
*

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

{{Islam in India by region}}

[[Category:Islam in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Islam in India by state or union territory|Kerala]]

Avinash Chander (scientist)

2026-03-09T05:35:08Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting data

{{short description|Indian scientist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{ Infobox office holder
| name = Avinash Chander
| office = 11th Director General of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| term = 2013-2015
| predecessor = [[Vijay Kumar Saraswat]]
| successor = [[ S. Christopher ]]
}}
'''Avinash Chander''' is an Indian scientist who was Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister, the Director General of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)]], and Secretary, Department of Defence Research and Development. He had succeeded [[V. K. Saraswat]] to this post but was sacked by the union government due to incompetency.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missile-man-avinash-chander-appointed-new-drdo-chief/1123607/ |title=Missile man Avinash Chander appointed new DRDO Chief |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131010137/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/missile-man-avinash-chander-appointed-new-drdo-chief/1123607 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=a>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitdalumni.com/node/40535 |title=AVINASH CHANDER |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402204910/http://www.iitdalumni.com/node/40535 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/avinash-chander-is-new-drdo-chief/article4769905.ece Avinash Chander is new DRDO chief]</ref>

He is the chief architect of the [[Agni (missile)|Agni]] series of ballistic missile systems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4SedwzW4fL7X2FobF9nQ2ZKLW8/view |title=In Conversation with Avinash Chander |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927045931/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4SedwzW4fL7X2FobF9nQ2ZKLW8/view |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ndtv-fired /> Chander is a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]]

== Education ==
Chander joined DRDO after completing his training in Electrical Engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] (IIT Delhi).<ref name=ndtv-fired /> He subsequently pursued an MS in [[Spatial information|Spatial Information Technology]] and Doctorate from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] (JNTU, Hyderabad).{{Cn|date=January 2025}}

== Sacking from DRDO ==
After completion of 42 years of Service in DRDO, on 14 January 2015, the Department of Personnel and Training advised his contract to end due to poor performance on 31 January 2015.<ref name=ndtv-fired>{{cite news |last1=Som |first1=Vishnu |title=After Sacking, Business as Usual for Avinash Chander at DRDO |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-sacking-business-as-usual-for-avinash-chander-at-drdo-727393 |accessdate=21 March 2015 |work=India News |publisher=[[New Delhi Television Limited]] (NDTV) |date=15 January 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090826/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-sacking-business-as-usual-for-avinash-chander-at-drdo-727393 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
Chander is recipient of numerous awards, some of which are listed below:<ref name=a/>
# IIT Delhi Alumni Award
# [[Padma Shri]]
# DRDO Scientist of the year, 1989
# Astronautical Society of India Award, 1997
# Awarded by Dr. [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], Principal Scientific Advisor to Govt. of India.
# AGNI Self-Reliance Award, 1999
# Dr. Biren Roy Space Science Award, 2000
# DRDO Award, 2007
# Outstanding Technologist Award, 2008
# DRDO Technology Leadership Award, 2008
# Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineers
# Fellow, System Society of India
# Fellow, Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences
# Vice-president, Astronautical Society of India
# Chairman – Sensors Research Society, India
# [[Aryabhata Award]] - Astronautical Society of India.
# Eminent Engineer Award, The Institute of Engineers (India) 2016.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chander, Avinash}}
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian military engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2019 Delhi hotel fire

2026-03-08T23:58:44Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new stub

{{short description|Conflagration in India}}{{Old news|date=March 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox event
|date={{start date|df=yes|2019|02|12}}
|deaths=17
|title=Delhi hotel fire
|coordinates = {{coord|28.646|77.190|display=title,inline}}
|venue=Hotel Arpit Palace
|cause=suspected short-circuit in an air conditioner
}}
A fire began at a [[budget hotel]] in [[Central Delhi]], the Hotel Arpit Palace, in the [[Karol Bagh]] area of the city, at around 4:30 am on 12 February 2019, killing at least 17 people. The fire went through all floors of the hotel; people were seen jumping from it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/new-delhi-hotel-fire-people-jump-windows-several-casualties-photos-videos-2762472|title=New Delhi Hotel Fire: People Jump From Windows, Several Casualties [Photos, Videos]|date=Feb 11, 2019|website=International Business Times|accessdate=Feb 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/delhi-hotel-fire-india-arpit-palace-victims-karol-bagh-latest-a8774796.html|title=17 dead in huge fire at high-rise hotel in Indian capital Delhi|date=Feb 12, 2019|website=The Independent|accessdate=Feb 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-new-delhi-hotel-fire-20190212-story.html|title=17 killed in fire at shoddy New Delhi hotel, 4 others hurt|agency=Associated Press|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=12 February 2019 |accessdate=Feb 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/world/asia/new-delhi-hotel-fire.html|title=New Delhi Hotel Fire Kills at Least 17|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Kai|last2=Schultz|date=Feb 12, 2019|accessdate=Feb 12, 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Poorly enforced regulations lead to thousands of deaths in fires across India every year. The city of [[Delhi]] has only around 1,700 firefighters. For comparison, [[New York City]] has eight times as many firefighters, but has less than half of Delhi's population. The Hotel Arpit Palace passed a fire safety check in December 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-hotel-fire-idUSKCN1Q415L|title=Fire alarms 'faulty' at Delhi blaze hotel, prompting mass reinspections|last=Pal|first=Alasdair|date=2019-02-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-05-28|language=en}}</ref>

== Fire ==
It was reported by the Chief Fire Officer of the [[Delhi Fire Service]]s that the fire had broken out between 3 and 3:30 am, and that fire services were not alerted immediately.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/why-fire-at-karol-bagh-s-arpit-palace-hotel-claimed-17-lives/story-iHumZZbGdFYoJMOrUzK6mM.html|title=Why fire at Karol Bagh's Arpit Palace hotel claimed 17 lives?|last1=Sunny|first1=Shriv|last2=Srivastava|first2=Anvit|date=2019-02-13|website=Hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> The first call to the police control room was received at 4:43 am.<ref name=":1" /> The fire quickly spread due to wooden panels on the walls and floor of the hotel, and caused heavy smoke in the hallways. Many guests attempted to avoid the smoke by staying in their rooms, but could not escape from the rooms as the windows were locked with a complicated latch system.<ref name=":0" />

There were 60 guests staying in 35 of the 46 rooms of the hotel, and about a dozen staffers the night of the fire.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/karol-bagh-hotel-fire-arpit-palace-ignored-safety-of-its-guests-says-fir/story-8LuiBZpRJ1PH6GfoQi05xN.html|title=Karol Bagh hotel fire: Arpit Palace ignored safety of its guests, says FIR|last=Sunny|first=Shiv|date=2019-02-14|website=Hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> At least 30 people were rescued by firefighters, but 17 succumbed to burns or [[asphyxia]]tion, although three people; a woman from [[Myanmar]], an IRS officer and a cook at the hotel jumped to escape, only the woman survived.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/arpit-palace-fire-hotel-owner-hiding-in-qatar-was-booked-in-forgery-case-by-cbi/story-yPYjZXbiwhvylGJln7iH9O.html|title=Arpit Palace fire: Hotel owner 'hiding' in Qatar, was booked in forgery case by CBI|last=Srivastava|first=Anvit|date=2019-02-15|website=Hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Delhi Police]] utilized 3D laser technology to recreate the scene of the hotel before the fire broke out in order to understand what led to the blaze and find violations by the hotel staff.<ref name=":1" /> They reviewed certificates issued to more than 1,500 hotels in India's tourist hubs in an effort to limit the number of casualties.<ref name=":2" />

The [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) listed six lapses inside the hotel, and highlighted that the business and the licensees and the management of the hotel had ignored the safety of its guests. Issues noted were no [[Panic button|panic alarm]] on any of the floors or in the restaurants, only one [[emergency exit]] that was locked, and no proper signage to guide the guests to the emergency exit. It also noted that the extensive use of plastic and other [[inflammable]] material on the walls and partitions and a temporary structure erected on the roof led to quick spread of smoke and fire to quickly spread.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
<references/>

{{Disasters in India in 2019}}

[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2019 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi|Hotel fire]]
[[Category:Commercial building fires in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Delhi|Hotel fire]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Hotel fires in Asia]]

Do Anjaane

2026-03-03T23:36:28Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Content refined for better accuracy

{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Anjaane
| image = Do Anjaane.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Dulal Guha]]
| producer = Tito
| writer = Shafiq Ansari [[Nabendu Ghosh]] [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Rekha]] [[Prem Chopra]]
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = M. Rajaram
| editing = Bimal Roy
| studio = Navjeevan Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|11|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Do Anjaane''''' ({{translation|Two Strangers}}) is a 1976 [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]], produced by Tito, it is directed by [[Dulal Guha]] and based on the story ''Rater gari'' of [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Rekha-breaks-her-silence/article15780048.ece|title=Rekha breaks her silence|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 October 2010 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Lalita Pawar]] and a young pre-stardom [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=News Desk|date=2020-03-19|title=Rekha-Amitabh Bachchan's FIRST MEET; The Rare Picture From Their First Film Goes Viral|url=https://theprimetime.in/rekha-amitabh-bachchans-first-meet-the-rare-picture-from-their-first-film-goes-viral/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The PrimeTime News|language=en-US}}</ref> The music is by [[Kalyanji Anandji]]. It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]'' (1979). The Kannada version ''[[Aaseya Bale]]'' was released in 1987.

==Synopsis==

Amit ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) is found wounded on railway tracks, and when he awakens he has no memory of who he is and doesn't remember anything about his life. Six years later, he is living with a wealthy couple who have adopted him as their son and is now named Naresh Dutt.

After yet another accident in his Naresh Dutt avatar, Amit begins to regain his memory of his wife, Rekha Roy ([[Rekha]]). He finds out that she is now a very successful film actress, having changed her name to Sunita Devi, and her manager is none other than Ranjit Mallik ([[Prem Chopra]]), who was once Amit's best friend.

In flashbacks, he remembers that his real name is Amit Roy and Ranjit was the one who attempted to kill him six years earlier by throwing him off the train he was travelling on with Rekha. Amit also discovers that his young son, now 10 years old, has been sent to a boarding school and sets out a plan to regain custody of his son. First, however, he plans on taking revenge against Ranjit. Amit comes up with a plan to re-enter Rekha and Ranjit's lives by disguising himself as a film producer. He meets with Rekha and Ranjit and offers Rekha the opportunity to act in his new film titled ''Raater Gaadi''. Rekha and Ranjit grow suspicious of Naresh Dutt as they start to realise that he bears a striking resemblance to Rekha's supposedly deceased husband Amit Roy and the story line of his film eerily mirrors Rekha's past life. Ranjit attempts to kill Amit Roy but instead Amit call police and when Ranjeet shoots bullets on Amit police arrests Ranjit.

In the end, Amit is shown going Mumbai on plane with his son. After some days Amit comes back to Rekha's home with his parents. They are reunited.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Amit Roy / Naresh Dutt
*[[Rekha]] as Rekha Roy/Sunita Devi
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Ranjit Mallik
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Mr Sanyal
*[[Master Laddu]] as young Mithun Roy
*[[Master Lucky]] as old Mithun Roy
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Mr Sumesh Dutt
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Mrs Dutt
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Amit's Neighbour
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Ghanti (Amit's neighbour)
*[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] as Amit's co-worker
*[[Nipon Goswami]] as Doctor
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Padre
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Doctor
*[[Jagdeep]] as Dance master
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Mr. Mukherjee
*[[Brahmachari (actor)|Brahmchari]] as Amit's office friend
*Yasmin as Mary
}}

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aai Karke Singaar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Kahin Door Mujhe Jana Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 3
| "Luk Chhip Luk Chhip Jao Na (Male)"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Luk Chhip Luk Chhip Jao Na (Duet)"
| Kishore Kumar, Shivangi Kolhapure
|}

==Awards==
*[[Prem Chopra]] won the [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award]], the only win for the film.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0074417|Do Anjaane}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1976 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Tathagatha Buddha (film)

2026-03-03T18:14:22Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created A Details From Scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tathagatha Buddha: The Life & Times of Gautama Buddha
| image = Tathagatha Buddha film DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Allani Sridhar]]
| producer = K. Raja Sekhar Radhakrishna
| story =
| writer = {{ubl| D. K. Goel |(Hindi dialogues)}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Gautam Buddha''|''Sadguru Sivananda Murty''}}
| starring = {{ubl|Sunil Sharma|[[Kausha Rach]]|[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]|[[Puneet Issar]]|Surender Pal|[[Parvati Melton]]}}
| music = [[Sashi Preetam]]
| cinematography = Madhu Mahankali
| studio = Dharmapatha Creations
| released = {{Film date|2008|02|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|[[Hindi]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
}}

'''''Tathagatha Buddha: The Life & Times of Gautama Buddha''''' is a 2008 Indian feature film on the life and times of the [[Buddha]] directed by [[Allani Sridhar]] and is based upon the story by ''Sadguru Sivananda Murty''. The film was simultaneously shot in Hindi and Telugu and released in 2008 alongside the English dubbed version ''The Path Finder''. The film was viewed by the [[14th Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-komaram-bheem-story/articleshow/17557503.cms|title=The Komaram Bheem story|date=15 January 2017|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film tells the story of [[Siddhartha Gautama]], Prince of Kapilavastu, situated in Nepal, who lived during 6th century B.C. He was born on Vaisakha Poornima. The history of his family, the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]], is traceable to pre-[[Ramayana]] times. Renouncing the life and responsibility of a king, Siddhartha Gautama sought a solution to human misery. Ever in the midst of the great Indian religious and spiritual traditions, he noticed what was most needed by all people: [[Dharma]], and non-violence. He sought a direct path to salvation. He was a lone pathfinder who inspired the religions that eventually spread to China, Japan, and to the United States and Europe as late as the 20th century.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Sunil Sharma as [[Buddha]]
* [[Surendra Pal]] as [[Śuddhodana]]
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as [[Bimbisara]]
* [[Subbaraju]] as [[Ajatashatru]]
* [[Puneet Issar]] as [[Aṅgulimāla]]
* K. Raja Sekhar as [[Anathapindika]]
* Master Sivanand as Rahul
* [[Kausha Rach]] as [[Yashodhara]]
* Ashok Kumar as [[Pasenadi|Prasenajit]]
* D. K. Goel as [[Devadatta]]
* [[Parvati Melton]] as Prerana
* [[Kausha Rach]] as [[Yaśodharā]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as [[Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī]]
* Mansi as Mayadevi
* Sony Charista as [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]]
* Raja Sirivennela as Chenna
* Gaurav as Anand
* Rakesh as Sariputra
* Chander as Moudgalayana
* M. B. K. Prasad Rao as Bhavari
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Minister
* Kunal as Jethraj
}}

==Production==
The film was produced in two different languages; as ''Tadgatha Buddha'' in [[Hindi]] and as ''Gautama Buddha'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The film was dubbed in [[Indian English|English]] as ''The Path Finder''.<ref name="The Hindu 1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/buddha-on-big-screen/article2285175.ece|title=Buddha on big screen|date=28 December 2007|publisher=|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513104338/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850650400.htm|archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
This film all music composed by [[Sashi Preetam]] and all lyrics by D. K. Goel in [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6KgYomG7Sda8J6rEgmnm9G|title=Tathagatha Buddha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=Spotify}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| tota1_length =
| title1 = Raj Mahal
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length1 = 1:13
| title2 = Preet Kiya
| extra2 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Badhayi
| extra3 = Krishna
| length3 = 1:34
| title4 = Chod Ke Pinjara
| extra4 = Sashi Preetam
| length4 = 1:42
| title5 = Dharma Chakra
| extra5 = Krishna
| length5 = 1:19
| title6 = Priya Tum
| extra6 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length6 = 2:41
| title7 = Saawre
| extra7 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length7 = 3:41
| title8 = Tan Pinjar
| extra8 = Sashi Preetam
| length8 = 2:28
| total_length = 19:12
}}

== See also ==
* [[Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film]]
*[[List of historical drama films of Asia]]
* [[Tathāgata|Tathagatha Buddha]]

==Awards==
* The film producer K. Raja Sekhar won for [[Nandi Special Jury Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Gautama Buddha}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films about Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Idolatry in Sikhism

2026-03-03T04:25:12Z

Ashok Hathrasi: small refine information per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Detailed view of a fresco of Guru Nanak seated near a Hindu religious event involving idols from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Detailed view of the fresco of [[Guru Nanak]] seated and [[Bhai Bala]] standing near a Hindu religious event involving [[Murti|idols]] from [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], Amritsar]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

[[Sikhism]] prohibits idolatry,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> in accordance with mainstream [[Khalsa]] norms and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Both institutions [SGPC and Akali Dal] were envisaged as instruments of the Sikh community for the furtherance of a purified way of religious and social life, without idolatrous priests and in repudiation of ritualism and caste distinctions. Such indeed had been the fundamental teaching of the Gurus.”</ref> a position that has been accepted as orthodox.<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/>

Growing Sikh popular discontent with [[Gurdwara]] administration and practices during the 1800s,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=mandair78/><ref name=ks542/> revivalist movements in the mid-1800s who opposed idol worship like the [[Nirankari]]s<ref name=mandair78/> and the [[Namdhari]]s<ref name=agnihotra/> (who however have followed a living guru since its inception), and the encroachment of [[Hinduism|Brahmanical]] customs in the [[Golden Temple]] during that period,<ref name=ks542/><ref name=madan1/><ref name=madan3/> led to the establishment of the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] in 1873, in which the [[Tat Khalsa]] faction, dominant since the early 1880s, pushed to renew and standardize the practice of Sikhism. After a period of political advancement, the Khalsa faction re-established direct control over Gurdwara management<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> over the [[Udasi]] and Hindu<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “The government had handled the Sikhs with caution, combining patronage with control. Pro-British groups and important individuals were the recipients of this patronage. In return, they were expected to help in keeping hostile elements under control. This was perhaps best exemplified by the fact that the government never allowed the management of the Golden Temple to go completely out of its hands. It thus stood behind the mahants, who were almost invariably unbaptized Sikhs (though claiming affiliation with the Udasi sect founded by one of the sons of the first guru) or plain Hindus. They kept alive idolatry and a great deal of Brahmanical ritual in the temples and were considered venal… The managers of the Golden Temple were particularly disliked, not only for their Hindu origin but also for their loyalty to the British.”</ref> [[Mahant|''mahants'']], who institutionalized idol worship<ref name=ks542/> and would eventually identify with the [[Sanatan Sikh]]s, who identified with the Brahmanical social structure<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> and considered idol worship as not harmful.<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/> The ''mahants'' had gained control of Gurdwaras after heavy [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] persecution forced the Khalsa to relinquish control of the Gurdwaras and vacate the [[Punjab]] plains in the 1700s;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> they were most prominent in the 1800s.<ref name=mandair/>

In 1905, after re-establishing institutional control, the Khalsa managed to have removed the idols installed during the preceding period, as well as ending ''mahant'' administration and the practice of other non-Sikh, Brahmanical rituals in the process,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> considering them "Hindu accretions" and "Brahmanical stranglehold,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> amidst a major controversy within the Sikh community of that era.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> The prohibition, state Fenech and McLeod, has also served a means to assert Sikhism differs from Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref>

==Sikh texts==

Idol worship is mentioned as a futile and worthless practice in the Sikh texts such as the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' and the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''. In the ''Guru Granth Sahib'', the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]] call the practice of worshipping stones as useless and ridiculous. These stones cannot answer any questions nor provide spiritual guidance as the ''guru'' can, states Nanak, and only the guidance of a ''guru'' can carry one across the "Ocean of Existence".<ref>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Gurū Nānak and the Sikh religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnnXAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=209–210|isbn=978-0-19-826521-4}}</ref> For example, in the following hymn of [[Guru Granth Sahib]], [[Bhagat Namdev]] rejects idol worship.

{{Blockquote|<poem>One stone is lovingly decorated, while another stone is walked upon. If one is a god, then the other must also be a god. Says Naam Dayv, I serve the Lord.</poem>|Bhagat Namdev|Guru Granth Sahib 525<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=525|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib}}</ref>}}

Idolatry is criticized in the ''Dasam Granth'' traditionally attributed to the tenth [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The ''Dasam Granth'' includes idolatry along with other practices such as smearing sandal paste, offering food, [[Veneration of the dead|visiting graves and tombs]], bowing and others as futile and unhelpful in knowing God.<ref>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1063-7|page=58}}</ref>
[[File:Sri Gurunanak Statue at Muktidham Temple, Nashik.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak idol at Muktidham Temple, Nashik]]
According to the Indologist Harold Coward, the Sikh scriptures critique idolatry and Guru Nanak's words protest and condemn empty, magical worship of idols.<ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160">{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AytuAAAAMAAJ |year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567747-8|page=160 |quote= "He condemned idol worship and making obeisance to 'holy' men; he disapproved of going to pilgrimages and performing Brahmanical ritual. The positive aspect of his teaching was that God was formless -- ''niraṅkār'' (hence the futility of worshipping idols or 'saints')..."}}</ref> But, states Coward, an icon treated as a symbol that does not confuse the physical with the spiritual, and with the "right motivation and understanding", the Sikh scripture does not exclude the reverence of the Guru Granth,<ref>{{cite book|author=Harold G. Coward|title=Scripture in the World Religions: A Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAXXAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford: Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-244-7|pages=130–132, 209–210}}</ref> which accompanies ritual devotional singing in Sikh Gurdwaras.<ref name=MyrvoldBrill/>

==Historical references to idolatry==

=== Zafarnama and Dasam Granth ===

The [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]], or letter of victory, was written in [[Persian language|Persian]] to [[Aurangzeb]] in 1705 by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] after the [[battle of Chamkaur]]. In the ''Zafarnama'', Guru Gobind Singh chastises the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] for promising safe passage to his family but then reneging on that promise.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=136–143 }}</ref> The 95th couplet, in Persian, referring to his battles with the Mughal-allied [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]], states:

{{center|"I, too, have fought against the hill-chieftains (''kūhīyān'', "hill-men") [who] venerate idols. As they are idol worshippers, so I am the idol-breaker."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=January 11, 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=978-0199931453 |page=81 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>}}

The ''Dasam Granth'' where the ''Zafarnama'' is found, is a complex text; considered as the second scripture by some Sikhs, while others dispute its authority and the authorship of certain parts. It also includes the [[33 Savaiye]], or "33 quatrains," of which quatrains 19 through 21 specifically address the futility of idol worship.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Sukhbir Singh Kapoor|author2= Mohinder Kaur Kapoor |title=Dasam Granth: An Introductory Study |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA90 |year=1993|publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn= 9788170103257|page=90}}</ref> The ritual ''sastar puja'' (worship of weapons) in the Khalsa tradition for some scholars, states Singh, is akin to idol worship.<ref name="JacobsenAktor2014"/> In Sikh scholarship, the ritual is denied as the worship of God, rather it is defended as the worship of what the weapons iconographically represent to the Sikh: ''adi shakti'' (power of God). These verses are related to Khalsa's preparation for the war against the Mughals and "enabling the destruction of the enemy".<ref name="JacobsenAktor2014">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Mikael Aktor|author3=Kristina Myrvold|title=Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oqReBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |year=2014|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-67595-2|pages=185–187}}</ref>

===Dabestan-e Mazaheb===

The [[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]] is a mid-17th-century text on religions in India.<ref name=gs1>Ganda Singh (1940), [https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n3 Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century], Journal of Indian History, Volume 19, Number 2, pages 198–209, 217–218 with footnotes</ref> The text does not disclose the author, and it is unclear who authored it. Some credit it to Muhsin Fani – possibly a Persian [[Muslim]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Anil Chandra Banerjee|title=The Sikh gurus and the Sikh religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qfXAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=59 with footnotes|isbn=9788121501491}}</ref> some to Maubad Ardastani – possibly a [[Zoroastrian]],<ref name="McLeod2009p48">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=48}}</ref> and some to either Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg or Kaikhusrau Isfandyar.<ref name="ihabib"/> The text survives in two major manuscript versions with several notable recensions; all five manuscripts are currently held in [[Maulana Azad Library]] in [[Aligarh]].<ref name=ihabib/> Both major versions have five Ta'lims on non-Muslim religions and seven Ta'lims on Islamic sects. In the five devoted to the non-Muslim religions, one each is dedicated to the [[Zoroastrianism|Parsi]] religion, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Christianity. The second Ta'lim is on Hinduism and other Indian sects;<ref name=ihabib/> one section presents Sikh beliefs and practices.<ref name=ihabib>{{cite journal|author = Irfan Habib| title= A Fragmentary Exploration of an Indian Text on Religions and Sects: Notes on the Earlier Version of the Dabistan-i-Mazahib| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=61| pages= 474–491| year=2001| jstor= 44148125}}</ref>

The second ''ta'lim'' of ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' includes one of the oldest references to [[Nanakpanthi]]s. This term is uncommon in the literature of Guru Nanak’s era, but it is attested in the writings of Miharban (d. 1640), a grandson of [[Guru Ram Das]] and one belonging to the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]] – one of the five splinter groups instructed by Guru Gobind Singh for the initiated Khalsa to avoid.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Winand M. Callewaert|author2=Rupert Snell|title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&pg=PA23 |year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03524-8|pages=23–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|author2=Christopher Shackle|author3=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=36–37}}</ref> Nanakpanthis as mentioned in the ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' are understood to be Sikhs of mid-17th-century who followed Guru Nanak.<ref name=malhotramir>{{cite book|author1=Anshu Malhotra|author2=Farina Mir|title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244 |year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908877-5|pages=244–246}}</ref>

Among the first details mentioned of the faith at the time is the author’s direct observation of the lack of belief in idols and idol-temples among the Sikhs of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n3 198] |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. |url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=1 May 2019}} “Nanak-panthis, who are known as Guru-Sikhs or disciples of the Gurus [Nanak and his successors] have no belief in idols and idol-temples.”</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shea, Troyer |first1=David, Anthony |title=The Dabistán or School of manners, (1843) Vol 2 |year=1843 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea/page/246 246] |url=https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea |access-date=5 June 2019}} “The Nanac-Panthians, who are known as composing the nation of the Sikhs, have neither idols nor temples of idols.”</ref><ref name=grewal>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |title=Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |location=University of Michigan |isbn=9788185229171 |pages=61–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 November 2020 |author1-link=J. S. Grewal |author2-link=Irfan Habib}}</ref> It addition, it states that there is no veneration of mantras, idols, and ''avtars'' of the Hindus, nor is there regard of the Sanskrit language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n9 204]–205 |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. |url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=1 May 2019}} “In short, the disciples of Nanak condemn idol-worship. Their belief is that all their Gurus are Nanak, as has been said. They do not read the Mantras of the Hindus. They do not venerate their temples or idols, nor do they esteem their Avtars. They have no regard for the Sanskrit language which, according to the Hindus, is the speech of the angels.”</ref><ref name=grewal/> And further on, an anecdote popular among the followers of [[Guru Hargobind]], who had been the Guru around the time of the writing of the treatise, is relayed:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n15 210]–211 |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. |url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=1 May 2019}}“In short, after the battle of Kartarpur he went to Phagwara. As his residence in places like Lahore was difficult, he hastened from there to Kiratpur, which is in the foothills of the Punjab. That land belonged to Raja Tara Chand who did not walk on the path of submission and service to Emperor Shah Jehan. The people of that place worship idols. On the summit of a mountain, they have raised an idol to the goddess named Naina Devi. The rajahs (petty rulers of the hill states) used to go to that place and performed the rites of pilgrimage. When the Guru came to that place, one of his Sikhs, Bhairo by name, went to the temple of the idol and broke the nose of the Devi (goddess). The rajahs having received the news complained to the Guru and named him [Bhairo]. The Guru sent for Bhairo. Bhairo denied. The attendants of the rajah said: “We recognize him.” He replied: “Oh rajahs, ask the goddess, if she name me, you (may) kill me.” The rajahs said: “Oh fool, how can the goddess speak?” Bhairo answered smilingly: “It is clear who the fool is. When she cannot prevent the breaking of her own head and cannot identify her own injurer, what good can you expect from her and (why) do you worship her as divine?” The rajahs remained tongue-tied. Now most of the people of that land are disciples of the Guru.”</ref>

{{blockquote|In short, after the [[Battle of Kartarpur]] he went to [[Phagwara]]. From there, since it was difficult for him to stay in any place near [[Lahore]], he proceeded to Karaitpūr ([[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]]) which is situated within the Punjab hills. That area belonged to ''[[Rāja]]'' Tārāchand, who did not pursue the path of allegiance and obedience to Emperor [[Shahjahan]]. The people of that area worshipped images. On the top of the mountain an image of a goddess, known as [[Naina Devi]] has been set up. ''Rājas'' and others from the territories around, going to that place, followed the custom of making a pilgrimage [to it]. When the ''Gurū'' settled himself there, a Sikh of his, Bhairū by name, going to the temple, broke the nose of the goddess. The ''Rājas'' got the news of it and complained to the ''Gurū'', taking his [Bhairu's] name. The ''Gurū'' summoned Bhairū. Bhairū denied it. The ''Rājas''' servants said, "We recognise this [man]." He replied, "O ''Rājas'', ask the goddess. If she takes my name, you can kill me."The ''Rājas'' said, "Fool, how can the goddess speak?" Bhairū broke into laughter, saying, "One now knows who is the fool. When she cannot prohibit anyone from breaking her own head, and cannot identify the person who has attacked her, what good do you expect from her, and why do you worship her?" The Rajas were put to silence. Today most people from amongst the masses (''ri'āyā'') of that territory are the ''Gurū's'' followers.<ref name=grewal/>}}

The dietary laws of the Hindus, as well as their “austerities and worship” were also said to disregarded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n21 216]–217 |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. |url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=1 May 2019}} “Among the Sikhs there is nothing of the austerities and worship according to the religious laws of the Hindus. In eating and drinking they have no restrictions [like the Hindus].”</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shea, Troyer |first1=David, Anthony |title=The Dabistán or School of manners, (1843) Vol 2 |year=1843 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea/page/285 285]–286 |url=https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea |access-date=5 June 2019}} “Among the Sikhs there is nothing of the religious rites of the Hindus; they know of no check in eating or drinking. When Pertābmal, a Jnāni, "wise," Hindu, saw that his son wished to adopt the faith of the Muselmans, he asked him: "Why dost thou wish to become a Muselman? If thou likest to eat every thing, become a Guru of the Sikhs and "eat whatever thou, desirest."”</ref><ref name=grewal/>

The ''Dabistan'' also states, "Nanak praised the religion of the Muselmans, as well as the avatars and divinities of the Hindus; but he knew that these objects of veneration were created and not creators, and he denied their real descent from heaven, and their union with mankind,"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shea, Troyer |first1=David, Anthony |title=The Dabistán or School of manners, (1843) Vol 2 |year=1843 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea/page/248 248]–249 |url=https://archive.org/details/dabistnorschoo02shea |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>Ganda Singh (1940), [https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n3 Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century], Journal of Indian History, Volume 19, Number 2, page 199</ref> described by the author as the doctrines of ''halool'' and ''ittehad''.

According to Irfan Habib, the ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' states Guru Nanak practiced rituals of both Hindu and Muslims, which is in "apparent contrast" to the contemporary orthodox Sikh belief that he rejected all rituals; Habib also states that “from his verses in the Guru Granth Sahib too it is obvious that he rejected not only tiraths (pilgrimages), but also all “distinctive rituals.””<ref name=ihabib/> Further, all three surviving recensions of the older version of the ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' state that all Sikhs that the author of ''Dabistan'' had met, except one, believed that Baba Nanak was God.<ref name=ihabib/> In the Dabistan, a [[Brahmgiani]], or claimant to possession of divine knowledge, named Deva addressed the Guru as Parmeshwar; to account for this, Irfan Habib posits that by the time of Guru Arjan, a belief had taken root among Sikhs regarding Guru Nanak as having been a god, “for Deva to seize the chance of playing upon it.”<ref name=ihabib/> The translation of the Persian term نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (translated as “does not regard”) according to what Habib terms as the two “Version B” printed copies of the treatise, which translations like that of [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] were based upon, as opposed to بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (translated by Habib as “regards”) in the three “Version A” manuscripts, also attest to this belief.<ref name=ihabib/> The ''Dabistan'' relays that during the time of Guru Arjan, “the Sikhs or disciples had become numerous and made exaggerations in their beliefs," though Guru Nanak “reckoned himself a slave [of God]” and described God as [[Nirankar|formless]], “who is not a body and bodied and is not united with [material] body.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n8 203] |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. | url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

Malhotra and Mir point out that the author of the Dabistan-i-Mazahib considers Guru Nanak’s compositions to be written “in [[Seraiki language|Jataki]], ‘the language of the [[Jats]],’ who have no regard for the Sanskrit language.”<ref name=malhotramir/> The treatise also mentions that the Nanakpanthis regarded ''Udasis'', or ascetic renouncers of the world, as well as another splinter group, as “not praiseworthy.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr. Ganda |title=Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (translated from Muhsin Fani's Dabistan-i-Mazahib) Edited with Notes|date=1940-08-01 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |location=Khalsa College, Amritsar |pages=[https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh/page/n3 198] |edition=The Journal of Indian History 19(2); Aug 1940: pp 195–219. | url=https://archive.org/details/NanakPanthisOrTheSikhsAndSikhismOfThe17thCenturyDr.GandaSingh |access-date=14 December 2019}} “They have so decided that an ‘’Udasi,’’ that is a renouncer of the world, is not praiseworthy.”</ref> Banerjee describes the author as “liberal-minded and a friend of the Guru,”<ref name=banerjee>{{cite book|author=Anil Chandra Banerjee|title=Guru Nanak And His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/GuruNanakAndHisTimes|year=2000|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|page=[https://archive.org/details/GuruNanakAndHisTimes/page/n112 108]}} "The earliest account of Guru Nanak's life written by a Muslim is to be found in the Dabistan-i-Mazahib. It is by no means a satisfactory account, but its author was liberal-minded and a friend of the sixth Guru, and he does not 'misrepresent' Guru Nanak's character from sectarian motives. The real problem is to assess the historical value of traditional accounts of the Guru's life which are infected by the 'enthusiastic admiration' of his 'adherents'. This 'general remark' applies 'with peculiar force' to the Janam-sakhis which constitute our most elaborate source of information on the subject." "The earliest Muslim account of Guru Nanak is found in the well known work, Dabistan-i-Mazahib, which is usually attributed to Mohsin Fani. The author belonged to the first half of the seventeenth century. He had close contact with the Sikhs; he claims personal acquaintance with the sixth and seventh Gurus. His account of Guru Nanak's life reflects the semi-legendary character which Sikh tradition had already begun to assign to the founder of the faith. His testimony can hardly be regarded as that of 'an independent witness', as some writers claim. Cunningham is not altogether wrong in characterising him as 'a garrulous and somewhat credulous Mahomedan'. On the whole, Dabistan is of greater use as a clue to the seventeenth-century image of Guru Nanak than as a biographical narrative."</ref> and as someone who “does not ‘misrepresent’ Guru Nanak’s character for sectarian motives,”<ref name=banerjee/> though the challenge exists to “assess the historical value of traditional accounts which are infected by the ‘enthusiastic admiration’ of his ‘adherents',” applying this remark to all Sikh [[Janamsakhis|hagiographical]] writings.<ref name=banerjee/> He goes on to say that “on the whole, Dabistan is of greater use as a clue to the seventeenth-century image of Guru Nanak than as a biographical narrative."<ref name=banerjee/>

==Sikh traditions==
According to Harnik Deol, during [[Sikh Empire|Sikh rule]], an elite milieu of descendants of Guru lineages, holy men ([[Baba (honorific)|babas]], bhais, [[Sant (religion)|sants]]) and [[exegete]]s, particularly ''[[pujari]]s'' – for whom scholar [[Harjot Oberoi]] coined the term "[[Sanatan Sikh]]s"<ref name=jsgrewal/> – provided ritual services and led functions for the burgeoning class of Sikh aristocrats and landed gentry, in return for generous endowments from this clientele.<ref name="harnik1" /> They included Sahajdhari Sikhs uninitiated into the Khalsa,<ref name="Mandair2013pp20">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=90}}</ref> with fundamental differences in the practices and doctrines with Khalsa Sikhs.<ref name="harnik1" /> This class gained control of Sikh shrines under the patronage of Sikh elites in the eighteenth century.<ref name="harnik1">{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1= Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=75–78 |edition=illustrated |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC}}</ref> They took to the worship of images and idols, not considering themselves bound by ''[[Rehat|rahitnamas]]'', the Sikh codes of conduct.<ref name=harnik1/> The [[British Raj|British colonial rulers]], after annexing the [[Sikh Empire]] in mid-19th-century, continue to patronize and gift land grants to these mahants, thereby increasing their strength.<ref name="ks542" /> Oberoi contends that the ''mahants'' and ''pujaris'' justified their position by asserting that while the role of guru, which served as sole intermediary between man and God, was for scripture alone in theory, in actual practice this was too abstract for the masses, who needed living functionaries to serve in that role.<ref name="harnik1"/>

Local congregations and reformers sought to purge this increasing entrenched Brahmanical priestly-mahant class. The Tat Khalsa accused the ''mahants'' of the Hinduization of Sikh customs and of increasingly prevalent idolatrous practices,<ref name="harnik1" /> as well as the housing of [[Murti|idols]], [[pandit]]s, [[Hindu astrology|astrologers]], lumpen elements, and vices in which the mahants themselves partook in, while barring entry to even initiated low-caste Sikhs and ignoring the needs of the Sikh congregation. In 1905, they removed all idols from the Golden Temple,<ref name="ks543">{{cite book|author=Kashmir Singh|editor1=Pashaura Singh|editor2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref> in accordance with Sikh orthodoxy.<ref name="McLeod2009p97" /><ref name="oberoi322" />

According to a ''[[pujari]]'' based in the Golden Temple, the [[Raja]] of [[Chamba State]] had a metal casting of [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) given during the reign of [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] of the Sikh Empire in the 1800s, well after the period of the [[Sikh gurus]]. This would subsequently become one of the first large images to be placed as an idol in the temple. Later, a gilded image of the same guru, placed below the [[Akal Takht]], and then a minor idol of Guru Nanak in the inner sanctum, would follow. Larger images would be housed in the neighboring [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]]. In the 1880s the temple management declined installing idols of all ten Sikh gurus at the temple's main entrance, as ''pujaris'' would come to situate themselves within the precincts of the temple with stone images, instructing pilgrims to worship before them.

{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|pp=103–104|ps=: "According to a highly reliable contemporary observer – a ''pujārī'' (priest) working in the Golden Temple – one of the first large images to be installed at the premier shrine of the Sikhs was a metal casting of Guru Hargobind (1595–1644), given by the Raja of Chamba during the reign of Ranjit Singh (1799-1839). This was followed by another gold image of the sixth master below the Akal Takht, and a minor idol of Guru Nanak within the inner sanctum of the main shrine. Large images were also housed at Baba Atal, a well-known shrine neighbouring the Golden Temple. In the 1880s the management of the Golden Temple mooted the idea of installing the idols of ten Sikh gurus at the main entrance to the Sikh shrine. Already within the precincts of the Golden Temple pujaris sat with stone images instructing pilgrims to worship before them. Similarly at the Akal Takht, the supreme seat of Sikh ecclesiastical authority, some pujaris publicly worshipped images.}}

===Khalsa Sikhs===
[[File:Overhead view of Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara complex.jpg|thumb|Overhead view of [[Hazur Sahib|Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara]] complex, ca.1870. What appears to be an [[Murti|idol]] can be spotted in the [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]] of the complex]]
The orthodox Sikhism of the Khalsa forbids idol worship,<ref name=dgsingh/> in accordance with the teachings of the Gurus.<ref name=madan1/> This remained the case during the time of the Gurus, until increased Mughal persecution in the eighteenth century<ref name="perplexed83"/><ref name=hari/> forced the Khalsa to yield gurdwara control to mahants, or custodians, who often belonged to [[Udasi]], [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]], or other Brahmanical-influenced ascetic heterodox sects,<ref name="perplexed86"/> or were non-Sikh altogether.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> and later fought the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and established themselves as local leaders, while mahant control of Gurdwaras continued into the nineteenth century. Such groups wrote [[exegeses]] while the Khalsa focused on political power at the time,<ref name="perplexed86">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=86}}</ref> as Sikh [[Jatha|''jathas'']] solidified into the Sikh [[misl]]s of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]], which would establish the [[Sikh Empire]].

The struggles of the Khalsa Sikhs elevated the Sikhs to new levels of political power never before experienced by the community, which had been persecuted for much of its existence and especially in preceding decades. The Khalsa, as they had raised arms against the state, had experienced heavy persecution by the Mughals, to the extent that for a period the Khalsa vacated the plains of Punjab, situating themselves in the refuges of the northern hilly areas adjoining Punjab, and in the desert areas to the south, from where they mounted further attacks.<ref name=hari>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |date=October 6, 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8121505406 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65 69]-70 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939 |access-date=9 December 2019}} | II. Renovation of Sikh oppression. "As soon as Muin-ul-Mulk was free from these troubles and felt strong enough to cope with the Sikh problem, he renewed his policy of repression. It seems he was convinced, and perhaps rightly so, that the Sikhs would not rest contented with the allowance of the jagir granted to them and that they were only biding their time to recoup their strength for creating fresh troubles in the province, as they had done on more than one occasion previously. This energetic Governor did not believe in half measures. Accordingly, he set the Government machinery, both, military and civil, once again in motion and revived the old orders to the district and village officials for the arrest of the Sikhs. The people were forbidden under penalty of death to give shelter to the members of this community. These measures of the Government succeeded in driving the Sikhs from the neighbourhood of towns and villages to places of shelter along the banks of the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej. They could have gone to the distant and impenetrable retreats in hills and deserts, but they preferred these easy refuges in order to harass the Nawab and his Mughalia troops, though at the risk of their own lives. Moreover, they wanted to have a dip in the tank of nectar. The Nawab’s servants and troops searched for them in villages and when they got hold of any Sikh, slew him at once. If any other man was found living in the style of a Sikh, he was also arrested and his property confiscated."* Khushwat Rai. 79. 12. The Sikhs are driven out of the Punjab Plains. "The policy of driving the Sikhs from post to pillar was so vigorously enforced that they were compelled once more to seek shelter in their old resorts in the lower Himalayan spurs, the thick forests of Central and Eastern Punjab and the deserts of Malva and Bikaner. The Sikhs, who had many a time before seen harder days, did not mind these persecutions."
</ref> This created the opportunity for other less disruptive sects to gain control of Sikh institutions,<ref name="perplexed86"/> due to their lack of external identifying features compared to the initiated Khalsa. The struggle for self-defense and political autonomy produced the [[misls]] and eventually the [[Sikh Empire]], though in the midst of consolidating power in the face of Mughal and Afghan attacks, came at the expense of reestablishing direct control over Sikh institutions and the eroding of Sikh mores, a development that Khalsa would have to contend with when the Sikh Empire was lost to the [[British Empire|British]].<ref name=gandhi>{{cite book|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|title=Perspectives on Sikh Gurdwaras Legislation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IPr-BX563M8C&pg=PA13 |year=1993|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-371-5|page=12}} “The Sikhs, immediately after the annexation, found themselves completely lost and depraved. The rule of the Lahore Durbar with whom they had identified had come to an end and its place had been taken by the British which, being alien, could not be up to their aspirations. Their self-identity which had been assiduously built by the Sikh Gurus and preserved by the Sikhs at the cost of a lot of sacrifices, sufferings, and persecutions had been eroding since 1764, the year which the Misaldars became political rulers. The process of identity-erosion did not assume sharpness and poignancy because the Sikh sensibilities had been dazzled by political advantages which they reaped during the regime of Sikh Misaldars and of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. But after the annexation of the Punjab the fact of the erosion of their socio-religious cultural identity came to the surface. The relapsing of Sikhs into the Hindu fold was a rude shock to the Sikhs as a community and the dilemma was awesome. Not only this, the conversion of the Sikhs – mainly belonging to the upper class and lower strata – by Christianity was another indication of the fast-eroding identity of the Sikhs. The things looked so frightening that forbodings began to bandied about that the dissolution of the Sikhs was inevitable, or the Sikhs will die out.”</ref>

After the fall of the Sikh Empire, the [[Singh Sabha movement]] was begun in the 1870s to revitalize Sikh institutions that had deteriorated under the administration of the mahants, who had become increasingly corrupt and had introduced non-Sikh practices into the Gurdwaras.<ref name=harnik/> Khalsa Sikhs sought to establish a distinct Sikh identity and make some fundamentals of belief and behavior its basis.<ref name=madan2>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “In the drive to establish an exclusive Sikh identity and make some fundamentals of belief and behavior its basis, the Singh Sabha and subsequently the Chief Khalsa Diwan had their eyes on the gurdwaras, particularly the Golden Temple, as very means of mobilizing the community.”</ref> The Singh Sabha movement eventually brought the Khalsa back to the fore of Gurdwara administration, which they achieved after expelling the mahants and their corrupt practices, which included idolatry,<ref name=harnik/> financial malfeasance, Brahmanical privilege, and the dissemination of unsavory literature.<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> The prohibition of idolatry in [[Sikhism]], in accordance with Sikh scripture,<ref name=madan1/> was formalized in the 20th century after the revitalization of Sikh institutions led by the reformist Tat Khalsa of the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] of the late 19th-century,<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}; {{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61592-9|pages=322–326}}; Quote: "First, [the Arya Samaj] stated that the idols had been in the [Harmander] Sahib from the time of its inception. Even under the Sikh misls and during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh no one had demanded their removal. Therefore it was an established custom to house idols with the Harmander Sahib precincts. Second a vast majority of Sikhs staunchly believed in idol worship and it would have been contrary to their religious rights to take away images." (Note: see pages 322–326 for the context of late 19th-century and early 20th-century dispute between Tat Khalsa Sikhs and the Sikhs that opposed them, as well as notes on idolatry in Sikhism prior to early 20th-century).</ref> accepted as having the orthodox position by the Sikhs,<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/> in reaction to what was seen as Brahmanical<ref name=harnik/> Hindu interference<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PA211|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02920-0|pages=211–212}}, Quote: "Brahmin priests and their idols had been associated with the Golden Temple for at least a century and had over these years received the patronage of pious Hindus and Sikhs. In the 1890s these practices came under increasing attack by reformist Sikhs."</ref><ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA323|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=323–324}}</ref> in Sikh affairs, particularly of organizations like [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Brahmo Samaj]],<ref name=oberoi322>{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61592-9|pages=322–326}}, Quote: First, it was argued that it was up to Sikhs to decide what they did with their sacred shrines. Members of other religious communities had no logical, historical, or moral right to dictate to Sikhs how they should conduct their affairs. The Tat Khalsa was particularly incensed at what was generally seen as Hindu interference, and more particularly Arya Samaj meddling, in Sikh affairs. The motive for Samaj spokesmen who argued for the retention of idols within the same shrine was highly suspect, because on earlier occasions when their own members had ventured to trample or smash idols there had been no public outcry against these profaning activities. Second, there was no place for idol worship in the teachings of the Sikh gurus. Third, it was argued that when anti-Sikh forces raided the shrine in the past, only Sikh blood was shed in great abundance to preserve its sanctity. Also, Sikh resources and wealth went into the making of this magnificent temple."</ref><ref name="Jones1976p211"/> who were proselytizing in the area along with other religious factions like [[Christian missionaries]] and Muslim groups like the [[Ahmediyya]], following the fall of the [[Sikh Empire]]. In 1905, the Sikh manager of the [[Harmandar sahib|Harmandar Sahib]] ordered the removal of idols and the end of Hindu practices in the gurdwara in accordance with Sikh scripture, an order that was subsequently<ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324"/> backed by the Tat Khalsa, upsetting the privileged, nationally hegemonic upper-caste Hindu orthodoxy.<ref name="Jones1976p211">{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PA211|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02920-0|pages=211–212}}, Quote: "The customary performance of Hindu rituals in the temple compound offended the reformers who saw this both as contrary to Sikh beliefs and as an intrusion of a decadent faith. The Manager of the Temple ordered that all Hindu idols should be excluded from the Temple precincts, thus ending the performance of Hindu rituals in that area. Hindus reacted with outrage at this attack on their traditional privileges."</ref><ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324"/> The [[Akali movement]], fueled by incidents like the [[Nankana massacre]], brought control of the Gurdwaras from the mahants back to mainstream Sikhs;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p2930">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh| author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28| year=2014|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-969930-8|pages=29–30}}</ref> the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC), now manage Gurdwaras in accordance with mainstream Khalsa norms.

In the view of Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor of Sikh Studies, the [[Singh Sabha movement]] intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th century, created exegetical works in their attempts to overcome idolatrous notions of God.<ref name="Mandair2009p232"/> This was the Singh Sabha's attempt to cleanse Sikhism of Hinduism, but Mandair alleges that they ended up admitting the “tiniest residue” of the practice and formulating new norms that did in a different way what they accused Hindus of doing in practice.<ref name="Mandair2009p232">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFSrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14724-8|pages=231–232}}</ref> According to Mandair, the Sikh scripture includes words such as "murat", "sarir" and "akal,” which, selectively read, can be viewed as teaching an abstract "formless" concept of God. However, states Mandair, other parts of the Sikh scripture include terms such as "murat" which relate to "form, shape" creating [[exegesis|exegetical]] difficulty.<ref name="Mandair2009p229"/> Mandair posits that Khalsa writers of the Singh Sabha movement reinterpreted and gave new contextual meanings to the words such as "murat" in order to show that there is no inconsistency and contradiction in their exegetical attempts around idolatry in Sikhism.<ref name="Mandair2009p229">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair|title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFSrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14724-8|pages=62–68, 229–232}}</ref> In response, historian and professor Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon calls Mandair’s own reading of the text “selective,” and as seeking "to make Guru Nanak’s monotheism redundant.” Dhillon sees Mandair's view as ignoring Guru Nanak’s own direct words regarding idolatry, and questions how qualities listed in the [[Mul Mantar]] could apply to an idol, “as the term “Akal Murat” takes its meaning not in isolation but from the total understanding of the Mul Mantar.”<ref name=dhillon/> and that the terms “timeless,” and “Eternal Reality” cannot be applied to a physical idol. Mandair’s purpose is described as an effort “to connect Guru Nanak’s Time and World and then to idolatry, “tear[ing] words and terms out of context and twists their meaning to suit his contrived thesis.”<ref name=dhillon/> Dhillon holds that Mandair’s inclination towards the McLeodian school of Sikh thought led to utilizing the Hegelian approach to produce ‘new knowledge formations’ to delegitimize Sikh interpretations of their own faith in order to serve “Hindu-centric and Christian-centric state models” by levelling regional identities in an attempt to overcome identity politics bolstered by the concepts of religion and regional political sovereignty.<ref name=dhillon>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Dr. Gurdarshan Singh |title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation: A Review by Dr. Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon |year=2009 |publisher=Panjab University, Chandigarh |doi=10.7312/mand14724 |isbn=9780231519809 |s2cid=59473980 }} Note: Dhillon considers Mandair as seeing the British-Sikh interaction in illegitimate Hegelian terms, and delegitimizing the Sikh historical arc toward autonomy and political involvement as an aberration of the faith, referring to the Sikhs’ uprising against the Mughals, in Mandair’s words, “violence against the State,” and that “Sikhs must revert to its peaceful state. True Sikhism is without a desire for sovereignty, a Sikhism that has already renounced politics through interiorization.” Dhillon describes Mandair as having an antipathy towards the term “religion,” fearing that it leads to “fundamentalism and violence,” and that, in Mandair’s words, “India’s passage to modernity has been made difficult due to its entanglements of identity politics,” and in order to serve both the Indian state model and Western interests, regional identities must be leveled, a goal Dhillon holds that Mandair works in the service of in his writings.</ref>

===Nirankari Sikhs===

Among the earliest reform movements that strongly opposed idol worship practices in the Sikh community was the [[Nirankari]] sect started by [[Baba Dyal Singh|Baba Dyal Das]] (1783–1855).<ref name="Dalal2010p268"/><ref name="SinghFenech2014p353"/> The Nirankaris condemned the growing idol worship, obeisance to living gurus and influence of Brahmanic ritual that had crept into the Sikh [[Panth]].<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> Though not an initiated Khalsa, he urged Sikhs to return to their focus to a formless divine (''[[nirankar]]'') and described himself as a ''nirankari'',<ref name=mandair78/> He was opposed to all idol worship, including the then existing practice of keeping idols and pictures of the ten Sikh Gurus and praying before them.<ref name="Dalal2010p268"/> [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] was said to have appreciated his teachings.<ref name="Dalal2010p268"/> He built a new Gurdwara in [[Rawalpindi]] (now in Pakistan), Dyal Das was opposed for his strict teachings by upper-caste Sikhs and had to shift his residence several times,<ref name=mandair78/> eventually moving his reform movement into its suburbs. After the partition of British India along religious boundaries, the Nirankaris along with the vast majority of Sikhs chose to move to predominantly Hindu-majority India rather than stay in predominantly Muslim-majority Pakistan. Nirankaris moved their headquarters from Dayalsar in Rawalpindi to [[Chandigarh]]. Nirankaris were a potent and active campaigners in the late 19th century and early 20th century for the removal of all idols and images from the Golden Temple and other Gurdwaras.<ref name="Dalal2010p268">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA268|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|pages=268–269}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|title=Perspectives on Sikh Gurdwaras Legislation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IPr-BX563M8C&pg=PA13 |year=1993|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-371-5|pages=13–17}}</ref>

His work was continued by various successors into the 20th century and eventually gained a following of several thousands.<ref name=mandair78/> However, when they and an offshoot called the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]] eventually reverted<ref name=mandair78/> to treating their leaders as living gurus or gods<ref name="Copeman77">{{cite book|author=Jacob Copeman|title=Veins of Devotion: Blood Donation and Religious Experience in North India|url=https://archive.org/details/veinsofdevotionb0000cope |url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4449-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/veinsofdevotionb0000cope/page/77 77]–78}}</ref> they came into conflict with mainstream Sikhs, especially in the late 1970s.<ref name=mandair78/> Nirankaris have continued to campaign for the abolishment of idolatry like the orthodox Khalsa, but some offshoots continue to accept a living human guru beyond the ten gurus which has made them a heterodox sect of Sikhism.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p353">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7|pages=353–354}}</ref><ref name="McLeod1984p122">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122 |year=1984|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1063-7|pages=122–126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=234}}</ref> According to Jacob Copeman, Nirankaris revere Guru Nanak, but they also worship a living saint (''[[satguru]]'') as god.<ref name="Copeman77"/>

===Namdhari Sikhs===
The [[Namdhari]] sect, also called Kuka, was founded as one of the Sikh revivalist movements during the late rule of Ranjit Singh, by [[Balak Singh]] in 1857. Its followers view Balak Singh as an incarnation of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=agnihotra/> They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),<ref name=britannicanamdhari>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|author= ((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2019}}</ref> including the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.<ref name=agnihotra>{{cite book|author=V.K. Agnihotra|title=Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL3-PA171 |year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184245684|page=C-171}} "They were not to worship gods, goddesses, idols, graves, tombs, etc."</ref> The Namdharis had more of a social impact due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=mandair79>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=79 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> They call their houses of worship as [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] rather than Gurdwara, where they revere a living guru unlike Khalsa, and as such are considered as heretical by the orthodox Khalsa Sikhs.<ref name="Parsons2012p221">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwqT8T70ofAC&pg=PA221 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08895-8|pages=221–222}}</ref>

The Namdharis do not subscribe to "[[Guru Maneyo Granth]]" against continued living guru lineages within the Sikh community. They believe it be an injunction in the 1925 SGPC Gurdwara Act to emphasize ''Guru Granth Sahib'' as the only extant Guru of the Sikhs, contradicting a supposed Namdhari belief that a "place of worship can only be a gurdwara when a living guru is seated" under the canopy of its sanctum,<ref name="Myrvold2011p298">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities, and Representations |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1vqdZby8dDwC&pg=PA297 |year=2011 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-4094-2435-2|pages=297–299}}</ref> though they freely "attend the gurdwaras of other Sikhs," maintaining "family ties and friendships across sect boundaries."<ref name="Parsons2012p221">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwqT8T70ofAC&pg=PA221 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08895-8|pages=221–222}}</ref> In Namdhari places of worship, if the living Guru is not present, Namdhari Sikhs place a picture of him on a raised platform of the sanctum. The devotion is then directed towards the icon of the living Guru.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100411-7|pages=354–356}}</ref>

=== Sanatan Sikhs ===
[[File:Temple inside Udasi Akhada -KTM -11-Tripureswar by ST (6).JPG|thumb|right|The Udasi Sikhs have been one of the sects of Sikhism that accept ''[[murti]]'' in temples, unlike the Khalsa Sikhs. Above: an Udasi shrine in [[Nepal]] with images.]]

The [[Sanatan Sikh]]s (lit. "Eternal Sikh,"<ref name="Fenech2000p51">{{cite book|author=Louis E. Fenech|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ|title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love"|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-564947-5|page=51}}</ref> a term and formulation coined by [[Harjot Oberoi]]<ref name=jsgrewal>{{cite journal|last1=Grewal|first1=J. S.|date=2010|title=W.H. McLeod and Sikh Studies|url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume17/JPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf|journal=Journal of Punjab Studies|volume=17|issue=1–2|pages=125, 142|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref>) were most prominent in the 1800s and identified with the Brahmanical social structure and [[Caste system in India|caste system]], and self-identified as Hindu.<ref name="mandair" /> Not subscribing to the idea of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being the guru of the Sikhs,{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=104}} but allowing the worship of images, living gurus, and even "charismatic descendants" of the Sikh gurus, who devotees would be expected to show the same allegiance as that of "a subject and his ruler."{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=104}}<ref>Oberoi 1992, p. 104: "Along with the worship of images it was considered legitimate to worship living gurus. For an average Sanatan Sikh there was hardly any difference between Sikh gurus and some of their charismatic descendants. In the words of a contemporary writer, it was expected of a Sikh to show the same allegiance to a descendant of the Sikh gurus as that by 'a subject to his ruler'. As gurus, these individuals offered their disciples ''gurmantras'' (a mystical formula given by a personal guru to his disciples) for their spiritual elevation."</ref>

Led by [[Khem Singh Bedi]] – a direct descendant of [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria and others were one of the major groups who competed to reform and define the Sikh identity in the late 19th century.<ref name="perplexed83"/> The custom of this faction, which had emerging from the duality between initiated Khalsa and uninitiated Sehajdhari identities, was only as old as the late eighteenth century,{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=104}} in the post-Empire society where Khalsa Sikhism was no longer the universal norm.{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=105}} The Sanatan Sikhs had gained social prominence following Khalsa persecution and loss of institutional control in the 1700s,<ref name="perplexed86" /> and guided the operations of Sikh gurdwaras in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab because of support from Sikh elites and later the colonial British empire.<ref name="perplexed83" /> They were also the significant molders and primary participants among the rural masses of Sikh population.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Oberoi|first=Harjot|year=1992|title=Popular Saints, Goddesses, and Village Sacred Sites: Rereading Sikh Experience in the Nineteenth Century|journal=History of Religions|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=31|issue=4|pages=363–384|doi=10.1086/463293|s2cid=161851997}}</ref><ref>Tony Ballantyne (2002), ''Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Historiography of Sikhism'', New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 5-29</ref>

In contrast to Nirankari, Namdhari, and Khalsa Sikhs, Sanatan Sikhs considered images and idols of the ten Sikh gurus, as well as others, to be an inclusive practice and acceptable means of devotional worship.<ref name="fenech273">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|author2=W. H. McLeod|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=151, 273}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28" /> According to [[Tony Ballantyne (historian)|Tony Ballantyne]], the Sanatan Sikhs were spiritually sympathetic to the worship of idols and images, rural traditions and to respecting Hindu scriptures.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p16">{{cite book|author=Tony Ballantyne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cArhKfrY_IoC|title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-8223-8811-1|pages=15–16, 36}}</ref> Their views have been dismissed by the vast majority of Sikh scholars, and labeled and shunned as "Hindu saboteurs" and of being "conspiratorial".<ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" />

Scholars such as Eleanor Nesbitt state the Nanaksar Gurdwaras practice of offering food cooked by Sikh devotees to the ''Guru Granth Sahib'', as well as curtaining the scripture during this ritual, as a form of idolatry. Baba Ishar Singh of this international network of Sikh temples has defended this practice because he states that the Sikh scripture is more than paper and ink.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|editor1=Pashaura Singh|pages=362–365|editor2=Louis E. Fenech}}</ref>

==Bibliolatry==
[[File:Depiction of the Guru Granth from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript on Kashmiri paper, Patiala.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Guru Granth from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript on Kashmiri paper, Patiala]]
[[File:Gurdwara Bhumman Shah fresco 03.jpg|thumb|Prakash of the Guru Granth Sahib, fresco from Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]]
The daily routine of the gurdwara includes the ''prakash'', which involves carrying the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, in a small procession of [[granthi]]s, or gurdwara religious officials, placing it on a stand, unwrapping it, and opening it to be read; and the ''sukhasan'', when the scripture is retired at the end of the day to a designated room, or ''sachkhand''.<ref name=myrvold144>{{cite book|author=Kristina Myrvold|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA144 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|pages=144–145, context: 140–154 }}</ref>

English travellers to Sikh temples during the early 1900s saw the veneration of the Granth as coming close to defeating the purpose of Guru Nanak's reforms (away from external authority to living experience), and saw it as a warning to Christian [[Protestantism|Protestants]] to avoid lapsing into [[bibliolatry]], as Hindu temple idol worship served as a warning to [[Catholics]].<ref name="Pratt1915">{{cite book|author=James Bissett Pratt|title=India and Its Faiths: A Traveler's Record|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0twoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250 |year= 1975|publisher= Houghton Mifflin (Orig year: 1915)|pages=250–251|isbn=9780524026595}}</ref>

The [[Arya Samaj]], opponents of the Sikhs who themselves opposed idolatry, attempted to assert that many Sikhs accepted idols and their worship within Sikh temples, unlike Khalsa Sikhs who strongly opposed the practice.<ref name=oberoi322/> While conceding that Sikhs did not worship idols, [[Swami Dayanand]], the founder of the Arya Samaj Hindu reform movement of the 1800s and critic of Sikhism, attempted to link veneration of the Guru Granth Sahib with idolatrous practices, based on his understanding of the Sikh faith.<ref name="HirstZavos2013">{{cite book| author1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst|author2= John Zavos|title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ|year=2013| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-136-62668-5|pages=61–62}}</ref> [[Dayanand Saraswati]] – the founder of the missionary [[Arya Samaj]] movement in the 1800s who interpreted Hinduism as originally a non-idolatrous monotheistic religion, considered Sikhism as one of the cults of Hinduism, even though this belief had no basis in reality. Like Hindus who he called as "degenerate, idolatrous", he criticized the Sikhs for worshipping the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] scripture as an idol like a ''mithya'' (false icon).<ref name="Jones1976p134"/> Just like foolish Hindus who visit, bow, sing and make offerings in Hindu temples to symbols of goddess, said Saraswati, foolish Sikhs visit, bow, sing and make gifts in Sikh gurdwaras to the symbolic Sikh scripture. He condemned both the Hindus and the Sikhs as idolators,<ref name="Jones1976p134">{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C |year=1976|publisher= University of California Press|isbn= 978-0-520-02920-0|pages= 134–137}}</ref> stating that while "it is true they do not practise idolatry," he saw the Sikhs of the time as worshipping the Guru Granth Sahib even more than idols.<ref name="HirstZavos2013"/>

According to Kristina Myrvold, every Sikh scripture copy is treated like a person and venerated with elaborate ceremonies.<ref name=MyrvoldBrill/> However, according to Kristina Myrvold, these rituals are a daily means of "merit bestowing ministrations".<ref name=MyrvoldBrill>{{cite book|author=Kristina Myrvold|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism | chapter=Guru Granth: Ceremonial Treatment|publisher =Brill Academic|year= 2017|isbn= 978-90-04-29745-6| pages=141–145}}</ref> These daily ritual ministrations and paying of homage for the scripture by Sikhs, states Myrvold, is not unique to Sikhism. This form of homage to God is also present in Islam, where the [[Kaaba|kabba]] (Mecca) is believed to be the house of God and visited by millions of Muslims every year. It moulds "meanings, values and ideologies" and creates a framework for congregational worship, states Myrvold, that is found in all major faiths.

==See also==
*[[Deity]]
*[[Icon]]
*[[Murti]]
*[[Sects of Sikhism]]
*[[Sikhism and Hinduism]]
*[[Jainism and Sikhism|Sikhism and Jainism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Idolatry|Sihk]]
[[Category:Sikh philosophy]]
[[Category:Sikhism and other religions]]

Bhuri Bai

2026-03-01T22:37:24Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian Bhil artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhuri Bai
| image = Bhuri Bai receiving Padma Shri award (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhuri Bai receiving the Padma Shri award from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| birth_place = Pitol Khurd
| style = Bhil art
| honours = Shikhar Samman, Madhya Pradesh
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}

'''Bhuri Bai''' is an Indian Bhil artist. She was born in Pitol village, situated on the border of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Pitol is a village of Jhabua district in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bhuri Bai belongs to the community of [[Bhil people|Bhils]], the largest tribal group of India. She has won many awards including the highest state honour accorded to artists by the Madhya Pradesh government, the Shikhar Samman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Results: Bhuri Bai |url=https://www.saffronart.com/search/SearchResult.aspx?et=1&st=0&eid=-1&artistid=0&sq=Bhuri%20Bai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611011312/https://www.saffronart.com/search/SearchResult.aspx?st=0&sq=Bhuri%20%20Bai&artistid=2977 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=Saffronart}}</ref> She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014142119/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2021 |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014000659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Like her contemporary [[Jangarh Singh Shyam]], Bhuri Bai was encouraged by [[Jagdish Swaminathan|J Swaminathan]] of Bhopal's [[Bharat Bhavan]] to start using acrylic colours and paper to make paintings. Before that, she, like other members of her community, would create art on the walls of her home. Bhuri was proficient in the making of [[Pithora (painting)|Pithora paintings]].<blockquote>"In the village, we had to work so hard to extract colour from plants and clay. And here I was given so many shades of colour and a ready made brush!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuri Bai of Pitol - Bhil Artists Of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/bhuri-bai-of-pitol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927055348/http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/bhuri-bai-of-pitol/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Besides painting, Bhuri Bai is also adept at the skill of hut-making, which she learnt from her mother Jhabbu Bai. She contributed to the construction of the Bhil hut in the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] or Museum of Man in Bhopal, where she resides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuri Bai Jher |url=http://bhilart.com/bhuri-bai-bhabhor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226200832/http://bhilart.com/bhuri-bai-bhabhor/ |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Bhil Art |language=en-US}}</ref> In fact, when Bhuri Bai first arrived in Bhopal, she was engaged as a construction labourer at Bharat Bhavan—a job that earned her Rs 6 per day. It was here that she first met Jagdish Swaminathan, who spotted her talent and encouraged her to paint.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/071017/woman-gets-bhil-tribal-art-world-recognition.html|title=Woman gets Bhil tribal art world recognition|last=Choudhury|first=Rabindra Nath|date=2017-10-07|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> Bhuri bai started her work alongside her community artist [[Lado Bai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lado Bai - Bhil Artists Of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/lado-bai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925123144/https://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/tribal-art-culture/bhil-artists-of-madhya-pradesh-and-rajasthan/lado-bai/ |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Bhuri Bai in 2016 -02.jpg|thumb|Bhuri Bai in 2016]]

== Style and themes ==
[[File:Sarmaya Arts Foundation Bhuri Bai-Bhil.jpg|thumb|288x288px|A Bhil painting by Bhuri Bai]]
Bhil art is considered by some to be the oldest of India's tribal art forms. It bears similarity to the aboriginal art of Australia, especially in its use of multi-coloured dots as in-filling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2014 |title=Tribal tones |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/436674/tribal-tones.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222232538/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/436674/tribal-tones.html |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 April 2015 |title=Gond art and its counterparts in India and Australia: Comparing the works of Bhil, Gond and Rathwa tribal artists – Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat |url=https://www.indiantribalheritage.org/?p=17214 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302165916/https://www.indiantribalheritage.org/?p=17214 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Tribal Cultural Heritage in India Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Bhuri Bai was the first artist of her community to start painting on paper. Her typically colourful canvases usually depict mythological themes, bucolic scenes and man-animal interactions, although later works have incorporated modern elements like airplanes and cellphones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuri Bai |url=https://www.sutragallery.com/gallery-tribal/bhuri-bai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611015222/https://www.sutragallery.com/gallery-tribal/bhuri-bai |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Sutra Gallery |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
* 2017 Satrangi: Bheel Art, Ojas Art, Delhi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Satrangi 2017: An exhibition Of Bheel Art |url=https://ojasart.com/exhibitions-cpt/satrangi-an-exhibition-of-bheel-tribal-arts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225031217/https://ojasart.com/exhibitions-cpt/satrangi-an-exhibition-of-bheel-tribal-arts/ |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Ojas Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref>
* 2017 "Given Power: From Tradition to Contemporary", Blueprint21 + Exhibit320, Delhi
* 2010–2011 "Vernacular, in the Contemporary", Devi Art Foundation, Bangalore
* 2010 "Other Masters of India", Musée du Quai Branly, Paris
* 2009 "Now that the Trees Have Spoken", Pundole Gallery, Mumbai
* 2008 "Freedom", Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA), Kolkata

== Awards and honours ==

* Shikhar Samman, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 1986 <ref>{{Citation|title=शिखर सम्मान|date=2018-02-03|url=https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&oldid=3700414|work=विकिपीडिया|language=hi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
* Ahalya Samman, 1998
* Rani Durgavati Award, 2009
*Padma Shri Award, 2021

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Bhuri}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Jhabua district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bhil people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]

Essel Group

2026-02-26T05:32:27Z

Ashok Hathrasi: improved page and updated info

{{short description|Indian media conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{About|the Indian conglomerate|the French lens manufacturer which merged with Silor in 1972|Essilor}}{{Infobox company
| name = Essel Group
| logo = EsselGroup Logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| type = [[Private Company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1926|05|21|df=yes}}
| founder = Jagannath Goenka
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = [[Subhash Chandra]] ([[chairman]])
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Mass media]]
*[[Packaging]]
*[[Infrastructure]]
*[[Financial services]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselgroup.com/group-profile.html|title=Esselgroup - Essel Group Profile|website=www.esselgroup.com|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219083602/http://www.esselgroup.com/group-profile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{down}} {{INR}} 16,800 crore (US$2.4 billion) (2023)
| net_income = {{down}} {{INR}} -158 crore (US$ -19 million) (2023)
| num_employees = 10,000+ (2021)
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[Zee Media Corporation]] (4.34%)
*[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Z Entertainment Enterprises Limited]] (3.99%)
*[[Dish TV]] (4.04%)
*[[Siti Networks]] (6.10%)
}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.esselgroup.com/}}
| Broadcast Area =
}}

'''Essel Group''' (also known as '''Zee Group''') is an Indian [[media conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarun Katial {{!}} On the binge|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/tarun-katial-on-the-binge-11580638681181.html|last=Sapam|first=Bidya|date=2020-02-02|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The group has had business interests in [[mass media]], [[infrastructure]] and [[packaging]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangh backs Zee in its fight for survival (IANS Exclusive)|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sangh-backs-zee-in-its-fight-for-survival-ians-exclusive/1473656|date=6 February 2019|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Essel Group in talks to raise $400 million to refinance debt|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TVdcldqh0yIAWbEMLyTRkN/Essel-Group-in-talks-to-raise-400-million-to-refinance-debt.html|last=Chaki|first=Deborshi|date=2019-01-09|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India Inc's Crown Jewels At Risk- Business News|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-hub/india-inc-crown-jewels-at-risk/story/332850.html|last=Pratap|first=Rashmi|date=21 April 2019|website=[[Business Today (India)]]}}</ref> Founded in 1926 as the Messrs Ramgopal Indraprasad by Jagannath Goenka, the company was expanded and converted into the Essel Group of Industries by his grandson, [[Subhash Chandra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=From 'Okara Dukaan' to Zee… the complete story|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2012/10/from-okara-dukaan-to-zee-the-complete-story/|date=1 October 2012|website=MxMIndia}}</ref>
Chandra is part of the Goenka (Goel) family which owns and operates the group; he was also the chairman of the company and a former member of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Subhash Chandra and family|work=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/subhash-chandra-and-family/}}</ref>

Experiencing financial troubles in 2019,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Subhash Chandra may lose say in Zee Entertainment|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/subhash-chandra-may-lose-say-in-zee-entertainment-11572892358237.html|last1=Gopakumar|first1=Gopika|last2=Laskar|first2=Anirudh|date=2019-11-05|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=15 April 2020|title=Sudhanshu Vats Appointed CEO And MD At Essel Propack|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Sudhanshu-Vats-Appointed-CEO-And-MD-At-Essel-Propack/15-04-2020-189298|website=[[BW Businessworld]]|language=en}}</ref> Essel sold off several of its assets, including [[Essel Propack]] and stakes in [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18" />

== History ==

=== 1926–1967 ===
In 1926, Jagannath Goenka founded the Messrs Ramgopal Indraprasad as a commercial firm to deal in [[food grain]]s at the ''mandi'' ([[product market]]) in [[Adampur, Hisar]]. In 1946, as a result of poor performance in Adampur, the firm moved to the town of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]. Goenka attempted to expand the business in 1948 by setting up a [[Dal|pulses]] polishing factory in [[Delhi]], but he suffered heavy losses, forcing him to cease Delhi operations in 1951. He moved the Delhi machinery to Hisar, where he was able to turn consistent profits by selling polished [[whole grain]]s to [[Gujarat]] and [[South India]]. By 1966, the firm was operating one [[dal]] [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] and two [[cotton ginning]] factories.<ref name=":0" />{{Primary source inline|date=May 2020}}

=== 1967–1992 ===
In 1967, the business suffered a series of losses, leaving the Goenka family at a net deficit of {{INRConvert|600,000||lk=on|year=1967}}. Between 1967–68, the Goenkas' connections in the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) helped the family secure not only a deal to supply it with polished pulses and cleaned [[barley]] but also a later contract for storage of food grains.<ref name=":0" />

In 1973, control of the company was handed over to [[Subhash Chandra]], the grandson of Jagannath Goenka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=New Pastures For The Patriarch|url=http://businessworld.in/article/New-Pastures-For-The-Patriarch/08-11-2014-60132|last=Singh|first=Gurbir|date=8 November 2014|website=[[BW Businessworld]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230131004/http://www.businessworld.in/article/New-Pastures-For-The-Patriarch/08-11-2014-60132/|archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

The company renamed itself the Essel Group in 1976. After acquiring a storage contract with the FCI in the same year, Essel established a new subsidiary, Lamina Packers, to manufacture packaging materials.<ref name=":0" /> In 1981, Essel obtained lucrative export contracts for rice and [[soya bean]]s as a result of Indo–[[USSR]] bilateral [[trade agreement]]s. According to a 2014 estimate, Essel Group's net worth by 1982 was over {{INRConvert|100|c|lk=on|year=2014}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

In December 1982, Lamina Packers became incorporated as [[Essel Packaging]],<ref name=":0" /> which marked Essel Group's full-blown venture into the [[packaging industry]], with the primary product being the laminated tube units that originated with Lamina Packers. In 1983, the group also began investing in a future amusement park in Mumbai.<ref name=":1" /> [[EsselWorld]] opened six years later, becoming India's first amusement park.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Subhash Chandra: interesting facts of chairman of the essel group|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/article/interesting-facts-about-chairman-of-the-essel-group-subash-chandra-that-will-inspire-many/articleshow/74171305.cms|date=17 October 2020|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Although the park was partly meant to signal that its parent corporation wanted to be a major force in the [[entertainment industry]], EsselWorld always remained unprofitable, right up to its shutdown in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment Inc.: The story of Zee, one of India's first Hindi {{sic|satel|ite|nolink=y}} channels|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-zee-hindi-tv-channel-subhash-chandra-1028931-2017-08-11|last=Singh|first=Suhani|date=21 August 2017|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Subhash Chandra makes television history with Zee TV began life running a flour-mill|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19940815-subhash-chandra-makes-television-history-with-zee-tv-began-life-running-a-flour-mill-809511-1994-08-15|last=Agarwal|first=Amit|date=12 July 2013|website=India Today|language=en|publication-date=15 August 1994|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":19" />

=== 1992–Present ===
As of 1992, Essel Group began to take a bigger interest and stake in the entertainment industry. That year it incorporated [[Zee Telefilms|Zee Telefilms Ltd]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Zee Entertainment Enterprises History|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zee-entertainment-enterprises-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11769.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> and then looked for a place where Zee's content could be broadcast. Zee and [[Star TV (Asian TV networks)|Star TV]] entered into a joint venture called Asia Today Ltd so Zee could lease a [[transponder]] from satellite network [[AsiaSat]]. The transponder agreement was signed in April 1992, and [[Zee TV]] began broadcasting on 1 October.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=There and back again: Subhash Chandra and the Zee TV story|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DY6tYikVelf4mtIywJh6eN/There-and-back-again-Subhash-Chandra-and-the-Zee-TV-story.html|last1=Bansal|first1=Shuchi|last2=Sheikh|first2=Aminah|date=2012-09-29|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> It was India's first [[Hindi Language]] satellite channel, and by 1994 it had captured 65% of the satellite market share. Zee TV remained the [[market leader]] until 2000.<ref name=":02" />

In 1994,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siti Networks|url=http://www.sitinetworks.com/|website=sitinetworks.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> Essel Group incorporated [[Siti Cable]] to be the [[Distribution (marketing)|distribution]] subsidiary of Zee Telefilms. Siti would provide [[cable service]] to customers to expand the reach of Zee's satellite channels.

The company continued to develop entertainment channels that successfully competed with [[Star India]], a Star TV subsidiary. In 1998, Essel/Zee turned to journalism with [[Zee News]], the first 24x7 [[Hindi Language]] news channel in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Sport in South Asia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-37168-1|editor-last=Chakraborty|editor-first=Subhas Ranjan|location=[[Oxfordshire]] & [[New York City|New York]]|pages=136|editor-last2=Chakrabarti|editor-first2=Shantanu|editor-last3=Chaterjee|editor-first3=Kingshuk}}</ref>

In 2000, Zee Telefilms ended its partnership with Star TV by [[buyout|buying out]] its shares in Asia Today Ltd. Star India was now free to produce programmes in Hindi in an attempt to target local audiences and lure Zee's viewers away.

== Assets ==

=== Zee Media Corporation (4.34% stake) ===
{{Main articles|Zee Media Corporation}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zee Media Corporation Limited
| logo = Zee Media 2025.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532794}} {{NSE|ZEEMEDIA}}
| industry = [[News Media]]
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = Jawahar Goel ([[Editor-in-chief]])
| brands = [[Zee News]], [[Daily News and Analysis]]
| revenue = {{INRConvert|640|c}}<ref name="fy01">{{cite web |title=Zee Media Share Price, Zee Media Stock Price, Zee Media Corporation Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Zee Media Corporation Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Zee Media Corporation Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/mediaentertainment/zeemediacorporation/ZN |website=www.moneycontrol.com |access-date=25 August 2021 |language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2020
| net_income = {{INRConvert|-273|c}}<ref name="fy01"/>
| net_income_year = 2020
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner =
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 1,719<ref name="fy01"/>
| num_employees_year = 2020
| parent =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.zeemedia.in/}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/slowdown-blues-zee-media-profit-drop-73pc-to-rs-13-cr-in-fy19-operating-revenue-up-19pc/story/346605.html|title=Slowdown Blues: Zee Media profit drops 73% to Rs 13.17 crore in FY19|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=14 May 2019 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Zee Media Corporation Limited''' (abbreviated as '''ZMCL'''; formerly '''Zee News Limited''') is the [[news broadcasting]] company of the Essel Group.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2006-12-14|title=Zee Telefilms demerges into 3 firms|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-telefilms-demerges-into-3-firms-106121401118_1.html}}</ref> The company operates a constellation of news channels under the brand name of ''Zee'' including the English language news channel [[WION (TV channel)|WION]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Zee Media Corporation|url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/zee-media-corporation/|website=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters without Borders]]}}</ref> The [[Zee News]] channel is the flagship channel of the company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Reports, Company Results of Zee Media Corp|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/zee-media-corporation-ltd_zeenews/reports-directors-report|website=[[NDTV Profit]]|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The Zee Media Corporation also owns and operates the [[ZEE5]] distribution platform.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netflix vs Prime Video vs Disney+ Hotstar vs Zee5 vs AltBalaji vs others: Subscription plans detailed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/techook/netflix-amazon-prime-video-hotstar-disney-plus-zee5-plans-pricing-benefits-6394913/|date=2020-05-07|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

It was involved in a joint venture with the [[Dainik Bhaskar]] Group for the publication of the [[Daily News & Analysis]] newspaper but the paper was discontinued in 2019 after suffering loses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DNA goes out of print 14 years after launch — rise & sudden fall of a promising newspaper|url=https://theprint.in/india/dna-goes-out-of-print-14-years-after-launch-rise-fall-promising-newspaper/304050/|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2019-10-11|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> The corporation also runs the Zee Institute of Media Arts (ZIMA)<ref name=":12" /> which is owned by Zee Learn, the schooling subsidiary of the Essel Group.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last1=PM|first1=Indulal|last2=Balakrishnan|first2=Reghu|date=2019-11-19|title=KKR-backed EuroKids in talks to buy Kidzee for Rs 1,200 crore|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/kkr-backed-eurokids-in-talks-to-buy-kidzee-for-rs-1200-crore/articleshow/72118456.cms}}</ref>

The Zee Media Corporation was formerly a subsidiary of the Zee Telefilms Ltd (later renamed to Zee Entertainment Enterprises) and existed under the name of Zee News Limited. It was demerged as a separate company of the Essel Group in 2006.<ref name=":4" /> The Zee News Limited was renamed to Zee Media Corporation in 2013.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Zee Media Corporation History {{!}} Zee Media Corporation Information|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zee-media-corporation-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-18879.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

==== Operated channels By Zee Media Corporation ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;"
!Channel
!Launched
!Language
!Category
!SD/HD availability
!Notes
|-
|[[Zee News]]
|1999
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| rowspan="14" |News
| rowspan="14" |SD
|HD version coming soon
|-
|[[Zee Bharat]]
|2017
|
|-
|[[Zee Business]]
|2005
|
|-
|[[Zee 24 Ghanta]]
|2007
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|2006
|[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]
|2016
|[[English language|English]]
|HD version coming soon
|-
|[[Zee 24 Taas]]
|2007
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|[[Zee 24 Kalak]]
|2017
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|-
|[[Zee Rajasthan]]
|2013
| rowspan="5" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|Zee Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand
|2017
|
|-
|Zee Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh
|2017
|
|-
|[[Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal]]
|2013
|
|-
|[[Zee Bihar Jharkhand]]
|2017
|
|-
|[[Zee Salaam]]
|2010
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|
|}

==== Defunct/Former channels ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;"
!Channel
!Language
!Category
!SD/HD availability
!Notes
|-
|[[Zee 24 Gantalu]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|News
|SD
|
|-
|Zee Odisha
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|News
|SD
|
|}

=== Siti Networks (6.1% stake) ===
{{main|Siti Networks}}

'''Siti Networks Limited''' (abbreviated as '''SNL'''; formerly '''Wire & Wireless India Limited'''; alternatively '''Siti Cable''') is the [[List of multiple-system operators|multi-system operator]] of the Essel Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lenders invoke shares of Essel group firms Dish TV, Siti Cable, Zee Learn|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lenders-invoke-shares-of-essel-group-firms-dish-tv-siti-cable-zee-learn/1799492|date=11 April 2020|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> It provides [[Cable television|cable distribution services]] for household consumption. Established in 1994 as a subsidiary of the Zee Telefilms Ltd (later renamed to Zee Entertainment Enterprises),<ref name=":02" /> it was founded as a separate company of the Essel Group following the de-merger of the Zee Telefilms in 2006.<ref name=":4" />

In October 2021, it was reported that promotes have just 6.1% stake left in [[Siti Networks]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kar|first=Ayushi|title=Unpaid dues: Operational creditors may drag Siti Networks to NCLT|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/unpaid-dues-operational-creditors-may-drag-siti-networks-to-nclt/article36971994.ece|access-date=2021-10-18|website=@businessline|date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dish TV (4.04% stake) ===
{{main|Dish TV}}

'''DishTV India Limited''' (abbreviated as '''DTIL''', stylised as '''dishtv''') is a [[Direct to Home]] (DTH) television provider company which provides DTH service through multiple brands such as Dish TV, d2h and [[Zing Digital]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Dish TV India partners with MX Player|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/dish-tv-india-partners-with-mx-player/1941321/|date=2020-04-27|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Dish TV was launched on 2 October 2003 as the DTH provider of the Essel Group and was merged with [[Videocon D2H]] on 22 March 2018.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Das Gupta|first=Surajeet|date=2014-01-01|title=10 years of DTH in India: The other electronics revolution|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/10-years-of-dth-in-india-the-other-electronics-revolution-114010100022_1.html}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{cite web|title=Dish TV India, Videocon d2h merger completed|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/dish-tv-india-videocon-d2h-merger-completed/articleshow/63414778.cms|date=22 March 2018|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The Essel Group maintains a 55% stake in the company while the [[Videocon Group]] maintains a 45% stake.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Dish TV and Videocon d2h merger gets CCI approval|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/FULbZN0PRVxgPcBVeI0nEN/Dish-TV-and-Videocond2h-merger-gets-CCI-approval.html|last=Ahluwalia|first=Harveen|date=2017-05-10|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> It became the largest DTH provider in India after the merger.<ref name=":17" /> The company is also partnered with [[The Times Group]] owned [[MX Player]] for [[streaming service]]s.<ref name=":16" />

In May 2021, it was reported that promoters' shareholding in [[Dish TV]] has fallen to just 5.67% and [[Yes Bank]] has become biggest stock owner of [[Dish TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dish TV promoters' stake falls to 5.67%|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/dish-tv-promoters-stake-falls-to-5-67/articleshow/82749888.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref> The shareholding further fell to 4.04% by 2023.

=== Zee Entertainment Enterprises (3.99% stake) ===
{{main|Zee Entertainment Enterprises}}

The '''Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited''' (abbreviated as '''ZEEL'''; formerly '''Zee Telefilms Limited''') is a media and [[entertainment]] broadcasting company.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-23|title=ZEEL jumps after foreign fund buys stake|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/zeel-jumps-after-foreign-fund-buys-stake-120042300468_1.html}}</ref> It was the primary profit generating company of the Essel Group.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Why Subash Chandra had to Resign as Chairman of Zee|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Subhash-Chandra-Zee-Chairman-Resings-Essel-Group|date=2019-11-27|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> It owns a constellation of [[entertainment]] channels under the brand name of ''Zee'' and the channels under the brands of ''Living Entertainment'', ''Big'' and "&".<ref name="sister brands">List of sources:

*{{Cite web|title=Zee to launch movie channel under new brand '& pictures'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Zee-to-launch-movie-channel-under-new-brand-%E2%80%98amp-pictures%E2%80%99/article20646185.ece|date=8 August 2013|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}
*{{Cite web|title=ZEE Entertainment launches new Hindi General Entertainment Channel '&TV' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ZEE-Entertainment-launches-new-Hindi-General-Entertainment-Channel-TV/articleshow/45974989.cms|date=22 January 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-26}}
*{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=2015-09-03|title=Essel launches Living Foodz|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/essel-launches-living-foodz-115090301284_1.html|access-date=2020-02-26}}
*{{Cite web|title=ZEE Acquires Anil Ambani-led Regional Channels Big Magic, Big Ganga|url=http://businessworld.in/article/ZEE-Acquires-Anil-Ambani-led-Regional-Channels-Big-Magic-Big-Ganga/23-11-2016-108712|last=Hasan|first=Abid|date=23 November 2016|website=[[Businessworld]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> The Zee Entertainment Enterprise also owns and operates the [[record label]] of [[Zee Music Company]] and the [[film studio]] of [[Zee Studios]].<ref name="others">List of sources:
*
*{{Cite web|title=Zee Music Company Teams Up With Sony Music Entertainment|url=https://businessofcinema.com/business/zee-music-company-teams-sony-music-entertainment/141781|date=2014-04-18|website=Business of Cinema|language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web|title=Zee to re-enter film production|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9LPq0UoLCVAnpzcKeqfeNL/Zee-to-reenter-film-production.html|last=K.K|first=Sruthijith|date=2008-06-19|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}
*{{cite news|year=2008|title=Zee Group launches two motion picture production banners|publisher=Business of Cinema|url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/zee-group-launches-two-motion-picture-production-banners/22232}}
*</ref>

The company was incorporated in 1992 as the Zee Telefilms Limited, the Essel Group's venture into [[mass media]]. It launched its flagship television channel, Zee TV on 1 October 1992.<ref name=":5" /> In 2006, two subsidiaries of the company were de-merged from the Zee Telefilms Ltd and segregated as distinct ententes under the Essel Group. Zee News Ltd (later renamed to Zee Media Corporation) became the news broadcasting subsidiary of the group while Wire & Wireless India Limited (later renamed to [[Siti Networks]]) became the [[Cable television|cable distribution]] company of the group. Following the segregation, Zee Telefilms was rebranded as to Zee Entertainment Enterprises.<ref name=":4" />

Between 2002–2018, the Zee Entertainment Enterprises was involved a joint venture with american distribution brand [[Turner India]] for the distribution of channels in India, [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turner International appoints IndiaCast Media as its distribution agent|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/D1xzMQSdejCUExSXGbbUdL/Turner-International-appoints-IndiaCast-Media-as-its-distrib.html|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2018-03-27|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The company was involved in sports broadcasting between 2004–2016. It launched its own private cricket league, the [[Indian Cricket League]] which held two seasons between 2007–2009 but the league failed to gain traction.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Evens|first1=Tom|title=The Political Economy of Television Sports Rights|last2=Isifidis|first2=Petros|last3=Smith|first3=Paul|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-27564-6|pages=152–158}}</ref> In 2016, it sold off all its sports broadcasting assets in the venture to [[Sony]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=2016-09-01|title=ZEE sells Ten Sports to Sony for $385 mn|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-sells-ten-sports-to-sony-for-385-mn-116083100446_1.html}}</ref>

As of 2020, the company has suffered successive reduction in revenue and has been subjected to investigative probes by the [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pinto|first=Viveat Susan|date=2020-03-18|title=Zee Entertainment stock falls 20% a day after ED summons Subhash Chandra|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-entertainment-stock-falls-20-a-day-after-ed-summons-subhash-chandra-120031800032_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate Governance: Corp affairs ministry probes Zee Entertainment's books|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/corporate-governance-corp-affairs-ministry-probes-zee-entertainments-books/1857906/|date=2020-02-06|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The Essel Group has divested a part of its shares in the company for the repayment of pending dues, reducing its stake in the company to 22.37% with much of the remaining stake still pledged as collateral to the remaining dues.<ref name=":10" />

In September 2021 ZEEL Announced merger with [[Sony Pictures Networks India]].

In October 2021, it was reported that founder [[Subhash Chandra]] and his son, [[Punit Goenka]] together own just 3.99% stake of [[Zee Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Varun|date=2021-09-30|title=Tribunal orders Zee to announce EGM by Sunday|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tribunal-orders-zee-to-announce-egm-by-sunday-11633025364422.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

On 22 December the board of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] approved the merger with [[Sony Pictures Networks India]]. and now pending for government approval.

=== Zee Learn (15.05% stake) ===

The '''Zee Learn Limited''' (abbreviated as '''ZLL'''; informally referred to as '''Zee Schools''') is the [[for-profit education]] company of the Essel Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2010 |title=Essel Group bets big on education |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/Essel-Group-bets-big-on-education/article20042725.ece |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> Incorporated in 1958, the company did not begin operating until 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Learn History |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zee-learn-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-32769.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Zee Learn founded the [[private school]] chains of Kidzee [[preschool]]s and Mount Litera Zee [[K–12]] schools. As of 2019, it had more than 1,900 Kidzee preschools and 120 Mount Litera Zee schools across India and three [[institutes of higher education]]; the Zee Institute of Media Arts (ZIMA), Zee Institute of Creative Arts (ZICA) and the Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun (HZU).<ref name=":13" /> The company also promoted and operated he [[ZeeQ]] channel of the Zee Entertainment Enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2012 |title=Zee launches kids edutainment channel ZeeQ |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-launches-kids-edutainment-channel-zeeq-112101500137_1.html |work=[[Business Standard India]]}}</ref> The student [[coaching]] firm MT Educare became a subsidiary of Zee Learn following an acquisition in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathy |first=M |date=5 May 2020 |title=Zee Learn dismisses scepticism over MT Educare buy, says working to expand product, brand reach |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/zee-learn-dismisses-scepticism-over-mt-educare-buy-says-working-to-expand-product-brand-reach-5224071.html |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> It has been inactive since 2020 and has become a direct subsidiary of Zee Entertainment Enterprises despite having a separate stock listing.

=== Others ===
The group owned and operated [[amusement park]]s of "Essel World" and "Water Kingdom" in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Shailesh|date=2018-02-06|title=Meet the first families of the growing theme and amusement parks segment in India|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/meet-the-first-families-of-the-growing-theme-and-amusement-parks-segment-in-india/articleshow/62795406.cms}}</ref> Essel World was one of the first amusement parks in India; it was shut down in April 2023.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Mumbai: Essel World Shut Down? Heartbroken 90s, Early 2000s Kids Take Nostalgia Trip on Twitter |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-essel-world-shut-down-heartbroken-90s-early-2000s-kids-take-nostalgia-trip-on-twitter-article-99986954 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Shirpur Gold Refinery]] uses the brand name of ''Zee Gold'' in a joint venture with the Essel Group for the marketing of the refinery's products; the Essel Group gets royalties of 20% on the net profit for the brand usage.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shirpur Gold Refinery Ltd.|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/shirpur-gold-18695/information/company-history}}</ref> The Refinery recently went public diluting Essel Group's stake to 43.66%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirpur Gold Share Price, Shirpur Gold Stock Price, Shirpur Gold Refinery Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Shirpur Gold Refinery Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Shirpur Gold Refinery Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/miningminerals/shirpurgoldrefinery/AGR |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.moneycontrol.com |language=en |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>

The group also operated the online [[lottery]] Playwin in [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shangderpa|first=Pema Leyda|date=22 August 2003|title=Appeal in SC for Playwin|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/appeal-in-sc-for-playwin/cid/808811|website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|language=en}}</ref> The lottery however ceased operation in 2020, following the sale of assets by the Essel Group for the repayment of pending debts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-07|title=Essel Group repays half the debt to MFs & NBFCs|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/essel-repays-half-the-debt-to-mfs-nbfcs/articleshow/71020215.cms}}</ref>

Essel Group had founded and operated [[Essel Propack]] until sale of their stake in 2019.

Between 2020 and 2021, Essel Group sold Essel Finance's MSME loan book to [[Adani Group|Adani Capital]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Essel Group sells MSME loan book to Adani Capital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/essel-group-sells-msme-loan-book-to-adani-capital/articleshow/73525605.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> and Essel Mutual Fund to [[Navi Group]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Anvita |title=Sachin Bansal's Navi Mutual Fund Files Papers For Electric Vehicle Fund With SEBI |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/sachin-bansals-navi-mutual-fund-files-papers-for-ev-fund-with-sebi/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=Inc42 Media |date=18 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

=== Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited (Dispute between Promoters) ===
On 11 September 2021, Invesco asked Zee management to call an "extraordinary general meeting" (EGM) of shareholders to consider its demands. One of the main demands was the removal of [[Punit Goenka]], son of the Zee Network founder.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Entertainment's Largest Shareholders Call EGM Seeking Removal Of Punit Goenka From Board|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/corporate-action/zees-largest-shareholders-calls-for-egm-seeking-removal-of-punit-goenka-from-board-7463111.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> However the Zee board rejected the demand from Invesco to convene an extraordinary general meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Says Will Not Hold EGM As Demanded By Shareholder Invesco|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/zee-says-will-not-hold-egm-as-demanded-by-shareholder-invesco-7531081.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Invesco Developing Market Funds Moves to a National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the [[Bombay High Court]], seeking a mandatory order for Zee Enterprises Entertainment Limited (ZEEL) to call the extraordinary general meeting (EGM) that the shareholder has been demanding.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee-Invesco NCLT Hearing: Invesco Says NCLT Must Make A Mandatory Order To Call EGM|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/zee-invesco-nclt-hearing-not-concerned-about-outcome-of-egm-but-about-egm-being-called-says-invesco-7541121.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Sudipto Dey & Dev|date=2021-10-04|title=Prolonged battle ahead as ZEE Entertainment takes Invesco to court|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/prolonged-battle-ahead-as-zee-entertainment-takes-invesco-to-court-121100400032_1.html|access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref>

OFI Global China Fund, who also moved the NCLT along with Invesco, remarked at the hearing that the meeting that Zee Entertainment board had conducted on October 1 was just a legal formality and that it is a classic case of [[Forum shopping]].

On 11 October 2021, [[Invesco]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Invesco Shoots Letter To Zee Shareholders, Seeks Better Governance, Says Founding Family Benefiting At The Cost Of Others|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/disappointed-that-leadership-of-zee-has-resorted-to-reckless-public-relations-campaign-invesco-mf-to-shareholders-7569571.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> wrote an open letter to the other shareholders saying they are disappointed that the leadership of Zee has resorted to a reckless public relations campaign in response to the overwhelming demand from shareholders for leadership changes at Zee network. They had also tried to merge Zee with some other Indian company in early 2021, but the Zee board rejected it.

The Zee Board replied to Invesco's open letter saying they didn't care about the company, and Invesco is not motivated by concerns related to any corporate governance issue,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Hits Back At Invesco's Open Letter, Rebuts Objections On Sony Merger Deal|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/zee-hits-back-at-invescos-open-letter-rebuts-objections-on-sony-merger-deal-7579641.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=13 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> but "by the events that transpired during February-April 2021 pointing Invesco purposed deal with [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Invesco Proposed Merger With Large Indian Group In Feb 2021, Wanted Punit Goenka To Lead: Zee|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/invesco-proposed-merger-with-large-indian-group-in-feb-2021-wanted-punit-goenka-to-lead-zee-7575661.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) said it proposed to merge all its media properties with Zee Entertainment at fair valuations during discussions in February and March 2021 that US investment firm Invesco helped arrange with managing director and member of the founding family of the media and entertainment company.

On 21 October, the [[Bombay High Court]] asked the Zee board to call an EGM as demanded by shareholder Invesco, and counsel appearing for Zee Entertainment said the company will inform the court of the date of the EGM by the morning of October 22.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay HC Asks Zee To Call EGM As Demanded By Shareholder Invesco|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/bombay-hc-asks-zee-to-call-egm-as-demanded-by-shareholder-invesco-7608931.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Moneycontrol|date=21 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Payaswini|title=Zee Vs Invesco: Bombay High Court Proposes To Allow EGM, But...|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/zee-vs-invesco-bombay-high-court-proposes-to-allow-egm-but|access-date=2021-10-21|website=BloombergQuint|date=21 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142602/https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/zee-vs-invesco-bombay-high-court-proposes-to-allow-egm-but|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 7 December, Invesco heading towards a resolution, Invesco was expected to back the merger deal with Sony as long as the Goenka family does not get any preferential equity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kar|first=Ayushi|title=Invesco to back Zee-Sony deal as long as Punit Goenka is not given PE|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/invesco-to-back-zee-sony-deal-as-long-as-punit-goenka-is-not-given-pe/article37854454.ece|access-date=2021-12-07|website=@businessline|date=5 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 December, board of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] approved the merger with [[Sony Pictures Networks India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee-Sony Merger Approved, Punit Goenka Will Be CEO Of Merged Entity|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/zee-sony-merger-deal-zee-entertainment-board-approves-merger-with-sony-unit-punit-goenka-to-continue-as-ceo-2664366|access-date=2021-12-22|website=NDTV.com|date=22 December 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.esselgroup.com/}}

{{Essel Group}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}

[[Category:Essel Group| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1926]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1926]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Sumeet Passi

2026-02-15T15:31:54Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sumeet Passi
| image =
| fullname = Sumeet Jai Passi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|9|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yamunanagar district|Yamuna Nagar]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.79 m<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sumeet-passi/283469/|title=India - S. Passi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>
| currentclub = [[Inter Kashi]]
| clubnumber = 25
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Chandigarh FA
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh U15]]
| years1 = 2013
| clubs1 = [[Pailan Arrows|Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 3
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2015–2016
| clubs2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| caps2 = 9
| goals2 = 3
| years3 = 2016
| clubs3 = [[NorthEast United FC|Northeast United]]
| caps3 = 4
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2017
| clubs4 = → [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
| caps4 = 6
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2018–2020
| clubs5 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps5 = 28
| goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2021–2022
| clubs6 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
| caps6 = 22
| goals6 = 2
| years7 = 2022–2023
| clubs7 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps7 = 17
| goals7 = 3
| years8 = 2023–
| clubs8 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| caps8 = 43
| goals8 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2011–2012
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2015
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2016–2019
| nationalteam3 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 9
| nationalgoals3 = 4
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate = 7 January 2020
}}

'''Sumeet Jai Passi''' (born 12 September 1994) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Inter Kashi]].

==Club career==
===Early career===
Passi began playing the game at a very young age and thanks his father, Jai Prakash Passi who is a former [[Railways football team|Railways]] player, as the man who motivated him to become a dedicated footballer.<ref name=Express2008>{{cite web|last=Lundup|first=Tashi|title=Game for life|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/game-for-life/331762/|work=Express India|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411032541/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/game-for-life/331762/|archive-date=11 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Passi then began his footballing career as a training with Chandigarh Football Academy.<ref name=OneIndia2007>{{cite web|title=Passi to lead Chandigarh soccer team in National School Games|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/passi-to-lead-chandigarh-soccer-team-in-national-school-games-028861.html|work=One India|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> In 2007 it was announced that Passi would be the captain of the Chandigarh football team at the under-14s level for the 53rd National School Games.<ref name=OneIndia2007/>

===Senior career===
Passi made his professional debut in football on 2 February 2013 against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] in which he came on in the 77th minute for [[Dhanpal Ganesh]] as Pailan Arrows lost the match 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=ARROWS VS. EAST BENGAL 1 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/02/02/india/i-league/aiff-xi/east-bengal-club-fc/1395229/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=23 March 2013}}</ref>

===Jamshedpur===
On 23 July 2017, Passi was selected in the 12th round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|accessdate=2 November 2017|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 18 February 2018 against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He started the match and played 90 minutes as Jamshedpur drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin 1-1 Jamshedpur|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/02/18/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/jamshedpur/2597821/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===East Bengal===
In August 2022, [[Indian Super League]] club [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] announced the signing of Passi, on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|title=East Bengal add three new Indians to the ranks|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-east-bengal-sign-kamaljit-singh-sumeet-passi-lalchungnunga|website=khelnow.com|date=11 August 2022|access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

On 22 August, he made his debut against [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]] in the [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], which ended in a 0–0 stalemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-east-bengal-vs-indian-navy-match-report|title=East Bengal held by Indian Navy in Durand Cup 2022|website=khelnow.com|date=22 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11984|title=East Bengal 0 – 0 Indian Navy|website=the-aiff.com|date=22 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> On 28 August, he scored a defining [[Own goal#Association football|own goal]] against [[Kolkata Derby|Kolkata derby]] rival [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]], when a seemingly harmless [[Corner kick|corner]] bounced awkwardly in front of him, to deflect inside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-east-bengal-vs-atk-mohun-bagan-match-report|title=Own goal decides season's first Kolkata Derby; ATK Mohun Bagan win|website=khelnow.com|date=28 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11949|title=East Bengal 0 – 1 ATK Mohun Bagan|website=the-aiff.com|date=28 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> Six days later, he scored his first two goals for the club against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]], in a thrilling 4–3 win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-east-bengal-vs-mumbai-city-match-report|title=East Bengal register first competitive win after seven months|website=khelnow.com|date=3 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11961|title=East Bengal 4 – 3 Mumbai City|website=the-aiff.com|date=3 September 2022|access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

==International career==
Passi made his debut for [[India national football team|India]] against [[Laos national football team|Laos]] on 2 June 2016. He scored his first international goal against Laos on 7 June 2016 with an assist from [[Jackichand Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-laos/bepx5hfat9obbrynat6gf4r1l|title=India v Laos Live Commentary & Result, 07/06/16, Asian Cup Qualification | Goal.com|website=Goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|25 February 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|sumeet-passi/283469}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Arrows|Palian Arrows]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|5||3||4{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}||2|| colspan="2" |—||9||5
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|6||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |Indian Super League
|2||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|12||2||1{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||2
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
|14||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Jamshedpur total
!28!!3!!2!!0!!0!!0!!30!!3
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2" |I-League
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|17||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||17||2
|-
! colspan="2" |RoundGlass Punjab total
!22!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!22!!2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|11||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||2|| colspan="2" |—||15||2
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!83!!8!!10!!4!!0!!0!!93!!12
|}{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|matches played till 17 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/64544.html|title=Sumeet Passi|website=national-football-teams.com|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2016||3||1
|-
|2018||5||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!8!!3
|}

====International goals====
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:"
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition !! Ref.
|-
| 1. || 7 June 2016 ||[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], [[India]] || align=center | 2 || {{fb|Laos}} || align=center | '''2'''–1 || align=center | 6–1 || [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/06/07/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/laos/2228188/|title=India 6–1 Laos|website=Soccerway|date=7 June 2016}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:silver"
| 2. || 13 August 2016 || [[Changlimithang Stadium]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] || align=center | 3 || {{fb|BHU}} || align=center | '''3'''–0 || align=center | 3–0 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/13/world/friendlies/bhutan/india/2329193/|title=Bhutan 0–3 India|website=Soccerway|date=13 August 2016}}</ref>{{efn|name=NonFIFA|[[Non-FIFA international football|Non-FIFA match]]}}
|-
| 3. || 12 September 2018 || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || align=center | 7 || {{fb|PAK}} || align=center | '''3'''–0 || align=center | 3–1 || [[2018 SAFF Championship]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/12/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/pakistan/2780195/|title=India 3–1 Pakistan|website=Soccerway|date=12 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 4. || 15 September 2018 || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || align=center | 8 || {{fb|MDV}} || align=center | '''1'''–2 || align=center | 1–2 || [[2018 SAFF Championship Final]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/15/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/maldives/india/2780196/|title=Maldives 2–1 India|website=Soccerway|date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]] runner-up: [[2018 SAFF Championship|2018]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|sumeet-passi/283469}}
* [http://www.fcjamshedpur.com/players/25880-sumeet-passi Sumeet Passi] at Jamshedpur FC

{{East Bengal FC squad}}
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Passi, Sumit}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:Inter Kashi FC players]]

Dhanishtha

2026-02-09T06:09:56Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|23rd nakshatra in Hindu astronomy}}
[[File:Delphinus constellation map.png|right|200px|thumb|[[Delphinus]] map showing Dhanishta
{{Nakshatras}}]]

'''Dhanishtha''' ([[Devanagari]]: धनिष्ठा, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ధనిష్ఠ, [[Kannada]]: ಧನಿಷ್ಠ), also known as '''Avittam''' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]<ref>[http://www.mypanchang.com/nakshatras.html Nakshatra Names in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam]</ref> ({{langx|ta|அவிட்டம்}}, [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: അവിട്ടം), is the twenty-third [[nakshatra]] in Hindu astronomy, corresponding to [[Alpha Delphini|α]] to [[Delta Delphini|δ]]. In [[Jyotiṣa]], Dhanishta is ruled by [[Mangala]] (the planet [[Mars]]).
Dhanishta is classified as a movable nakshatra, meaning that, under [[Electional_Astrology|electional astrological]] beliefs, it is best to begin activities like travel when the moon is in Dhanishta.<ref>Hart De Fouw, Robert Svoboda. ‘’Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India.’’ 2003: pg. 206. {{ISBN|0-940985-69-1}}</ref> This is based on the Panchanga reading only (which is also known as a calendar to track the suitable day for doing or starting anything good).

The deities which preside over Dhanishta are the [[Vasu|Ashta Vasus]]: [[Agni]], [[Prithvi]], [[Vāyu]], [[Varuna]], [[Dyaus]], [[Surya]], [[Chandra|Chandramas]] and [[Dhruva]]. The powers bestowed by the [[Vasu|Ashta Vasus]] comes under the domain of [[Nataraja|Lord Nataraja]] who is the main supreme deity of this nakshatra. The animal associated to this nakshatra is a female [[lion]] and it is symbolized as '''"A Lioness which is resting majestically after a Lioness's share"'''. The symbol that is most commonly used to represent Dhanishta is the drum known as the [[Udukai]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Damaru]] in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Bepin Behari, David Frawley. ''Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology''. Lotus Press: 2003. {{ISBN|0-940985-51-9}} pg. 238</ref>

It is the birth star of a great [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Siddhar]] [[Tirumular]] and also the birth star of [[Bhishma]], a great hero in the [[Mahabharata]] epic.

Traditional [[Hindu given names]] are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Ascendant/Lagna was in at the time of birth. In the case of Dhanista, the given name would begin with the following syllables:
*Ga (ग-गा/గ-గా/கா/ಗ-ಗಾ)
*Gi (गि/గి/கி/ಗಿ)
*Gu (गु/గు/கு/ಗು)
*Ge (गे/గే/கே/ಗೇ)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.mypanchang.com/nakshatras.html|title=Nakshatra Names in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam|first=Pundit Mahesh Shastriji, Seattle, WA|last=USA|website=www.mypanchang.com}}</ref>

== In Popular culture==
In the Indian web series [[Asur (Indian web series)]], the killer Shubh Joshi was known to target people of Dhanistha nakshatra.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/asur/1/the-firewall/3213008 | title=Watch Asur Season 1 Episode 6 : The Firewall - Watch Full Episode Online(HD) on JioCinema }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jyotish Vidya}}

[[Category:Nakshatra]]

AMLP School Cheruputhur

2026-02-08T20:16:22Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox school
|name = Aided Mapila Upper Primary School Cheruputhur
|location = [[Cheruputhur]]
|region = [[Mongam]]
|city = [[Malappuram District]]
|county = [[India]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|postal_code = 673642
|coordinates = {{coord|11.1438637|76.0366827|display=inline}}
|type = [[Primary School]]
|established = {{Start date|df=y|1924|6|1}}
|status = open
| school_code = 18201
|headmaster = P Balakrishnan
|faculty =
|teaching_staff = 9
|grades = 1 - 4
| enrollment = 200+
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]]
| classrooms = 8
|school_board = [[Kerala State Education Board|Kerala SCERT]]
|campus =
|campus_type = rural
}}

'''AMLP School Cheruputhur''' also known as Aided Mapila Lower Primary School is a private aided lower primary school in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/lp/malappuramlp.pdf |title=List Of LP Schools Malappuram District |publisher=Education Department Kerala |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517021444/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/lp/malappuramlp.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-17 }}</ref> It has its own building. The school has total 8 classrooms. The lowest Class is 1 and the highest class in the school is 4. This school has 9 teachers. The school is currently being renovated by Mr. Mohammed Kamarrudin, a philanthropist from Dubai. He is an alumnus of the school and is fulfilling his childhood dream of making the school the best in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://103.251.43.156/schoolfixation/index.php/Publicview/index/schoolsdetails/7139 |title= School Employee and Student DetailsReport |access-date= 7 July 2017 |archive-date= 1 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190616/http://103.251.43.156/schoolfixation/index.php/Publicview/index/schoolsdetails/7139 |url-status= dead }}</ref> There is library facility available in this school.

==History==
AMLP School Cheruputhur was established in the year 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schoolwiki.in/index.php/%E0%B4%8E.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC |title=School wiki}}</ref>

==Location==
This school is situated in [[cheruputhoor | cheruputhoor village]], [[malappuram district]], [[kerala]]

==See also==
[[Cheruputhoor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Educational Institutes in Malappuram}}

[[Category:Schools in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1924]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]

Shyampur, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-06T15:41:21Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created The Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Shyampur''' is a village and a [[Tehsil]] in [[Sehore District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sehore.nic.in/en/revenue-administration/|title=Revenue Administration | District Sehore, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>
Shyampur Town had a population of 10,271 of which 5609 are males while 4662 are females per the Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/482840-shyampur-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Shyampur Village Population - Shyampur - Sehore, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

It is well known for its Sharbati variety of [[wheat]] and [[soybean]]. Recent development of interest for Kabli Chana between farmers led to ample production of the product in the area.
The proposed [[Bhopal]]-Kota railway line will pass through Shyampur, connecting it to major cities of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/12446#st</ref><ref>https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Shyampur7.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}

{{coord|23|24|54|N|77|04|56|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sehore district]]
[[Category:Sehore]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Chatursen Shastri

2026-02-06T06:18:03Z

Ashok Hathrasi: New first page needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian writer of Hindi literature (1891–1960)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Acharya Chatursen Shastri
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chaturbhuj
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|8|26}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad Chandok]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|2|2|1891|8|26}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer
| known_for =
}}
'''Acharya Chatursen Shastri''' (26 August 1891 – 2 February 1960) was an Indian writer of [[Hindi literature]]. He wrote many [[historical fiction]]s, including ''[[Vaishali ki Nagarvadhu]]'' adapted into a feature film (1948), ''Vayam Rakshamah'' (1951), ''Somnath'' (1954), and ''Dharamputra'' which was adapted into the 1961 feature film [[Dharmputra|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Blast From The Past: Dharmputra 1961|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/06/stories/2010020652121100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125060530/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/06/stories/2010020652121100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 February 2010 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Acharya Chatursen Shastri was born in a small village [[Aurangabad Chandok]] (near [[Anupshahr]]) in the [[Bulandshahr]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in India on 26 August 1891. His father was Punditt Kewal Ram Thakur and mother was Nanhee Devi. His birth name was Chaturbhuj.

Chaturbhuj finished his primary education in a school in Sikandrabad. Then he got admitted to Sanskrit College, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. From here he received the degrees of Ayurvedacharya in [[Ayurveda]] and Shastri in [[Sanskrit]] in the year 1915. He also received the degree of Ayurvedacharya from Ayurveda Vidyapeetha.

After finishing his education he came to [[Delhi]] to start his practice as an [[ayurvedic]] physician. He opened his own ayurvedic dispensary in Delhi but it did not run well and he had to close it down. He joined a rich man's charitable dispensary at the salary of rupees 25 per month. Later in 1917, he joined [[DAV College]], [[Lahore]] (now in Pakistan) as senior professor of Ayurveda. The management at the DAV college, Lahore was insulting to him, therefore, he resigned and went to [[Ajmer]] to help his father-in-law in his dispensary. Working at this dispensary, he started to write and soon became famous as a story writer and novelist.

His first novel Hridaya-Ki-Parakh (Trial of the Heart) was published in 1918. It did not bring him any recognition. His second book, [[Satyagraha]] Aur Asahyoga (Civil Resistance and Non-cooperation) was published in 1921. This brought immense attention to Acharya Chatursen Shastri. These were followed by many historical novels, stories and ayurvedic books.

Acharya Chatursen Shastri took his last breath on 2 February 1960.

==Career==
His books present an idealistic view of the ancient period as can be seen clearly in his famous book Purnahuti. In this book he gives a eulogical account of [[Prithiviraj Chauhan]]'s life and the battles fought. They are not historical but give details of life in [[History of India|ancient India]]. These books can be seen as a logical binding of [[history]] and [[philosophy]] and are worth recommending to anyone who is looking to know more about India before the advent of [[Islam]]. In his foreword to his book, 'Vaishali ki Nagarvadhu', he declares this is his first book and the ones prior to this one as worthless; the book is declared most fictional account and agenda driven by critics.

He was a friend of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].

==Writings==
The bulk of his literary output is almost unparalleled in Hindi. In all, he wrote 72 published books including 8 [[historical novels]], 10 dramas, 4 historical non-fictions, 15 collections of essays on political subjects and an equal number on the subjects of health and medicine. He also published over 250 short stories in various Hindi periodicals over time. His novel Dharamputra was adapted into the Hindi film, ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961) by [[Yash Chopra]],<ref>{{IMDb name|1587103}}</ref> it won the [[9th National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=28 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His important works include:
* ''[[Vaishali ki Nagarvadhu]]'' (वैशाली की नगरवधू) (1948?) {{ISBN|81-7028-282-9}} - based on the historical figure [[Amrapali]]
* ''Vayam Rakshamah'' (वयं रक्षाम:) - based on life of character of Ravana (from Ramayana)
* ''Sahyadri ki chattanen'' - based on [[Shivaji]]'s times and life
* ''Goli'' (गोली)
* ''Bagule ka pankh'' (बगुले का पंख)
* ''[[Dharmputra|Dharamputra]]'' (धर्मपुत्र)
* ''Sona aur Khoon'' (सोना और ख़ून)
* ''Neelmani'' (नीलमणि)
* ''Narmedh'' (नरमेध)
* ''Somnath Mahalay'' (सोमनाथ) - Based on invasion of [[Mahmud Ghazni]] and destruction of [[Somnath]] temple
* ''Bharat mein Islam'' (भारत में इस्लाम)
* ''Achchi Aadatein'' (अच्छी आदतें)
* ''Aparajita'' (अपराजिता)
* ''Aadarsh Bhojan'' (आदर्श भोजन)
* ''Nirog Jivan'' (नीरोग जीवन)
* ''Eedo'' (ईदो) - based on events from The great Depression (1929–1934) and World War II (1939–1945)
* ''Hindi Bhasha aur Sahitya Ka Itihas'' (1946) - A History of [[Hindi Language]] and its literature
* ''Hridaya Ki Parakh'' (1918)
* ''Satyagraha Aur Asahyoga'' (1921) - about Civil Resistance and Non-cooperation

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo (Vol. 1)|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987|isbn=8126018038 |page= 657|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA657 |ref= Da}}

==External links==
* [https://saadajeevan.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post.html Review (in Hindi) of Dharamputra (धर्मपुत्र)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatursen, Acharya}}
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Dakshini Nanda Devi Glacier

2026-02-01T09:57:22Z

Ashok Hathrasi: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Nanda Devi]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election

2026-01-31T14:09:59Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting new article

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Haldwani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing =
| previous_election = 2018 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 31
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Gajraj Singh Bisht
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 31
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''23'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}8
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Lalit Joshi
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 26
| seats2 = '''2'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}24
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 0
| seats3 = '''34'''
| seat_change3 = {{increase}}34
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =

| map_image = India Haldwani, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px
| title = Mayor
| before_election = Jogendra Pal Singh Rautela
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = Gajraj Singh Bisht
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The '''2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/bjp-candidate-gajraj-singh-bisht-won-the-election-of-mayor-of-kathgodam-haldwani-municipal-corporation-2025-01-26|title=Nikay Chunav: गजराज ट्रिपल इंजन पर सवार, कांग्रेस के ललित जोशी को 3894 मतों से हराया; आरपी सिंह तीसरे स्थान पर|date=26 January 2025|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-dates-announced-check-full-schedules/2571380|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव की तारीखों का ऐलान, जानें नगर निगम, नगरपालिका और नगर पंचायतों में कब पड़ेगा वोट|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html|title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided|website=Jagran}}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Haldwani]] city in [[Uttarakhand]]. It took place on 23 January 2025.

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/|title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Gajraj Singh Bisht<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-cong-release-another-list-of-candidates-for-ulb-polls/articleshow/116774327.cms|title=BJP, Cong release another list of candidates for ULB polls|work=Times of India|date=29 December 2024 |accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Lalit Joshi<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand"/>
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gajraj Singh Bisht
| votes = 71,962
| percentage = 47.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Lalit Joshi
| votes = 68,068
| percentage = 44.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = R.P. Singh
| votes = 2,531
| percentage = 1.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Bhuvan Chandra Pandey
| votes = 2,136
| percentage = 1.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Deep Chandra Pandey
| votes = 1,597
| percentage = 1.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Manoj Kumar Arya
| votes = 1,377
| percentage = 0.9
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Manoj Kumar Mannu
| votes = 1,109
| percentage = 0.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Shiv Ganesh
| votes = 1,088
| percentage = 0.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 823
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Naveen Chandra
| votes = 772
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| candidate = Mohan Kandpal
| votes = 414
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 3,894
| percentage = 2.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,58,646
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|47
|23
|{{decrease}}8
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|2
|{{decrease}}24
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties{{efn|3 of [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|UKD]] and 2 of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]].}}
|5
|1
|{{decrease}}2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|168
|34
|{{increase}}34
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|{{no change}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!231
!60
!{{no change}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Haldwani]]

Muslim Kayasths

2026-01-29T11:02:27Z

Ashok Hathrasi: creating new pg

{{Short description|Community of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kayastha Musalman [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]]
| population =
| popplace = India • Pakistan
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • various [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Kayastha]] • [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh]]|
}}
The '''Muslim Kayasths''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مسلمان کائستھ}}}}'''),''' also known as '''Siddiqui,<ref name="Jahanara" />''' are descendants of the [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayasth]] community of [[Indian subcontinent|North India]], mainly modern [[Uttar Pradesh]], which embraced Islam during the medieval period. They are now mostly concentrated in the [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] provinces of [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] as well as [[northern India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khanam |first1=Azra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sdz9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Muslim Backward Classes: A Sociological Perspective |date=30 August 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9788132116509 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203062135/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sdz9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History and origin==
===Origin===
Muslim Kayasths consider themselves part of the [[Shaikhs in North India|Shaikh]] community and claim descent from [[Abu Bakr]], the first [[Rashidun]] [[Caliphate|Caliph]], and a close companion of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Satish Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPXZAAAAMAAJ&q=Kayastha+muslim+claim+to+be+the+descendants+of+Abu+Bakr, |title=Reform, Protest, and Social Transformation |date=1987 |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7024-098-3 |pages=224 |language=en |quote=They are converts from Kayastha caste among the Hindus but today they claim to be the descendants of Abu Bakr Siddiqui.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysLsAAAAIAAJ&q=Kayastha+muslim+claim+to+be+the+descendants+of+Abu+Bakr, |title=Social Stratification |date=1992 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-563088-6 |pages=223 |language=en}}</ref>

===History===
The [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayasths]] historically played a significant role in administration, particularly in maintaining land records, taxation, and governance. Kayasths were distinct from Brahmins, as they focused on secular knowledge like administration rather than religious scriptures. Their adaptability allowed them to thrive under changing political landscapes. Over time, some Kayasths converted to Islam, particularly during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], while continuing to work in administrative and bureaucratic roles.<ref name="Jahanara">{{Cite journal|last=Jahanara|date=2003-01-01|title=The Muslim Kayasthas of India|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020030106|journal=The Oriental Anthropologist|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=48–51|doi=10.1177/0976343020030106|s2cid=220082119|issn=0972-558X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Today, Muslim Kayasths primarily speak [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] in India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Karthik |date=2016-09-14 |title=How Hindi Fought a Tough Battle to Emerge as an Official Language |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/how-hindi-fought-a-tough-battle-to-emerge-as-an-official-language |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> and [[Urdu]] in Pakistan). During Islamic rule, they served as scribes, officials, and administrators, quickly adapting to [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]—the languages of governance. Their expertise in economics, taxation, and administration made them valuable.

==See also==
* [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|North Indian Kayasth]]
* [[Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikh Community (Uttar Pradesh)]]
* [[Siddiqui]]
* [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notes===

#Jahanara (2003-01-01) [https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020030106 The Muslim Kayasthas of India] ''Journal''. The Oriental Anthropologist. pp. 48 volume_3 (Issue 1)

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kayasth Muslims}}
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Kayastha]]

List of Telugu films of 1979

2026-01-26T20:23:48Z

Ashok Hathrasi: fix content after review and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1979 in film|1979]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music !! Notes
|-
|''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'' || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] ||[[C. Ramchandra]] ||
|-
|''[[Andadu Aagadu]]'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dream Come True - Dharmendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRogEQAAQBAJ|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|date=2024-09-09|language=en|first=Vijay Kumar|last=Pyarelal|pages=144}}</ref>||S. D. Lal||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Latha Sethupathi]]||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||
|-
|''[[Andamaina Anubhavam]]''|| [[K. Balachandar]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jaya Prada]], Jayasudha ||[[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||
|-
|''[[Andaman Ammayi]]''||[[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Vanisri]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Annai Oru Aalayam|Amma Evarikaina Amma]]''||R. Thyagarajan||[[Rajinikanth]]||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Bangaru Chellelu]]'' || [[B. Subba Rao]] || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Sridevi]], [[Murali Mohan]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Burripalem Bullodu]]''|| Bheeram Mastan Rao || [[Krishna Ghattamaneni|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Pandari Bai]] ||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Driver Ramudu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Jayamalini]]||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Shoban Babu]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Guppedu Manasu]]''|| [[K. Balachandar]]|| [[Sarath Babu]], [[Saritha]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| Simultaneously released in Tamil as ''[[Nool Veli]]''
|-
|''[[Hema Hemeelu]]''||[[Vijaya Nirmala]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]||
|-
|''[[I Love You (1979 film)|I Love You]]''|| Vayu Nandana Rao || [[Chiranjeevi]], Suvarna, [[Prasad Babu]]||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]''||[[K. S. R. Das]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Madhavi, Geetha]]||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Intinti Ramayanam (1979 film)|Intinti Ramayanam ]]''||P. Sambasiva Rao||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], [[Jayasudha]] [[Ranganath]] and [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]||
|-
|''[[Idi Katha Kaadu]]''|| [[K. Balachandar]]|| [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Saritha]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Rama Prabha]]||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]||
|-
|''[[Judagadu]]''|| [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]|| [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Kalyani (1979 film)|Kalyani]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Jayasudha]], [[Murali Mohan]], Mohan Babu ||[[Ramesh Naidu]]||
|-
|''[[Kaliyuga Mahabharatam]]''|| V. Hanuman Prasad || [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Nutan Prasad]]|| [[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]''|| [[Lakshmi Deepak]]|| [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Sridevi]], [[Sarada (actress)|Saradha]], Geetha, [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Korikale Gurralaite]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Murali Mohan]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Fatafat Jayalakshmi]], [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''|| K. Vasu || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]||
|-
|''[[Kotta Alludu]]''|| P. Sambasiva Rao || [[Krishna Ghattamaneni|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Hema Choudhary]], [[Mohan Babu]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Kukka Katuku Cheppu Debba]]''|| Eeranki Sharma || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]||
|-
|''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]''||[[B. A. Subba Rao]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Vanisri]]||[[Master Venu]]||
|-
|''[[Mande Gundelu]]''|| [[K. Bapaiah]]|| Krishna, [[Shoban Babu]], Chandra Mohan, Jayaprada, [[Jayasudha]], [[Anjali Devi]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''Muddula Koduku''||[[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Naa Illu Naa Vallu]]''|| Raja Chandra || [[Giribabu]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Sreedhar]], Murali Mohan, [[Nutan Prasad]], [[Rama Prabha]]|| [[J. V. Raghavulu]]||
|-
|''[[Nagna Sathyam]]''||[[U. Viswesar Rao]]||Ramprasad, Krishnaveni|| ||
|-
|''[[Needa]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Ramesh Babu]], [[Mahesh Babu|Master Mahesh]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]]||
|-
|''[[Nimajjanam]]''||[[B. S. Narayana]]||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]]||[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]||
|-
| ''[[Nindu Noorellu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]|| [[Mohan Babu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Pancha Bhoothalu]]''||P. C. Reddy|| ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]]||
|-
|''[[Punadhirallu]]''|| Rajkumar || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Roja Ramani]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimharaju]]||[[Premji Amaran]]||
|-
|''[[Rama Banam]]''|| Y. Eshwara Reddy || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Mohan Babu]], Jayaprada, Jamuna, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]]||
|-
|''[[Ravanude Ramudayithe?]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], Murali Mohan, Mohan Babu, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Jayachitra]]||[[G. K. Venkatesh]]||
|-
|''[[Shri Rama Bantu]]''|| S. D. Lal || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Mohan Babu]]||[[Satyam (music director)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]''|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vanisri]]||[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]||
|-
|''[[Sri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]''||[[N. T. Rama Rao]]||NTR, [[Jaya Prada]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]||
|-
|''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]''||[[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]||[[Uppalapati Krishnam Raju]], [[Ramakrishna (actor, born 1939)|Rama Krishna]], [[Vanisri]]||[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]||
|-
|''[[Srungara Ramudu]]''|| K. Shankar || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Sarath Babu]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]''|| [[Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]]|| [[Sowkar Janaki]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Ranganath, Sangeetha||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Tiger (1979 film)|Tiger]]''||Nandamuri Ramesh||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Radha Saluja]], [[Subhashini]]||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]||
|-
|''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]''||[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]|| Jyothi, [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||
|-
|''[[Vetagaadu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rao Gopala Rao]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Allu Ramalingaiah]], [[Pandari Bai]]||[[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Yugandhar]]''|| [[K. S. R. Das]]|| [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[Ilaiyaraaja]]||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1979 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1979]]
[[Category:Lists of 1979 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

2013–14 Pune FC season

2026-01-20T19:00:36Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting a pg

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| season = [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
| chrtitle = Chairmen
| chairman = Nandan Piramal
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Mike Snoei]]
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = ''[[2013–14 I-League|3rd]]''
| cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Group]]
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2013 Durand Cup|Group]]
| cup3 = [[AFC Champions League]]
| cup3 result = [[2014 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off#East Asia Zone|Qualifiers - Round 1]]
| cup4 = [[AFC Cup]]
| cup4 result = ''[[2014 AFC Cup#Group H|Group]]''
| league topscorer = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] (5 Goals)
| season topscorer = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] (6 Goals)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| pattern_la1 = _goldshoulders
| pattern_b1 = _swe wc 1974 a
| pattern_ra1 = _goldshoulders
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _2 gold stripes
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| body1 = FF0000
| rightarm1 = FF0000
| shorts1 = FF0000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 = _redshoulders
| pattern_b2 = _kit body RBNY home
| pattern_ra2 = _redshoulders
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 = _color_3_stripes_red
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 = FFFF00
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = FFFF00
| socks2 = FFFF00
| pattern_la3 =_redshoulders
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =_redshoulders
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 = _color_3_stripes_red
| leftarm3 = 1C1C1C
| body3 = 1C1C1C
| rightarm3 = 1C1C1C
| shorts3 = 1C1C1C
| socks3 = 1C1C1C
| prevseason = [[2012–13 Pune F.C. season|2012–13]]
| nextseason = 
}}

The '''2013–14 [[Pune F.C.]] season''' is the club's fifth season in [[I-League]], the top flight of Indian football and the seventh season in the club's entire history. This season will also see the club participate in Asia's top footballing competition, the [[AFC Champions League]], in [[2014 AFC Champions League|2014]] after India was awarded a spot in the tournament qualifiers and the club were announced as the best club in India to complete the club licensing requirements set by the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/11/26/4433906/pune-fc-to-play-afc-champions-league-play-off|title=Pune FC to play AFC Champions League play-off|publisher=Goal.com|date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

Former [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] international player and former [[Vitesse Arnhem]] manager [[Mike Snoei]] was hired to be the head coach of the club following the resignation of [[Derrick Pereira]].

==Background==
{{See also|2012–13 I-League}}

Pune began the 2012–13 campaign with hope. The club came into the season having lost some of their better players, including [[Subrata Pal]],<ref name=SubrataPal>{{cite news|title=Paul for United|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120510/jsp/sports/story_15473066.jsp#2|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|work=The Calcutta Telegraph|access-date=8 November 2013|location=Calcutta, India|date=10 May 2012}}</ref> [[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Baldeep Singh]],<ref name=BaldeepSingh>{{cite web|title=SPORTS DIGEST|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135514/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM/2012/05/10&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01900&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|work=Times of India|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> and [[Lester Fernandez]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India sees introduction of Transfer Fees as Pune sell Lester Fernandez to Prayag United |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/2012061122004/news-bytes/india-sees-introduction-of-transfer-fees-as-pune-sell-lester-fernandez-to-prayag-united |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105051656/http://www.thesportscampus.com/2012061122004/news-bytes/india-sees-introduction-of-transfer-fees-as-pune-sell-lester-fernandez-to-prayag-united |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |work=The Sports Campus |access-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref> The club also lost their top scorer from the previous season in former [[Guinea national football team|Guinea]] international [[Mandjou Keita]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 5th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-5th/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=5 June 2012 |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> However, the club was able to make up for those loses with the signings of [[Abhra Mondal]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhaduri|first=Archiman|title=Bengal 'keeper recovers from serious injury|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/top-stories/32632450_1_pune-fc-bengal-goalkeeper-east-bengal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/top-stories/32632450_1_pune-fc-bengal-goalkeeper-east-bengal|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=8 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> and [[James Moga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on striker James Moga for season ahead|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-bring-on-striker-james-moga-for-season-ahead-2|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> With these players added to the squad, Pune went into the [[2012–13 I-League]] season with a bang, beating [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]] 3–2 on the opening day of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC down ONGC in best-ever I-League opener|url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-1-%E2%80%93-pune-fc-3-2-ongc-fc|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> Then, after defeating [[Pailan Arrows]] on 9 November 2012, the club went on a nine-game unbeaten streak which eventually allowed the club to finish the season in second place, their best ever finish in the [[I-League]] to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League 2012-13: Pune FC's best ever season|url=http://punefc.com/?news=i-league-2012-13-pune-fc-s-best-ever-season|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

==Pre-season==

===Player movement===
After the 2012–13 season ended, Pune did not make many major changes to the squad. The club did let go three of their four foreigners in [[Chika Wali]], [[Boima Karpeh]], and club top scorer [[James Moga]]. All three players subsequently signed for other [[I-League]] clubs with Wali signing for [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]],<ref name=KarmaTransfer>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=Chika Wali and Karma Tsewang follow Derrick Pereira to Salgaocar FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/05/19/3989203/chika-wali-and-karma-tsewang-follow-derrick-pereira-to-salgaocar-?ICID=CP_1218|work=Goal.com|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> Karpeh joining [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]],<ref name=KarpehMove>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: Boima Karpeh all set to join Sporting Goa; Tolgay Ozbey is now a Mohammedan player|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/?option=com_content&view=article&id=1045%3Aindian-football-transfer-gossip-boima-karpeh-all-set-to-join-sporting-goa-tolgay-ozbey-is-now-a-mohammedan-player&catid=39%3Aplayer-blogs&Itemid=44&fontstyle=f-larger|work=KickOffIndia|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> and Moga joining [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].<ref name=MogaMove>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: East Bengal confirm Marcos Falopa as their new coach, rope in Joaquim Abranches|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1051%3Aindian-football-transfer-gossip-steven-dias-to-make-a-swoop-from-churchill-to-mumbai-tigers-eb-release-robin-singh&catid=39%3Aplayer-blogs&Itemid=44|work=KickOffIndia|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The club's number 1 goalkeeper from last season, [[Abhra Mondal]], also left the club to join East Bengal.<ref name=MondalMove>{{cite web|last=Mitra|first=Atanu|title=East Bengal sign Abhra Mondal and rubbish rumours regarding Izumi Arata|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/06/06/4030084/east-bengal-sign-abhra-mondal-and-rubbish-rumours-regarding|work=Goal.com|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> In addition to Mondal, the club also lost [[Subhash Singh]], [[Karma Tsewang]], and [[Nallappan Mohanraj]] to [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]], Salgaocar, and [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]] respectively. The club also lost their first ever signing in [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] who decided to sign for former I-League champions, [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]].<ref name=JejeMove>{{cite web|title=Dempo SC sign Pune's Jeje Lalpekhlua|url=http://newindianexpress.com/sport/Dempo-SC-sign-Pune%E2%80%99s-Jeje-Lalpekhlua/2013/06/15/article1635522.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610231524/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Dempo-SC-sign-Pune%E2%80%99s-Jeje-Lalpekhlua/2013/06/15/article1635522.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>

[[Air India FC|Air India]] [[forward (association football)|forward]] [[Prakash Thorat]] was the first player signed by Pune for the new season.<ref name=ThoratSigning>{{cite web|title=I-League: Pune FC sign up Prakash Thorat|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-07/i-league/39813909_1_pune-fc-nikhil-kadam-pune-football-club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-07/i-league/39813909_1_pune-fc-nikhil-kadam-pune-football-club|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The club then proceeded to sign both [[Anthony D'Souza]] and [[Arup Debnath]] respectively from Salgaocar and Mumbai Tigers.<ref name=DSouzaSigning>{{cite web|title=Pune FC rope in left winger Anthony D'Souza from Salgaocar FC|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-rope-in-left-winger-anthony-d%E2%80%99souza-from-salgaocar-fc|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=ArupSigning>{{cite web|title=Pune FC sign Arup Debnath, complete goalkeeper line-up for 2013-14 season|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-sign-arup-debnath-complete-goalkeeper-line-up-for-2013-14-season|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The club then went on to sign three new foreigners to replace the three that left the club. The first to arrive was [[Equatorial Guinea national football team|Equatorial Guinea]] international [[Raúl Fabiani]].<ref name=FabianiSigning>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on striker Raúl Fabiani for the season ahead|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-bring-on-striker-raul-fabiani-for-the-season-ahead|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The second foreign signing for Pune came only two days later with the signing of [[Calum Angus]] from [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Superettan]] side [[GAIS]].<ref name=AngusSigning>{{cite web|title=Pune FC adds English defender Calum Angus to roster|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-adds-english-defender-calum-angus-to-roster|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> Then the third and final foreign signing for Pune before the season began was former [[A-League]]r [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]] who last played for the [[Brisbane Roar]].<ref name=MeyerSigning>{{cite web|title=Pune FC bring on A-League attacker James Meyer|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-bring-on-a-league-attacker-james-meyer|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> Then, before the I-League season began, Pune signed up four players from their [[Pune F.C. Academy|academy]] with [[Denechandra Meitei]], [[Salam Ranjan Singh]], [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]], and Gobin Singh all earning promotions to the senior squad.<ref name=PuneAcademy1>{{cite web|title=Young Pune FC all set for the 2013-14 season|url=http://punefc.com/?news=young-pune-fc-all-set-for-the-2013-14-season|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>

After the season began, Pune did make a change in their squad with [[Raúl Fabiani]] being released from the side and former [[Premier League]] and [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] player [[Riga Mustapha]] being brought in as a replacement.<ref name=Rigatransfer>{{cite web|title=Pune FC release striker Fabiani; sign Mustapha Riga|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-release-striker-fabiani-sign-mustapha-riga|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The club made further changes to their squad in January 2014 with the signings of [[Gabriel Fernandes]], [[Nicolau Borges]], and [[Nawab Zeeshan]] being announced. Fernandes comes on loan from [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] while Borges comes on loan from [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]].<ref name="January Signings">{{cite web|title=Pune FC add Nicolau, Gabriel and Zeeshan to line up|url=http://punefc.com/?news=pune-fc-add-nicolau-gabriel-and-zeeshan-to-line-up|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>

Then, on 18 February 2014, the club announced that they had re-signed former Fans' Player of the Year [[Lester Fernandez]] for the rest of the season.<ref name="Lester Signing">{{cite web|title=Pune FC re-sign winger Lester Fernandez|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Pune-FC-re-sign-winger-Lester-Fernandez/articleshow/30630347.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

====In====
[[File:Mustapha Riga.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Former [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] player [[Riga Mustapha]] joined Pune in October 2013.]]
[[File:Jeje Lalpekhlua (Indian Arrows).jpg|thumb|175px|right|Pune's first ever signing, [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] left the club in June 2013.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope=col|Position
!scope=col|Player
!scope=col|Last played for
!scope=col|Fee
!scope=col|Date
!scope=col|Ref
|-
|20
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Thorat]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|Free
|7 June 2013
|<ref name=ThoratSigning/>
|-
|21
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony D'Souza]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|Free
|15 July 2013
|<ref name=DSouzaSigning/>
|-
|22
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arup Debnath]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|31 July 2013
|<ref name=ArupSigning/>
|-
|—
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|EQG}} [[Raúl Fabiani]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Huracán Valencia CF|Huracán]]
|Free
|5 August 2013
|<ref name=FabianiSigning/>
|-
|4
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Calum Angus]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[GAIS]]
|Free
|7 August 2013
|<ref name=AngusSigning/>
|-
|10
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane Roar]]
|Free
|13 August 2013
|<ref name=MeyerSigning/>
|-
|14
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Denechandra Meitei]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|—
|19 September 2013
|<ref name=PuneAcademy1/>
|-
|24
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|—
|19 September 2013
|<ref name=PuneAcademy1/>
|-
|28
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|—
|19 September 2013
|<ref name=PuneAcademy1/>
|-
|29
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} Gobin Singh
|[[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|—
|19 September 2013
|<ref name=PuneAcademy1/>
|-
|7
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Riga Mustapha]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Cartagena|Cartagena]]
|Free
|26 October 2013
|<ref name=Rigatransfer/>
|-
|12
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nicolau Borges]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|Loan
|13 January 2014
|<ref name="January Signings"/>
|-
|18
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nawab Zeeshan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|13 January 2014
|<ref name="January Signings"/>
|-
|30
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gabriel Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|Loan
|13 January 2014
|<ref name="January Signings"/>
|-
|31
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lester Fernandez]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|18 February 2014
|<ref name="Lester Signing"/>
|}

====Out====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope=col|Position
!scope=col|Player
!scope=col|Moved to
!scope=col|Fee
!scope=col|Date
!scope=col|Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|Free
|18 May 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|last=George|first=Joseph|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, May 18|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-may-18/|work=The Hard Tackle|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karma Tsewang]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|Free
|19 May 2013
|<ref name=KarmaTransfer/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chika Wali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|Free
|19 May 2013
|<ref name=KarmaTransfer/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Boima Karpeh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|Free
|1 June 2013
|<ref name=KarpehMove/>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhra Mondal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|Free
|6 June 2013
|<ref name=MondalMove/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|SSD}} [[James Moga]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|Free
|13 June 2013
|<ref name=MogaMove/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|Free
|15 June 2013
|<ref name=JejeMove/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|26 June 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Deep Singh|first=Kunwar|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 26|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-27/|work=The Hard Tackle|access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]]
|colspan=1|''None''
|Free
|9 July 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali |first=Rahul |title=Pune FC Director Nandan Piramal: We felt it was the right time to push our youth |url=http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/pune-fc-director-nandan-piramal-felt-time-push-072300254.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730184613/http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/pune-fc-director-nandan-piramal-felt-time-push-072300254.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2013 |work=Yahoo Sports |access-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|EQG}} [[Raúl Fabiani]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Huracán Valencia CF]]
|Free
|26 October 2013
|<ref name=Rigatransfer/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope=row|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]]
|colspan=1|''None''
|Free
|1 December 2013
|
|}

===Matches===
The club began their pre-season campaign with new coach [[Mike Snoei]] in [[Goa]]. The club drew their first two matches against [[SESA Football Academy]] and Laxmi Prasad before beating [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] 2–0 thanks to a double from [[Raúl Fabiani]]. In their next match, Pune defeated league-rivals [[Mumbai F.C.]] at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] in which strikes from [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]], Fabiani, and [[Zohmingliana Ralte]] earned the side a 3–0 victory. Then in their final match of pre-season, Pune defeated Deccan XI 2–0 thanks to strikes from [[Dhanpal Ganesh]] and [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]].

;Results
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date =
|time =
|team1 = [[SESA Football Academy|SESA F.A.]]
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://punefc.com/?news=preseason-friendly-churchill-brothers-1-2-pune-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Goa]]
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date =
|time =
|team1 = Laxmi Prasad
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://punefc.com/?news=preseason-friendly-churchill-brothers-1-2-pune-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Goa]]
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = 14 August 2013
|time =
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 0 – 2
|report = [http://punefc.com/?news=preseason-friendly-churchill-brothers-1-2-pune-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Raúl Fabiani|Fabiani]] {{goal|24||25}}
|location = [[Goa]]
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = 7 September 2013
|time =
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 3 – 0
|report = [http://punefc.com/?news=preseason-friendly-pune-fc-3-0-mumbai-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1 = [[James Meyer (footballer)|Meyer]] {{goal|28}} [[Raúl Fabiani|Fabiani]] {{goal|54}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = 14 September 2013
|time =
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://punefc.com/?news=preseason-friendly-pune-fc-3-0-mumbai-fc Report]
|team2 = Deccan XI
|goals1 = [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Ganesh]] {{goal|32}} [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|35}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

==I-League==
{{main|2013–14 I-League}}

===Summary===
Pune set out for their first ever [[I-League]] title in style with a victory away from home in round one of the 2013–14 I-League season against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. Debut goals from [[Raúl Fabiani]], who scored a brace, and [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]] helped Pune to 3–1 victory at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]]. [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] was the scorer for Mohammedan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Mohammedan Sporting 1-3 Pune FC: Red Lizards kick-start their campaign in style|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122545/mohd-sp-vs-pune-fc/report?|work=Goal.com|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> Pune then suffered a goalless draw in their second match of the season against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] on 29 September 2013 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC and Shillong Lajong FC play out goalless draw|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-29/i-league/42502013_1_raul-fabiani-nikhil-kadam-pune-fc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218064348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-29/i-league/42502013_1_raul-fabiani-nikhil-kadam-pune-fc|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

Pune then began what would be a home-only month of October in which all their matches that month would be played at home. The first of the three matches occurred on 10 October against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. Pune managed to come out on top in that match 2–0 thanks to goals from [[Pune F.C. Academy|academy]] product [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] and foreign import [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC beat 10-man Mohun Bagan 2-0 in I-League|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/i-league/42899355_1_velington-rocha-othallo-tabia-raul-fabiani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/i-league/42899355_1_velington-rocha-othallo-tabia-raul-fabiani|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> The second match then occurred nine-days later on 19 October against the defending champions from the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] season [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. Despite that fact, Pune were able to come out of the match with a victory thanks to a 52nd-minute goal from [[Calum Angus]], his first for the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC 1-0 Churchill Brothers: Red Lizards continue their good run as they hand Red Machines their 2nd consecutive defeat|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1448:pune-fc-1-0-churchill-brothers-red-lizards-continue-their-good-run-as-they-hand-red-machines-their-2nd-consecutive-defeat&catid=42:rokstories|work=Kick Off India|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> Then, the third and final match of the month came on 27 October against newly promoted [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] in which a 29th-minute goal from Angus lead Pune to a 1–0 victory. The victory was important for Pune as it meant that Pune went into November tied for first place in the I-League with [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC go joint top of the table; down Rangdajied United 1-0|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-27/i-league/43432273_1_playmaker-douhou-pierre-othallo-tabia-nikhil-kadam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224131/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-27/i-league/43432273_1_playmaker-douhou-pierre-othallo-tabia-nikhil-kadam|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

Despite their grand October form, Pune could not stop themselves from falling 2–0 to [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on 2 November. Goals from [[Victorino Fernandes]] and [[Pratesh Shirodkar]] sealed Pune's fate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa beat Pune FC 2-0 in I-League|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-02/i-league/43610968_1_clube-de-goa-velito-cruz-pune-fc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-02/i-league/43610968_1_clube-de-goa-velito-cruz-pune-fc|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> However, Pune managed to come back in their very next match against new direct-entry side [[Bengaluru FC]] at home on 6 November in which a goal from James Meyer lead Pune to a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Pune FC unbeaten at home, down Bengaluru FC 1-0|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/i-league/43731639_1_mike-snoei-pune-fc-nikhil-kadam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/i-league/43731639_1_mike-snoei-pune-fc-nikhil-kadam|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> Then, after a two-week international break, Pune returned to Goa to take on [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] in a top of the table match as the winner would take first place in the league.<ref name="Salgaocar Away">{{cite web|title=Pune FC rally to hold Salgaocar to a 1-1 draw|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-22/i-league/44364374_1_darryl-duffy-gnakpa-clifton-dias|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-22/i-league/44364374_1_darryl-duffy-gnakpa-clifton-dias|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> After going down a goal in the fourth minute from [[Darryl Duffy]], Pune managed to equalize through a [[Riga Mustapha]] penalty, his first goal for the club, in the 61st minute.<ref name="Salgaocar Away"/> Five days later, Pune returned to the same venue to this time take on [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]].<ref name="Dempo Away">{{cite web|title=I-League: Dempo SC hold Pune FC 1-1|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/217522-i-league-dempo-sc-hold-pune-fc-1-1|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129221756/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/217522-i-league-dempo-sc-hold-pune-fc-1-1|archive-date=29 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> After going down early once again to a [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] 47th-minute goal it was again Riga Mustapha who came through for Pune with his 51st-minute goal earning Pune a 1–1 draw.<ref name="Dempo Away"/>

The club then began the month of December with a home match against [[United S.C.|United]] on 1 December 2013.<ref name="United Home">{{cite web|last=Jitendran|first=Nikhil|title=Pune FC 1-1 United SC: Asif earns a point for the away side|url=http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/pune-fc-1-1-united-sc-asif-earns-142500042--spt.html|work=Yahoo Sports|access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref> After taking the lead in the 77th minute through academy product [[Nikhil Kadam]], United scored their equalizer seven minutes later to force Pune to begin the month with a 1–1 draw.<ref name="United Home"/> The month then did not get better for Pune as they succumbed to their second defeat of the season at home to arch-rivals [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] on 7 December 2013.<ref name="Mumbai Home">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Joe|title=Mumbai win Maha derby|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-win-maha-derby-1931500|work=Daily News & Analysis|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> After going down early to a goal from former [[India national football team|India]] international [[Pappachen Pradeep]], Pune equalized through current India international [[Arata Izumi]] in the 41st minute. However, Mumbai scored the winning goal in the 60th minute through [[Yusif Yakubu]].<ref name="Mumbai Home"/> The club then fell to their second defeat in a row in their next match against [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]] at the Nehru Stadium in which, after taking a halftime 2–0 lead through Riga Mustapha and [[Gurjinder Kumar]], the club gave away three second half goals (including two in stoppage time) to lose 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Koustav|title=Rangdajied United 3-2 Pune FC: Late late drama as the Red Lizards are squashed|url=http://sg.sports.yahoo.com/news/rangdajied-united-3-2-pune-fc-drama-red-133700064.html|work=Yahoo Sports|access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> However the club then returned to winning ways when they faced United for the second time that month at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] on 15 December 2013.<ref name="United Away">{{cite web|title=Pune FC down United, return to winning ways|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-15/i-league/45215104_1_mustapha-riga-united-sc-pune-fc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-15/i-league/45215104_1_mustapha-riga-united-sc-pune-fc|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> An early brace from Riga Mustapha helped Pune to a 2–1 victory.<ref name="United Away"/> But that was only a short-lived moment for the club as the side quickly fell to third loss of the season in their next match against Mohun Bagan on 21 December 2013.<ref name="Mohun Bagan Away">{{cite web|title=Odafa double sink Pune FC|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/odafa-double-sink-pune-fc-113122100666_1.html|work=Business-Standard|access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> A brace from [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie]] and a goal from [[Ram Malik]] saw Pune lose 3–1 with the only Pune goal coming from Academy product Thongkhosiem Haokip.<ref name="Mohun Bagan Away"/>

Once the league restarted for Pune in February 2014, the club first took on Sporting Goa at home on 16 February 2014. After going down early in the 39th minute through [[Beevan D'Mello]] goal, Pune managed to equalize in the 56th minute through Thongkhosiem Haokip as Pune drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unlucky Pune FC held to a 1-1 draw by Sporting Goa|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/unlucky-pune-fc-held-to-a-1-1-draw-by-sporting-goa_780750.html|work=Zee News|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> Pune then won their first match of the year only three days later on the 19th against Mohammedan at the Balewadi Sports Complex when they defeated the Kolkata club 2–0. The goals came from Thongkhosiem Haokip and [[Gabriel Fernandes]].

===Matches===
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 1]]
|date = 21 September 2013
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score = 1 – 3
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=7243 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] {{goal|11}}
|goals2 = [[Raúl Fabiani|Fabiani]] {{goal|16||76}} [[James Meyer (footballer)|Meyer]] {{goal|52}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Umesh Bora]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 2]]
|date = 29 September 2013
|time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score = 0 – 0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=7277 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rabichandra Singh]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 3]]
|date = 10 October 2013
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=7287 Report]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|72}} [[James Meyer (footballer)|Meyer]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Umesh Bora]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 4]]
|date = 19 October 2013
|time = 19:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=7298 Report]
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 = [[Calum Angus|Angus]] {{goal|52}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerji]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 5]]
|date = 27 October 2013
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=8028 Report]
|team2 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|goals1 = [[Calum Angus|Angus]] {{goal|29}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Pratap Singh (referee)|Pratap Singh]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 6]]
|date = 2 November 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score = 0 – 2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=8031 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|54}} [[Pratesh Shirodkar|Shirodkar]] {{goal|90+4}}
|location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Duler Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 7]]
|date = 6 November 2013
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://i-league.org/?tb_match=8040 Report]
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[James Meyer (footballer)|Meyer]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Ajit Dutta]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 8]]
|date = 22 November 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9369 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Darryl Duffy|Duffy]] {{goal|4}}
|goals2 = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|61|pen}}
|location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Duler Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerji]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 9]]
|date = 27 November 2013
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9618 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2 = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|51}}
|location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 10]]
|date = 1 December 2013
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9794 Report]
|team2 = [[United S.C.|United]]
|goals1 = [[Nikhil Kadam|Kadam]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2 = [[Asif Kottayil|Kottayil]] {{goal|84}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Anthony Simoes]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 11]]
|date = 7 December 2013
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=9971 Report]
|team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1 = [[Arata Izumi|Izumi]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2 = [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|12}} [[Yusif Yakubu|Yakubu]] {{goal|60}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Vishnu Chauhan]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 12]]
|date = 11 December 2013
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|score = 3 – 2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10145 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Edmar Figueira|Figueira]] {{goal|62}} [[Kim Seng-Yong|Seng-Yong]] {{goal|90+3}} [[T Lalnunpuia|Lalnunpuia]] {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2 = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|23}} [[Gurjinder Kumar|Kumar]] {{goal|34}}
|location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Ranjit Bakshi]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 13]]
|date = 15 December 2013
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[United S.C.|United]]
|score = 1 – 2
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10168 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = Al Moustafa {{goal|47}}
|goals2 = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|11||23}}
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Ratheesh Kumar]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 14]]
|date = 21 December 2013
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=10300 Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie|Okolie]] {{goal|30||88}} [[Ram Malik|Malik]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2 = [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|79}}
|location = [[Barasat]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Umesh Bora]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 15]]
|date = 15 February 2014
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [http://i-league.org/?p=11117 Report]
|team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|56}}
|goals2 = [[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|39}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[C.R. Srikrishna]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 16]]
|date = 19 February 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score = 2 – 0
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1 = [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|43}} [[Gabriel Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013–14 I-League|Match 17]]
|date = 1 March 2014
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score = v
|report =
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}

===Table===
{{:2013–14 I-League|showteam=PFC}}

===Results summary===
{{Fb_rs |hw=5 |hd=2 |hl=1 |hgf=10 |hga=4 |aw=2 |ad=3 |al=3 |agf=10 |aga=12 }}
{{Fb_rs_footer |u=19 February 2014|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/pune-fc/10635/ I-League] |date=November 2013}}

===Results by round===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label1= Ground
| res1=[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Duler Stadium|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Duler Stadium|A]]/[[Duler Stadium|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|A]]/[[Kalyani Stadium|A]]/[[Barasat Stadium|A]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|H]]/[[Balewadi Sports Complex|A]]///////////
|label2= Result
| res2=W/D/W/W/W/L/W/D/D/D/L/L/W/L/D/W////////////

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|updated=19 February 2014
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/pune-fc/10635/ I-League]
|date=November 2013
}}

==Federation Cup==
{{main|2013–14 Indian Federation Cup}}

On 29 August 2013 it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation]] that the format for the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]] would be the same as in past years.<ref name=AIFFAugustFedCup>{{cite web|title=I-League Club Representatives meet in Dwarka|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5162|work=The All India Football Federation|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Also at that meeting, it was announced that Pune had been placed in Group A with [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] and [[United S.C.|United]] with another team to be decided.<ref name=AIFFAugustFedCup/> Then on 28 October 2013 it was announced that the fourth and final team to be placed in Group A would be [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] regulars, [[Langsning F.C.|Langsning]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Three news Teams included in Federation Cup fixtures|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5316|work=The All India Football Federation|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Matches for the group stage and final rounds were also released around that time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fixtures & Results|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/upcoming-fixtures.htm?tnmt_id=18|work=The All India Football Federation|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> However, on 13 December 2013, it was announced that Langsning had withdrawn from the Federation Cup, meaning that [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]] would replace them.<ref>{{cite web|title=FEDERATION CUP 2013-14 TO KICK-OFF ON JAN. 14, 2014|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5388|work=The All India Football Federation|access-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>

Pune began their Federation Cup campaign on 14 January 2014 against Eagles at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Kochi]]. Despite taking the lead first through [[Riga Mustapha]] in the 55th minute, Eagles managed to equalize through [[Koko Sakibo]] to draw the match 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup: Churchill Brothers, Dempo begin campaign with a win; Pune draw with Eagles FC|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219497-federation-cup-churchill-brothers-dempo-begin-campaign-with-a-win-pune-draw-with-eagles-fc|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121152924/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219497-federation-cup-churchill-brothers-dempo-begin-campaign-with-a-win-pune-draw-with-eagles-fc|archive-date=21 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three days later, Pune suffered their first loss of the tournament when they were defeated by [[United S.C.|United]] 1–0 through a goal from former Pune player [[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Baldeep Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finishing costs Pune the game against United SC|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/finishing-costs-pune-the-game-against-united-sc-114011701383_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>

Then, three days after that, Pune were officially out of the Federation Cup after a 3–2 defeat against eventual champions [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. Pune went down early in the match through an eighth-minute goal from [[Anthony Wolfe]] before equalizing through [[Gabriel Fernandes]] in the 19th. [[Lenny Rodrigues]] then scored for Churchill Brothers to make the score 2–1 before Pune equalized again through Gabriel Fernandes in the 53rd minute. However, Churchill Brothers then scored the winner in the 74th minute through a second Anthony Wolfe goal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup: Churchill Brothers, Dempo S.C. enter semifinals|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219770-federation-cup-churchill-brothers-dempo-sc-enter-semifinals|work=NDTV Sport|access-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123002151/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/219770-federation-cup-churchill-brothers-dempo-sc-enter-semifinals|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Table===
{{main|2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group stage#Group A}}
{{:2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=PUN}}

===Matches===
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013 Indian Federation Cup|Group stage]]
|date = 14 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5416 Report]
|team2=[[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]]
|goals1=[[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=[[Koko Sakibo|Sakibo]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013 Indian Federation Cup|Group stage]]
|date = 17 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[United S.C.|United]]
|score=1–0
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5429 Report]
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Singh]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013 Indian Federation Cup|Group stage]]
|date = 20 January 2014
|time =
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score=3–2
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5449 Report]
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Anthony Wolfe|Wolfe]] {{goal|8||74}} [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2=[[Gabriel Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|19||53}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

==Durand Cup==
{{See also|2013 Durand Cup}}

For the fifth time in their history, Pune entered the [[Durand Cup]] as their opening tournament of the season. On 7 September 2013 it was announced by the club that they would send a mainly academy squad mixed with four senior players; Caitano Costa, [[Prakash Thorat]], [[Shahinlal Meloly]], and Gobin Singh.<ref name=DurandCupSquad>{{cite web|title=Durand Cup 2013-14: Defender Costa to lead Pune FC|url=http://punefc.com/?news=durand-cup-2013-14-defender-costa-to-lead-pune-fc|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> It was also announced that [[Naushad Moosa]] would coach the side during the tournament.<ref name=DurandCupSquad/>

The tournament would turn out to be a short-lived one for the young Pune squad as the team lost both of their two group stage matches, thus ending them in last place in their group. The first loss came against Army Red on 9 September 2013 in which goals from Vipin TV and Lallidianmawia meant that Pune lost 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Red beat Pune FC 2-0 in Durand Cup|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/top-stories/41902678_1_durand-cup-army-red-pune-fc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118022522/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-09/top-stories/41902678_1_durand-cup-army-red-pune-fc|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> Then their second loss came four days later against former [[I-League]] club [[ONGC F.C.]] in which a quick double from [[Henry Ezeh]] and an own goal from Hassan Odeola left Pune FC with a 2–1 loss.<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC beat Pune FC 2-1, qualify for Durand Cup semis|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/top-stories/42040084_1_pune-fc-mohammedan-sporting-durand-cup|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118022510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-13/top-stories/42040084_1_pune-fc-mohammedan-sporting-durand-cup|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

===Squad===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Shahinlal Meloly]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Avilash Paul}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Caitano Costa|other=[[captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Gobin Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Henry Monsang}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Kaushal Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Harshad Lunawat}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Roushab Dhere}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Manimaran R}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Kiran C}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Rohit Kalsotra}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Altamash Sayed}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Soubhagyan Somrajan}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Diganta Khaddar}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Sumit Kumar Dubey}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Prakash Thorat]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Subhasish Bose}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=Vikas Zanje}}
{{Fs end}}

===Table===
{{:2013 Durand Cup Quarter-Finals|transcludesection=Group D|showteam=PUN}}

===Matches===
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013 Durand Cup|Group stage]]
|date = 9 September 2013
|time = 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Army Red
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=durand-cup-army-red-2-0-pune-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = TV {{goal|36}} Lallidianmawia {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2013 Durand Cup|Group stage]]
|date = 13 September 2013
|time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://punefc.com/?match-reports=durand-cup-pune-fc-go-down-1-2-to-ongc Report]
|team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1 = [[Henry Ezeh|Ezeh]] {{goal|61||63}}
|goals2 = Odeola {{goal|64|o.g.}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
}}

===Stats===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position !! Player !! Games !! Minutes !! Goals
|-
| GK || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahinlal Meloly]] || 1 || 90 || 0
|-
| GK || {{flagicon|IND}} Avilash Paul || 1 || 90 || 0
|-
| DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Caitano Costa || 2 || 180 || 0
|-
| DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Gobin Singh || 2 || 180 || 0
|-
| DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Henry Monsang || 2 || 180 || 0
|-
| DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Kaushal Singh || 1 || 90 || 0
|-
| DF || {{flagicon|IND}} Harshad Lunawat || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Roushab Dhere || 2 || 140 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Manimaran R || 2 || 142 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Kiran C || 2 || 180 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Rohit Kalsotra || 1 || 29 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Altamash Sayed || 2 || 156 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Soubhagyan Somrajan || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Diganta Khaddar || 2 || 78 || 0
|-
| MF || {{flagicon|IND}} Sumit Kumar Dubey || 1 || 90 || 0
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Thorat]] || 1 || 24 || 0
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Bose || 2 || 151 || 0
|-
| FW || {{flagicon|IND}} Vikas Zanje || 2 || 180 || 0

|}

==AFC Champions League==
{{See also|2014 AFC Champions League}}

On 26 November 2013 it was announced by the [[Asian Football Confederation]] that India would be awarded 1 spot in the [[AFC Champions League]], Asia's top footballing competition, for [[2014 AFC Champions League|2014]] and that [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] would be the representatives for the club in the competition.<ref name="Pune AFC Champions League">{{cite web|title=Pune FC to play in Asian Champions League play-off|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pune-fc-to-play-in-asian-champions-league-play-off-113112600626_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> It was also announced by the AFC that Pune would first have to play in a qualifier in order to make the Champions League group stage proper.<ref name="Pune AFC Champions League"/>

On 10 December 2013, during the [[AFC Champions League]] draw, it was announced that Pune would first play in the first round of qualifiers in the East Zone against [[Hanoi T&T F.C.|Hanoi T&T]] of the [[V.League 1]].<ref name="First Round Draw">{{cite web|title=Pune FC up against Vietnam side in first round of ACL play-off|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pune-fc-up-against-vietnam-side-in-first-round-of-acl-play-off-113121000756_1.html|work=Business-Standard|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> They took on the Vietnamese club on 29 January 2014 at the Balewadi Sports Complex in which they were defeated 3–0 by the visitors and thus knocked-out of the AFC Champions League and relegated to the [[2014 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AFC Champions League: Pune FC go down 0-3 to Hanoi T&T FC|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/220179-afc-champions-league-pune-fc-go-down-0-3-to-hanoi-tt-fc|work=NDTV Sport|access-date=18 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204191459/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/220179-afc-champions-league-pune-fc-go-down-0-3-to-hanoi-tt-fc|archive-date=4 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Qualifiers===
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2014 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off|First Round]]
|date = 29 January 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 0 – 3
|report = [http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7962&stageid=316&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi T&T F.C.|Hanoi T&T]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Sam Gallagher (footballer, born 1991)|Gallagher]] {{goal|52}} [[Nguyen Van Quyet|Nguyễn Văn Quyết]] {{goal|71}} [[Hughtun Hector|Hector]] {{goal|83}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|attendance = 4,500
|referee = [[Abdullah Balideh]] ([[Qatar]])
|result = L
}}

==AFC Cup==
{{See also|2014 AFC Cup}}

===Group stage===
{{main|2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H}}
{{:2014 AFC Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group H|show_matches=n|showteam=PUN}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 1]]
|date = 26 February 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|report = [http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7924&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2 = {{flagicon|MYA}} [[Nay Pyi Taw F.C.|Nay Pyi Taw]]
|goals1 = [[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|9}} [[Douhou Pierre|Pierre]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2 = [[Zaw Lin]] {{goal|17}} Khine Htoo {{goal|85}}
|location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]
|attendance = 3,017
|referee = [[Vo Minh Tri]] ([[Vietnam Football Federation|Vietnam]])
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 2]]
|date=12 March 2014
|time=20:00 [[UTC+08:00|UTC+8]]
|team1=[[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]] {{flagicon|HKG}}
|score=2–2
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7925&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Fernando Recio|Recio]] {{goal|29}} [[Juan Belencoso|Belencoso]] {{goal|43}}
|goals2=[[Mirjan Pavlović|Pavlović]] {{goal|55}} [[Gabriel Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|74}}
|stadium=[[Mong Kok Stadium]], [[Hong Kong]]
|attendance=1,837
|referee=[[Chaiya Mahapab]] ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])
|result=D
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 3]]
|date=19 March 2014
|time=19:30 [[UTC+08:00|UTC+8]]
|team1=[[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]] {{flagicon|SIN}}
|score=3–1
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7928&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Miljan Mrdaković|Mrdaković]] {{goal|38||69}} [[Luis Alberto Closa González|Closa]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2=[[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|16|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Jalan Besar Stadium]], [[Singapore]]
|attendance=778
|referee=[[Wang Di (referee)|Wang Di]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])
|result=L
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 4]]
|date=1 April 2014
|time=19:00 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=2–5
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7930&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2={{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]]
|goals1=[[Riga Mustapha|Mustapha]] {{goal|12}} [[Anthony D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|14}}
|goals2=[[Miljan Mrdaković|Mrdaković]] {{goal|5}} [[Jamil Ali|Ali]] {{goal|43}} [[Aleksandar Đurić|Đurić]] {{goal|57||69}} [[Mustafić Fahrudin|Fahrudin]] {{goal|60|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]
|attendance=2,013
|referee=Yaqoob Abdul Baki ([[Oman Football Association|Oman]])
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 5]]
|date=8 April 2014
|time=16:00 [[UTC+06:30|UTC+6:30]]
|team1=[[Nay Pyi Taw F.C.|Nay Pyi Taw]] {{flagicon|MYA}}
|score=3–3
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/afcasfeeds/?fixtureid=7932&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Aung Kyaw Naing]] {{goal|41}} [[Nyein Tayzar Win]] {{goal|62}} Khine Htoo {{goal|72}}
|goals2=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|36}} [[Arata Izumi|Izumi]] {{goal|55}} [[Calum Angus|Angus]] {{goal|80}}
|stadium=[[Paung Laung Stadium]], [[Naypyidaw]]
|attendance=464
|referee=Mohd Nafeez Abdul Wahab ([[Football Association of Malaysia|Malaysia]])
|result=D
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|round=[[2014 AFC Cup group stage#Group H|Match 6]]
|date=22 April 2014
|time=17:00 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=2–0
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=7934&stageid=315&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2={{flagicon|HKG}} [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]]
|goals1=[[Zohmingliana Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|74||80}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]
|attendance=1,317
|referee=[[Ali Sabah Adday Al-Qaysi]] ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|result=W
}}

==Player information==

===Squad information===
''Updated 18 February 2014.''<ref>[http://punefc.com/?cat=12 Current Roster] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928135838/http://punefc.com/?cat=12 |date=28 September 2013 }} Punefc.com</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:70%"
|-
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Position
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Date of birth (age)
! style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Previous club
|-
! colspan=7 style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| [[Amrinder Singh]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|27}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 22
| [[Arup Debnath]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|7|15}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|-
| 27
| [[Shahinlal Meloly]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|2|15}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]]
|-
! colspan=6 style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Defenders
|-
| 2
| [[Othallo Tabia]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|RB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|10|20}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]]
|-
| 4
| [[Calum Angus]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|ENG}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|4|15}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[GAIS]]
|-
| 5
| [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|LB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|10|10}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy]]
|-
| 13
| [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|CB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|2}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
| 14
| [[Denechandra Meitei]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|3|28}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 15
| [[Anas Edathodika]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|2|15}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|-
| 18
| [[Nawab Zeeshan]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|4|2}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|-
| 24
| [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|4}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 25
| [[Srikanth Ramu]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|28}}
|align=left| Youth Team
|-
| 29
| Gobin Singh
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|LB]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|3|4}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
! colspan=6 style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Midfielders
|-
| 6
| [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|AMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|11|21}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| 8
| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|AMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|7|31}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahindra United]]
|-
| 11
| [[Douhou Pierre]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Midfielder|AMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|12|21}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahindra United]]
|-
| 12
| [[Nicolau Borges]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|1|20}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| 16
| [[Velington Rocha]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|5|24}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Margao
|-
| 17
| [[Dhanpal Ganesh]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|6|13}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 19
| [[Nikhil Kadam]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|CMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|6|23}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 21
| [[Anthony D'Souza]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|LW]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|3|2}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|-
| 23
| [[Mumtaz Akhtar]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|CMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|12|8}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|-
| 26
| [[Fanai Lalrempuia]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|CMF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|5|11}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
| 30
| [[Gabriel Fernandes]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|4|22}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|-
| 31
| [[Lester Fernandez]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|6}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|-
! colspan=6 style="background:#FF0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Forwards
|-
| 7
| [[Riga Mustapha]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|NED}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|10}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Cartagena|Cartagena]]
|-
| 10
| [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|AUS}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|5|28}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane Roar FC|Brisbane Roar]]
|-
| 20
| [[Prakash Thorat]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|3|11}}
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|-
| 28
| [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|align=center|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|ST]]
| {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|8|26}}
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]]
|-
|}

===Management===
[[File:Mike Snoei (1982).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Mike Snoei coaches Pune this season.]]
:''As of October 2013.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Management|url=http://punefc.com/?cat=16|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Mike Snoei]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Gift Raikhan]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|England}} Glen Johnson
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|India}} Tariq Shaikh
|-
| Fitness coach
| {{flagicon|India}} Sridhar Krishnamurthy
|-
| Kit manager
| {{flagicon|India}} Prashant Naidu
|-
| Academy director
| {{flagicon|India}} Ranjan Chowdhury
|-
| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Academy]] coach
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Naushad Moosa]]
|}
{{clear}}

==Player statistics==

===Appearances and goals===
{{Updated|19 February 2014}}
{{Efs start|[[2013–14 I-League|I-League]]|[[2014 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]|[[2013 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]}}
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Amrinder Singh]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|15+0|0|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Othallo Tabia]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|8+3|0|1+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Calum Angus]]|pos=DF|nat=ENG|14+0|2|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Gurjinder Kumar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|13+0|1|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[Shanmugam Venkatesh]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+7|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Riga Mustapha]]|pos=FW|nat=NED|10+0|5|1+0|0|3+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Arata Izumi]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|13+0|0|1+0|0|2+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]]|pos=FW|nat=AUS|10+1|3|0+1|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Douhou Pierre]]|pos=MF|nat=CIV|15+1|0|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Nicolau Borges]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=13|name=[[Zohmingliana Ralte]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|2+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Denechandra Meitei]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Anas Edathodika]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|14+0|0|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|name=[[Velington Rocha]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|2+4|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Dhanpal Ganesh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|6+1|0|1+0|0|1+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Nawab Zeeshan]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|2+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Nikhil Kadam]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|10+0|1|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Prakash Thorat]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+3|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=[[Anthony D'Souza]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|6+6|0|1+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Arup Debnath]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|1+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=[[Mumtaz Akhtar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|12+1|0|0+0|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|name=[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|6+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Srikanth Ramu]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|5+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|name=[[Fanai Lalrempuia]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|5+4|0|1+0|0|0+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Shahinlal Meloly]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|5+7|4|0+1|0|0+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=Gobin Singh|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=[[Gabriel Fernandes]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|2+0|0|1+0|0|1+2|2}}
{{Efs player|no=31|name=[[Lester Fernandez]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|name=Caitano Costa [ONL]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|name=[[Raúl Fabiani]] [L]|pos=FW|nat=EQG|2+0|2|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs end|date=February 2015}}

* ONL = Out on loan.
* L = Has left the club during the season.

===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center"
|-
!width=60|Place
!width=60|Position
!width=60|Nationality
!width=60|Number
!width=150|Name
!width=100|I-League
!width=100|AFC Champions League
!width=100|Federation Cup
!width=100|'''Total'''
|-
|rowspan=1|1
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|NED}}
| 7
| [[Riga Mustapha]]
| 5
| 0
| 1
| '''6'''
|-
|rowspan=1|2
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 28
| [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
| 4
| 0
| 0
| '''4'''
|-
|rowspan=2|3
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| 10
| [[James Meyer (footballer)|James Meyer]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 30
| [[Gabriel Fernandes]]
| 1
| 0
| 2
| '''3'''
|-
|rowspan=2|5
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}}
| 4
| [[Calum Angus]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| '''2'''
|-
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|EQG}}
| —
| [[Raúl Fabiani]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| '''2'''
|-
|rowspan=3|7
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 19
| [[Nikhil Kadam]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 8
| [[Arata Izumi]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| 5
| [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
|colspan=5|'''TOTALS'''
| '''20'''
| '''0'''
| '''3'''
| '''23'''
|}

==International Caps==
Players called for senior international duty during the 2013–14 season while under contract with [[Pune F.C.|Pune]].
;
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|-
!width=5%|Nationality
!width=5%|Position
!width=7%|Player
!width=15%|Competition
!width=7%|Date
!width=25%|Contribution
!width=10%|Opponent
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| MF
|align=center| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 14 August 2013
| Subbed on in the 46th minute.<ref>{{cite web|title=TAJIKISTAN VS. INDIA 3 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/14/world/friendlies/tajikistan/india/1486662/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| MF
|align=center| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 3 September 2013
| Subbed on in the 78th minute.<ref>{{cite web|title=BANGLADESH VS. INDIA 1 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/03/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/bangladesh/india/1553519/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| MF
|align=center| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 5 September 2013
| Started and played 76 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. NEPAL 1 - 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/05/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/nepal/1553520/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| MF
|align=center| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|align=center| 9 September 2013
| Started and played 80 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=MALDIVES VS. INDIA 0 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/09/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/maldives/india/1578930/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maldives national football team|Maldives]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| MF
|align=center| [[Arata Izumi]]
|align=center| [[2013 SAFF Championship Final]]
|align=center| 11 September 2013
| Started and the played full match.<ref>{{cite web|title=AFGHANISTAN VS. INDIA 2 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/11/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/afghanistan/india/1578931/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]]
|-
|align=center| {{flagicon|IND}} India
|align=center| DF
|align=center| [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
|align=center| Friendly
|align=center| 15 November 2013
| Started and the played full match.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIA VS. PHILIPPINES 1 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/15/world/friendlies/india/philippines/1597380/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
|| v {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2013–14 in Indian football]]
* [[Pune F.C.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune F.C.}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 Pune F.C. season}}
[[Category:2013–14 I-League by team|Pune]]
[[Category:Pune FC seasons]]

Delhi Kumar

2026-01-16T22:41:34Z

Ashok Hathrasi: refine structure for consistency

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Delhi Kumar
| birth_name = A. Panchapakesan
| image =
| occupation = Actor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|05|09}}
| birth_place =
| years_active = 1974{{endash}}2020
| children = [[Arvind Swamy]] (son)<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vaL1VnLB6kw|title=Throwback to actor Delhi Kumar speaking about Aravind Swamy #SunTV #SunTVThrowback #DelhiKumar|work=Sun TV|via=YouTube}}</ref>
}}

'''Delhi Kumar''' (born 9 May 1942) is an Indian actor known for playing various roles in teleserials like ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'', ''[[Metti Oli]]'', ''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]'', ''[[Malargal]]'', ''Enge Brahmanan'' and ''[[Bommalattam (TV series)|Bommalattam]]''. He has also acted in a few Tamil films, such as ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001), ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002) and ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).

==Partial filmography ==
===Actor===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1974||''Onne Onnu Kannu Kannu'' || ||debut film
|-
| 1977 || ''Gaayathri'' || Gayathri's father ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || Maruthu Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' || Medical college dean ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Aavani Thingal]]'' || Periyavar ||
|-
| ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Chief Minister || Telugu film
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Veerappu]]'' || Puli's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Thangam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2010||''[[Singam]]''|| Kavya's grandfather ||
|-
| ''[[Enthiran]]'' ||Vaseegaaran's father ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Singam 2]]'' ||Kavya's grandfather ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]]'' ||Kavya's grandfather ||
|}

;Dubbing artist
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Actor !! Film
|-
| [[K. Viswanath]] || ''[[Kakkai Siraginile]]''
|}
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|rowspan=2|1997||''Premi''|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|[[Nimmathi Ungal choice-2|''Nimmathi Ungal Choice-2'']]|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|1999||[[Kasalavu Nesam|''Kasalavu Nesam'']]||Sundaram ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Raj TV]]
|-
|1999–2001||[[Chithi (TV series)|''Chithi'']]||Mahalingam||rowspan=5|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2000–2001||''Anandha Bhavan''||Parameshwar Iyer
|-
|2000–2002|| [[Chinna Papa Periya Papa|''Chinna Papa Periya Papa'']] ||
|-
|2002–2005||[[Metti Oli|''Metti Oli'']]||Chidambaram
|-
|2002||[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|''Annamalai'']]||Seshadri
|-
|2002–2004 || ''Agni Saatchi''|| || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2003||''Gopura Vaasal''|| ||
|-
|2003–2009||[[Anandham (TV series)|''Anandham'']]||Radha Krishnan "RK"||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005–2007||''[[Malargal]]''||Nataraja Gounder
|-
|2005–2008||[[Aarthi (TV series)|''Aarthi'']]|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2008–2009||[[Gokulathil Seethai (2008 TV series)|''Gokulathil Seethai'']]|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2009–2010||''Enge Brahmanan''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2009 ||[[Vilakku Vacha Nerathula|''Vilakku Vacha Nerathula'']]|| Astrologer||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2009 ||[[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|''Kalyanam'']] || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010–2015||[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|''Mudhanai Mudichu'']]||Kandaswamy||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010 || ''Poovilangu''|| || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2010–2011 || [[En Peyar Meenakshi|''En Peyar Meenakshi'']] || Meenakshi's father || [[Vijay TV]]
|-
|2012||[[My Name Is Mangamma|''My Name Is Mangamma'']]|| KMR||rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012–2014||[[Puguntha Veedu|''Puguntha Veedu'']]||Ramanathan
|-
|[[Paartha Gnabagam Illayo (TV series)|''Paartha Gnabagam Illayo'']]|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2012–2016||[[Bommalattam (TV series)|''Bommalattam'']]||Chidambaram Periyaswamy||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2013–2014||[[Ranga Vilas|''Ranga Vilas'']]|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2016–2018||[[Thalayanai Pookal|''Thalayanai Pookal'']]||Ramanathan||[[Zee Tamizh]]
|-
|2017–2019 ||[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|''Mahalakshmi'']]||Subramani||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018–2020||rowspan="2"|[[Lakshmi Stores|''Lakshmi Stores'']]||Thillainathan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2019||Swaminathan|| [[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2019–2020||[[Pandavar Illam|''Pandavar Illam'']]||Periya Sundaram||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

== Awards ==
*Sun Kudumbam 2012 Life Achievements Awards for ''[[Metti Oli]]''
*Sun Kudumbam 2018 Best Maamanaar (Shared with [[Poovilangu Mohan]]) for ''[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|Mahalakshmi]]''
*Sun Kudumbam 2019 Best Grandfather for ''[[Pandavar Illam]]''

== References ==
* {{cite news|title=TV's famous father|author=Malathi Rangarajan|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/31/stories/2004073100010200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911150615/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/31/stories/2004073100010200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2004}}
* {{cite news|title='Entertainment mustn't erode values'|author=Chitra Swaminathan|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/08/stories/2006040800090300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016135800/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/08/stories/2006040800090300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 August 2006}}

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Delhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Telangana

2026-01-11T03:03:25Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created Initial Post W/ Refs

{{WikiProject status|inactive|sc1=WP:INTS}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Telangana]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Telangana/to do|to-do list]] there.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Telangana, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Telangana#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|Roshanshaik5555}} - Contributes primarily to Politics of Telangana State
#{{user|Sawarijoshi}} - Contributes to urban development, economics, sports, educational institutions, and people. Currently focusing on the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad]].
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Sameer Vidwans

2026-01-05T14:39:46Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Vidwans
| image =
| caption =
| native_name_lang = समीर विद्वांस
| birth_name = Sameer Sanjay Vidwans
| birth_date = 24 September<ref name="BDay"/>
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| known_for = ''[[Anandi Gopal]]'' ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Juilee Sonalkar|2024}}
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|writer}}
}}
'''Sameer Vidwans''' is an Indian film director and writer known for his work in [[Marathi cinema]]. He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Filmfare Awards Marathi for Best Director]] for ''[[Anandi Gopal]]''. He won the 57th [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director]], and the film also won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=67th National Film Awards: "Anandi Gopal" wins best film on social issues |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/67th-national-film-awards-anandi-gopal-wins-best-film-on-social-issues-101616430470645.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Vidwans made his [[List of directorial debuts|directorial debut]] with the film ''[[Time Please]]''<ref name="BDay">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/birthday-special-anandi-gopal-to-double-seat-best-directorial-works-of-sameer-vidwans/photostory/86473887.cms?picid=86474039 | title=Birthday Special! 'Anandi Gopal' to 'Double Seat'; best directorial works of Sameer Vidwans | publisher=Times of India | date=24 September 2021 | accessdate=1 November 2022}}</ref> and in 2023, he made his [[Bollywood]] debut with the romantic drama film ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]'' starring [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Kiara Advani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-16 |title=Kartik Aaryan to headline Marathi filmmaker Sameer Vidwans' debut Hindi film? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kartik-to-headline-marathi-filmmaker-sameer-vidwans-debut-hindi-film/articleshow/82661901.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
;As director
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Work !! Genre !! Role !! Language !! Notes / Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Lagna Pahave Karun]]'' || rowspan="5" | Film || Writer || rowspan="11" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]||
|-
| ''[[Time Please]]'' || Director || Directorial debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Double Seat]]'' || Director, Writer ||
|-
| ''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]'' || Actor as [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sameer Vidwans |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sameer-Vidwans?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]'' || Director ||
|-
| ''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (TV series)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]'' || TV series || Writer ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Mala Kahich Problem Nahi]]'' || Film || Director, Writer<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/the-leader-of-a-unit-has-to-be-calm-and-positive-sameer-vidwans/story-jHqjfmBE812Wc0hGp002rJ.html | title=The leader of a unit has to be calm and positive: Sameer Vidwans | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=5 February 2019 | accessdate=31 October 2022}}</ref> ||
|-
| ''Yolo'' || Web series [[SonyLIV]] || rowspan="7" | Director ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Anandi Gopal]]'' || rowspan="2" | Film || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Social Film]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dhurala]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 / 2021 || ''Samanatar'' Season 1, 2 || Web series [[MX Player]] ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
| rowspan="3" |Film|| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2025|| [[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri|''Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri'']]
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable "
! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Notes !! {{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | ''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
| [[Pune International Film Festival]]
| Sant Tukaram Best International Marathi Film
| {{Won}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-16|title=Anandi Gopal named best film at Pune International Film Festival 2020|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/anandi-gopal-named-best-film-at-piff-2020/story-BD1pFAP7oG8Jo8BU83vu3H.html|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Hindustan Times }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar 2020
| Best Film
| {{nom}}
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Zee Gaurav Puraskar 2020 Winners List: Sonalee Kulkarni, Sayali Sanjeev Bag The Prestigious Award|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-gaurav-puraskar-2020-winners-list-sonalee-kulkarni-sayali-sanjeev-bag-the-prestigious-award|access-date=2021-03-15|website=ZEE5 News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020]]
| Best Film
| {{won}}
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2020: Anandi Gopal bags 10 awards, check out the winners list|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/article/filmfare-awards-marathi-2020-anandi-gopal-bags-10-awards-check-out-the-winners-list/726338|access-date=2021-03-15|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-26|title=Zee Studios 'Anandi Gopal' bags 16 nominations at the eminent Filmfare Awards Marathi 2020|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/zee-studios-anandi-gopal-bags-16-nominations-at-the-eminent-filmfare-awards-marathi-2020-2344517.html|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[67th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues | Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
| {{won}}
| Shared with producers [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards|url=https://cinematicillusions.com/news/67th-national-film-awards/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Cinematic Illusions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/67th-national-film-awards-kangana-ranaut-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chhichhore-win-101616411773402.html|title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut, Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore win. See complete list of winners here|date=22 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra Times|Mata Sanman 2021]]
| Best Film
| {{won}}
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mata Sanman 2021: Anandi Gopal Bags Victory In Whopping 6 Categories|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/mata-sanman-2021-anandi-gopal-bags-victory-in-whopping-6-categories/6059e3e637b7eb18a01cdfef|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{won}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dhurala]]'' || [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] || Best Director || {{nom}} || || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms | title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list | newspaper=Times of India | date=1 April 2022 | accessdate=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 6th edition of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-6th-edition-of-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52905-1.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=28 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2021_-52948-1.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=5772485}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidwans, Sameer}}
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]

Thrush (bird)

2025-12-07T01:34:46Z

Ashok Hathrasi: typo fix

{{short description|Family of birds}}
{{about|birds in family Turdidae|other birds known as thrushes|Thrush (disambiguation)#Birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Thrushes
| image = Psophocichla litsitsirupa (Etosha).jpg
| image_caption = [[Groundscraper thrush]] ''(Turdus litsitsirupa)''
| image_alt = Medium sized songbird stands upright with greyish upperbody, blackened wings, white underparts streaked with black, a white face with a prominent black crescent behind the eye and black line running from the eye down, and grey bill with yellow below
| taxon = Turdidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
*[[Myadestinae]]
*[[Turdinae]]
}}

The '''thrushes''' are a [[passerine]] [[bird]] [[family (biology)|family]], '''Turdidae''', with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily [[Saxicolinae]], which includes the chats and [[European robin]]s, as [[Old World flycatcher]]s. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.

==Characteristics==
Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds that inhabit wooded areas and often feed on the ground. The largest thrush is the [[great thrush]] at {{convert|128|to|175|g|oz|frac=8|abbr=on}} and {{convert|28|to|33|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}; the larger, commonly recognized [[blue whistling thrush]] is an [[Old World flycatcher]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Escobar Riomalo|first1=Maria Paula|last2=Gongora|first2=Esteban|last3=Arsitizabal Leost|first3=Sophie|editor1-first=Thomas S|editor1-last=Schulenberg|date=2020-03-04|title=Great Thrush (''Turdus fuscater'')|url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grethr1/cur/introduction|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.grethr1.01|s2cid=216306066|language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[Amami thrush]] might, however, grow larger than the [[great thrush]]. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts.

Thrushes are [[insectivore]]s, but most species also eat worms, [[land snail]]s, and fruit (usually [[Berry|berries]]). Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during the summer, often over considerable distances.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Perrins, C.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 186–187|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>

Thrushes build cup-shaped [[bird nest|nests]], sometimes lining them with mud. They lay two to five speckled eggs, sometimes laying two or more [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es per year. Both parents help raise the young.<ref name=EoB/> In almost all cases, the nest is placed on a branch; the only exceptions are the three species of [[bluebird]], which nest in holes.

==Ecology==
Turdidae species spread the seeds of plants, contributing to the dispersal of many species and the recovery of ecosystems.

Plants have limited [[seed dispersal]] mobility away from the parent plant and consequently rely upon a variety of [[dispersal vector]]s to transport their propagules, including both [[abiotic]] and [[Biotic component|biotic]] vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time.

Many bats and birds rely heavily on fruits for their diet, including birds in the families [[Cotingidae]], [[Columbidae]], [[Trogonidae]], Turdidae, and [[Ramphastidae]]. While eating fruit, these animals swallow seeds and then later regurgitate them or pass them in their faeces. Such [[Seed dispersal|ornithochory]] has been a major mechanism of seed dispersal across ocean barriers.

Other seeds may stick to the feet or feathers of birds and in this way may travel long distances. Seeds of grasses, spores of algae, and the eggs of molluscs and other invertebrates commonly establish in remote areas after long journeys of this sort. The Turdidae have a great ecological importance because some populations migrate long distances and disperse the seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora.

[[File:Tsugumi - chiba area - 2016 2 21.webm|thumb|300px|A [[dusky thrush]] in [[Tokyo]].]]

==Taxonomy==
The family Turdidae was introduced (as Turdinia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=151, 252 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref> The taxonomic treatment of this large family has varied significantly in recent years. Traditionally, the Turdidae included the small Old World species, like the [[nightingale]] and [[European robin]] in the subfamily Saxicolinae, but most authorities now place this group in the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]]. [[Molecular phylogenetic]] analysis has shown that the family Turdidae is a member of the [[superfamily (taxonomy)|superfamily]] [[Muscicapoidea]] and is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family [[Muscicapidae]]. The two families diverged in the [[Miocene]] around 17 million years ago.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O | doi-access=free }}</ref>

The family formerly included more species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of [[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]] in 2003, the genera ''[[Myophonus]]'', ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'', ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' and ''[[Heinrichia]]'' were included in Turdidae.<ref name=h&m3>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | year=2003 | title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | edition=3rd | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-7136-6536-9 }}</ref> Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in the family [[Muscicapidae]].<ref name=voelker2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Spellman | first2=G.M. | date=February 2004 | title=Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue= 2| pages=386–394 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X | pmid=14715230 | bibcode=2004MolPE..30..386V }}</ref><ref name=sangster2010>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | date=October 2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044 | bibcode=2010MolPE..57..380S }}</ref> As a consequence, these four genera are now placed in Muscicapidae.<ref name=avilist/><ref name=h&m4>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2, Passerines | edition=4th | publisher=Aves Press | place=Eastbourne, U.K. | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 }}</ref> In contrast, the genus ''[[Cochoa]]'' which had previously been placed in Muscicapidae, was shown to belong in Turdidae.<ref name=voelker2004/><ref name=sangster2010/>
[[File:Vogels door Jan van Oort (02).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Redwing]], [[fieldfare]], [[ring ouzel]]]]

==Genera==
{{further|List of thrush species}}
The family contains 194 species, which are divided into 17 genera:<ref name=avilist>{{ cite web | author=AviList Core Team | date=2025 | title=AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025 | doi=10.2173/avilist.v2025 | doi-access=free | url=http://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/ | access-date=2 December 2025 }}</ref>
* ''[[Grandala]]'' – grandala
* ''[[Bluebird|Sialia]]'' – bluebirds (3 species)
* ''[[Stizorhina]]'' – rufous thrushes (2 species)
* ''[[Neocossyphus]]'' – ant thrushes (2 species)
* ''[[Pinarornis]]'' – boulder chat
* ''[[Myadestes]]'' – solitaires (13 species, including two recently extinct)
* ''[[Chlamydochaera]]'' – fruithunter
* ''[[Cochoa]]'' – cochoas (4 species)
* ''[[Varied thrush|Ixoreus]]'' – varied thrush
* ''[[Aztec thrush|Ridgwayia]]'' – Aztec thrush
* ''[[Cichlopsis]]'' – rufous-brown solitaire
* ''[[Entomodestes]]'' – solitaires (2 species)
* ''[[Wood thrush|Hylocichla]]'' – wood thrush
* ''[[Catharus]]'' – American thrushes and nightingale-thrushes (13 species)
* ''[[Zoothera]]'' – Asian thrushes (22 species, including one recently extinct)
* ''[[Geokichla]]'' – medium-sized thrushes (21 species)
* ''[[Turdus]]'' – typical thrushes (105 species, including two recently extinct)

==Cooking==
The thrush is one of the many kinds of small bird that have in the past been trapped and eaten in much of Europe; the practice is now rare.<ref name=ad/> Among traditional ways of cooking thrush were with [[polenta]] or grilled on a skewer, in Italy; with [[juniper]] berries in Belgium; and made into a [[pâté]] or [[terrine (food)|terrine]].<ref name=ad>{{cite book | first=Alan|last= Davidson | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | location=Oxford | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-19-211579-0 | url-access=registration | page=793| url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 }}</ref> The French cook and cookery writer [[Marie-Antoine Carême]] recommended cooking thrushes in [[crépinette]]s and serving with [[sauce Périgueux]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Carême | first = Marie-Antoine | title = L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle | date = 1847 | location = Paris | publisher = Comptoir des Imprimeurs-Unis | url = https://archive.org/details/b21526047_0004/page/n427/mode/2up| oclc = 969509254|pages= 277–278}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Thrushes}}
{{Commons|Turdidae}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/thrushes-turdidae Thrush videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[http://www.birdphotos.com/photos/index.php?q=gallery&g2_itemId=5594 High-resolution photo gallery of around 100 species.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26050}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Turdidae|*]]
[[Category:Thrushes| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Sangram Arun Jagtap

2025-12-06T23:15:21Z

Ashok Hathrasi: page fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sangram Arun Jagtap
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 October 2014
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahilyanagar City]]
| predecessor = [[Anil Rathod]]
| successor =
| office1 = Mayor & Member of [[Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = (2008-2011),(2013
| term_end1 = 2015)<ref name="Ahmednagar Mayor Sangram Jagtap steps down">{{cite news |title=Ahmednagar Mayor Sangram Jagtap steps down |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ahmednagar-mayor-sangram-jagtap-steps-down-115052701463_1.html |accessdate=8 January 2025 |date=2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108140701/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ahmednagar-mayor-sangram-jagtap-steps-down-115052701463_1.html |archivedate=8 January 2025}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = Sandeep Kotkar
| successor1 = Sheela Shinde 
Abhishek Kalamkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|12 June 1985}}
| birth_place =
| father = MLC Arunkaka Balbhimrao Jagtap
| spouse = Shital Jagtap
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| education = B.Com., From New Arts Commerce & Science College, Ahmednagar. (2009)
}}
'''Sangrambhaiya Arunkaka Jagtap''' is a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the Ahmednagar City Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=19 October 2014|accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="NCP fields Sangram Jagtap for Ahmednagar LS seat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=NCP fields Sangram Jagtap for Ahmednagar LS seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ncp-fields-sangram-jagtap-for-ahmednagar-ls-seat/article26622199.ece |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108144854/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ncp-fields-sangram-jagtap-for-ahmednagar-ls-seat/article26622199.ece |archive-date=8 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On 22 March 2017, Jagtap was suspended along with 18 other MLAs until 31 December for interrupting Maharashtra Finance Minister [[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] during a state budget session and burning copies of the budget outside the assembly four days earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-assembly-ruckus-speaker-suspends-19-mlas-till-december-31/|title=Maharashtra Assembly ruckus: Speaker suspends 19 MLAs till December 31|work=[[The Indian Express]]|place=[[New Delhi]]|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>

On 7 April 2018 MLA Sangram Jagtap was among four held for murder of two Shiv Sena men in Maharashtra's Ahmednagar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/apr/08/ncp-mla-sangram-jagtap-among-four-held-for-murder-of-two-shiv-sena-men-in-maharashtras-ahmednagar-1798782.html|title=NCP MLA Sangram Jagtap among four held for murder of two Shiv Sena men in Maharashtra's Ahmednagar|agency=PTI|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 April 2018|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> Meanwhile, supporters of Jagtap allegedly vandalised the office of Ahmednagar superintendent of police after he was held in connection with the killings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-mla-arrested-for-murder-of-shiv-sena-leaders/article23480055.ece|title=BJP MLA arrested for murder of two Shiv Sena leaders|author=Shoumojit Banerjee|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 April 2018|accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
* Sangram Jagtap is the son-in-law of [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri, Ahmednagar]] MLA [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagtap, Sangram Arun}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Trades Cup

2025-12-01T08:35:30Z

Ashok Hathrasi: Created New Details W/ Sources

{{Short description|Association football tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|name = Trades Cup ট্রেডস কাপ
|image =
|organiser = [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)
|founded = {{Start date and age|1889}}
|abolished = {{End date and age|df=yes|2019}}
|region = India
|number of teams = 24
|current =
|current champions = [[Dalhousie AC]] (2nd title)
|most successful team = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] (11 titles)
}}
The '''Trades Cup''' (also known as the '''Trades Challenge Cup'''<ref name="sdg"/> or '''IFA Trades Challenge Cup''')<ref name="ifatc"/> was an Indian [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Kolkata]] and organised by [[Indian Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Football Association inks four-year deal with Accord Sports VDK |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football-association-ifa-commercial-partner-accord-sports-vdk-calcutta-football-league-ifa-shield-bengal/article32632117.ece |website=Sportstar |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019002231/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football-association-ifa-commercial-partner-accord-sports-vdk-calcutta-football-league-ifa-shield-bengal/article32632117.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref> Incorporated in 1889, it was the [[List of oldest football competitions|second-oldest football tournament]] in [[Asia]] and the oldest in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher=P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 |page=186 |access-date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samakal.com/opinion/article/2207124048/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F|title=ইংরেজের বিপক্ষে বাঙালি ফুটবল দলের প্রথম বিজয়|trans-title=The first victory of Bengali football team against Britishers|website=samakal.com|publisher=সমকাল বাংলা|date=29 July 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|location=Dhaka|author=Ikramujjaman|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729112358/https://samakal.com/opinion/article/2207124048/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F|archive-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/|title=Kick, Score, Scream! The History of Football in Dhaka|first=Dhrubo|last=Alam|location=Dhaka|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Ice Today|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015051/http://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/}}</ref> It was the traditional curtain raiser for the Kolkata football season.

==History==
The Trades Cup was instituted in 1889 by the trading community of Calcutta and was organised by the [[Dalhousie AC]] committee.<ref name="sdg">{{cite web |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal-1911-1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |publisher=University of Calcutta |website=[[Shodhganga]] |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |date=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}</ref> It was the first open football tournament in India, where Indian, British, regimental and college clubs participated.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Golondaaj' Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari: the father of Indian football|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football|website=Olympics|last=Nag|first=Utathya|date=3 February 2022|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144939/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Flint |date=2015-11-11 |title=A Tale of One City: Kolkata |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ |access-date=2021-03-16 |website=These Football Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183002/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ }}</ref>

The first Indian club to win a match against a British team was [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]]'s Sovabazar Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/|title=Nagendra Prasad — The father of Indian football who removed prejudice from the sport|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=25 January 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Sarah|last=Waris|location=Kolkata|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024082132/https://thebridge.in/amp/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiobanglanet.com/golondaaj-dev-dhrubo-banerjee-director/|title=বাঙালির ফুটবল প্রেমকে উস্কে দিয়ে|trans-title=By inciting Bengali's love of football|website=radiobanglanet.com|publisher=Radio Bangla Net|date=10 October 2021|access-date=21 October 2022|first=Swati|location=Kolkata|language=bn|last=Chatterjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019024354/https://radiobanglanet.com/golondaaj-dev-dhrubo-banerjee-director/|archive-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Introduction of Football in Colonial Calcutta- Part 1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ |date=25 March 2015 |first=Ankan |last=Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter |location=Kolkata |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195412/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> They won the opening match of the 1892 Trades Cup by defeating the [[East Surrey Regiment]] with the score of 2–1.<ref name="ifd">{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|website=AIFF|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari – The first visionary of Indian football|url=https://www.footballparadise.com/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-the-first-visionary-of-indian-football/|website=Football Paradise|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|date=25 November 2019|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922065949/https://www.footballparadise.com/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-the-first-visionary-of-indian-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Indian club to win the Trades Cup was the National Association who won the trophy in the 1900 edition. The Indian club from South Calcutta under the guidance of Manmatha Ganguly defeated the British side, Shibpur Engineering College on 11 August 1900 at the Shobhabazar Ground.<ref name="ifd"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20|journal=Soccer & Society|date=6 August 2006| volume=6 | issue=2–3 | pages=124–141 | doi=10.1080/14660970500106295 | s2cid=216817948 |access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Football as an instrument of Nationalism in colonial Bengal- Part 2|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/football-as-an-instrument-of-nationalism-in-colonial-bengal/|website=Football Counter|last=Banerjee|first=Ankan|date=15 April 2015|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216042218/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/football-as-an-instrument-of-nationalism-in-colonial-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohun Bagan]] completed a hat-trick of Trades Cup titles between 1906 and 1908,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/|title=Mohun Bagan: Blaze of Glory|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|date=7 June 2015|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222151228/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/}}</ref> which enabled them to make their [[IFA Shield]] debut in 1909.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GR-4AQAAQBAJ |title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora |date=23 October 2013 |last1=Dimeo |first1=Paul |last2=Mills |first2=Mills |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135276577 |access-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref>

The Trades Cup was revived after not being held for 25 years in 2004 by the IFA. The tournament gives the Kolkata clubs outside the "Big Three" playing in the Premier and lower divisions the chance to field and organise their teams ahead of the start of their league season.<ref name="tc2004"/>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Trades Cup Finals<ref>{{cite tweet|user=footy_chronicle|number=1480487159396282368|title=List of Winners- Trades Cup|date=10 January 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India — List of Trades Cup Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=2014|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216182041/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|archive-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>
!Year
!Winners
!Score
!Runners-up
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1889
|'''[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]'''
|2–1
|Howrah
|
|-
|1890
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs Regiment]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1891
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[King's Regiment (Liverpool)|2nd King's Liverpool Regiment]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1892
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[East Lancashire Regiment|1st East Lancashire Regiment]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1893
|'''[[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's College]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1894
|'''[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1895
|'''[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College]]''' (2)
|
|
|
|-
|1896
|'''[[IIEST, Shibpur|Shibpur Engineering College]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1897
|'''[[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering|Apprentice Engineers' Recreation Club, Jamalpore]]'''
|
|
|
|-
|1898
|'''[[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering|Apprentice Engineers' Recreation Club, Jamalpore]]''' (2)
|
|
|
|-
|1899
|'''Hastings FC'''
|
|
|
|-
|1900
|'''National Association'''
|
|[[IIEST, Shibpur|Shibpur Engineering College]]
|
|-
|1901
|'''[[IIEST, Shibpur|Shibpur Engineering College]]''' (2)
|
|
|
|-
|1902
|'''National Association''' (2)
|
|
|
|-
|1903
|'''[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College]]''' (3)
|
|
|
|-
|1904
|'''[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College]]''' (4)
|
|
|
|-
|1905
|'''[[IIEST, Shibpur|Shibpur Engineering College]]''' (3)
|
|
|
|-
|1906
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|
|
| <ref name="MB Villa">{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anita |title=MOHUN BAGAN VILLA – GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN |url=https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |website=Breathing Roots |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050014/https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ }}</ref>
|-
|1907
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (2)
|3–2
|[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]] B
| <ref name="MB Villa"/>
|-
|1908
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (3)
|
|
| <ref name="MB Villa"/>
|-
|1909
|'''Wanderers'''
|
|
|
|-
|1910
|'''Eastern India Railway, Asansol'''
|
|
|
|-
|1911
|{{flagicon|French India}} '''Chandernagore FC'''
|
|
|
|-
|1912
|'''National Association''' (3)
|
|
|
|-
|1913
|'''[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]'''
|
|
|<ref name="ak">{{Cite web |title=IFA TRADES CHALLENGE CUP - 2012 STARTS FROM TODAY |url=http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/indiafootball_news_2012/june7thpart_2012.html |date=11 June 2012 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=kolkatafootball.com |archive-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622121900/http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/indiafootball_news_2012/june7thpart_2012.html }}</ref>
|-
|1914
|'''Kumartuli'''
|
|
|<ref name="ak"/>
|-
|1932
|'''[[Howrah Union]]'''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah Union — at a glance |url=http://howrahunion.com/clubprofile.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=Howrah Union |archive-date=25 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425035748/http://howrahunion.com/clubprofile.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|title=কর্পোরেট ক্রিকেট দিয়ে হাওড়া ইউনিয়নে শতবর্ষ উৎযাপন শুরু|date=21 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2022|location=Kolkata|website=insidesports.in|publisher=ইনসাইড স্পোর্টস|language=bn|trans-title=Howrah Union keen to start club's centenary celebration with corporate cricket tournament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205233414/https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|archive-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1938
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (4)
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Era of Legends – 1930 to 1939 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1930-1939/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505232956/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1930-1939/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1939
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (5)
|
|
|
|-
|1943
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (6)
|
|
|
|-
|1944
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (7)
|
|
|
|-
|1945
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (8)
|
|
|
|-
|1949
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (9)
|
|
|
|-
|1950
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (10)
|
|
|
|-
|1960
|'''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]'''
|
|
|<ref name="trophylist">{{cite web|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/|title=YEAR WISE TROPHY LIST|work=East Bengal the Real Power|access-date=6 Jul 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192235/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/eastbengalclub/trophy-room/}}</ref>
|-
|1965
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (11)
|
|
|
|-
|1966
|'''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' (2)
|
|
|<ref name="trophylist"/>
|-
|1975
|'''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' (3)
|
|
|<ref name="trophylist"/>
|-
|1976
|'''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' (4)
|
|
|<ref name="trophylist"/>
|-
|1977–2003
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|-
|2004
|'''[[Calcutta FC|Calcutta]]'''
|2–1
|[[Eastern Railway SC|Eastern Railway]]
|<ref name="tc2004">{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2004|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222559/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|'''[[Eastern Railway SC|Eastern Railway]]'''
|{{pso|3–2}}
|[[Wari AC|Wari]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2005|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718231627/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005traderscup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|'''[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|5–4}}
|[[United SC|United]]
|<ref name="tc2006">{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006tradescup.html|title="Khadims" Trades Challenge Cup 2006|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231232/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006tradescup.html|archive-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|'''[[Chirag United SC|Chirag United]]'''
|3–1
|[[Eastern Railway SC|Eastern Railway]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007tradescup.html|title="Celebration" Trades Cup 2007|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222953/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007tradescup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|'''[[West Bengal Police FC|West Bengal Police]]'''
|3–0
|SAIL
|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008tradescup.html|title="Bengal Peerless" Trades Challenge Cup 2008|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718232452/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008tradescup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|'''[[Howrah Union]]''' (2)
|1–0
|[[Food Corporation of India FC|Food Corporation of India]]
|
|-
|2012
|'''Janbazar SC'''
|1–0
|[[Howrah Union]]
|
|-
|2013
|'''Pathachakra FC'''
|1–0
|Milan Bithee FC
|<ref name="tc13">{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2013|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2013/index.html#3|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235808/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2013/index.html#3|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|'''[[Food Corporation of India FC|Food Corporation of India]]'''
|5–1
|Mohammedan AC
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2014|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup2014/|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105013515/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup2014/|archive-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|'''City AC'''
|2–1
|Barisha SC
|
|-
|2016
|'''Calcutta Port Trust'''
|0–0 {{pso|5–4}}
|[[Wari AC|Wari]]
|
|-
|2017
|'''City AC''' (2)
|2–1 {{pso|5–4}}
|[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2017|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2017/sf_final.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219173051/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2017/sf_final.html|archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|'''[[Howrah Union]]''' (3)
|
|[[Calcutta Police]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2018|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2018/score_table.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104093328/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2018/score_table.html|archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|'''[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]''' (2)
|2–1
|[[Howrah Union]]
|<ref name="ifatc">{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2019|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_divn_2019-20/trades_2019.html#trades_21st|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024521/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_divn_2019-20/trades_2019.html#trades_21st|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Sports|Association football}}
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[Football in Kolkata]]
* [[List of oldest football competitions]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Dwaipayan|year=2013|chapter=Wiping the Stain Off the Field of Plassey: Mohun Bagan in 1911|editor-last1=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first1=Kausik|editor-last2=Mallick|editor-first2=Sabyasachi|title=Fringe Nations in World Soccer|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-99810-5}}
*{{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Ronojoy|year=2015|chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: The 1911 IFA Shield and Football in Calcutta|title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-16490-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}
*Dutta, P. L., ''Memoir of 'Father of Indian Football' Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1944) (hereafter Memoir)
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |year=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
*Ghosh, Saurindra Kumar. ''Krira Samrat Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary 1869–1940'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1963) (hereafter Krira Samrat).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Subir |title= সোনায় লেখা ইতিহাসে মোহনবাগান ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan in the history written in gold}})|year=2018 |isbn=978-93-850172-0-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Argha |last2=Basu |first2=Rupak |title=মোহনবাগান: সবুজ ঘাসের মেরুন গল্প ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan: Green fields' Maroon stories}})|year=2022|publisher=Shalidhan |isbn=978-81-954667-0-2}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{cite book |author=Kausik Bandyopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYJEAAAQBAJ&q=Shiv+Kumar+Lal+aiff |title=Scoring Off the Field: Football Culture in Bengal, 1911–80 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=29 November 2020 |isbn=9781000084054 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064545/https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYJEAAAQBAJ&q=Shiv+Kumar+Lal+aiff }}
*{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |title=Regionalism and club domination: Growth of rival centres of footballing excellence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301202832/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |journal=Soccer & Society |volume=6:2–3 |issue=2–3 |pages=227–256 |doi=10.1080/14660970500106410 |s2cid=216862171 |url-access=subscription }}

'''Others'''
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 ''From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }}. pp. 124–141. Published online: 6 Aug 2006. ''Taylor & Francis''. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2-3-5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972|title=A burnt-down football club and a 121-year-old legacy the flames couldn't touch|first=Manasi|last=Shah|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]|location=Kolkata|date=19 June 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026135252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972}}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1889]]

Aurangzeb Alamgir par ek nazar

2025-11-28T20:23:20Z

Ashok Hathrasi: starting a article

{{Short description|1909 booklet by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Aurangzeb Alamgir par ek nazar
| image = Cover design of Aurangzeb Alamgir par ek nazar.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = 1909 cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = اورنگ زیب عالم گیر پر ایک نظر
| orig_lang_code = ur
| translator = [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]]
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Aurangzeb]]
| genre = [[History]]
| published = 1909
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 49750769
| dewey = 954.0309
| congress = DS461.7 .S48 1999
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/alamgeer-shibli-nomani-ebooks
| publisher = [[Nawal Kishore Press]]
| english_pub_date = 1981
| pages = 140
| isbn = 978-93-80104-15-7
| isbn_note = ([[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], 2012)
}}
'''''Aurangzeb Alamgir par ek Nazar''''' ({{langx|ur|اورنگ زیب عالم گیر پر ایک نظر}}) is an Urdu booklet by [[Shibli Nomani]], written in the early 20th century to address and refute historical accusations against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The material was originally published as a series of articles in ''[[Al-Nadwa]]'' from December 1906 to March 1908 and was later compiled into a booklet in 1909 by [[Nawal Kishore Press]]. The work examines key aspects of Aurangzeb's rule, including his policies toward Hindus and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], his relationships with his father and brother, his educational and administrative initiatives, legal measures such as the [[Jizya|jizya tax]], and his religious beliefs.

== Origin and context ==
The idea for the work arose during Shibli Nomani's visit to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], after which he traveled to [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and stayed at the house of his student [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar|Muhammad Ali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Alauddin |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Shibli ki tareekhi baseerat (aurangzeb aalamgir ke hawale se) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/saheefa-shibli-number-shumara-number-218-219-magazines |journal=Saheefa |publisher=Majlis Taraqqi Adab |issue=218–219 |pages=204}}</ref> At Ali's suggestion, Shibli undertook to write an essay analyzing and responding to the charges commonly made against [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":0" /> The first part of the essay was completed on 5 December 1906 and published the same month in ''[[Al-Nadwa]]''. Over the next year and a half, six installments were released, with the series concluding in March 1908.<ref name=":0" /> In 1909, the work appeared in booklet form through the [[Nawal Kishore Press]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Mahmud |first=Minhaj Uddin |title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=31 May 2023 |year=2016 |location=Bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the time, [[English people|English]] and [[Hindus|Hindu]] historians had advanced numerous allegations against Aurangzeb, which Shibli believed required systematic rebuttal.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=59}} He regarded this as a 'historical duty,' reasoning that such portrayals encouraged communal division.{{Sfn|Naqvi|1996|p=296}} He further argued that after Aurangzeb, no comparable figure had emerged in the [[Islamic world]], a fact he claimed was recognized by the [[British Empire|British]], who used his reign as a focal point in colonial narratives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |page=228 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> These accounts, in Shibli's view, distorted events to reinforce imperial perspectives and gradually came to dominate interpretations of Aurangzeb's legacy.<ref name=":1" /> His stance reflected his broader commitment to [[Pan-Islamism]] and opposition to British imperialism, alongside growing disagreements with the [[Aligarh Movement]].<ref name=":0" /> At the same time, he was cautious not to escalate sectarian conflict.<ref name=":0" /> Later, Syed Sharif al-Hasan Naqvi observed that it is often assumed Shibli's defense of Aurangzeb was driven solely by religious sentiment, but argued this assumption oversimplifies his motives and does not fully capture the intellectual dimension of his work.{{Sfn|Naqvi|1996|p=297}}

== Key points ==
The work systematically addresses accusations made against Aurangzeb by English and Hindu historians.<ref name=":2" /> The first chapter, Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Deccan, examines the events in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], which have often been cited as evidence of Aurangzeb's alleged religious bias.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=205}} Shibli argued that the destruction of Hyderabad was primarily politically motivated and supported this argument with historical evidence.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=205}} The book also discusses Aurangzeb's relations with the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the causes of Hindu dissatisfaction, and his interactions with his father and brothers. Additionally, Shibli evaluates Aurangzeb's administration, including domestic reforms, revenue management, legal policies, education, and his personal character, emphasizing his administrative abilities, discipline, and engagement with religious matters.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=205}}

A frequently cited accusation suggests that Aurangzeb dismissed Hindus from government service upon ascending the throne. Shibli refuted this by presenting lists of Hindus who held significant positions throughout Aurangzeb's reign, demonstrating that the claim is historically inaccurate.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=227}} He also compared Hindu-Muslim relations, administrative practices, and the [[jagir]]dari system under Aurangzeb with those under [[Akbar]] and [[Shah Jahan]], showing that his policies were consistent with contemporary governance norms rather than motivated by religious prejudice.{{Sfn|Naqvi|1996|p=300}}

Shibli addressed allegations regarding the destruction of [[Hindu temple]]s, explaining that demolitions occurred only at sites of rebellion. He noted that during Aurangzeb's twenty-five-year presence in the [[Deccan wars|Deccan]], historical records do not report harm to individuals or property unrelated to uprisings.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Jahan |first=Nayyar |title=Shibli Bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nigar Ek Tankeedi Mutalea |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |language=ur |page=253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923182907/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1994 |location=India |hdl=10603/387883 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book also examines Aurangzeb's familial conflicts, including the arrest and death of his brother [[Murad Bakhsh]], showing that the emperor's actions were strategic rather than personally vindictive.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=209}} Regarding [[Shivaji]], European historians have criticized Aurangzeb's conduct following his capture. Shibli clarified that, while Shivaji was imprisoned, Aurangzeb acted in accordance with established norms of warfare and governance. He treated Shivaji with dignity, avoiding deception or unnecessary cruelty, and demonstrated adherence to principles rather than personal animosity.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=228}}

Another widely discussed allegation concerns the reimposition of the [[jizya]], which has been described as humiliating to Hindus.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=207}} Shibli explained that jizya functioned as a protection levy for non-Muslims, compensating them for exemption from military service and ensuring their safety and property.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=207}} While some Hindus expressed objections to its reintroduction after a period of suspension, Shibli argued that the tax was neither oppressive nor intended as a form of humiliation, but rather a measure consistent with the administrative and legal norms of Islamic governance.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=207}}

He highlighted Aurangzeb's administrative competence, adherence to principle, and personal discipline alongside his defense, presenting a comprehensive and balanced assessment of the emperor's character.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Md Azharrul Haque |date=2025 |title=Shifting Sands of Time: Aurangzeb's Portrayal in Urdu Historiography |url=https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/2357516 |journal=Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.63960/2025.03.06.azhar |issn=3048-7005|doi-access=free }}</ref> He also noted smaller administrative actions, such as the adoption of the [[lunar calendar]] in 1069 AH, as indicative of Aurangzeb's attention to governance.{{Sfn|Jahan|1994|p=254}} In the concluding sections, Shibli described the emperor's manners, habits, and approach to justice, providing a thorough examination of Aurangzeb's personal and administrative qualities.{{Sfn|Jahan|1994|p=254}}

== Approach ==
The work does not present a comprehensive history of Aurangzeb's reign but instead focuses on examining the criticisms and allegations directed against him.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=205}} For each alleged offense, Shibli identifies the relevant facts and outcomes, then evaluates and critiques the evidence and testimonies cited by his critics, systematically addressing misconceptions arising from misleading or biased accounts.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=226}} Following established historical methodology, he relies primarily on sources produced during Aurangzeb's era, including ''[[Tarikh-i-Farishteh]]'', ''[[Muntakhab-al Lubab]]'', ''[[Alamgirnamah]]'', ''Khazana Amirah'', ''[[Shahjahannama]]'', and ''Mirat al-Khiyal'', while also consulting contemporary European historians such as [[Stanley Lane-Poole]] and [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], along with travelogues by [[John Fryer (travel writer)|John Fryer]] and [[Charles Burney]].{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=205}} Additionally, Shibli draws extensively on Aurangzeb's personal correspondence, including letters to his brothers, military officers, and jagirdars, using them as primary sources regarding the emperor's policies and intentions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naqvi |first=Syed Sharif al-Hasan |date=1996 |editor-last=Anjum |editor-first=Khaliq |title=Aurangzeb Aalamgir par ek nazar: Ek jaiza |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-adab-new-delhi-shibli-number-shumara-number-001-002-003-khaliq-anjum-magazines |journal=Urdu Adab |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] |issue=1–3 |pages=299}}</ref> Throughout his analysis, he emphasizes the importance of impartiality and careful evaluation to ensure that assessments of Aurangzeb's actions remain balanced and free from bias.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=227}}

== Reviews ==
Minhaj Uddin Mahmud of the [[University of Dhaka]] observed that Shibli approached the subject with a calm temperament and provided detailed, thorough responses to accusations against Aurangzeb, noting that the work holds a distinctive place in Urdu biographical literature due to its reliance on verified information.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=60}} Md Jamil Akhtar of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] stated that Shibli meticulously reconstructed historical events, presenting evidence and arguments that addressed falsehoods about Aurangzeb.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=228}} Md Yeaqub of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] said that the scholar made it clear that Aurangzeb inaugurated a new era, and his reign is considered the golden age.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |language=ar |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/666571 |p=132}}</ref> Alauddin Khan commented that Shibli endeavored to fulfill the responsibilities of a historian,{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=204}} though complete impartiality was difficult to maintain, as his writing reflects support for Aurangzeb's religiosity, his application of religious principles in governance, and his opposition to Dara Shikoh's views; nevertheless, Khan considered the book a valuable source for contemporary historians.{{Sfn|Khan|2014|p=210}} Samee-Ullah Bhat of the [[University of Kashmir]] highlighted its significance as the first Indian attempt to study Aurangzeb comprehensively, particularly examining the Mughal nobility's character and the participation of Hindus during his reign.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2019 |title=The Importance Of Works Of Muhammad Shibli Nomani |url=https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JISH/article/view/2921 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=177 |doi=10.21580/jish.32.2921 |issn=2527-838X |s2cid=198507796 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashid Islam of the [[International Islamic University]], described the work as among Shibli's most notable compositions, providing insight into the historian's approach.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Rashid |date=2024 |title=The Place and Position of Molana Shibli Nomani in Urdu Historiography |url=https://ojs.makhz.org.pk/journal/article/view/292 |journal=Makhz (Research Journal) |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=679 |doi=10.47205/makhz.2024(5-III)urdu-25 |issn=2709-9644|doi-access=free }}</ref> According to an article in ''[[ThePrint]]'', a reviewer argued that Shibli, while acknowledging Aurangzeb's actions against Hindus, 'brazenly justified' them as a response to perceived insubordination,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharati |first=Ibn Khaldun |date=26 March 2025 |title=Aurangzeb is politics, not history. Indian Muslims must bury his ghost |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/aurangzeb-politics-history-indian-muslims/2565184/ |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> whereas historian [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] expressed reservations regarding Shibli's objectivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshmukh |first=Ajay Sahebrao |date=2015 |title=Rewriting History and Making of A Nation: An Odyssey into the Historical Times of India in Kamleshwar's Partitions |url=https://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/mar2015-special-issue/39.pdf |journal=Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal |volume=5 |pages=317 |issn=2249-9598}}</ref> Almas Khanum of [[Government College University, Lahore]] labeled Shibli's research as 'unparalleled' for its thoroughness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=293}}</ref>

== Translations ==
[[File:Cover of Alamgir.jpg|thumb|Cover of English version]]
The booklet has been translated into multiple languages. [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]] produced an English translation titled ''Alamgir'', first published in 1981 by Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, with a revised edition released in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALAMGEER |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/alamgeer-shibli-nomani-ebooks |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=Rekhta |language=}}</ref> Hasan Ali prepared a Bengali translation, ''Aurangzeb: Charitra-Bichar'' ({{lang|bn|আওরঙ্গজেব : চরিত্র-বিচার}}), initially published in 1969 by Dibya Prakash, followed by an updated edition in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangzeb: Charitra-Bichar |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/122430/aurangzeb-choritro-bichar |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=Rokomari.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi historical works|Deobandi historical works]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:mushtaqmaham hotmail|Urdu version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/alamgeer-shibli-nomani-ebooks English version] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi historical works]]
[[Category:1909 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]
[[Category:Indian history books]]

Third Nitish Kumar ministry

2025-11-27T13:04:53Z

Ashok Hathrasi:

{{Short description|Government of Bihar, India (2010–14)}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2021}}

This is a list of ministers from [[Nitish Kumar]]'s third cabinet starting from 26 November 2010.

On 16 June 2013, the [[JDU]] separated from [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] after [[Narendra Modi]] was announced as the Prime Ministerial candidate of the [[BJP]] for the [[2014 Indian general election]], following which Ministers from the [[BJP]] were dropped from the cabinet.
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_number= 33rd
|cabinet_type=Ministry
|jurisdiction=[[Bihar]]
|political_parties= {{Party index link| Janata Dal (United)}}
|previous=[[Second Nitish Kumar ministry]]
|outgoing_formation=
|incoming_formation=
|advice_and_consent2=
|advice_and_consent1=
|budget=
|legislature_term=5 years
|last_election=
|election=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|opposition_leader=(16 June 2013 onwards)
*[[Nand Kishore Yadav]] ([[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly]])
*[[Sushil Kumar Modi]] ([[Bihar Legislative Council|Council]])
|opposition_party= * {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
* {{Party index link| Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|opposition_cabinet=|legislature_status=[[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|total_number=
|former_members_number=
|members_number=18
|state_head=Governor [[Devanand Konwar]] [[D. Y. Patil]]|government_head_history=|government_head=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|date_dissolved=20 May 2014
|date_formed=26 November 2010
|caption=[[Nitish Kumar]] [[Hon'ble]] [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
|image_size=150px|image=The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2007-08 of the State, in New Delhi on February 14, 2007 (Nitish Kumar) (cropped).jpg|incumbent=|flag_border=true|flag=
|successor=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi ministry]]}}

== Council of Ministers ==
Source<ref name="gov">{{cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/csd/Content.html?links&page=Appointment|website=state.bihar.gov.in|title=Government of Bihar|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[List of ministers of home of Bihar|Home]] General Administration Cabinet Secretariat Vigilance Election Other departments not allocated to any Minister
|minister1=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] [[List of finance ministers of Bihar|Finance ]] Commercial Taxes Environment & Forest
|minister1=[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Water Resources
|minister1 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary|Vijay Chaudhary]]
|minister1_party =Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart =26 November 2010
|minister1_termend =20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Energy Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Prohibition, Registration & Excise
|minister1=[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Road Construction
|minister1=[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Agriculture
|minister1=Narendra Singh
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of transport of Bihar |Minister of Transport]] Minister of Information & Public Relations
|minister1=[[Brishin Patel]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Revenue & Land Reforms
|minister1=[[Ramai Ram]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Public Health Engineering Department
|minister1=[[Chandra Mohan Rai]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]
|minister1=[[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title= [[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar|Minister of Panchayat Raj]]
|minister1=Hari Prasad Sah
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=3 October 2011<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bihar-panchayati-raj-minister-hari-prasad-sah-dies/737184|website=outlookindia.com|title=Bihar Panchayati Raj Minister Hari Prasad Sah Dies|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913045618/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bihar-panchayati-raj-minister-hari-prasad-sah-dies/737184|url-status=live}}</ref>
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=3 October 2011
|minister2_termend=7 October 2011
|minister3=Bhim Singh
|minister3_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister3_termstart=7 October 2011
|minister3_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of BC & EBC Welfare
|minister1=Hari Prasad Sah
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=3 October 2011<ref name="outlookindia"/>
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=3 October 2011
|minister2_termend=7 October 2011
|minister3=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|minister3_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister3_termstart=7 October 2011
|minister3_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Rural Works
|minister1=Bhim Singh|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Industry Minister of Disaster Management
|minister1=[[Renu Kushawaha]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of SC/ST Welfare
|minister1=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Building Construction
|minister1=Damodar Rout
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=Minister of Urban Development & Housing|minister1=[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of law of Bihar|Minister of Law]] Minister of Planning & Development
|minister1=[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of education of Bihar| Minister of Education]]
|minister1=Prashant Kumar Shahi
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Minority Welfare Minister of Information Technology
|minister1=Shahid Ali Khan
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Food & Consumer Protection|minister1=[[Shyam Rajak]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Social Welfare
|minister1=[[Parveen Amanullah]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Rural Development
|minister1=[[Nitish Mishra]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Sugarcane Industries Minister of Minor Irrigation|minister1=Avadesh Kushwaha
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar |Minister of Science & Technology]]
|minister1=Gautam Singh|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Labour Resources
|minister1=[[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Animal & Fish Resources
|minister1=[[Giriraj Singh]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Mines & Geology|minister1=[[Satyadev Narayan Arya]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title= [[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar|Minister of Co-operative]]
|minister1=[[Ramadhar Singh]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Art, Culture & Youth Affairs
|minister1=[[Sukhada Pandey]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Tourism
|minister1=[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|minister1_termstart=26 November 2010
|minister1_termend=16 June 2013
|minister2=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister2_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister2_termstart=16 June 2013
|minister2_termend=20 May 2014}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Bihar ministries|Nitish Kumar]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar ministries|3]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2010|Nitish III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2014|Nitish III]]