Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2001

2026-05-08T11:06:01Z

Aryatheautistic: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Jvala Singh

2026-05-07T15:44:55Z

Aryatheautistic: creating new bio

{{Short description|Sikh linguist and researcher}}

'''Jvala Singh''', born '''Sukh Sembhi''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jvala Singh |url=https://asia.ubc.ca/profile/jvala-singh/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=University of British Columbia}}</ref> is a Sikh linguist and researcher on [[Braj literature|Braj]] and [[Punjabi literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khabar 2020-201 |url=https://southasia.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/Khabar_2021-web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623044956/https://southasia.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/Khabar_2021-web.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |page=21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur-Bring |first=Narinder |date=19 December 2020 |title=Autoethnography: A Potential Method for Sikh Theory to Praxis Research |journal=Religions |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=681|doi=10.3390/rel11120681 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Routledge Companion to the Life and Legacy of Guru Hargobind: Sovereignty, Militancy, and Empowerment of the Sikh Panth |date=9 August 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781040106365 |chapter=2: Situating the Guru in Indian History - Suraj Prakash |doi=10.4324/9781003505976-2}}</ref> A major focus of his is creating English translations of pre-colonial Sikh literature to increase their availability to present-day Sikhs.<ref name=":6" /> Jvala Singh has been educated through both traditional ''[[Sampradaya|sampardic]]'' and academic institutional means.<ref name=":6" /> He specializes in Sikh history, scripture, poetry, and grammar.<ref name=":6" />

== Biography ==
Jvala completed his [[Master of Arts]] (M.A.) at the [[University of Toronto]], where he focused on [[Braj literature]] produced by Sikhs covering Sanskrit epics, such as the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Prior to starting his Ph.D., Jvala underwent training through traditional scholarly lineages of mentor-protégé in India.<ref name=":2" /> He completed his Ph.D. at the [[University of British Columbia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The focus of his research was examining pre-colonial Sikh narratives in Braj and Punjabi literature from the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":0" /> He worked on a dissertation regarding [[Kavi Santokh Singh|Kavi Santokh Singh's]] ''Suraj Prakash''.<ref name=":2" /> He has researched [[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh's]] publication of the Suraj Prakash.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957): Religious and Literary Modernities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Indian Punjab |date=27 April 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000867008 |editor-last=Malhotra |editor-first=Anshu |chapter=9: Vir Singh's Publication of the ''Gurpratap Suraj Granth'' |pages=150–165 |doi=10.4324/9781003298939-9 |editor-last2=Murphy |editor-first2=Anne}}</ref> He is a lecturer of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name=":0" /> He is also a lawyer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mandheer |date=14 April 2022 |title=23: Jvala Singh – The Suraj Podcast |url=https://www.netnihung.com/podcast/23-jvala-singh-the-suraj-podcast/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Net Nihung}}</ref>

He is the author of ''54 Punjabi Proverbs'', a book covering classic and elusive Punjabi proverbs by rendering them in English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKPHA Virtual Book Club: 54 Punjabi Proverbs |url=https://www.ukpha.org/event/jvala-singh?56ddf63f_page=4 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=United Kingdom Punjab Heritage Association (UKPHA)}}</ref>

On 17 June 2024, he presented a lecture titled ''The All-Metal Text (Sarbloh Granth), A Sikh Retelling of a Jain Text?'' on the [[Sarbloh Granth]] at the CSASA-ACESA's Congress 2024 Meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Congress 2024 Presentation Schedule |url=https://csasa-acesa.org/congress-2024-presentation-schedule/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Canadian South Asian Studies Association}}</ref>

Jvala Singh completed his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] at the Department of Asian Studies of the University of British Columbia under the supervision of Anne Murphy with the following doctoral thesis titled ''The splendor of several suns : the Gurpratāp Sūraj Granth and the Sikh intellectual tradition in the early 19th century''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sembi |first=Jvala Singh |title=UBC Theses and Dissertations: The splendor of several suns : the Gurpratāp Sūraj Granth and the Sikh intellectual tradition in the early 19th century |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0443950 |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=The University of British Columbia: Library - Open Collections}}</ref> In April 2026, Jvala Singh digitized the Japanese translation of ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' by [[Tomio Mizokami]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Singh|first=Jvala|date=April 2026|title=Japanese Japuji Sahib Translation|url=https://manglacharan.com/Tradition+and+History/Japanese+Japuji+Sahib+Translation|access-date=26 April 2026|website=Manglacharan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=21 April 2026 |title=Japanese Translation of Japuji Sahib available on www.manglacharan.com |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DXZwC9jjBzd/ |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=Instagram}}</ref>

== Projects ==

=== ''Manglacharan'' ===
Jvala Singh runs Manglacharan.com, which is an open-access website that hosts many first-ever English translations of specific Sikh literature.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=2024 |title=Projects |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/projects |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty - Jvala Singh |url=https://www.yogicstudies.com/jvala-singh |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Yogic Studies}}</ref> It is an attempt to decolonize the access to Sikh philosophy and to reclaim Sikh works from colonial constructs.<ref name=":4" />

=== ''Suraj Podcast'' ===
Jvala Singh is the creator of the ''Suraj Podcast'', sourcing his content for the podcast from the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Each episode of the Suraj Podcast is a summary in English of a chapter from the Suraj Prakash, covering the life-stories of the Sikh gurus and their associates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Each episode of the Suraj Podcast is around 10–15 minutes long.<ref name=":3" /> All the stories covering [[Guru Hargobind]] in-particular from the Suraj Prakash have been retold by Jvala Singh in the original ''Suraj Prakash'' podcast.<ref name=":2" />

The Suraj Podcast allows for Sikhs who are not well-versed in Braj or Sanskrit, to become familiar with the traditional tales found within the Suraj Prakash, allowing for Sikh reclamation of the text.<ref name=":1" /> The Suraj Podcast is an example of Sikhs utilizing the Internet, and social-media in-particular, to narrate ''[[Sakhi]]s'' to a larger and more international audience than traditional spaces allow for.<ref name=":1" /> Jvala presents the Suraj Prakash in the podcast as unfiltered, authentic history.<ref name=":2" />

''Suraj Podcast X'' ("Suraj Podcast Dasvi") has since been launched as a sequel to the original podcast, covering the life-stories related to [[Guru Gobind Singh]] found in the Suraj Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Homepage |url=https://www.surajpodcast.com/ |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Suraj Podcast}}</ref>

=== ''Study Sikhi'' ===
In January 2025, ''Study Sikhi'', an online Sikh educational institution with enrollable courses set-up by Jvala Singh, was launched.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=2024 |title=Homepage |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/ |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=2024 |title=About |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/about |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref>

The following courses were planned to be made available in 2025:<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=2024 |title=Courses |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/courses |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref>

* SS 101 - ''Intro to the Sikh Tradition''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |date=2024 |title=SS 101 {{!}} Intro to the Sikh Tradition |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/ss101 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Study Sikhi |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
* SS 102 - ''The Making of Modern Sikhism<ref name=":5" />''
* SS 201 - ''Intro to Japu Ji Sahib''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=SS 201 {{!}} Intro to Japu Ji Sahib |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/ss-201-intro-to-the-japuji-sahib |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |url=https://punjabilibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nihangnama_PunjabiLibrary.pdf |title=Nihangnama (The Nihang Treatise) |publisher=Punjabi Library |year=2019}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=54 Punjabi Proverbs: A Book of Punjabi Wisdom Passed Down Through the Generations |date=August 2019 |publisher=Tattva |isbn=9781999862497}}
* Sembi, Jvala Singh (2024). [https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0443950 ''The splendor of several suns : the Gurpratāp Sūraj Granth and the Sikh intellectual tradition in the early 19th century''.] Department of Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia. DOI 10.14288/1.0443950.
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=The Ballad of Chandi: Poems of Resistance and Victory |last2=Singh |first2=Itvinder |year=2026}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025|title=The Ballad of Chandi: Poems of resistance and Victory|url=https://www.studysikhi.com/the-ballad-of-chandi|access-date=25 September 2025|website=Study Sikhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=The Ballad of Chandi |url=https://balladofchandi.com/ |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=Ballad of Chandi}}</ref>
* Singh, Jvala. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/403134359_A_Sikh_Advaita_Vedanta "A Sikh Advaita Vedānta."] ''Modern Asian Studies'' (2026): 1-28. Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Cambridge University Press, DOI:10.1017/S0026749X25101674.
== See also ==
* [[Sikh Studies]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://asia.ubc.ca/profile/jvala-singh/ UBC page]
* [https://sseas.berkeley.edu/people/jvala-singh UC Berkeley page]
* [https://manglacharan.com/ Manglacharan.com] – English translations of previously untranslated pre-colonial Sikh texts
* [https://www.surajpodcast.com/ Suraj Podcast]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Linguists of Punjabi]]

Aakash (tablet)

2026-05-07T15:17:20Z

Aryatheautistic: added entry

{{Short description|Indian Government promoted tablet computer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|this device is no longer sold and information is outdated|article|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = Aakash (Asec Internationals as1753)
| image = Askaash Ubislate tablet.jpeg
| caption = Image of the Ubislate7 – initial version of Aakash.
| developer =
| manufacturer= VMC Systems, Hyderabad<ref name="Suneedh Manthri">{{cite news|last=Harsimran Julka, ET Bureau|title=Aakash 2, the cheapest tablet PC, misses May-end deadline|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/news/31984185_1_tablet-datawind-kapil-sibal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419020451/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/news/31984185_1_tablet-datawind-kapil-sibal|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|access-date=27 July 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 June 2012}}</ref>
| type = [[Tablet computer]]
| price = US$35 / {{INR}} 2,250
| lifespan =
| units_sold =
| media = GSM Device
| os = [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 2.3 Gingerbread
| input = [[Multi-touch]] [[touch screen]]
| camera = None
| power = 3000 [[ampere hour|mAh]] [[lithium-ion polymer battery|li-po battery]]
| cpu = ARM 11 Cortex A8 @ 800 MHz processor
| storage = [[Flash memory]] Internal: 2 [[gigabyte|GB]] flash External: 2 to 32 GB [[microSD]] slot
| memory = 256 MB RAM
| display = 800 × 480 [[pixel|px]] {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} diagonal
| sound = Built in microphone; stereo earphones; [[3.5 mm jack]]
| connectivity= [[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])
| online_services = [[GetJar]] Market
| dimensions = {{convert|190.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H {{convert|118.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} W {{convert|15.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
| weight = {{convert|350|g|oz|abbr=on}}
| touchpad = Resistive
| predecessor = Sakshat
| successor = [[Aakash 2]]
| related = UbiSlate 7+
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20180926223720/http://www.akashtablet.com/|www.akashtablet.com}}
}}

'''Aakash''' a.k.a. Ubislate 7+,<ref name="UBI">[http://ubislate.com/ubislate/index.html Android Tablet| Smartphone Tablet Pc With SIM Slot Price In India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805215013/http://ubislate.com/ubislate/index.html |date=5 August 2013 }}. Ubislate.com (20 September 2012). Retrieved on 9 December 2013.</ref> is a low-cost [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based [[tablet computer]] promoted by the Government of India as part of an initiative to link 25,000 colleges and 400 universities in an e-learning program.<ref name="bbc_10740817">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10740817 |title=India unveils prototype for $35 touch-screen computer |publisher=BBC World news-South Asia |access-date=25 July 2010 |date=23 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100724191734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10740817| archive-date= 24 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> It was produced by the British-Canadian company [[DataWind]],<ref name="SKurup">{{cite news |last =Kurup |first =Saira |title =We want to target the billion Indians who are cut off |work=Times of India |date=9 October 2011 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/We-want-to-target-the-billion-Indians-who-are-cut-off/articleshow/10284832.cms |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> and manufactured by the company, at a production center in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name="nyt2">{{cite news
|title=Aiming for the Other One Billion
|last=Timmons |first=Heather
|date=6 October 2011
|work=New York Times
|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/aiming-for-the-other-one-billion/?scp=4&sq=Aakash&st=cse}}</ref> The tablet was officially launched as the ''Aakash'' in New Delhi on 5 October 2011. The Indian [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] announced an upgraded second-generation model called [[Aakash 2]] in April 2012.<ref name="Aakash loses government edge">{{cite web|last=Budki |first=Sandeep |url=http://www.themobileindian.com/news/4811_Aakash-loses-government-edge |title=Datawind loses government edge |publisher=Themobileindian.com |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

The Aakash had a 7-inch [[touch screen]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]] [[ARM11|11]] processor, and 256 MB [[RAM]]<ref name="gazette"/> and ran the Android 2.2 operating system. It had two [[USB]] ports<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
|title=Meet Aakash, India's $35 'Laptop'
|publisher=New York Times, 5 October 2011, Pamposh Raina and Heather Timmons
|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/meet-aakash-indias-35-laptop/?scp=1&sq=Aakash&st=cse
| date=5 October 2011}}</ref> and delivered [[high-definition video|high definition]] (HD) quality video.<ref name="gazette"/> For applications; the Aakash had access to [[Getjar]], an independent market, rather than the [[Android Market]].<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="interview">{{cite news
|title=Aakash: We want to target the billion Indians who are cut off, says Suneet Singh Tuli, CEO of DataWind
|publisher=Economic Times, 9 October 2011, Saira Kurup
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/aakash-we-want-to-target-the-billion-indians-who-are-cut-off-says-suneet-singh-tuli-ceo-of-datawind/articleshow/10286482.cms
| date=9 October 2011}}</ref>

Originally projected as a "$35 laptop",<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=63417 |title=Low Cost access –Cum-Computing Device Unveiled by Kapil Sibal |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> the device was to be sold to the Government of India and distributed to university students – initially at US$50<ref name="nyt" /> until further orders are received and projected eventually to achieve the target $35 price. A commercial version of Aakash was marketed as ''UbiSlate 7+''<ref name="zlobber.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.zlobber.com/resources/10043-DataWind-announces-UbiSlate-adds.aspx |title=DataWind rebrands UbiSlate 7 as UbiSlate 7+}}</ref> at a price of $60.<ref name="et_cheapest_60">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/aakash-worlds-cheapest-tablet-launched-to-be-sold-for-60-in-retail/articleshow/10244352.cms |title=Aakash: World's cheapest tablet launched; to be sold for $60 in retail |work=Economic Times |location=India | date=5 October 2011}}</ref> The Aakash 2, code named UbiSlate 7C, was released on 11 November 2012.<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|title=President Unveils Aakash Version 2.0 Tablet on National Education Day Launches Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88984|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The device was initially called the ''Sakshat'' tablet, later changed to ''Aakash'', which is derived from the Sanskrit word ''[[Akasha]]'' ([[Devanagari]] आकाश) with several related meanings such as empty space and outer space. The word in [[Hindi]] means "sky".<ref name="gazette">{{cite web
|title = Aakash tablet will end 'digital divide'
|publisher = Montreal Gazette, Jason Magder, 6 October 2011
|url = https://montrealgazette.com/technology/Aakash+tablet+will+digital+divide/5508723/story.html
|access-date = 3 November 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111108034646/http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Aakash+tablet+will+digital+divide/5508723/story.html
|archive-date = 8 November 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="wsj1">{{cite news
|title=India Announces World's Cheapest Tablet
|publisher=India Real Time, viaThe Wall Street Journal, Tripti Lahiri, 5 October 2011
|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/10/05/india-announces-worlds-cheapest-tablet/?KEYWORDS=datawind
| date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

==History==

The aspiration to create a "Made in India" computer was first reflected in a prototype "[[Simputer]]" that was produced in small numbers. Bangalore-based CPSU, Bharat Electronics Ltd manufactured around 5,000 Simputers for Indian customers from 2002 to 2007. In 2011, [[Kapil Sibal]] announced an anticipated low-cost computing device to compete with the [[One Laptop per Child]] (OLPC) initiative, though intended for urban college students rather than the OLPC's rural, underprivileged students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubislate.com|title=New Latest Tablets in India -Tablet Computer- Tablet PC- Online Shopping|website=www.ubislate.com|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=17 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217095737/http://www.ubislate.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A year later, the MHRD announced that the low-cost computer would be launched in six weeks. Nine weeks later, the MHRD showcased a tablet named "Aakash", not nearly what had been projected and at US$60 rather than the projected $35. "[[NDTV]]" reported that the new low-cost tablet was considerably less able than the previously shown prototype and was going to cost about twice as much.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/new/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=647&StoryID=GADEN20110185457 |title=Show » The Aakash: Not $35 But Still India's Cheapest Tablet » $35 tablet: From prototype to reality |publisher=NDTV |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016090202/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/new/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=647&StoryID=GADEN20110185457 |archive-date=16 October 2011 }}</ref>

While it was once projected as a laptop, the design has evolved into a [[tablet computer]]. At the inauguration of the National Mission on Education Program organized by the Union HRD Ministry in 2009, joint secretary N. K. Sinha had said that the computing device is 10 inches (which is around 25.5 cm) long and 5 inches (12.5 cm) wide and priced at around US$30.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/02/india-computer-cheapest India to unveil the £7 laptop], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 February 2009</ref>

India's Human Resource Development Minister, [[Kapil Sibal]], unveiled a prototype on 22 July 2010, which was later given out to 500 college students to collect feedback.<ref>[http://www.mashgeek.com/aakash-tablet-review/1000/ Aakash Tablet Hands On – Full Review], ''[[MashGeek]]'', 18 May 2012</ref> The price of the device exhibited was projected at US$35, eventually to drop to US$20 and ultimately to US$10.<ref name="bbc_10740817"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Why India's $35 computer joke isn't funny |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Hardware/articleshow/6214029.cms |work=The Economic Times |location=New Delhi, India |date=25 July 2010 |access-date=25 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728062938/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Hardware/articleshow/6214029.cms |archive-date=28 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63417 PIB Press Release] PIB Retrieved 26 July 2010</ref> After the device was unveiled, OLPC chairman [[Nicholas Negroponte]] offered full access to OLPC technology at no cost to the Indian team.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The tablet was shown on the television program "Gadget Guru" aired on [[NDTV]] in August 2010,<ref name="ndtvGadGuru1">[http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=157534 NDTV Gadget Guru] Gadget Guru exclusive: ,5 laptop is here. Retrieved 13 August 2010</ref> when it was shown to have 256 MB [[RAM]] and 2 GB of internal flash-memory storage and demonstrated running the Android operating system featuring video playback, internal [[Wi-Fi]] and cellular data via an external 3G modem.<ref>{{cite web |title= Aakash: World's Cheapest Tablet is here |url= http://techtouche.com/worlds-cheapest-tablet-is-here |date= 5 October 2011 |access-date= 5 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051109/http://techtouche.com/worlds-cheapest-tablet-is-here/ |archive-date= 25 April 2012 |url-status= usurped |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

The device was developed as part of the country's aim to link 25,000 colleges and 400 universities in an e-learning program.<ref name="bbc_10740817" /> Originally projected as a "$35 laptop",<ref name="PIB" /> the device was planned to be sold to the Government of India and distributed to university students – initially at US$50.<ref name="nyt" /> until further orders are received and projected eventually to achieve the target price of US$35.

A commercial version was eventually released online as the UbiSlate7 tablet PC at {{INRConvert|3000|nolink=yes}} and the Ubislate7+ tablet PC at {{INRConvert|3500|nolink=yes}}<ref name="et_cheapest_60" /><ref>[http://ubislate.com/device-specification/index.html UbiSlate device specifications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075221/http://ubislate.com/device-specification/index.html |date=20 January 2013 }} ubislate.com, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref> on 11 November 2012<ref name="pib.nic.in"/> with a plan to offer it with subsidized cost for students at {{INRConvert|1130|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite web|title=Low-cost Aakash 2 tablet launched in India at Rs 1,130|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lowcost-aakash-2-tablet-launched-in-india-at-rs-1130/305082-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113205051/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lowcost-aakash-2-tablet-launched-in-india-at-rs-1130/305082-11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2012|work=IBNLive.com|access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> As of February 2012, DataWind had over 1,400,000 booking orders, but had only shipped 10,000 units which were 0.7% of booking orders.<ref>[https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/22/aakash-stalls/ Aakash lurches toward another crisis as India loses patience with DataWind] Engadget, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref> As of November 2012, many customers who booked their orders still had not received their computers and were offered refunds.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/datawind-to-clear-all-paid-orders-for-aakash-in-6-weeks/article4108396.ece Datawind to clear all paid orders for Aakash in 6 weeks] The Hindu Business Line, Retrieved on 1 March 2013.</ref>

==Specifications==
As released on 5 October 2011, the Aakash features an overall size of 190.5 x 118.5 x 15.7 mm with a {{convert|180|mm}} [[resistive touchscreen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/10/26/aakash-android-tablet-exclusive/ |title=Hands On: India's $35 Aakash Android tablet lands in America (exclusive) |date=26 October 2011 |publisher=VentureBeat |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701101813/http://venturebeat.com/2011/10/26/aakash-android-tablet-exclusive/? |url-status=dead }}</ref> a weight of {{convert|350|g}}, and using the Android 2.2 operating system with access to the proprietary marketplace [[Getjar]] (not the Android Market), developed by DataWind.

The processor runs at 366 [[clock frequency|MHz]]; there is a graphics accelerator and high definition(HD) video coprocessor. The tablet has 256 MB RAM, a [[microSD]] slot with a 2 GB microSD card (expandable up to 32 GB), two USB ports, a 3.5 mm audio output and input jack, a 2100 [[mAh]] battery, [[Wi-Fi]] capability, a browser developed by DataWind, and an internal cellular and [[Subscriber Identity Module]] (SIM) modem. Power consumption is 2 watts, and there is a solar charging option.

The Aakash is designed to support various documents (DOC, DOCX, PPT, PPTX, XLS, XLSX, ODT, ODP, and PDF), image (PNG, JPG, BMP, and GIF), audio (MP3, AAC, AC3, WAV, and WMA) and video (MPEG2, MPEG4, AVI, and FLV) [[file format]]s and includes an application for access to YouTube video content.<ref name="bbc_10740817"/><ref name=ndtvGadGuru1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://browserfame.com/289/ubisurfer-browser-aakash-india-tablet-android |title=UbiSurfer Browser of India's Aakash Android Tablet |publisher=Gary, Mark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041523/http://browserfame.com/289/ubisurfer-browser-aakash-india-tablet-android |archive-date=13 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/05/indias-35-tablet-is-here-for-real-called-aakash-costs-60/ |title=India's $35 tablet is here, for real. Called Aakash, costs $60 |date=5 October 2011 |publisher=Engadget |access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungrynfoolish.com/2011/10/06/aakash-tablet-product-review-specs-pics-price-and-insights-from-the-maker-himself/ |title=Aakash Tablet Hands on Review |publisher=Hungry N Foolish |access-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007032608/http://www.hungrynfoolish.com/2011/10/06/aakash-tablet-product-review-specs-pics-price-and-insights-from-the-maker-himself/ |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/23/india-unveils-cheapest-laptop |title=India unveils cheapest laptop |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=25 July 2010 |first=Josh |last=Halliday |date=23 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100725003802/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/23/india-unveils-cheapest-laptop| archive-date= 25 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:auto;"
|+Comparison of Aakash tablets<ref name="UBI" />
|-
!Tablet name
!Company
!Price ([[Indian Rupee|INR]])
!CPU speed
!Internal storage (RAM)
!External storage (SD Card)
!Battery
!Operating system
!Network
!Phone Call
!Screen
!Android Store
!Launch Date
!Manufactured in
|-
!Sakshat
|HCL
|2,200
|366 MHz
|256 MB
|2 GB
|2100 mAh
|Android 2.2 Froyo
|Wi-Fi only
|VoIP only
|800x480 px Resistive screen
|No
|Canceled
|India
|-
!Aakash / Ubislate 7
|Datawind
|2,500
|ARM11, 366 MHz
|256 MB
|2 GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|2100 mAh
|Android 2.2 Froyo
|Wi-Fi only
|VoIP only
|Resistive
|No
|December 2011
|China
|-
!UbiSlate 7+
(discontinued)
|Datawind
|3,000
|ARM 11, 366 MHz
|256 MB
|4 GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|3000 mAh
|Android 2.3 Gingerbread
|Wi-Fi + GPRS phone network
|Yes
|Resistive
|No
|April 2012
|China
|-
!Ubislate 7Ri
(discontinued)
|Datawind
| -
|ARM Cortex-A8, 1 GHz
|512 MB
|4 GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|3000 mAh
|Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich
|Wi-Fi
|VoIP only
|Resistive
|Yes
|April 2012
|China
|-
!Ubislate 7R+
(discontinued)
|Datawind
| -
|ARM Cortex-A8, 1 GHz
|512 MB
| 4GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|3000 mAh
|Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich
|Wi-Fi + GPRS Phone Network
|Yes
|Resistive
|Yes
|April 2012
|China<ref name="HT-Vivek Sinha"/>
|-
!Aakash 2, UbiSlate 7Ci
|Datawind
|4500
|ARM Cortex-A8, 1 GHz
|512 MB
|4 GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|3000 mAh, 3hrs battery time
|Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
|Wi-Fi only
|VoIP only
|7-inch, 800×480 px capacitive display
|Yes
|11 November 2012
|-
!Aakash 3, UbiSlate 7C+(EDGE)
|Datawind
|4999
|ARM Cortex-A8, 1 GHz
|512 MB
|4 GB (expandable up to 32 GB)
|3000 mAh, 3hrs battery time
|Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich
|Wi-Fi + GPRS
|Yes
|7-inch, 800×480 px capacitive display
|Yes
|11 November 2012
|}

=== Variants ===
All the tablets in the series are categorized as follows:<ref name="gogi">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2012 |title=DataWind launched UbiSlate 7Ri, 7R+, 7Ci and 7C+ low cost tablets – Gogi Tech |url=http://www.gogi.in/datawind-ubislate-new-tab-launched.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UbiSlate 7Ri, 7R+, 7Ci and 7C+ low cost tablets Launched by DataWind |url=http://tricksme.in/ubislate-7ri-7r-7ci-and-7c-low-cost-tablets/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131060911/http://tricksme.in/ubislate-7ri-7r-7ci-and-7c-low-cost-tablets/ |archivedate=2013-01-31 |accessdate=2013-05-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter/symbol
!Meaning
|-
| align="center" |7
|7-inch [[touchscreen]]
|-
| align="center" | +
|Has [[Wi-Fi]] and supports [[Subscriber identity module|SIM]]
|-
| align="center" |R
|[[Resistive touchscreen]]
|-
| align="center" |i
|Has [[Wi-Fi]] and no [[Subscriber identity module|SIM]] support
|-
| align="center" |C
|[[Capacitive sensing|Capacitive touchscreen]]
|-
| align="center" |Z
|Has dual camera (both front and back facing) and [[Bluetooth]] support<ref name="ubislate7cz.blogspot">http://ubislate7cz.blogspot.in/ {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Development and testing==

[[Kapil Sibal]] has stated that a million devices would be made available to students in 2011. The devices will be manufactured at a cost of {{Indian Rupee}} 1500 (€23) each, half of which will be paid by the government and half by the institutions that would use it.<ref name=ndtvGadGuru1/><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/23/india-unveils-cheapest-laptop Guardian-India unveils world's cheapest laptop] Retrieved 25 July 2010</ref> In January 2011, the company initially chose to build the Sakshat, HCL Infosystems, failed to provide evidence that they had at least {{Indian Rupee}} 600 million ($12.2 million) in bank guaranteed funds, as required by the Indian government, which has allocated $6.5 million to the project. As a result, the government put the project out for bidding again.<ref>Harsimran Julka & Gulveen Aulakh, [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/tender-for-35-laptop-project-cancelled/articleshow/7316466.cms "Tender for $35 laptop project cancelled"], ''The Economic Times'', 18 January 2011. News clipping by Pragadeesh Sekar on public interest</ref>

In June 2011, the HRD announced that it received a few samples from the production process, which are under testing. Also it mentions that each state in [[India]] provided 3000 samples for testing on their functionality, utility, and durability in field conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=72584 |title=HRD press release |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The Government of India announced that 10,000 (Sakshat) tablets will be delivered to schools and colleges by late June and over the next four months 90,000 more would be made available at a price of {{Indian Rupee}} 2500 device.
The government will subsidize the cost by about 50%, so a student would have to pay less than {{Indian Rupee}} 1,500 for the device.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pluggd.in/35-laptop-launch-date-297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617060721/http://www.pluggd.in/35-laptop-launch-date-297/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2011 |title=News Article about launch |publisher=Pluggd.in |access-date=30 December 2011 }}</ref> Indian Ministry of Education is releasing educational videos in conjunction with IGNOU and at sakshat.ac.in. This preparation of content is meant for students with access to the Internet, India's first law-abiding Online Video Library.

'''Hardware development'''

IIT-Rajasthan's specifications were 1.2 GHz CPU and 700 MB RAM. It wanted the tablet to work after steep falls and in [[Monsoon]] season, making the cost over Rs 5000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lightreading.in/document.asp?doc_id=216561& |title=Light Reading India – 4G/LTE – Is the Aakash Dream Over? – Telecom |publisher=Lightreading.in |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> So the responsibility of drafting specifications will be shifted to IIT Mumbai, IIT Madras, and IIT Kanpur while [[Public Sector Undertaking#India|PSU]]s are being considered for procurement of the Aakash Tablet.<ref name="Clouds of doubt over Aakash">{{cite web|last=Nigavekar |first=Arun |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/op-ed/clouds-doubt-over-aakash-680 |title=Clouds of doubt over Aakash |publisher=Mydigitalfc.com |access-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419165129/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/op-ed/clouds-doubt-over-aakash-680 |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref>

Aakash 2 could have the 1 GB RAM, Capacitive TouchScreen Panel and a front-facing camera of VGA Quality (0.3 MP), capable of capturing video, that was announced earlier by Kapil Sibal. This version of the tablet may be announced only after October 2012 because of low funds in procuring the raw material for assembling and also setting up of assembling plant at Noida and Coimbatore. The Govt. officials say that the tablet may not be realized due to the pressure from various institutes and meager support from the Indian Government in regard to the funds regarding the process of the tablet procurement and assembly of the same.

35% of hardware components were sourced from South Korea, 25% from China, 16% from the US, 16% from India, and 8% from other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Akash-tablet-s-commercial-variant-in-November/Article1-754092.aspx |title=Aakash Tablet's commercial variant in November |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109064441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/akash-tablet-s-commercial-variant-in-november/article1-754092.aspx |archive-date=9 November 2011 }}</ref>

== Hardware ==
The Ubislate 7 Series Tablet has a seven-inch [[touchscreen]] with 800×480 pixel resolution <ref name="new-gadgets-hot.blogspot">{{Cite web |title=Ubislate 7Ri & Ubislate 7Ci Tablet specification and cost |url=http://new-gadgets-hot.blogspot.in/2012/09/ubislate-7ri-ubislate-7ci-tablet.html}}</ref> and uses [[Cortex A8]] 800Mhz processor (256 MB RAM) while the others have [[Cortex A8]] 1 GHz processor with 512 MB [[RAM]]. The initial model had two full size [[USB]] ports while in the final models they were reduced to a single [[Micro USB]] port. The Ubislate 7+ had 2 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[flash memory]] while the final models have 4 GB flash memory. All of the models support [[MicroSD]] cards, up to 32 GB. The final models also features a [[G-Sensor]] for maintaining orientation. Like other Android devices, these have no physical buttons except a home screen button, power button and volume rocker. The final models also has a front facing [[VGA]] [[camera]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2013 |title=Priced at Rs 4,990, Ubislate 7C+ is a smartphone tablet for the masses |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/datawind-ubislate-7c%20-tablet-review-india-price/1/195108.html}}</ref> The tablets use a proprietary power connector.<ref name="new-gadgets-hot.blogspot" />

== Software ==
The Ubislate 7+ runs on [[Android Froyo|Android 2.2 Froyo]] while an update to [[Android Gingerbread|2.3 Gingerbread]] is available. All other models run on [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich]]. The tablets have a customized version of the operating system, which includes:

* [[Google]] Search in top left corner of homescreen
* Workspace Effect Settings, next to google search
* Volume Controls on the bottom
* Pre installed Apps include App Killer, UbiInfo, Ubimail, Internet Ubisurfer etc.

The Ubislate 7+ has access to [[GetJar|Getjar app store]] while others have complete access to [[Google Play|Google Playstore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakash UbiSlate 7 Specifications, Features, Review and Photos | Cheapest Android Tablet for Students | Gadget Updates by TechnologyMint.com |url=http://www.technologymint.com/aakash-ubislate-7-specifications-cheapest-android-tablet-for-students/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028150523/http://www.technologymint.com/aakash-ubislate-7-specifications-cheapest-android-tablet-for-students/ |archive-date=2012-10-28 |access-date=2013-05-17}}</ref>

==Reception==
Problems such as low [[RAM|memory]], frequent system freezes, poor sound quality, absence of support for all formats, and inability to install free software available online were also cited by users.<ref name="HT1">{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/PersonalTech-Updates/Better-faster-Aakash-2-to-be-launched-in-Feb-2012/SP-Article1-764394.aspx
|title=Better, faster Aakash-2 to be launched in Feb 2012
|last=Chauhan
|first=Chetan
|date=3 November 2011
|publisher=Hindustan Times, New Delhi
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106205038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/PersonalTech-Updates/Better-faster-Aakash-2-to-be-launched-in-Feb-2012/SP-Article1-764394.aspx
|archive-date=6 November 2011
}}</ref> Technical commentator Prasanto Roy criticized issues such as a low battery life, an insufficient 7" screen, and absence of training and support infrastructure, especially in rural areas.<ref name="PCQuest1">{{cite news|url=http://pcquest.ciol.com/content/editorscolumn/2011/111103102.asp |title=Why India's Cheap Tablet May Not Work Out |date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102140500/http://pcquest.ciol.com/content/editorscolumn/2011/111103102.asp |archive-date=2 November 2011 }} The cheapest mobile handset doesn't compromise on the basics: calls, SMS, battery life. Nor does the Tata Nano. The Aakash does</ref> UbiSlate 7+ will be released by 2012. The producer has finalized the improvements of Aakash.<ref name="HT1" />

After receiving feedback on the early release model from over 500 users from educational institutions, DataWind announced the next iteration that will have a new microprocessor of 700 MHz versus the original 366 MHz processor. This will improve the speed of the tablet and solve the existing problems of quick overheating, frequent system freeze, poor sound quality, absence of support for all formats, and the inability to install free online software.<ref name="HT1" /> The amount of memory, storage, and USB ports will remain the same.

On 16 December 2011, [[DataWind]] opened Aakash booking online in their official website at {{Indian Rupee}} 2500 with one week delivery time and cash on delivery facility, and its upgraded version Ubislate 7+ was available for booking at {{Indian Rupee}} 2999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/12/worlds-cheapest-tablet-aakash-goes-on.html |title=World's cheapest tablet Aakash goes on sale for Rs 2500 Online with One week Delivery- www.aakashtablet.com |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107185025/http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/12/worlds-cheapest-tablet-aakash-goes-on.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> On 19 December 2011, [[DataWind]] reported that the first phase of Aakash tablet had been sold out completely,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/12/worlds-cheapest-tablet-aakash-sold-out.html |title=World's Cheapest Tablet – Aakash sold out |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201457/http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/12/worlds-cheapest-tablet-aakash-sold-out.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> just three days since it was opened for Online booking. UbiSlate 7+ production capacity of January, February, and March have already been sold. Now, April production is open for booking.<ref>Ubislate official website. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</ref> By 3 January 2012, 1.4 million orders had been received since the UbiSlate 7+ was put up for sale online.<ref name="1.4 million orders">{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hIKVGIAbegcoKZJ7UCkQmmBtLPKg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113082401/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hIKVGIAbegcoKZJ7UCkQmmBtLPKg |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2012 |title=1.4 million orders for world's cheapest tablet in India |agency=AFP |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> By the end of January 2012, booking orders for UbiSlate 7+ have crossed two million.<ref name=Tuli>{{cite web|last=Tuli|first=Suneet Singh|title=UbiSlate 7+|url=http://www.ubislate.com/index.html|work=ubislate.com|publisher=DataWind Ltd|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007152233/http://www.ubislate.com/index.html|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By 13 April 2012, Datawind severed connection with its supplier Quad,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/datawind-breaks-ties-with-supplier-aakash-delayed/articleshow/12665454.cms |title=Datawind breaks ties with supplier, Aakash delayed |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=14 April 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> further delaying the assembly of UbiSlate 7+. While Quad claims DataWind has not paid it, the Canadian company alleges that its former partner infringed its intellectual property rights by trying to sell directly to the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Rajasthan.<ref name="livemint">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/13004709/New-twist-in-Aakash-tablet-con.html |title=New twist in Aakash tablet controversy |publisher=Livemint.com |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

In the November 2012 issue of ''[[PCQuest (magazine)|PCQuest]]'', some letters described Datawind to be a fraud company, and the users wanted to sue the company in consumer court. {{Why|date=December 2013}}

==Plans==
On 26 April 2012, Datawind launched UbiSlate 7+ and Ubislate 7C tablet in physical stores at Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teletechnology.in/ubislate-7c-tablet-specification-features-and-price/ |title=Ubislate 7C |publisher=Teletechnology.in |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501133446/http://www.teletechnology.in/ubislate-7c-tablet-specification-features-and-price/ |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Reliance Industries Limited]] (RIL) has announced the plan to launch LTE(4G) Tablet between {{Indian Rupee}} 3500–5000, with low-cost Internet service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliance-industries.com/2011/12/ril-to-hit-data-services-market-with-4g-technology-on-rs-3500-tablet/ |title=RIL to Hit Data Services Market with 4G Technology on RS. 3500 Tablet |publisher=Reliance Industries |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108072248/http://reliance-industries.com/2011/12/ril-to-hit-data-services-market-with-4g-technology-on-rs-3500-tablet/ |archive-date=8 January 2012 }}</ref> This tablet will be an upgraded version of Aakash developed by DataWind.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/datawind-ril-talkcheapest-tab/453933/ |title=Datawind, RIL talk on Chepaset Tab |publisher=Business-Standard |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Indian Govt. HRD has revealed that Aakash 2 will be announced in May 2012. [[HCL Enterprise|Hindustan Computers Limited]] (HCL), [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[DataWind]], Wishtel, and Telmoco Development Labs are Interested in bidding at the Aakash 2 contract auction.

The low-cost Akash tablet is under trials in IIT Bombay and is being tested against the new specifications.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/news/hardware/Aakash-IIT-Bombay-testing-upgraded-version/articleshow/14085673.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101030400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-13/hardware/32214034_1_aakash-2-iit-bombay-datawind | url-status=live | archive-date=1 January 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title= Aakash: IIT-Bombay testing upgraded version| date=13 June 2012 }}</ref>

The Indian government also hopes to produce Aakash for the export market. On a visit to [[Turkmenistan]] in September 2012, the Indian telecom Minister Kapil Sibal, suggested forming a [[joint venture company]] which may manufacture Aakash. In this joint venture, the Indian side would design the necessary hardware and software of the tablet, fulfilling the Turkmen side needs. Besides supplying the low-cost tablets, the joint venture company could market the product to other international markets.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Proposes JV with Turkmenistan to Manufacture Aakash|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/india-proposes-jv-with-turkmenistan-to-manufacture-aakash/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=19 September 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>

According to allegations made in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the Tuli brothers "may have" procured these devices off-the-shelf from manufacturers in China and sold them to the Indian government at the purchase price.<ref name="HT-Vivek Sinha">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/PersonalTech-Updates/Conned-Aakash-2-made-in-China/SP-Article1-963600.aspx Conned: Aakash 2 made in China?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127173624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/PersonalTech-Updates/Conned-Aakash-2-made-in-China/SP-Article1-963600.aspx |date=27 November 2012 }}</ref>[[Suneet Singh Tuli]], CEO of DataWind, however, insisted that only the manufacture of the motherboards were subcontracted to Chinese manufacturers, following which the components were placed in [[Do it yourself|DIY]] kits which DataWind assembled and sold to the Indian government HRD.<ref name="HT-Vivek Sinha"/><ref name="firstpost.com">[http://www.firstpost.com/tech/govt-paid-for-specs-not-chinese-parts-in-aakash-2-datawind-536625.html Govt paid for specs, not Chinese parts in Aakash 2: Datawind]. Firstpost. Retrieved on 9 December 2013.</ref> Chinese manufacturers allege that they sold "ready-to-use" tablets to Datawind, and that they manufactured the touch screens as well. Tuli, however, insists that the touch screens were manufactured by DataWind in Canada.

==See also==
* [[DataWind]]
* [[Aakash (Tablet Series)]]
* [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited#BSNL Tablet|BSNL Pantel Tablet]]
* [[Nexus 7 (2012 version)|Nexus 7]] Tablet
* [[Aakash 2|Aakash 2 (Ubislate 7Ci)]]
* [[Simputer]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.ubislate.com}}

{{Android tablets}}
{{Linux mini computers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aakash}}
[[Category:Linux-based devices]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) devices]]
[[Category:Touchscreen portable media players]]
[[Category:Tablet computers introduced in 2011]]

Shagun Sharma

2026-05-05T01:30:26Z

Aryatheautistic: put up.

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shagun Sharma
| image = File:Shagun Sharma at the Star Parivaar Awards 2023.jpg| caption = Sharma in 2023
| birth_date = 28 October<ref name="HBSS">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishq-par-zor-nahi-fame-shagun-sharma-shares-her-birthday-plans-wish-to-enjoy-some-me-time/articleshow/87331290.cms |title=Ishq Par Zor Nahi fame Shagun Sharma shares her birthday plans, 'Wish to enjoy some me time' |website=The Times of India |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Palampur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2015–present
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''|''[[Harphoul Mohini]]''}}
| website =
}}

'''Shagun Sharma''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] television. She is best known for her portrayal of Sonali Malhotra Rathore in ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/shagun-sharma-wants-to-do-bigg-boss-15-this-time-says-this-tmov-1298587-2021-07-27 |title='इश्क पर जोर नहीं' फेम शगुन शर्मा बनना चाहती हैं 'बिग बॉस 15' का हिस्सा, कही यह बात |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=27 July 2021 |lang=hi}}</ref> Tanya Awasthi Kashyap in ''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]'', Mohini Vijayan Chaudhary in ''[[Harphoul Mohini]]'' and Kashvi Sabharwal in ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sasural-genda-phool-to-come-with-a-new-season-jay-soni-shagun-sharma-to-play-the-leads-7585056/ |title=Sasural Genda Phool to return with a new season; Jay Soni, Shagun Sharma to play the leads |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="harphoul">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/north-meets-south-385681 |title=Harphoul Mohini features Shagun Sharma and Zebby Singh |website=The Tribune |access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sharma was born on 28 October<ref name="HBSS" /> in a [[Hindu]] family in [[Palampur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/when-religion-relationship-status-and-profession-made-popular-tv-actors-struggle-endlessly-for-a-house-in-mumbai/photostory/90219025.cms?picid=90219077 |title=When Religion, Relationship Status And Profession Made Popular TV Actors Struggle Endlessly For A House In Mumbai; topic:07/08;Shagun Sharma |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma started her career in 2015 playing Sanjana Kapoor in the [[Star Plus]] show ''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''. After that she was seen playing parallel lead and supporting roles in several [[Television in India|Hindi]] series.

In March 2021, she next played the role of Sonali “Sonu” Malhotra in [[Sony TV]] show ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shagun-sharma-shares-skin-care-tips-262239 |title=Shagun Sharma shares skin-care tips |website=[[The Tribune]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315154000/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shagun-sharma-shares-skin-care-tips-262239 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In December 2021, she made a breakthrough in her career with the lead role of Titli in [[Star Bharat]] show ''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-i-started-crying-when-i-first-heard-that-sasural-genda-phool-2-was-going-off-air/articleshow/90460053.cms |title=Shagun Sharma: I started crying when I first heard that Sasural Genda Phool 2 was going off air |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2022 }}</ref>

In June 2022, Sharma was seen as the lead Mohini Vijayan opposite Zebby Singh in ''[[Harphoul Mohini]]''.<ref name="mohini">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-zebby-singh-talk-about-their-new-show-harphoul-mohini/articleshow/90723840.cms |title=Shagun Sharma, Zebby Singh talk about their new show 'Harphoul Mohini' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2022 }}</ref> In September 2022, Sharma starred alongside [[Adnan Khan]] and [[Rakesh Bedi]] in a short film Mera Number Kab Aayega which was officially selected and premiered at various film festivals winning over 25 awards.

From 2023 to 2024, Sharma was seen as the lead role of Kashvi Bajwa in the show [[Yeh Hai Chahatein]] opposite [[Pravisht Mishra]]. Since July 2025, Sharma is portraying the negative role of Paridhi “Pari” Virani in [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]].

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
| Sanjana "Sanju" Kapoor
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''
|Khushi
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2017
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| Ashi Jha
|
|-
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
| Meghna Narayan
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| Richa Thakur
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-recalls-working-with-rahil-azim-in-tu-aashiqui-says-i-really-want-to-know-the-secret-behind-his-timeless-looks/articleshow/88736984.cms |title=Shagun Sharma recalls working with Rahil Azam in Tu Aashiqui; says, 'I really want to know the secret behind his timeless looks' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tu-aashiquis-rahil-azam-on-co-star-shagun-sharmas-performance-in-sasural-genda-phool-2-she-is-a-directors-actor-and-will-always-succeed-in-life/articleshow/88323351.cms |title=Tu Aashiqui's Rahil Azam on co-star Shagun Sharma's performance in Sasural Genda Phool 2: She is a director's actor and will always succeed in life |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) | Laal Ishq]]''
| Pernia
| <ref>{{cite episode |title=A magician and a Jinn convert a cricket team into demons to win the match - Laal Ishq |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-197663 |series=Laal Ishq |series-link=Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) |network=[[Zee5]] |date=6 April 2019 |number=73 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
| Maharani [[Satyabhama]]
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
| Sonali Malhotra
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-par-zor-nahi-actress-shagun-sharma-gets-rape-threats-her-onscreen-character-says-it-insensitive-762216 |title=Ishq Par Zor Nahi actress Shagun Sharma gets rape threats for her onscreen character; Says it is insensitive |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911065338/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-par-zor-nahi-actress-shagun-sharma-gets-rape-threats-her-onscreen-character-says-it-insensitive-762216 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]''
| Tanya "Titli" Awasthi
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-ragini-khanna-but-shagun-sharma-to-play-the-lead-opposite-jay-soni-in-sasural-genda-phool-2/articleshow/86812498.cms |title=Not Ragini Khanna but Shagun Sharma to play the lead opposite Jay Soni in Sasural Genda Phool 2 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Harphoul Mohini]]''
| Mohini Chaudhary
| <ref name="harphoul"/><ref name="mohini"/>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| IAS Kashvi Sabharwal
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Paridhi "Pari" Virani
|
|-
| 2026
| ''Khatron Ke Khiladi 15''
| Contestant
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Farzeen|first=Sana|date=28 April 2026|title=KKK 15: Gaurav Khanna, Shagun Sharma and ex-contestants Rubina, Jasmin confirmed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-15-gaurav-khanna-shagun-sharma-rubina-dilaik-jasmin-bhasin-confirmed-2902553-2026-04-28|access-date=5 May 2026|work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Tennis Buddies''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/tennis-buddies/1000239140/watch |title=Tennis Buddies |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''A Surprise To My Dad''
| Tanvi
| [[Short film]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Mera Number Kab Aageya''
| Mrs. Saxena
| [[Short film]]
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Mera Number Kab Aayega{{!}} Award Winning Film{{!}} Rakesh Bedi, Adnan Khan, Shagun Sharma{{!}} Jayant Gupta | date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwF9z9rm9eA |publisher=humaramovie |language=en |access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Dating Siyapaa''
| Chameli
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-sharma-was-surprised-with-her-parents-reaction-when-she-discussed-a-bold-role-with-them/articleshow/90494806.cms |title=Shagun Sharma was surprised with her parents' reaction when she discussed a bold role with them |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Music Videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Notes
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020
| ''Sang Tere''
| Rekha Maliya
|-
| ''Yaar Kende''
| Seven Strings
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9117883}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Phulkian dynasty

2026-04-27T14:47:15Z

Aryatheautistic: started first article v1!

{{Short description|Former Punjabi royal dynasty}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox dynasty
| name = Phulkian
| image = Portrait of Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, ancestor of the Phulkian Dynasty.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Portrait of Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar, ancestor of the Phulkian dynasty
| origin = [[Phulkian Misl]], [[Punjab]]
| country = [[Patiala State]] [[Nabha State]] [[Jind State]] [[Faridkot State]] [[Kaithal State]]
| founded = 1627
| founder = Phul Sidhu-Brar
| dissolution = 1971
| titles = [[Maharaja of Patiala]] Maharaja of Nabha Maharaja of Jind Raja of Faridkot
}}
The '''Phulkian dynasty''' (or '''Phoolkian''') of [[Maharajas]] or [[Sardar|sardars]] were [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Jat]]<ref>D. A. Low (1991). D. A. Low (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&dq=phulkian+misl+sidhu+Jat&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=phulkian%20misl%20sidhu%20Jat&f=false Political Inheritance of Pakistan]. Springer. p. 35. {{ISBN|9781349115563}}.</ref><ref>Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). [https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 The encyclopaedia of Sikhism]. Vol. 3. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 336–337. {{ISBN|0-8364-2883-8}}. [[OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 29703420]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155458/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420 Archived] from the original on 8 March 2024.</ref> royals and aristocrats in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab region]] of India. Members of the dynasty ruled the [[Phulkian States|Phulkian states]] of [[Badrukhan]], [[Bhadaur]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Malaudh]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], and [[Patiala State|Patiala]], allying themselves with the [[British Empire]] according to the terms of the [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Sutlej]] treaty of 1809.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=Asiatic Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7pJAAAAcAAJ&q=that+of+phool+and+maraj |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1867 |publisher=Soc. |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127112947/https://books.google.com/books?id=R7pJAAAAcAAJ&q=that+of+phool+and+maraj |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume20Part2 |title=The Punjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=1986 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |series=Part 2 |volume=20 |location=Patiala |pages=396–398 |language=English}}</ref> The dynasty is named after Phul Sidhu-Brar, the 17th-century common ancestor of the Phulkian states and the founder of the [[Phulkian Misl]].<ref name=":5" /> After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, the Phulkian states had all acceded to [[Dominion of India|India]] by 1948.<ref name=":6" /> Members of the various royal families of the Phulkian dynasty retained their titles until 1971, when the [[Government of India]] abolished their titles with the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]].

== Lineage ==

=== Mythological ===
Descendants of [[Rao Bhati]], including members of the former and historical Phulkian dynasty, claimed to be direct descendants of [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]], a [[Myth|mythological]] Hindu monarch from whom [[Bhati]] claimed descent.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=113–120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIoBAAAAMAAJ |title=The New India |publisher=Times Publishing Company |location= |publication-date=1937 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLZWAAAAMAAJ |title=Art and Cultural Heritage of Patiala |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-85067-66-7 |location=New Delhi |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> Yadu was the founder of the mythological [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties|Yadu dynasty]], a branch of the [[Legend|legendary]] [[Lunar dynasty]] ([[IAST]]: Candravaṃśa), according to [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":232" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Historical ===
[[File:Genealogical familial tree of the Phulkian dynasty by John Cave-Browne, ca.1861.jpg|thumb|Genealogical familial tree of the Phulkian dynasty by John Cave-Browne, ca.1861|254x254px]]Members of the Phulkian dynasty claimed descent from Hem, a younger son of [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Jaisal Singh]], the founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]] (r. 1156–1168),<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=232–242 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |location=New Delhi |page=165 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210538/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Sikhism_over_1000_En/gqIbJz7vMn0C?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> who migrated to the present-day [[Malwa]] region in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781107080317 |pages=18, 55–56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=Asiatic Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7pJAAAAcAAJ&q=that+of+phool+and+maraj |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1867 |publisher=Soc. |language=en |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127112947/https://books.google.com/books?id=R7pJAAAAcAAJ&q=that+of+phool+and+maraj |archive-date=27 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The dynasty further traces its lineage to [[Rao Bhati]], a 3rd-century [[Hindus|Hindu]] monarch.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":232">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt21AAAAIAAJ |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Bathinda |date=1992 |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |edition= |location=Chandigarh |page=37 |language=en}}</ref>

The rulers of the [[Phulkian States|Phulkian states]] shared a common ancestor, the 17th-century [[Chowdhury|Chaudhary]] Phul Sidhu-Brar, also known as Baba Phul (1627–1689).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=3 |location=Patiala |pages=336–337 |oclc=29703420 }}</ref> Baba Phul was the grandson of a Sikh of Guru Hargobind named Mohan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Truth About Nabha: The tale of Betrayal with Maharaja Ripudaman Singh by British Empire |date=January 2022 |publisher=Dharam Prachar Committee, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |edition=3rd |pages=7 |chapter=Origin of the State}}</ref> Mohan founded the settlement of Mehraj in 1627, named after his great-grandfather, Mehraj.<ref name=":8" /> In 1631, it is claimed that Mohan once sought the assistance of the sixth Sikh guru against hostile neighbours, who provided military help in the form of 500-men.<ref name=":8" /> Another tale connects Phul to the Sikh gurus: it is said that Phul and his brother Sandli were once blessed by Guru Har Rai after being presented to the guru as two starving orphans by their uncle Kala.<ref name=":8" /> Sikhs believe the blessing of Guru Har Rai bestowed on the young Phul allowed his descendants to found dynasties and become prosperous rulers.<ref name=":8" />
[[File:Illustration of Guru Har Rai blessing a young Phul Sidhu-Brar, from 'The Sikh Religion' (1909).jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Guru Har Rai]] blessing a young Phul Sidhu-Brar, from 'The Sikh Religion' (1909)]]Baba Phul was the founder of the [[Phulkian Misl]], which was named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Sir John James Hood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQNAAAAYAAJ |title=The Sikhs |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |year=1904 |location=Edinburgh |pages=93–94 |language=en}}</ref> He lived through the times of [[Guru Hargobind]], the sixth [[Sikh gurus|Guru]] of the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religion as well as [[Guru Har Rai]], the seventh Guru.<ref name=":0" /> According to historical accounts, Phul had received blessings from both Guru Hargobind and Guru Har Rai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35241 |title=Punjab State Gazetteers Vol Xvii A: Phulkian States, Patiala Jind And Nabha With Maps |publisher=Punjab Government Press |year=1904 |page=ii}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagat Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-the-sikh-misals |title=History Of The Sikh Misals |page=168-170}}</ref> Eventually, Phul received the official designation of ''[[Chowdhury|Chaudari]]'' from the Mughals and became a tributary ''[[sardar]]'' of them.<ref name=":8" /> Through his eldest son, Tiloka, Phul is the ancestor of the rulers of [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Jind State|Jind]] and [[Badrukhan]].<ref name=":0" /> Through his second son, Rama, Phul is the ancestor of the rulers of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Malaudh]] and [[Bhadaur]].<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Phulkian Misl ===
{{Misls}}
The Phulkian Misl was a [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikh Misl]] founded by [[Chaudhary|Choudhary]] Phul Sidhu-Brar, also known as Baba Phul or Phul Singh, and named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Vishal |date=2021-06-27 |title=Neglected for years, ₹7-cr facelift to revive historic Phul Fort's glory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/neglected-for-years-rs-7-cr-facelift-to-revive-historic-phul-fort-s-glory-101624737963762.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Sir John James Hood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABQNAAAAYAAJ |title=The Sikhs |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |year=1904 |location=Edinburgh |pages=93–94 |language=en}}</ref> It was established by Jats.<ref name="Dhavan">{{cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA61 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page= |pages=60–61}}</ref> A claimed descendant of the [[Bhati|Bhati Rajputs]], Phul was a direct descendant of Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |location=New Delhi |page=165 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210538/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Sikhism_over_1000_En/gqIbJz7vMn0C?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Phul's descendants became the royal families of the Phulkian dynasty [[Princely state|states]], which included the states of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], and [[Jind State|Jind]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume20Part2 |title=The Punjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=1986 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |series=Part 2 |volume=20 |location=Patiala |pages=396–398 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=232–242 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Historians have disputed whether the Phulkian Misl was ever a true Sikh Misl, as its practices and policies were more centralized and akin to a [[petty kingdom]] than those of a true Sikh Misl.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Singh Brothers |year=1999 |location=Amritsar |pages=491 |language=English}}</ref>

==== Territory ====
The misl originated from Phul in Malwa.<ref name="Dhavan" /> The Phulkians held territory in southern Malwa.<ref name="Dhavan" /> The Phulkian Misl controlled areas between Sirhind and Delhi, forming the Sikh kingdoms of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, and Kaithal.''<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2004 |isbn=9788121511322 |edition=2nd |pages=11–13 |chapter=The Sikh Misls}}</ref>''

==== Misl status dispute ====
Some historians, such as Kirpal Singh, claim the Phulkians were never truly a "Misl" at all.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=4 July 2007 |title=SGPC book doesn't recognise Baba Ala Singh as Sikh misl |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070705/punjab1.htm#5 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Historian Surjit Singh Gandhi also claimed that the Phulkian Misl was never a true Misl because they shared almost no common practices with the other [[Sikhs|Sikh]] Misls, and the administrative nature of the Phulkian Misl's political state varied considerably from that of the other Misls.<ref name=":02" />

Gandhi based his arguments on various facts and events. When the Sikh Misls divided themselves into the Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] in 1734, no Phulkian leader was represented, and there was no Phulkian presence in the Dal Khalsa in 1748.<ref name=":02" /> Phulkian leaders did not attend [[Sarbat Khalsa]] meetings or distribute loot and territory among their followers, instead adopting [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] practices of appropriating resources for themselves and rewarding their men with payments and [[Jagir|Jagirs]].<ref name=":02" /> While other Misls fought relentlessly against the Mughal Empire and the [[Durrani Empire]], the Phulkian chiefs maintained good relations with these imperial powers, obtained titles from them.<ref name=":02" /> Unlike other Misls, they did not inscribe the names of the [[Sikh gurus]] on their coins but instead issued coins in the names of rulers of the Mughal Empire and Durrani Empire.<ref name=":02" /> In the entire 18th century, none of the Phulkian leaders visited [[Sikhism]]'s holy cities of [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and [[Amritsar]], but they frequently visited and were visited by the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and Durrani rulers.<ref name=":02" />

=== Phulkian States ===
[[File:Painting depicting a meeting between Sahib Singh of Patiala State, Jodh Singh of Kalsia State, Lal Singh of Kaithal State, Mehak Singh, and Raja Jaswant Rao Holkar, ca.1805.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting a meeting between [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]] of [[Patiala State]], Jodh Singh of [[Kalsia State]], Lal Singh of [[Kaithal]] State, Mehak Singh, and [[Raja]] [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Jaswant Rao Holkar]], ca.1850]]
In 1767, the city of [[Kaithal]] fell into the hands of the Phulkian chieftain, Desu Singh, who established [[Kaithal State]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=3: 1771–1788 |pages=106}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, the Phulkian states, concerned about the rising power of [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]], sought protection from the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=B.R. |url=http://archive.org/details/gazzeteer-of-punjab-sangrur |title=Gazzeteer Of Punjab Sangrur |date=1984 |publisher=Revenue Department, Punjab |location=Chandigarh |pages=30–32}}</ref> Although Ranjit Singh was generally moderate towards the Phulkian rulers and willing to address their issues, his growing influence led to suspicions about his intentions. Consequently, the [[Cis-Sutlej states]], including the Phulkian states, convened and decided to send a deputation to the British Resident in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":3" /> The delegation pledged their loyalty to the British and sought their protection, leading to a treaty on 25 April 1809, where Ranjit Singh agreed not to extend his military campaigns into the Cis-Sutlej territories.<ref name=":3" />

As the Phulkian states were freed from the threat of Ranjit Singh, internal conflicts among them surfaced, prompting further British intervention. By 22 August 1811, the British issued another proclamation to protect these states from each other, thereby enhancing their power of interference and control.<ref name=":3" /> Over time, these states transitioned from being independent rulers in a treaty alliance with the British to becoming dependencies, or what the British described as [[Princely state|princely states]], significantly diminishing their autonomy and consolidating British dominance in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]].<ref name=":3" />

=== British Raj ===
[[File:Map of the Phulkian States showing administrative divisions and railway lines from Lahore to Delhi through different cities, 1909.jpg|thumb|Map of the Phulkian States showing administrative divisions and railway lines from [[Lahore]] to [[Delhi]] through different cities, 1909]]
The Maharajas of the three largest Phulkian states (Patiala, Nabha and Jind) supported the East India Company during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], both with military forces and supplies, as well as by offering protection for European people in affected areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.04066 |title=Bengal: Past and Present |publisher=P.C. Ray |year=1973 |volume=92 |location=Calcutta |pages=89–92 |issue=173}}</ref> In return, the three Maharajas were given additional territories, honours and titles by the [[British Raj]].<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Detail of Bikram Singh, Hira Singh, Rajinder Singh, Charles Aitchison, and Raghubir Singh from a photograph of Punjab's senior British administrators with rulers of the erstwhile Punjabi princely-states, Rawalpindi, 1885.jpg|thumb|Detail of Bikram Singh of [[Faridkot State]], [[Hira Singh of Nabha|Hira Singh]] of [[Nabha State]], [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State]], [[Charles Umpherston Aitchison|Charles Aitchison]] (British lieutenant governor of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]), and [[Raghubir Singh of Jind|Raghubir Singh]] of [[Jind State]], from a photograph of Punjab's senior British administrators with rulers of the erstwhile Punjabi [[Princely state|princely states]], [[Rawalpindi]], 1885]]
In 1858, the British Raj authorities rejected a petition to allow them to adopt heirs to ensure lines of succession.<ref name=":2" /> They believed that such processes could be dealt with on an ''ad hoc'' basis if and when the situation arose, and that to accept the petition would be contrary to the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].<ref name=":2" /> The matter was eventually taken up by the government in Britain, who demanded that the Raj authorities should grant the petition in recognition of the considerable loyalty that had been demonstrated during the rebellion.<ref name=":2" /> Later, on 19 January 1860 at a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] in [[Ambala]], [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], the [[Governor-General of India]], acceded to the request.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |title= A Study of British Relations with the Native States of India, 1858–62 |first=Bhupen |last=Qanungo |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |date=February 1967 |pages=251–265 |doi=10.2307/2051929 |jstor=2051929|s2cid=159681388 }}</ref>

During the British Raj, the Phulkian states of Patiala, Nabha, and Jind were noted for their patronage of [[North India|North Indian]] artists, musicians, and scholars at their court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-81-7017-174-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=2–5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Abolition ===
By 1948, all of the Phulkian states had [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to the [[Dominion of India|India]], which became [[Indian independence movement|independent]] in 1947.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Nabha |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nabha |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The royal families of the Phulkian dynasty retained their royal titles in India until 1971, when they were abolished with the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]].

== Inter-state dispute ==
A dispute in the early 1920s between [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]], who had become Maharaja of Patiala in 1909, and his fellow Maharaja in Nabha, [[Ripudaman Singh]], who became ruler in 1911, had significant ramifications both for relationships within the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community and for British policy in the Punjab. According to historian [[Barbara Ramusack]], the pair were "ambitious, arrogant, energetic, and jealous" and "shared the hypersensitivity on matters of ''izzat'' or honor and status common to most Indian princes".

What began initially as a war of words from around 1912 had become physical by the 1920s, with Bhupinder Singh complaining that the law courts of Ripudaman Singh had been falsely convicting Patiala police officers, as well as kidnapping girls from Patiala for the royal harem.<ref name="Ramusack1969" /> On top of this, were frequent boundary disputes, which had been a feature of strife between the states for many years because of the way in which the territories intertwined.<ref name="Ramusack1969">{{cite journal|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|date=May 1969|title=Incident at Nabha: Interaction between Indian States and British Indian Politics|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=28|issue=3|pages=563–577|doi=10.2307/2943179|jstor=2943179|s2cid=154242842 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There were numerous attempts, with varying degrees of formality, to resolve the dispute. These included high-level court meetings, independent mediators and Sikh community groups such as the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC).<ref name="Ramusack1969" /> The situation was eventually referred to the British authorities in 1923, who instituted a quasi-judicial inquiry the conclusions of which generally supported the grievances raised by Bhupinder Singh and were critical of how Ripudaman Singh was administering his state and attempting to undermine the position of Patiala. Ripudaman, who had gained support from some extremist [[Akali movement|Akali]]s, was told that the British would formally intervene unless he abdicated and that this would lead to him being officially deposed.<ref name="Ramusack1969" />

The abdication on 8 July 1923, which was effectively forced upon him, saw the British take over the administration of Nabha and caused uproar in Punjab. People in Punjab protested in what they considered to be unwarranted political interference, and lauded Ripudaman Singh both as a Sikh leader and a nationalist. Newspapers in the region, with the support of the SGPC, pointed to his past favouring of the views of nationalists such as [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], noted that he had spurned some rituals at his coronation, and alleged he sympathised with the Akalis. They also erroneously claimed that Bhupinder Singh opposed the abdication, which he was quick to deny.<ref name="Ramusack1969" />

Bhupinder Singh's decision to side with the British and instigate a counterpropaganda campaign at their request drove a wedge between [[Punjabi Sikhs]].<ref name="Ramusack1969" /> Patiala was considered to be the most important of the Sikh states and its prime minister, [[Daya Kishan Kaul]], attempted to mobilise its supporters among the SGPC as well as those citizens of Nabha who had been ill-treated by Ripudaman. He also attempted to feed the press with stories in support of both his state and the British.<ref name="Ramusack1969"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Gobind Singh's letter written to Rama and Tiloka.jpg|[[Sikh gurus|Guru]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]]'s ''[[hukamnama]]'' addressed to Rama and Tiloka, sons of Phul Singh. Dated August 2 1696, from the [[Maharaja of Patiala]]'s collection.
File:Punjab-Districts 1911.png|Phulkian states in a 1911 map of Punjab
File:Genealogical table of the Phulkian Dynasty, including the houses of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Bhadaur, Malaudh, and Badrukhan, created by Sardar Attar Singh of Bhadaur, September 1872.jpg|Genealogical table of the Phulkian Dynasty, including the houses of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Bhadaur, Malaudh, and Badrukhan, created by Sardar Attar Singh of Bhadaur, September 1872. The years are according to the Bikrami dates.
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of Jat dynasties and states]]
* [[Phulkian States]]
* [[Patiala State]]
* [[Nabha State]]
* [[Jind State]]
* [[Faridkot State]]
* [[Malaudh]]
* [[Bhadaur]]
* [[Kaithal]]
* [[Cis-Sutlej states]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sikh families]]
[[Category:Sikh monarchs]]
[[Category:Phulkian dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Bisi Bisi

2026-04-24T16:24:42Z

Aryatheautistic: added pg

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bisi Bisi
| image = Bisi Bisi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Ramanath Rugvedi
| writer = Rajendra Karanth (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Ramesh Aravind]]
| story = Pal Chandani
| based_on = 
| producer = Pal Chandani
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Ramesh Aravind
*[[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Madhuri Bhattacharya]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Milind Dharmasena
| studio = Ajay Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|1|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bisi Bisi''''' ({{translation|Super hot}}) is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Ramanath Rugvedi and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Anu Prabhakar]] and [[Madhuri Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bisi_bisi.asp|title=Ramesh busy with 'Bisi Bisi'|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-04-29|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429074435/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bisi_bisi.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was loosely based on
the Hollywood film ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'' (1955),<ref name="V"/> and it was
remade in Telugu as ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'' (2005) and Hindi as ''[[Prem Kaa Game]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-adirindayyachandram.html|title=Movie review - Adirindayya Chandram|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=20 August 2005|access-date=29 April 2023|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213094301/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-adirindayyachandram.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Madhuri Bhattacharya]]
*Shankar Rao
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*[[Rekha Das]]
*[[Aruna Balraj]]
*[[Kishori Ballal]]
*[[V. Manohar]]
*[[K. Praveen Nayak]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in twenty-seven days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bisi_bisi02.asp|title=Well planned film Bisi Bisi completes shooting|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-04-29|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429074436/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bisi_bisi02.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Milind Dharmasena. The music was released under the [[Anand Audio]] label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/bisi-bisi-kannada|title=Bisi Bisi|work=Gaana|date=2003|access-date=2023-07-04|archive-date=2023-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704154822/https://gaana.com/album/bisi-bisi-kannada|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = O Lovely Lady
| extra1 = Uma Balu, Rohit M.
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Bengloora Hudugira
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Hele Gelathi
| extra3 = Shastri, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Nanna Hendthi
| extra4 = Hemanth, Rohit M., Ramesh
| length4 = 3:20
| total_length = 16:41
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "As the title itself suggests, this is an out and out comedy film. But, unlike others, it has a message".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan252004/movies.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516214935/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan252004/movies.asp | archive-date=16 May 2017 | title=Bisi Bisi |work = [[Deccan Herald ]]|date= 25 January 2004}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nutshell, ''Bisi Bisi'' is a perfect entertainer for everyone. 100% paisa vasool! ({{Translation|bang for your buck}})".<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_bisi_bisi.asp|title=Bisi Bisi - film review|date=2004|work=Viggy}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Director Ramanath Rugvedi has to be credited for bringing out the pains of a married man who is caught in marriage which offers him nothing, and his need to bring in excitement in his life through an extra martial relationship. Yet again the director etches out the relationship between a husband and his wife".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13375350|title=Review: Bisi Bisi|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908230655/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13375350|archive-date=8 September 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|30107367}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]

Shriya Saran filmography

2026-04-24T07:28:56Z

Aryatheautistic: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Shriya Saran at 62nd Filmfare awards south.jpg|alt=Shriya Saran is seen smiling at the camera.|300px|thumb|Shriya Saran at 62nd South Filmfare awards.]]
[[Shriya Saran]] is an Indian actress and model who has appeared mostly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] language films. She made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001) and had her first commercial success with ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-tollywood/article/vikram-prefers-his-films-do-talking |title=Vikram prefers his films do the talking |last=Kaviyarani |first=Suresh |date=26 May 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185846/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-tollywood/article/vikram-prefers-his-films-do-talking |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/04/08/stories/2004040800360300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161219152118/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/04/08/stories/2004040800360300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2016 |title=Return of romance! |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=8 April 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The following year, she made her Hindi cinema debut with a supporting role in ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'', alongside [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]], which is a remake of Malayalam film ''[[Niram]]''.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shriya-sarans-life-in-pictures/20160911.htm |title=Shriya Saran's life in pictures! |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=11 September 2016 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009104215/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shriya-sarans-life-in-pictures/20160911.htm |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> It was followed by the commercially successful [[crime drama]] ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003), in which she was paired opposite [[Chiranjeevi]], which is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Ramanaa]]''.<ref name="DC">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240916/shriya-saran-in-chirus-150th-film.html |title=Shriya Saran in Chiru's 150th film? |date=24 September 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008114827/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240916/shriya-saran-in-chirus-150th-film.html |archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> The same year, she played a supporting role in the Tamil-Telugu bilingual film ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'', which marked her debut in Tamil cinema.<ref name=rediff /> In 2005, she had ten releases including ''[[Mazhai]]'', [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s [[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']], and ''[[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]]'', in which she was among the only three characters of the film.<ref name="MPOD">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/10/stories/2005091005690200.htm |title=Triple treat treads on weak script |date=10 September 2005 |access-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221102122/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/10/stories/2005091005690200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Saran's solitary release as a lead actress in 2006 was the Tamil film ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]''.

In 2007, Saran was paired opposite [[Rajinikanth]] in [[S. Shankar]]'s ''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Sivaji]]''.<ref name=rediff /> It was the most expensive film in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] and went on to become [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|the highest grossing Tamil film]] to that point.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/northeast/story_7944854.asp |title=Panchali willing, is Rajni' – Twist in Sivaji tale prevents a model-superstar wedding |date=20 June 2007 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |access-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604075306/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/northeast/story_7944854.asp |archive-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6252108.stm |title=Cult star steers India's priciest film |last=G Tilak |first=Sudha |date=29 June 2007 |access-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917023328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6252108.stm |archive-date=17 September 2016 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-13-fi-indiafilm13-story.html |title=Bollywood isn't India's only show-biz player |last=Chu |first=Henry |date=13 July 2007 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022015406/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/13/business/fi-indiafilm13 |archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref> The same year, she made a comeback to Hindi cinema with [[Mohit Suri]]'s ''[[Awarapan]]'', where she played a Muslim woman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/06/25/awarapan_2007_review.shtml |title=Awarapan (2007) |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=19 June 2007 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528225828/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/06/25/awarapan_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=28 May 2014 |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> Following that, she made her [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]] debut with James Dodson's ''[[The Other End of the Line]]'' (2008),<ref name=rediff /> in which she played an Indian woman who works in a [[call centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/31jesse.htm |title=Desperate over Shriya! |last=J Pais |first=Arthur |date=31 October 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703072638/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/31jesse.htm |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> Her subsequent releases include the Tamil films ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009) and ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010), and ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010), which marked her debut in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Summer-entertainers/article15694067.ece |title=Summer entertainers |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=30 April 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Summer-entertainers/article15694067.ece |archive-date=3 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2012, Saran starred in [[Deepa Mehta]]'s ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'', an English adaptation of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s [[Midnight's Children|novel of the same name]]. The following years, she played a princess in [[Roopa Iyer]]'s period fantasy drama ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]''; the film was shot simultaneously in [[Kannada]] and Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shriya-plays-Princess-in-Costliest-Bilingual-Chandra/articleshow/14734597.cms |title=Shriya plays Princess in Costliest Bilingual "Chandra" |date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shriya-plays-Princess-in-Costliest-Bilingual-Chandra/articleshow/14734597.cms |archive-date=3 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2014, she played dual roles in the Telugu drama film ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''. Saran received critical acclaim for her performance and was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu Award]] at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/manam-smiles-all-around/article6040767.ece |title=Manam: Smiles all around |last=M. Borah |first=Prabalika |date=23 May 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209051320/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/manam-smiles-all-around/article6040767.ece |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-is-all-praise-for-Manam/articleshow/35521345.cms |title=Ram Charan is all praise for Manam |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=23 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211053431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ram-Charan-is-all-praise-for-Manam/articleshow/35521345.cms |archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> The following year, she appeared opposite [[Ajay Devgn]] in ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'', the Hindi remake of the [[Drishyam|Malayalam film of the same name]], which became a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Drishyam-box-office-The-Ajay-Devgn-starrer-makes-Rs-60-5-crore-in-17-days/articleshow/48306355.cms |title='Drishyam' box-office: The Ajay Devgn-starrer makes Rs 60.5 crore in 17 days |date=11 August 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101022434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Drishyam-box-office-The-Ajay-Devgn-starrer-makes-Rs-60-5-crore-in-17-days/articleshow/48306355.cms |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

== Film ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="filmography"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2001
!scope="row"| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''
| Neha
| rowspan="4" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Vikram Kumar: Ishq is a romantic film |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vikram-kumar-ishq-is-a-romantic-film/20120223.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195538/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-vikram-kumar-ishq-is-a-romantic-film/20120223.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-istam.html|title=A likeable film|author=Gudipoodi Srihari|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502091001/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-istam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
!scope="row"| ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]''
| Bhanu
| Nominated — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2002 |title=Be happy, Gracy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/28/stories/2002022801230200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030715060627/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/28/stories/2002022801230200.htm |archive-date=15 July 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dav7IWZBfA |title=Santosham (2002) – HD Full Length Telugu Film |last=K. Dasarath |first=K. |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream HD Movies |year=2013 |author-link=K. Dasarath |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513072639/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dav7IWZBfA |archive-date=13 May 2014 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]''
| Preethi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2002 |title=Faction frictions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000850400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201045424/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000850400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 December 2003}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]''
| Anjali ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=G. S. |date=14 October 2002 |title=Simple love story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400630400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914022010/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400630400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 September 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003
!scope="row"| ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''
| Girija
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tujhe Meri Kasam |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tujhe-meri-kasam/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231172722/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tujhe-meri-kasam/cast/ |archive-date=31 December 2016 |access-date=31 December 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 January 2003 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]''
| Sitalakshmi
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=18 August 2003 |title=Playing on emotions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/18/stories/2003081801130400.htm |access-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802043547/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/18/stories/2003081801130400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''
| Devaki ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name=DC /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQdw-wz8l3g |title=Tagore (2003) – HD Full Length Telugu Film – Chiranjeevi – Jyothika – Shriya Saran – Mani Sharma |last=Vinayak |first=V. V. |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream HD Movies |year=2013 |author-link=V. V. Vinayak |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223082806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQdw-wz8l3g |archive-date=23 February 2016 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ela Cheppanu]]''
| Priya ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDHvklfaG5Y |title=Ela Cheppanu Telugu Full Movie |last=Ramana |first=B. V. |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies |year=2013 |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729105431/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDHvklfaG5Y |archive-date=29 July 2013 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''
| rowspan="2" | Reshma
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |credited as Shriya, [[Multiple-language version|Bilingual film]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2003 |title="Enakku 20 Unakku 18" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307080247/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="YT">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_mh22S2P6M |title=Enakku 20 Unakku 18 |last=Krishna |first=Jyothi |language=Telugu |publisher=Tamil Matinee |year=2014 |author-link=Jyothi Krishna (director) |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_mh22S2P6M |archive-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=live |medium=Motion picture}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18|Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=27 June 2003 |title=A M Ratnam's magnum opus |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/A-M-Ratnams-magnum-opus/articleshow/46204.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309091609/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/A-M-Ratnams-magnum-opus/articleshow/46204.cms |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
!scope="row"| ''[[Nenunnanu]]''
| Anu
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO4xXvBkAwk |title=Nenunnanu Full Movie |last=Aditya |first=V. N. |language=Telugu |publisher=Sri Balaji Video |year=2013 |author-link=V. N. Aditya |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821022820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO4xXvBkAwk |archive-date=21 August 2016 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]''
| Rani
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2004 |title=Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/thoda-tum-badlo-thoda-hum/critic-review/thoda-tum-badlo-thoda-hum-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063255/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/thoda-tum-badlo-thoda-hum/critic-review/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''
| Roopa
| Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG4F8lGygow |title=Arjun Telugu Full Movie |last=Gunasekhar |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies |year=2013 |author-link=Gunasekhar |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG4F8lGygow |archive-date=3 October 2017 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart]]''
| Sanam K. Jindal
| Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2004 |title=Shukriya Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shukriya-3/critic-review/shukriya-3-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shukriya-3/critic-review/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Balu (film)|Balu]]''
|Swetha
| rowspan="6" | Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2005 |title=Baalu ABCDEFG |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/baalu-abcdefg-review-telugu-pclvGpbjbcija.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063839/http://www.sify.com/movies/baalu-abcdefg-review-telugu-pclvGpbjbcija.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPdXi6xIBlc |title=Balu ABCDEFG Telugu Full Length Movie |last=Karunakaran |first=A. |language=Telugu |publisher=Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies |year=2013 |author-link=A. Karunakaran |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217010550/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPdXi6xIBlc |archive-date=17 February 2014 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Naa Alludu]]''
| Meghana || credited as Shriya
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Naa Alludu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naa-alludu-review-telugu-pclvGwhfgeead.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062331/http://www.sify.com/movies/naa-alludu-review-telugu-pclvGwhfgeead.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Sada Mee Sevalo]]''
| Suryakantham
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2005 |title=Life Hyderabad : 'Service' is passable |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/26/stories/2005032603020200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802043825/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/26/stories/2005032603020200.htm |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aspnVIeqZec&t=6695s |title=Soggadu |last=Babu |first=Ravi |language=Telugu |publisher=[[Suresh Productions]] |year=2011 |author-link=Ravi Babu |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aspnVIeqZec&t=6695s |archive-date=3 October 2017 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]''
| Swarajyam
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGwZ4_iMaWk |title=Subhash Chandra Bose Telugu Full Length Movie |last=Raghavendra Rao |first=K. |language=Telugu |publisher=Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies |year=2013 |author-link=K. Raghavendra Rao |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427175851/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGwZ4_iMaWk |archive-date=27 April 2015 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]]''
| Satyabhama ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name=MPOD />
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mazhai]]''
| Shailaja
| Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Mazhai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mazhai-review-tamil-pclvMLjfjjjcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180842/http://www.sify.com/movies/mazhai-review-tamil-pclvMLjfjjjcg.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
| Neelu
| rowspan="6" | Telugu
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGxE_m4lAoM |title=Chatrapathi (2005) |last=Rajamouli |first=S. S. |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream HD Movies |year=2013 |author-link=S. S. Rajamouli |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927114738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGxE_m4lAoM |archive-date=27 September 2015 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]''
| Mahalakshmi / Swetha / Sonali
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2005 |title=All for a bridge |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/15/stories/2005101500880200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802043940/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/15/stories/2005101500880200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bommalata]]''
| Swathi
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards – 2006 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224948/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=142 |format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006
!scope="row"| ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="3" | Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpie-ImFdE |title=Devadasu Telugu Full Movie |last=Chowdary |first=YVS |language=Telugu |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies |year=2013 |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217051338/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIpie-ImFdE |archive-date=17 February 2014 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]''
| Vijay Raj's girlfriend
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FmZDEKMZtM&t=245s |title=Game – Telugu Latest Full Movies |last=Ramprasad |first=G. |language=Telugu |publisher=Sri Balaji Movies |year=2014 |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FmZDEKMZtM&t=245s |archive-date=3 October 2017 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]''
| Sanjana
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOY51g4aNy8 |title=Boss I Love You Telugu Full Movie w/subtitles |last=Aditya |first=V. N. |language=Telugu |publisher=Indian Films |year=2015 |place=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOY51g4aNy8 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]''
| Priya
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2006 |title=Old wine, brand new bottle |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/19ta.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120083523/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/19ta.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2007
!scope="row"| ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''
| Herself
| Telugu
| [[item number|Special appearance]] in the song "Chammakkuro"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=13 April 2007 |title=Prabhas, Ileana all set to sizzle in Munna |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/munna/20070413.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081356/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/munna/20070413.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
| Arpitha
| [[Kannada]]
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=PIX: Shriya Saran gets a SEXY royal look |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-shriya-saran-as-a-princess-in-chandra/20130402.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804081506/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-shriya-saran-as-a-princess-in-chandra/20130402.htm |archive-date=4 August 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arasu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arasu-review-kannada-pclwksaicbfgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062333/http://www.sify.com/movies/arasu-review-kannada-pclwksaicbfgd.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
| Thamizhselvi
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2007 |title=Rajnikanth The Boss |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070624/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045813/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070624/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Awarapan]]''
| Aliya
| Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awarapan: Stay off the cinema hall |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/29awara.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329030512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/29awara.htm |archive-date=29 March 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]''
| Herself
| Telugu
| Special appearance in the song "Ne Chuk Chuk Bandini"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunitha |date=13 October 2007 |title=A journey of emotions |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-journey-of-emotions/article14856346.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802044114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-journey-of-emotions/article14856346.ece |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| Abhinaya
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Azhagiya Tamil Magan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-tamil-magan-review-tamil-pclwyXahjchfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615175054/http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagiya-tamil-magan-review-tamil-pclwyXahjchfa.html |archive-date=15 June 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Mallika Sherawata? Marilyn Monroe va?"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=8 August 2011 |title=I have no regrets: Shriya Saran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-have-no-regrets-Shriya-Saran/articleshow/9526683.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161221151423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-have-no-regrets-Shriya-Saran/articleshow/9526683.cms |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''
| Anjali Sagar
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=This Mission is a Turkey |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/25mission.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041558/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/25mission.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[The Other End of the Line]]''
| Priya Sethi
| [[English language|English]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=John |date=31 October 2008 |title=The Other End of the Line |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/the-other-end-of-the-line-1200471183/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910035811/http://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/the-other-end-of-the-line-1200471183/ |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
!scope="row"| ''[[Ek: The Power of One]]''
| Preet Kaur
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Shropshire – Bollywood – Ek The Power Of One |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2008/01/ek_the_power_preview.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161221152145/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2008/01/ek_the_power_preview.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=BBC}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Thoranai]]''
| Indhu
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=29 May 2009 |title=Thoranai: Not good, but not bad either |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/29/thoranai-review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002610/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/29/thoranai-review.htm |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=31 December 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''Pistha''
|Indhu
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=30 May 2009 |title=Pistha Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pistha/movie-review/4597638.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810121214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Pistha/movie-review/4597638.cms |archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
| Subbulakshmi
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2009 |title=Kandasamy is a commercial cocktail |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920160956/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Cooking with Stella]]''
| Tannu
| English
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2010 |title=Cooking With Stella hit at LA fest |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cooking-with-stella-hit-at-la-fest/story-MXSEcguYwYM3uKYPU4TnYK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060951/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cooking-with-stella-hit-at-la-fest/story-MXSEcguYwYM3uKYPU4TnYK.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]''
| Geethanjali
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Review: Kutty is fun |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/15/south-tamil-movie-review-kutty.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929135826/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/15/south-tamil-movie-review-kutty.htm |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Jaggubhai]]''
| Monisha Jagannathan
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R. K. |date=28 January 2010 |title=Brat in Jaggubhai hard to do: Shriya |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Brat-in-Jaggubhai-hard-to-do-Shriya/article16839960.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802045540/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Brat-in-Jaggubhai-hard-to-do-Shriya/article16839960.ece |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Na Ghar Ke Na Ghaat Ke]]''
| Herself
| Hindi
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Na Ghar Ke Na Ghaat Ke |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/na-ghar-ke-na-ghaat-ke/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/na-ghar-ke-na-ghaat-ke/cast/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 March 2010 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
| Aswathy
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=4 March 2010 |title=Double trouble |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/Double-trouble/article16483544.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802045711/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/Double-trouble/article16483544.ece |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Don Seenu]]''
| Deepti
| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2010 |title=Don Seenu is Ravi Teja's show all the way |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/06/south-telugu-review-don-seenu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061022/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/06/south-telugu-review-don-seenu.htm |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Puli (2010 film)|Puli]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Dochey"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=10 September 2016 |title=Komaram Puri is high on style, low on content |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/sep/10/south-komaram-puri-review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403151348/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/sep/10/south-komaram-puri-review.htm |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]''
| Kalpana
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2010 |title=Uthamaputhiran is illogical |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-uthamaputhiran/20101105.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120083222/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-uthamaputhiran/20101105.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''
| Anu Ammaiyappan
| rowspan="2" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=Chikku Bukku is tedious |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-chikku-bukku/20101203.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105062324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-chikku-bukku/20101203.htm |archive-date=5 January 2011 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
!scope="row"| ''[[Rowthiram]]''
| Priya
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2011 |title=Review: Rowthiram is a mindless masala |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109060416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koimoi |date=30 September 2016 |title=Shriya Saran | Actresses |url=http://www.koimoi.com/actress/shriya-saran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516184451/http://www.koimoi.com/actress/shriya-saran/ |archive-date=16 May 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Rajapattai]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Laddu Laddu Rendu Laddu"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram to sizzle with Reema & Shriya! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172135/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Casanovva]]''
| Sameera Zacharia
| Malayalam
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=WBRi Movie Review: Casanovva (2012) – The Most Expensive Malayalam Film Yet |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24224212-wbri-movie-review-casanovva-2012-most-expensive-malayalam-film-yet |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620165644/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24224212-wbri-movie-review-casanovva-2012-most-expensive-malayalam-film-yet |archive-date=20 June 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]''
| Nisha Pandit
| Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2012 |title=Gali Gali Chor Hai Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gali-gali-chor-hai/critic-review/gali-gali-chor-hai-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063603/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gali-gali-chor-hai/critic-review/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Nuvva Nena]]''
| Dr. Nandini
| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2012 |title=Review: Nuvva Nena is a fun ride |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nuvva-nena-is-a-fun-ride/20120316.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nuvva-nena-is-a-fun-ride/20120316.htm |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life is Beautiful]]''
| Parvati ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2012 |title=Review: ' Life is Beautiful '(Telugu) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-life-is-beautiful-telugu-1741248 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125140337/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-life-is-beautiful-telugu-1741248 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]''
| Parvati
| English ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=I worked in slums to prepare for Midnight's Children: Shriya Saran |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-worked-in-slums-to-prepare-for-midnights-children-shriya-saran-610284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061118/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/i-worked-in-slums-to-prepare-for-midnights-children-shriya-saran-610284 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[NDTV]] |date=20 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Zila Ghaziabad]]''
| Herself
|Hindi
| Special appearance in the song "Chamiya No.1"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2013 |title=PIX: The hot item songs in Zila Ghaziabad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-the-hot-item-songs-in-zila-ghaziabad/20130219.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913162248/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-the-hot-item-songs-in-zila-ghaziabad/20130219.htm |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title='Zila Ghaziabad' director starts his own production house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Zila-Ghaziabad-director-starts-his-own-production-house/articleshow/21801607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003164957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Zila-Ghaziabad-director-starts-his-own-production-house/articleshow/21801607.cms |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]''
| Pavitra
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Pavitra to hit screens on May 10 |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130423/entertainment-tollywood/article/pavitra-hit-screens-may-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063951/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130423/entertainment-tollywood/article/pavitra-hit-screens-may-10 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]''
| rowspan="2" | Ammanmani Chandravathy
| Kannada
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2013 |title=Chandra (Kannada) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jun/29/chandra-kannada-491653.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123620/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jun/29/Chandra-Kannada-491653.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2014 |title=Valentine Day release for Tamil version of Chandra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Valentine-Day-release-for-Tamil-version-of-Chandra/articleshow/29806379.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623073223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Valentine-Day-release-for-Tamil-version-of-Chandra/articleshow/29806379.cms |archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
| Rama Lakshmi, Anjali
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
| Nominated —[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title='Manam' Review Roundup: Complete Entertainer; Treat for Akkineni Fans |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manam-review-roundup-complete-entertainer-treat-akkineni-fans-600838 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209051321/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/manam-review-roundup-complete-entertainer-treat-akkineni-fans-600838 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=8 October 2016 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
!scope="row"| ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
| Meenakshi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review 'Gopala Gopala': It's a Pawan-Venky medley |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150110/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-gopala-gopala-it%E2%80%99s-pawan-venky-medley |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110151803/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150110/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-gopala-gopala-it%E2%80%99s-pawan-venky-medley |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]''
| Nandini Salgaonkar
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=31 July 2015 |title=Drishyam: Tabu and Ajay Devgn shine in this imperfect picture : Reviews, News – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/drishyam-review-tabu-and-ajay-devgn-shine-in-this-imperfect-picture-drishyam-movie-review-285659-2015-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725063936/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/drishyam-review-tabu-and-ajay-devgn-shine-in-this-imperfect-picture-drishyam-movie-review/1/455305.html |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Oopiri]]''
| rowspan="2" | Priya
| Telugu
| rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=23 January 2016 |title=Shriya Saran makes a cameo in Oopiri |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shriya-saran-makes-a-cameo-in-oopiri/20160123.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804030329/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shriya-saran-makes-a-cameo-in-oopiri/20160123.htm |archive-date=4 August 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope="row"|''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''
|Vashishtha Devi
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Vrinda |date=11 January 2017 |title=Exclusive: 'Gautamiputra Satakarni' was a life changing experience, says Shriya Saran |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/exclusive-gautamiputra-satakarni-was-life-changing-experience-says-shriya-saran-55577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114113121/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/exclusive-gautamiputra-satakarni-was-life-changing-experience-says-shriya-saran-55577 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]''
| Selvi
| Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2016 |title=ரசிகர்களின் மனதை கொள்ளையடிக்க வரும் ஸ்ரேயா |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/07/13161502/1025484/Shriya-Cute-Emotional-character-will-steal-ur-hearts.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408182957/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/07/13161502/1025484/Shriya-Cute-Emotional-character-will-steal-ur-hearts.vpf |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshathram]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
| Special appearance in the song "Time Ledu Guru"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2017 |title=Nakshatram movie review: Krishna Vamsi has completely lost his touch! |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060817/nakshatram-movie-review-krishna-vamsi-has-completely-lost-his-touch.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170811063137/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060817/nakshatram-movie-review-krishna-vamsi-has-completely-lost-his-touch.html |archive-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|Paisa Vasool]]''
| Sarika
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Adivi |first=Sridhar |date=1 September 2017 |title=Paisa Vasool Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paisa-vasool/movie-review/60319706.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170902043012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paisa-vasool/movie-review/60319706.cms |archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Gayatri (2018 film)|Gayatri]]''
| Sharada
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=9 February 2018 |title=Gayatri Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gayatri/movie-review/62849717.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180316081732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gayatri/movie-review/62849717.cms |archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Phamous]]''
|Lalli
| Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2018 |title='Phamous' movie review: Reminiscent of 1980s' B-grade potboilers |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jun/03/phamous-movie-review-reminiscent-of-1980s-b-grade-potboilers-1823040.html |access-date=3 June 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112095326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jun/03/phamous-movie-review-reminiscent-of-1980s-b-grade-potboilers-1823040.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]''
| Neelima
| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=26 October 2018 |title=Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/veera-bhoga-vasantha-rayalu/movie-review/66376904.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109235839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/veera-bhoga-vasantha-rayalu/movie-review/66376904.cms |archive-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
| [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]
| Special appearance in the song "Chitram Bhale Vichitram"
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=NTR Kathanayakudu review: Portrays NTR the actor, his various avatars |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ntr-kathanayakudu-review-portrays-ntr-the-actor-his-various-avatars-review-telugu-tbjoxWfbjfdad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190118071128/http://www.sify.com/movies/ntr-kathanayakudu-review-portrays-ntr-the-actor-his-various-avatars-review-telugu-tbjoxWfbjfdad.html |archive-date=18 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
| Herself
| Hindi
| Special appearance in the song "Naya Naya Love"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Shriya Saran grooves to 'Naya Naya Love' for 'Sab Kushal Mangal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/21/shriya-saran-grooves-to-naya-naya-love-for-sab-kushal-mangal-2078868.html |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224081146/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/21/shriya-saran-grooves-to-naya-naya-love-for-sab-kushal-mangal-2078868.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" |''[[Gamanam (2021 film)|Gamanam]]''
| Kamala
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Gamanam">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2020 |title=Shriya Saran's 'Gamanam' in five languages |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shriya-sarans-gamanam-in-five-languages/article32580156.ece |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915193830/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shriya-sarans-gamanam-in-five-languages/article32580156.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
! scope="row" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
| Alluri Sarojini ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2020 |title=Shriya Saran confirms her presence in Rajamouli's RRR. Likely to play Ajay Devgn's wife |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shriya-saran-confirms-her-presence-in-rajamoulis-rrr-likely-to-play-ajay-devgns-wife/articleshow/76255769.cms |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shriya-saran-confirms-her-presence-in-rajamoulis-rrr-likely-to-play-ajay-devgns-wife/articleshow/76255769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]''
| Madhura
| rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |date=3 August 2019 |title=Ali Fazal on Tadka: My heart is not in this film now |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ali-fazal-on-tadka-my-heart-is-not-in-this-film-now/articleshow/70503552.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200224080904/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dia-mirza-sahil-sangha-and-kanika-dhillon-prakash-kovelamudi-a-tale-of-two-couples/articleshow/70487331.cms |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror|Pune Mirror]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
| Nandini Salgaonkar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Ajay Devgn and Shriya Saran begin Drishyam 2 shoot in Goa; Abhishek Pathak to direct|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-and-shriya-saran-begin-drishyam-2-shoot-in-goa-abhishek-pathak-to-direct/|access-date=17 February 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217044456/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-and-shriya-saran-begin-drishyam-2-shoot-in-goa-abhishek-pathak-to-direct/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023
! scope="row" |''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| Madhumathi Bahaddur
| Kannada
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shriya Saran's look in Kabzaa revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shriya-sarans-look-in-kabzaa-revealed/articleshow/90052600.cms |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=The Times of India |date=7 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307175531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shriya-sarans-look-in-kabzaa-revealed/articleshow/90052600.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Music School (film)|Music School]]''
| rowspan="2"|Maria D'Cruz
| Hindi
| rowspan="2"|Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Ilaiyaraaja to score music for Pa Ranjith's romantic drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ilaiyaraajasmusic-school-highlights-importance-of-art-in-education-715795|access-date=27 December 2021 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
! scope="row" |''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]''
|Blue Thorn
|Tamil
|Special appearance in the song "Love Detox"
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web | title=Suriya 44: Shriya Saran to Return to Tamil Cinema After 7 Years? | date=29 August 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/shriya-saran-to-star-in-suriya-44-article-112884601 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''
|Ambika Prajapati
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mirai/movie-review/123859061.cms|title=Mirai Movie Review: A visually striking fantasy with occasional drag|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
! scope="row" | ''[[Sandakkari]]''
| Maya Azhagan
| Tamil
| Unreleased
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2019 |title=Shriya teams up with Vemal for a film based on My Boss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shriya-teams-up-with-vemal-for-a-film-based-on-my-boss/articleshow/69408736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522164543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shriya-teams-up-with-vemal-for-a-film-based-on-my-boss/articleshow/69408736.cms |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{pending film|[[Non-Violence (film)|Non Violence]]}}
| Kanaga
| Tamil
| Special appearance in the song "Kanaga"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/non-violence-shriya-saran-dazzles-in-yuvans-vibrant-kanaga-song-ananda-krishnans-directorial-brings-90s-madurai-alive/articleshow/125299861.cms|title='Non Violence': Shriya Saran dazzles in Yuvan’s vibrant ‘Kanaga’ song; Ananda Krishnan’s directorial brings 90s Madurai alive|date=13 November 2025|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|[[Drishyam 3 (2026 Hindi film)|Drishyam 3]]}}
| Nandini Salgaonkar
| Hindi
| Filming
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajay-devgn-shriya-saran-kick-off-crime-thriller-drishyam-3-shoot-report-article-13734642.html</ref>
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''
| Mandira Singh
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Showtime trailer: Karan Johar makes a show on nepotism in Bollywood. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-trailer-karan-johar-makes-a-show-on-nepotism-in-bollywood-watch-101707911236303.html|access-date= 18 February 2024 |publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row" |''[[Space Gen: Chandrayaan]]''
|Yamini Mudaliar
|
|<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Space Gen - Chandrayaan Season 1 Review : The journey is the star in this TVF space drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/space-gen-chandrayaan/space-gen-chandrayaan-season-1/seasonreview/126783537.cms|date=23 January 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Language !! Ref
|-
| 2001 || "Thirakti Kyun Hawa" || rowspan="5" | Hindi || <ref>{{cite news |title=Shriya Saran: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/shriya-saran-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48911240.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620215621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/shriya-saran-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48911240.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || "Kahin Door" || <ref>[https://youtube.com/HoADbhCND48] {{dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Rang De Chunariya" || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDM4m7uGUfc|title=Rang De Chunariya New Version | Zubeen Garg | Shriya Saran | रंग दे चुनरिया|date=12 November 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509193349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDM4m7uGUfc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020|| "Bhari Bhari Song" || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wu3Y3qCs_mU|title=Bhari Bhari Song | MANN BHEETAR | Pt. Birju Maharaj |Shreya Ghoshal, Rajeev Mahavir |Sandeep Mahavir|date=6 February 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509193349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wu3Y3qCs_mU|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025|| Aayiye Ram Ji|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVTfgyhx3qY|title=Aayiye Ram Ji (Video) Shreya Ghoshal | Shriya Saran | Jaani | B Praak | आइए राम जी | Kripa Records|date=26 January 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1328152|name=Shriya Saran}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes person|shriya_saran|Shriya Saran}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saran, Shriya}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Vimal Chudasama

2026-04-22T02:21:38Z

Aryatheautistic: new.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vimalbhai Kanabhai Chudasama
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|08|9|df=y}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Gj
| term_start = 2017-2022,2022-Present
| constituency = [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
| birth_name = Vimalbhai Kanabhai Chudasama
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]
| birth_place = [[Chorwad]], [[Junagadh district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Kanabhai Hirabhai Chudasama (father)
| spouse = Jalpaben Chudasama
| country = India
| image =
| caption = Vimalbhai Kanabhai Chudasama
| election_date = 9 December 2017
| predecessor = Jasabhai Barad
}}

'''Vimalbhai Kanabhai Chudasama'''<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-09-22 |title=Jignesh Mevani and Congress MLAs suspended again from Gujarat Assembly after chaos over OBC quota |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jignesh-mevani-and-congress-mlas-suspended-again-from-gujarat-assembly-after-chaos-over-obc-quota/article65922272.ece |access-date=2022-10-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an [[Indian politician]] and member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=16 March 2021|title=Gujarat MLA Vimal Chudasama evicted from assembly for wearing t-shirt {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mla-evicted-from-guj-assembly-for-wearing-t-shirt/articleshow/81519514.cms|access-date=2021-12-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress MLA Evicted From Gujarat Assembly For Wearing T-Shirt|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mla-vimal-chudasama-evicted-from-gujarat-assembly-for-wearing-t-shirt-2391259|access-date=2022-05-22|website=NDTV.com|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2021}}</ref> He is a first time MLA<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title='Not a playground': Speaker evicts Congress MLA from Gujarat Assembly for wearing T-shirt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-mla-evicted-from-gujarat-assembly-for-wearing-t-shirt-7229462/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and belong to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunvarji Bavaliya's exit raises concern for Koli MLAs of Gujarat Congress |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-kunvarji-bavaliya-s-exit-raises-concern-for-koli-mlas-of-gujarat-congress-2636181 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=Will remain a Koli first rather than Cong leader: MLA Vimal Chudasama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/will-remain-a-koli-first-rather-than-cong-leader-mla-vimal-chudasama-8383724/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chudasama, Vimal}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

Hekani Jakhalu Kense

2026-04-19T11:19:20Z

Aryatheautistic: creating new info

{{short description|Indian politician and social entrepreneur}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kense|lang=Angami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hekani Jakhalu Kense
| image = Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2018 to Ms. Hekani Jakhalu H2019030865836.jpg
| caption = Hekani Jakhalu receiving the 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puruskar]] award
| birth_name = Hekani Jakhalu
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1976}} (age {{age|1976|1|1}}–{{age|1976|12|31}})
| birth_place = Toluvi, [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]]
| office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 March 2023
| constituency = [[Dimapur III Assembly constituency|Dimapur III]]
| education = [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Lady Shri Ram College]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
* [[University of Delhi]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}}
* [[University of San Francisco]] {{small|([[Master of Laws|LLM]])}}
}}
| occupation = [[Politician]] • [[Social entrepreneurship|Social entrepreneur]]
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puruskar]]
| years_active =
| spouse = Kevilezo Kense
| children = 2
| party = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| predecessor = Azheto Zhimomi
}}

'''Hekani Jakhalu Kense''' ({{née|'''Jakhalu'''}}; born after 1976)<ref name="TIE">{{cite news |last1=Ghose |first1=Dipankar |title=Ahead of polls, what youth in Nagaland say they really want: jobs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/ahead-of-polls-what-youth-in-nagaland-elections-say-they-really-want-jobs-5060205/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216002209/http://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/ahead-of-polls-what-youth-in-nagaland-elections-say-they-really-want-jobs-5060205/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian politician and [[Social entrepreneurship|social entrepreneur]] from [[Nagaland]]. She set up the non-governmental organization YouthNet to help the youth of Nagaland pursue business opportunities. In 2018, she was recognised with the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award.

In 2023, Jakhalu and [[Salhoutuonuo Kruse]] became the first woman from Nagaland to be [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|elected]] to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]. Jakhalu is a member of the [[Naga People's Front]](NPF).<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhar |first=Aniruddha |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland scripts history in assembly election, elects 2 women candidates for first time |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-scripts-history-in-assembly-poll-elects-2-women-mlas-salhoutuonuo-kruse-hekani-jakhalu-for-first-time-101677742088284.html |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Hekani Jakhalu was born in [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]]. She was educated at [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]] in [[Bengaluru]] and earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[political science]] at [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="TBI">{{cite news |last1=Barua |first1=Ananya |title=This woman quit her dream job to help 30K youth in Nagaland get jobs |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/175314/nagaland-jobs-training-youth-employment-lawyer-nari-shakti/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=The Better India |date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922120824/https://www.thebetterindia.com/175314/nagaland-jobs-training-youth-employment-lawyer-nari-shakti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then studied for a [[Bachelor of Laws]] at the [[University of Delhi]] and took a [[Master of Laws]] at the [[University of San Francisco]].<ref name="TBI" />

== Career ==
After working in the [[United States]], Jakhalu returned to [[Delhi]] and began a career as a [[lawyer]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She was made a partner in the firm but having seen firsthand the number of young people from [[Nagaland]] migrating to Delhi, she decided in 2006 to move to [[Kohima]] (the capital of Nagaland) in order to set up a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) called [[YouthNet]] which aims to create more opportunities for the youth of Nagaland.<ref name="TIE" /> As of 2018, YouthNet had 30 employees and claims to have helped 23,500 people.<ref name="TIE" /> It aims to help entrepreneurs pursue their ideas and set up a "Made in Nagaland" centre in Kohima which sells their artisan goods.<ref name="ANI">{{cite news |title=Entrepreneurship conclave held in Nagaland to boost local start-ups |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/entrepreneurship-conclave-held-in-nagaland-to-boost-local-start-ups20200213154941/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=ANI News |date=13 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115195016/https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/entrepreneurship-conclave-held-in-nagaland-to-boost-local-start-ups20200213154941/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ME">{{cite news |title='Made in Nagaland' Center completes 2 years, launches e-commerce site |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/made-in-nagaland-center-completes-2-years-launches-e-commerce-site |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=Morung Express |date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906110509/https://morungexpress.com/made-in-nagaland-center-completes-2-years-launches-e-commerce-site |url-status=live }}</ref> After running for two years, the "Made in Nagaland" centre opened an [[e-commerce]] platform in 2020.<ref name="ME" />

In recognition of her work, Jakhalu received in 2018 the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award, India's highest civilian award given only to women. She was the only person from the northeast of India to be honoured that year.<ref name="EM">{{cite news |title=Naga social entrepreneur Hekani Jakhalu gets Nari Shakti Puraskar |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/03/08/naga-social-entrepreneur-hekani-jakhalu-gets-nari-shakti-puraskar |access-date=20 November 2020 |work=East Mojo |date=8 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120132456/https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/03/08/naga-social-entrepreneur-hekani-jakhalu-gets-nari-shakti-puraskar |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakhalu, Hekani}}
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:People from Dimapur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of San Francisco alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women from Nagaland]]

Dalbir Singh (Haryana politician)

2026-04-19T03:53:57Z

Aryatheautistic: added bio

{{Short description|Indian politician and cabinet minister}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhary Dalbir Singh
| native_name = चौधरी दलबीर सिंह
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|03|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Parbhuwala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|10|30|1926|03|5|df=y}}<ref name="Lok_Sabha">{{cite journal |author= |date=6 November 1987 |title=Lok Sabha Debates (Ninth Session, Eighth Lok Sabha)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2103/1/lsd_08_09_06-11-1987.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=32|issue=1 |pages=2 |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1988
| predecessor1 = [[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]
| successor1 = Het Ram
| constituency2 = [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1977
| predecessor2 = Daljit Singh
| successor2 = [[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term3 = 1952–1962
| constituency3 = [[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]]
| office4 = President, [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start4 = 3 November 1979
| term_end4 = 10 June 1980
| predecessor4 = [[Sultan Singh]]
| successor4 = Sardar Harpal Singh
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = Kalawati Bhankhor
| children = 2, including [[Selja Kumari]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 June
| year = 2016
| source =
}}

'''Chaudhary Dalbir Singh''' (1926–1987) was an India politician and cabinet minister. He was a former [[member of parliament]] from [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] constituency. He was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician.

==Early life==
Chaudhary Dalbir Singh was born in a [[Chamar]] family to Kani Ram and Kalawati at Prabhuwala, Punjab, British India.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Frankel|first1=Francine R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ&q=Dalbir+Singh+chamar+caste+leader&dq=Dalbir+Singh+chamar+caste+leader|title=Dominance and state power in modern India: decline of a social order|last2=Rao|first2=M. S. A.|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en}}</ref> His family was influenced by the [[Arya Samaj]] movement.

He attended D.A.V College, Lahore after a suggestion by Ram Singh, his brother-in-law who was posted there as a Panchayat Officer. He later befriended [[Chand Ram (politician)|Chaudhary Chand Ram]] but was forced to move due to the [[Partition of India]]. Singh completed his graduation from Govt. College, Rohtak. He was then offered a job as a block development officer but declined.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ch Dalbir Singh: An Impeccably Honest & Dedicated Congress Leader by K. Gajendra Singh|url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/11521/ch-dalbir-singh-an-impeccably-honest|access-date=2020-06-03|website=boloji.com}}</ref>

His daughter, [[Kumari Selja]], is a prominent Dalit leader from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. She is a former M.P from [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] and [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]], as well as the Union Minister and Joint-Secretary of [[All India Mahila Congress|AIMC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Detailed Profile – Kumari Selja – Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3589|access-date=2020-06-03|website=archive.india.gov.in|archive-date=12 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612183307/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3589|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Politics==
*He was a member of the [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]], [[5th Lok Sabha|5th]] and [[7th Lok Sabha]] of India from [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]].
*He also got elected from [[Tohana|Tohana Constituency]] in 1952 elections but his election was set aside on the pretext of being under age. In the 1957 Punjab general election he was elected from [[Hansi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansi constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Polling Booth For Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 1957|url=https://www.elections.in//punjab/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=elections.in}}</ref>
*He was Deputy Minister for Irrigation (1957–1962), Deputy Union Minister for Petroleum & Chemicals (1971–1973), Heavy Industries (1973–1974), Works & Housing (1974–1975) and Shipping and Transport (1975–1977). He was also Minister of state for Petroleum, Chemicals & Fertilizers (1980–1982) and Energy – Petroleum (1982–1983) and Dept. of Coal (1983–1984).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1748.htm|access-date=2020-06-03|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>
*He was president of [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]] and General Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]].

==See also==
*[[Chamar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160811001058/http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1748.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dalbir}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:People from Sirsa district]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Patan, Gujarat Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:19Z

Aryatheautistic: started first stub with sources!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan
| mla = Kiritkumar Chimanlal Patel
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Patan district|Patan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:306328}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 18
}}

'''Patan''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Patan district|Patan]] district and a segment of [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is numbered as 18-Patan.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

Patan Taluka (Part) Villages – Melusan, Golivada, Volavi, Jamtha, Kansa, Bhutiya Vasna, Deliyathara, Vayad, Ghacheli, Dharusan, Dhanasara, Rakhav, Kalodhi, Vadiya, Lodhi, Sotavad, Sampra, Undra, Sariyad, Veloda (Nana-Mota), Nayta, Balva, Vaghasar, Bepadar, Khanpurda, Vareda, Odhva, Khalipur, Rughnathpura, Nava Bavahaji, Sujnipur, Tankvasna, Aghar, Gulvasna, Lodhpur, Kuntavada, Ajimana, Sagodiya, Jaleshvar Paldi, Samalpati, Matarvadi, Anavada, Hanumanpura, Dudharampura, Dharnoj, Bhadrada, Fulesana, Badipur, Vadli, Bakratpur, Gungdipati, [[Hansapur, India|Hansapur]], Runi, Hajipur, Kamlivada, Diodarda, Der, Chadasana, Nana Ramanda, Mota Ramanda, Santi, Dharpur, Dighdi, Ambliyasan, Khanpur Kodi, Mandotri, Borsan, Golapur, Sandesarpati, Kharivavdi, Manpur, Khanpur Rajkuva, Chandrumana, Bhalgam, Kungher, Ilampur, Sabosan, Katpur, Rajpur, Gadosan, Gaja, Norta, Sarva, Kuder, Balisana, Derasana, Kani, Visal-Vasna, Babasana, Samoda, Hamidpur, Mahemadpur, Mithivavdi, Khimiyana, Sankhari, Sardarpur Norta (Ambapara), Ranunj, Sander, Matpur, Ruvavi, Dabhdi, Manund, Patan (M).

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1972 || Nathabhai Desai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patan-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title = Patan Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1975|| Bhagwandas Amin ||
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
|2007|| [[Anandiben Patel]] || [[File:Anandiben Patel Ji.jpg|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
|2012 || Ranchhodbhai Mahijibhai Desai ||
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kiritkumar Patel|Kiritkumar Chimanlal Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Patan, Gujarat Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kiritkumar Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=103505|percentage=50.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Rajulben Desai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=86328|percentage=41.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalesh Thakkar|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=6808|percentage=3.3|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2481|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=8.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:306493}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Patan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kiritkumar Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 103273
|percentage = 54.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranchhodbhai Mahijibhai Desai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=77994|percentage=40.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:272074}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranchhodbhai Mahijibhai Desai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67224
|percentage = 41.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jodhaji Thakor
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61353
|percentage = 37.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5871
|percentage = 3.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163948
|percentage = 70.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975 Vidhan Sabha Elections===
* Amin, Bhagwandas Narandas (BJS) : 24,240 votes
* Patel Bhudarbhai Chhganbhai (INC) : 17,096

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patan district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Patan district}}

{{coord|23.85|72.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Kilimanoor Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:30Z

Aryatheautistic: creating stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kilimanoor
| type = SLA| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=Delimitation Orders (1967) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| constituency_no =
| established = 1963
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Kilimanoor Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. It consisted of [[Pazhayakunnummel]] [[Pulimath]], [[Kilimanoor Grama Panchayath]], [[Nagaroor]], [[Madavoor-Pallickal|Madavoor]], [[Pallickal, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallickal]], [[Karavaram]], [[Mudakkal]] and [[Navaikulam]] Panchayats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/whatsnew/delimitation.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 October 2009 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125181159/http://kerala.gov.in/whatsnew/delimitation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adv. N. Rajan was the last representative of this constituency from 2001 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|website=niyamasabha.org|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/rajann.pdf| access-date=10 March 2023|title=Rajan, N}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| rowspan="2"| C. K. Balakrishnan
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| rowspan="2"| [[P. K. Chathan Master]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India|rowspan=9}}
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Bhargavi Thankappan]]
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[N. Rajan]]
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Bhargavi Thankappan]]
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2"| N. Rajan
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coords|8.77|76.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

T. A. Pai Management Institute

2026-04-15T11:21:09Z

Aryatheautistic: done

{{Short description|Private educational institution}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = T. A. Pai Management Institute
| image_name = TAPMI Logo.gif
| established = {{Start date and age|1980||}}
| founder = [[T. A. Pai]]
| campus = [[University town]], {{convert|42|acre|m2}}
| city = [[Manipal]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| director = Rajeev Kumra.<ref name=HinduBusiness>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/rajeev-kumra-assumes-charge-as-tapmi-director/article67722469.ece#:~:text=The%20Manipal%2Dbased%20TA%20Pai,Rajeev%20Kumra%20as%20its%20Director.]</ref>
| coor = {{coord|13|20|56.12|N|74|47|11.73|E|region:IN}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.tapmi.edu.in/}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[business school]]
}}

'''T. A. Pai Management Institute''', abbreviated as '''TAPMI''', is a private [[business school]] under [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in [[India]]. It was established in 1980 and is located in the university town of [[Manipal]] in [[Karnataka]]. It is the fifth management institute in India with dual accreditation of Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and Association of MBAs (AMBA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/tapmi-manipal-receives-amba-accreditation/articleshow/66949721.cms|title=TAPMI, Manipal receives AMBA Accreditation - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> It also has a campus in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAPMI Bengaluru |url=https://www.manipal.edu/mu/campuses/mahe-bengaluru/academics/institution-list/tapmiblr.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Manipal |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1980 in [[Manipal]] by [[T. A. Pai]], TAPMI's first fully residential two-year PGDM Program commenced in the year 1984-85 with a batch size of 48.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tapmi.edu.in/know-us/overview/|title=About TAPMI-Introduction|accessdate=27 August 2011|publisher=tapmi.edu.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902015518/http://www.tapmi.edu.in/know-us/overview/|archive-date=2 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tapmi.edu.in/html/abt-mission.html|title=About TAPMI-Mission Statement|accessdate=27 August 2011|publisher=tapmi.edu.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310041047/http://tapmi.edu.in/html/abt-mission.html|archive-date=10 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Apart from the flagship two-year fully residential core [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] programme, it also has 2 year fully residential BKFS (Banking and Financial Services), HRM (Human Resource Management), IB (International Business), Marketing, Technology Management and Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Management courses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manipal |first=TAPMI |title=TAPMI Programs- An Overview : PGDM, PGDM BKFS, PGDM Healthcare, PhD, Executive MBA |url=https://www.tapmi.edu.in/programs-overview/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=TAPMI |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:T.A.Pai management Institute.jpg|thumb|T.A.Pai Management Institute]]

TAPMI was accredited by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] on 29 April 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/aacsbinternational-accreditation-for-tapmi/article3318477.ece|title=AACSB-international accreditation for TAPMI|accessdate=5 June 2015 |publisher=The Hindu Times|date=30 April 2012}}</ref> and the [[Association of MBAs]] on 4 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tapmi-gets-accreditation-from-assn-of-mbas/article25665343.ece|title=TAPMI gets accreditation from Assn of MBAs|accessdate=4 December 2018 |publisher=The Hindu Businessline|date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

TAPMI merged with [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in 2021, allowing it to start awarding [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manipal |first=TAPMI |date=2022-02-15 |title=TAPMI to be part of MAHE from next academic year |url=https://www.tapmi.edu.in/tapmi-news/tapmi-to-be-part-of-mahe-from-next-academic-year/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=TAPMI |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Programmes==

TAPMI's programmes include a two-year residential [[Master of Business Administration]] programme including specialization in human resource management, banking and financial services, international business, marketing, technology management, artificial intelligence and data science, a Ph. D. programme, and an 18-month joint TAPMI and University of Dubai MBA programme. TAPMI collaborates with a number of business organisations to provide continuous learning and education to their executives.

TAPMI conducts student and faculty exchanges with [[Sheffield Hallam University]], UK, [[Macquarie University]], Australia <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tapmi-macquarie-varsity-ink-pact/article7152996.ece|title=TAPMI, Macquarie varsity ink pact|accessdate=10 May 2015 |publisher=thehindu.com|date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tapmi-signs-MoU-to-set-up-Finlab-at-Macquarie-University-/articleshow/47086883.cms|title=Tapmi signs MoU to set up Finlab at Macquarie University|accessdate=11 May 2015 |publisher=Times of India|date= 28 Apr 2015}}</ref> and with the [[Asian Institute of Management]], Manila.

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=Institute
|OUTLOOK_B_P_2024=4}}

TAPMI was ranked 39 among business schools in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF India Rankings 2025: Management |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework, Ministry of Education, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> It was also ranked 4 among private MBA institutions in India by ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "Top 150 Private MBA Institutions" of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Top Private B-Schools In India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/top-private-b-schools |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> TAPMI also was ranked at number 21 in the [[Business Today (India)]] Best B-Schools Rankings 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Best B-Schools 2024 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-schools |website=Business Today - Top Business Schools in India |language=en}}</ref>

==Events==
Events conducted by student committees include TAPMI Quiz on the Beach™, India's biggest on campus quizzing event, Atharva,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tapmi-fest-atharva-from-saturday/article6804308.ece|title=TAPMI fest 'Atharva'|newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 January 2015 |accessdate=5 June 2015 |publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref> the annual international B-School festival, Disha - the annual HR conclave,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Tapmis-Disha-to-mull-on-Indias-chances-in-talent-race/articleshow/40331847.cms|title=Tapmi's 'Disha' to mull on India's chances in talent race|accessdate=15 May 2015 |publisher=Times of India|date=17 August 2014}}</ref> 'Genesis' which is a cultural event celebrated with grandeur styles and Brandscan, which is organised in 3 formats Urban(In Bangalore), Semi Urban(Manipal), Rural(Kundapura) to understand consumer behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inshorts.com/news/bschool-tapmi-to-learn-consumer-behaviour-via-brandscan-1480076671210|title=B-school Tapmi to learn consumer behaviour via 'BrandScan'|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed|language=en|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tapmi-seeks-to-engage-corporates-110111700014_1.html|title=TAPMI seeks to engage corporates|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2010-11-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref> The JoyFest (Joy of Giving), organized by the Social Endeavor Group of TAPMI to help the underprivileged, goes on for a week.

They also have fully student managed investment forums SAMNIDHY and SMIC that gives students opportunity to gain real time experience in stock markets <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideiim.com/10-things-that-make-tapmi-special/|title=10 Things That Make TAPMI Special {{!}} InsideIIM.com|website=insideiim.com|date=24 January 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref>
[[File:T.A Pai Management Institute 2.jpg|thumb|K.K Pai Block]]

===Defi===

Defi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tapmis-defi-begins-on-october-12/article3980214.ece|title=TAPMI's 'Defi' begins on October 12|accessdate=20 April 2015 |publisher=The Hindu Times|date=9 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Defi-12-Students-turn-entrepreneurs-for-3-days/articleshow/16762308.cms|title=Defi 12: Students turn entrepreneurs for 3 days|accessdate=23 April 2015 |publisher=Times of India|date=11 October 2012}}</ref> the OMEGA’s ''(Organization for Managerial Entrepreneurial Guidance and Assistance)'' flagship event which is a platform for the students put on their entrepreneurial hats and have a firsthand experience in running businesses for a couple of days. OMEGA is a Students Consulting Wing. OMEGA supports and partners with small and medium scale enterprises, traders who are in and around [[Manipal]], [[Udupi]] and [[Mangalore]] in their business. The committee has expanded its consulting operation to provide service to Indian corporates. Entrepreneurs approach OMEGA with their problems or projects and OMEGAns ''(Student Members)'' solve their problem or help them in growing their business. The students also seek guidance from the faculty members for solving the issues. OMEGA provides a platform for interaction between students and local entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=86260&n_tit=Udupi:+Rashmi+Bansal,+Author+of+Stay+Hungry+Stay+Foolish+Visits+TAPMI|title=Rashmi Bansal, Author of 'Stay Hungry Stay Foolish' Visits TAPMI|accessdate=17 April 2015 |publisher=Daijiworld.com|date=23 September 2010}}</ref> The project undertaken by OMEGA ranges from various operational issues to strategic decisions.

==Publications==
*''Pratibimb'', The TAPMI's e-Magazine, is the conglomeration of the various specializations in MBA (Marketing, Finance, HR, Systems and Operations).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tapmi.edu.in/student-life/pratibimb/overview/|title=Pratibimb|accessdate=17 April 2012|publisher=tapmi.edu.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502170901/http://www.tapmi.edu.in/student-life/pratibimb/overview/|archive-date=2 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* ''UPDATE'' - annual magazine released at the Convocation with a comprehensive report on all the activities and achievements of the institute, its faculty, staff, students and alumni.
* ''TAPMI Research Newsletter'' at half yearly intervals in March and September.
* A newsletter covers various activities and events that have taken place in the TAPMI community. It covers the faculty publications and awards, students and alumni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tapmi.edu.in/know-us/tapmi-news-letter/|title=Newsletter|accessdate=17 April 2012|publisher=tapmi.edu.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328034155/http://www.tapmi.edu.in/know-us/tapmi-news-letter/|archive-date=28 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''Alt+T'', is a monthly issue by TAPMI’s Literary and Media committee. It includes articles by the professors and the students on any topic of their choice.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.tapmi.edu.in}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Karnataka]]

Indi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:44Z

Aryatheautistic: creating info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indi
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 32
| map_image = 32-Indi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| preceded_by = Sarvabhouma Satagouda Bagali
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:242910}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Indi Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Kabadi Jattappa Laxman
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur
|-
| Kabadi Jattappa Laxman
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gurulingappa Devappa Patil || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | S. Mallappa Karbasappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Khed Ningappa Siddappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | Ravikant Shankrppa Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Dr. Bagali Sarvabhouma Satagoud || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,785 |percentage = 39.69% |change = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Patil (Hanjagi) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 61,456 |percentage = 33.98% |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kasugouda Irappagouda Biradar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,862 |percentage = 22.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal. R. Patil |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 3,353 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 886 |percentage = 0.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,329 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,640 |percentage = 74.78% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,910 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,401 |percentage = 29.98% |change = {{decrease}}15.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Patil (Hanjagi) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,463 |percentage = 24.07% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayasagar Bapuraya Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,941 |percentage = 23.16% |change = {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,425 |percentage = 18.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiva Girimalla Biradar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,196 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,244 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,938 |percentage = 5.91% |change = {{decrease}}20.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,189 |percentage = 72.47% |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,111}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,095 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yashavant Rayagoud Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,562 |percentage = 45.63% |change = {{increase}}18.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 25,260 |percentage = 19.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annappa Shivaningappa Khainur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,173 |percentage = 18.05% |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrishailagouda Shankreppa Biradar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,784 |percentage = 12.30% |change = {{decrease}}15.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bagali Sarvabhouma Satagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,414 |percentage = 5.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhashachandra Sunagar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath Shrishail Vandal |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,149 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tontapur Dharmanna Shivayogappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,087 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Azroddin Hayachand Jahagiradar |party = Bharatiya Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Janta Party |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,302 |percentage = 25.95% |change = {{increase}}25.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,924 |percentage = 69.20% |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,355}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,765 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bagali Sarvabhouma Satagoud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,456 |percentage = 27.95% |change = {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashvatraygouda Vithalgouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,885 |percentage = 27.41% |change = {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,276 |percentage = 20.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Patil (Ballolli) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,223 |percentage = 8.75% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadev Onkareppa Hirekurubar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,840 |percentage = 7.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panchappa Sidramappa Kalburgi |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,517 |percentage = 4.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tambe Shrimanth Guraningappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,179 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimashankar Arjun Pujari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Melinkeri Sukhadev Mannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,073 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 571 |percentage = 0.54% |change = {{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,411 |percentage = 60.85% |change = {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,385}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,228 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}15.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 42,984 |percentage = 43.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil B. G.(halasangi) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,652 |percentage = 34.14% |change = {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bagali Sarvabhouma Satagoud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,807 |percentage = 16.04% |change = {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Kareppa Ukkali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,321 |percentage = 4.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jitendra Ashok Kambale |party = Independent politician |votes = 921 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arab Mahiboob Abdulaganisab |party = Independent politician |votes = 880 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,332 |percentage = 9.47% |change = {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,817 |percentage = 58.52% |change = {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,565}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,873 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 44,523 |percentage = 51.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Patil (Anjutagi) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,203 |percentage = 29.30% |change = {{increase}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Neelanagouda Biradar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,131 |percentage = 8.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Kareppa Ukkali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,595 |percentage = 5.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Biradar Vital Yasavantray |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,129 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tontapur Dharmanna Shivayogappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hugar Sangappa Shivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,036 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,320 |percentage = 22.46% |change = {{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,115 |percentage = 61.02% |change = {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,010}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,066 |percentage = 5.56% |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,322 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikant Shankrppa Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,200 |percentage = 30.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basagondappa Gurusiddappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,469 |percentage = 25.59% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,779 |percentage = 12.85% |change = {{decrease}}27.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagali Parmesvar Satagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 12.66% |change = {{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choudri Bhimanappa Kalingappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 5,581 |percentage = 7.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khed Ningappa Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,277 |percentage = 5.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Baburao Apparao |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 3,767 |percentage = 4.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,731 |percentage = 4.90% |change = {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,009 |percentage = 59.45% |change = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,082}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,927 |percentage = 2.47% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,227 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,154 |percentage = 40.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basagondappa Gurusiddappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,438 |percentage = 27.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basanagouda Alias Dadagouda Babagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,874 |percentage = 26.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Baburao Apparao |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 2,648 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choudhari Gurulingappa Mallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 883 |percentage = 1.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,716 |percentage = 12.99% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,089 |percentage = 58.23% |change = {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,116}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,973 |percentage = 5.59% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,087 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khed Ningappa Siddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,349 |percentage = 54.21% |change = {{increase}}36.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhimanagouda Rayanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,541 |percentage = 42.05% |change = {{decrease}}8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kannolli Jayasing Narasing |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koralli Gangadhar Shidaramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 883 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,808 |percentage = 12.16% |change = {{decrease}}15.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,073 |percentage = 61.68% |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,981}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,092 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,525 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,132 |percentage = 50.81% |change = {{increase}}48.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basanagouda Babanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,098 |percentage = 23.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivanagouda Bheemanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,229 |percentage = 17.33% |change = {{decrease}}38.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choudhari Gurulingappa Mallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 3.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulla Nabisab Akabarasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,142 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basavaraj Siddanagouda |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 922 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,034 |percentage = 27.44% |change = {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,719 |percentage = 55.50% |change = {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,496}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 2.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,781 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kallur Revanasiddappa Ramegondappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,022 |percentage = 55.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Misale Siddaba Arjun |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,856 |percentage = 33.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Turki Fakirahmed Mahemadsaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,669 |percentage = 5.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Dheerendra Behhmarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 2.21% |change = {{decrease}}47.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Malkangouda Ishwarappagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 669 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koralli Gangadhar Shidaramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 338 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,166 |percentage = 21.62% |change = {{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,634 |percentage = 60.13% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,024}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 3.31% |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,875 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mallappa Karbasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,517 |percentage = 49.64% |change = {{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Ramagondappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 14,490 |percentage = 41.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Ramacharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 3.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Kasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,203 |percentage = 3.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Gurappa Chanamallappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 707 |percentage = 2.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,027 |percentage = 8.58% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,577 |percentage = 56.55% |change = {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,289}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,685 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mallappa Karbasappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 15,769 |percentage = 48.58% |change = {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Ramagondappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,703 |percentage = 36.05% |change = {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Aminoddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,989 |percentage = 15.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,066 |percentage = 12.53% |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,696 |percentage = 62.45% |change = {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,562 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Swatantra Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gurulingappa Devappa Patil |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 14,624 |percentage = 51.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,673 |percentage = 47.79% |change = {{decrease}}10.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lachappa Kallappa Sandimani |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 313 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 951 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,128 |percentage = 60.11% |change = {{increase}}19.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,120 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}40.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,033 |percentage = 33.12% |change = {{decrease}}39.89 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kabadi Jattappa Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,402 |percentage = 25.02% |change = {{decrease}}47.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Yeshawanta Rao Annarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,390 |percentage = 23.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lachappa Kallappa Sandimani |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 6,586 |percentage = 9.47% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hujare Baburao Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,133 |percentage = 8.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,643 |percentage = 9.55% |change = {{decrease}}20.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,544 |percentage = 40.95% |change = {{decrease}}37.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,544}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,910 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}19.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Indi Sindgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Karabasappa Surpur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,322 |percentage = 36.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kabadi Jattappa Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,231 |percentage = 36.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hujare Babu Rama |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 5,457 |percentage = 6.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Ravappa Somappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,536 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirvalamath Marularadhy Shantveeraya |party = Marxist Forward Bloc |votes = 3,362 |percentage = 4.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janakar Sangappa Gangawa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,037 |percentage = 3.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Holer Yamanappa Parmann |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,775 |percentage = 3.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Holer Dharmana Bhimanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,673 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birajdar Ishwarappa Dhulappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,545 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,865 |percentage = 29.98% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,938 |percentage = 39.17% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,938}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,865 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|17.17|75.96|display=title}}

The Hills Are Burning

2026-04-13T18:14:49Z

Aryatheautistic: post

{{Short description|2023 historical fiction novel by Anirban Bhattacharyya}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Copy edit|for=close paraphrasing of publisher material|date=March 2026}}
{{Promotional|date=March 2026}}
{{COI|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = '''The Hills Are Burning'''
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = The Hills Are Burning cover.png
| image_size =
| caption = Paperback cover 1st edition
| author = [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Historical fiction]]
| publisher = Fingerprint, Prakash Books
| pub_date = 2023
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn = 9354406955
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Hills Are Burning''''' is a 2023 historical fiction novel and a semi-memoir by [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]. Set in the hills of [[Kalimpong]] against the backdrop of the violent [[Gorkhaland movement]] in the late 1980s, the book explores themes of innocence, love, friendship, and survival through the eyes of three young boys in a boarding school, as their lives become entangled in the violence. Based on real events, the narrative begins in 1986, when a long-dormant political volcano in the hills of West Bengal explodes into a violent demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland. The story follows three central characters - Tukai, Roshan, and Norong - whose lives are irrevocably changed by the unrest.<ref name="Hindustan Times- Review">{{citation | title =Review The Hills are Burning by Anirban Bhattacharyya| work=www.hindustnatimes.com| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-hills-are-burning-by-anirban-bhattacharyya-101679571816364.html}}</ref> <ref name="The Telegraph- Review">{{citation | title =Anirban Bhattacharyya’s The Hills Are Burning is a semi-memoir that brings back stories from the troubled hills of Kalimpong| work=t2online.in| url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/anirban-bhattacharyya-s-the-hills-are-burning-is-a-semi-memoir-that-brings-back-stories-from-the-troubled-hills-of-kalimpong/366097}}</ref>

==Summary==
Arriving from [[Kolkata]] in the midst of the swelling demand for a separate Gorkhaland state, Tukai must navigate a world where ethnic identity, political unrest, and violence intrude upon the innocence of youth. He joins The Residency, a boarding school that becomes a microcosm of the larger conflict, bringing together children from diverse backgrounds— [[Lepchas]], [[Nepalis]], [[Tibetans]], and [[Bengalis]]—who forge friendships, rivalries, and first loves amid growing unrest.

Tukai quickly befriends Norong, a local Lepcha boy, and Roshan, a "bad boy" with a penchant for trouble. As Tukai adapts to his new school and surroundings, he becomes infatuated with Aditi, the daughter of his father’s colleague, leading to a tender yet forbidden romance complicated by cultural differences and her strict father’s disapproval. Their love story unfolds in secret, shadowed by the threat of communal violence and personal betrayal.

The narrative alternates between the personal struggles of Tukai and his friends and the larger events engulfing Kalimpong—the rise of the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF), the brutal response of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), and the eruption of violence that claims innocent lives and disrupts the social fabric of the region. The novel vividly depicts moments of everyday life—school rivalries, family dinners, and youthful mischief—contrasted with the trauma of strikes, massacres, and loss.

As the agitation intensifies, Tukai and his circle of friends are forced to confront the reality of growing up in a time of upheaval. The novel explores themes of memory, identity, love, and loss, as Tukai is repeatedly tested by heartbreak, violence, and the choices of adulthood. Over the years, friendships are tested, first loves are lost, and the scars of the past remain, even as the political movement undergoes its own transformation.

As the agitation escalates into a "vicious circle of evil," the boys are forced to grow up prematurely. They navigate the strict environment of their boarding school, Residency, while the streets outside are governed by curfews, bombings, and massacres. The novel follows their path through these "strange times" until the eventual closure of their school years, leaving them with physical and emotional scars that remain decades later

Spanning several decades, the story ultimately reflects on the enduring impact of those formative years, as Tukai—now an adult—reconnects with his old classmates and revisits Kalimpong, seeking closure and understanding for the events that shaped his life and the lives of those around him.

==Main characters==

* Tukai (Tirthankar): A 16-year-old boy who witnesses the 27 July 1986 massacre in Kalimpong, where peaceful protestors are gunned down by the CRPF. Amidst the chaos, he experiences the pangs of first love with a girl named Aditi, a relationship complicated by the deep-seated ethnic tensions between their families.
* Roshan: A 16-year-old boy who is abducted by a rival faction and forced to dig his own grave before being brutally slashed and left for dead. His journey reflects the internal power struggles and "ego-fuelled killing sprees" between different wings of the movement, such as the GNLF and the GVC.
* Norong: Younger than the others, his life is defined by the literal burning of his surroundings. He watches as the heritage Kalimpong Arts & Crafts Centre is set ablaze, a fire that threatens to consume his home and his family’s safety.

==Reviews==
[[Himal Southasian]] called the work ''a bold new book on the Gorkhaland agitation''. The reviewer Anuradha Sharma wrote that
''Writing on 1986 as a Bengali meant Bhattacharyya faced the threat of being labelled "anti-Gorkhaland" by critics in the hills. However, he has walked the tightrope with dexterity, describing with honesty the horrifying atmosphere that prevailed during the agitation – especially due to a fall-out between various Gorkha factions – while also taking a sympathetic view of the long-standing fight for a separate state for Indian Nepalis and examining critically the violent state repression that followed.''<ref name= "Himal Southasian- Review">{{citation | title =A wave of bold new books on the Gorkhaland agitation |work=himalmag.com| url=https://www.himalmag.com/politics/new-books-gorkhaland-agitation-1986-literature-west-bengal}}</ref>

''[[The New Indian Express]]'' describes it as "a blaze of memory" and that it "is a fantastic book. It is sensitive, informative, and entertaining, and contains all the elements to be an action-packed, unputdownable tale." <ref name= "The New Indian Express Review">{{citation |title= A Blaze of Memory |work=newindianexpress.com |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2023/Mar/04/the-hills-are-burning-book-review-blaze-of-memory-2552489.html}}</ref>

''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' wrote that the book ''brings back stories from the troubled hills of Kalimpong... a story that was necessary to be told.'' <ref name="The Telegraph- Review">{{citation | title =Anirban Bhattacharyya’s The Hills Are Burning is a semi-memoir that brings back stories from the troubled hills of Kalimpong| work=t2online.in| url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/anirban-bhattacharyya-s-the-hills-are-burning-is-a-semi-memoir-that-brings-back-stories-from-the-troubled-hills-of-kalimpong/366097}}</ref>

The book has been inducted into the libraries of [[New York University]], [[Library of Congress]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[University of Michigan]], [[Marburg University]], [[University of Chicago]], [[University of Nebraska Omaha]], [[Woodbury University]] and [[Hanover College]] and [[SRH Hochschule Berlin]]. <ref name="World Category">{{citation |title= World Category| work=worldcat.org| url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1388492436}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2023 novels]]
[[Category:2023 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in English]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Novels set in boarding schools]]
[[Category:Novels set in West Bengal]]

Rakesh Pandey (Punjab politician)

2026-04-11T20:40:32Z

Aryatheautistic: started new article first draft

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Indian politician from Ludhiana|politician from Uttar Pradesh|Rakesh Pandey (politician, born 1952)|the actor|Rakesh Pandey (disambiguation){{!}}Rakesh Pandey}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Pandey
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1955}} (age {{age|1955|01|01}})
| birth_place = India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = [[Joginder Pal Pandey]]
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Rakesh Pandey''' is a four-term MLA (Member of [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]]) of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] from [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana North]]. Pandey is a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. Pandey was first elected to the seat in 1992. He lost the seat in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Madan Lal Bagga]] of [[Aam Aadmi Party]].

He was born on 7 May 1955. His father [[Joginder Pal Pandey]] was a politician.

Rakesh Pandey entered active politics in 1987 as President, District [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]] Committee, [[Ludhiana]], Punjab.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130219063326/http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/personality/rakesh-pandey.php

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1992–1997]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]

Mangalwar Peth

2026-04-11T00:37:56Z

Aryatheautistic: new initial stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Mangalwar Peth''' is an old neighbourhood in the Pune Cental of city of [[Pune]]. It was settled in 1662 when [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar]] [[Shaista Khan]] came to [[Pune]] to defeat [[Shivaji]]. At the time this area was known as '''Astapura'''.
This Peth is bordered by [[Kasba Peth]] and [[Somwar Peth]] and also [[New Mangalwar Peth]], [[Mali, Pune|Mali]]. Mangalwar Peth is located between '''[[Nagzari Odha]]''' and '''[[Manik Odha]]'''. Areas of the Peth suffered severe damage during the [[Panshet]] dam floods of 1961.<ref>Brahme, S; Gole, P., (1967). Deluge in Poona. Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics. Asia Publishing House. pp. 14–47.</ref> The Kamla Nehru hospital are located in this area along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College of Pune Municipal Corporation. Mangalwar Peth is also famous for the Gogawale Swami Samarth Math Pune at House No- 49, Mangalwar Peth, Baburaoji Sonawane Path, Pune-411011

Mangalwar Peth, Pune, Maharashtra [[411011]]

'''Borders at East'''- [[Manik Odha]] & New Mangalwar Peth & Mali, West- [[Nagzari Odha]] & Kasba Peth, North- Manik Odha & [[New Mangalwar Peth]] & [[Mali, Pune|Mali]], South- Somwar Peth.

'''Body'''- Pune Municipal Corporation.

'''Ward Office'''- Bhavani Peth Kshetriya Karyalaya.

'''Assembly Constituency'''- Pune Cantonment Assembly Constituency 214

'''Parliamentary Constituency'''- Pune Lok Sabha Constituency.

'''Pincode'''- 411011

'''Post Office'''- Mangalwar Peth.

'''Major Landmarks'''- Kamla Nehru Hospital, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical College, Baburao Sanas School, Gogawale Swami Samarth Math, Parge Chowk, Prabodankar Thakre Chowk, Todkar Hospital.

'''Major Roads'''- Baburaoji Sonawane Path, TH Jawale Path, Kamal Nehru Hospital Road, Part of Barane Road.

'''Bridges/Pool on Nagzari odha'''- Kagdi Pool, Siddheshwar Pool connecting Kasba Peth.

'''Bridges/Pool on Manik Odha'''- Bhim Nagar Pool, Barane Road Pool, Sadanand Nagar Pool Connecting [[New Mangalwar Peth]] & [[Mali, Pune|Mali]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/686888/Mangalwar-Peth-Pune Mangalwar Peth, Pune (Wikimapia)]

{{Pune topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Peths in Pune]]

Pranutan Bahl

2026-03-30T22:25:32Z

Aryatheautistic: started some data v1!

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pranutan Bahl
| image = Pranutan Bahl, 12th Radio Mirchi Music Awards 2020 (1) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bahl in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|03|10}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranutan Bahl cuts cake as Notebook co-star Zaheer Iqbal sings Happy Birthday. Watch video|work=India Today|date=11 March 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pranutan-bahl-cuts-cake-as-notebook-co-star-zaheer-iqbal-sings-happy-birthday-watch-video-1475605-2019-03-11}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|lawyer}}
| father = [[Mohnish Bahl]]
| mother = [[Ekta Sohini]]
| known for =
| yearsactive = 2019–present
| family = [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]]
}}

'''Pranutan Bahl''' (born 10 March 1993) is an Indian actress and a professional lawyer, who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. The daughter of actors [[Mohnish Bahl]] and [[Ekta Sohini]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notebook trailer: Zaheer Iqbal, Pranutan Bahl fall in love without ever seeing each other in this Salman Khan production|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/notebook-trailer-zaheer-iqbal-pranutan-bahl-fall-in-love-without-ever-seeing-each-other-in-this-salman-khan-production/story-HVBeNLBHYd0ws9dHwLgNFN_amp.html|work=Grazia|date=22 February 2019 |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> Bahl made her acting debut with ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]'' (2019) for which she received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. She has since starred in ''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]'' (2021) and ''[[Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranutan Bahl Is A Star On The Rise- Interview|url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/pranutan-bahl-is-a-star-on-the-rise-8133.amp|work=Grazia|date=21 September 2021|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Bahl was born on 10 March 1993 to actors [[Mohnish Bahl]] and [[Ekta Sohini]] in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranutan celebrates 27th birthday with dad Mohnish Bahl and family. See pic|work=India Today|date=11 March 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pranutan-celebrates-27th-birthday-with-dad-mohnish-bahl-and-family-see-pic-1654314-2020-03-11|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> She is the granddaughter of actress [[Nutan]] and Rajnish Bahl.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranutan Bahl revisits her grandmother Nutan's timeless melody|access-date=3 July 2022|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pranutan-bahl-revisits-her-grandmother-nutan-s-timeless-melody-101631864295205-amp.html}}</ref> She is also the grandniece of [[Tanuja]], the niece of [[Kajol]] and [[Tanisha Mukerji]]. Her maternal great-grandparents were [[Shobhna Samarth]] and [[Kumarsen Samarth]], and great-great-grandmother was [[Rattan Bai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanuja and Kajol welcome Pranutan Bahl to Bollywood; see their messages|access-date=4 November 2020|work=Mid Day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tanuja-and-kajol-welcome-notebooks-pranutan-to-bollywood-with-sweet-messages-20582163}}</ref> She was named ''Pranutan'' after her grandmother, famous actress [[Nutan]].

She completed her graduation in Legal Science & Law (B.L.S. LLB) from [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] and obtained Master of Laws (LLM) degree from [[University of Mumbai]], both in [[Mumbai]]. Bahl is a professional [[lawyer]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's all you need to know about Notebook actress and Mohnish Bahl's daughter Pranutan Bahl|access-date=4 May 2019|work=Mid Day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-notebook-actress-pranutan-bahl-20384150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Bed With Pranutan Bahl: "I regret not meeting my grandma, Nutan"|access-date=4 November 2021|work=Mid Day|date=2 October 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/in-bed-with-pranutan-bahl-i-regret-not-meeting-my-grandma-nutan-101633194045834-amp.html}}</ref>

==Career==
Bahl started her career with the short film ''Essential Like No Other'', portraying Kaira Khanna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIDEO: Nutan's grand daughter Pranutan's acting debut with Tropicana ad! Proves her comedy skills too! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/video-nutans-grand-daughter-pranutans-acting-debut-with-tropicana-ad-proves-her-comedy-skills-too-827256/amp |access-date=15 November 2018 |work=ABP News}}</ref>

Bahl made her film debut in 2019 with ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]'' opposite [[Zaheer Iqbal]]. She portrayed a Kashmiri teacher, Firdaus Quadri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notebook 2019 Full Movie|url=https://primevideo.com/detail?gti=amzn1.dv.gti.06b5206f-5678-0788-daca-a6ca502150b0&ref_=atv_dp_share_mv&r=web|date=June 2019|accessdate=1 July 2019|website=Amazon Prime Video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/notebook-special-screening-salman-khan-and-family-along-with-bollywood-stars-grace-the-movie-premiere/articleshow/68610403.cms|title=Notebook' special screening: Salman Khan and family along with Bollywood stars grace the movie premiere|work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2019 |publisher=Times of India|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted, "Pranutan Bahl is stunning and has a supreme screen presence. She delivers a first-rate performance."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Notebook Movie Review: The boasts of exemplary performances and is beautifully shot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/notebook/critic-review/notebook-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 March 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Charu Thakur from ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "Keeping with the simplicity of their characters, Pranutan and Zaheer bring out the innocence they are required to".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thakur |first1=Charu |title=Notebook Movie Review: Salman Khan launches Zaheer Iqbal and Pranutan Bahl in a stunning romance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/notebook-movie-review-salman-khan-launches-zaheer-iqbal-and-pranutan-bahl-in-a-stunning-romance-1489083-2019-03-29 |website=India Today |date=29 March 2019 |accessdate=30 March 2019}}</ref> She received [[26th Screen Awards|Screen Award for Best Female Debut]] and [[65th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] nominations for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zaheer Iqbal and Pranutan Bahl's Notebook Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/notebook/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 March 2019 |accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref>

Bahl next appeared in the 2021 film ''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]'', opposite [[Aparshakti Khurana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2019|title=Helmet: Aparshakti Khurana and Pranutan Bahl play leads in Dino Morea's comedy drama|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/helmet-aparshakti-khurana-and-pranutan-bahl-play-leads-in-dino-morea-s-comedy-drama-1629977-2019-12-20|access-date=27 August 2021|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2020|title='Helmet': Here's a glimpse of love in the time of corona from the Aparshakti Khurana and Pranutan Bahl starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/helmet-heres-a-glimpse-of-love-in-the-time-of-corona-from-the-aparshakti-khurana-and-pranutan-bahl-starrer/articleshow/76646179.cms|access-date=27 August 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film tries to change the taboo and hesitancy associated with use of [[condoms]] in India. She portrayed Rupali, a girl who supplies floral arrangements in weddings. It released on [[ZEE5]].<ref name="release date">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aparshakti-khurana-pranutan-bahl-abhishek-banerjee-starrer-helmet-premiere-zee5-september-3/|title=Aparshakti Khurana, Pranutan Bahl, Abhishek Banerjee starrer Helmet to premiere on ZEE5 on September 3|date=20 August 2021|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted, "Pranutan, impresses in a couple of scenes but deserved a meatier role".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/notebook-special-screening-salman-khan-and-family-along-with-bollywood-stars-grace-the-movie-premiere/articleshow/68610403.cms|title='Helmet' Movie Review: Aparshakti Khurana impresses in a watchable comedy drama|work=Deccan Herald|date=28 March 2019 |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> While ''[[Times of India]]'' said, "She portrays her character convincingly".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/helmet/ottmoviereview/85831925.cms|title=Helmet Movie Review: The film delivers the social message with a good dose of humour|work=Times of India|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

Following a two-year hiatus, Bahl played a loud Punjabi girl, Mandy who is in love with a gay opposite [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Simran | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani trailer: Sunny Singh, Aditya Seal play lovers, Pranutan Bahl turns evil in queer romance | website=DNA India | date=26 September 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-trailer-sunny-singh-aditya-seal-play-lovers-pranutan-bahl-turns-evil-in-queer-romance-3109897}}</ref> The film was released on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani trailer out: Sunny Singh romances Aditya Seal in same-sex love story; film to stream on JioCinema from October 4 | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=25 September 2024 | accessdate=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-trailer-sunny-singh-romances-aditya-seal-sex-love-story-film-stream-jiocinema-october-4/}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'''s Rachit Gupta opined that despite little focus on her character, she delivers a "wonderfully wicked performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-review-68850.html|title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani review - Jaded romance between men|work=Filmfare|access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

Bahl will next star in the English-Hindi bilingual musical romance film Coco & Nut opposite [[Rahsaan Noor]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Pranutan Bahl, From Famous Indian Acting Family, Pairs With Rahsaan Noor For Rom-Com 'Coco & Nut' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/pranutan-bahl-rahsaan-noor-coco-nut-shooting-chicago-1235793860/ |website=Deadline |date=18 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pranutan Bahl to make her Hollywood debut with Coco & Nut alongside Rahsaan Noor |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/hollywood/pranutan-bahl-to-make-her-hollywood-debut-with-coco-nut-alongside-rahsaan-noor-63903.html |website=Filmfare }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Notes
! scope="col" class = "unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Essential Like No Other''
| Kaira Khanna
| Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/try-these-pranutan-bahl-approved-accessories-and-make-har-pal-fashionable-39823.amp|title=Exclusive - Try these Pranutan Bahl approved accessories and make Har Pal Fashionable|publisher=Filmfare|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]''
| Firdaus Quadri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/notebook-poster-salman-khan-introduces-nutan-s-granddaughter-pranutan-zaheer-iqbal-see-pic/story-gUR8vjwvFFyvYeUrBWe92I.html|title=Notebook poster: Salman Khan introduces Nutan's granddaughter Pranutan Bahl and Zaheer Iqbal|publisher= Hindustan Times|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]''
| Rupali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The script was unique, excited me as an actor: Pranutan Bahl on her film 'Helmet'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-script-was-unique-excited-me-as-an-actor-pranutan-bahl-on-helmet-1025147.html|access-date=31 August 2021|work=Deccan Herald |date=31 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani]]''
| Mandy
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kanabar|first1=Nirali |title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani OTT release date: Stream Aditya Seal, Sunny Singh's romantic film on THIS platform|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-ott-release-date-aditya-seal-sunny-singh/debe5fa363368|website=OTT Play}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Coco & Nut'' {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}}
| {{TBA}}
| [[English language|English]]-Hindi bilingual
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Pranutan Bahl, From Famous Indian Acting Family, Pairs With Rahsaan Noor For Rom-Com 'Coco & Nut' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/pranutan-bahl-rahsaan-noor-coco-nut-shooting-chicago-1235793860/ |website=Deadline |date=18 January 2024 |accessdate=21 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Singer(s)
! scope="col" class = "unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2020
| "Phir Hasenge"
| Vibhas
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021
| "Kaise Hum Bataye"
| [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranutan reveals her look in the music video of 'Kaise Hum Bataye' sung by Nikhita Gandhi|work=Mid Day|access-date=29 May 2021|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Sid-wakes-us-up-to-cancer-23175482}}</ref>
|-
| "Lag Raha Hai Dil Deewana"
| [[Palak Muchhal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palak Muchhal's Lag Raha Hai Dil Deewana ft. Pranutan Bahl and Shivam Bhaargava - Music Video|work=Zee Music Company - Youtube|date=22 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLtXNT8n7Bk}}</ref>
|-
| "Rona Nahi"
| Raj Barman
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Barman's Rona Nahi, featuring Pranutan Bahl and Omkar Kapoor - Music Video|work=Zee Music Company - Youtube|date=20 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FWugcQzIPE}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| "Baarish"
| Gurnazar
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|"Heart Di Beat Pe"
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Heart Di Beat Te ft. Pranutan Bahl sung by Nikhita Gandhi - Zee Music Company | date=15 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUyavImmKJE |access-date=2023-04-04 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Mehendi Lagi Hai"
|[[Stebin Ben]], Shakshi Holkar
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mehendi Lagi Hai - Stebin Ben & Pranutan Bahl {{!}} Gaurav Jang {{!}} Sakshi Holkar {{!}} Danish Sabri {{!}} wedding | date=26 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cd2Lg6ergQ |access-date=2023-04-07 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2019
|[[26th Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 : Full show and winners|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[65th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title=Presenting the winners of the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html|url-status=live|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216133526/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-winners-of-the-65th-amazon-filmfare-awards-2020_-39101.html |archive-date = 16 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film (Female)
|''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/vote|access-date=2022-12-04|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10180701}}
*{{Instagram|pranutan}}
{{Commons}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Films}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahl, Pranutan}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Om Kali Jai Kali

2026-03-27T02:43:42Z

Aryatheautistic: started the biography basic info

{{Short description|2025 Indian Tamil TV series or programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Om Kali Jai Kali Poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Action thriller]]
| writer = Ramu Chellappa
| screenplay = Ramu Chellappa Kumaravel
| creator =
| director = Ramu Chellappa
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
*[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*Douglas Kumaramoorthy
*[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]
*[[Pavani Reddy]]
}}
| music = '''Songs''': [[Karthik Raja]] '''Score''': Jaikumar
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| list_episodes =
| producer = Jegan Baskaran
| cinematography = Rajesh Shukla
| editor = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| runtime = 38-51 minutes
| company = Box Office Studio
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Om Kali Jai Kali''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller]] television series writer and director by Ramu Chellappa.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=விமல் நடிப்பில் புதிய வெப்தொடர் ஓம் காளி ஜெய் காளி விரைவில்...|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vimals-new-web-series-om-kali-jai-kali-coming-soon-762638|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=1 March 2025|language=Tamil}}</ref> The series stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as lead role, alongside [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], Douglas Kumaramoorthy, [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Pavani Reddy]], [[D. R. K. Kiran]], [[Elango Kumaravel]], Yogi Ram, Rajan Krishnaswamy, [[Dhivya Duraisamy]], [[Maheshwari Chanakyan]], Queency Sneha Stanly, Shivin Ganesan, [[Seema Biswas]] and [[G. M. Kumar]]. The series is premiered in [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 28 March 2025.<ref name="vimal">{{cite news|title=Vemal and Pavani starrer 'Om Kali Jai Kali' set for OTT premiere on soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vemal-and-pavani-starrer-om-kali-jai-kali-set-for-ott-premiere-on-soon/articleshow/118803067.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Ganesan
*[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] as Mookandi
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Vakkeel
*Douglas Kumaramoorthy as Pannimadan
*Shivin Ganesan as Nagini
*[[Pavani Reddy]] as Bama
*[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Barani
*[[D. R. K. Kiran]] as AJ
*[[Elango Kumaravel]] as Thamburan
*Yogi Ram as Ragu
*Rajan Krishnaswamy as Umashankar
*[[Dhivya Duraisamy]] as Meena
*[[Maheshwari Chanakyan]] as Suba
*Queency Stanly as Neela
*[[Seema Biswas]] as Kaathadi
*[[G. M. Kumar]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar|Jio Hotstar]] in February 2025. The series was writer and director by ''[[Engitta Modhathey]]'' fame Ramu Chellappa and producer by Jegan Baskaran under Box Office Studio. The series was music composed by [[Karthik Raja]], while editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and cinematography by Rajesh Shukla.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="vimal"/>

=== Casting ===
The series stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as lead role in his second time acted in television series after ''[[Vilangu (TV series)|Vilangu]]'', alongside [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], Douglas Kumaramoorthy, [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Pavani Reddy]], [[D. R. K. Kiran]], [[Elango Kumaravel]], [[Dhivya Duraisamy]], [[Maheshwari Chanakyan]], Queency Stanly, Shivin Ganesan, [[Seema Biswas]] and [[G. M. Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Goutham S|title=Om Kali Jai Kali OTT release: When and where to watch Vemal starrer Tamil web series|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/om-kali-jai-kali-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-vemal-starrer-tamil-web-series-1377390|work=[[Pinkvilla]]|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Did you know Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shivin Ganesh acted in Vimal's upcoming web series 'Om Kali Jai Kali'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shivin-ganesh-acted-in-vimals-upcoming-web-series-om-kali-jai-kali/articleshow/119249245.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seema Biswas: I thought Bandit Queen would be my last film|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Mar/18/seema-biswas-i-thought-bandit-queen-would-be-my-last-film|work=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The series teaser was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last=Akshay Kumar|title=Om Kali Jai Kali Trailer: Vemal in a fiery avatar in this supernatural political thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/12/om-kali-jai-kali-trailer-vemal-in-a-fiery-avatar-in-this-supernatural-political-thriller|work=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> The series trailer was released on 12 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vemal's Om Kali Jai Kali Web Series Trailer Teases An Intriguing Political Thriller|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/vemals-om-kali-jai-kali-web-series-trailer-teases-an-intriguing-political-thriller-72233.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rakesh|title=வித்தியாசமான கெட்டப்பில் விமல் மிரட்டும் ஓம் காளி ஜெய் காளி வெப் சீரிஸ் டிரைலர்!|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/vimals-om-kali-jai-kali-tamil-web-series-trailer-video-151263199|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=19 March 2025|language=Tamil}}</ref> It premiered in [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 28 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vemal's Om Kali Jai Kali trailer unveiled, Streaming from March 28|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/03/13/vemals-om-kali-jai-kali-trailer-unveiled-streaming-from-march-28/|work=[[News Today]]|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=விமல் நடித்த 'ஓம் காளி ஜெய் காளி' வெப் தொடர் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vimal-starrer-om-kali-jai-kali-web-series-release-date-announced-764302|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=13 March 2025|language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table
| background = FF642C
| overall = 5
| title = 22
| director = 20
| writer = 20
| airdate = 18
| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Surrendering to God
| DirectedBy = Ramu Chellappa
| WrittenBy = Ramu Chellappa
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Cause and Vengeance
| DirectedBy = Ramu Chellappa
| WrittenBy = Ramu Chellappa
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Revenge Unfolds
| DirectedBy = Ramu Chellappa
| WrittenBy = Ramu Chellappa
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Justice Served
| DirectedBy = Ramu Chellappa
| WrittenBy = Ramu Chellappa
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = The Final Verdict
| DirectedBy = Ramu Chellappa
| WrittenBy = Ramu Chellappa
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt35952274}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Subramaniam Academy of Performing Arts

2026-03-26T12:08:41Z

Aryatheautistic: done.

The '''Subramaniam Academy of Performing Arts''' (SaPa) was founded in 2007, by violinist Dr. [[L. Subramaniam]] and Bollywood playback singer [[Kavita Krishnamurthy|Kavita Krishnamurti Subramaniam]]. It is run by singer/songwriter [[Bindu Subramaniam]] and violinist [[Ambi Subramaniam]].

SaPa takes in musically inclined children as young as three years old and helps them build a career in music. The institute uses Baby Rooms, baby Dikshitar and Tyagaraja characters in the textbooks, and stuffed toy musical instruments to make music fun for children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sparkthemagazine.com/teaching-music-the-sapa-way-in-conversation-with-bindu-ambi-subramaniam/|title=Teaching Music The SaPa Way}}</ref> The focus is Indian classical music, but students are also exposed to music from over 20 countries.

Located in Bangalore, SaPa's main centre is in Sanjaynagar with branches in Rajajinagar, Whitefield, and Basavangudi.

== Classes ==
SaPa offers ongoing classes in various subjects: vocal, violin, western piano, western theory, songwriting, drums, mridangam, konnakol, western voice, and choir. In addition, special six-week courses are available to professional International musicians looking to incorporate elements of Indian music into their work.

== Examinations ==
SaPa conducts formal examinations and certifications for its students to test their all-round music skills: technical, theory, and performance. Its exams are conducted at the end of every academic year (or musical level).

Broadly, the institute provides assessments for the SaPa Baby level, intermediate level, and advanced level.

== SaPa in Schools ==
Founded in 2014, SaPa in Schools is an initiative to integrate music into the mainstream academic curriculum. Its aim is to provide music for all children, irrespective of background or circumstance.

SaPa in Schools works with over 30,000 students in India annually (as of 2019), through partnerships with schools in five<ref name="The Better India">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/184696/subramaniam-academy-performing-arts-sapa-music-education/|title=The Better India}}</ref> Indian states – Karnataka, [[Tamil Nadu]], Kerala, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and Maharashtra.

=== Teacher Training ===
In collaboration with the [[Norwegian Academy of Music]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/081116/ambitious-little-carnatic-notes.html|title=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> SaPa in Schools provides structured teacher training programs to music educators. Teachers are trained to deliver the SaPa in Schools curriculum to children of different age groups and cultural backgrounds. Full-scale training programs are conducted twice a year, and the institute conducts regular spot checks to ensure that the curriculum is implemented in schools effectively.

The teacher training process is two-fold; educators are taught both the curriculum and method. The curriculum includes the global component,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/sapa-s-pitch-perfect-programme-makes-music-in-indian-schools-fun-1.758387|title=The National}}</ref> which teaches children about the culture and music of at fifteen countries, and a Music and The World Around component, which draws parallels between music and subjects like mathematics and science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oswaalbooks.com/news-media/news_detail.php?id=274&news_type=media|title=Oswaal Books}}</ref>

=== Undergraduate course in music ===
In collaboration with [[Jain University]], the Norwegian Academy of Music, and the Lakshminarayana Global Centre for Excellence (LGCE), SaPa offers India's first undergraduate course in music education, performance, and technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgce.in/course|title=The Lakshminarayana Global Centre for Excellence}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/programs/humanities/ba-music.php|title=Jain University}}</ref>

== The SaPa Show ==
The SaPa Show is an educational TV program for young children. It is anchored by Bindu Subramaniam, Ambi Subramaniam, Vivek Sadasivam, and Kanchana S. Shrutiranjani. It features artists including Dr. L Subramaniam as well as guest artists from around the world. The show aims to teach Indian classical music to children who may not have access to it, and is structured to introduce a new instrument or artist every week.

Started in 2016, The SaPa Show has been described as “the antithesis of the typical musical reality show.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raagas-untrained-ear-violinists-experiments-carnatic-music-53131|title=The News Minute}}</ref> It airs on Sri Sankara TV every Sunday at 11 am.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sapaindia.com/ Official site]

[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]

Sale of Goods Act, 1930

2026-03-25T21:05:02Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{short description|Mercantile law}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Sale of Goods Act, 1930
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 200
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to provision for the setting up of contracts is transfer of ownership between buyers and sellers.
| citation =
| territorial_extent = {{flag|India}}
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 1 July 1930
| date_assented =
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report = [[Law Commission of India|First Law Commission]]
| amended_by = 23 September 1963
| repeals =
| related_legislation = [[Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (Bangladesh)]] [[Sale of Goods Act 1893]]
| summary =
| status = amended
}}

The Indian '''Sale of Goods Act, 1930''' is a [[mercantile law]] which came into existence on 1 July 1930,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jurisworld.in/|title=Welcome to Juris World|website=Jurisworld.in|accessdate=28 January 2019|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010319/https://jurisworld.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1JDslWv1Kxw_xULgOMSxfGFCDlz5XBNPTHCvNPcBuauY|title=3. Definition clause|first=Nitya Nand|last=Pandey|date=30 September 2018|website=Docs.google.com|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref> during the [[British Raj]], borrowing heavily from the United Kingdom's [[Sale of Goods Act 1893]]. It provides for the setting up of contracts where the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the title (ownership) in the goods to the buyer for consideration. It is applicable all over India. Under the act, goods sold from owner to buyer must be sold for a certain price and at a given period of time. The act was amended on 23 September 1963, and was renamed to the ''Sale of Goods Act, 1930''. It is still in force in [[India]], after being amended in 1963, and in [[Bangladesh]], as the [[Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (Bangladesh)|Sale of Goods Act, 1930]].

==Definition==
The definitions as per Section II (s.2 Of Sale of Goods Act 1930) of the Act are as follows:

===Contract===
A Contract of Sale is:
*an offer to buy for a price, or
*An offer to sell good for a price, and
*the acceptance of such offer.

A Contract may provide for:
*the immediate delivery of the goods, or
*immediate payment of the price, or
*the immediate delivery of the goods and payment both, or
*for the delivery or payment by installments, or
*that the delivery or payment or both shall be postponed.
*per the Section 5 sub-clause (2) - Subject to the provisions of any law for the time being in force, a contract of sale may be made-
*in writing or
*by word of mouth, or
*partly in writing and partly by word of mouth or
*may be implied from the conduct of the parties.

Goods are every kind of moveable property other than actionable claims and money, and include:
* Stock and shares,
* Growing crops,
* Grass, and
* Things attached to or forming part of land which is agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale.

Future goods are goods that are to be:
* manufactured, or
* produced, or
* acquired, by the seller after making of the contract of sale

According to the act, the goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or future goods and there may be a contract for the sale of goods the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not happen. Where by a contract of sale the seller purports to effect a present sale of future goods, the contract operates as an agreement to sell the goods.

===Events and Participants===
====Sale of Goods====
A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another.

====Mercantile Agent====
A Mercantile Agent has the customary course of business as agent authority:
* either to sell goods, or
* to consign goods for the purposes of sale, or
* to buy goods, or
* to raise money on the security of goods. section-9(2)

====Buyer====
A person who buys or agrees to buy goods.
''Price''refers to money considered for sale of goods. The price in a contract of sale may be fixed by the contract, or may be left to be fixed in manner thereby agreed, or may be determined by the course of dealing between the parties. Where the price is not determined in accordance with the foregoing provisions, the buyer shall pay the seller a reasonable price. Where there is an agreement to sell goods on the terms that- the price is to be fixed by the valuation of a third party, and such third party cannot or does not make such valuation, the agreement is thereby avoided, provided the goods or any part thereof have been delivered to the buyer, and appropriated by the buyer, the buyer shall pay a reasonable price.

In the event of a dispute, the party not in fault may maintain a suit for damages against the party in fault.

====Delivery====
means voluntary transfer of possession from one person to another.

====State of Delivery====
Goods are said to be in a "delivered state" when they are in such state that the buyer would under the contract be bound to take delivery of them.

====Documentation of goods====
* [[Bill of lading]] dock-warrant,
* Warehouse keeper's certificate,
* Wharfingers' certificate,
* Railway receipt,
* RC book of car,
* Multimodal transport document,
* Warrant or order for the delivery of goods, and
* Any other document used in the [[ordinary course of business]] as proof of the possession or control of goods or authorizing or purporting to authorize, either by endorsement or by delivery, the possessor of the document to transfer or receive goods thereby represented.

===Damage===
Goods are said to be damaged/perished if:
*The goods, at the time when the contract was made, have perished or become so damaged as no longer to answer to their description in the contract, and
*Neither seller nor buyer have the knowledge about such destroyed/damaged.

As per Section 8 of Sale of Goods Act, where there is an agreement to sell specific goods, and subsequently the goods without any fault on the part of the seller or buyer perish or become so damaged as no longer to answer to their description in the agreement before the risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is thereby avoided.

===Violation===
A "Fault" is defined as a wrongful act by default.

A person is said to be "insolvent" when:
* who has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of business, or
* cannot pay his debts as they become due, whether he has committed an act of insolvency or not.

===Other Definitions===
* "price" means the money consideration for a sale of goods.
* "property" means the general property in goods, and not merely a special property.
* "quality of goods" includes their state or condition.
* "seller" means a person who sells or agrees to sell goods.
* "specific goods" means goods identified and agreed upon at the time a contract of sale is made.
* expressions used but not defined in this Act and defined in the [[Indian Contract Act, 1872]], have the meaning assigned to them in that act.

==Requirements and Agreements==

Section 4 of Sale of Goods Act define the term "Sale" and "agreement to sell" as follows:
* A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another.
* A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.
* Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a sale, but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell.
* An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred.

The following must be fulfilled:
*There must be a contract,
*In Such contract the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer,
*Such transfer is made for price,
*Sale may be made between one part-owner and another,
*A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.
*At the time of agreement if the goods is in existence, it is contract of sale otherwise in respect to future goods, it is agreement to sale.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
#Bare Act of Sale of Goods Act
#''[[Mercantile Law]]'' by Areeb Shamsi.
#Indian Taxation and [[Corporate law|Corporate Law]]

[[Category:Contract law]]
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1930 in British law]]
[[Category:1930 in law]]
[[Category:1930 in India]]

Basia subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:07Z

Aryatheautistic: added new page

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basia subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8756|N|84.8243|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Basia, Gumla|Basia]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1343.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 225365
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basia subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Gumla district]] in the [[South Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
As of 2022, Gumla district is divided into three subdivisions – Gumla subdivision (with Gumla, Ghaghra, Bharno, Bishunpur, Raidih and Sisai blocks), Basia subdivision (with Palkot, Basia and Kamdara blocks), and Chainpur subdivision (with Chainpur, Albert Ekka (Jari) and Dumri blocks).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ |title = Gumla |work = About district/ Administrative Set-up/ Subdivision | publisher= Gumla district authorities| access-date = 30 January 2022}}</ref>

==Overview==
The subdivisions of Gumla district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 26: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Gumla subdivision|Gumla]]||[[Gumla]]||2,930.76||663,197||90.19||9.81
|-
|[[Chainpur subdivision|Chainpur]]||[[Chainpur, Gumla|Chainpur]]|||1,053.50||136,651||100||0
|-
|Basia||[[Basia, Gumla|Basia]]||1,343.43||225,365||100||0
|}

Note: Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|6|0|N|84|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Gumla district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|32|N|84|49|27|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Basia | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Basia, Gumla]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|6|N|84|53|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bharno| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bharno]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|22|53|N|84|22|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bishunpur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bishunpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|8|8|N|84|14|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Chainpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Chainpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|8|N|84|8|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Dumri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dumri, Gumla (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|15|N|84|12|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jari| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Jari, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|54|45|N|84|54|58|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Kamdara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kamdara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|52|28|N|84|38|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Palkot| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Palkot]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|57|19|N|84|27|17|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Raidih| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Raidih (R
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|10|9|N|84|45|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sisai| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Sisai, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|2|40|N|84|32|30|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Gumla| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Gumla]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|16|17|N|84|33|6|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Ghaghra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Ghaghra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|8|43|N|84|30|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Toto | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Toto, Gumla]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|19|26|N|84|15|9|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gurdari| numbered14=B| mark-title14=[[Gurdari]] (B) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|25|26|N|84|25|21|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jalim| numbered15=B| mark-title15=[[Jalim]] (B) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|21|50|N|84|27|13|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Serangdag| numbered16=B| mark-title16=[[Serangdag]] (B) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|56|29|N|84|28|39|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Marda| numbered17=H| mark-title17=[[Marda, Gumla]] (H) | shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|6|35|N|84|47|1|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Navratangarh| numbered18=H| mark-title18=[[Navratangarh]] (H) | shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|7|31|N|84|40|52|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nagfeni| numbered19=H| mark-title19=[[Nagfeni]] (H) | shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|17|35|N|84|13|30|E}} | label-pos20= right|label20=Sadni |labela20= Falls| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Sadni Falls]] (T) |shape-color20= #74C365
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21=Palkot |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label22= South Koel |labela22= River |label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 20| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|3|0|N|84|18|0|E}} |label23= Sankh River |label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 40| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|3|0|E}} |label24= North Karo |labela24= River |label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -60| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|58|0|N|84|7|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-125| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5}}
{{clear}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Basia subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | title = District Police Profile – Gumla | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 January 2022 | archive-date = 5 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005032328/https://jhpolice.gov.in/gumla | url-status = dead }}</ref>

#[[Basia, Gumla#Civic administration|Basia]]
#[[Kamdara#Civic administration|Kamdara]]
#[[Palkot#Civic administration|Palkot]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Basia subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Basia block|Basia]]||[[Basia, Gumla|Basia]]||398.99||80,731||5.20||63.96||67.66|| -
|-
|[[Kamdara block|Kamdara]]||[[Kamdara]]||365.41||63,775||3.52||70.61||68.51|| -
|-
|[[Palkot block|Palkot]]||[[Palkot]]||579.03||80,859||8.08||60.11||61.55|| -
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in the Basia subdivision out of a total 234 inhabited villages in 3 CD blocks there were 53 villages with pre-primary schools, 223 villages with primary schools, 101 villages with middle schools, 23 villages with secondary schools, 14 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with general degree college, 9 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 446, 512-513 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand.

===Educational institutions===

(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in the Basia subdivision, in the 3 CD blocks, there were 17 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 67 villages with primary health subcentres, 87 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 10 villages with allopathic hospitals, 9 villages with dispensaries, 2 villages with a veterinary hospitals, 16 villages with family welfare centres, 3 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===

(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Prisoner of war

2026-03-24T03:48:21Z

Aryatheautistic: added information per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Military term for a captive of the enemy}}
{{Redirect|POW|other uses|POW (disambiguation)|and|Prisoner of war (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Abu-Simbel temple3.jpg|thumb|Engraving of [[Kingdom of Kush|Kushite]] prisoners, [[Abu Simbel]], Egypt, 13th century BC]]
{{War}}
A '''prisoner of war''' ('''POW''') is a person held captive by a [[belligerent]] power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.{{efn|Compare {{OEtymD|prisoner|access-date=10 October 2021}} – "Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1630s".}}

Belligerents hold prisoners of war for a range of reasons. These may include isolating them from enemy combatants still in the field (releasing and [[Repatriation|repatriating]] them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishment, prosecution of [[war crime]]s, labour exploitation, recruiting or even conscripting them as combatants, extracting or collecting military and political intelligence, and political or religious indoctrination.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/42654/9522 |author=John Hickman |title=What is a Prisoner of War For |journal=Scientia Militaria |volume=36 |issue=2 |date=2002 |access-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032030/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/viewFile/42654/9522 |archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>

==Ancient times==
[[File:Antiker Triumphzug 19Jh ubs G 0866 III 001.jpg|thumb|Engraving of prisoners in a [[Roman triumph|Roman Triumph]], 19th century]]
For much of history, prisoners of war would often be slaughtered or enslaved.<ref>Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation. {{cite web |url= http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf |title=The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC|access-date =24 May 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150524213405/http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf |archive-date= 24 May 2015 |df= dmy-all }} Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.</ref> Early Roman [[gladiator]]s could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as [[Samnites]], [[Thracians]], and [[Gauls]] (''Galli'').<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/%7Egrout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html "The Roman Gladiator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126174158/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html |date=26 January 2020 }}, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. [...] Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)."</ref> Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but such offers were not always accepted.

Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as ''[[raptio]]''; the [[Rape of the Sabines]] involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no [[women's rights|rights]], and were held legally as [[Personal property|chattel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/|title= History of the Women's Rights Movement|last1= Eisenberg|first1= Bonnie|last2= Ruthsdotter|first2= Mary|date= 1998|website= www.nwhp.org|language= en-US|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154817/http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/|archive-date= 12 July 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In the fourth century AD, [[Acacius of Amida|St Acacius of Amida]], touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the [[Roman Empire]], who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was later [[canonised]].<ref>
{{Cite web
|title = Church Fathers: Church History, Book VII (Socrates Scholasticus)
|url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26017.htm
|website = www.newadvent.org |access-date = 19 October 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511051435/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/26017.htm
|archive-date= 11 May 2023
}}
</ref>

==Middle Ages and Renaissance==
[[File:DiezAlbumsPrisoners.jpg|thumb| [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] riders with prisoners, 14th century]]
According to legend, during [[Childeric I|Childeric]]'s siege and blockade of Paris in 464 the nun [[Geneviève]] (later canonised as the city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, [[Clovis I]] ({{reign | 481 | 511}}) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so.<ref name="Attwater">Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-14-051312-4}}.</ref>

King [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]'s English army killed many French prisoners of war at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415.<ref>"But when the outcries of the lackies and boies, which ran awaie for feare of the Frenchmen thus spoiling the campe came to the kings eares, he doubting least his enimies should gather togither againe, and begin a new field; and mistrusting further that the prisoners would be an aid to his enimies, or the verie enimies to their takers in deed if they were suffered to live, contrarie to his accustomed gentleness, commended by sound of trumpet, that everie man (upon pain and death) should uncontinentlie slaie his prisoner. When this dolorous decree, and pitifull proclamation was pronounced, pitie it was to see how some Frenchmen were suddenlie sticked with daggers, some were brained with pollaxes, some slaine with malls, others had their throats cut, and some their bellies panched, so that in effect, having respect to the great number, few prisoners were saved." [[Raphael Holinshed]], ''Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland'', quoted by Andrew Gurr in his introduction to {{cite book | last1 = Shakespeare | first1 = William | last2 = Gurr | first2 = Andrew | title = King Henry V | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2005 | page = 24 | isbn = 0-521-84792-3}}</ref> This was done after a French raiding party returned to the main army after looting the English camp, Henry misinterpreted this as the French receiving reinforcements, and was afraid that the prisoners would rejoin the fight against the English.

In the later [[Middle Ages]] a number of [[religious war]]s aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in [[Christian Europe]] often considered the extermination of [[Heresy|heretics]] and [[paganism|heathens]] desirable. Examples of such wars include the 13th-century [[Albigensian Crusade]] in Languedoc and the [[Northern Crusades]] in the [[Baltic region]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Europe: A History |page = [https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/362 362] |author-link = Norman Davies |first = Norman |last = Davies |isbn = 0-19-520912-5 |publisher = Oxford University Press |date = 1996 |url = https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/362}}</ref> When asked by a crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and [[Cathars]] following the projected capture (1209) of the city of [[Béziers]], the papal legate [[Arnaud Amalric]] allegedly replied, "[[Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.|Kill them all, God will know His own]]."{{efn|According to the ''Dialogus Miraculorum'' by [[Caesarius of Heisterbach]], Arnaud Amalric was only ''reported'' to have said that.}}

Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during [[crusades]] in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive.

[[Feudal Japan]] had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/v031/31.2lamers.html "Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124715/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_japanese_studies%2Fv031%2F31.2lamers.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The Journal of Japanese Studies''.</ref>

[[File:Codex Magliabechiano (141 cropped).jpg|thumb| Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the [[Codex Mendoza]] ({{circa | 1541}})]]

In the 13th century the expanding [[Mongol Empire]] famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was [[Destruction under the Mongol Empire|ransacked and destroyed]], and all the population killed). In [[Termez]], on the [[Oxus]]: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |title= Central Asian world cities |publisher= Faculty.washington.edu |date= 29 September 2007 |access-date= 14 April 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118121401/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date= 18 January 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Aztec]]s [[Aztec warfare|warred]] constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for [[Human sacrifice in Aztec culture|sacrifice]].<ref>Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. ''The Course of Mexican History''. Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 1995.</ref> For the re-consecration of [[Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan]] in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.<ref>Hassig, Ross (2003). "El sacrificio y las guerras floridas." [[Arqueología Mexicana]], pp. 46–51.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/sacrifice.htm |title = The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice |publisher = Latinamericanstudies.org |last = Harner |first = Michael |work = Natural History |date = April 1977 |volume = 86 |number = 4 |pages = 46–51 |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230519060523/https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/sacrifice.htm |archive-date = 19 May 2023 |access-date = 6 April 2010 |url-status = live }}</ref>

During the [[early Muslim conquests]] of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or [[Muslim slavery|enslaved]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Crone |first = Patricia|date= 2004 |pages = 371–372|title = God's Rule: Government and Islam |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w7VlOIivYnEC&pg=PA371 |publisher = Columbia University Press |isbn = 978-0231132909}}</ref><ref>Roger DuPasquier. ''Unveiling Islam''. Islamic Texts Society, 1992, p. 104</ref> Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nigosian |first= S. A. |title= Islam. Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url= https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access= registration |publisher= Indiana University Press |year= 2004 |location= Bloomington |page= [https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/115 115]}}</ref> During his lifetime ({{circa | 570}} – 632), [[Muhammad]] made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual.<ref>Maududi (1967), ''Introduction of Ad-Dahr'', "Period of revelation", p. 159.</ref> On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the [[Banu Qurayza]] in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as ''ghanima'' (spoils of war).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources|date=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions International|isbn=0-89281-046-7|location=New York|pages=229–233|oclc=9195533}}</ref>

Naval forces from both Christian and Muslim countries often turned prisoners of war into [[galley slave]]s. Thus, at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, 12,000 Christian galley [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|slaves]] were freed from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].<ref>{{Citation
| last = Patrick
| first = James
| year = 2007
| title = Renaissance and Reformation
| periodical = Vol.
| volume = 7
| page = 718
}}</ref>

==Modern times==
[[File:Het dobbelspel om het leven Rijksmuseum SK-A-2675.jpeg|thumb|Casting the dice for life or death, by [[Jan van Huchtenburg]]]]

In Europe the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as the private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers were increasingly regarded as state property. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated the surrender of their whole unit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter H.|title='Prisoners in early modern warfare' in Prisoners in War|year=2010|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0199577576}}</ref> Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as [[Cossacks]] and [[Croats (military unit)|Croats]], were often denied the status of prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Batelka|first=Philipp|title=Zwischen Tätern und Opfern: Gewaltbeziehungen und Gewaltgemeinschaften|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2017|isbn=978-3-525-30099-2|pages=107–129}}</ref>

In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war was increasingly regulated by international treaties, particularly the so-called cartel system, which regulated how warring states would exchange prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hohrath|first=Daniel|title='In Cartellen wird der Werth eines Gefangenen bestimmet', in In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum zweiten Weltkrieg|year=1999}}</ref> The 1648 [[Peace of Westphalia]], which ended the [[Thirty Years' War]], established the rule that prisoners of war should be released and allowed to return to their homelands without ransom after hostilities ended.<ref>"Prisoner of war", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

There also evolved the [[Prisoners of war parole|right of ''parole'']], French for "discourse", in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation that held him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity.

===European settlers captured in North America===
{{further|Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War}}
Early historical narratives of captured European settlers and the perspectives of literate women captured by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples of North America]], exist. The [[A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson|writings]] of [[Mary Rowlandson]], captured in 1676 in the chaotic fighting of [[King Philip's War]], provide an early example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the [[captivity narrative]], and had lasting influence on the body of early [[American literature]], most notably through the legacy of [[James Fenimore Cooper]]'s ''[[The Last of the Mohicans]]'' (1826). Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and as bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example the case of [[John R. Jewitt]], a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the [[Nuu-chah-nulth people|Nootka]] people on the [[Pacific Northwest]] coast from 1802 to 1805.

=== Great Northern War ===
During the [[Great Northern War]] of 1700 to 1721, Russian authorities sent many Swedish prisoners-of-war, especially those who surrendered after the [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709, to Siberia.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Haywood
|first1 = Anthony
|date = 2 May 2012
|orig-date = 1981
|title = Siberia: A Cultural History
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2r6_BAAAQBAJ
|series = Landscapes of the imagination
|publisher = Andrews UK Limited
|edition = revised
|isbn = 9781908493378
|access-date = 26 January 2025
|quote = The Treasury [in Tobolsk] [...] built in 1714-17 [...] is also known as the Swedish Chamber, because it was largely the work of Swedish prisoners of war who had been captured during the Battle of Poltava in 1709, a victory in Russia's war against Sweden (1700–21) that gave Russia dominance of the Baltic Sea. Their arrival had added a new layer to Tobolsk's colourful ethic make-up.
}}
</ref>

===French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars===
The earliest known purpose-built [[prisoner-of-war camp]] was established at [[Norman Cross Prison|Norman Cross]] in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1006782|desc=Site of the Norman Cross Depot for Prisoners of War|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006782|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180656/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006782|url-status=dead|archive-date= 5 April 2023}}</ref> The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. [[Norman Cross Prison]] was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of a quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with a small number of [[privateers]]. About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given ''parole'' outside the prison, mainly in [[Peterborough]] although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society.

During the [[Battle of Leipzig]], both sides used the [[Alter Johannisfriedhof|city's cemetery]] as a [[Lazaretto|lazaret]] and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in [[Burial vault (tomb)|burial vaults]] and used coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even [[Cannibalism|human flesh]]. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10604517.html?pageNo=305 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060150/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10604517.html?pageNo=305 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2019 |language=de |author-link=Johann Friedrich Rochlitz |author=Rochlitz |title=Collected Works vol 6 |date=1822 |page=305ff |via=Munich Digitization Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leipzig-lese.de/index.php?article_id=393 |language=de |title=Die Aufzeichnungen des Totengräbers Ahlemann 1813 |website=leipzig-lese.de |access-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051349/https://www.leipzig-lese.de/streifzuege/geschichte/die-aufzeichnungen-des-totengraebers-ahlemann-1813/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

===Prisoner exchanges===
The extensive period of conflict during the [[American Revolutionary War]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1793–1815), followed by the [[United Kingdom – United States relations|Anglo-American]] [[War of 1812]], led to the emergence of a [[Cartel (ship)|cartel]] system for the [[exchange of prisoners]], even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartel for the Exchange of Prisoners of War |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/cartel-exchange-prisoners-war |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en}}</ref>

===American Civil War===
{{main|American Civil War prison camps}}

[[File:Price Raid (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] prisoners of war on the way to [[Camp Ford]] prison in October 1864]]
[[File:Prisoner of war, from Belle Isle, Richmond, at the U.S. General Hospital, Div. 1, Annapolis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Union Army]] soldier on his release from a [[Military forces of the Confederate States|Confederate]] POW camp, c. 1865]]
At the start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Pickenpaugh|title=Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWOfsOceCNUC&pg=PA57|year=2013|publisher=University of Alabama Press|pages=57–73|isbn=978-0817317836}}</ref> The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners.

In the late summer of 1864, a year after the [[Dix–Hill Cartel]] was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement. He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity, the Confederacy could not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/grant-and-the-prisoner-exchange.htm |title=Myth: General Ulysses S. Grant stopped the prisoner exchange, and is thus responsible for all of the suffering in Civil War prisons on both sides – Andersonville National Historic Site |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307202416/https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/grant-and-the-prisoner-exchange.htm|archive-date= 7 March 2023}}</ref> After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the [[American Civil War]], accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2008/01/national_life_after_death.html |title=National Life After Death |author=Richard Wightman Fox |date=7 January 2008 |magazine=Slate |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615092827/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2008/01/national_life_after_death.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in [[Camp Sumter]], located near [[Andersonville, Georgia]], 13,000 (28%) died.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm |title=Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1 |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821213258/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm|archive-date= 21 August 2013}}</ref> At [[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas]] in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and [[Elmira Prison]] in New York state, with a death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville.<ref>Hall, Yancey (1 July 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030707041320/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html "US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands"]. ''National Geographic News''.</ref>

===Amelioration===
During the 19th century there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent inhumane treatment of prisoners and the use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new conventions being adopted and becoming recognised as [[international law]] that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically.

===Hague and Geneva Conventions===
Chapter II of the Annex to the [[Hague Convention of 1907|1907 Hague Convention]] ''IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land'' covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War]] and were largely revised in the [[Third Geneva Convention]] in 1949.

Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured military personnel, some [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighters, and certain civilians. It applies from the moment of capture until release or repatriation. Under the 1949 [[Geneva Conventions]], POWs are [[protected persons]], meaning their deprivation of rights afforded by the Third Convention could amount to a war crime.<ref name="JWEFS">{{cite web|url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/protected-persons/|title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons|publisher=[[Doctors Without Borders]]}}</ref> Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their name, date of birth, [[Military rank|rank]] and [[service number]].

The [[ICRC]] has a special role to play, with regards to [[international humanitarian law]], in [[Restoring Family Links|restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war]], in particular concerning the right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107).

However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II, [[Imperial Japan]] and [[Nazi Germany]] were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the [[Commando Order]].

====Qualifications====
[[File:Illustration of the Decapitation of Violent Chinese Soldiers by Utagawa Kokunimasa 1894.png|thumb|Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894–95]]

To be entitled to POW status, captured persons must be [[lawful combatant]]s entitled to combatant's privilege—which provides immunity from punishment for lawful acts of war, such as killing [[enemy combatant]]s. To qualify under the [[Third Geneva Convention]], a combatant must be part of a chain of command, wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the [[laws and customs of war]]. The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".

Under [[Additional Protocol I]], the requirement of a distinctive marking is waived. ''[[Francs-tireurs]]'', [[militia]]s, [[insurgent]]s, [[terrorists]], saboteurs, [[Mercenary|mercenaries]], and spies generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill the criteria of Additional Protocol I and are therefore [[unlawful combatant]]s. Captured soldiers who do not get POW status are still protected like civilians under the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]].

[[File:Ernest Grandier, a prisoner of the Zulus, stands naked and t Wellcome V0041878 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ernest Grandier]] captured during the [[Anglo-Zulu War]]]]

The criteria are applied primarily to ''international'' armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like [[civil wars]] is guided by [[Additional Protocol II]], but [[insurgents]] are often treated as traitors, terrorists, or criminals by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. Guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously.

===Rights===
Under the [[Third Geneva Convention]], prisoners of war (POW) must be:
* Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour
* Able to inform their next of kin and the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] of their capture
* Allowed to communicate regularly with relatives and receive packages
* Given adequate food, clothing, housing, and medical attention
* Paid for work done and not forced to do work that is dangerous, unhealthy, or degrading
* Released quickly after conflicts end
* Not compelled to give any information except for name, age, rank, and service number<ref>{{cite web|title=Geneva Convention|url=http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/texts/doc_geneva_con.html|publisher=Peace Pledge Union|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821130538/http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/texts/doc_geneva_con.html|archive-date= 21 August 2007}}</ref>

In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross.<ref>{{cite web|title=Story of an idea- the Film| date=5 May 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIwB-Y6FUjY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/oIwB-Y6FUjY| archive-date=29 October 2021|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=6 April 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] and [[Tokyo Trials]]. German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating a [[war of aggression]], murder, ill treatment, and deportation of individuals, and [[genocide]] during World War II.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Penrose|first=Mary Margaret|title=War Crime|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/635621/war-crime/224687/The-Nurnberg-and-Tokyo-trials|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes.

===U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology===
[[The United States Military Code of Conduct]] was promulgated in 1955 via [[s:Executive Order 10631|Executive Order 10631]] under [[U.S. President|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the [[Korean War]].

When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also requires service members to resist giving information to the enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort.

[[File:POW-MIA flag.jpg | thumb | right]]
Since the [[Vietnam War]], the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DE1239F93AA25751C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | title=War in the Gulf: P.O.W.'s; U.S. Says Prisoners Seem War-Weary | first=Eric | last=Schmitt | date=19 February 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051341/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/19/world/war-in-the-gulf-pow-s-us-says-prisoners-seem-war-weary.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

In 2000 the U.S. military replaced the designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in the Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the [[Prisoner of War Medal]].<ref name="Missing-Captured">{{cite magazine|last=Thompson |first=Mark |url=https://nation.time.com/2012/05/17/pentagon-we-dont-call-them-pows-anymore/ |title=Pentagon: We Don't Call Them POWs Anymore |magazine=Time |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085511/https://nation.time.com/2012/05/17/pentagon-we-dont-call-them-pows-anymore/|archive-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130018p.pdf |title=Department of Defense Instruction January 8, 2008 Incorporating Change 1, August 14, 2009 |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104014239/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/130018p.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==World War I==
{{Main|Prisoners of war in World War I}}

[[File:German POWs captured in Flanders by Brits2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|German soldiers captured by the British in [[Flanders]]]]
[[File:US pow.jpg|thumb|American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917]]
[[File:Americans in German prison camp. A group of American prisoners in a German prison camp listening at . . . - NARA - 533544.tif|thumb|US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918<ref>Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)</ref>]]
[[File:Type of German prisoners captured in the new push (4688031177).jpg|thumb|German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918]]

During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured.<ref>Geo G. Phillimore and Hugh H. L. Bellot, "Treatment of Prisoners of War", ''Transactions of the Grotius Society'', Vol. 5, (1919), pp. 47–64.</ref> Individual surrenders were uncommon; usually a large unit surrendered all its men. At [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Tannenberg]] 92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of [[Kaunas]] surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners.<ref>Niall Ferguson, ''The Pity of War''. (1999) pp. 368–69 for data.</ref>

The [[German Empire]] held 2.5 million prisoners; [[Russian Empire|Russia]] held 2.9 million, and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and [[French Third Republic|France]] held about 720,000, mostly gained in the period just before the [[Armistice]] in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the [[International Red Cross]] and inspections by neutral nations.

There was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in ''My Four Years in Germany''. Even worse conditions are reported in the book ''Escape of a Princess Pat'' by the Canadian George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; a quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PP7uMQdgv5AC&pg=PA240 Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172617/https://books.google.com/books?id=PP7uMQdgv5AC&pg=PA240&dq&hl=en |date=25 December 2022 }}''". Robert B. Kane, Peter Loewenberg (2008). [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]. p. 240. {{ISBN|0-7864-3744-8}}</ref> Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000 [[Austro-Hungarian]] prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in [[Siberia]] from [[smallpox]] and [[typhus]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/01/28/archives/375000-austrians-have-died-in-siberia-remaining-125000-war.html |title=375,000 Austrians Have Died in Siberia; Remaining 125,000 War Prisoner... — Article preview |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 April 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032437/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/01/28/archives/375000-austrians-have-died-in-siberia-remaining-125000-war.html|archive-date= 26 March 2023}}</ref> In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died.<ref>Richard B. Speed, III. ''Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity''. (1990)</ref><ref>Ferguson, ''The Pity of War''. (1999) Ch 13</ref><ref>Desmond Morton, ''Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919''. 1992.</ref>

The [[Ottoman Empire]] often treated prisoners of war poorly{{Citation needed|reason=The deaths of British soldiers before they were captured and their deaths due to their conditions during the siege are not related to the Ottoman attitude towards the prisoners. British officers did not accept surrender.|date=October 2023}}. Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the [[British Indian Army]], became prisoners after the five-month [[Siege of Kut]], in [[Mesopotamia]], in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity.<ref>British National Archives, "The Mesopotamia campaign", at [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/mesopotamia.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072018/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/mesopotamia.htm|date=10 October 2017}};</ref>

During the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]] 217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in the Jordan Valley. [[Australian Flying Corps]] pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died.<ref>Peter Dennis, [[Jeffrey Grey]], Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou, ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History'' (2008) p. 429</ref><ref>H.S. Gullett, ''Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine'' (1941) pp. 620–622</ref> The most curious case came in Russia where the [[Czechoslovak Legion]] of [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] prisoners (from the [[Austro-Hungarian]] army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the [[Russian Civil War]].

===Release of prisoners===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1971-085-63, Begrüßungsfeier für heimgekehrte Kriegsgefangene, Berlin.jpg|thumb|Celebration for returning POWs, Berlin 1920]]

At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland.<ref>[http://www.postalhistory.org.uk/pdf/phs_at_rpsl_booklet_for_web_sites.pdf The Postal History Society 1936–2011 – 75th anniversary display to the Royal Philatelic Society, London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000819/http://www.postalhistory.org.uk/pdf/phs_at_rpsl_booklet_for_web_sites.pdf |date=21 December 2016 }}, p. 11</ref> The first British prisoners were released and reached [[Calais]] on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via [[Dunkirk]] to [[Dover]] and a large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for [[demobilisation]].

On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released ''en masse'' and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by [[cavalry]] troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains.

Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All [[commissioned officer]]s had to write a report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph.

{{blockquote|The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage.

During these many months of trial, the early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts.

We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your return.|George R.I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx |title=The Queen and technology |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509195352/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}</ref>}}

While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to [[Central Powers]] prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as [[forced labour]], e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the [[ICRC]] to the [[Allied Supreme Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ|title=Search results – Resource centre|work=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=3 October 2013|access-date=9 April 2010|archive-date=19 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719030032/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==World War II==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-267-0111-36, Russland, russische Kriegsgefangene (Juden).jpg|thumb|upright|Jewish USSR POW captured by German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were executed after selection.]]
[[File:Thulin 23 May 1940 - German soldier from IR 469 helps a French wounded soldier from 158e RI.jpg|thumb|A German soldier assisting a wounded French soldier in Thulin, [[Belgium]], May 1940.]]
Historian [[Niall Ferguson]], in addition to figures from [[Keith Lowe (author)|Keith Lowe]], tabulated the total death rate for POWs in World War II as follows:<ref>{{Citation|last=Ferguson|first=Niall|title=Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat|journal=War in History|volume=11|issue=2|pages=148–192|year=2004|doi=10.1191/0968344504wh291oa|s2cid=159610355}}, p. 186</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Lowe|first=Keith|title=Savage Continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II|year=2012}}, p. 122</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=2|Category!!rowspan=2|Percentage of POWs that died
|-
!Captives!!Captors
|-
| Chinese||Japanese||60.0+%<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tianyi |first=He |date=2013 |title=日军侵华战俘营总论 |trans-title=General Overview of Japanese Prisoner-of-War Camps in China |publisher=Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press |page=426 |script-quote=zh:抗战被俘士兵能活着逃回根据地或日本投降返回故乡的不足40% |trans-quote=No more than 40% of the soldiers captured during the War of Resistance were able to escape alive back to their bases or return to their hometowns after Japan's surrender}}</ref>{{efn|Including captured soldiers massacred in the battlefield like in the [[Nanjing Massacre]]}}
|-
| USSR||Germans||57.5%
|-
| Germans||Yugoslavs||41.2%
|-
|Germans||USSR||35.8%
|-
|Americans||Japanese||33.0%
|-
|Germans||Eastern Europeans||32.9%
|-
| British||Japanese||24.8%
|-
| French||Germans||4.1%
|-
| British||Germans||3.5%
|-
| Germans||French||2.6%
|-
| Americans||Germans||1.2%
|-
| Germans||Americans||0.2%
|-
| Germans||British||<0.1%
|}

===Treatment of POWs by the Axis===

====Empire of Japan====

{{See also|Allied prisoners of war of Japan|Far East prisoners of war|Japanese war crimes}}
[[File:Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg|thumb|Troops of the [[Suffolk Regiment]] surrendering to the Japanese after the [[Fall of Singapore|Battle of Singapore]], 1942]]
The [[Empire of Japan]], which had signed but never ratified the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=S |title=International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories |publisher=Icrc.org |date=27 July 1929 |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions]], either during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] or during the [[Pacific War]], because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonorable. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by [[Emperor Hirohito]], the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners of war.<ref>Akira Fujiwara, ''Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu'', Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22</ref>

Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Japanese-occupied Asia, held by Japanese imperial armed forces were subject to murder, torture (both physical and psychological), beatings, extrajudicial punishment, [[Slavery in Japan|slavery]], [[Unit 731|medical experiments]], starvation rations, poor medical treatment and [[Chichijima incident|cannibalism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/japanese-troops-ate-flesh-of-enemies-and-civilians-1539816.html|author=McCarthy, Terry|title=Japanese troops ate flesh of enemies and civilians|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 August 1992|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512013235/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/japanese-troops-ate-flesh-of-enemies-and-civilians-1539816.html|archive-date= 12 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cooksontributeb29.com/uploads/5/8/6/5/5865941/b29_fukubayashi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/http://www.cooksontributeb29.com/uploads/5/8/6/5/5865941/b29_fukubayashi.pdf|archive-date= 5 April 2023|title=An excellent reference for Japan and the treatment of US Airmen Pows is Toru Fukubayashi, "Allied Aircraft and Airmen Lost over Japanese Mainland" 20 May 2007. (PDF File 20 pages)}}</ref> The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand [[Death Railway]]. After 20 March 1943, the Imperial Navy was ordered to kill prisoners of war taken at sea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Felton |first1=Mark |title=Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-84415-647-4 |pages=252|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime }}</ref> After the [[Armistice of Cassibile]], Italian soldiers and civilians in East Asia were taken as prisoners of war by Japanese armed forces and subject to the same conditions as other POWs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tsuyoshi |first1=Masuda |title=Forgotten tragedy of Italian war detainees |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/816/ |website=nhk.or.jp |publisher=NHK World |access-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111747/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/816/|archive-date= 6 April 2023}}</ref>
[[File:March of Death from Bataan to the prison camp - Dead soldiers.jpg|thumb|Thousands of US and Filipino POWs died on the [[Bataan Death March]], April 1942]]
According to the findings of the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East|Tokyo Tribunal]], the Japanese captured 350,000 POWs, of which 131,134 came from Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Of these 131,134 POWs, 35,756 died while detained, the death rate of Western prisoners was thus 27.1 per cent, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians.<ref name="hidden">{{cite book |author=Yuki Tanaka |author-link=Yuki Tanaka (historian) |title=Hidden Horrors |date=1996 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0813327181 |pages=2, 3}}</ref> The death rate of Chinese was much higher. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the [[surrender of Japan]], the number for the Chinese was only 56.<ref name =hidden/><ref>[[Herbert Bix]], ''[[Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan]]'', 2001, p. 360</ref> The 27,465 US Army POWs captured in the Pacific Theater, including Filipinos, had a 40.4 per cent death rate.<ref>Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army, ''Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II. Final Report, 7 December 1941–31 December 1946,'' page 5</ref> The War Ministry in Tokyo issued an order at the end of the war allowing local commanders to kill remaining POWs without formal orders from Tokyo.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html|date=27 July 2003}}". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" |Number of Western Allied POWs and Death Rate Under the Japanese<ref>Based on data in "Horyo Saishū Ronkoku Fuzoku-sho 'B'", Kykutō Kokusai Gunji Saiben No. 337, February 19, 1948.</ref><ref name="hidden" />
|-
!Country
!Number of POWs
!Number of Deaths
!Death Rate
|-
|Australia
|21,726
|7,412
|34.1
|-
| Canada||1,691
|273
|16.1
|-
| New Zealand||121
|31
|25.6
|-
|The Netherlands||37,000
|8,500
|22.9
|-
|United Kingdom||50,016
|12,433
|24.8
|-
|United States
|21,580
|7,107
|32.9
|-
|Total
|132,134
|35,756
|27.1
|}

No direct access to the POWs was provided to the [[International Red Cross]]. Escapes among the [[European descent|prisoners of European descent]] were almost impossible because of the difficulty of hiding in Asiatic populations.<ref>''Prisoners of the Japanese : POWs of World War II in the Pacific'', by Gavan Daws, {{ISBN|0-688-14370-9}}</ref>

Allied POW camps and ship-transports became accidental targets of Allied attacks. The number of deaths which occurred when Japanese "[[hell ship]]s"—unmarked transport ships in which POWs were transported in harsh conditions—were attacked by [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[submarine]]s was particularly high. Gavan Daws has calculated that "of all POWs who died in the Pacific War, one in three was killed on the water by friendly fire".<ref>{{cite book|last=Daws|first=Gavan|title=Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific|year=1994|publisher=Scribe Publications|isbn=1-920769-12-9|pages=295–297|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Daws states that 10,800 of the 50,000 POWs shipped by the Japanese were killed at sea<ref>Daws (1994), p. 297</ref> while Donald L. Miller states that "approximately 21,000 Allied POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by friendly fire."<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Donald L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRd-z7amBj0C&pg=PA317 |title=D-Days in the Pacific |date=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1439128817 |page=317}}</ref>

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as [[Jack Bridger Chalker]], [[Philip Meninsky]], [[Ashley George Old]], and [[Ronald Searle]]. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals.

Female prisoners (detainees) at [[Changi Prison]] in Singapore, recorded their ordeal in seemingly harmless prison quilt embroidery.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle|last=Hunter|first=Clare|publisher=Spectre (Hodder & Stoughton)|year=2019|isbn=978-1473687912|location=London|pages=50–58}}</ref>

<gallery widths="140" heights="140">
File:Portrait of "Dusty" Rhodes by Ashley George Old.jpg|Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by [[Ashley George Old]]
File:POWs Burma Thai RR.jpg|Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943
File:Army nurses rescued from Santo Tomas 1945h.jpg|[[Angels of Bataan|U.S. Army Nurses]] in [[Santo Tomas Internment Camp]], 1943
File:Navy Nurses Rescued from Los Banos.jpg|[[United States Navy Nurse Corps|U.S. Navy nurses]] rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945
File:Gaunt allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near Yokohama cheer rescuers from U.S. Navy. Waving flags of the United... - NARA - 520992.tif|Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near [[Yokohama]], Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945
File:Canadian POWs in Manilla Philippines 1945.gif|Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manila, Philippines, 1945
File:Aso Mining POWs.jpg|Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945
File:Giving a sick man a drink as US POWs of Japanese, Philippine Islands, Cabanatuan prison camp.jpg|POW art depicting [[Raid at Cabanatuan#POW camp|Cabanatuan prison camp]], produced in 1946
File:LeonardGSiffleet.jpg|Australian POW [[Leonard Siffleet]] captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese [[shin gunto]] sword in 1943
File:Japanese atrocities imperial war museum K9923.jpg|Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese
</gallery>

====Germany====
=====French soldiers=====
{{main|French prisoners of war in World War II}}

[[File:Black prisoners in Eastern Europe; with Luftwaffe soldiers.jpg|thumb|French [[Senegalese Tirailleurs]] held as POW by the germans into [[Stalag I-B]], East Prussia (now Poland), 1944.]]
After the French armies surrendered in summer 1940, Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one third were released on various terms. Of the remainder, the officers and non-commissioned officers were kept in camps and did not work. The privates were sent out to work. About half of them worked for German agriculture, where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.<ref>Richard Vinen, ''The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation'' (2006) pp. 183–214</ref>

=====Western Allies' POWs=====
{{see also|Belgian prisoners of war in World War II}}
Germany and Italy generally treated prisoners from the [[British Empire]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], France, the U.S., and other western Allies in accordance with the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|Geneva Convention]], which had been signed by these countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cicr.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=P |title=International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories |publisher=Cicr.org |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211218/http://www.cicr.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=305&ps=P |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Consequently, western Allied officers were not usually made to work and some personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war in [[Wehrmacht|German]] POW camps—especially during the last two years of the war—concerned shortages of food.
[[File:American POWs AF Museum.jpg|left|thumb|Representation of a "Forty-and-eight" boxcar used to transport American POWs in Germany during World War II]]
Only a small proportion of western Allied POWs who were Jews—or whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish—were killed as part of [[the Holocaust]] or were subjected to other [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/jewish-american-pows-europe#:~:text=An%20estimated%209%2C000%20American%20Jews,of%20both%20pride%20and%20peril.&text=Around%20500%2C000%20American%20Jews%20served,risk%20should%20they%20be%20captured.|title=Pride and Peril: Jewish American POWs in Europe|website=The National WWII Museum |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/jewish-american-pows-europe|archive-date= 5 April 2023}}</ref> For example, Major [[Yitzhak Ben-Aharon]], a [[Palestinian Jew]] who had enlisted in the British Army, and who was captured by the Germans in [[Greek Campaign|Greece in 1941]], experienced four years of captivity under entirely normal conditions for POWs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Gallery+of+People+(Biographies)/Ben+Aharon+Yitzhak.htm |title=Ben Aharon Yitzhak |publisher=Jafi.org.il |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318070158/http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Gallery+of+People+(Biographies)/Ben+Aharon+Yitzhak.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref>

A small number of Allied personnel were sent to concentration camps, for a variety of reasons including being Jewish.<ref>See, for example, [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=295291169228827 Joseph Robert White, 2006, "Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611020900/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=295291169228827 |date=11 June 2007 }} (book review)</ref> As the US historian Joseph Robert White put it: "An important exception ... is the sub-camp for U.S. POWs at [[Berga, Thuringia|Berga an der Elster]], officially called ''[[Arbeitslager|Arbeitskommando]] 625'' [also known as ''[[Stalag IX-B]]'']. Berga was the deadliest work detachment for American captives in Germany. 73 men who participated, or 21 percent of the detachment, perished in two months. 80 of the 350 POWs were Jews."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |date=30 May 2005 |title='Soldiers and Slaves' Details Saga of Jewish POWs |language=en |pages=1 |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2005/05/30/4672288/soldiers-and-slaves-details-saga-of-jewish-pows |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> Another well-known example was a group of 168 Australian, British, Canadian, New Zealand and US aviators who were held for two months at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]];<ref>See: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230207180457/https://www.rcafassociation.ca/heritage/history/buchenwald/allied-officers-deported-to-buchenwald-klb-club-archives/ Royal Canadian Air Force Association, "Allied Officers Deported to Buchenwald"] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114105127/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1575 National Museum of the USAF, "Allied Victims of the Holocaust"].</ref> two of the POWs died at Buchenwald. Two possible reasons have been suggested for this incident: German authorities wanted to make an example of ''[[terror bombing|Terrorflieger]]'' ("terrorist aviators") or these aircrews were classified as spies, because they had been disguised as civilians or enemy soldiers when they were apprehended.

[[File:Pow telegram.jpg|thumb|Telegram notifying parents of an American POW of his capture by Germany]]
Information on conditions in the stalags is contradictory depending on the source. Some American POWs claimed the Germans were victims of circumstance and did the best they could, while others accused their captors of brutalities and forced labour. In any case, the prison camps were miserable places where food rations were meager and conditions squalid. One American admitted "The only difference between the stalags and concentration camps was that we weren't gassed or shot in the former. I do not recall a single act of compassion or mercy on the part of the Germans." Typical meals consisted of a bread slice and watery potato soup which was still more substantial than what Soviet POWs or concentration camp inmates received. Another prisoner stated that "The German plan was to keep us alive, yet weakened enough that we wouldn't attempt escape."<ref>Ambrose, pp 360{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}}</ref>

As the Red Army approached some POW camps in early 1945, German guards forced western Allied POWs [[The March (1945)|to walk]] long distances towards central Germany, often in extreme winter weather conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b24.net/powMarch.htm|title=Death March from Stalag Luft 4 during WWII|website=www.b24.net|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705073356/https://www.b24.net/powMarch.htm|archive-date= 5 July 2017}}</ref> It is estimated that, out of 257,000 POWs, about 80,000 were subject to such marches and up to 3,500 of them died as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guests of the Third Reich|url=https://guestsofthethirdreich.org/liberation/|access-date=26 October 2020|website=guestsofthethirdreich.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045309/https://guestsofthethirdreich.org/liberation/|archive-date= 7 April 2023}}</ref>

=====Italian POWs=====
{{main|Operation Achse|Italian military internees|Massacre of the Acqui Division}}

In September 1943 after the Armistice, Italian officers and soldiers in many places waiting for orders were arrested by Germans and Italian fascists and taken to internment camps in Germany or Eastern Europe, where they were held for the duration of the war. The International Red Cross could do nothing for them, as they were not regarded as POWs, but the prisoners held the status of "[[Italian military internees|military internees]]". Treatment of the prisoners was generally poor. The author [[Giovannino Guareschi]] was among those interned and wrote about this time in his life. The book was translated and published as ''My Secret Diary''. He wrote about semi-starvation, the casual murder of individual prisoners by guards and how, when they were released (now from a German camp), they found a deserted German town filled with foodstuffs that they (with other released prisoners) ate.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}. It is estimated that of the 700,000 Italians taken prisoner by the Germans, around 40,000 died in detention and more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.anrp.it/le-porte-della-memoria/|title = Le porte della Memoria|access-date = 12 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111751/http://www.anrp.it/le-porte-della-memoria/|archive-date= 6 April 2023}}</ref>

=====Eastern European POWs=====
{{Main|German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B21845, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Lager.jpg|left|thumb|An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "[[Untermensch|subhuman]]".<ref>Daniel Goldhagen, ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'' (p. 290)—"2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers".</ref>]]

Between 1941 and 1945 the Axis powers took about 5.7 million Soviet prisoners. About one million of them were released during the war, in that their status changed but they remained under German authority. A little over 500,000 either escaped or were liberated by the Red Army. Some 930,000 more were found alive in camps after the war. The remaining 3.3 million prisoners (57.5% of the total captured) died during their captivity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html |title= Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II |publisher= [[Historynet.com]] |access-date= 14 April 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210330/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html |archive-date= 30 March 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Between the launching of [[Operation Barbarossa]] in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million Soviet prisoners taken died while in German hands.<ref>{{cite book|last= Davies|first= Norman|title= Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory|publisher= Pan Books|location= London|year= 2006|page= 271|isbn= 978-0-330-35212-3|title-link= Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory}}</ref> According to Russian military historian General [[Grigoriy Krivosheyev]], the Axis powers took 4.6 million Soviet prisoners, of whom 1.8 million were found alive in camps after the war and 318,770 were released by the Axis during the war and were then drafted into the Soviet armed forces again.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url= http://gpw.tellur.ru/page.html?r=facts&s=losses |title= Report at the session of the Russian association of WWII historians in 1998 |publisher= Gpw.tellur.ru |access-date= 14 April 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320223821/http://gpw.tellur.ru/page.html?r=facts&s=losses |archive-date= 20 March 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> By comparison, 8,348 Western Allied prisoners died in German camps during 1939–45 (3.5% of the 232,000 total).<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Burleigh |title=The Third Reich – A New History |publisher=Hill and Wang |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8090-9325-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl/page/512 512–513] |author-link=Michael Burleigh |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl/page/512 }}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 192-208, KZ Mauthausen, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|Naked Soviet prisoners of war in [[Mauthausen concentration camp]]]]
The Germans officially justified their policy on the grounds that the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention. Legally, however, under article 82 of the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|Geneva Convention]], signatory countries had to give POWs of all signatory and non-signatory countries the rights assigned by the convention.<ref name="art%2E%2082">{{cite web |url= http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebART/305-430083?OpenDocument|title= Part VIII: Execution of the convention #Section I: General provisions |access-date= 29 November 2007}}</ref> Shortly after the German invasion in 1941, the USSR made Berlin an offer of a reciprocal adherence to the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions]]. Third Reich officials left the Soviet "note" unanswered.<ref>Beevor, ''Stalingrad''. Penguin 2001 {{ISBN|0-14-100131-3}} p. 60</ref><ref>James D. Morrow, ''Order within Anarchy: The Laws of War as an International Institution'', 2014, p. 218</ref>

====Romania====
=====Soviet POWs=====
Between 1941 and 1944, 91,060 Soviet prisoners of war were captured by the [[Romanian Army]]. Until August 1944, 5,221 Soviet prisoners died in Romanian camps mainly to disease during winter. The POWs were treated according to the 1929 Geneva Convention, which was ratified by Romania on 15 September 1931. Initially, the prisoners were held in five POW camps in [[Vulcan, Brașov|Vulcan]], [[Găești]], [[Drăgășani]], [[Alexandria, Romania|Alexandria]] and [[Slobozia]]. By 1942, the number reached 12 camps of which 10 were in Romania, and two in [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]] at [[Tiraspol]] and [[Odesa]]. As the frontline moved further away, the captured prisoners were given to German POW camps, and then they were transferred to Romanian ones after requests from the Romanian authorities.<ref name="Dutu1">{{cite web|url=https://alesandrudutu.wordpress.com/2015/11/25/prizonieri-de-razboi-sovietici-in-romania-1941-1944/|title=Prizonieri de război sovietici în România (1941–1944)|language=ro|first=Alesandru|last=Duțu|date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Bess7.JPG|thumb|left|Soviet POWs escorted by a Romanian cavalryman in 1941]]
In the winter of 1941/1942, the conditions of the POW camps were unsatisfactory, leading to the deaths of prisoners due to various diseases. The conditions were improved in 1942 when, by order of Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]], the organisations leading the camps were to permanently control how the prisoners were accommodated, cared for, fed, and used. Due to some problems that arose with the food allowance in 1942, it was decided that the prisoners were to be fed like the Romanian troops, with an allocated 30 [[Romanian leu|lei]] per soldier per day.<ref name="Dutu1"/>

In accordance with Article 27 of the Geneva Convention, the POWs were used in various productive activities. In return for providing work, the prisoners were granted payment and accommodation, as well as free time for cleaning, rest, and religious or other activities by their employers, according to the contracts signed with the commanders of the prison camps. The main workplaces for prisoners were in agriculture and industrial enterprises, but also in forestry, civil works, and in service of the POW camps.<ref name="Dutu1"/>

For correspondence with their families, the prisoners were provided with postcards. However, most of these were not used as the POWs feared reprisals from the Soviet authorities upon learning that they were prisoners in Romania. The punishment of POWs in the Romanian camps was applied following the regulations of the Romanian Army. Executions by firing squad were few. The escapees who were caught and did not commit any acts of sabotage or espionage were tried by [[court-martial]] and sentenced to prison terms from 3–6 months to several years. After 23 August 1944, the Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet headquarters.<ref name="Dutu1"/>

=====Western Allies' POWs=====
[[File:Bucharest Day 2 - Institutul Teologic (9337908278).jpg|thumb|The {{ill|Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology|ro|Facultatea de Teologie Ortodoxă a Universității din București}}, the former Normal School used as Camp No. 13 during the war]]
The first Americans were captured in Romania following [[Operation Tidal Wave]]. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in [[Bucharest]], with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in [[Sinaia]]. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at [[Timișul de Jos]], in the newly established Camp No. 14 (''Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14'').<ref name="Dutu2">{{cite web|url=https://alesandrudutu.wordpress.com/2015/08/02/1943-1944-prizonieri-de-razboi-americani-si-englezi-in-romania/|title=1943 – 1944. Prizonieri de război americani și englezi în România|language=ro|first=Alesandru|last=Duțu|date=2 August 2015}}</ref> The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/prizonierii-americani-in-colivia-de-aur-de-la-2317030.html|title=Prizonierii americani în "colivia de aur" de la Timișu de Jos|language=ro|first=Alexandru|last=Armă|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> The treatment of the Allied POWs was overseen by Princess [[Catherine Caradja]], who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen.<ref name="reunion">{{cite web|url=https://www.iar80flyagain.org/operatiunea-reunion-i/|title=Operatiunea Reunion (I)|language=ro|website=iar80flyagain.org|date=28 October 2022}}</ref>

In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the [[Western Allied campaign in Romania|restarted air campaign]], a new camp was set up in Bucharest.<ref name="Dutu2"/> Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the [[Michael the Brave 30th Guards Brigade|6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul"]], in a frequently bombed area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aircrewremembered.com/tichborne-lawrence-franklin.html|title=No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne|website=aircrewremembered.com|date=October 2018}}</ref> It was later moved to the [[Normal School]] on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the {{ill|"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital|ro|Spitalul Universitar de Urgență Militar Central „Dr. Carol Davila”}}. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General [[Ioan Mihail Racoviță|Mihail Racoviță]] approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th [[Vânători (military unit)|Vânători]] Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were evacuated to Italy during [[Operation Reunion]] from 31 August to 3 September.<ref name="Dutu2"/><ref name="reunion"/>

===Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union===
{{Main|POW labor in the Soviet Union|Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939|Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Katyn massacre|Gulag|}}

====Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E0406-0022-011, Russland, deutscher Kriegsgefangener.jpg|thumb|German POW at [[Stalingrad]]]]
[[File:RIAN archive 129359 German prisoners-of-war in Moscow.jpg|thumb|German prisoners of war being paraded through Moscow]]

According to some sources, the Soviets captured 3.5 million [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] servicemen (excluding Japanese), of whom more than a million died.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rees |first=Simon |url=http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/8556717.html?featured=y&c=y |title=German POWs and the Art of Survival |publisher=Historynet.com |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219031006/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/8556717.html?featured=y&c=y |archive-date=19 December 2007 }}</ref> One specific example is that of the German POWs after the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], where the Soviets captured 91,000 German troops in total (completely exhausted, starving and sick), of whom only 5,000 survived the captivity.

German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like [[Erich Hartmann]], the highest-scoring [[flying ace|fighter ace]] in the history of [[aerial warfare]], who had been declared guilty of [[war crime]]s but without [[due process]], were not released by the Soviets until 1955, two years after Stalin died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/germanpow.htm |title=German POWs in Allied Hands – World War II |publisher=Worldwar2database.com |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412040201/http://worldwar2database.com/html/germanpow.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref>

====Polish====
[[File:Katyń, ekshumacja ofiar.jpg|thumb|Katyn 1943 exhumation; photo by [[International Red Cross]] delegation]]
As a result of the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became [[Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939)|prisoners of war in the Soviet Union]]. Thousands were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the [[Katyn massacre]].<ref name="Fischer">[[Benjamin Fischer (historian)]], "[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816221054/http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter99-00/art6.html The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field]", ''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'', Winter 1999–2000.</ref> Out of [[Władysław Anders|Anders]]' 80,000 evacuees from the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom, only 310 volunteered to return to Poland in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wajszczuk.v.pl/english/drzewo/czytelnia/michael_hope.htm |author=Michael Hope|title=Polish deportees in the Soviet Union |publisher=Wajszczuk.v.pl |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216171614/http://www.wajszczuk.v.pl/english/drzewo/czytelnia/michael_hope.htm |archive-date=16 February 2012 }}</ref>

Of the 230,000 Polish prisoners of war taken by the Soviet army, only 82,000 survived.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA209 Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172617/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA209&dq&hl=en |date=25 December 2022 }}''". Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer (1999). [[Harvard University Press]]. p. 209. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}</ref>

====Japanese====
After the [[Soviet–Japanese War]], 560,000 to 760,000 [[Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Japanese prisoners of war]] were captured by the Soviet Union. The prisoners were captured in [[Manchuria]], Korea, South [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Kuril Islands]], then sent to work as forced labour in the Soviet Union and [[Mongolia]].<ref name="sankeishinbun">{{cite web|url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm |title=シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料軍事公文書館でカード発見 |access-date=21 September 2009 |date=24 July 2009 |work=Sankeishinbun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726100909/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm |archive-date=26 July 2009 }}</ref> An estimated 60,000 to 347,000 of these Japanese prisoners of war died in captivity.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/63012.stm Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow] , ''[[BBC News]]'', 7 March 1998</ref><ref name="UN Press Release">[http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/8D22741F69F38DD3802568C40036B229?opendocument UN Press Release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084218/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/8D22741F69F38DD3802568C40036B229?opendocument |date=29 September 2007 }}, [[Commission on Human Rights]], 56th session, 13 April 2000.</ref><ref name="zagor">[http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/ POW in the USSR 1939–1956: Documents and Materials] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102082712/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/|date=2 November 2007}} Moscow ''[[Logos Publishers]] (2000)'' (Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) {{ISBN|5-88439-093-9}}</ref><ref name="Ann">[[Anne Applebaum]] ''Gulag: A History'', Doubleday, April 2003, {{ISBN|0-7679-0056-1}}; p. 431.[http://www.anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html Introduction online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124127/http://anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html |date=13 October 2007 }})</ref>

====Americans====
Stories that circulated during the Cold War claimed 23,000 Americans held in German POW camps had been seized by the Soviets and never been repatriated. The claims had been perpetuated after the release of people like [[John H. Noble]]. Careful scholarly studies demonstrated that this was a myth based on the misinterpretation of a telegram about Soviet prisoners held in Italy.<ref>Paul M. Cole (1994) ''[https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.2.pdf POW/MIA Issues: Volume 2, World War II and the Early Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083522/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR351.2.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}'' National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, p. 28 Retrieved 18 July 2012</ref>

===Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies===
{{See also|Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps|Allied war crimes during World War II}}

{{Main|Operation Keelhaul|Forced labor of Germans after World War II|Japanese prisoners of war in World War II|German prisoners of war in the United States|}}

====Germans====
[[File:Remagen enclosure.jpg|thumb|left|[[Remagen]] open-field ''[[Rheinwiesenlager]]'']]
[[File:Gefangenen-Meldung Vorderseite.jpg|thumb|US Army: Card of capture for German POWs – front]]
[[File:Gefangenen-Meldung Rueckseite.jpg|thumb|Reverse of US Army Card of capture]]
[[File:EB-Kriegsgefangenen-Entlassungsausweis.jpg|thumb|Certificate of Discharge of a German General (Front- and Backside)]]

During the war, the armies of Western Allied nations such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US<ref>Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00. '''Note''': See also [[Saint Helen's Island]].</ref> were given orders to treat [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] prisoners strictly in accordance with the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|Geneva Convention]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Dear |editor-first1=I.C.B |editor-last2=Foot |editor-first2=M.R.D.|title=The Oxford Companion to World War II |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2005|pages=983–984|chapter=War Crimes|isbn=978-0-19-280670-3}}</ref> Some breaches of the Convention took place, however. According to [[Stephen E. Ambrose]], of the roughly 1,000 US combat veterans he had interviewed, only one admitted to shooting a prisoner, saying he "felt remorse, but would do it again". However, one-third of interviewees told him they had seen fellow US troops kill German prisoners.<ref>[[James J. Weingartner]], [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/94.4/weingartner.html ''"Americans, Germans, and War Crimes: Converging Narratives from "the Good War"''] the [[Journal of American History]], Vol. 94, No. 4. March 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114112740/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/94.4/weingartner.html |date=14 November 2010 }}</ref>

In Britain, German prisoners, particularly higher-ranked officers, were housed in luxurious buildings where [[Covert listening device|listening devices]] were installed. A considerable amount of military intelligence was gained from [[eavesdropping]] on what the officers believed were private casual conversations. Much of the listening was carried out by German refugees, in many cases Jews. The work of these refugees in contributing to the Allied victory was declassified over half a century later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-britains-german-born-jewish-secret-listeners-helped-win-world-war-ii/|title=How Britain's German-born Jewish 'secret listeners' helped win World War II|first=Robert|last=Philpot|website=The Times of Israel|date=November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045310/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-britains-german-born-jewish-secret-listeners-helped-win-world-war-ii/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

In February 1944, 59.7% of POWs in America were employed. This relatively low percentage was due to problems setting wages that would not compete against those of non-prisoners, to union opposition, as well as concerns about security, sabotage, and escape. Given national manpower shortages, citizens and employers resented the idle prisoners, and efforts were made to decentralise the camps and reduce security enough that more prisoners could work. By the end of May 1944, POW employment was at 72.8%, and by late April 1945 it had risen to 91.3%. The sector that made the most use of POW workers was agriculture. There was more demand than supply of prisoners throughout the war, and 14,000 POW repatriations were delayed in 1946 so prisoners could be used in the spring farming seasons, mostly to thin and block [[sugar beets]] in the west. While some in Congress wanted to extend POW labour beyond June 1946, President Truman rejected this, leading to the end of the program.<ref name="histpow">{{Cite web |title=History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776–1945 |author=George G. Lewis |author2=John Mehwa |work=Center of Military History, United States Army |date=1982 |access-date=16 August 2020 |url= https://history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-11-1/cmhPub_104-11-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180657/https://history.army.mil/html/books/104/104-11-1/cmhPub_104-11-1.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

Towards the end of the war in Europe, as large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of [[Disarmed Enemy Forces]] (DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley (''[[Rheinwiesenlager]]''). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958673,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310191329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958673,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 March 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Ike's Revenge? | date=2 October 1989 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> (see ''[[Other Losses]]'').

After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as public labourers in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in countries such as Norway and France. "By September 1945 it was estimated by the French authorities that two thousand prisoners were being maimed and killed each month in accidents".<ref>S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487–520.</ref><ref>Footnote to: K. W. Bohme, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 15 vols. (Munich, 1962–74), 1, pt. 1:x. (n. 1 above), 13:173; ICRC (n. 12 above), p. 334.</ref>

In 1946, the UK held over 400,000 German POWs, many having been transferred from POW camps in the US and Canada. They were employed as labourers to compensate for the lack of manpower in Britain, as a form of [[war reparations|war reparation]].<ref name="Renate Held 2008">Renate Held, "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in britischer Hand – ein Überblick [The German Prisoners of War in British Hands – An Overview] (in German)" (2008)</ref><ref>Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) pp. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labour. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, some German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-50s."</ref> A public debate ensued in the UK over the treatment of German prisoners of war, with many in Britain comparing the treatment to the POWs to [[Slavery|slave labour]].<ref name="German migrants">{{cite book | author = Inge Weber-Newth |author2=Johannes-Dieter Steinert | title = German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hSxK1Hus-BIC | access-date = 15 December 2009 | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn =978-0-7146-5657-1| pages = 24–30 | chapter = Chapter 2: Immigration policy—immigrant policy | quote = Views in the Media were mirrored in the House of commons, where the arguments were characterized by a series of questions, the substance of which were always the same. Here too the talk was often of slave labour, and this debate was not laid to rest until the government announced its strategy.}}</ref> In 1947, the Ministry of Agriculture argued against repatriation of working German prisoners, since by then they made up 25 per cent of the land workforce, and it wanted to continue having them work in the UK until 1948.<ref name="German migrants"/>

The "[[London Cage]]", an [[MI19]] prisoner of war facility in London used during and immediately after the war to interrogate prisoners before sending them to prison camps, was subject to allegations of torture.<ref name='Secrets'>{{cite news | first=Ian | last=Cobain | title=The secrets of the London Cage | date=12 November 2005 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/12/secondworldwar.world | work =The Guardian | access-date = 17 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404012234/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/12/secondworldwar.world|archive-date= 4 April 2023 }}</ref>

After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid, such as food or prisoner visits, to POW camps in Germany. However, after making appeals to the Allies in the autumn of 1945, the Red Cross was allowed to investigate the camps in the British and French occupation zones of Germany, as well as providing relief to the prisoners held there.<ref name="autogenerated2005">Staff. [http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426202233/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument |date=26 April 2009 }}, 2 February 2005</ref> On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. "During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made".<ref name="autogenerated2005"/>

POWs were also transferred among the Allies, with for example 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps to the Soviets and subsequently imprisoned in the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]], at the time one of the [[NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–50|NKVD special camps]].<ref>"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" ''New York Times'', 17 December 2001</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Butler|first=Desmond|date=17 December 2001|title=Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328012225/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html|archive-date=28 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEFDA163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63 | work=The New York Times | title=Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors | first=Desmond | last=Butler | date=17 December 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328012225/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/world/ex-death-camp-tells-story-of-nazi-and-soviet-horrors.html|archive-date= 28 March 2023}}</ref> Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship".<ref>Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, pp. 42, 116, "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Soviets were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of friendship."</ref> U.S. forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops attempting to surrender to them in [[Saxony]] and [[Bohemia]], and handed them over to the Soviet Union instead.<ref>Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 p. 189, (footnote, referenced to: [[Heinz Nawratil]], Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppter: mit einer übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste (Munich and Berlin, 1988), pp. 36f.)</ref>

The United States handed over 740,000 German prisoners to France, which was a Geneva Convention signatory but which used them as forced labourers. Newspapers reported that the POWs were being mistreated; Judge [[Robert H. Jackson]], chief US prosecutor in the [[Nuremberg trials]], told US President [[Harry S Truman]] in October 1945 that the Allies themselves,

<blockquote>have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practising it.<ref>David Lubań, "Legal Modernism", Univ of Michigan Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-472-10380-5}} pp. 360, 361</ref><ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nuremberg-legacy/ The Legacy of Nuremberg]", PBS. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nuremberg-legacy/].</ref></blockquote>

====Hungarians====
[[Hungarians]] became POWs of the Western Allies. Some of these were, like the Germans, used as forced labour in France after the cessation of hostilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/francia/francia.pdf |title=Hungarian Prisoners-of-War In French Captivity 1945–1947 |first=Bela |last=Tarczai |website=www.hungarianhistory.com |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301160204/http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/francia/francia.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2005}}</ref> After the war, Hungarian POWs were handed over to the Soviets and transported to the [[Soviet Union]] for [[Forced labor of Hungarians in the Soviet Union|forced labour]]. Such forced Hungarian labour by the USSR is often referred to as [[malenkij robot]]—little work. [[András Toma]], a Hungarian soldier taken prisoner by the Red Army in 1944, was discovered in a Russian psychiatric hospital in 2000. It is likely that he was the last prisoner of war from World War II to be repatriated.<ref>Thorpe, Nick. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/929702.stm Hungarian POW identified] . [[BBC News]], 17 September 2000. Accessed 11 December 2016</ref>

====Japanese====

[[File:OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg|thumb|A group of Japanese soldiers captured during the [[Battle of Okinawa]]]]

Although thousands of Japanese servicemembers were taken prisoner of war, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]], over 20,000 were killed and only 216 were taken prisoner of war.<ref>{{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link = Samuel Eliot Morison | orig-year = 1960 | year = 2002 | title = Victory in the Pacific, 1945 |series=Volume 14 of ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]'' | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | isbn = 0-252-07065-8 | oclc = 49784806}}</ref> Of the 30,000 Japanese troops that defended [[Saipan]], fewer than 1,000 remained alive at battle's end.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-saipan.htm Battle of Saipan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103221858/http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-saipan.htm |date=3 November 2012 }}, historynet.com</ref> Japanese prisoners of war sent to camps fared well; however, some were killed when attempting to surrender or were massacred<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1495651/American-troops-murdered-Japanese-PoWs.html American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164056/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1495651/American-troops-murdered-Japanese-PoWs.html|date=19 October 2018}}, "American and Australian soldiers massacred Japanese prisoners of war" according to The Faraway War by Prof Richard Aldrich of Nottingham University. From the diaries of Charles Lindberg: as told by a US officer, "Oh, we could take more if we wanted to", one of the officers replied. "But our boys don't like to take prisoners." "It doesn't encourage the rest to surrender when they hear of their buddies being marched out on the flying field and machine-guns turned loose on them." On Australian soldiers attitudes [[Eddie Stanton]] is quoted: "Japanese are still being shot all over the place", "The necessity for capturing them has ceased to worry anyone. Nippo soldiers are just so much machine-gun practice. Too many of our soldiers are tied up guarding them."</ref> just after doing so (see [[Allied war crimes during World War II#The Pacific|Allied war crimes during World War II in the Pacific]]). In some instances, Japanese prisoners of war were tortured through a variety of methods.<ref name=cnn19969623>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/index.html| title=Photos document brutality in Shanghai| publisher=CNN| date=23 September 1996| access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406225846/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/index.html|archive-date= 6 April 2023}}</ref> A method of torture used by the Chinese [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) included suspending prisoners by the neck in wooden cages until they died.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image2.lg.jpg CNN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134201/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image2.lg.jpg |date=14 May 2011 }} 23 September 1996 image 2</ref> In very rare cases, some were beheaded by sword, and a severed head was once used as a football by Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image3.lg.jpg CNN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514134150/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/23/rare.photos/image3.lg.jpg |date=14 May 2011 }} 23 September 1996 image 3</ref>

After the war, many Japanese POWs were kept on as [[Japanese Surrendered Personnel]] until mid-1947 by the Allies. The JSP were used until 1947 for labour purposes, such as road maintenance, recovering corpses for reburial, cleaning, and preparing farmland. Early tasks also included repairing airfields damaged by Allied bombing during the war and maintaining law and order until the arrival of Allied forces in the region.

====Italians====

In 1943, Italy overthrew [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] and became an Allied co-belligerent. This did not change the status of many Italian POWs, retained in [[Italian prisoners of war in Australia|Australia]], the UK and US due to labour shortages.<ref>Insolvibile Isabella, Wops. I prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna, Naples, Italy, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2012, {{ISBN|978-8849523560}}</ref>

After [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy surrendered to the Allies]] and declared war on Germany, the United States initially made plans to send Italian POWs back to fight Germany. Ultimately though, the government decided instead to loosen POW work requirements prohibiting Italian prisoners from carrying out war-related work. About 34,000 Italian POWs were active in 1944 and 1945 on 66 US military installations, performing support roles such as quartermaster, repair, and engineering work as [[Italian Service Units]].<ref name="histpow"/>

====Cossacks====

On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the [[Yalta Conference]], the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fff.org/freedom/0895a.asp |title=Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II |publisher=Fff.org |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117182523/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0895a.asp |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> The interpretation of this agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets ([[Operation Keelhaul]]) regardless of their wishes. The forced repatriation operations took place in 1945–1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=1988&month=12 |title=Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal |publisher=Hillsdale.edu |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207142426/http://www.hillsdale.edu/news/imprimis/archive/issue.asp?year=1988&month=12 |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Post-World War II==
[[File:Americanexecuted1950korea.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. Army POW of the [[21st Infantry Regiment (United States)|21st Infantry Regiment.]] bound and killed by North Koreans during the Korean War.]]

During the [[Korean War]], the North Koreans developed a reputation for torturing and severely mistreating prisoners of war (see [[Korean War POWs detained in North Korea#Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces|Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces]]). Their POWs were housed in three camps, according to their potential usefulness to the North Korean army. Peace camps and reform camps were for POWs that were either sympathetic to the cause or who had valued skills that could be useful to the North Korean military; these enemy soldiers were indoctrinated and sometimes conscripted into the North Korean army. While POWs in peace camps were reportedly treated with more consideration,<ref name="Three">{{cite web|date=April 1997|title=Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War|url=http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419114222/http://www.kpows.com/thechineseconnection.html|archive-date= 19 April 2023}}</ref> regular prisoners of war were usually tortured or treated very poorly.

[[File:USVietPeace.JPG|thumb|right|An American POW being released by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong captors in February 1973.]]
The 1952 Inter-Camp POW Olympics were held from 15 to 27 November 1952 in Pyuktong, [[North Korea]]. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity, and while some prisoners refused to participate, some 500 POWs of eleven nationalities took part.<ref name="Adams, 2007, p. 62">Adams, (2007), p. 62.</ref> They came from all the North Korean prison camps and competed in football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and [[boxing]].<ref name="Adams, 2007, p. 62" /> For the POWs, this was also an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. The prisoners had their own photographers, announcers, and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newspaper, the "Olympic Roundup".<ref>Adams, Clarence. (2007). ''An American Dream: The Life of an African American Soldier and POW who Spent Twelve Years in Communist China''. Amherst & Boston. [[University of Massachusetts Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-5584-9595-1}}, p.62</ref>

At the end of the [[First Indochina War]], of the 11,721 French soldiers taken prisoner after the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]] and led by the [[Viet Minh]] on [[death march]]es to distant POW camps, only 3,290 were repatriated four months later.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zCVrzwEErzgC&pg=PA388 Trap Door to the Dark Side] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172618/https://books.google.com/books?id=zCVrzwEErzgC&pg=PA388&dq&hl=en |date=25 December 2022 }}''. William C. Jeffries (2006). p. 388. {{ISBN|1-4259-5120-1}}</ref>

[[File:Hanoi-taxi-march1973.jpg|thumb|left|Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps in 1973.]]
During the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Viet Cong]] and [[North Vietnamese Army]] took many [[South Vietnamese Army|South Vietnamese]] and [[U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War|United States servicemembers as prisoners of war]] and subjected them to mistreatment and torture. Some American and South Vietnamese prisoners of war were held in the prison known to US POWs as the [[Hanoi Hilton]]. North Vietnamese and Viet Cong held in custody by South Vietnamese and American forces [[Côn Đảo Prison#Vietnam War|were also tortured]] and badly treated.<ref name="south-viet">{{cite magazine|title=In South Vietnamese Jails|magazine=NY Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10775|access-date=30 November 2009|last1=Thanh|first1=Ngo Ba|last2=Luce|first2=Don|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409075649/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1970/11/05/in-south-vietnamese-jails/|archive-date= 9 April 2023}}</ref> After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|"re-education" camps]], where many perished.

As in previous conflicts, speculation existed, without evidence, that a handful of American pilots captured during the Korean and Vietnam wars were transferred to the Soviet Union and never repatriated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-29-mn-29122-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Robert |last=Burns |title=Were Korean War POWs Sent to U.S.S.R? New Evidence Surfaces: Probe: Former Marine corporal spent 33 months as a prisoner and was interrogated by Soviet agents who thought he was a pilot |date=29 August 1993|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184340/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-29-mn-29122-story.html|archive-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalalliance.org/korea/korea04.htm pp 26–33 Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs To the Soviet Union]. Nationalalliance.org. Retrieved on 24 May 2014. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145328/http://www.nationalalliance.org/korea/korea04.htm |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.taskforceomegainc.org/USSR.html USSR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507133934/http://www.taskforceomegainc.org/USSR.html |date=7 May 2013 }}. Taskforceomegainc.org (17 September 1996). Retrieved on 24 May 2014.</ref>

Regardless of regulations determining treatment of prisoners, violations of their rights continue to be reported. Many cases of POW massacres have been reported in recent times, including the murder of Israeli prisoners of war in the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]] by their Egyptian captors, the [[13 October massacre]] in Lebanon by Syrian forces and [[Massacre of police officers in Eastern Sri Lanka in June 1990|June 1990 massacre]] in Sri Lanka.

Indian intervention in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971 led to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third Indo-Pakistan war]], which ended in Indian victory and the capture of 93,000 Pakistani POWs, they were later slowly repatriated in a deal with Pakistani President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The True Story of India's Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-untold-story-behind-indira-gandhis-decision-to-release-93000-pakistani-pows-after-the-bangladesh-war |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 1982, during the [[Falklands War]], prisoners were well-treated in general by both sides, with military commanders dispatching enemy prisoners back to their homelands in record time following the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/27/Falkland-Islands-a-gentlemans-war/9723388728000/|title=Falkland Islands: a gentleman's war|website=UPI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517111554/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/04/27/Falkland-Islands-a-gentlemans-war/9723388728000/|archive-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>

In 1991, during the [[Gulf War]], American, British, Italian, and Kuwaiti POWs (mostly crew members of downed aircraft and special forces) were tortured by the Iraqi secret police. An American military doctor, [[Rhonda Cornum|Major Rhonda Cornum]], a 37-year-old flight surgeon captured when her Blackhawk UH-60 was shot down, was also subjected to sexual abuse.<ref>{{cite web |title=war story: Rhonda Cornum |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/war/5.html |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |access-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094130/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/war/5.html|archive-date= 6 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Yugoslav EPWs detained in Kosovo by the USMC's 26th MEU (July 1999).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ground Forces of Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslav]] POWs during the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999.]]
During the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the 1990s, [[Serb]] paramilitary forces supported by [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]] forces killed POWs at [[Vukovar massacre|Vukovar]] and [[Škabrnja massacre|Škarbrnja]], while [[Bosnian Serb]] forces killed POWs at [[Srebrenica massacre|Srebrenica]]. A large number of surviving Croatian or Bosnian POWs described the conditions in Serbian concentration camps as similar to those in Germany in World War II, including regular beatings, torture and random executions.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In 2001, reports emerged concerning two POWs that India had taken during the [[Sino-Indian War]], Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a [[mental asylum]] in [[Ranchi]], where they spent the following 38 years under a special prisoner status.<ref>Shaikh Azizur Rahman, "[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20030727-104257-8893r.htm Two Chinese prisoners from '62 war repatriated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728100329/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/jul/27/20030727-104257-8893r/ |date=28 July 2020 }}", ''The Washington Times''.</ref>

The last prisoners of the 1980–1988 [[Iran–Iraq War]] were exchanged in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEFDC113EF937A25750C0A9659C8B63 |title=Threats and Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal |author=Nazila Fathi|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 March 2003 |access-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173810/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/14/world/threats-and-responses-briefly-noted-iran-iraq-prisoner-deal.html|archive-date= 26 December 2022}}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], Ukrainian POWs have described being tortured by [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] using electrocution, beatings, and sexual abuse. Both sides of the conflict forced prisoners to be naked at times as a humiliating punishment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2022/11/ukraine-russia-prisoners-war |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=OHCHR |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231121747/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2022/11/ukraine-russia-prisoners-war|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> According to the Israeli human rights group [[B'tselem]], since the outbreak of the [[Gaza war]] in October 2023, the abuse of [[Mass detentions in the Gaza war|Palestinian detainees]] has become so institutionalized that the prisons should be called 'torture camps'.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Bethan |last1=McKernan |first2=Emma |last2=Graham-Harrison |first3=Quique | last3=Kierszenbaum |first4=Sufian |last4=Taha |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/palestinian-prisoners-describe-widespread-abuse-in-israels-jails |title=Palestinian prisoners describe systemic abuse in Israel's jails |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 August 2024}}</ref>

==Numbers of POWs==
This section lists nations with the highest number of POWs since the start of World War II and ranked by descending order. These are also the highest numbers in any war since the [[Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)|Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War]] entered into force on 19 June 1931. The [[USSR]] had not signed the Geneva Convention.<ref>Clark, Alan ''[[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa]]: The Russian-Geran Conflict 1941–1945'' p. 206, {{ISBN|0-304-35864-9}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! width=150|Army
! Number of POWs held in captivity
! width=150|War
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|
* About 3 million taken by USSR (474,967 died in captivity (>15%))<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Historian [[Rüdiger Overmans]] maintains that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one million died in Soviet custody. He also believes that there were men who actually died as POWs among those listed as missing-in-action.<ref>Rüdiger Overmans: "Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945" in: Hans-Erich Volkmann (ed.): ''Ende des Dritten Reiches – Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Eine perspektivische Rückschau''. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes. Munich 1995. {{ISBN|3-492-12056-3}}, p. 277</ref>
* Unknown number in [[Yugoslavia]], [[Poland]], [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]] (the death rate for German prisoners of war was highest in Yugoslavia with over 50%)<ref>Kurt W. Böhme: "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Jugoslawien", Band I/1 der Reihe: Kurt W. Böhme, [[Erich Maschke]] (eds.): ''Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges'', Bielefeld 1976, {{ISBN|3-7694-0003-8}}, pp. 42–136, 254</ref>
* Over 4.5 million taken by the Western Allies before the formal surrender of Germany, another three million after the surrender{{efn|see references on the pages [[Western Front (World War II)]] and [[North African Campaign (World War II)]]}}
* 1.3 million unknown<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/kriegsgefangene-viele-kamen-nicht-zurueck-3548272.html |title=Kriegsgefangene: Viele kamen nicht zurück|publisher=Stern.de – Politik |date=6 February 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033207/https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/kriegsgefangene-viele-kamen-nicht-zurueck-3548272.html|archive-date= 26 March 2023}}</ref>
| [[World War II]]
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{USSR}}
| 5.7 million taken by Germany (about 3 [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|million died in captivity]] (56–68%))<ref name=autogenerated1>''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century'', Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor (ref. Streit)</ref>
| World War II (total)
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{FRA}}
| 1,800,000 taken by Germany
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{ROC}}
| 1,000,000+ taken by Japan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tianyi |first=He |date=2007 |title=亚洲的奥斯威辛: 日军侵华集中营揭秘 |trans-title=Asia's Auschwitz: Unveiling the Japanese Army's Concentration Camps in China |page=3 |publisher=Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House |script-quote=zh:日军在中国设立的战俘集中营有四十余个,关押战俘约五十万人。如果算上日军在各地临时设立的战俘收容所、留置场,足有上百个,关押战俘约在百万人以上。|trans-quote=The Japanese army set up more than forty prisoner-of-war camps in China, holding around 500,000 POWs. If temporary prisoner-of-war holding facilities and detention centers set up by the Japanese army in various locations are also counted, the total number of camps exceeded one hundred, with more than one million POWs held.}}</ref>{{efn|Including civilian forced laborers held in the prisoner-of-war camps}}
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{POL}}
| 675,000 (420,000 taken by Germany; 240,000 taken by the Soviets in 1939; 15,000 taken by Germany in Warsaw in 1944)
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{UK}}
| ≈200,000 (135,000 taken in Europe, does not include Pacific or Commonwealth figures)
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{IRQ}}
| ≈175,000 taken by [[Coalition of the Gulf War]]
| [[Persian Gulf War]]
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|
* 114,861 lost or captured by US and UK
* 60,000 captured by [[Soviet Union]]
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{US}}
| ≈130,000 (95,532 taken by Germany)
| World War II
|-
| style="color:#000;"| {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
|
* 16,000–50,000 captured by Western Allies
* 560,000–760,000 captured by the [[Soviet Union]], of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="UN Press Release"/>
| World War II
|}

==In popular culture==
{{further|War film}}

===Films and television===
{{columns-list|colwidth=17em|
* ''[[1971 (2007 film)|1971]]''
* ''[[Andersonville (film)|Andersonville]]''
* ''[[Another Time, Another Place (1983 film)|Another Time, Another Place]]''
* ''[[As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me]]''
* ''[[Blood Oath (film)|Blood Oath]]''
* ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]''
* ''[[Brothers]]''
* ''[[The Brylcreem Boys]]''
* ''[[The Colditz Story]]''
* ''[[Danger Within]]''
* ''[[The Deer Hunter]]''
* ''[[Empire of the Sun (film)|Empire of the Sun]]''
* ''[[Escape from Sobibor]]''
* ''[[Escape to Athena]]''
* '' [[Escape to Victory]]''
* ''[[Faith of My Fathers (film)|Faith of My Fathers]]''
* ''[[The Grand Illusion (film)|Grand Illusion]]''
* ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]''
* ''[[The Great Raid]]''
* ''[[Hanoi Hilton (film)|Hanoi Hilton]]''
* ''[[Hart's War]]''
* ''[[Hogan's Heroes]]''
* ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]''
* ''[[Land of Mine]]''
* ''[[Katyń (film)|Katyń]]''
* ''[[King Rat (film)|King Rat]]''
* ''[[The McKenzie Break]]''
* ''[[Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence]]''
* ''[[Missing in Action (film)|Missing in Action]]''
* ''[[The One That Got Away (1957 film)|The One That Got Away]]''
* ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
* ''[[The Password is Courage]]''
* ''[[Paradise Road (1997 film)|Paradise Road]]''
* ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]''
* ''[[Prisoner of the Mountains]]''
* ''[[The Purple Heart]]''
* ''[[The Railway Man (film)|The Railway Man]]''
* ''[[Rambo: First Blood Part II]]''
* ''[[Rescue Dawn]]''
* ''[[The Report (2019 film)|The Report]]''
* ''[[Slaughterhouse-Five (film)|Slaughterhouse Five]]''
* ''[[Some Kind of Hero]]''
* ''[[Stalag 17]]''
* ''[[Summer of My German Soldier (TV film)|Summer of My German Soldier]]''
* ''[[T-34 (film)|T-34]]''
* ''[[Tea with Mussolini]]''
* ''[[Tenko (TV series)|Tenko]]''
* ''[[Three Came Home]]''
* ''[[To End All Wars]]''
* ''[[Unbroken (2014 film)|Unbroken]]''
* ''[[Uncommon Valor]]''
* ''[[Von Ryan's Express]]''
* ''[[The Walking Dead (1995 film)|The Walking Dead]]''
* ''[[Who Goes Next?]]''
* ''[[The Wooden Horse]]''
}}

==See also==

{{colbegin}}
* [[Prisoner-of-war camp]]
* [[13th Psychological Operations Battalion]]
* [[1952 POW olympics]]
* [[Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]
* [[Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)]]
* [[Civilian Internee]]
* [[Coming home to liberated France (World War II)]]
* [[Duty to escape]]
* [[Elsa Brändström]]
* [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war]]
* [[German prisoners of war in the United States]]
*[[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]
* [[Islamic views on prisoners of war]]
* [[Korean War POWs detained in North Korea]]
* [[Laws of war]]
* [[List of notable prisoners of war]]
* [[List of prisoner-of-war escapes]]
* [[Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914-1918 Great War|Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914–1918 Great War]]
* [[Military Chaplain#Noncombatant status]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States#Prisoner of war mail|Prisoner of war mail]]
* [[Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)]]
* [[Unlawful combatant]]
* [[Vietnam War POW/MIA issue]]
* [[World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion]]
{{colend}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* [[Johnny Hickman|John Hickman]], "What is a Prisoner of War For?" ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070205204548/http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/mil_history/scientia%20militaria.htm Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies]''. Vol. 36, No. 2. 2008. pp. 19–35.
* [[s:Third Geneva Convention|Full text of Third Geneva Convention, 1949 revision]]
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopaedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | edition=CD | year=2002 | article=Prisoner of War}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171213205052/http://www.gendercide.org/case_soviet.html Gendercide site]
* "Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor.
* "Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945", Dietz, Bonn 1997, {{ISBN|3-8012-5023-7}}
* Bligh, Alexander. 2015. "The 1973 War and the Formation of Israeli POW Policy – A Watershed Line? ". In Udi Lebel and Eyal Lewin (eds.), The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. Washington, DC: Lexington Books (2015), 121–146.
* Bligh, Alexander. 2014. "The development of Israel's POW policy: The 1967 War as a test case", Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ASMEA Conference: Searching for Balance in the Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C., 31 October 2014).

===Primary sources===
* The stories of several American fighter pilots, shot down over North Vietnam are the focus of [[American Film Foundation]]'s 1999 documentary ''[[Return with Honor]]'', presented by [[Tom Hanks]].
* Lewis H. Carlson, ''We Were Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War'', 1st ed.; 1997, BasicBooks (HarperCollins, Inc). {{ISBN|0-465-09120-2}}.
* Peter Dennis, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou : ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History'' 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008) {{OCLC|489040963}}.
* H.S. Gullett, ''Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine'' 10th ed. (Sydney: Angus & Robinson, 1941) {{OCLC|220900153}}.
* Alfred James Passfield, ''The Escape Artist: An WW2 Australian prisoner's chronicle of life in German POW camps and his eight escape attempts'', 1984 Artlook Books Western Australia. {{ISBN|0-86445-047-8}}.
* Rivett, Rohan D. (1946). ''Behind Bamboo''. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; {{ISBN|0-14-014925-2}}.
* George G. Lewis and John Mewha, ''History of prisoner of war use by the United States Army, 1776–1945''; Dept. of the Army, 1955.
* Vetter, Hal, ''Mutine at Koje Island''; Charles Tuttle Company, Vermont, 1965.
* Jin, Ha, ''War Trash: A novel''; Pantheon, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-375-42276-8}}.
* [[Sean Longden]], ''Hitler's British Slaves''. First Published Arris Books, 2006. 2nd ed., Constable Robinson, 2007.
* Desflandres, Jean, {{Lang|fr|Rennbahn: Trente-deux mois de captivité en Allemagne 1914–1917 Souvenirs d'un soldat belge, étudiant à l'université libre de Bruxelles}} 3rd edition (Paris, 1920)

===Further reading===
* Devaux, Roger. ''[http://www.genea.free.fr/guefangue/index-en.php Treize Qu'ils Etaient]{{Dead link|date=October 2014}}: Life of the French prisoners of war at the peasants of low Bavaria (1939–1945)'' – Mémoires et Cultures{{snd}}2007. {{ISBN|2-916062-51-3}}
* Doylem Robert C. ''The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War From the Revolution to the War on Terror'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2010); 468 pages; Sources include American soldiers' own narratives of their experiences guarding POWs plus [https://web.archive.org/web/20130510234107/http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/Robert-C-Doyle.aspx Webcast Author Interview] at the [[Pritzker Military Library]] on 26 June 2010
* Gascare, Pierre. ''Histoire de la captivité des Français en Allemagne (1939–1945)'', Éditions Gallimard, France, 1967. {{ISBN|2-07-022686-7}}.
* McGowran, Tom, ''Beyond the Bamboo Screen: Scottish Prisoners of War under the Japanese.'' 1999. Cualann Press Ltd{{ISBN?}}
* [[Arnold Krammer|Krammer, Arnold]], ''Nazi Prisoners of War in America'' 1979 Stein & Day; 1991, 1996 Scarborough House. {{ISBN|0-8128-8561-9}}.
* Krebs, Daniel, and Lorien Foote, eds. ''Useful Captives: The Role of POWs in American Military Conflicts'' (University Press of Kansas, 2021). {{ISBN?}}
* Moore, Bob, & Kent Fedorowich eds., ''Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II'', Berg Press, Oxford, UK, 1997. {{ISBN?}}
* Bob Moore, and Kent Fedorowich. ''The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/British-Empire-Italian-Prisoners-1940-1947/dp/0333738926/ excerpt and text search]
* David Rolf, ''Prisoners of the Reich, Germany's Captives, 1939–1945'', 1998; on British POWs {{ISBN?}}
* Scheipers, Sibylle [https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051347/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/alliances-and-wars/war-as-an-agent-of-transfer/sibylle-scheipers-prisoners-and-detainees-in-war ''Prisoners and Detainees in War ''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011.
* [[Paul J. Springer]]. ''America's Captives: Treatment of POWs From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror'' (University Press of Kansas; 2010); 278 pages; Argues that the US military has failed to incorporate lessons on POW policy from each successive conflict. {{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vance |first1=Jonathan F. |location=Millerton, NY |publisher=Grey House Pub, 2006. |title=The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War & Internment |edition=2nd |format= |date=2006 |type= |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpr0000unse_z5l2/page/800 800] |isbn=978-1-59237-120-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpr0000unse_z5l2/page/800 }}, EBook {{ISBN|978-1-59237-170-9}}
* Richard D. Wiggers, "The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War (POW) Status at the End of the Second World War", ''Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen'' 52 (1993) pp. 91–94.
* Winton, Andrew, ''Open Road to Faraway: Escapes from Nazi POW Camps 1941–1945.'' 2001. Cualann Press Ltd. {{ISBN?}}
* Harris, Justin Michael. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230428060457/https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3836/fulltext.pdf "American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II"]
* United States. Government Accountability Office. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065147/https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-13-810t.pdf ''DOD's POW/MIA Mission: Capability and Capacity to Account for Missing Persons Undermined by Leadership Weaknesses and Fragmented Organizational Structure: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives.''] Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.
* On 12 February 2013, three American POWs gathered at the [[Pritzker Military Library]] for a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130628142149/https://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/POW-experience.aspx webcast conversation] regarding their individual experiences as POWs and the memoirs they each published:
** [[Rhonda Cornum]] – with Peter Copeland ''She Went to War: The Rhonda Cornum Story'' 1992 {{ISBN|978-0891414636}}
** [[John L. Borling|John Borling]] – a collection of his poetry ''Taps on the Walls: Poems from the Hanoi Hilton'' 2013 {{ISBN|978-0615659053}}
** Donald E. Casey – ''To Fight for My Country, Sir!: Memoirs of a 19-year-old B-17 Navigator Shot Down in Nazi Germany'' 2009 {{ISBN|978-1448669875}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prisoners of war}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Prisoners of War}}
{{Wiktionary}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090212222647/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_prisoners_of_war Prisoners of war and humanitarian law], ICRC.
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130227083210/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Category:Prisoners_of_War Prisoners of War] UK National Archives.
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130620025404/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=ADM_103 Prisoners of War 1755–1831] UK National Archives ADM 103
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203194602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c1204/ Archive of World War II memories] BBC.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080330210330/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3037296.html Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II] HistoryNet.
*[https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/prisoner-of-war-interview-reports-1914-1918/ Reports made by World War I prisoners of war] UK National Archives
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140822065123/http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/japanese_prisoner_of_war_journey_to_japan First hand account of being a Japanese POW. Part 1 in a series of 4 video interviews] Storyvault
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180659/https://www.historicaleye.com/WorldWar2/axis-pows.html German POWs and the art of survival] Historical Eye
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010627212117/http://virtualwall.org/pmsea.htm Current status of Vietnam War POW/MIA]
*Clifford Reddish. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010101923/http://www.cliffordreddish.eu/ War Memoirs of a British Army Signalman as a prisoner of the Japanese]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080224012422/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1642/conflict_war/pow_camps_Canada/ Canada's Forgotten PoW Camps] CBC Digital Archives
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174006/https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Kriegsgefangenenlager/Stammlager-R.htm German army list of Stalags]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230130133203/https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Kriegsgefangenenlager/Offizierslager-R.htm German army list of Oflags]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200812141951/http://www.colditzcastle.net/ Colditz Oflag IVC POW Camp]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523174505/http://lamsdorfreunited.co.uk/ Lamsdorf Reunited]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033500/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris.html New Zealand PoWs of Germany, Italy & Japan] New Zealand Official History
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230409051642/https://kiuchi.jpn.org/en/nobindex.htm Notes of Japanese soldier in a USSR prison camp after World War II]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090426202233/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57jnwx?opendocument German prisoners of war in Allied hands] (World War II) ICRC
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084425/http://www.ww2pow.info/ World War II U.S. POW Archives]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121218033254/http://www.koreanwarpow.org/ Korean War POW Archives]
*[https://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/search-efg/efg1914%20prisoners Historic films about POWs in World War I] European Film Gateway
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141153/https://donmooreswartales.com/2010/05/12/harry-glixon/ Jewish POW swapped by Germans in World War II]

{{Clear}}
{{Incarceration}}
{{Particular human rights}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prisoner of War}}
[[Category:Prisoners of war| ]]
[[Category:17th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:War]]

Saint Thomas Christian denominations

2026-03-21T21:20:08Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{Short description|Christians from Kerala, India}}
{{About|the denominations with adherence among the Saint Thomas Christians|the people|Saint Thomas Christians}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Saint Thomas Christians}}

The '''Saint Thomas Christian denominations''' are [[Eastern Christianity|Christian]] denominations from [[Kerala]], India, which traditionally trace their ultimate origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century.{{sfnp|Medlycott|2005}}{{sfnp|Fahlbusch|2008|p=285}}<ref name="Orpa Slapak">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=St.+Thomas ''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities''] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref><ref>{{harvc|first=Thomas |last=Puthiakunnel |year=1973 |chapter=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas |in=Menachery}}</ref> They are also known as "Nasranis" as well. The Syriac term "Nasrani" is still used by St. Thomas Christians in Kerala. It is part of the Eastern Christianity institution.

Historically, this community formed a part of the Church of the East, served by metropolitan bishops and a local [[archdeacon]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=52}}<ref name="Bundy">{{cite encyclopedia |first=David D. |last=Bundy |title=Timotheos I |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011 |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Timotheos-I |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> By the 15th century, the Church of the East had declined drastically,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world%3F|title=How did Timur change the history of the world? |website=DailyHistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/|title=10 Terrors of the Tyrant Tamerlane|date=15 January 2018|website=Listverse}}</ref> and the 16th century witnessed the [[Portuguese East Indies|Portuguese]] colonial overtures to bring St Thomas Christians into the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic Church]], administered by their ''[[Padroado]]'', leading to the first of several rifts ([[schism]]s) in the community.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=111}}<ref name=BritannicaIndia>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas "Christians of Saint Thomas"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 9 February 2010.</ref>{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=134–136}} The attempts of the Portuguese culminated in the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599 and was resisted by local Christians through the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] protest in 1653. This led to the permanent schism among the Thomas' Christians of India, leading to the formation of {{lang|ml|Puthankoor}} (new allegiance, pronounced {{transliteration|ml|Pùttankūṟ}}) and {{lang|ml|[[Pazhayakoor]]}} (old allegiance, pronounced {{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṟ}}) factions.<ref name=Garshuni>{{cite journal |title=Garshuni Malayalam: A Witness to an Early Stage of Indian Christian Literature|first=István|last=Perczel|author-link=István Perczel |url=https://www.academia.edu/8456992 |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|date=September 2014 |page=291|volume=17|issue=2}}</ref> The {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor}} comprise the present day [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]] which continue to employ the original East Syriac Rite [[liturgy]] and continued under catholic church.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Synod of Diamper |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Synod-of-Diamper|year=2011 |access-date= 23 December 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694; Repr. in George Menachery (ed.), Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp. 33–112.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Addai and Mari, Liturgy of |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |edition=3rd rev. |editor1=F. L. Cross |editor2=E. A. Livingstone |year=2009 |orig-year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903-e-78 |isbn=9780192802903}}</ref> The Puthankoor group, who resisted the Portuguese, organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church,<ref name="ChurchInIndiaAndPak">{{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |title=The Story of the Christian Church in India and Pakistan |year=1970 |publisher=Christian Literature Society |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwgXAAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=At the end of a period of twenty years, it was found that about two thirds of the people had remained within the Roman allegiance; one third stood by the archdeacon and had organized themselves as the independent Malankara Church, faithful to the old Eastern traditions and hostile to all the Roman claims.}}</ref> entered into a new communion with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]], and they inherited the West Syriac Rite from the Syriac Orthodox Church, which employs the [[Liturgy of Saint James]], an ancient rite of the [[Patriarchate of Antioch|Church of Antioch]], replacing the old East Syriac Rite liturgy.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Syrian Christian, Apostle in India, The tomb of the Apostle, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper – Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/ |date=13 February 2007 |website=Nasranis}}</ref>

==List of churches==
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|alt=|thumb|450x450px|Saint Thomas Christians denominational history]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East]]
**[[Chaldean Syrian Church]] ([[East Syriac Rite]])
*[[Eastern Catholic]]
**[[Syro-Malabar Church]] ([[East Syriac Rite]])
**[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]])
*[[Oriental Orthodox]]
**[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]], claim autocephality)
**[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]], autonomous, under the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]])
**[[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]], independent)
*[[Oriental Protestant Christianity|Oriental Protestant]]
**[[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] ([[West Syriac Rite]] – [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Oriental Protestant]], independent)
*Apart from the above churches which claim Thomas as their founder, Nasranis can also be found in Protestant churches. They are,
**[[Saint Thomas Anglicans]] of the [[Church of South India]] ([[United Protestant]] denomination that holds membership in the [[Anglican Communion]], [[World Methodist Council]] and [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]])
**[[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]] ([[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]], independent)
**[[Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians]] ([[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Christians: History & Tradition |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomas-Christians |date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=249}}{{sfnp|Fahlbusch|2001|pp=686–687}}{{sfnp|Bergunder|2008|pp=15–16}} groups tracing their history back to the Malankara Church include the [[Kerala Brethren]] and [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]].<ref name=IPC>{{cite web |title=Our History|url=https://ipcinternational.live/about/our-history/|access-date=15 December 2024|author=[[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]]}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{Main|Saint Thomas Christians}}
[[File:Malabar Christians of 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasranis]] or Syriac Christians of Kerala in ancient days (from an old painting). Photo published in the Cochin Government Royal War Efforts Souvenir in 1938]]

The Saint Thomas Christians of [[Kerala]] belong to a unique Eastern Christian tradition blended in the changing socio-cultural environment of their homeland in Southern Indian subcontinent.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> Thus, the community is often defined as Hindu or Indian in culture, Christian in religion, and Syriac-Oriental in terms of liturgy and worship.<ref name="autogenerated4" />

Their traditions date to first-century Christian thought, and the seven "and a half" churches established by [[Thomas the Apostle]] during his mission in Malabar.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p={{pn|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of St. Thomas the Apostle |publisher=St. Thomas the Apostle Catholic Church |place=Naperville, IL |url=http://www.stapostle.org/index2.php?area=about&data=sthomasbio |archive-date=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025013650/http://www.stapostle.org/index2.php?area=about&data=sthomasbio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf |title=Stephen Andrew Missick. Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India. Journal of Assyrian Academic studies.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170937/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008}}</ref> These are located at [[Kodungalloor]] ([[Muziris]]), [[North Paravur|Paravur]], [[Palayoor]], [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Niranam]], [[Nilackal St.Thomas Church|Nilackal]], [[Kollam]], and the [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]] in [[Kanyakumari district]].

Saint Thomas Christian families who claim their descent from ancestors who were baptized by [[Apostle Thomas]] are found throughout [[Kerala]].{{sfnp|Mathew|2003|p={{pn|date=July 2024}}}}<ref name="autogenerated4">{{harvs|txt|last=Menachery |year1=1973 |year2=1998}}; {{harvp|Brown|1956}}; {{harvp|Jacob|2001}}; {{harvp|Poomangalam|1998}}; {{harvp|Weil|1982}}.</ref> St. Thomas Christians were classified into the [[social status]] system according to their professions with special privileges for trade granted by the benevolent kings who ruled the area. After the 8th century when Hindu kingdoms came to sway, Christians were expected to strictly abide by stringent rules pertaining to caste and religion. This became a matter of survival. This is why St. Thomas Christians had such a strong sense of caste and tradition, being the oldest order of [[Christianity in India]]. The [[Archdeacon]] was the head of the Church, and Palliyogams (Parish Councils) were in charge of temporal affairs. They had a [[liturgy]]-centered life with days of fasting and abstinence. Their devotion to the Mar Thoma tradition was absolute. Their churches were modelled after Jewish [[synagogue]]s.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> "The church is neat and they keep it sweetly. There are mats but no seats. Instead of images, they have some useful writing from the holy book."{{sfnp|Herbert|1638|p=304}}{{sfnp|Mathew|2003|p=91}}

The [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Nasranis]] constitute two distinct ethnic groups, namely the {{lang|ml|Vatakkumbhagar}} and {{lang|ml|Tekkumbhagar}}, which share a common cultural history.{{sfnp|Menachery|1973}} As a community with common cultural heritage and cultural tradition, they refer to themselves as ''Nasranis''.{{sfnp|Menachery|1973}} However, as a religious group, they refer to themselves as {{lang|ml|Marthoma Khristianikal}} (or in English as 'Saint Thomas Christians'), based on their religious tradition of [[Syriac Christianity]].{{sfnp|Menachery|1973}}{{sfnp|Brown|1956}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Origin of Christianity in India - A Historiographical Critique |first=Benedict|last =Vadakkekara|year=2007|publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-258-5}}</ref>

However, from a religious angle, the Saint Thomas Christians of today belong to various denominations as a result of a series of developments including Portuguese persecution<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|1811}}; {{harvs|txt|last=Menachery |year1=1973 |year2=1998}}; {{harvp|Mundadan|1984}}; {{harvp|Podipara|1970}}; {{harvp|Brown|1956}}.</ref> (a landmark split leading to a public Oath known as [[Coonen Cross Oath]]), reformative activities during the time of the British (6,000—12,000 Jacobites joined the [[Church Mission Society|C.M.S.]] in 1836, after the Synod of Mavelikara; who are now within the [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Church of South India]]), doctrines and missionary zeal influence ([[Malankara Church]] and Orthodox-Jacobite dispute (division of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]] (1912)).

The Eastern Catholic faction is in [[full communion]] with the Holy See in Rome. This includes the aforementioned Syro-Malabar Church as well as the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], the latter arising from an Oriental Orthodox faction that entered into communion with Rome in 1930 under Bishop [[Geevarghese Ivanios]] (d. 1953). As such the Malankara Catholic Church employs the West Syriac liturgy of the Syriac Orthodox Church,{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}} while the Syro-Malabar Church employs the East Syriac liturgy of the historic Church of the East.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

The Oriental Orthodox faction includes the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], resulting from a split within the ''[[Malankara Church]]'' in 1912 over whether the church should be autocephalous or rather under the [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch]].{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} As such, the Malankara Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox Church independent of the Patriarch of Antioch,{{sfnp|Varghese|2011}} whereas the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church and is headed by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch.{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}}

The Iraq-based [[Assyrian Church of the East]]'s archdiocese includes the Chaldean Syrian Church based in [[Thrissur]].<ref name="George1977">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=V. C. |title=The Church in India Before and After the Synod of Diamper |publisher=Prakasam Publications |language=en |quote=He wished to propagate Nestorianism within the community. Misunderstanding arose between him and the Assyrian patriarch, and from the year 1962 onwards the Chaldean Syrian Church in Malabar has had two sections within it, one known as the Patriarch party and the other as the Bishop's party.}}</ref> They were a minority faction within the Syro-Malabar Church, which split off and joined with the Church of the East Bishop during the 1870s. The Assyrian Church is one of the descendant churches of the Church of the East.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of the East in India |url=http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041838/http://www.nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> Thus it forms the continuation of the traditional church of Saint Thomas Christians in India.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}}

[[Protestant Eastern Christianity|Oriental Protestant]] denominations include the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] and the [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asia |year=1980 |publisher=Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center |isbn=978-0-912552-33-0 |page=114 |language=en |quote=The Mar Thoma Syrian Church, which represents the Protestant Reform movement, broke away from the Syrian Orthodox Church in the 19th century.}}</ref> The Marthoma Syrian Church were a part of the Malankara Church that went through a [[Reformation|reformation movement]] under [[Abraham Malpan]] due to influence of [[Anglicanism|British Anglican missionaries]] in the 1800s. The Mar Thoma Church employs a reformed variant of the liturgical West Syriac Rite.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}<ref name="marthomanae.org">{{cite web |title=Ecumenical Relations |url=https://www.marthomanae.org/website/portaltemplate.php?mainmenu=MAR%20THOMA%20CHURCH&submenu=Ecumenical%20Relations&subsubmenu=&subsubsubmenu= |work=marthomanae.org|date=9 May 2016|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701175743/https://www.marthomanae.org/website/portaltemplate.php?mainmenu=MAR%20THOMA%20CHURCH&submenu=Ecumenical%20Relations&subsubmenu=&subsubsubmenu=|url-status=dead}}</ref> The St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India is an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] faction that split off from the Marthoma Church in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision |url=http://steci.org/mission-vision/ |website=St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (steci) is an episcopal Church |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143751/http://steci.org/mission-vision/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[CSI Syrian Christians]] are a minority faction of [[Malankara Syrian Church|Malankara Syrian Christians]], who joined the [[Anglican Church]] in 1836, and eventually became part of the [[Church of South India]] in 1947, after [[Indian independence day|Indian independence]]. The C.S.I. is in full communion with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Church+of+South+India%22+united+Protestant&pg=PT363 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}<ref name="Encyclopedia1999">{{cite book |last1=Fahlbusch |first1=Erwin |last2=Lochman |first2=Jan Milic |last3=Bromiley |first3=Geoffrey William |last4=Mbiti |first4=John |last5=Pelikan |first5=Jaroslav |last6=Vischer |first6=Lukas |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |year=1999 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |pages=687–688 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA688 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] |date=21 September 2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |page=707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA707 |language=en}}</ref> By the 20th century, various Syrian Christians joined [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and other evangelical denominations like the [[Kerala Brethren]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God]], among others. They are known as [[Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref name="Syrianpentecostals1">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Allan |last2=Tang |first2=Edmond |title=Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia |year=2005 |publisher=OCMS |isbn=978-1-870345-43-9 |pages=192–193, 195–196, 203–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC&q=pentecostalism+kerala+syrian+christian&pg=PA196 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bergunder|2008|pp=15–16, 26–30, 37–57}}

==History==
===16th century===
Christians in India were part of the [[Church of the East]] up until the late 16th century.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|pp=20, 347, 398, 406–407}}

Following the [[schism of 1552]] in the Church of the East and the formation of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], both the traditional and the Chaldean Catholic factions sent bishops to India.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=106–111}} The first of the Chaldean Catholic bishops in India was [[Yawsep Sulaqa]], the brother of the first Chaldean Patriarch Yohannan Sulaqa.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} Another bishop, [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], arrived in India as a traditionalist bishop but later joined the Catholic faction.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

===Synod of Diamper and Coonan Cross Oath===
Abraham was to become the last Chaldean bishop to govern the undivided Saint Thomas Christian community. Following his death in 1597, the Portuguese missionaries started a vigorous and comprehensive process of [[Latinisation of liturgy|Latinisation in liturgy]] among the local Christians and started preventing other East Syriac bishops from reaching Malabar.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} These efforts culminated in the so-called [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599), the local clergy was forced to reject the Chaldean Catholic [[Patriarch of Babylon for the Chaldeans|patriarch of Babylon]], who in fact was in full communion with Rome at that time, as a [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] heretic and schismatic.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=130}}{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} The Portuguese occupied the diocesan administration of the Saint Thomas Christians and deprived the [[Archdeacon of India|archdeacon]] of his traditional rights.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=208–210}} This provoked a strong reaction from the local Christians, led by their archdeacon [[Thoma I|Thoma Parambil]], in the form of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=316–319}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Although the exact wording of the oath is disputed, its effect was the severing of the relationship between the local Christians and the Portuguese and the proclamation of the archdeacon as their new metropolitan with the title 'Mar Thoma'.<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|year=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111}}</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}

===Reunion with Rome and resulting schism===
In 1656, Pope sent an Italian '[[Discalced Carmelites|Disclaced' Carmelite]] priest named [[Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani]] to reunite the Saint Thomas Christians who had separated themselves from the jurisdiction of the existing Catholic bishop through the Coonan Cross Oath.{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=96–100}} In 1663, he consecrated [[Palliveettil Chandy|Chandy Parambil]] as the local bishop, after the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], having defeated the Portuguese, banned other Europeans from operating in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131}}

Meanwhile, Thoma I wrote letters seeking help from other Eastern churches.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131—132}} In response, a [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishop named [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios Abdal Jalīl]] arrived in Malabar in 1665 and regularised Thoma's episcopacy.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Succeeding Thoma, senior priests in his [[Pakalomattam family|Pakalōmaṯṯam]] dynastic line took over as the leaders of the faction that had remained aligned to him. They continued to maintain strong relations with the Syriac Orthodox Church. Over time, they adopted the West Syriac Rite instead of the old East Syriac Rite. Thus the split in the Saint Thomas Christian community solidified and those who descend from Thoma's faction came to be called {{lang|ml|Puthankoottukar}} ({{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the new allegiance') and those of Chandy came to be called {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} ({{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the old allegiance').{{sfnp|Perczel |2013| p= 425}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=136—137}}

==Pazhayakoottukar==
===Under the Latin hierarchy===
After the death of Chandy, Carmelite missionaries regained the leadership of the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} and were reluctant to consecrate native bishops any further.

====Early attempts at reunion with the Chaldean Patriarchate====
Throughout the seventeenth century, there were no notable interactions between the East Syriac communities in Malabar and that in Assyria. Intermittent attempts to restore the lost hierarchical links initiated in the early 18th century as two East Syriac bishops, namely Shemʿon of ʿAda and Gabriel of Azerbaijan, came to India at the request of the Indian Christians. Shemʿon arrived in India in 1701 and was imprisoned by the Latin missionaries on his arrival. Hoping for support and yielding to their insistence, he consecrated Angelo Fransisco Vigliotti in Alangad, who was denied episcopal consecration by the Portuguese bishops in India, as the first Apostolic vicar of Verapoly. However Vigliotti and the missionaries were quick to transport Shemʿon back to their monastery in Mylapore where he was later found dead in a well. Gabriel arrived in Malabar after 1705 following Shemʿon's arrival and was cautious enough to protect himself from being captured by Latin missionaries. He established himself as metropolitan and was able to consolidate significant support among both {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} and {{lang|ml|Puthankoottukar}}. Under the protection of the Dutch, he was able to mount a strong resistance against the Carmelite missionaries and also Thoma IV, the Syriac Orthodox-leaning {{lang|ml|Puthankoor}} leader, until his death. However he failed to establish a continuous line of succession in India and his followers had to return to their previous allegiances after his death.

====Late 18th century====
In the latter half of the 18th century the representatives of {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor}} ({{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṟ}} or 'old allegiance') churches met in [[Angamaly]] and assigned [[Kariyattil Yawsep|Yawsep Kariyāṯṯil]] and [[Paremmakkal Thoma|Thoma Pārēmmākkal]] to travel to Rome to meet the Pope to receive [[Thoma VI|Dionysios I]], the leader of the {{lang|ml|Puthankoottukar}}, into the Catholic Church.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=250—252}} Their request was not accepted in Rome, due to the insistence of the Carmelites. Meanwhile, the Portuguese appointed Kariyaṯṯil as archbishop under the {{lang|la|padroado}} in order regain its lost power among the Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} However he could not assume power as he died in [[Goa]], in dubious circumstances at the age of 49, way before arriving in Malabar.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=250—252}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} The Portuguese appointed his successors and thus the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor}} faction was divided under two systems, the [[Archdiocese of Cranganore]] of the Portuguese and the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Verapoly|Apostolic vicariate of Verapoly]] of the Carmelites.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}

The late 18th and the early 19th century also witnessed a successful but short-lived attempt of the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} led by Paulose Pandari to re-establish the historical ties with the patriarchate. In 1787, the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} drew up the {{lang|ml|[[Angamaly Padiyola|Angamāly Padiyōla]]}} expressing their desire to re-establish relations with the Chaldean Patriarchate.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} In response, the Chaldean Patriarch [[Yohannan VIII Hormizd]] consecrated Priest [[Paulose Pandari|Paulose Pandāri]] from [[Puthenchira]] as their metropolitan.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=254}} Pandāri was able to achieve a brief reunion with Dionysios I but was recalled by the patriarch at the insistence of Rome.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=254—255}}

====Later attempts at reunion with Chaldean Patriarchate====
It was only in the 19th century that correspondence with the East Syriac patriarchate was revived. Protests against the Latin Carmelite missionaries were strong among the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}}. Monk [[Anthony Kudakkachira]] stepped forward to take the lead in the local resistance. Consequently in 1852, a group of Syrians, led by Monk Anthony Kudakkachira, went to Baghdad to meet Chaldean Patriarch [[Yawsep VI]] and to request bishops to be appointed to the Chaldeans in Malabar. He was accompanied by [[Anthony Thondanatt]], who took up the mission after his death. Patriarch Yawsep VI, without waiting for permission from Rome, sent Metropolitan [[Thoma Rokkos]] as his representative to Malabar in 1861. Most {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} declared their allegiance to him. This compelled Bishop [[Bernardine Beccinelli]], the Vicar apostolic of Verapoly, to appoint a {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor}} priest, namely, [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]], as his Vicar general for the Syrian Chaldeans under his vicariate. Pope [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] issued an ultimatum to Yawsep VI to recall Rokkos from India or face excommunication and Rokkos finally withdrew from Malabar in 1862. Anthony Thondanatt followed Metropolitan Rokkos to Baghdad in 1862 in an attempt to persuade the patriarch to consecrate a native priest of Malabar to the episcopacy but the patriarch, who was facing increasing threats from Rome, declined to do so. Therefore Thondanatt approached the [[List of Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian Patriarch]] [[Shimun XVIII Rubil|Shimun XVIII]] who consecrated him as metropolitan with the title Abdisho. But on returning to Malabar, he found himself unacceptable to the natives as he was consecrated by the Assyrian Patriarch rather than the Chaldean.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=188—190}}

In 1874, Patriarch Yawsep VI sent Metropolitan [[Elias Mellus]] to Malabar in response to the renewed pleas for a bishop. He was accompanied by Corebishop [[Michael Agustinos]] and soon followed by Bishop [[Philippe-Jacques Abraham|Philip Yaqov Abraham]]. Most of the Syrian churches under the {{lang|la|padroado}} and some of the churches under Verapoly submitted to Mellus. Following this, Pope Pius IX excommunicated Patriarch Yawsep VI and Metropolitan Elias Mellus, for the patriarch's unauthorised intervention in Malabar. To relieve himself from the pope's excommunication, the patriarch was left with no other option than to recall the metropolitan from Malabar, which he reluctantly did in 1882.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=191—192}}

===Formation of the Chaldean Syrian Church===
====Union with the Assyrian Patriarchate====
Meanwhile, Metropolitan Mellus had entrusted his followers (or 'Mellusians') to his assistant Corebishop Michael Agustinos. They retained the name 'Chaldean Syrian Church' which was used to denote the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor}} church. Abdisho Thondanatt was finally brought to Thrissur and recognised as their bishop. Thondanatt died in 1900, leaving the followers of Mellus without a bishop. Corebishop Agustinos had been trying to bring a bishop from the Chaldean patriarch, but he was not willing to do so as he had strict orders from Rome not to take any such steps. Hence they approached the Assyrian Patriarch, and he appointed Abimalech Timotheus as Metropolitan of India. Abimalech, influenced by Anglican Protestant thought, started a process of iconoclasm among the Mellusians. He pulled down the raredos of the churches and destroyed the statues and images. He also started a programme of replacing the old Malabar usage of the East Syriac Rite liturgy with the Rite of the Assyrian patriarchate. This created a new rift among the Mellusians. Those, who opposed the radical stance of Metropolitan Abimalech organised themselves under Corebishop Augustinos and were known as Independents, while those who stood with Abimalech were called 'Surayis'. The two factions engaged in legal suits, which the Independents finally lost, and the independents ultimately joined the Syro-Malabar Church.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=192}}

====Schism and reunion====
Abimalech was succeeded as metropolitan by Thoma Darmo in 1952. In the 1960s, Darmo and Patriarch Shemʿon XXI Eshai engaged in a bitter rivalry and in 1968, Darmo was elected as a rival patriarch, thus creating the Ancient Church of the East. He consecrated two Indian bishops, including Aprem Mooken who became his successor as Metropolitan in Trichur. In 1971 Patriarch Shemʿon XXII consecrated a rival Metropolitan for Malabar, paving way to full blown schism in the Chaldean Syrian church. In 1995, the two factions united under Metropolitan Aprem and Assyrian Patriarch Dinkha IV.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=192}}

===Establishment of the Syro-Malabar Church===
The rising tensions between the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} and the Carmelite missionaries forced Rome to change its policy as it realised that granting true autonomy and self-government to the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} was the only feasible solution.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435—436}} In 1887, the Syrian Catholics were formally separated from the Vicariate of Verapoly, which was left for the Latin Catholics, and two new apostolic vicariates were established for the Syrians based in [[Kottayam]] and [[Thrissur]]. In 1896, they were reorganized into three vicariates namely, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Trichur|Trichur]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Ernakulam]], and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Changanacherry]], under the guidance of native bishops.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} This paved the way for the foundation of the modern Syro-Malabar Church.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435—436}} In 1911, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|a new vicariate]] was founded for the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor [[Tekkumbhagar|Thekkumbhagar]]}} ({{transliteration|ml|Tekkumbāgaṟ}} or Southists or {{lang|syr|Knanaya}}) based in Kottayam, following a similar event among the {{lang|ml|Puthankoor Thekkumbhagar}} in 1910.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} In 1923, Rome established a complete Syro-Malabar Catholic hierarchy with the Archbishop of Ernakulam as the head. In 1992, the church was declared a [[major archiepiscopal church]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}

==Puthankoottukar==
{{main|Puthankoottukar}}

The ''Puthankoor'' faction of the Saint Thomas Christian community which remained unwilling to restore ties with the Catholic Church and the Pope and instead chose to align with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. They organised themselves as the 'Malankara Church' and developed a relationship with the Syriac Orthodox Church starting in 1665, when Thoma I was recognised as their legitimate bishop by the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. Thoma I was succeeded by dynastic priests from his Pakalomattam family. Their relationship with the Syriac Orthodox Church gradually strengthened over the years. Thus they changed their liturgical rite from [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] to [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]], a process which was complete by the 19th century. This also led to emergence of resentment towards the ever-growing authority of the Patriarch of Antioch in the ''Puthankoor'' Malankara Church. Thus this church suffered further divisions in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, resulting in the formation of multiple Malankara churches.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=130—131}}

===18th century===
Although Thoma I and his dynastic successors recognized the spiritual authority of the Patriarch of Antioch and the Syriac Orthodox theology. However they were reluctant to compromise their local church governance rights in any way.

In the 18th century, a delegation of three Syriac Orthodox prelates led by Maphrian Baselios Shukr-Allah arrived in Malabar during the reign of Thoma VI. Very soon, a power struggle broke out between him and the Syriac Orthodox bishops. Thoma VI was initially hesitant to submit to the delegation and was unwilling to receive Holy Orders afresh from them as they had declared his orders to be invalid.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}} Thoma responded by trying to reunite with the Catholic Church under the Pope by collaborating with kindred spirits in the ''Pazhayakoor'' faction, such as [[Kariattil Iousep|Yousep Kariyattil]] and [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar|Paremmakkal Thoma]]. Frustrated of his defiance, Gregorius Hanna, one of the Syrian Orthodox bishops, consecrated Kurillos as his rival in an attempt to secure their foothold in the Malankara Church. However Thoma's reunion attempt with the Catholic Church failed due to opposition from the Carmelite missionaries, and by then Thoma finally yielded to the demands and received ordination and consecration anew from the Syrian Orthodox bishops and changed to the episcopal name Dionysios I in return for their support against Bishop Kurillos.{{sfnp|Neill |2004|p= 67–68}} The dispute between Kurillos and Dionysios was decided in the latter's favour by the Travancore King and subsequently he lost the favour of Cochin King as well. This forced Kurillos to flee from the territories of both of these kings and he eventually settled in Thozhiyur in [[Malabar District|British Malabar]].{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=193—246}}

There, Metropolitan Kattumangatt Kurillos led the community which in later decades evolved into the Malabar Independent Syrian Church.

===Anglican relations===
====Beginning of Anglican - Malankara Church relationship====
The Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church evolved from the Malankara Syrian Church in the late 19th century. It was a resultant of a reform under the patronage of Anglican missionaries among the {{lang|ml|Puthankoor}} Thomas Christians. The relationship between the Anglican church and the Malankara Syrian Church dates to the late 18th century when the British helped Dionysios I (Thoma VI) to secure his position against his rival Bishop Abraham Kurillos Kattumangatt. It further solidified during Dionysius Joseph I's term due to the support the Anglicans offered him to overthrow Thoma XI, the last dynastic leader of the {{lang|ml|Puthankoor}}, and establish himself as the Malankara Metropolitan recognised by the State. They collaborated with the Malankara Church in founding the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Syrian Seminary in Kottayam]] and this relationship reached its peak during [[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysius Giwargis Punnathara's]] reign. He was succeeded by [[Geevarghese Philoxenos|Giwargis Philexinos Kidangan]], the Thozhiyur Metropolitan and an ally of the Anglican [[Church Mission Society|CMS missionaries]]. However he had to relinquish the throne in two years and consecrate [[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Dionysios Philippos]] of Cheppad as the next Malankara Metropolitan without informing the Patriarch of Antioch.

====Opposition to Anglican relationship====
The efforts of Anglican CMS missionaries were aimed at an Anglican-inspired reformation in the Malankara Church and its eventual merger into their hierarchy. This was opposed by a large section of the {{lang|ml|Puthankoor}} Thomas Christians who stood for Syrian traditionalism and loyalty to the Patriarch of Antioch. Cheppad Dionysios eventually aligned himself with them and convened a Synod at [[Mavelikara]] on 16 January 1836 where it was declared that 'Malankara Church' would be subject to the Syrian traditions and [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref>Cherian, Dr. C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262.</ref> The declaration resulted in the separation of the [[Church Mission Society|CMS]] missionaries from the communion with the '[[Malankara Church]]'.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}{{sfb|Bayly|2004|p=300}}

Those who were vocally in favour of the [[Reformation|Reformed]] ideologies of the missionaries, stood along with them and joined the [[Anglican Church]].{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=247–251}}{{sfb|Bayly|2004|p=300}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Missionaries led State to renaissance: Pinarayi |work=The Hindu |date=13 November 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Missionaries-led-State-to-renaissance-Pinarayi/article16444369.ece |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Kerala to celebrate CMS mission |journal=Church Mission Society |date=9 November 2016 |url=https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/kerala-celebrate-cms-mission |language=en}}</ref>

===Reformation movement and schism===

The work of Anglican CMS missionaries in the 19th century resulted in widespread support for reformist ideas in the Malankara Church. A group who were in favour of the [[Reformation|Reformed]] ideologies, led by priest [[Abraham Malpan|Palakkunnath Abraham Malpan]] amassed support against Dionysios Philippos and sent Deacon [[Mathews Athanasius|Mathew Palakkunnath]], a nephew of Abraham Malpan, to the patriarch.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}} The patriarch consecrated him the bishop for Malankara Syrians, against Dionysios Philippos who had previously assumed their leadership without his approval. Dionysios was reluctant to receive or step down from office for Athanasius. Instead, Dionysios transferred his power to [[Yuyaqim Kurillos]], a Syrian bishop sent by the patriarch. The dispute between Kurillos and Athanasius was brought into the court, which in 1852 decided in favour of Athanasius. Kurillos was exiled to British Malabar where he amassed support and selected Pulikkottil Joseph to be sent to the patriarch. In 1865, Pulikkottil was consecrated metropolitan as Dionysios Joseph II by the patriarch.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|1906|p=217-219}}

====Synod of Mulanthuruthy====
Athanasius managed to ensure the support of the British and maintain his position against Dionysios Joseph II. In 1868, he selected his nephew, Thomas as his heir and consecrated him as [[Thomas Athanasius]]. Pulikkottil Dionysios and his supporters appealed to Patriarch [[Ignatius Peter IV|Ignatius Petros III]] for his direct intervention. The patriarch arrived in India and convened the [[Synod of Mulanthuruthy]] in 1876. At this synod, Pulikkottil Dionysios was declared Malankara Metropolitan and Athanasius was excommunicated for his alleged Protestant views.{{sfnp|Mackenzie|1906|p=217-219}}

===Establishment of the Marthoma Syrian Church===
Athanasius neither submitted to the patriarch nor participated in the Synod of Mulanthuruthy. He retained his position as the Malankara Metropolitan until his death in 1877 at the Kottayam Seminary, the seat of the church. He was then succeeded by Thomas Athanasius. A case was filed against Thomas Athanasius by Dionysios in the Court. In 1889, the Travancore Royal Court division bench ruled its final verdict in favor of Dionysios Joseph, considering his appointment by the Patriarch of Antioch, and Thomas Athanasius was forced relinquish his authority and to vacate the church headquarters. Those aligned with Thomas Athanasius became the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=132}} Thomas Athanasius died before consecrating an heir to the episcopacy and hence, the next metropolitan, Titus Marthoma was consecrated by the metropolitan of the Thozhiyur Church.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011b}}

===Formation of the Malankara Jacobite Church===
The landmark event in the history of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church was the Synod of Mulanthuruthy, convened by Ignatius Petros III, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, in 1876, which led to its complete union with the Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC|title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |language=en|page=363}}</ref> The historical Malankara Church, which had been functioning until then under a single bishop, the Malankara Metropolitan, was divided into seven dioceses with this event, each having its own bishop. In addition to this, the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Christian Association, a general body which included clerical and lay parish representatives, was also established. Thus the modern Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church dates to the Synod of Mulanthuruthy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thekkeparambil |first=Jacob |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mBCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Synod+of+Mulanthuruthy&pg=PA491 |title=Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia |date=2021-08-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-43509-2 |editor-last=Malek |editor-first=Roman |pages=391 |language=en |chapter=The Vestiges of East Syriac Christianity in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6CFg77S5WMC|title=Orientalia Christiana Analecta |date=1970 |publisher=Pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum |language=en|pages=161–162}}</ref>

===Orthodox-Jacobite schism and disputes===
====Catholicate of 1912 and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church====

The early 20th century saw a resurgence of jurisdictional disputes in the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church when Malankara Metropolitan Dionysios Giwargis Vattasseril was excommunicated by Patriarch Ignatius Abdallah II. In 1912, Vattasseril managed to bring the former patriarch Ignatius Abdal Masih II to India and establish an independent (and later autocephalous) Catholicate for the Malankara Church. Thus he and a group within the Malankara Church declared itself independent from the Syrian Orthodox patriarchate of Antioch. They called themselves as the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church - Catholicate of the East and also as the Indian Orthodox Church.

====Constitution of 1934====
The Malankara Orthodox were simultaneously led by two leaders titled the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan until 1934, when they finally drew up a constitution wherein the two positions were ultimately merged and was made to be held by a single person. However the constitution retained the Patriarch of Antioch as a strict ceremonial figurehead of the Malankara Church, which was further defined as a division of the Syriac Orthodox Church. Meanwhile, the other faction which remained aligned to the Patriarch of Antioch continued as the autonomous branch of the Syriac Orthodox Church and was led by their own local Malankara Metropolitans.

====Brief reunion of Orthodox and Jacobite factions====
The two factions – one loyal to the patriarch and the other, the independent Malankara Orthodox – were reconciled in 1958, when the Indian Supreme court declared that only the Malankara Orthodox had legal standing. In 1964, Patriarch Ignatius Yacoub III elevated Baselios Augen as the new Catholicos for the united Malankara Church only to excommunicate him in 1975 due to jurisdictional disputes, which resulted in a second schism. Attempts at reconciliation were unsuccessful as severe quarrels over church property and court suits followed.

====Supreme court verdict of 1995====
In 1995, the supreme Indian court in its judgement ratified the Malankara Orthodox constitution of 1934 and decided that the Patriarch of Antioch was the supreme spiritual head of the universal Syrian Church subject to the aforementioned constitution, while the catholicos had legal standing as the vicar of the patriarch and thus as the de facto spiritual head of the Malankara church. It further declared that the Malankara Metropolitan was the custodian of parishes and properties of the Malankara Church. Following the Supreme Court ruling, churches under the control of the Jacobite church have also been legally brought under the control of the Malankara Orthodox Church. However the efforts to bring this to a practical level often turn out to be a conflict between the local faithful of the Jacobite church and the police.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=131}}

===Reunion movement and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church===

Following the schism among the Saint Thomas Christians, there were several attempts to reunite the two factions. Almost all of them revolved around the leader of the {{transliteration|ml|Puthankoor}}, initially belonging to the {{transliteration|ml|[[Pakalomattam family|Pakalōmaṯṯam]]}} dynastic line, submitting to the authority of the Pope and reuniting both factions of the community under his leadership.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=247—250}} However none of these attempts materialised.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=248—264}}

The split in the Malankara Jacobite community in 1912 resulted in several bishops carrying out negotiations with Rome, most notably [[Geevarghese Ivanios|Giwargis Ivanios Panickerveettil]]. Panickerveettil was an erudite mystic and a key architect in the establishment of the autocephalous catholicate for the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in 1912. In 1930, he and bishop [[Yacub Theophilos]] formally declared themselves Catholics. They were followed by [[Dioscoros Thomas]], a bishop from the [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese|Knanaya diocese]] of the patriarchal faction, and Philexinos, the Metropolitan of the Thozhiyur Church. A significant number of faithful accompanied them, into what was named the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (SMCC).

From its beginning, the leaders of the SMCC asked for the preservation of the West Syriac Rite that they received from the Syriac Orthodox Church and they were permitted to do so with a distinct Eastern Catholic ''[[Sui iuris|sui juris]]'' hierarchy and dioceses of their own. In 2005, Pope John Paul II elevated the SMCC to the rank of a [[major archiepiscopal church]].{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=131}}

==Syriac denominations==
===Syro-Malabar Church===
{{Main|Syro-Malabar Church}}
The Syro-Malabar Church (SMC) is a {{lang|la|[[sui juris]]}} [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic Church]] of the [[East Syriac Rite]] that represents the continuity of the Catholic ecclesial tradition in [[South India]] that came into being in the 16th century.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} Christians in India were part of the [[Church of the East]] up until the late 16th century.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|pp=20, 347, 398, 406–407}}

The Syro-Malabar Church (SMC), known by that name since the mid-19th century, is a {{lang|la|sui juris}} Eastern Catholic Church of the East Syriac Rite headed by a [[Major archbishop]]. Today it numbers about four million members. It is the largest Syriac church and is also the largest of the Saint Thomas Christian denominations. It is the largest of the Eastern Catholic churches as well. It has eparchies throughout India and has sizable diasporas in North America, Australia, Europe, and the Persian Gulf States.{{sfnp|Winkler|2018|p=131—132}}

===Chaldean Syrian Church===
{{main|Chaldean Syrian Church}}

The Chaldean Syrian Church (CSC) is the only denomination of Saint Thomas Christians that maintains their ancient links with the patriarch of the Church of the East.{{sfnp|Brock|2011c}}

It functions as the Indian archdiocese of the Assyrian Church of the East. Its chief prelate holds the title of Metropolitan. In addition to India, the Metropolitan of India also has jurisdiction over the Persian Gulf countries. The church is headquartered in Thrissur, in Kerala, and has about 15,000 members mostly concentrated in Thrissur and its environs.

===Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church===
{{main|Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church}}

The Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church (MJSOC) descends from the ''Puthankoor'' faction of the Saint Thomas Christian community which remained unwilling to restore ties with the Catholic Church and the Pope, after the united community broke the Portuguese Catholic hegemony under the leadership of Archdeacon Thoma Parambil through the Coonan Cross Oath, and instead chose to align with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch.

The ‘Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church’, as it is known today, is an autonomous branch of the Syrian Orthodox Church, and has its own catholicos with authority in India.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=131}}{{sfnp|Joseph|2011}} It has an estimated 0.5 million members. It is also a founding member of the Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malankara Syriac Church|website= scooch.org|url=https://www.scooch.org/member-churches/the-syriac-indian-church/}}</ref>

===The Malabar Independent Syrian Church===
{{Main|Malabar Independent Syrian Church}}
The Malabar Independent Syrian Church (MISC) is formed from the historical Malankara Church in 1757, following the consecration of Kattumangatt Abraham Kurillos by a Syriac Orthodox prelate as the rival metropolitan to Dionysios I, the then leader of the Puthankoottukar.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}

The Malabar Independent Syrian Church, is concentrated in Thozhiyur, a place in Thrissur District of Kerala, and is hence popularly called the Thozhiyur Church. It has had few members since its beginning. It is led by a single metropolitan, known by the title Thozhiyur Metropolitan. Today it accounts for no more than 10,000 members chiefly in and around Thozhiyur. It maintains relations with [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] and [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] churches, and also with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=132}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2011a}}

===Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church===
{{Main|Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}
The Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church, or Mar Thoma Syrian Church (MTSC), is a unique independent church that combines Oriental and Western Reformed traditions. This church, while retaining the liturgical rite, traditions and some theological elements from the Syriac Orthodox tradition, follows the doctrinal and disciplinary tenants of the Anglican Church.{{sfnp|Fenwick |2011b}}

The supreme head of the MTSC is titled the Marthoma Metropolitan or the Malankara Metropolitan. There are also suffragan bishops to assist the head of the church in administrative matters. This church has an assembly consisting of parish representatives, a managing committee elected from it, a clergy trustee, and a lay trustee. The Church Assembly is responsible for electing the diocesean bishops and other church officials. The Synod of bishops of the church has authority over the administrative supervision, doctrine and ecumenical and public relations. The church has around 0.5 million members worldwide.

===Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church===
{{Main|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, or the Indian Orthodox Church as it is also known today, came into being following the establishment of the Catholicate of the East in 1912 by Patriarch Ignatius Abdal Masih II and Vattasseril Dionysios VI. Although it still recognizes the Patriarch of Antioch as its supreme spiritual head in its constitution and liturgy, it advocate for absolute self-governance independent of the Patriarch of Antioch and practically functions as an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox Church.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=131}}

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is led by the 'Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan' as its supreme universal leader and has dioceses around the world with about 0.5 million members.

===Syro-Malankara Catholic Church===
The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, also called the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic Major archiepiscopal church into being in 1932, following the conversion of Panickerveettil Giwargis Ivanios to Catholicism in 1930 as part of the reunion movement among the Puthankoottukar.

The SMCC is an Eastern Catholic Church of the Syro-Antiochian Rite centered in [[Pattom]], Thiruvananthapuram, India. It has about 0.4 million members and is led by the Major archbishop of Trivandrum. The church has eparchies all over India, the USA and Canada.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=131}} The church runs numerous institutions among which is the [[St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute]] (SEERI) in Kottayam, one of the most prominent Syriac educational institutions in the world.{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}}

==Other branches==
===Anglican Syrians===
{{main|Saint Thomas Anglicans}}
After the Puthenkoor Malankara Church officially severed its ties with the Anglican CMS Missionaries in 1834, a group of people who were inclined towards the CMS Missionaries joined the Anglican Church. By 1879, the [[Diocese of Travancore and Cochin]] of the [[Church of England]] was established in [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A History of the Church of England in India, by Eyre Chatterton (1924) |website=anglicanhistory.org |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/20.html}}</ref><ref name="Keralawindow">{{cite web |title=Church of south India (CSI) |website=keralawindow.net |url=http://www.keralawindow.net/Church_CSI.html}}</ref> On 27 September 1947, the Anglican dioceses in [[South India]], merged with other [[Protestant churches]] in the region and formed the [[Church of South India]] (CSI); an independent [[United Church]] in full communion with all its predecessor denominations.<ref name="Encyclopedia1999"/><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010"/> Since then, Anglican Syrian Christians have been members of the Church of South India and also came to be known as [[CSI Syrian Christians]].<ref name="Keralawindow" />

===St. Thomas Evangelical Church===
{{main|St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India}}
St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India (STECI) is an Eastern Protestant Evangelical church headquartered in [[Tiruvalla]], Kerala. It originated from a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] following differences of opinion regarding the orientation of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] in 1961. While the Marthoma Church leadership continued to preserve the traditional West Syriac Rite and identity, several priests and laity who had a deeper Protestant orientation adopted protestant vestments and liturgy and took liberal positions such as women priesthood. The priests and laity assembled together in Kumbanad and consecrated two bishops and this led to the formation of STECI.

===St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India Fellowship===
The St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India Fellowship (STECIF) was formed from a split in the STECI in 1968 and was declared a separate entity from the STECI by the High Court of Kerala in 2002. The church preserves the original episcopal line established in 1961 and the West Syriac vestments and liturgical elements.

===Pentecostal Syrians===
{{Main|Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians}}
Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians are the ethnic [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (Nasranis) affiliated to various [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and independent [[Neo-charismatic movement|Neo-Charismatic]] churches.
Pentecostalism in Kerala, has its origins in the activities of [[German Americans|German–American]] missionary George E. Berg and his Indian co-workers, in 1911. Pentecostalism continued to grow among [[Saint Thomas Christians]] and in [[Kerala]], in the following decades.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilfred |first1=Felix |title=The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia |date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-934152-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNNjAwAAQBAJ |language=en|pages=160–161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Stanley |title=World Christianity–Methodological Considerations |date=10 December 2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44486-7 |pages=271–291 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004444867/BP000019.xml |language=en |chapter=The Rise of ‘New Generation’ Churches in Kerala Christianity}}</ref>

Major pentecostal churches dominated by Saint Thomas Christians include [[General Council of the Assemblies of God of India|Assemblies of God of India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India|Church of God in India]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]],{{sfnp|Bergunder|2008|p= 255,262–263,291–292}} Sharon Fellowship Church,{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=160}} New India Church of God, New India Bible Church,{{sfn|John|2020}} the [[Gospel for Asia]] (1979, and its associate [[Believers Eastern Church]]),{{sfn|Wilfred|2014|p=161}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Moran Mor Athanasius Yohan I Metropolitan |url=https://www.bec.org/athanasius-yohan/ |website=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref> Heavenly Feast, Covenant People and Parra.

===Believers Eastern Church===
{{main|Believers Eastern Church}}
Believers Eastern Church is an Eastern Protestant-Pentecostal church founded by K. P. Yohannan, a former Marthoma Church member and Pentecostal evangelist. It uses a hybrid rite of Eastern, specifically Syriac Orthodox, and Anglican liturgy. It was previously called Believers Church and is formed after its founder, initially the leader of the USA-based evangelical organization Gospel for Asia, received the episcopal consecration from the bishops of the CSI Church. This church later associated with the Syriac Orthodox tradition and appropriated for itself a Syriac Orthodox identity.<ref name="urlBC-About">{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.believerschurch.com/about/ |access-date=2015-01-10 |publisher=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfa.org/believerschurch/ |title=History of Believers Eastern Church |publisher=[[Gospel for Asia]] |access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Believers Eastern Church">{{Cite web |title=Believers Eastern Church |url=https://www.bec.org/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Believers Eastern Church}}</ref>

==Demography==

{{Pie chart
| caption = Major Christian denominations in Kerala based on the Census of India (2011) (Source: {{harvnb|Zachariah|2016}})
| value1 = 38.2
| label1 = Syro-Malabar
| value2 = 8.0
| label2 = Malankara Orthodox
| value3 = 7.9
| label3 = Jacobite Syrian
| value4 = 7.6
| label4 = Syro-Malankara
| value5 = 6.6
| label5 = Marthoma
| value6 = 31.7
| label6 = Other Christian denominations
}}

Most Saint Thomas Christians live in their native Indian state of [[Kerala]]. A 2016 study under the aegis of the Govt. of Kerala, based on the data from [[2011 Census of India]] and Kerala Migration Surveys, counted 2,345,911 [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholics]], 493,858 [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church|Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox]], 482,762 [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Syrians]], 465,207 [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara Catholics]] and 405,089 [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Mar Thoma Syrians]] out of 6.14 million Christians in Kerala. The study also reported 274,255 [[Church of South India]] and 213,806 [[Pentecostalism in Kerala|Pentecost]]/[[Kerala Brethren|Brethren]] affiliates, which includes ethnic Syrians and others.{{sfnp|Zachariah|2016}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], [[St Thomas Evangelical Church of India]] and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] are much smaller denominations.

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Christianity}}}}
* [[Church of the East in India]]
* [[Syriac Christianity]]
* [[Cochin Jews]]
* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]

{{clear}}
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Div col}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|year=2004|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521891035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|author2-link=Dietmar W. Winkler |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon |isbn=9781134430192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |date=6 June 2008 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|editor1-first=Sebastian P.|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Aaron M.|editor2-last=Butts|editor3-first=George A.|editor3-last=Kiraz|editor4-first=Lucas|editor4-last=Van Rompay|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=|language=en}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Thomas Christians|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians|year=2011a|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Malankara Catholic Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Catholic-Church|year=2011b|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Chaldean Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Chaldean-Syrian-Church|year=2011c|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|title=Malabar Catholic Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church|year=2011d|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia |last=Childers |first=Jeff W. |title=Thomas, Acts of. |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Acts-of |year=2011 |access-date= }}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick|title=Malabar Independent Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church|year=2011a|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick|title=Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Malankara)|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara|year=2011b}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=George A.|last=Kiraz|title=Maphrian|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Maphrian|year=2011a|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Thomas|last=Joseph|title=Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church|year=2011|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia|first=Hidemi|last=Takahashi|title=Diamper, Synod of|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Diamper-Synod-of|year=2011a|access-date=}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|first=Baby|last=Varghese|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church|year=2011|access-date=}}
** {{cite encyclopedia |first=Joel T. |last=Walker |title=Fars |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Fars |year=2011 |access-date= }}
** {{cite encyclopedia |first=Hidemi |last=Takahashi |title=Damascus |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Damascus |year=2011b |access-date= }}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Leslie |date=1956 |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} 1982 (repr.)
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Claudius |date=1811 |title=Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages) |edition=2nd |place=Boston |publisher=Armstron, Cornhill}}
* {{cite book |last=Cheriyan |first=C.V. |date=2003 |title=Orthodox Christianity in India |place=Kottayam |publisher=Academic Publishers}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last=Bromiley |translator-first=Geoffrey William |year=2001 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=2 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2414-1 |oclc=46681215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA688}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last=Bromiley |translator-first=Geoffrey William |year=2008 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |volume=5 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |oclc=220013556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC}}
*{{cite book|url=|title=The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its Place in the Story of the St Thomas Christians of South India |isbn=978-1-60724-619-0 |last=Fenwick|first=John R. K.|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2009}}
* {{cite book |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=27 June 2008 |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-154419-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRREAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Geddes |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Geddes |date=1694 |title=The History of the Church of Malabar, together with the Synod of Diamper |place=London |publisher=printed for Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford}} Reproduced in full in {{harvp|Menachery |1998}}.
* {{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Thomas |year=1638 |title=Some yeares travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique |publisher=Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop |place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfTHrQEACAAJ |oclc=1332586850}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacob |first=Vellian |date=2001 |title=Knanite community: History and culture |series=Syrian church series |volume=XVII |publisher=Jyothi Book House |place=Kottayam}} Also cf. his articles in {{harvp|Menachery|1973}}.
*{{cite book|title=History of Christianity in travancore |first= G. T. |last=Mackenzie|series=Travancore State Manual |volume=2|year= 1906|url=https://archive.org/details/b29352708_0002/page/212/mode/2up}}
* {{harvc |last=Mackenzie |first=G.T. |chapter=Castes in Travancore |pages=245–420 |in=Nagam Aiya |year=1906a}}
* {{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |date=2003 |title=St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages |publisher=CSS |place=[[Tiruvalla]] |isbn=81-7821-008-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mathew |first=N.M. |date=2006 |title=Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram |trans-title=History of the Marthoma Church |volume=1 |language=Malayalam}}
* {{cite book |last=Medlycott |first=A.E. |date=2005 |orig-date=1905 |title=India and the Apostle Thomas |place=Piscataway, NJ |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=1-59333-180-0}} Reproduced in full in {{harvp|Menachery|1998}}.
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1973 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=B.N.K. Press |place=Trichur |volume=II |isbn=81-87132-06-X}} Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press (has some 70 lengthy articles by different experts on the origins, development, history, culture... of these Christians, with some 300-odd photographs).
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1982 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=B.N.K. Press |place=Trichur |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1998 |series=The Indian Church History Classics |volume=I |title=The Nazranies |publisher=Ollur |isbn=81-87133-05-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mundadan |first=A. Mathias |author-link=Mathias Mundadan |year=1970 |title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Mundadan|author1-first=Anthony Mathias|author2-first=Joseph|author2-last=Thekkedath|author1-link=Mathias Mundadan|year=1982|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=2|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{cite book |last=Mundadan |first=A. Mathias |date=1984 |title=History of Christianity in India |volume=1 |place=Bangalore, India |publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Nagam Aiya |editor-first=V. |year=1906a |title=The Travancore State Manual |volume=II |place=Trivandrum |publisher=Travancore Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juc2AQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |date=2 May 2002 |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89332-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA250}}
* {{cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |year=2004 |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54885-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/historychristian00neil_895 |url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book|last=Perczel|first= István |year=2013|title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2= Heinz Otto Luthe|series= Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag|location =Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|pages= 415–436}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid J. |date=1970 |title=The Thomas Christians |place=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd|isbn=978-0-232-51140-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/thomaschristians0000podi}}
* {{cite book |last=Poomangalam |first=C.A. |date=1998 |title=The Antiquities of the Knanaya Syrian Christians }}{{fcn|date=August 2024|reaon=Cannot find any source with this title or author.}}
* Pothan, S.G. (1963). ''The Syrian Christians of Kerala''. New York: Asia Pub. House.
* {{cite book |last=Tisserant |first=E. |author-link=Eugène Tisserant|date=1957 |title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |others=Translated and edited by E. R. Hambye |place=Westminster, MD |publisher=Newman Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Weil |first=S. |date=1982 |chapter=Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala |title=Contributions to Indian Sociology}}
*{{cite web |first=K.C. |last=Zachariah |date=April 2016 |title=Religious Denominations of Kerala |publisher=Center for Development Studies |url=http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{Div col end}}

===Further reading===
{{Too much further reading|date=April 2017}}
{{Div col}}
* {{cite book |author=David de Beth Hillel |date=1832 |title=Travels |publisher=Madras publication}}
* {{cite book |title=The hymn of the soul, contained in the Syriac Acts of St. Thomas |editor-first=A.A. |editor-last=Bevan |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1897}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ian C. |title=Contemporary Religions: A World Guide |date=1992 |location=Harlow |publisher=Longman |isbn=9780582086951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EYUAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Hough |first=James |date=1893 |title=The History of Christianity in India}}
* {{cite book |last=Koder |first=S. |date=1973 |chapter=History of the Jews of Kerala |title=The St.Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India |editor=G. Menachery}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna Iyer |first=K.V. |author-link=K. V. Krishna Iyer |date=1971 |chapter=Kerala's Relations with the Outside World |pages=70–71 |title=The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume |publisher=Kerala History Association |place=Cochin}}
* {{cite book |last=Landstrom |first=Bjorn |date=1964 |title=The Quest for India |publisher=Doubleday English Edition |place=Stockholm}}
* {{cite book |last=Lord |first=James Henry |date=1977 |title=The Jews in India and the Far East |publisher=Greenwood Press |edition=Reprint |isbn=0-8371-2615-0}}
* {{cite web |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |date=28 January 2013 |title=Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam |website=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2013/01/28/nazrani-history-and-discourse-on-early-nationalism-in-varthamanapusthakam/}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=1987 |chapter=Chs. I and II |title=Kodungallur City of St. Thomas |publisher=Mar Thoma Shrine Azhikode}} Reprinted 2000 as "Kodungallur Cradle of Christianity in India".
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=George |date=2005 |title=Glimpses of Nazraney Heritage |publisher=Ollur |isbn=81-87133-08-2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=2010 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Ollur |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=J. Innes |date=1969 |title=The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}
* {{cite book |lang=la|title=Periplus Maris Erythraei |trans-title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |translator=Wilfred Schoff |date=1912}} Reprinted South Asia Books 1995 {{ISBN|81-215-0699-9}}.
* {{cite book |last=Puthiakunnel |first=Thomas |date=1973 |chapter=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas |title=The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |editor=George Menachery |volume=II |place=Trichur |publisher=St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar|author-link=Dietmar Winkler |chapter=The Syriac Church Denominations: An overview|title=The Syriac World |editor=Daniel King|isbn=978-1-317-48211-6|publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ |pages=119–133 |year=2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuel |first=V.C. |author-link=V.C. Samuel |date=1992 |title=The-Growing-Church: An Introduction to Indian Church History, Kottayam |url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Growing-Church-Final.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vadakkekara |first=Benedict |title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique |date=2007 |location=Delhi |publisher=Media House |isbn=9788174952585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Velu Pillai |first=T.K. |date=1940 |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Trivandrum}} 4 volumes
* Visvanathan, Susan (1993). ''The Christians of Kerala: history, belief, and ritual among the Yakoba''. Madras: Oxford University Press.
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000 |location=Louvain |publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
*[http://churchoftheeastindia.org/ Assyrian Church of the East – Archdiocese of India Official Website]
*[http://nestorian.org/church_of_the_east_in_india.html Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East – Nestorian.org]
*[http://www.synodofdiamper.com/ Website for Synod of Diamper]
*[http://www.steci.org/ St. Thomas Evangelical Church, History, Dioceses, Churches]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St Thomas Christians]
*[http://www.indianchristianity.com India Christian Encyclopaedia]
*[http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/heritage.htm MarThoma Syrian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213180930/http://www.marthomasyrianchurch.org/heritage.htm |date=13 February 2008 }}

{{Syriac Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Christian Tradition}}
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians| ]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Apostolic sees]]
[[Category:Lists of Christian denominations by region]]

Avalanche Peak (India)

2026-03-20T13:45:38Z

Aryatheautistic: quick cleanup structure to improve readability also and added references to improve readability

{{short description|Mountain peak in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Avalanche Peak I
| photo = Avalanche Peak Himalayas Uttarakhand India.jpg
| photo_caption = Avalanche Peak
| elevation_m = 6196
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| location = [[Chamoli]], Uttarakhand, India
| range = [[Himalayas|Garhwal Himalaya]]
| map = India |relief=1
| map_caption = Location in northern India
| map_size = 250
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|50|24|N|79|24|00|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| first_ascent = 1931 [[Eric Shipton]] and [[Frank Smythe]]
| easiest_route = rock/snow/ice through South Ridge.
}}

The '''Avalanche Peaks''' are two mountain peaks situated above the [[Arwa Valley]] to the northwest of [[Badrinath]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/41/12 AVALANCHE PEAK EXPEDITION, 1984 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The HJ/41/12 AVALANCHE PEAK EXPEDITION, 1984 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Brijmohan |date=2015-12-21 |title=Avalanche Peak I & II - Complete Guide to Avalanche Peak I & II of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/avalanche-peak-ii.php |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}</ref> The peaks are named for the [[avalanche]]s experienced by early climbers seeking to cross the glaciers beneath them.

== Avalanche Peak I ==
Avalanche Peak I is situated on north–south [[massif]] between Kalindi Bamak and the Arwa Bank. This is the main peak among the two and situated south to the Avalanche Peak II. The altitude of the summit is 6196 metres.

The peak was first climbed in 1931 by [[Eric Shipton]] and [[Frank Smythe]] with two [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HJ/4/3 AN EXPLORATION OF THE ARWA VALLEY, BRITISH |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The HJ/4/3 AN EXPLORATION OF THE ARWA VALLEY, BRITISH |language=en}}</ref>

==Avalanche Peak II==
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Avalanche Peak II
| nocat_wdimage = yes
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6,443
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| location = [[Chamoli]], Uttarakhand, India
| range = [[Himalaya|Garhwal Himalaya]]
| topo =
| first_ascent = 1952
| easiest_route = rock/snow/ice through Bangnea Glacier system
}}

Avalanche Peak II is the higher and more northerly peak. It is situated south of the Kalindi Khal which separates the Chaturangi glacier from the Arwa valley. The altitude of the summit is 6443 metres.

==Neighbouring peaks==
* [[Chandra Parbat]]
* [[Chaturangi]]
* [[Kalindi]]

==See also==
* [[List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Arwa Group]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Avalanche Peak (Kalindi Khal)}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]

Madurai

2026-03-16T15:27:17Z

Aryatheautistic: update

{{Short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India| the administrative district of Madurai |Madurai district}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madurai
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Meenakshi Amman West Tower.jpg
| caption1 = [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple]]
| image2 = Koodalazhagar (17).jpg
| caption2 = [[Koodal Azhagar temple]]
| image3 = Thirumalai nayakar mahal (11875879403).jpg
| caption3 = [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]]
| image4 = Gandhi Memorial Museum.jpg
| caption4 = [[Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai|Gandhi Museum]]
| image5 = Madurai Junction.jpg
| caption5 = [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]]
| image6 = MaduraiAirport.JPG
| caption6 = [[Madurai Airport]]
| image7 = A sunrise over Vaigai River in Madurai Tamil Nadu India.jpg
| caption7 = [[Vaigai river]]
| image8 = Thirupparankundram Town View.jpeg
| caption8 = [[Thiruparankundram]] Aerial view
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Madurai Municipal Flag.png
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Madurai in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9.925200|N|78.119800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Tamil Nadu}}
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 3rd Century BCE
| governing_body = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = V. Indirani Ponvasanth, DMK
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 147.97
| area_rank = 3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 134
| population_total = 10,17,865{{efn|The figure corresponds to the expanded city limits. According to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], the total city covering an area of {{convert|51.82|km2|mi2}} had a population of 1,017,865.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3322_PART_B_DCHB_MADURAI.pdf |title=Madurai District census handbook |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803153908/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3322_PART_B_DCHB_MADURAI.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Socio-Economic Resources Profiling |url=http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/socio-economis-resource-profiling.html |publisher=Madurai Corporation |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222164714/http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/socio-economis-resource-profiling.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,470,755
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|44th]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|31st]]
| population_demonym = Maduraivāsi
| registration_plate = TN-57 to TN-60, TN-64, TN-94 (under Madurai Zone)
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625 xxx<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/TAMIL-NADU/MADURAI
|title=Post Offices and PIN Codes in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-22
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed .28landline.29 numbers|0452]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[GDP]](2020)
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{USD|13.026|year=2020}}Billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8344/overview | title=Metroverse | Harvard Growth Lab }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hot semi-arid climate|BSh]]
| website = {{URL|maduraicorporation.co.in}}
| nicknames = Thoongatha Nagaram (The City That Never Sleeps), Athens of the East, City of Jasmine, City of Festivals, Temple City, Cultural Capital of Tamil Nadu State of India
}}

'''Madurai'''{{Efn|{{Indic Transl|ta|Maturai|mɐd̪ʊɾɐɪ̯|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-மதுரை.wav}}}} is a major [[Classification of Indian cities|tier II city]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of [[Madurai district]], which is governed by the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]] established on 1 November 1866.<ref name="CORPORATION OF MADURAI">{{Cite web |title=CORPORATION OF MADURAI |url=https://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/aboutus/about-madurai#:~:text=MADURAI%20CONSTITUTION,assisted%20by%20a%20Deputy%20Mayor. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.maduraicorporation.co.in}}</ref> As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it is the [[List of cities in India by population|third largest metropolis]] in Tamil Nadu after [[Chennai]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of population and 27th largest [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|urban agglomeration in India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |title=Tamil Nādu – City Population – Cities, Towns & Provinces – Statistics & Map |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |access-date=23 September 2009 |year=2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165154/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Located on the banks of [[Vaigai River]], Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years.<ref name="Geiger 1912 59">{{cite book | title=The Great Chronicle of Ceylon| last=Geiger| first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Geiger | publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=|year=1912|page=59}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|title=ASI just found a 2500 year old city|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 October 2015|date=13 October 2015|archive-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115231115/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is often referred to as "Thoongaa Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".<ref>{{cite web |title=Madurai Thoonga Nagaram |date=April 2017 |publisher=Serendib (BT Options Pvt Ltd) |url=http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218212548/http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Madurai is one of the oldest cities in India and South Asia.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&dq=madurai+oldest+cities+in+india&pg=PA12 | title=The City as a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts | isbn=90-04-08471-1 | last1=Smith | first1=Bardwell L. | last2=Reynolds | first2=Holly Baker | date=January 1987 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> The third [[Tamil Sangam]], a major congregation of Tamil scholars, is said to have been held in the city. The [[recorded history]] of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by [[Megasthenes]], the Greek ambassador to the [[Mauryan Empire]], and [[Kautilya]], a minister of the Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="CORPORATION OF MADURAI"/> Signs of human settlements and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] trade links dating back to 300 BCE are evident from excavations by [[Archeological Survey of India]] in Manalur.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|title=A site of human settlements turned into a coconut grove|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607014336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|title=Archealogical excavation uncovers Roman Pandyan trade links|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127172506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]], the [[Chola Empire]], the [[Madurai Sultanate]], the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], the [[Madurai Nayaks]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]], and the [[British East India Company|British East India Company's]] [[British Raj]]. The city has a number of historical monuments, with the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]], the [[Meenakshi Temple]] and the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] being the most prominent.

Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, [[rubber]], chemical and [[granite]] manufacturing industries.<ref name=Hinduoct2007>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026133827/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 October 2007 |title= An industry that can bolster the economy of Madurai| access-date = 24 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2007}}</ref> Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the [[Madurai Medical College]], the Homeopathic Medical College,<ref name="college"/> the [[Government Law College, Madurai|Madurai Law College]], the Agricultural College and Research Institute and the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai]]. The city covers an area of {{cvt|147.97|km2}} and had a population of 1,470,755 in 2011.<ref name=Madurai2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Madurai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The city is also the seat of a bench of the [[Madras High Court]].{{efn|The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004.}}

It is one of [[List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu|the few towns and cities selected]] for the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|AMRUT]] mission, undertaken by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | title=Tufidco | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=20 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212330/http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] contributes to the infrastructure development in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|website=tcp.tn.gov.in|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], a 2nd-century BCE [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscription refers to the city as ''matiray'', an Old Tamil word meaning a "walled city".<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham |date=3 October 2003|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674012275}}</ref>

Madurai, as ''Kadambavanam'', is one of the many historic temple towns of India which are named after the specific variety of groves or forests that shelter the presiding deity. Madurai is believed to have been originally a forest of [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamba]] trees, hence its name.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|year=2013|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4|page=10}}</ref> The city is referred to by various other names, including "Koodal"{{Efn|lit., assembly [Tamil]|name=Koodal}}, "Malligai Maanagar"{{Efn|lit., the great town of jasmine flowers [Tamil]; a reference to the local characteristic [[Madurai Malli]] type of jasmine flowers.|name=Malligai Maanagar}}, "Naanmadakoodal"{{Efn|lit., assembly (koodal) of four (naan-) halls (maada-) [Tamil]|name=Naanmadakoodal}} and "Thirualavai"{{Efn|lit., "the city encircled by a coiled serpent" or "the city surrounded by moats filled with water" [Tamil]|name=Thirualavai}}. It is believed that ''Madurai'' is the derivative of the word ''Marutham'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=2018-11-30 |title=Marutham is closely associated with Madurai, so much that the city is said to derive its name from the native tree |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/marutham-is-closely-associated-with-madurai-so-much-that-the-city-is-said-to-derive-its-name-from-the-native-tree/article25635935.ece |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which refers to the type of landscape of the [[Sangam Age|Sangam age]]. A town in the neighbouring [[Dindigul district]] is called Vada Madurai (''North Madurai'') and another in [[Sivaganga district]] is called [[Manamadurai]]. The different names by which the city has been referred to historically are listed in the 7th-century poem ''Thiruvilayaadal Puraanam'' written by Paranjothi Munivar.<ref name=Harman>{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36|pages=30–6}}</ref><ref name=Bard12>[[#Bardwell|Reynolds|Bardwell| 1987]] pp. 12–25</ref> ''[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]'' texts refer to Madurai as the "southern [[Mathura]]", probably similar to [[Tenkasi]] (''southern [[Varanasi|Kashi]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA546 |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|pages=546 with note 45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T. Padmaja|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA98 |year=2002 |publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=97–99}}</ref>

''Koodal'' means an assembly or congregation of scholarly people, referring to the three Tamil Sangams held at Madurai. Naanmadakoodal, meaning the junction of four towers, refers to the four major temples for which Madurai was known for.<ref name=Harman/> The Sangam literature mentions the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] at the centre of the city. Historians are of the opinion that [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] finds mention in [[Sangam literature]] (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE) in works like ''Madurai Kanchi'' by Mangudi Marudan, ''[[Paripāṭal]]'', ''[[Kaliththokai]]'' and ''[[Silappatikaram]]''. ''Madurai Kanchi'' details the Thiruvonam festival celebrated in the temple. [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 5th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref>M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 119–128.</ref> During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar and ''Koodal Sthala Purana''. ''[[Tevaram]]'', the 7th- or 8th-century Tamil compositions on Shiva by the three prominent [[Nayanars]] (''[[Saivites]]''), namely [[Appar]],<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Thirunavukkarasar|title=Aaram Thirumurai|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Project Madurai|location=Online|pages=44–7|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205235038/http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]],<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Campantar Tirumurai|title=Moondram Thirumurai|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Project Madurai|location=Online|page=61|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205233644/http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Campantar Tirumurai|title=Muthal Thirumurai|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0151.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Project Madurai|location=Online|pages=56–8|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205235606/http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0151.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> address the city as ''Thirualavai''.<ref name=Harman/><ref>{{cite book |last=Prentiss |first=Karen Pechilis |title=The embodiment of bhakti |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-512813-0|page=43}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Madurai}}

=== Early and medieval history ===
[[File:Martin Madurai 1860.jpg|thumb|left|Hand coloured antique wood engraving drawn by W. Purser (1858) shows Madurai city and Meenakshi Temple as seen from the north bank of the [[Vaigai river]]|alt=view of city having temple towers seen through two trees]]
Madurai is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of Tamil Nadu, dating back to the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book | title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil | publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&q=madurai+BC&pg=PA24| isbn=978-90-04-09365-2|year=1992|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=New study connects Tamil Nadu with Indus Valley civilisation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-study-connects-tamil-nadu-with-indus-valley-civilisation/story-ESlR55vEIZQPvq2Q0jXeVP.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sangam literature|Sangam period]] settlement site of [[Keezhadi|Keeladi]], dating back to the 6th century BCE, is located about 12 kilometres southeast of Madurai. Inscriptions of the Pandya king [[Netunceliyan I]] (c. 2nd century BCE) are found in [[Mangulam]], a village located 25 kilometres from Madurai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ&q=mangulam+iravatham+mahadevan |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |date=2003 |publisher=Cre-A |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1 |language=en}}</ref> The second book of the Tamil epic ''[[Cilappatikaram|Silappatikaram]]'' (c. 5th century CE) is set in Madurai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC |title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303196-3 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Megasthenes]] may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.<ref name="Harman" /> The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of [[Mathura]], as it was a large and established city in the [[Mauryan Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca. 150 BCE-100 CE|first=Sonya Rhie|last=Quintanilla|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=2|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091022/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}</ref> Madurai is also mentioned in [[Kautilya]]'s (370–283 BCE)<ref>{{cite book | first=S. K.|last= Agarwal | title=Towards Improving Governance | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nIkFqh_TmEC&pg=PA17|year=2008 | publisher=Academic Foundation | isbn=978-81-7188-666-1 | page=17}}</ref> ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref name="Harman" /> [[Sangam literature]] like ''[[Maturaikkāñci]]'' records the importance of Madurai as a capital city of the Pandyan dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mangudi Marudanar|title=Mathuraikanchi|url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0071.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Project Madurai|location=Online|access-date=28 August 2012|archive-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924034223/http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0071.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=181}}</ref> Madurai is mentioned in the works of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historians [[Pliny the Younger]] (61 – {{Circa|112 CE}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaffiot |first=Félix |url=https://archive.org/details/gaffiot-felix-dictionnaire-latin-francais-2016/page/861/mode/1up?q=Modura |title=Dictionnaire illustré latin-français |publisher=Hachette |year=1934 |pages=861 |language=fr |trans-title=Illustrated Latin–French Dictionary}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]] ({{Circa|90|CE 168}}), those of the [[Greeks|Greek]] geographer [[Strabo]] (64/63 BCE – {{Circa|24 CE}}),<ref name="Bandopadhyay">{{cite book |last=Bandopadhyay |first=Manohar |title=Tourist destinations in India|publisher=Oriental Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-93-80944-00-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-PaxM04v9wC|year=2010|pages=93–6 }}</ref> and also in [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]].<ref name="Bard12" />

The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] text [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]] mentions Madurai in the context of [[Prince Vijaya]]'s (543–505 BCE) arrival in [[Sri Lanka]] with his 700 followers. According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts, jewels and pearls, were sent from Sri Lanka to Madurai of ancient [[Tamilakam]]. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandyan King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of maidens, craftsmen and a thousand families from the eighteen [[guilds in India|guilds]] were also sent to Sri Lanka.<ref name="Geiger 1912 59" />[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|Pandyan dynasty at its greatest extent]]
[[File:Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan.jpg|right|thumb|Coin of [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], first ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultanate of Madurai]], 1335–1339 CE|alt=historic metal coin used for transaction]]
After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the [[Kalabhra dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Nagarajan |editor-first1=N. |editor-last2=Subramanian |editor-first2=K. |year=1977 |title=History of Land Revenue Settlement and Abolition of Intermediary Tenures in Tamil Nadu |location=Madras |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |page=473 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Lzis-Kx29UC }} (no preview)</ref> which was ousted by the [[Pandya]]s under [[Kadunkon]], around 590 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BCE – CE 1947|year=1997|publisher=Puffin Books|isbn=978-0-14-333544-3|pages=128–129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2gRUVIF2joC&pg=PT141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kersenboom Story |first=Saskia C. |title=Nityasumaṅgalī: Devadasi Tradition in South India|year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1527-8|url=https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/nityasumangalide0000kers/page/16 16] }}</ref> By the 7th century CE, Madurai had become the primary capital of the Pandyas, as evidenced from the works of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti period]] saints like [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The Pandyas were ousted from Madurai by the [[Chola dynasty]] during the early 9th century. The city was fought over between the Cholas and the Pandyas during the 12th century, changing hands several times,<ref>{{cite book|last=Balasubrahmanyam |first=Sirkali Ramaswamy |year=1979 |title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280) |location=[[Faridabad]] |publisher=Thomson Press |pages=290–293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ujVAAAAMAAJ |oclc=888754347}} (no preview)</ref> until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital.<ref name=Salma>{{cite book|first= Farooqui |last= Salma Ahmed|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth century|publisher=Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|year=2011|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA26}}</ref> After the death of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Kulasekara Pandian]] (1268–1308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name=Salma/> The [[Madurai Sultanate]] then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1378 CE. Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=V. |first=Vriddhagirisan |title=Nayaks of Tanjore |year=1995 |orig-year=1942 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-206-0996-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid|page=115 }}</ref> Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by [[Chanda Sahib]] (1740 – 1754 CE), [[Arcot Nawab]] and [[Muhammed Yusuf Khan]] (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of the 18th century.<ref name=Harman/>

=== British rule ===
In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the [[British East India Company]] and was annexed to the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|year=2004|publisher=Wimbledon Publishing Company|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-152-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA253|page=253|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142112/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=B.S. |first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2= Ganeshram|last3= C.|first3= Bhavani |title=History of People and Their Environs|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |isbn=978-93-80325-91-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&q=madurai+british+1801&pg=PA582|page=582}}</ref> The British government made donations to the [[Meenakshi temple]] and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule. The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district.<ref name=King73>[[#King|King 2005]], pp. 73–75</ref> In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British.<ref name=Bard18>[[#Bardwell|Reynolds|Bardwell| 1987]] p. 18</ref> The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets – Veli, Marret and Perumal Maistry streets.<ref>{{cite book|last=Narasaiah|title=Aalavai – Madurai Managarathin Kadhai|year=2009|publisher=Palaniyappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-517-3|page=85}}</ref> The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 under the Town Improvement Act of 1865.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|title=Madurai Corporation – citizen charter|url=http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/citizencharter.htm|publisher=Madurai Corporation|access-date=22 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121129154436/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/citizencharter.htm|archive-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government. The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration. Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18 |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQO2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA229|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=229–230}}</ref>

=== Contemporary and modern history ===
It was in Madurai, in 1921, that [[Mahatma Gandhi]], pre-eminent leader of [[Indian nationalism]] in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/madurai.htm|publisher=Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal / Gandhi Book Centre|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=6 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606170551/http://mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/madurai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included [[N. M. R. Subbaraman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/n_m_r_subbaraman.htm|title=Kamat Research Database, Biography: N.M.R.Subbaraman|publisher=Kamat Research Database|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-date=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604125434/http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/n_m_r_subbaraman.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=David Arnold|title=The Congress in Tamilnad: nationalist politics in South India, 1919–1937|year=1977|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-0-88386-958-1|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx8LAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> [[Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar]] and Mohammad Ismail Sahib.<ref>{{cite book|last=More J. B. P|title=Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930–1947|year=1977|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1192-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDht7OyOjXMC&pg=PA106|page=106}}</ref> The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of [[Madras Presidency]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting [[Shanars]] and [[Dalits]] from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]] in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special postage stamp on freedom fighters and social reformers|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l1299/r091299.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=9 December 2012|archive-date=26 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426220745/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l1299/r091299.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Deeds of a great social reformer remembered|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article1490221.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date = 30 June 2012|date=26 February 2011}}</ref>

In 1971, the municipality of Madurai was upgraded to a [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="Muni-area">{{cite web|title=Overview of Madurai City: Municipal Area |publisher= Madurai Corporation |url=http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/overview-of-madurai-city.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074646/http://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/overview-of-madurai-city.html |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011 the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation|Corporation of Madurai]] expanded the area of its jurisdiction from seventy-two wards to one hundred wards, an increase in area from {{Convert|51.82|sqkm|acre}} to {{Convert|147.997|sqkm|acre}}.<ref name="Muni-area" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Madurai Map OSM002.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Madurai showing core centre of the city and some important landmarks|alt=map of city showing main streets in the centre of a city]]
Madurai is built around the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]] and the [[Meenakshi Temple]], which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of Madurai. The city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple.<ref name=King72>[[#King|King 2005]], p. 72</ref> [[Viswanatha Nayak]] (1529–64 CE), the first Madurai Nayak king, redesigned the city in accordance with the principles laid out by ''[[Shilpa Shastras]]'' (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|śilpa śāstra}}'', also anglicised as ''silpa sastra'' meaning rules of architecture), which related to urban planning. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated.<ref name=King72/>

The temple ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Selby |first1=Martha Ann |first2=Indira Viswanathan|last2= Peterson |title=Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India |year=2008 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7914-7245-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC|page=149}}</ref> Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals.<ref name="Bard12" /> The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets. With the advent of British rule during the 19th century, Madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town; with urbanisation, the social hierarchical classes became unified.<ref name="King72" />

==Geography and climate==
{{Panorama
| image = Vaigai-MDU.jpg
| height = 200
| caption = Vaigai River in Madurai
}}
The Corporation of Madurai has an area of {{convert|147.97|sqkm|sqmi|2|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_220_2010.pdf|title=TN Govt GO #220|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=21 August 2012|archive-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912173522/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_220_2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Madurai is located at {{Coord|9.93|N|78.12|E}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Madurai.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Madurai, India |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |access-date=15 June 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604174230/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Madurai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 134 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river [[Vaigai]], which runs in the northwest–southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves.<ref name=corpgeninfo>{{cite web|title=Madurai Corporation – General information|url=http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/general.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226151031/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/general.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2008|publisher=Madurai Corporation|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai. The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the [[Periyar Dam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 16|year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press|page=404}}</ref> Madurai lies southeast of the [[Western Ghats]], and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |year=2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA4|page=192}}</ref> The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly [[Loam|clay loam]], while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city. Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/agri.html|title=Department of Agriculture|access-date=30 June 2012|publisher=Madurai Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203041220/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/agri.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As is typical for Tamil Nadu, Madurai has a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), although it borders closely upon a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw/As'').

Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year. Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring [[Dindigul]]. The hottest months are from March to July. The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a slightly cooler climate from November to February. Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season. Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with the [[Northeast monsoon]] and the [[Southwest monsoon]], with the former providing more rain during October to December.<ref>{{cite book|title=Researches into the causes, nature, and treatment of the more prevalent diseases of India|url=https://archive.org/details/researchesintoc00annegoog|first=James|last=Annesley|chapter=Climate of Madura|year=1841|place=London|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans}}</ref> The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85.76 cm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water year – District ground water brochure, Madurai district|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Madurai.pdf|publisher=Ministry of water resources, Government of India|year=2007|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=16 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816034502/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Madurai.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of {{convert|42|°C|1|disp=or}} and a minimum of {{convert|26.3|°C|1|disp=or}}, although temperatures up to {{convert|43|°C|1|disp=or}} are not uncommon.<ref name=Hinduapr2010>{{cite news|title=Temperature is on an increasing trend in Madurai during summer|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/21/stories/2010042156460100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424061030/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/21/stories/2010042156460100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2010|access-date = 30 June 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 April 2010 }}</ref> Winter temperatures range between {{convert|29.6|°C|1|disp=or}} and {{convert|18|°C|1|disp=or}}. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity.<ref name=Hinduapr2010/> The maximum temperature of {{convert|42|°C|1|disp=or}} for the decade of 2001 to 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010.<ref name=Hinduapr2010/> The average annual temperature ranges from 25 to 35 °C<ref>{{Cite web |title=Мадурай: историческое сердце Тамил Наду |url=https://madurai.ru/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=madurai.ru}}</ref>.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Madurai (1991-2020)
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| Jan record high C = 39.1
| Feb record high C = 38.5
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.1
| May record high C = 44.5
| Jun record high C = 42.2
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 41.7
| Sep record high C = 40.8
| Oct record high C = 40.0
| Nov record high C = 38.0
| Dec record high C = 37.0
| year record high C = 44.5
| Jan high C = 31.1
| Feb high C = 33.2
| Mar high C = 35.8
| Apr high C = 36.7
| May high C = 37.5
| Jun high C = 36.1
| Jul high C = 36.2
| Aug high C = 36.3
| Sep high C = 35.2
| Oct high C = 33.0
| Nov high C = 31.5
| Dec high C = 30.8
| year high C = 34.5
| Jan low C = 21.2
| Feb low C = 22.2
| Mar low C = 23.4
| Apr low C = 24.6
| May low C = 25.6
| Jun low C = 25.2
| Jul low C = 24.9
| Aug low C = 24.9
| Sep low C = 24.5
| Oct low C = 23.6
| Nov low C = 22.9
| Dec low C = 21.5
| year low C = 23.7
| Jan record low C = 15.6
| Feb record low C = 14.5
| Mar record low C = 16.9
| Apr record low C = 19.4
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 17.8
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Oct record low C = 18.9
| Nov record low C = 17.2
| Dec record low C = 16.7
| year record low C = 14.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.3
| Feb rain mm = 4.3
| Mar rain mm = 12.4
| Apr rain mm = 47.4
| May rain mm = 58.1
| Jun rain mm = 39.1
| Jul rain mm = 38.0
| Aug rain mm = 55.1
| Sep rain mm = 85.7
| Oct rain mm = 142.7
| Nov rain mm = 135.8
| Dec rain mm = 49.3
| year rain mm = 672.2
| Jan rain days = 0.5
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 2.3
| May rain days = 3.1
| Jun rain days = 2.6
| Jul rain days = 2.1
| Aug rain days = 3.5
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 7.4
| Nov rain days = 6.2
| Dec rain days = 3.5
| year rain days = 36.6
| source = Indian Meteorological Department Mean (humidity 1981-2010)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Climatology of Madurai|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/madurai2.htm|year=2011|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414233257/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/madurai2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Climate - Record highs and lows of Madurai |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |year=2015 |publisher=Indian Meteorological Department |access-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref>
| Jan humidity = 77
| Feb humidity = 77
| Mar humidity = 76
| Apr humidity = 72
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 68
| Jul humidity = 70
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 78
| year humidity = 74
| Jan uv = 7
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 8
| Apr uv = 8
| May uv = 8
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 7
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 6
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/madurai-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Madurai, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 19 July 2022
| archive-date = 8 October 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211008090953/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/madurai-climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = [[Madurai Airport]] (1991-2020)
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| Jan record high C = 35.0
| Feb record high C = 38.7
| Mar record high C = 41.0
| Apr record high C = 42.3
| May record high C = 43.4
| Jun record high C = 42.8
| Jul record high C = 42.0
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 41.8
| Oct record high C = 39.6
| Nov record high C = 36.8
| Dec record high C = 34.8
| year record high C = 43.4
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 33.5
| Mar high C = 36.3
| Apr high C = 37.5
| May high C = 38.0
| Jun high C = 37.6
| Jul high C = 37.2
| Aug high C = 36.6
| Sep high C = 35.7
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 30.3
| year high C = 34.9
| Jan low C = 20.9
| Feb low C = 21.8
| Mar low C = 23.6
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 26.3
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.5
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 23.0
| Dec low C = 21.7
| year low C = 24.1
| Jan record low C = 15.0
| Feb record low C = 14.6
| Mar record low C = 16.8
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.7
| Jun record low C = 21.2
| Jul record low C = 20.1
| Aug record low C = 19.5
| Sep record low C = 19.8
| Oct record low C = 19.4
| Nov record low C = 16.9
| Dec record low C = 15.5
| year record low C = 14.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.8
| Feb rain mm = 4.4
| Mar rain mm = 15.0
| Apr rain mm = 66.9
| May rain mm = 80.7
| Jun rain mm = 40.7
| Jul rain mm = 46.1
| Aug rain mm = 92.9
| Sep rain mm = 107.0
| Oct rain mm = 181.1
| Nov rain mm = 146.3
| Dec rain mm = 52.4
| year rain mm = 843.3
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 0.8
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 3.4
| May rain days = 4.1
| Jun rain days = 2.4
| Jul rain days = 2.7
| Aug rain days = 4.9
| Sep rain days = 6.3
| Oct rain days = 9.4
| Nov rain days = 7.4
| Dec rain days = 3.5
| year rain days = 46.6
| Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 69
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 59
| Jul humidity = 58
| Aug humidity = 62
| Sep humidity = 66
| Oct humidity = 75
| Nov humidity = 80
| Dec humidity = 77
| year humidity = 69
| source = Indian Meteorological Department Mean<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}Madurai has been ranked 42nd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|type=
|align = right
| state = collapsed
|1871|51987|1881|73807|1891|87428|1901|105984|1951|361781|1961|424810|1971|549114| footnote = Source:
* 1871 - 1891:<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=16|first1=Sir William Wilson|last1=Hunter|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908}}</ref>
* 1891 - 1901:<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=24|first1=Richard|last1=Burn|first2=James S.|last2=Cotton|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908}}</ref>
* 1951 – 1981:<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban environment in India: problems and prospects|first1=Ujagir| last1=Singh|first2=Kamala Kant|last2= Dube|first3= Alok Kumar |last3=Singh|publisher=Inter-India Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-81-210-0205-9|page=407}}</ref>
* 1991:<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India |volume=1–5 |page=319|editor1-last=Hoiberg|editor1-first=Dale|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780852297605|year=2000}}</ref>
* 2001:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |title=Primary Census Abstract – Census 2001 |publisher=Directorate of census operations – Tamil Nadu |access-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2011 }}</ref>
* 2011:<ref name="census2011" />
|1981|820891|1991|940989|2001|928869|2011|1017865}}
{{bar box|title=Religion in Madurai (2011) |titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.83}}{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|8.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|5.18}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.47}}}}

According to [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] based on pre-expansion limits, the area covered under the Corporation of Madurai had a population of 1,017,865<ref name="census2011" /> with a sex-ratio of 999 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 100,324 were under the age of six, constituting 51,485 males and 48,839 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 6.27% and 0.31% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 81.95%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="Madurai2011census" /> The urban agglomeration of Madurai had a population of 1,465,625,<ref name="UA_2011">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Urban Agglomeration |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |format=XLS |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> and is the third largest in Tamil Nadu and the 31st in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/ppt2/Urban_having_1milion_Population.xls|title=UAs having 1 million population – Census 2011|format=XLS|publisher=Directorate of census operations – Tamil Nadu|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062836/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/ppt2/Urban_having_1milion_Population.xls|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html|publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff|title=Agglomerations & Cities|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727090205/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the religious census of 2011, Madurai had 85.83% [[Hindus]], 8.54% [[Muslims]], 5.18% [[Christians]] and 0.47% others.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> Tamil is the main language, and the standard dialect is the [[Madurai Tamil]] dialect, and is spoken by 89.0% of the population.{{sfn|Harman| 1992| pp= 43}} [[Sourashtra language|Sourashtra]], is the largest minority language which is spoken by 5.4% of the population. Other significant minority languages include Telugu (2.7%) and Urdu (1.5%).<ref>{{cite book|title=Provincial Geographies of India Vol 4: The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States|url=https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra04holluoft|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|author-link=Edgar Thurston|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1913|page=[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra04holluoft/page/123 123]}}</ref> Roman Catholics in Madurai are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai,<ref name="Catholic">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmadu.html|access-date=15 June 2008|title=Catholic Diocese of Madurai|publisher=Archdiocese of Madurai|year=2011|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191533/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while Protestants are affiliated with the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/diocese.cfm?Idind=498|access-date=15 June 2008|title=Provincial Directory: Madurai-Ramnad|publisher=Anglican Communion|year=2011|archive-date=27 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127002657/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/diocese.cfm?Idind=498|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise 32.6 per cent of the total population, much higher than the national average of 15.05 per cent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Problems: Perspectives for Intervention|first=Selwyn | last=Stanley|page=631|year=2004|publisher=Allied Publishers Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7764-708-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KuQkclfSxsC&pg=PA629}}</ref><ref>[[#City|City Development Plan of Madurai]] 2004, p. 31</ref> The increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city's upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]s into the corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of [[Madurai district]] into two, Madurai and [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] in 1984, and the subsequently of part of the city into the [[Theni district]] in 1997. The compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4.10 per cent during 1971–81 to 1.27 per cent during 1991–2004.<ref>[[#City|City Development Plan of Madurai]] 2004, p. 43</ref>

==Administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:240"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" |Municipal Corporation Officials
|-
| align="center" | Mayor||Mrs.Indirani Ponvasanth<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajan Chellappa is Mayor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2560062.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 June 2012|date=22 October 2011|archive-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429140308/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2560062.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |Commissioner|| Visagan<ref>{{cite web|title=New Commissioner for Corporation|url=http://about.maduraitoday.com/corporation_councillors.php|publisher=Madurai Today|year=2012|access-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719091145/http://about.maduraitoday.com/corporation_councillors.php|archive-date=19 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |Deputy Mayor||seat vacant<ref>{{cite news|title=New Deputy Mayor elected|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-deputy-mayor-elected/article6024646.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 June 2014|date=19 May 2014|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728152847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-deputy-mayor-elected/article6024646.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" |Members of Legislative Assembly
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai Central (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai Central]]|| [[Palanivel Thiagarajan|P.T.R. Palanivel Thiagarajan]]<ref name="cons">{{cite web|title=List of Members Constituency name wise |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]]||[[P. Moorthy|P.Moorthy]]<ref name="cons" />
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai North (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai North]]||[[G. Thalapathi]]<ref name="cons" />
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai South (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai South]]||[[M. Boominathan]]<ref name="cons" />
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West]]||[[Sellur K. Raju]]<ref name="cons" />
|-
| align="center" |[[Thiruparankundram]]||<ref name="elections.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/madurai-south.html|title=Madurai South Assembly Constituency|work=elections.in|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523200441/http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/madurai-south.html|archive-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> [[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
|-
| align="center" |[[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]]||[[R. B. Udhayakumar|R.B .Udhayakumar]]<ref name="cons" />
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" |Members of Parliament
|-
| align="center" |[[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| align="center" |[[S. Venkatesan]]<ref name="MP">{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2014|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022004/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
| align="center" |[[Manicka Tagore]]<ref name="virudhunagar mp">{{cite news|title=Election results of Virudhunagar Loksabha constituency|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/virudhunagar-lok-sabha-election-results/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408062020/https://indianexpress.com/elections/virudhunagar-lok-sabha-election-results/ |archive-date=8 April 2019 }}</ref>
|}
[[File:Madurai Corporation Office.jpeg|left|thumb|Front view of the corporation office]]
The [[Madurai Municipal Corporation|municipality of Madurai]] was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvement Act of 1865.<ref name="charter" /> The municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896, when no elections were held due to violent factionalism. During the early years of independent India, the Madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian elections since independence|volume=1|first=Shiv|last=Lal|publisher=Election Archives|year=1972|page=151}}</ref> Madurai was upgraded to a [[municipal corporation]] on 1 May 1971 as per the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971.<ref>{{cite book|title=A handbook for panchayati raj administration (Tamil Nadu)|page=80|first=Ganapathy|last=Palanithurai|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=978-81-8069-340-3}}</ref> It is the second oldest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, after Chennai.<ref>{{cite report|title=Civic affairs|volume=18|publisher=Citizen Press |year=1970|page=80}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning, and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date= 6 November 2012 }}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members, one each from the 100 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30 |page=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|year=1995}}</ref> The corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120960120600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212155251/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120960120600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2008 |title=Madurai Corporation bags three national awards |date=9 December 2008|access-date=29 June 2012|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The city of Madurai is represented in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] by six elected members, one each for the [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]], [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]], [[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]], [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]], [[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]] and the [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thirupparankundram]] constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Map showing the new assembly constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/maps/tamil_map.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913202235/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/maps/tamil_map.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of Madurai city comes under the [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]] and elects a member to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], once every five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2008 }}</ref> From 1957, the Madurai parliament seat was held by the [[Indian National Congress]] seven times in the 1962–67,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=49|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1971–77,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=71|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1977–80,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=80|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1980–84,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=79 |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> 1984–89,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=73|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1989–91<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=81|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012938/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1991 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=51|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won the seat three times during 1967–71,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=67|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1999–2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2004–09<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=94|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> general elections. The [[Communist Party of India]] (1957–61),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=17|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (1996–98),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=86|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Janata Party]] (1998),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (2009–2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Notification No. 308/2009/EPS|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/ECI_15th_Lok_Sabha.pdf|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005162128/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/ECI_15th_Lok_Sabha.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Dravida Munnertra Kazhagam]] (2014–2020)<ref name="MP" /> have each won once. Part of the city which falls under Thirupparankundram assembly constituency comes under the [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="virudhunagar mp" />

Law and order is enforced by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], which, for administrative purposes, has constituted Madurai city as a separate district. The district is divided into four sub-divisions, namely Thallakulam, Anna Nagar, Thilagar Thidal and Town,<ref>{{cite web|title=Madurai City Police district|url=http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29595|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011141737/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29595|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a total of 27 police stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madurai – List of Police Stations|url=http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29595|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011141737/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29595|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Madurai city police force is headed by a [[Commissioner of police]], assisted by Deputy Commissioners. Enforcement of law and order in the suburban areas are handled by the Madurai district police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madurai District Police|url=http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29594|publisher=Tamil Nadu police|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226045841/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29594|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, the crime rate in the city was 283.2 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.1 per cent of all crimes reported in major cities in India, and it was ranked 19th among 35 major cities in India. As of 2008, Madurai recorded the second highest SLL (Special and Local Laws) crimes, at 22,728, among cities in Tamil Nadu. However, Madurai had the second lowest crime rate at 169.1 of all the cities in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crimes in cities of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/CR_2008/WRITEUPS/2.%20%2017%20-25%20CRIMES%20IN%20CITIES%20OF%20TN.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu police|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=17 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517235643/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/CR_2008/WRITEUPS/2.%20%2017%20-25%20CRIMES%20IN%20CITIES%20OF%20TN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also the seat of a bench of the [[Madras High Court]], one of only a few outside the state capitals of India. It started functioning in July 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mduhist.htm |title=Madras High Court |publisher=Madras High Court |date=24 July 2004 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823042805/http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mduhist.htm |archive-date=23 August 2009}}</ref>

In [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2025 report, Madurai was ranked as the dirtiest city in India among those with a population of over one million. Despite its cultural heritage and tourism appeal, the city has struggled with sanitation and waste management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swachh Survekshan 2025: India's Dirtiest Cities Revealed {{!}} Swachh Survekshan 2025 Results {{!}} India's 10 Dirtiest Cities Revealed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/swachh-survekshan-2025-these-are-indias-top-10-filthiest-cities-3785902 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=Top 10 dirtiest city in India 2025: Bengaluru, Chennai among the worst as smaller towns outshine metros |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-dirtiest-city-in-india-2025-10338199/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=India’s Dirtiest Cities 2025: Bengaluru, Chennai Slip in Rankings; Delhi Surpasses Mumbai — Check Top 10 List |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/top-10-dirtiest-cities-in-india-2025-bengaluru-and-chennai-rank-among-worst-delhi-cleaner-than-mumbai-in-swachh-survekshan-list-article-153089735 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Madurai}}

[[File:MGR Bus Stand.jpg|thumb|M.G.R. Bus Stand (Mattuthavani)]]
The National Highways [[NH 7]], [[NH 45B]], [[NH 208]] and [[National Highway 49 (India, old numbering)|NH 49]] pass through Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways passing through Madurai|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|publisher=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2023|reason=The NHs have been renamed, please verify}} The state highways passing through the city are SH-32, SH-33 and SH-72, which connect various parts of Madurai district. Madurai is one of the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu State Highway network.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.tnhighways.org/cir.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20021224184615/http://www.tnhighways.org/cir.htm| url-status= usurped| archive-date= 24 December 2002| title= Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamilnadu| publisher= Highways Department, Government of Tamilnadu| access-date= 15 July 2010}}</ref> Madurai is the headquarters of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai)]] and provides local and inter city bus transport across four districts namely Madurai, [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Theni district|Theni]], and [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnstcmadurai.in/|title=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai) Limited|year=2011|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai) Limited|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014130810/http://www.tnstcmadurai.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Madurai has four major bus stands, namely, [[Mattuthavani|M.G. Ramachandran Mattuthavani]] Integrated Bus Terminus (MGRMBS), [[Arappalayam]] bus Terminus, Palanganatham and Periyar Bus stand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madurai Corporation – Bus stand|url=http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/busstand.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133245/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/busstand.htm |url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2008|publisher=Madurai Corporation|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> There are 12,754 registered three-wheeled vehicles i.e., auto rickshaws which are commercially available for renting within the city.<ref name="rto">{{cite web|title=Regional Transport Office - Registered commercial vehicles in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/g4.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2012|access-date=2012-06-29|archive-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222020457/http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/g4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the government operated city buses that are used for public transport, there are 236 registered private mini-buses that support local transportation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Transport Office – Registered commercial vehicles in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/g4.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2012|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222020457/http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/g4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Madurai Rly Station.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Madurai Junction railway station, the main railway station of Madurai|alt=Building having a portico and pillared halls]]
[[Madurai Junction]] is an important railway junction in southern Tamil Nadu and constitutes a separate division of the [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway Madurai division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,581|publisher=Southern Railway (India)|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=23 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323093916/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,581|url-status=live}}</ref> There are direct trains from Madurai connecting the important cities in Tamil Nadu like [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Thanjavur]], Tiruttani, [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] and [[Virudhachalam]].<ref name="indianrail">{{cite web|title=Train Running Information|publisher=Indian Railways|url=http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/PassingThroughTrains_Display.aspx?sel_val=MDU+&queryDisplay=MADURAI+JN%2c+MDU+&time=24&name=&code=}}</ref> Madurai has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India.<ref name="indianrail" /> Madurai has rail connectivity with important cities and towns in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train Running Information|access-date=15 June 2008|publisher=Indian Railways|url=http://www.trainenquiry.com/o/PassingThroughTrains_Display.aspx?sel_val=MDU+&queryDisplay=MADURAI+JN%2c+MDU+&time=24&name=&code=}}</ref> The state government has announced the [[Madurai Monorail]] in 2011;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aiadmk-revives-chennai-monorail-project/156597-60-120.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709120204/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aiadmk-revives-chennai-monorail-project/156597-60-120.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|title= AIADMK revives Chennai Monorail Project – southindia – Chennai |access-date=29 June 2012 |publisher=IBNLive|date=6 June 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2020|lc=y}}, it remains in planning stages.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shrikumar|first=A.|date=2020-01-22|title=Waiting for metro: stakeholders pitch points|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/waiting-for-metro-stakeholders-pitch-points/article30619211.ece|access-date=2020-11-30|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111170855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/waiting-for-metro-stakeholders-pitch-points/article30619211.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:MaduraiAirport.JPG|thumb|Madurai International Airport, Avaniyapuram]]
[[Madurai Airport|Madurai International Airport]], first used by the [[Royal Air Force]] in [[World War II]] in 1942,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/district_detail.asp?id=831468|title=Madurai Airport's History|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705154534/http://www.dinamalar.com/district_detail.asp?id=831468|url-status=dead}}</ref> is located 12 kilometres from the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_gi.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India – Madurai Airport |publisher=Aai.aero |date=4 April 2011 |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129082955/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_gi.jsp |archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> The airport was declared a [[customs airport]] in 2012 allowing limited number of international flights.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Madurai-airport-all-set-to-get-international-flights/articleshow/9536794.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917183404/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/chennai/29868339_1_immigration-counters-international-flights-madurai-airport| url-status=live| archive-date=17 September 2011| work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Madurai airport all set to get international flights|date=9 August 2011}}</ref> It offers domestic flights to some cities in India and international services to [[Colombo]], [[Dubai]] and for [[Singapore]] on a daily basis started by [[Air India Express]] since February 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=SpiceJet to start Madurai-Colombo service|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/spicejet-to-start-maduraicolombo-service/article3835956.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 June 2012|date=29 August 2012|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728113116/https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/spicejet-to-start-maduraicolombo-service/article3835956.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The carriers operating from the airport are [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[SpiceJet]], [[IndiGo]] and [[SriLankan Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Airports Authority of India – Madurai Airport|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_pi1.jsp|publisher=Airports Authority of India|year=2012|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518055508/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_pi1.jsp|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The airport handled 842,300 passengers between April 2015 and March 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_gi.jsp | location=Chennai, India | publisher=Airport Authority of India | title=Madurai Airport | date=29 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129082955/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_airpo_gi.jsp | archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|title=International Air traffic movement|year=2012|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=22 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518081740/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k12annex3.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:The American College, Madurai 2.jpg|thumb|The [[American College, Madurai|American College]], started in 1881, is the oldest college in the city.|alt=Red coloured two floored historic college building|left]]

Madurai has been an academic centre of learning for Tamil culture, literature, art, music and dance for centuries.<ref name=Natgeo>{{cite book |title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations |year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=United States|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC}}</ref> All three assemblies of the Tamil language, the [[Tamil Sangam]] (about the 3rd century [[Common Era|BCE]] to the 3rd century CE), were said to have been held at Madurai.<ref name=KVSR>{{cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism By Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7022-857-8|page=51}}</ref> Tamil poets of different epochs participated in these assemblies, and their compositions are referred to as [[Sangam literature]].<ref name=Bandopadhyay/> During the third Tamil ''sangam'', the comparative merit of the poets was decided by letting the works float in the lotus tank of the temple. It was believed that a divine force would cause the work of superior merit to float on the surface, while the inferior ones would sink.<ref name=Natgeo/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC|page=271|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223183104/https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[American College, Madurai|American College]] is the oldest college in Madurai, and was established in 1881 by American Christian missionaries.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/HC-orders-disbursal-of-salaries-to-American-College-staff/articleshow/9816627.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130428071023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/madurai/29953553_1_salaries-teaching-institution|url-status= live|archive-date= 28 April 2013|title= HC orders disbursal of salaries to American College staff |date=1 September 2011 | access-date = 29 June 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]]| location=Madurai}}</ref> The [[Lady Doak College]], established in 1948, is the oldest women's college in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladydoakcollege.edu.in/|title=The Lady Doak College|publisher=Lady Doak College|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817082243/http://www.ladydoakcollege.edu.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Thiagarajar College]] (established in 1949), the [[Madura College]] (established in 1889),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maduracollege.org/|title=The Madura College|publisher=The Madura College|access-date=26 June 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724115535/http://www.maduracollege.org/|archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref> the [[Fatima College, Madurai|Fatima College]] (a women's general degree college<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=2022-12-26 |title=Madurai Campus Connect |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madurai-campus-connect/article66308198.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201043021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madurai-campus-connect/article66308198.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>, established in 1953),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fatimacollegemdu.org/|title=Fatima College|publisher=Fatima College|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617231713/http://www.fatimacollegemdu.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Sourashtra College, Madurai|Sourashtra College]] (established in 1967), the [[M.S.S. Wakf Board College]] (established in 1964), and the Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College (established in 1946),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadupolytechnicmadurai.com/|title=Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College|publisher=Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724123603/http://www.tamilnadupolytechnicmadurai.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> are the oldest educational institutions of the city. The [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (originally called the Madurai University), established in 1966, is a state-run university which has 109 affiliated arts and science colleges in Madurai and neighbouring districts. There are 47 approved institutions of the university in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges, self-financing colleges, constituent colleges, evening colleges and other approved institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=48?s_id=65|publisher=Madurai Kamarajar University|title=List of Colleges affiliated to Madurai Kamarajar University|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701013646/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=48%3Fs_id%3D65|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are seven polytechnical schools and five [[Industrial training institutes]] (ITIs) in Madurai, with the Government ITI and the Government Polytechnic for Women being the most prominent of them all. There are two government medical institutes in Madurai, the [[Madurai Medical College]] and the Homoeopathic Medical College, Thirumangalam and 11 paramedical institutes. There are fifteen engineering colleges in Madurai affiliated to the [[Anna University of Technology, Madurai|Anna University]], with the [[Thiagarajar College of Engineering]] being the oldest.<ref name="college" /> The [[Government Law College, Madurai|Madurai Law College]], established in 1979, is one of the seven government law colleges in the state. It is administered by the Tamil Nadu Government Department of Legal Studies, and affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tndalu.ac.in/government_college.html|title=The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University – Affiliated Government law colleges|publisher=Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704175117/http://www.tndalu.ac.in/government_college.html|archive-date=4 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are three teacher training institutes, two music colleges, three management institutes and 30 arts and sciences colleges in Madurai.<ref name="college">{{cite web|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/colleges.html|title=List of Colleges in Madurai|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511013258/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/colleges.html|archive-date=11 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The agricultural college and research institute in Madurai, started in 1965 by the state government, provides agricultural education to aspirants in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnau.ac.in/about-us/|title=Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai|publisher=Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626165922/http://tnau.ac.in/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], a premier medical institution, is also under construction in Madurai and will cover {{Convert|224|acre|m2}} of land, at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|1264|c|lk=on}}, and additionally allotted {{INRConvert|736|c}} total around {{INRConvert|2000|c}} in the sub-urban Thoppur Madurai district.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-10-14|title=High-level team inspects AIIMS site in Madurai, compound wall to be raised soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/aiims-madurai-will-get-additional-rs-700-crore-official-informs-madurai-mp/articleshow/80387010.cms|date=21 January 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122135347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/aiims-madurai-will-get-additional-rs-700-crore-official-informs-madurai-mp/articleshow/80387010.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Secondary schools===
There are a total of 369 primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/schoolsurban.html|title=Schools in Madurai|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424125817/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/schoolsurban.html|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Capron Hall Higher Secondary School, Madurai<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.csidmr.org/schools.html |title= Schools |website= Diocese of Madurai-Ramnad |access-date= 10 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170702200330/http://www.csidmr.org/schools.html |archive-date= 2 July 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* [[Sethupathi Higher Secondary School|Sethupathi Higher Secondary School, Madurai]]

==Economy==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Harveymills1914.jpg
| caption1 = Harvey Mills, {{circa|1914}}
| image2 = Honeywell Technology Solution Lab, Madurai.jpg
| caption2 = A [[technology development]] centre<ref>{{cite news |title=Honeywell Technology Solutions set to expand in Madurai |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |location=Chennai |date=17 May 2002 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> at Thirupparankundram
}}

Madurai was traditionally an agrarian society, with rice paddies as the main crop. Cotton crop cultivation in the regions with black soil in Madurai district was introduced during the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaka]] rule during the 16th century to increase the revenue from agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India, 1720–1800|first=Prasannan|last=Parthasarathi|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-57042-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-rGFnZVxgUC&pg=PA53|page=53}}</ref> The paddy fields cultivated in the Vaigai delta across Madurai North, Melur, Nilakottai and Uthamapalayam are known as "double-crop paddy belts". Farmers in the district supplement their income with subsidiary occupations like dairy farming, poultry-farming, pottery, brick making, mat-weaving and carpentry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ganapathy|first=Subramaniyan|title=Cotton in Madurai District: An Econometric Analysis|year=1987|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-31-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgZ3zpT5nsQC&pg=PA14|pages=14–6}}</ref> Madurai is famed for its [[jasmine]] plantations, called ''[[Madurai Malli]]'', primarily carried out at the foothills of the [[Kodaikanal]] hills and traded at the Madurai morning flower market. An average of 2,000 farmers sell flowers daily at the flower market.<ref name=Natgeo/>

With the advent of [[Small Scale Industry|small scale industry]] (SSI) after 1991, the industrialisation of Madurai increased employment in the sector across the district from 63,271 in 1992–93 to 166,121 persons in 2001–02.<ref>{{cite book |last=Soundarapandian |first=Mookkiah |title=Economic Reforms and Small Scale Industries|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8069-449-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIHLq5XvZMEC&pg=PA151|pages=151–2}}</ref> Madurai is one of the few rubber growing areas in South India,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant |title=Encyclopaedia of India|year=2005|publisher=Smriti Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-87967-71-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQB3Fkc3Tl4C&pg=PA47|page=47}}</ref> and there are rubber-based industries in Madurai. Gloves, sporting goods, mats, other utility products and automobile rubber components are the most produced items by these industries. Automobile manufacturers are the major consumers of rubber components produced in the city.<ref name=Hinduoct2007/> There are numerous textile, granite and chemical industries operating in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/industries.html|title=Industries in Madurai|access-date=30 June 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423010700/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/industries.html|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kashmir gold|Kashmir gold granite]] and [[Kashmir white granite]] are the trade names of two types of granite produced in Madurai.

Madurai is promoted as a tier II city for [[Information Technology|IT]] and [[Industrial sector|Industry]]. [[Kappalur]] which is sub-urban of Madurai is business hub for automotive industries such as KUN BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Isuzu, Volkswagen, Toyota, Mahindra, Tata, Maruti Suzuki, Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland, Jeep, Fiat India (FCA). The government has created Uchapatti-Thoppur satellite Township in Kappalur. [[Small Industries Development Corporation]] Kappalur has many polymer and houseware manufacturing units. Some software companies have opened their offices in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|title=36 cities that will shape India's future|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050631/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Software Technology Parks of India]], an agency of the Government of India, has authorised several such companies to receive benefits under its national information technology development program. The state government proposed two IT-based [[Special Economic Zone]]s (SEZ) in Madurai, and these have been fully occupied by various IT companies, [[HCLTech]] and [[Honeywell]] have their own campuses in ELCOT IT Park in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|title=ELCOT, Madurai|url=http://www.elcot.in/madurai.php|publisher=Electronic Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd.|work=Madurai Corporation|access-date=22 August 2012|archive-date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116045732/http://elcot.in/madurai.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/07/stories/2008120758080200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081210060826/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/07/stories/2008120758080200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 10 December 2008|title= Work on provision of infrastructure begins in Information Technology parks | access-date = 24 December 2008| location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{Page 59, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Translated in to English by Wilhelm Geiger, Oxford University Press, 1912}</ref>

==Religious sites==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Kazimar1.jpg
| caption1 = Kazimar Big Mosque, the first and oldest mosque in the city
| image2 = Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mahavira]] at [[Samanar Hills]]
}}

The [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] is a historic [[Hindu temple]] located on the south side of the [[Vaigai River]] in Madurai, which is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city.<ref name=KVSR/> It is dedicated to [[Parvati]] known as [[Meenakshi]] and her consort, [[Shiva]] as Sundareswarar.<ref name=Natgeo/> The complex houses 14 ''[[gopuram]]''s (gateway towers) ranging from {{convert|45|-|50|m}} in height, the tallest being the southern tower, {{convert|51.9|m|ft|0}} high. There are also two golden sculptured ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' (shrines) over the sanctum of the main deities. The temple is a significant symbol for [[Tamils]] and has been mentioned since antiquity in [[Tamil literature]], though the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE.<ref name=King72/><ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=Norbert C. |title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |location=California |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-655-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC |pages=326–7 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091317/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day and around 25,000 during Fridays. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple.<ref name="Abram">{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |first2=Nick|last2= Edwards|first3= Mike|last3= Ford|first4= Daniel|last4= Jacobs|first5= Shafik |last5=Meghji|first6= Devdan|last6= Sen|first7= Gavin|last7= Thomas |title=The Rough guide to India |year=2011 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84836-563-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC|pages= 996–1002}}</ref>

The [[Koodal Azhagar Temple]] is a historic [[Hindu temple]] located on the south side of the [[Vaigai River]] in Madurai, which is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city. The temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]]. It has idols of the [[Navagraha]] (nine planet deities), which are otherwise found only in Shiva temples.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1&q=maduraiuZboC |page=490 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/temples/citywisetemples/madurai.aspx?catid=020104P01|title= Tourist places in Madurai|access-date= 30 June 2012|location= Madurai, India|publisher= Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation|archive-date= 27 April 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120427130351/http://tamilnadutourism.org/Temples/CitywiseTemples/Madurai.aspx?catid=020104P01|url-status= live}}</ref> the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesams|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Viyooga Sundarrajan, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Mathuravalli.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref> A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. The temple is originally believed to be built by the [[Pandyas]], with later additions by the [[Vijayanagara empire]] and the [[Madurai Nayak]]s kings who commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century.

The [[Kallalagar temple]], [[Alagar Koyil]], is a celebrated Vishnu temple {{convert|21|km}} northeast of Madurai situated at the foothills of Solaimalai.<ref name=tour>{{cite web|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html|title=Tourism in Madurai|access-date=30 June 2012|location=Madurai, India|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144749/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The deity, Kallazhagar, is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi and worshiped by Meenakshi, the presiding deity at the Meenakshi temple.<ref name=Bandopadhyay/> The festival calendars of these two temples overlap during the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam festival. The temple is glorified in the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], the early medieval Tamil canon of the Alvar saints from the 5th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s dedicated to [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], who is worshiped as [[Vishnu|Kallalagar]], and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Thirumagal. This temple is called as Thirumaliruncholai in [[Sangam literature]]s and [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]] sung by Tamil [[Alvar]] saints.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/lakhs-witness-azhagars-entry-into-vaigai-river/article8511695.ece | title=Lakhs witness Azhagar's entry into Vaigai river | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 April 2016 | access-date=11 August 2023 | archive-date=11 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811102214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/lakhs-witness-azhagars-entry-into-vaigai-river/article8511695.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="festivals">{{cite web |url=http://madurai.nic.in/festivals.html |title=Welcome to Madurai – Festivals |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172002/http://madurai.nic.in/festivals.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai|Murugan temple of Pazhamudircholai]], one of the other six abodes of the Hindu god Murugan, is located atop the Solaimalai hill.<ref name=tour/> [[Thiruparankundram]] is a hill {{Convert|8|km|mi}} away from Madurai, where the Hindu god Murugan is believed to have married Deivanai. The temple is the first among the six holy abodes of Murugan, the ''[[Six Abodes of Murugan|Arupadai Veedu]]'', literally "Six Battle Camps", and one of the most visited tourist spots in Madurai.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130428054607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/madurai/35410283_1_deepam-temple-lamp |url-status= dead |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/madurai/35410283_1_deepam-temple-lamp |archive-date= 28 April 2013 |title= Tight vigil during Thiruparankundram deepam |last=Sivarajah |first=Padmini |date=28 November 2012 | access-date = 26 December 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]]| location=Madurai}}</ref> The temple has a wide range of Hindu gods carved on the walls.<ref name=tour/>

The [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] is the first Muslim place of worship in the city. It was constructed under the supervision of [[Qadi|Kazi]] Syed Tajuddin, believed to be a descendant of the prophet [[Muhammed]]. He came from [[Oman]] and received the piece of land from the Pandya ruler, Kulasekara Pandiyan during the 13th century.<ref name=Natgeo/>{{sfn|Shokoohy|2003|p=52}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Region's earliest interface with Islam was here|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Regions-earliest-interface-with-Islam-was-here/articleshow/34263769.cms|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=27 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Regions-earliest-interface-with-Islam-was-here/articleshow/34263769.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is claimed to be the oldest Islamic monument in Madurai. The dargah of [[Madurai Hazrats]] called as [[Madurai Maqbara]] is located inside the mosque.{{sfn|Shokoohy|2003|p=52}} The [[Tirupparankunram Dargah]] is the grave of an Islamic saint who came from [[Jeddah]]; his festival is celebrated during [[Rajab]] every Hijri year.{{sfn|Shokoohy|2003|p=57}}

The [[Goripalayam Mosque]] is located in Gorippalayam, the name of which is derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''Gor'', meaning ''Grave''.{{sfn|Shokoohy|2003|p=57}} The graves of Hazrat Sulthan Alauddin Badhusha, Hazrat Sulthan Shamsuddeen Badhusha and Hazrat Sulthan Ghaibuddeen Badhusha are found here. The urus festival of this dargah is held on 15th night of the Islamic month of [[Rabi al-awwal]] on every [[Islamic calendar|hijri]] year.{{sfn|Shokoohy| 2003| p= 34}} St. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai]].<ref name=Catholic/> [[Samanar Malai]] and [[Panchapandavar Malai]] are important [[Jain]] centres.<ref>{{cite news|title=The hermits of Samanar Hills|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TXhGNbzFGhz6jqKcZyQ6gI/The-hermits-of-Samanar-Hills.html|publisher=Livemint|date=14 October 2016|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216104213/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TXhGNbzFGhz6jqKcZyQ6gI/The-hermits-of-Samanar-Hills.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture and tourism==
{{wide image|Gandhi museum, Madurai.jpg|400px|Gandhi Memorial Museum, one of the five Gandhi Sangrahalayas in India|alt=Three storied building}}
[[File:Tirumalai Nayak.jpg|right|thumb|Pillared halls of Thirumalai Nayakar Palace, built during 1636 CE and a national monument|alt=Pillared halls of a historic building.]]
Madurai is popularly called ''Thoonga Nagaram'' meaning the city that never sleeps, on account of the active night life.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wake-up call for Madurai's sleepless|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/wakeup-call-for-madurais-sleepless/article5088260.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Madurai|date=3 September 2013|access-date=7 September 2013|archive-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906055031/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/wakeup-call-for-madurais-sleepless/article5088260.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The city attracts a large number of tourists from within the country and abroad. About 9,100,000 tourists visited Madurai in 2010, out of which foreigners numbered 524,000.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/05/stories/2007110555110600.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071107054448/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/05/stories/2007110555110600.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 7 November 2007|title=Tourism works around temple to be over by March | access-date = 24 January 2009| location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=5 November 2007 }}</ref> The palace complex of [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal|Thirumalai Nayak Palace]] was constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style by [[Tirumalai Nayak|Thirumalai Nayakar]] in 1636 CE. It is a national monument maintained by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department. The daily sound and light show organized by the department explains the virtues of King Thirumalai and the features of the palace.<ref name=tour/> The palace of Rani Mangamma has been renovated to house one of the five Gandhi Sanghralayas ([[Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai]]) in the country. It includes a part of the blood-stained garment worn by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] when he was assassinated by [[Nathuram Godse]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/gandhi-relics-should-be-a-medium-to-spread-the-message-gandhi-museum-director_100162967.html|title=Gandhi relics should be a medium to spread the message: Gandhi Museum director|access-date=8 March 2009|work=Tha Indian|date=5 March 2009|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315002205/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/gandhi-relics-should-be-a-medium-to-spread-the-message-gandhi-museum-director_100162967.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A visit by [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] to the museum inspired him to lead peaceful protests against discrimination.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/01/stories/2006070122320300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017161929/http://hindu.com/2006/07/01/stories/2006070122320300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 17 October 2007|title= Madurai soil for Cleveland |first=S. |last=Annamalai |access-date = 24 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2006}}</ref>

The Eco park, situated in Tallakulam, features fountains and lighting in trees using optical fibres.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Eco-park-to-be-added-incentive-for-tourists/articleshow/14010691.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130428090457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/madurai/32174471_1_eco-park-temple-visit-public-transport|url-status= live|archive-date= 28 April 2013|title= Eco park to be added incentive for tourists |date=11 June 2012 |first=Arockiaraj |last=J. | access-date = 29 June 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]]| location=Madurai}}</ref> Rajaji children park, maintained by the Corporation of Madurai, is situated between the Gandhi museum and the Tamukkam grounds – it has a visitor average of 5,000 per day during holidays and 2,000–3,000 on working days.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051512650300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050523033717/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051512650300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 May 2005|title= Rajaji Park to be spruced up at a cost of Rs. 10 lakhs |date=15 May 2005 | access-date = 29 June 2012 |work= [[The Hindu]]| location=Madurai}}</ref>

[[File:0 Madurai Teppakulam illuminated.jpg|thumb|[[Mariamman Theppakkulam]], the temple tank of Mariamman temple|alt=Illimuniated image of a temple tank |left]]
The people of Madurai celebrate numerous festivals, which include [[Meenakshi Tirukalyanam|Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam]], the Chittirai Festival and the [[Car Festival]]. The annual 10 day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, also called the Chittirai festival, celebrated during April–May every year, attracts 1 million visitors. Legend has it that the Hindu god Vishnu, as Alagar, rode on a golden horse to Madurai to attend the celestial wedding of Meenakshi (Parvati) with Sundareswarar (Shiva).<ref name=festivals/> During the Cradle festival, the festive idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are taken in procession to a mirror chamber and set on a rocking swing for nine days.<ref name=festivals/> Avanimoolam festival is celebrated during the month of September when the 64 sacred games of Hindu god Shiva, ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam|thiruvilayadal]]'' are recited.<ref name=festivals/> The [[Thepporchavam]] festival or float festival is celebrated in the month of January – February, on the full moon day of Tamil Month ''Thai'' to celebrate the birth anniversary of King Thirumalai Nayak. The decorated icons of the Meenakshi and her consort are taken out in a procession from the Meenakshi Temple to the Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons are then floated in the tank on a raft decked with flowers and flickering lamps.<ref name=tour/>

The Santhanakoodu festivals in Madurai are celebrated on various days during the Islamic calendar year to commemorate Islamic saints.{{sfn|Shokoohy|2003|pp=54–57}}

==Media and utility services==
[[File:Madurai High Court.jpg|thumb|The Madurai Bench of Madras High Court|alt=Four floored building located on a road]]
The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned [[All India Radio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/allindiaradio/home.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7bB7F1C3FF-3CDB-4E6E-A081-559492FB04F4%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|publisher=Prasar Bharti|title=All India Radio Stations|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116035736/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/allindiaradio/home.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7bB7F1C3FF-3CDB-4E6E-A081-559492FB04F4%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|url-status=live}}</ref> and private channels like [[Hello FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/madurai|publisher=Radio Mirchi|title=Radio Mirchi Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702111649/http://www.radiomirchi.com/madurai|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suryan FM]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suryanfm.in/madurai/index.asp|publisher=Suriyan FM Madurai|title=Suryan FM Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702044318/http://www.suryanfm.in/madurai/index.asp|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]. ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/|work=The Hindu|title=The Hindu Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726070920/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/?|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]''<ref name=Express>{{cite web|url=http://www.epmltd.com/|publisher=The Indian Express Group|title=The Indian Express Publications|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319130942/http://epmltd.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai|work=The Times of India|title=The Times of India Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116154125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/|url-status=live}}</ref> are the three principal English-language daily newspapers which have Madurai editions. ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', though not printed in the city, is another English-language daily newspaper available in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/about-us|title= Deccan Chronicle – About us|year= 2013|access-date= 29 August 2012|work= Deccan Chronicle|archive-date= 15 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224633/http://deccanchronicle.com/about-us|url-status= live}}</ref> The most read Tamil-language daily morning newspapers include ''[[Dinamalar]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dinamalar.com/PUBLICATIONS/DM/MADHURAI/2012/06/30/index.shtml|publisher=Dinamalar|title=Dinamalar e-paper Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703051125/http://epaper.dinamalar.com/PUBLICATIONS/DM/MADHURAI/2012/06/30/index.shtml|archive-date=3 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/sub.asp|publisher=Dinathanthi|title=Dinathanthi e-paper Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702033908/http://dailythanthi.com/sub.asp|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> ''[[Dinamani]]''<ref name=Express/> and ''[[Dinakaran]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/|publisher=Dinakaran|title=Dinakaran Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628202958/http://www.dinakaran.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> – all these newspapers have editions from Madurai. There are also daily Tamil evening newspapers like ''[[Tamil Murasu]]'', ''[[Malai Murasu]]'' and ''[[Maalai Malar]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Footer/Tariff.aspx|publisher=Malaimalar|title=Malaimalar Madurai|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615165204/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Footer/Tariff.aspx|archive-date=15 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> published in Madurai. Television broadcasting from Chennai for whole of Tamil Nadu was started on 15 August 1975.<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrating a milestone|work=The Hindu|location=India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article31314.ece|date=9 October 2009|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013750/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article31314.ece|archive-date=10 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by [[DD Direct Plus]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Demonstration of DTH technology|location=India|date=19 December 2004|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/19/stories/2004121904450300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227111410/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/19/stories/2004121904450300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Dealers in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/DTH/Dealers/TamilNadu.htm|publisher=DD News|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022054112/http://www.ddinews.gov.in/DTH/Dealers/TamilNadu.htm|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and other private service providers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Strike hits cable TV services|location=India|date=24 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092458660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013111353/http://hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092458660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>

Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The city is the headquarters of the Madurai region of TNEB and along with its suburbs, forms the Madurai Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is further divided into six divisions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |publisher=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Water supply is provided by the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation|Madurai City Corporation]] with overhead tanks and power pumps. In the period 2010–2011, a total of 950.6 lakh litres of water was supplied to 87,091 connections for households in Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/shb/shb47.pdf|publisher=Corporation of Madurai|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505004842/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/shb/shb47.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About 400 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection, and the subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Corporation of Madurai All the major channels in Madurai are linked by the corporation to receive the flood water from primary, secondary and tertiary drains constructed along the roadsides to dispose of rain water. The sewer system was first established by the British in Madurai in 1924 to cover the core city area, which covers 30 per cent of the present city area. It was further expanded in 1959 and 1983 by a corporation plan. The 2011 [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] covered 90 per cent of households with underground drainage system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|location=India|url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Brochures_Published_Madurai.pdf|access-date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420202935/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Brochures_Published_Madurai.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2012}}</ref>

Madurai comes under the Madurai telecom district of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications ([[GSM]]) and [[Code division multiple access]] (CDMA) mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides [[broadband internet]] service and Caller Line Identification (CLI) based internet service Netone.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of cities where BSNL broadband service is available (As on 01.01.2007)|url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf|access-date=20 May 2011|publisher=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204070855/http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/broadband_list_of_cities.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of cities where Calling Line Identification (CLI) Based Internet Service is available|url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/cities_cli.htm|publisher=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|access-date=19 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308094431/http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/cities_cli.htm|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

A regional passport office was opened on 17 December 2007 and caters to the needs of nine districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional passport office|url=http://passport.gov.in/madurai.html|publisher=Madurai passport office|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805083215/http://passport.gov.in/madurai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is served by the [[Government Rajaji Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/23/stories/2007082358730600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108124432/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/23/stories/2007082358730600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2008 |title=Tamil Nadu / Madurai News: Efforts on to get mega hospital for Madurai |date=23 August 2007 |access-date=18 June 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A branch of [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] in Thoppur, in the outskirts of the city, is set to be completed by October 2026, as per Central government press release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Update on AIIMS Madurai: 12 departments with 99 students enrolled for MBBS classes for AIIMS Madurai |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941456&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=MBBS%20classes%20for%20AIIMS%20Madurai%20for%2050%20students%20have%20been,students%20admitted%20for%20MBBS%20course. |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-11 |title=AIIMS Madurai to be ready in 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiims-madurai-to-be-ready-in-2026/articleshow/88216951.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2026}}
[[Cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] are the two most popular sports in Madurai. Madurai is home to the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] cricket team Madurai Panthers, which bagged its maiden title in [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinakar |first=S. |date=2018-05-24 |title=TNPL 2018: Bharath Reddy to coach Seichem Madurai Panthers |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/tnpl-2018-bharath-reddy-to-coach-seichem-madurai-panthers/article23980303.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-12 |title=Madurai Panthers clinch maiden TNPL crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/madurai-panthers-clinch-maiden-tnpl-crown/articleshow/65379058.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Madurai International Hockey Stadium]] hosted the [[2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]], along with Chennai's [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Chennai and Madurai to host FIH Junior Men’s Hockey World Cup games |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/chennai-and-madurai-to-host-fih-junior-mens-hockey-world-cup-games-9911531/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-22 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin inaugurates new hockey stadium in Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/udhayanidhi-stalin-inaugurates-new-hockey-stadium-in-madurai/article70311732.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-25 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin inspects sports infrastructure development in Madurai |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/udhayanidhi-stalin-inspects-sports-infrastructure-development-in-madurai-847630 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Madurai International Hockey Stadium.png|alt=The Madurai International Hockey Stadium|thumb|The Madurai International Hockey Stadium]]
[[File:Avaniyapuram Jallikattu 04.jpg|alt=Jallikattu being held at Avaniapuram, Madurai.|left|thumb|Jallikattu being held at [[Avaniapuram]], Madurai.]]
Even with the rise of modern sports, traditional sports like kitti-pullu ([[gillidanda]]) and [[kabaddi]] continue to be popular among youngsters. [[Jallikattu]] is the most popular historical sport in Tamil Nadu, which is a part of the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival (harvest festival) celebrated during January. The bull taming event is held in the villages surrounding Madurai when people from the neighbouring villages throng the open grounds to watch men and bulls pitting their strengths against each other.<ref name="festivals" /> Although the event was banned by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2014, [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|large protests in 2017]] led to the sport's reinstatement.<ref name="Bulls">{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Michael |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/tamil-nadu-passes-order-lift-jallikattu-bull-taming-ban-india-protests |title=Tamil Nadu passes order to lift bull-taming ban after angry protests |date=23 January 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216081223/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/tamil-nadu-passes-order-lift-jallikattu-bull-taming-ban-india-protests |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[MGR Race Course Stadium]] is an athletic stadium which has a 400 metres long synthetic track for athletic events and a 25 metres long swimming pool.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2004 |title=Rs. 2.2 crores for MGR Race Course Stadium |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/29/stories/2004052906491800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708034555/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/29/stories/2004052906491800.htm |archive-date=8 July 2004 |access-date=29 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Madurai}}</ref> Several national meets are held here.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=IAF recruitment rally to be held in Madurai on 22 July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/IAF-recruitment-rally-to-be-held-in-Madurai-on-July-22/articleshow/14326981.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512115820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/madurai/32368004_1_recruitment-rally-ncc-certificate-madurai |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=29 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Madurai}}</ref> It also hosts several international and national level [[Kabbadi]] Championships.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2010 |title=Kabaddi tournament to be held in Madurai |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/01/stories/2010030159770600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305111614/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/01/stories/2010030159770600.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=29 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Madurai}}</ref> The Railway grounds at Arasaradi, the Medical college grounds and the Madura College Grounds are full-fledged cricket stadiums.

==See also==
* [[Madurai metropolitan area]]
* [[Vaigai Dam]]
* [[Athisayam|Athisayam Theme park]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite report|title=City Development Plan of Madurai |year=2004|place=Madurai|publisher=Madurai Corporation|url=http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/pdf/BSUPPART4.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428193325/http://203.101.40.168/newmducorp/pdf/BSUPPART4.PDF|archive-date=28 April 2015|ref=City}}
* {{cite book|last2=Bardwell|first2= Smith|first1= Holly Baker|last1= Reynolds|title=The city as a sacred center: essays on six Asian contexts: Annual meetings|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08471-1|year=1987|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18|ref=Bardwell}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Anthony D. |title=Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment|year=2005 |publisher=Taylor & Francis e-library |isbn=978-0-203-48075-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HtVU6D2LOUC|ref=King}}
* {{cite book|title=Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the traditions of maritime settlers on the Malabar and Coramandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa) |first1=Mehrdad |last1=Shokoohy|publisher=Inter-India Publications|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-30207-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovxq8enmRKUC&pg=PA52}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Madurai}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikivoyage|Madurai}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190321120205/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/ Official government website of Madurai District]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111029213443/http://tnchamber.in/ Tamil Nadu Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Madurai]}}

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[[Category:Madurai]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
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2024 Bahraich violence

2026-03-15T01:06:36Z

Aryatheautistic: added info.

{{Short description|Riots in response to murder in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Bahraich violence
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = October 2024
| place = [[Bahraich]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| methods = Riots, Arson
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = 1 killed <ref>{{cite news |title=Family, neighbours remember victim: 'We are all heartbroken… he was so happy after marriage 3 months ago' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/family-neighbours-remember-victim-we-are-all-heartbroken-he-was-so-happy-after-marriage-3-months-ago-9622095/ |work=The Indian Express |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>
| injuries =
| arrests = 13<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/news/bahraich-maharajganj-violence-hindu-muslim-market-shop-134686401.html|title=बहराइच में जहां हिंसा हुई, हिंदू-मुस्लिम में अभी भी दूरी:छह महीने में दुकानदारों का कारोबार घटा, जिनकी दुकानें जलीं उन्हें कुछ नहीं मिला|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=28 March 2025|date=March 2025|archive-date=28 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328094714/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/news/bahraich-maharajganj-violence-hindu-muslim-market-shop-134686401.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
}}
On 13 October 2024, [[Bahraich]] saw communal violence between the Hindus and the Muslims following the murder of a Hindu man named Ramgopal Mishra, who was shot to death by Saif Ali Khan, Mohammad Shoaib, and Javed Khan, for allegedly removing a flag.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bahraich communal violence: Victim's wife demands 'death' to killers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-victims-wife-demands-death-to-killers-pwd-serves-demolition-notice-to-accused/article68770736.ece |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424020629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-victims-wife-demands-death-to-killers-pwd-serves-demolition-notice-to-accused/article68770736.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="r412">{{cite web|date=17 October 2024|title=Sudhir Chaudhary claims Bahraich victim 'brutally tortured', cops say 'no truth'|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/10/17/sudhir-chaudhary-claims-bahraich-victim-brutally-tortured-cops-say-no-truth|website=[[Newslaundry]]|access-date=22 October 2024|archive-date=31 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031042727/https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/10/17/sudhir-chaudhary-claims-bahraich-victim-brutally-tortured-cops-say-no-truth|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="t453">{{cite web|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=21 October 2024|title=As UP Admin Threatens to Bulldoze Primarily Muslim Property in Bahraich, HC Offers Temporary Relief|url=https://thewire.in/article/law/bahraich-muslim-property-bulldozer-notice-allahabad-high-court|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=22 October 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202024513/https://thewire.in/article/law/bahraich-muslim-property-bulldozer-notice-allahabad-high-court|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Protests ==
During the protest, Muslim households were selectively targeted, and many Muslims had to flee their homes out of fear for their lives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Devanshu |date=14 October 2024 |title=बहराइच हिंसा-20 गांवों से आए दंगाई, मुस्लिम घर छोड़कर भागे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/bahraich-violence-reason-explained-durga-visarjan-hindu-muslim-133813017.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |archive-date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031114412/https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/bahraich-violence-reason-explained-durga-visarjan-hindu-muslim-133813017.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of vehicles and properties were burned by the rioters following the murder of Mishra.<ref name="r234">{{cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=Over 25 detained for Bahraich violence during immersion procession; SHO suspended |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/over-25-detained-for-bahraich-violence-during-immersion-procession-sho-suspended-101728885761021.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Response ==
Due to the violence the internet services were shut down for four days in the violence affected area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-17 |title=Bahraich communal violence: Internet services restored in after four days, police warn against rumours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/internet-services-restored-in-bahraich-after-four-days-police-warn-against-rumours/article68763824.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413042304/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/internet-services-restored-in-bahraich-after-four-days-police-warn-against-rumours/article68763824.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh government issued demolition notices against buildings owned by people involved in the incident. But after the concerned parties approached Supreme Court the UP government withdrew the notices.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-10-22 |title=Bahraich violence row: No action will be taken on demolition notices until tomorrow: Uttar Pradesh govt assures SC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-violence-row-no-action-will-be-taken-on-demolition-notices-until-tomorrow-uttar-pradesh-govt-assures-sc/article68782145.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022082819/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-violence-row-no-action-will-be-taken-on-demolition-notices-until-tomorrow-uttar-pradesh-govt-assures-sc/article68782145.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The notices of demolitions were seen as an act of [[bulldozer justice]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=Bahraich violence: Supreme Court halts bulldozer action on main accused, others for a day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/22/bahraich-violence-supreme-court-halts-bulldozer-action-on-main-accused-others-for-a-day |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421193427/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/22/bahraich-violence-supreme-court-halts-bulldozer-action-on-main-accused-others-for-a-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

The PWD department also served demolition notices to 23 establishments. Out of these, 20 belonged to the Muslim community (including Abdul Hameed's house), and three to the Hindu community. BJP MLA from Mahsi, Sureshwar Singh, said, "People are vacating their shops. Those who don't will be dealt with by the administration."<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-20 |title=Bahraich communal violence: Demolition notices strike fear in shopkeepers, many vacate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-communal-violence-demolition-notices-strike-fear-in-shopkeepers-many-vacate/article68775025.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226070302/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-communal-violence-demolition-notices-strike-fear-in-shopkeepers-many-vacate/article68775025.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

A total of 87 arrests have been made. As of 22 March 2025, most of the arrested individuals have made bail, leaving only 13 people in jail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=87 Arrests, Encounter, Vandalised Shops: The Story Of Bahraich Violence |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/87-arrests-encounter-vandalised-shops-what-followed-bahraich-violence-6830204 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Sahu |first=Rajesh |date=22 March 2025 |title=बहराइच में जहां हिंसा हुई, हिंदू-मुस्लिम में अभी भी दूरी:छह महीने में दुकानदारों का कारोबार घटा, जिनकी दुकानें जलीं उन्हें कुछ नहीं मिला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/news/bahraich-maharajganj-violence-hindu-muslim-market-shop-134686401.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328095211/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/news/bahraich-maharajganj-violence-hindu-muslim-market-shop-134686401.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 3, 2025, media reported that the stringent National Security Act was invoked against eight jailed accused.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahraich Communal Riots: 8 Booked Under NSA Over 2024 Violence |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/eight-slapped-with-nsa-for-last-years-communal-riots-in-ups-bahraich-3751132 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
Former UP CM [[Akhilesh Yadav]] blamed BJP for 'orchestrating' communal violence in Uttar Pradesh's [[Bahraich district]], in which one person was killed and several others injured, to 'gain mileage' in the forthcoming assembly bypolls in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly bypolls: Akhilesh accuses BJP of 'orchestrating' Bahraich violence to gain mileage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/assembly-bypolls-akhilesh-accuses-bjp-of-orchestrating-bahraich-violence-to-gain-mileage-3241576 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421190901/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/assembly-bypolls-akhilesh-accuses-bjp-of-orchestrating-bahraich-violence-to-gain-mileage-3241576 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that administrative failure led to Bahraich violence and asked the UP government about "what was being played on the loudspeaker?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Chaturesh |date=14 October 2024 |title='जुलूस में लाउड स्पीकर पर क्या बज रहा था' बहराइच हिंसा पर आया अखिलेश यादव का बयान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-akhilesh-yadav-first-quick-sensational-reaction-on-bahrich-violence-asked-what-was-playing-on-loudspeaker-attack-on-yogi-government-know-reason-8771259.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=hindi.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=Administrative failure led to Bahraich violence: Akhilesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/administrative-failure-led-to-bahraich-violence-akhilesh-101728918227284.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The wife (Roli Mishra) of the man shot dead (Ramgopal Mishra) has demanded death sentence for her husband's alleged killers. The wife also accused the authorities of allegedly taking bribes she said "We want justice, but we are being denied it. Authorities have taken bribes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bahraich communal violence: Victim's wife demands 'death' to killers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-victims-wife-demands-death-to-killers-pwd-serves-demolition-notice-to-accused/article68770736.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424020629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/bahraich-victims-wife-demands-death-to-killers-pwd-serves-demolition-notice-to-accused/article68770736.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The government announced that Roli Mishra, the wife of the deceased Ramgopal Mishra, would receive a government job. However, Roli has stated that despite the promises made by the government, she has not yet received the job. Roli also said that "the two-room house is almost complete, but the plastering is still unfinished". Roli mentioned "that out of the 500,000 rupees we received, 450,000 have been spent. We have saved 50,000 rupees, but due to a lack of funds, the house cannot be completed." Roli also accused the local administration of neglect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahu |first=Rajesh |date=20 March 2025 |title=बहराइच हिंसा-रामगोपाल की पत्नी को अब तक नौकरी नहीं: बोली- विधायक फोन नहीं उठाते, पिता ने कहा- योगीजी पर भरोसा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/news/bahraich-maharajganj-violence-ram-gopal-mishra-victim-wife-yogi-mla-134680209.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

In a report by the [[Dainik Bhaskar]]'s team on 21 March 2025, they visited areas affected by recent violence to assess the current situation. While the overall environment seems normal, a noticeable divide between the communities of both religions is evident. Hindus are avoiding shopping at Muslim-owned stores, and the same holds true for Muslims.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Communal violence]]
* [[Hindutva pop]]
* [[Hindutva]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahraich violence, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:Bahraich|Violence, 2024]]
[[Category:2024 riots]]
[[Category:2024 in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]
[[Category:October 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2024]]

Start Music (TV series)

2026-03-14T06:54:35Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Start Music (TV series).jpg
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Music competition]]
* [[Game show]]
* Reality show
}}
| director = Parthiban
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 144 (combining of all seasons)
| location = [[Chennai]]
| runtime = approx. 42–50 minutes per episode
| producer =
| company = Global Canadian villagers
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|05|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| related =
}}

'''''Start Music''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[music competition]] reality show that airs on [[Star Vijay]], and digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show has 6 seasons, with [[Priyanka Deshpande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/start-music-21st-february-episode-highlights-bigg-boss-tamil-contestants-suresh-gabi-shivani-light-up-the-stage/33018/|title=Start Music 21st February Episode Highlights: Bigg Boss Tamil Contestants Suresh, Gabi, Shivani Light Up the Stage!|date=21 February 2021 |publisher=thenewscrunch.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-tvs-start-music-3-concludes-know-the-team-that-lifted-the-trophy-5018689.html|title=Vijay TV's Start Music 3 Concludes; Know The Team That Lifted The Trophy|date=20 April 2022 |publisher=www.news18.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> The first season premiered on 26 May 2019. The show's latest season will premiere on 15 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Deshpande's 'Start Music season 6' set to launch soon; deets inside|work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/priyanka-deshpandes-start-music-season-6-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/121671463.cms|language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Host
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:#E0C56E"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
| 24
|align="center"| {{Start date|2019|05|26|df=yes}}
|{{End date|2019|11|10|df=yes}}
|rowspan="2" | [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
|style="background:#30d5c8"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
| 34
|align="center"| {{Start date|2020|08|16|df=yes}}
|{{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|-
|style="background:#3598FB"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
| 26
|align="center"| {{Start date|2021|10|10|df=yes}}
|{{Start date|2022|04|17|df=yes}}
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 4|4]]'''
| 32
|align="center"| {{Start date|2023|03|26|df=yes}}
| 12 November 2023
| [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
|style="background:red"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 5|5]]'''
|28
|align="center"| {{Start date|2024|06|02|df=yes}}
| 22 December 2024
|[[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
|style="background:green"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 6|6]]'''
|36
|align="center"| {{Start date|2025|06|15|df=yes}}
| 1 March 2026
|[[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|}

==Season 1==
The first season aired from 26 May 2019 to 10 November 2019 and ended with 24 Episodes. The show was hosted by [[Priyanka Deshpande]].

==Season 2==
The second Season of Start Music started on 16 August 2020 and ended with 34 Episodes from 25 April 2021. The show was hosted by [[Priyanka Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-reality-game-show-start-music-season-2-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/77480052.cms|title=Popular reality game show Start Music season 2 to premiere soon|date=12 August 2020 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

==Season 3==
The third season aired from 10 October 2021 to 17 April 2022 and ended with 26 Episodes. The show was hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]. Raja Rani 2 serial won the title of Start Music 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/start-music-winner-2022-17th-april-2022-season-3-grand-finale-results-1st-2nd|title=Start Music 3 Winner|publisher=www.tellybest.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-start-music-season-3-grand-finale-wins-lakhs-of-rupees-elak-732934.html|title=விஜய் டிவியின் Start Music சீசன்3 Grand Finale: வெற்றி வாகை சூடி லட்சங்களை அள்ளியது யார் தெரியுமா?|date=19 April 2022 |publisher=tamil.news18.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==Season 4==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FFA500
| image =
| image_alt = Start Music season 4 Priyanka Deshpande
| caption = Start Music season 4
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|3|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|11|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 36
| prev_season = [[#Season 3|Season 3]]
| next_season = [[#Season 5|Season 5]]
}}

Fourth season of the ''Start Music'',<ref>{{cite web |title=விஜய் டிவியின் அடுத்த பிரம்மாண்டம்.. புத்தம் புதிய கேம் ஷோ – ஸ்டார்ட் மியூசிக் சீசன் 4 விரைவில்!|url=https://littletalks.in/2023/03/23/new-musical-game-show-start-music-to-premiere-on-march-26/|website=littletalks.in|date=23 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New game show 'Start Music season 4' set to launch soon; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-start-music-season-4-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/98576609.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> that launched on 26 March 2023 on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on every Sunday at 20:00.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vijay to premiere fourth season of game show 'Start Music' on 26th March|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-premiere-fourth-season-of-game-show-start-music-on-26th-march/|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=25 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Priyanka Deshpande]] has officially once again been appointed as the host for the third time.<ref>{{cite web |title=விரைவில் ஸ்டார்ட் மியூசிக் சீசன் 4: தொகுப்பாளர் யார்? |url=https://ithutamilnews.com/news/585050/|website=ithutamilnews.com|date=8 September 2017 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='இந்த ஷோ-ல பல்டி அடிக்கிறத தவிர எல்லாம் பண்றோம்': விஜய் டி.வி பிரியங்கா- டி.ஜே பிளாக் வீடியோ|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-vijay-tv-start-music-season-4-vj-priyanka-dj-black-620320/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=26 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ஸ்ராட் மியூசிக் சீசன் 4 ஷோ நடைபெறும் செட்டைப் பார்த்திருக்கின்றீர்களா?- முதன் முறையாக வெளியாகிய வீடியோ|url=https://cinesamugam.com/have-you-seen-the-set-of-srat-music-season-4-show--first-video-released-1679764129|website=cinesamugam.com|language=ta}}</ref>The show directed by Durgadhasan. The fourth season of the show was ended from 12 November 2023, with 32 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=TV show Start Music season 4 comes to an end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-start-music-season-4-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/105185402.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The first promo was released on 10 March 2023 with the slogan "Start Music I am very happy". First episode was telecast on 26 March 2023 at 20:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), replacing [[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]] Time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=விரைவில் முடிவுக்கு வரும் விஜய் டிவியின் பிரபல ஹிட் நிகழ்ச்சி.. ரசிகர்களுக்கு அடுத்த சர்ப்ரைஸ் ரெடி..!!|url=https://www.tamilspark.com/cinema/vijay-tv-fans-favourite-show-coming-soon|website=www.tamilspark.com|date=15 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

===Episodes===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:black"| Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:black"| Serial
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:black" colspan="2" | Team
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #FFA500 ;color:black" colspan="2" | References
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|3|26}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Baakiyalakshmi]]
| [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] Divya Ganesh Vikash Sampath
| K. S. Suchitra Shetty [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] Meena Sellamuthu
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |title=வந்துவிட்டது விஜய் டிவி-யின் ஸ்டார்ட் மியூசிக் சீசன் 4!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-launch-start-music-season-4-on-sunday-start-music-priyanka-deshpande-916096.html|website=tamil.news18.com|date=22 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="விஜய் டிவியின் ஸ்டார்ட் மியூசிக் சீசன் 4 Starts!"|url=https://www.cinemamedai.com/vijay-tvs-viral-start-music-season4-promo-is-here/|website=www.cinemamedai.com|date=22 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 50,000 (Reshma Pasupuleti Divya Ganesh Vikash Sampath)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|2}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Cooku with Comali (season 2)|Cooku with Comali 2]] and [[Cooku with Comali (season 3)|Cooku with Comali 3]]
| [[Rakshan]] [[Pavithra Lakshmi]] [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
| [[Santhosh Prathap]] [[Shrutika|Shrutika Arjun]] Mohamed Kuraishi
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 1,00,000 (Pugazh Rakshan Pavithra Lakshmi)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 3
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|9}}
| rowspan="2"| 40+ Golden Years
| [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] Amudhavanan TSK
| [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] Diwakar Azhar
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |title=ஒரே நிகழ்ச்சியில் அறிமுகமாகும் ராதா-அம்பிகா.. கடைசியில் நடந்த ட்விஸ்ட்.. வரலாற்றிலேயே முதல் முறை!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/star-music-season-4-promo-for-9th-april-and-fans-reaction-506299.html|date=7 April 2023|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': -
|-
| rowspan="2"| 4
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|16}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Soppana Sundari]] film Team
| SG Charles Balaji Subbu Vivek [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]
| [[Deepa Shankar]] Thendral [[Sunil Reddy]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 60,000 (SG Charles, Balaji, Aishwarya Rajesh, Lakshmi Priyaa)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 5
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|23}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]
| Dhiraviam Rajakumaran Siddharth Kiru Baji
| [[Swathi Konde]] [[Gabriella Charlton]] 
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 10,100 (Dhiraviam Rajakumaran, Siddharth, Kiru Baji)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 6
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|4|30}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Ajith Kumar]] Birthday Special
| [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] [[Mahanadi Shankar]] [[Ramesh Khanna]]
| [[Vidyullekha Raman]] [[Robo Shankar]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 10,200 (Madhumitha, Mahanadi Shankar, Ramesh Khanna)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 7
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|7}}
| rowspan="2"| Romance Special
| Vinoth Babu Sabari Salmanul Faris
| Pvithra Vaishnavi [[Raveena Daha]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 10,500 (Vinoth Babu, Sabari, Salmanul Faris)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 8
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|14}}
| rowspan="2"| Chellamma VS Kanne Kalaimaane
| Anshitha Akbarsha Arnaav Amjath Shriya
| Pavithra Aravind Nanda Gopal Rashmi Prabhakar
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 50,600 (Pavithra Aravind, Nanda Gopal, Rashmi Prabhakar)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 9
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|21}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]] Mahasangam
| Vikram Shri Vibish Aswanth Anitha Venkat Shilpa Mary Teresa
| Akshaya Kandamuthan Bhavya Shri Ravishankar Anjali Devi
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''': ₹ 10,100 ( Vikram Shri, Vibish Aswanth, Anitha Venkat, Shilpa Mary Teresa)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 10
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|5|28}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]] Muthu VS Meena Family
| Vetri Vasanth Sri Deva Salma Arun
| [[Gomathi Priya]] Diwakar Sangeetha
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 11
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|4}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Premgi Amaren]] VS [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]
| Premgi Amaren
| Shiva
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 12
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|11}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharathi Kannamma 2]] Special
| [[Vinusha Devi]] VJ Annamalai
| [[Farina Azad]] [[Roopa Sree]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 13
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|18}}
| rowspan="2"| Thara Local
| [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] Sai Gayathri Singapore Deepan
| [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] Syamantha Sarath
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 14
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|6|25}}
| rowspan="2"| BB Queens
| [[Maheshwari Chanakyan]] Queency Stanly Shivin Ganesan
| Dhanalakshmi Nivaashiyni Krishnan Janany Kunaseelan
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 15
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|7|2}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]] Maharaja VS Maharani
| Kamurudin Rudran Praveen Ramesh Sanjay Mohan
| Lakshmi Priya Prathiba Aadhirai Soundararajan [[Sujatha Sivakumar]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 16
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|7|9}}
| rowspan="2"| Husband`s VS Wife`s
| [[Deepak Dinkar]] Sidhu Sid Yogeswaram
| Sivaranjani Shreya Anchan [[Myna Nandhini]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 17
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|7|16}}
| rowspan="2"| 80`s Star
| [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Anand Babu]]
| [[Kasthuri Shankar]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] [[Nithya Ravindran]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 18
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|7|23}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|Baba Black Sheep]] Team
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 19
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|7|30}}
| rowspan="2"| Mamiyar VS Marumagal
| Meena vemuri [[Meera Krishna]] [[Priya (actress)|Priya]]
| [[Gabriella Charlton]] [[Nakshatra Nagesh]] Syamantha Kiran
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 20
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|8|6}}
| rowspan="2"| Kalaiyarkal VS Kanniyarkal
| [[Saravana Vickram]] Sameer Aashish Chakravarthi
| VJ Deepika [[Ashwini Aanandita]] Shobana
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 21
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|8|13}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Cooku with Comali (season 4)|Cooku with Comali 4]]
| [[Andreanne Nouyrigat]] Tiger Thangadurai Monisha Blessy
| Kishore Rajkumar [[Sherin Shringar]] [[Vichithra]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 22
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|8|20}}
| rowspan="2"| Cinema`s Appa & Cinema`s Amma
| [[G. Marimuthu]] [[Mohan Raman]] [[R. S. Shivaji]]
| [[Meera Krishnan]] [[Sathyapriya]] [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
| rowspan="2"| 23
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2023|8|27}}
| rowspan="2"| Isai Potti
| Binni Krishnakumar [[Anuradha Sriram]] [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner Team''':
|-
|}

==Season 5==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = blue
| image = Start Music season 5.webp
| image_alt = Start Music season 5 Priyanka Deshpande
| caption = Start Music season 5
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|6|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|12|22|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 28
| prev_season = [[#Season 4|Season 4]]
| next_season = [[#Season 6|Season 6]]
}}

Fifth season of the reality show was hosted by [[Priyanka Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/priyanka-deshpandes-start-music-season-5-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/110325986.cms|title=Priyanka Deshpande's 'Start Music season 5' set to launch soon|date=22 May 2024 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> The show was aired from 2 June 2024 to and 22 December 2024 and ended with 28 episodes. It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on every Sunday at 20:00.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-start-music-new-season-1716214105#google_vignette|title=விஜய் டிவியில் சூப்பர் ஹிட் ஷோவின் புதிய சீசன்- அட்டகாசமாக வந்த தகவல், புதிய லுக்குடன் இதோ |date=24 May 2024 |publisher=cineulagam.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> The show directed by Durgadhasan.
The first promo was released on 20 May 2024 with the slogan "The Universe first show". First episode was telecast on Sunday from 2 June 2024 at 20:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), replacing ''[[Anda Ka Kasam (TV series)|Anda Ka Kasam 2]]''.

===Episodes===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #add8e6 ;color:black"| Episodes
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #add8e6 ;color:black"| Release date
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: #add8e6 ;color:black"| Serial Film Webseries
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #add8e6 ;color:black" colspan="2" | Team
!scope="col" style ="background: #FF0000;"style="background: #add8e6 ;color:black" colspan="2" | References
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|2}}
| rowspan="2"|
| [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] TSK Rajavelu
| [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] Shobana Tharsika
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/simran-to-grace-the-grand-launch-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/110463653.cms|title=Simran to grace the grand launch of 'Start Music Season 5'|date=27 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 25, 100 (Simran, TSK, Rajavelu)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Uppu Puli Kaaram]] Vs [[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]
| [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna Raghunandhan]] [[Ayesha Zeenath]] [[Ashwini Aanandita]] Deepika Venkatachalam
| Deepa Balu Guru Lakshman Padine Kumar Yogalakshmi
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heartbeat-actress-deepa-balu-to-grace-the-upcoming-episode-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/110816479.cms|title=Heartbeat actress Deepa Balu to grace the upcoming episode of 'Start Music Season 5'|date=8 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 100 ([[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]] Team)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 3
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|16}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]
| [[Mamta Mohandas]] [[Natty Subramaniam]] Sachana Namidass
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] [[Manikandan]] [[Nithilan Saminathan]]
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-to-grace-the-upcoming-episode-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/110703246.cms|title=Vijay Sethupathi to grace the upcoming episode of 'Start Music Season 5'|date=4 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 1,25,500 (Mamta Mohandas Natty Subramaniam Sachana Namidass)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 4
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|23}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Pandian Stores 2]] Anni Vs Anna
| Vasanth Vasi [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] Akash Premkumar
| Shalini VJ Kathirvel Kandasamy Hema Rajkumar
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vasanthvasi-saranya-turadi-and-akashprekumar-to-grace-upcoming-episode-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/111256938.cms|title=Start Music Season 5 to feature Pandian Stores 2 actors Vasanthvasi, Saranya Turadi, and Akashprekumar|date=25 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 50,500 (Vasanth Vasi Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj Akash Premkumar)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 5
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|30}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]] Amma Vs Magan
| Vetri Vasanth Pranav Mohan Preetha Reddy
| [[Anila Sreekumar]] Salma Arun Diwakar
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 51,000 (Vetri Vasanth Pranav Mohan Preetha Reddy)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 6
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|7|7}}
| rowspan="2"| Tamil Cinema Stars Mummies Vs Daddies
| [[Uma Padmanabhan]] [[Kalairani]] [[Rama (actress)|Rama]]
| [[M. S. Bhaskar]] [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] [[G. Gnanasambandan]]
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 25,050 (Thalaivasal Vijay G. Gnanasambandan M. S. Bhaskar)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 7
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|7|14}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]] Mamiyar Vs Marumagal
| Akshaya Kandamuthan Jairam Bhavya Shri
| Anitha Venkat Vibish Aswanth Shilpa Mary Teresa
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 50,000 (Anitha Venkat Vibish Aswanth Shilpa Mary Teresa)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 8
| rowspan="2"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|7|21}}
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]''
| [[Megha Akash]] Ramana Pranithi
| [[Vijay Antony]] VJ Sathish Mahesh Mathew
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-vijay-antony-to-grace-recent-episode-of-start-music-season-5/articleshow/111925575.cms|title=Actor Vijay Antony to grace recent episode of 'Start Music Season 5'|date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style= | '''Winner''': ₹ 200 (Vijay Antony VJ Sathish Mahesh Mathew)
|-
|}

==Season 6==
The 6th season of the ''Start Music'' show, it is premiered on 15 June 2025 on every Sunday at 20:00<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/priyanka-deshpandes-start-music-season-6-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/121671463.cms|title=Priyanka Deshpande's 'Start Music season 6' set to launch|date=5 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> and ended from 1 March 2026 with 36 episodes. [[Priyanka Deshpande]] has officially once again been appointed as the host.

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|No. of. Seasons
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Start Music
| {{Start date|2019|05|26|df=yes}}
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 6
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Start Music<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/start-music-3-bb-telugu-host-nagarjuna-teaches-his-female-colleagues-how-to-hold-a-rifle-but-rejects-ravi-watch-fun-promo/articleshow/81757272.cms|title=tart Music 3: BB Telugu host Nagarjuna teaches his female colleagues how to hold a rifle but rejects Ravi; watch fun promo|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 March 2021 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| {{Start date|2019|08|05|df=yes}}
| [[Star Maa]]
| 4
| rowspan="4"|Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arcattoscana.org/tv/news/malayalam/start-music-is-back-with-a-bang-deets-inside/articleshow/79207856.cms|title=Start Music is back with a bang; deets inside|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=arcattoscana.org}}</ref>
| {{Start date|2019|08|10|df=yes}}
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 5
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| Gaana Bajaana
| {{Start date|2019|11|09|df=yes}}
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 3
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Start Music<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-start-music-to-launch-on-november-24/articleshow/71887608.cms?from=mdr|title=New TV show Start Music to launch on November 24|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 November 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| {{Start date|2019|11|24|df=yes}}
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 1
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/start-music/1260005217 ''Start Music''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|10442882}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
[[Category:Start Music| ]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language quiz shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Adoni revenue division

2026-03-05T07:59:28Z

Aryatheautistic: slightly refine content as per guidelines and added references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Coord|15.63222|N|77.27284|E|display=title}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Adoni revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[kurnool district]]
| image_map = Kurnool District Revenue Divisions.png
| map_caption = Adoni revenue division in kurnool district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Headquarters]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Adoni]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Adoni revenue division''' (or Adoni division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Kurnool district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|3 revenue divisions]] in the district with 10 [[mandals]] under its administration. The divisional headquarters is located at [[Adoni]].

== History ==
Adoni revenue division is divided into two parts in April 2022, as new revenue division is formed with [[Pattikonda Revenue Division|Pattikonda]] as HQ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Adoni revenue division in Kurnool district.png|Adoni Revenue In old kurnool district]]

Adoni revenue division in old kurnool district

== Administration ==
The 10 mandals administered under Adoni revenue division are:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Mandals
|-
|1
|[[Adoni Urban mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Adoni Rural mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Mantralayam mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Pedda Kadubur mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Kosigi mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Kowthalam mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Holagunda mandal]]
|-
|8
|[[Yemmiganur mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Nandavaram mandal]]
|-
|10
|[[Gonegandla mandal]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kurnool district}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]

{{Kurnool-geo-stub}}

Kiran Pisda

2026-03-04T19:13:47Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kiran Pisda
| fullname = Kiran Pisda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2001|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| height =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| clubnumber = 16
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = Mata Rukmani Girls
| caps1 = 11
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Women|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2023–2024
| clubs4 = [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]
| caps4 = 5
| goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2024–2025
| clubs5 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps5 = 13
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2025–
| clubs6 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 2022–
| nationalcaps1 = 11
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 27 October 2025
}}

'''Kiran Pisda''' (born 16 August 2001) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<ref name="Behera 2022">{{cite web | last=Behera | first=Partha Sarathi | title=Chhattisgarh’s tribal girl Kiran Pisda to represent India at SAF Championship - Raipur News | website=The Times of India | date=2022-09-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarhs-tribal-girl-kiran-pisda-to-represent-india-at-saf-championship/articleshow/93980646.cms | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarhs-tribal-girl-kiran-pisda-to-represent-india-at-saf-championship/articleshow/93980646.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OnManorama 2022">{{cite web | title=Kerala Women's League: Kerala Blasters drub SB FA 10-0 | website=OnManorama | date=2022-08-13 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/08/12/kerala-womens-league-kerala-blasters-crush-sb-fa-poovar.html | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=12 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812171348/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/08/12/kerala-womens-league-kerala-blasters-crush-sb-fa-poovar.html | url-status=live }}</ref> She is the first player from [[Chhattisgarh]] to play for the Indian senior national team.<ref name="Khwaza 2022">{{cite web | last=Khwaza | first=Afroz | title=Chief Minister congratulates Ms. Kiran Pisda for her selection in the Indian team – Ayan News : ayannews.in | website=Ayan News | date=2022-09-04 | url=https://ayannews.in/?p=51757 | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013051414/https://ayannews.in/?p=51757 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Club career==

Pisda was born to a tribal family in [[Chhattisgarh]]. She started her football career by playing for Durg. Pisda got her training from girls football academy under the supervision of coaches from sports and youth welfare department of [[Chhattisgarh]]. She played for [[Raipur]] in different state league tournaments and also played for Chhattisgarh in national leagues.<ref name="The Times of India 2022">{{cite web | title=State's Tribal Girl Kiran Pisda To Represent India At Saf Tourney - Raipur News | website=The Times of India | date=2022-09-05 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarhs-tribal-girl-kiran-pisda-to-represent-india-at-saf-tourney/articleshow/93992929.cms | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarhs-tribal-girl-kiran-pisda-to-represent-india-at-saf-tourney/articleshow/93992929.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she was signed by [[Kerala Blasters FC]] as a part of their newly launched women's team.<ref name="Kerala Blasters FC">{{cite web | title=Kiran Pisda – Kerala Blasters FC | website=Kerala Blasters FC | date=2014-05-27 | url=https://keralablastersfc.in/player/kiran-pisda/ | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050640/https://keralablastersfc.in/player/kiran-pisda/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Menon 2022">{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Anirudh | title=ISL giants to IWL hopefuls - Inside Kerala Blasters' many challenges to start a women's football team | website=ESPN | date=2022-09-28 | url=https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4755400/kerala-blasters-isl-giants-to-iwl-hopefuls-inside-many-challenges-to-start-a-womens-football-team-kwl-2022 | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050639/https://www.espn.in/football/kerala-blasters-fc/story/4755400/kerala-blasters-isl-giants-to-iwl-hopefuls-inside-many-challenges-to-start-a-womens-football-team-kwl-2022 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kelo Pravah 2022">{{cite web | title=राष्ट्रीय फुटबॉल टीम में छत्तीसगढ़ की बेटी किरण पिस्दा का चयन, पाकिस्तान के खिलाफ खेलेगी पहला मुकाबला.. खेल मंत्री उमेश पटेल ने दी बधाई व शुभकामनाएं » Kelo Pravah | website=Kelo Pravah | date=2022-09-04 | url=https://www.kelopravah.news/chhattisgarhs-daughter-kiran-pisda-selected-in-national-football-team/ | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050643/https://www.kelopravah.news/chhattisgarhs-daughter-kiran-pisda-selected-in-national-football-team/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 8 November 2023, it was officially announced that she, along with [[M. K. Kashmina]], joined [[Prva hrvatska nogometna liga za žene|Croatian Women's League]] club [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb]] on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-kashmina-kiran-pisda-sign-for-znk-dinamo-zagreb|title=Kashmina, Kiran Pisda sign for Croatian club ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|website=khelnow.com|date=8 November 2023|access-date=8 November 2023|first1=Alen Philip|last1=Mathew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141518/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-kashmina-kiran-pisda-sign-for-znk-dinamo-zagreb|archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

==International career==

In September 2022, she was included in the final 23 squad of Indian team to play in the [[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]].<ref name="Biswas 2022">{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Joseph | title=India announce squad for SAFF Women's Championship 2022 | website=Khel Now | date=2022-09-04 | url=https://khelnow.com/football/saff-womens-championship-2022-india-announce-squad/ | access-date=2022-10-12 | archive-date=17 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017060057/https://khelnow.com/football/saff-womens-championship-2022-india-announce-squad | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2022"/><ref name="देवांगन 2022">{{cite web | last=देवांगन | first=डिलेश्वर | title=सक्सेस स्टोरीः भारतीय फुटबॉल टीम में बालोद की किरण का चयन, पाकिस्तान और बांग्लादेश से होगा मुकाबला | website=News18 हिंदी | date=2022-09-05 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/balod-kiran-pisda-selected-in-indian-football-team-will-match-with-pakistan-and-bangladesh-cgnt-4548607.html | language=hi | access-date=2022-10-13 | archive-date=13 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050639/https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/balod-kiran-pisda-selected-in-indian-football-team-will-match-with-pakistan-and-bangladesh-cgnt-4548607.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|27 October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=4|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2022
|4
|0
|-
|2023
|0
|0
|-
|2024
|0
|0
|-
|2025
|7
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!11
!0
|}

==Honours==

'''Dinamo Zagreb'''
*[[Croatian Women's Football Cup]]: [[2023–24 Croatian Women's Football Cup|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://semafor.hns.family/utakmice/88802734/znk-osijek-znk-dinamo-1-1/|title=HNKŽ 23/24, Finale|website=semafor.hns|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/64954?type=club Kiran Pisda] at All India Football Federation
*{{GSA player|kiran-pisda/546970}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pisda, Kiran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC (women) players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi

2026-03-04T00:25:33Z

Aryatheautistic: new a info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi
| image = Mishti Cheler Dustu Buddhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Partha sarathi Manna
| producer = Bidyut Chakraborty
| writer = Soumitri Shankar Ghosh
| starring = [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] [[Bhola Tamang]] Prasun Gain Master Ankit Seth Raju Majumder Indranil Sen Nupur
| music = Tamal Dodo
| cinematography = R. Khattar
| editing = Manikundan Das
| studio =
| distributor = Nupur Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|01|04}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi''''' (sometimes '''''Mishti Cheler Dustu Buddhi''''') ({{langx|bn|মিষ্টি ছেলের দুষ্টু বুদ্ধি}}) is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[comedy film]] directed by Partha sarathi Manna and produced by Bidyut Chakraborty under the banner of Nupur Creations. Music of the film has been composed by Dodo and Tamal. The film was released on 4 January 2013.

==Plot==
''Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi'' is about three thieves, Kalicharan and his two sidekicks, Puti and Baka who decide to rob and go back to their old tricks after Kalicharan is released from jail. They decide to rob the occupants of the Mitra household: an elderly man, Pradosh Mitra, his two sons and their families. They decide to carry out the robbery at a time when the house will have no occupants according to information received by them. Accordingly, they act. But they couldn't be successful because, unknown to them, Pradosh and one of his grandsons, 7 year old Som have decided to stay back and create havoc for them. All their efforts to rob the house are in vain as little Som turns out to be more than a handful for all of them.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aditya |url=http://www.gomolo.com/mishti-chheler-dushtu-buddhi-movie/45042 |title=Mishti Chheler Dushtu Buddhi (2013) - Movie Review, Story, Trailers, Videos, Photos, Wallpapers, Songs, Trivia, Movie Tickets |publisher=Gomolo.com |date=2013-01-04 |accessdate=2013-05-24}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
* [[Bhola Tamang]]
* Prasun Gayen
* Anjana Das
* Raju Majumdar
* [[Indranil Sen]]
* Nupur
* [[Hiran Chatterjee]] (special appearance)

==Soundtrack==
The [[soundtrack]] of ''Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi'' is composed by Tamal and Dodo. The film has 5 songs which include 4 original songs and 1 remix.

===Track list===
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1 = Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi
|extra1 = Sidhu
|lyrics1 = Tamal, Somnath Ghoshal
|length1 =
|title2 = Rupkathar Deshe
|extra2 = Kinjal, Saptangshu, Tamal
|lyrics2 = Tamal, Somnath Ghoshal
|length2 =
|title3 = Murgi Chor
|extra3 = Jojo
|lyrics3 = Tamal, Somnath Ghoshal
|length3 =
|title4 = Kolir Keshto
|extra4 = Somchanda Bhattacharya, Tamal
|lyrics4 = Tamal, Somnath Ghoshal
|length4 =
|title5 = Murgi Chor (Remix)
|extra5 = Diya Das
|lyrics5 = Tamal, Somnath Ghoshal
|length5 =
}}

==See also==
* [[Maach Mishti & More]]
* [[Target Kolkata]]
* [[Deewana (2013 film)|Deewana]]
* [[Shunyo Awnko]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misti Cheler Dustu Buddhi}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Devi Putrudu

2026-03-03T18:04:16Z

Aryatheautistic: corrected formatting for clarity per standard format

{{short description|2001 Telugu film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devi Putrudu
| image = Devi putrudu poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer = [[M. S. Raju]]
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| story = Sumanth Art Productions
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]]}}
}}
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Soundarya]] [[Anjala Zaveri]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Suresh Tata
| studio = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|01|14|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-films.html|title=Venkatesh Daggubati film's list - Telugu cinema news - idlebrain.com|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104234614/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-films.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/images/poster-devip22.jpg|title=Deviputrudu poster|work=Idlebrain|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=23 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623174105/http://idlebrain.com/images/poster-devip22.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}15 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news92.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222012908/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news92.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Devi Putrudu''''' ({{translation|Son of Devi}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]]-[[drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. It was produced by [[M. S. Raju]] under Sumanth Art Productions banner. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Soundarya]] and [[Anjala Zaveri]], with music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film was not commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1RazUMWeBBI |title=Director Gunasekhar {{!}} Open Heart with RK {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ABN Telugu |date=2019-02-02 |last= |time=1:01:53 |access-date=2025-11-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreya Sunil |title=Telugu Heroines - They drizzled, they sizzled and they fizzled |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-teluguheroines.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165810/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-teluguheroines.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2018 |title=6 Telugu films with awe-inspiring visual effects |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/6-telugu-films-with-awe-inspiring-visual-effects/eega/photostory/64920210.cms |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/6-telugu-films-with-awe-inspiring-visual-effects/eega/photostory/64920210.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was dubbed and released into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Paapa'' and in Hindi as ''Aaj Ka Deviputra''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film: Paapa |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov96.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311221800/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov96.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=ChennaiOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-paapa/article27914130.ece | title=Film Review: Paapa | newspaper=The Hindu | date=February 2001 | access-date=2 May 2022 | archive-date=2 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502092742/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-paapa/article27914130.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with an explanation of the submersion of [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]] by a [[tsunami]], setting the stage for the story 5,000 years later. The plot introduces Gajjala Baburao, also known as Baburao ([[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]), who lives in Mumbai, surviving through petty thefts and pranks. Meanwhile, Satyavathi ([[Anjala Zaveri]]), a foreign-returned woman, visits India to see her sister, Karuna, who married an archaeologist and resides near the archaeological site of Dwaraka. Upon arriving in Bombay, Satyavathi and her uncle Peddagaddala Perayya hire a taxi driven by Baburao, who initially believes Satyavathi is carrying valuable diamonds. Realizing his mistake, Baburao plans to abandon her, but circumstances force him to travel to Dwaraka.

In Dwaraka, Baburao encounters a group of goons and narrowly escapes. He then meets a mysterious young girl named Paapa, who possesses mystical powers. Paapa reveals to Baburao that he has fallen in love with Satyavathi and encourages him to confess his feelings. Satyavathi later shares with Baburao that her sister Karuna has gone missing, prompting Baburao to investigate the mystery. As Baburao delves deeper, he discovers the eerie circumstances surrounding Karuna's disappearance.

The story then shifts to a flashback about Balaram (Venkatesh), an atheist and archaeologist who prioritizes science over faith. Balaram falls in love with Karuna, and they marry. While working near Dwaraka, Balaram becomes intrigued by a mysterious phenomenon in the sea that occurs every Mahalaya Amavasya, generating a powerful torque. Determined to uncover the truth, Balaram dives into the sea during one such event and retrieves an ancient metal box marked with a Trisulam ([[trident]]). Unbeknownst to him, a group of foreign mercenaries led by Rahul Dev is seeking the box for its mystical powers.

Balaram soon realizes the box contains a powerful force that could potentially destroy the world if not returned to its rightful place. The mercenaries, determined to harness this power, capture Balaram and Karuna, torturing them to reveal the box's location. Balaram manages to retrieve the box, but during a frantic attempt to save his wife, the box falls into a cave. Balaram returns to confront the mercenaries but is betrayed by his friend Hara Gopal ([[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]), who has allied with them. In the ensuing conflict, Balaram is killed, but not before he tells Karuna where to find the box and instructs her to return it to its original location.

Back in the present, Baburao vows to avenge Balaram's death and rescue Karuna from the foreign mercenaries. With the help of Paapa, he locates the cave where the box fell. A final confrontation ensues as the mercenaries attempt to escape with the box. However, Paapa intervenes, using her powers to stop them. The mercenaries enlist the help of a Fakir to trap Paapa in a bottle, but Baburao manages to push the mercenaries and the box off a cliff. The mercenaries survive, leading to a struggle for control of the box.

As the box opens, a fierce goddess emerges, killing the mercenaries and their followers before returning to the box. Baburao, along with others, ensures the box is placed back in its rightful location. In the aftermath, the bottle containing Paapa is retrieved by a dog named Striker, but Paapa’s spirit ascends to the afterlife. The film concludes with Baburao and Satyavathi welcoming the birth of their child, who bears the same birthmark as Paapa, symbolizing her spiritual connection to their family.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Balaram & Baburao (Dual role)
* [[Soundarya]] as Karuna
* [[Anjala Zaveri]] as Satyavati
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Hara Gopal
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Dheyyala Raju (Wizard)
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Peddagaddala Perayya
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Baburao's aide.
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Security Guard
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Elchuri
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Satyavati's father
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as St. Ohm
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Goddess
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]]
* Madhu
* Bank Vijay
* Raman Punjabi
* Echuri
* K. R. J. Sarma
* Indu Anand
* Baby Cherri as Balaram's daughter
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was launched on 23 September 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/|title=Fourth Marvel by Kodi - Devi Putrudu|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004064447/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/|archive-date=4 October 1999}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'', [[M. S. Raju]] discussed the challenges of making ''Devi Putrudu''. Following the success of [[Devi (1999 film)|''Devi'']] (1999), Raju cast [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as the lead for this ambitious project. Deeply passionate about the story, Raju decided to proceed with the film, although he later noted such a film could have only been executed by filmmakers like [[Steven Spielberg]] or [[George Lucas]]. However, as production progressed, he realized that the project demanded far more time, effort, and financial resources than initially expected. Confronted with these challenges, Raju opted to release the film prematurely. Unfortunately, ''Devi Putrudu'' underperformed at the box office, resulting in significant financial losses and a setback in Raju's career, compelling him to compensate his buyers and financiers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeevi |date=6 December 2002 |title=Interview with MS Raju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_msraju.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925164807/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_msraju.html |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=14 October 2017 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Devi Putrudu
| type = film
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 29:50
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Mani Sharma
| prev_title = [[Narasimha Naidu]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Mrugaraju]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

Music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu version
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:50
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = O Prema
| lyrics1 = [[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Prasanna
| length1 = 5:11
| title2 = Tella Tellani Cheera
| lyrics2 = Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Okata Renda Muuda
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Rama O Rama
| lyrics4 = Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Akasamloni
| lyrics5 = Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length5 = 4:44
| title6 = Donga Donga
| lyrics6 = Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length6 = 4:25
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil version<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/pappa-songs-T0001030|title=Pappa songs download|work=Raaga|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325232830/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/pappa-songs-T0001030|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanne Kannadi
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]]
| title2 = Onna Renda
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title3 = Oruvan
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title4 = Alai Kadalil
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| title5 = Singaram Konja
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]]
}}

==Release==
The film was originally scheduled to release on 11 January but got postponed to 14 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news94.html|date=6 January 2001|access-date=25 November 2024|website=Idlebrain|title=Devi Putrudu release postponed to 14th January}}</ref>
== Box office ==
The film had completed 50 days in 60 centres and 100 days in 3 centres.<ref name="idlebrain.com">{{cite web |title=Success and centers list - Venkatesh |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601025040/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nizam distribution rights were sold for a record breaking price of {{INR}}5 crore. But, the Nizam distributors incurred a loss of {{INR}}3 crore.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 and wrote, "If you want to experience the mystical thrill, you got to watch the best special effects movie ever made in India only on the bigger screen with the DTS effect."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review - Devi Putrudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-deviputrudu.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430163841/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-deviputrudu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] retrospectively noted of the film, "Some films are bogged down with visual effects, others are light fare. Like said, Kodi Ramakrishna’s ‘Devi Puthrudu’, set in the hidden city of Dwaraka, is a rare union of elegant CGI work and a heavyweight emotional storyline". It included the film in its list of 'Six Telugu films with awe-inspiring visual effects'.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0239341}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}{{M. S. Raju}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]

Solaiyamma

2026-03-03T04:58:17Z

Aryatheautistic: data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Solaiyamma.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| producer = Jothi Raja
| writer = Kasthuri Raja
| starring = {{ubl|Rahul|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = K. B. Ahamad
| editing = Lancy-Mohan
| studio = Karpaga Jothi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|12|12}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Solaiyamma''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]]. The film stars Rahul, [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and Karikalan. It was released on 12 December 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சோலையம்மா / Solaiyamma (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/solaiyamma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240222071750/https://screen4screen.com/movies/solaiyamma |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Solaiyamma is a motherless woman who is looked after by her father. She has been promised marriage with her relative Balraj, and they are in love. Vairavan is a heartless muscular man who spreads terror among the villagers and rapes the village girls. One night, Vairavan enters Solaiyamma's house and tries to rape her, but she stands against him, and he runs away. The entire village, including Solaiyamma's relatives, think that she has been raped, and then her father commits suicide. Thereafter, she is rejected by the village. Vairavan tortures her psychologically to spend a night with him. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Rahul as Balraj
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Solaiyamma
*Karikalan as Vairavan
*[[Janagaraj]] as Balraj's father
*[[Senthil]] as Minor
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Jai Ganesh]]
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Irulayi
*Ragavi
*Nisha
*Sathyan
*Salem Mathi
*[[G. Ramachandran (producer)|G. Ramachandran]] as Paramasivan Periyavan
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Marimuthu
*T. K. S. Karuppaiah
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Kasthuri Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1992 |title=Solaiyamma |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/solaiyamma/uN3LxGOHqsQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084630/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/solaiyamma/uN3LxGOHqsQ_ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Solaiyamma (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0003910 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313223209/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0003910 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Bannari Maariamma" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:54
|-
| "Koovurakuyilu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki || 4:56
|-
| "Maja Thani" || [[Gangai Amaran]], S. Janaki || 4:47
|-
| "Merku Thodarchi Mala" (male) || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] || 5:08
|-
| "Merku Thodarchi Mala" (female) || S. Janaki || 5:00
|-
| "Oororam" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:55
|-
| "Pombalangala" || Krishnaraj || 5:10
|-
| "Raasa Illayaraja" || Gangai Amaran, S. Janaki || 5:16
|-
| "Thamirabharani" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:54
|}

== Critical reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' praised the film's message,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=23 January 1993 |title=Woman who dared take on the village villain |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GNlOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QhQEAAAAIBAJ&hl=en&pg=3343%2C859426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515070146/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GNlOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QhQEAAAAIBAJ&hl=en&pg=3343%2C859426 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> while Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described the film as "painful viewing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 December 1992 |title=Painful viewing |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921225&printsec=frontpage |access-date=13 March 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' also gave a similar negative review for the film, saying it is neither smell of soil nor smell of sore, it is a stench.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=10 January 1993 |title=சோலையம்மா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-01-10/page/16/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231006055155/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-01-10/page/16/mode/2up |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=5 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Kasthuri Raja}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kasthuri Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mansour Abbas

2026-02-21T20:30:47Z

Aryatheautistic: update formatting per sources and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Israeli Arab politician}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mansour Abbas, April 3 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Abbas in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|4|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maghar, Israel|Maghar]], Israel
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Ministerial roles
| subterm = 2021–2022
| suboffice = [[Minister without portfolio#Israel|Minister without portfolio]]
| office1 = Faction represented in the [[Knesset]]
| subterm1 = 2019
| suboffice1 = [[United Arab List]]
| subterm2 = 2019–2021
| suboffice2 = [[Joint List]]
| suboffice3 = [[United Arab List]]
| subterm3 = 2021–
}}

'''Mansour Abbas''' ({{langx|ar|منصور عباس|Manṣūr ʻAbbās}}; {{langx|he|מַנְסוּר עַבַּאס}}; born 22 April 1974)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of the 25th Knesset |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/en/mk/apps/mk/mk-personal-details/1007 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Knesset}}</ref> is an Israeli politician. He is currently the leader of the [[United Arab List]] and represents the party in the [[Knesset]]. He was appointed as the chair of Special Committee on Arab Society Affairs in the Knesset on 27 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=MK Mansour Abbas Appointed to Chair Special Committee |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/press2742012m.aspx |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Knesset News |date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205911/https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/press2742012m.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 Abbas made history by becoming the first [[Israeli Arab]] political leader to join an [[Thirty-sixth government of Israel|Israeli governing coalition]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=Mansour Abbas: Arab-Israeli political trailblazer |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221029-mansour-abbas-arab-israeli-political-trailblazer |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184046/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221029-mansour-abbas-arab-israeli-political-trailblazer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khoury |first=Jack |date=7 August 2022 |title=After a Turbulent Year, Mansour Abbas Still Has a Strong Grip on Islamist Party |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-08-07/ty-article/.premium/after-a-turbulent-year-mansour-abbas-still-has-a-strong-grip-on-the-united-arab-list/00000182-77e1-d9c2-afa6-fff930ad0000 |access-date=2023-10-31 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225610/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-08-07/ty-article/.premium/after-a-turbulent-year-mansour-abbas-still-has-a-strong-grip-on-the-united-arab-list/00000182-77e1-d9c2-afa6-fff930ad0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a qualified dentist.

==Early life and education==
Abbas was born in the town of [[Maghar, Israel|Maghar]] in the [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District of Israel]], to an [[Arab Israeli]] Muslim family. His parents were farmers, and he had 10 siblings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |last=Halpern |first=Orly |date=11 June 2021 |title='It's Possible to Do Things Differently.' The Arab Kingmaker Who Joined Israel's Far-Right to Oust Netanyahu |url=https://time.com/6073019/mansour-abbas-arab-israel-coalition-government/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219031803/https://time.com/6073019/mansour-abbas-arab-israel-coalition-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He began delivering sermons at the Peace Mosque in Maghar at the age of 17. He defines himself also as a Palestinian.

He attended the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] to study dentistry. Abbas qualified as a dentist, though as of October 2023 his licence to practice has lapsed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dental Certification Mansour Abbas |url=https://practitioners.health.gov.il/Practitioners/2/search?name=%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%20%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Ministry of Health, Israel |archive-date=18 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918160347/https://practitioners.health.gov.il/Practitioners/2/search?name=%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%20%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Margalit |first=Ruth |date=2021-10-22 |title=The Arab-Israeli Power Broker in the Knesset |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/11/01/the-arab-israeli-power-broker-in-the-knesset |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204192622/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/11/01/the-arab-israeli-power-broker-in-the-knesset |url-status=live }}</ref> While at the university, he served as chair of the Arab Students Committee between 1997 and 1998.

==Activism==
During his time at the university, Abbas met [[Abdullah Nimar Darwish]], the founder of the [[Islamic Movement in Israel|Islamic Movement]]. Abbas also studied political science at the [[University of Haifa]].

In 2007, Abbas became Secretary General of the United Arab List,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maariv.co.il/elections2019/parties/member/Mansour-Abbas|title=מנסור עבאס|website=Maariv|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324194320/https://www.maariv.co.il/elections2019/parties/member/Mansour-Abbas|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> and in 2010 he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Southern Branch of the Islamic Movement.

== Knesset career ==

=== 2019–2021 ===
In the [[April 2019 Israeli legislative election|April 2019 Knesset election]], Abbas was nominated by the [[United Arab List]] and [[Balad (political party)|Balad]] to lead their joint party in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bechirot21.bechirot.gov.il/election/Candidates/Pages/OneListCandidates.aspx?LPF=Search&WebId=6adadc15-e476-480b-9746-04490aedeb0f&ListID=ba72a662-765c-45af-9d48-fb68080956af&ItemID=104&FieldID=ListNickname_GxS_Text|title=Ra'am–Balad list|website=Central Elections Committee|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123112939/https://bechirot21.bechirot.gov.il/election/Candidates/Pages/OneListCandidates.aspx?LPF=Search&WebId=6adadc15-e476-480b-9746-04490aedeb0f&ListID=ba72a662-765c-45af-9d48-fb68080956af&ItemID=104&FieldID=ListNickname_GxS_Text|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He was subsequently elected to the Knesset as the alliance won four seats. Abbas attracted controversy when he spoke in support of [[conversion therapy]] to [[LGBTQ+]] youth in an interview with [[Walla (news)|Walla News]], leading to his condemnation by other Joint List politicians.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arab MK: LGBTQ rights are human rights, Arab community is evolving|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/arab-mk-lgbtq-rights-are-human-rights-arab-community-is-evolving-634665|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=11 July 2020|first=Leon|last=Sverdlov|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122115423/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/arab-mk-lgbtq-rights-are-human-rights-arab-community-is-evolving-634665|url-status=live}}</ref>

Further divisiveness was caused by Abbas's apparent attempt to improve ties with Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and his right-wing Likud party. He gave an interview with the right-wing pro-Netanyahu [[Channel 20 (Israel)|Channel 20 Network]], where he advocated working with Zionist parties in order to secure the funds and reforms needed for the benefit of Arab Israeli society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arab MK under fire from his party for urging cooperation with Netanyahu|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-mk-under-fire-from-his-party-for-urging-cooperation-with-netanyahu/|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=25 November 2020|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125140004/https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-mk-under-fire-from-his-party-for-urging-cooperation-with-netanyahu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 April 2020, Abbas delivered a historic speech on the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] in the Knesset in which he spoke of the suffering of the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis. Abbas stated: "As a religious Palestinian Muslim Arab, who was raised on the legacy of Sheikh Abdullah Nimr Darwish who founded the Islamic Movement, I have empathy for the pain and suffering over the years of Holocaust survivors and the families of the murdered." He added, "I stand here to show solidarity with the Jewish people here and forever."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Issan-Benchimol |first1=Noémie |last2=Beressi |first2=Elie |date=10 March 2022 |title=An Islamist Rewrites the Rules of the Political Game in Israel |url=https://k-larevue.com/en/an-islamist-rewrites-the-rules-of-the-political-game-in-israel/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=K. Jews, Europe, the XXIst century |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014022035/https://k-larevue.com/en/an-islamist-rewrites-the-rules-of-the-political-game-in-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Abbas joined the rest of the Joint List in voting against the [[Abraham Accords]]. He described his vote as a protest against the lack of a peace treaty with the Palestinians, adding, "If there will be a real agreement with the Palestinians, there will be real agreements with 55 Muslim countries. But what truly matters is that we are Israelis, and our actions are not supposed to be influenced by whether there is peace with Bahrain."<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|title=Meet Mansour Abbas, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's unlikely ally|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/meet-mansour-abbas-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahus-unlikely-ally-649668|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=19 November 2020|first=Gil|last=Hoffman|author-link=Gil Hoffman|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131083736/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/meet-mansour-abbas-prime-minister-benjamin-netanyahus-unlikely-ally-649668|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021–2022 ===
In January 2021, in the buildup to the [[2021 Israeli legislative election|2021 elections]], the United Arab List split from the Joint List.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=Knesset panel approves Joint List's breakup after talks with Ra'am faction fail |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-panel-approves-joint-lists-breakup-after-talks-with-raam-faction-fail/ |access-date=7 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128145959/https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-panel-approves-joint-lists-breakup-after-talks-with-raam-faction-fail/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts attributed the split to a larger, more fundamental disagreement about whether to engage fully with Israeli politics as a means to improve quality of life for Arab Israeli citizens, which Abbas advocates, or to reject full engagement with domestic Israeli politics in order to focus on the larger [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why 1 Arab Party Joined Israel's Coalition Government But The Other Did Not |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/17/1007493965/why-1-arab-party-joined-israels-coalition-government-but-the-other-did-not |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219021607/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/17/1007493965/why-1-arab-party-joined-israels-coalition-government-but-the-other-did-not |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=2021-07-04 |title=As Secular Peace Effort Stutters in Israel, Religious Mediators Hope to Step In |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/04/world/Israel-peace-islamists-raam-party.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219022251/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/04/world/Israel-peace-islamists-raam-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Arab Parties' Fight for Political Control in Israel's Negev Reaches Boiling Point|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-arab-parties-fight-for-political-control-in-israel-s-negev-reaches-boiling-point-1.10614153|access-date=2022-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219025005/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-arab-parties-fight-for-political-control-in-israel-s-negev-reaches-boiling-point-1.10614153|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Falk |first=Thomas O. |date=2 July 2021 |title=Can United Arab List change Israeli politics from within? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/2/analysis-can-united-arab-list-change-israeli-politics |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122095204/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/2/analysis-can-united-arab-list-change-israeli-politics |url-status=live }}</ref> Abbas attributed this position to the influence of his mentor, Sheikh Abdullah, and described Abdullah's funeral as a philosophical turning point for him.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|2021 Israeli-Palestinian crisis]], Abbas condemned the burning of several synagogues in [[Lod]] by rioters, appealing to Muslim values and respect for the rule of law and vowing to help rebuild them. His actions earned him both praise from Jewish leaders and politicians, and anger from Muslim leaders, including calls to resign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-12 |title=Lod: Why an Israeli town's mayor is warning of civil war |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57085023 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020731/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57085023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daventry |first=Michael |date=17 May 2021 |title=Israeli Arab leader Mansour Abbas visits synagogue torched in Lod |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/israeli-arab-leader-mansour-abbas-visits-synagogue-torched-in-lod/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[Jewish News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020732/https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/israeli-arab-leader-mansour-abbas-visits-synagogue-torched-in-lod/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2021 |title=Mansour Abbas: We will repair synagogues torched by Arabs |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/mansour-abbas-we-will-repair-synagogues-torched-by-arabs/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020732/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/mansour-abbas-we-will-repair-synagogues-torched-by-arabs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hauser Tov |first=Michael |date=17 May 2021 |title=Islamist Leader Faces Ire Over Visit to Burned Synagogue: 'His Position Is in Danger' |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-islamist-leader-faces-ire-over-visit-to-synagogue-burned-in-jewish-arab-clashes-1.9816831 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020731/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-islamist-leader-faces-ire-over-visit-to-synagogue-burned-in-jewish-arab-clashes-1.9816831 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the by-laws of the party, limiting MKs to three terms, Abbas was ineligible to run again for office in the 2021 elections. Abbas stated "I have to respect the institutions of Ra'am, if the bylaws are not changed, even though they didn't anticipate four elections in two years when they made the rules."<ref name="TOI" /> However, he ran in the election as party leader and the United Arab List won four seats.

==== Coalition government ====
On 2 June 2021, after holding negotiations with Israeli opposition figures [[Yair Lapid]] and [[Naftali Bennett]], Abbas renewed his commitment to backing a non-Netanyahu government after signing a coalition agreement with Lapid, thereby forming the [[thirty-sixth government of Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2021 |title=Mansour Abbas signs coalition agreement to unseat Benjamin Netanyahu |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/mansour-abbas-signs-coalition-agreement-to-unseat-benjamin-netanyahu-1.1233837 |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504231537/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/mansour-abbas-signs-coalition-agreement-to-unseat-benjamin-netanyahu-1.1233837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2021 |title=Lapid Expected to Tell President He Has Succeeded in Forming a Government |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/LIVE-lapid-aims-to-announce-new-government-with-bennett-at-the-helm-1.9866751 |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603055839/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/LIVE-lapid-aims-to-announce-new-government-with-bennett-at-the-helm-1.9866751 |url-status=live }}</ref> A photograph of Abbas signing the agreement, which made [[United Arab List|Ra'am]] the first independent Arab party to be part of a governing coalition, was widely circulated; after signing it, Bennett praised Abbas as a "courageous" leader.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |date=2021-06-02 |title=The Arab party Raam makes history within coalition. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/world/middleeast/arab-party-raam-coalition.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218225408/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/world/middleeast/arab-party-raam-coalition.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Rasgon |first2=Adam |date=2021-06-03 |title=Fragile Israeli Coalition to Oust Netanyahu Faces Growing Pressure |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/03/world/israel-prime-minister |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219002426/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/03/world/israel-prime-minister |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Gil |date=3 June 2021 |title=Bennett: Mansour Abbas courageous leader |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/bennett-abbas-courageous-leader-670068 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219012222/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/bennett-abbas-courageous-leader-670068 |url-status=live }}</ref> The agreement included pledges to spend approximately {{Usd|16 billion}} to improve infrastructure and reduce crime in Arab towns, to protect homes built without permits in Arab villages, and to recognize four [[Negev Bedouin|Bedouin towns]] in the [[Negev|Negev desert]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayyub|first=Rami|date=2021-06-03|title=Arab Islamist helps clinch Israel's new anti-Netanyahu government|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/arab-islamist-helps-clinch-israels-new-anti-netanyahu-government-2021-06-03/|access-date=2022-02-19|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218225257/https://www.reuters.com/world/arab-islamist-helps-clinch-israels-new-anti-netanyahu-government-2021-06-03/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rasgon |first=Adam |date=2021-06-10 |title=A New Israeli Government Could Mean Help for Neglected Bedouin Villages |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/middleeast/israel-government-bedouin-villages.html |access-date=2022-02-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020315/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/middleeast/israel-government-bedouin-villages.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 October 2021 the Israeli cabinet approved a plan to spend {{Usd|9.4 billion}} to improve employment opportunities and health services for Israeli Arabs and improve housing, technology, and infrastructure in Arab areas;<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-10-25 |title=Israeli cabinet backs huge spending plan for Arab minority |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59039911 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219011438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59039911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack |last2=Peleg |first2=Bar |last3=Efrati |first3=Ido |last4=Kadari-Ovadia |first4=Shira |date=28 October 2021 |title=Five-year Plan for Israel's Arab Community: $9 Billion Won't Bridge a Gap Decades in the Making |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-year-plan-for-israel-s-arab-community-9-billion-won-t-bridge-the-gap-1.10329395 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219010338/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-five-year-plan-for-israel-s-arab-community-9-billion-won-t-bridge-the-gap-1.10329395 |url-status=live }}</ref> it included a further {{Usd|1 billion}} to address high crime rates in Arab areas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=24 October 2021 |title=Cabinet okays NIS 32 billion to develop Arab Israeli economy, fight crime |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-okays-over-nis-32-billion-to-develop-arab-israeli-economy-fight-crime/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219010340/https://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-okays-over-nis-32-billion-to-develop-arab-israeli-economy-fight-crime/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Abbas was widely credited with accomplishing an "historic step" forward for Arab Israelis in securing this unprecedented amount of funding.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-17 |title=Arab leader's gamble to play kingmaker in Israel is paying off |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/17/1073565965/arab-leaders-gamble-to-play-kingmaker-in-israel-is-paying-off |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219014358/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/17/1073565965/arab-leaders-gamble-to-play-kingmaker-in-israel-is-paying-off |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=8 October 2021 |title=As unprecedented billions planned for under-served Arabs, devil's in the details |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-unprecedented-billions-planned-for-under-served-arabs-devils-in-the-details/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219020802/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-unprecedented-billions-planned-for-under-served-arabs-devils-in-the-details |url-status=live }}</ref> The plan was signed into law when the budget passed on 4 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wootliff |first1=Raoul |date=4 November 2021 |title=Coalition passes 2021 budget, first in 3.5 years, averting early election threat |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/coalition-passes-2021-budget-first-in-years-as-rest-of-vote-a-thon-awaits/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219010343/https://www.timesofisrael.com/coalition-passes-2021-budget-first-in-years-as-rest-of-vote-a-thon-awaits/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Isaac Herzog at the inauguration of the first Hall of Culture in the city of Rahat, February 2022 (KBG GPO1299).jpg|thumb|Abbas, Israeli president [[Isaac Herzog]] and young [[Negev Bedouin|Bedouin]]s in the city of [[Rahat]], 15 February 2022]]
Under Abbas's direction the coalition government recognized several Bedouin villages and has connected tens of thousands of previously illegal homes to the electrical grid.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=3 November 2021 |title=Government legalizes 3 unrecognized Bedouin towns, fulfilling Ra'am's pledge |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/government-legalizes-3-unrecognized-bedouin-towns-fulfilling-raams-pledge/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108200320/https://www.timesofisrael.com/government-legalizes-3-unrecognized-bedouin-towns-fulfilling-raams-pledge/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=3 Bedouin villages to be recognized, receive infrastructure |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/3-bedouin-villages-to-be-recognized-receive-infrastructure-682730 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219010658/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/3-bedouin-villages-to-be-recognized-receive-infrastructure-682730 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shpigel |first=Noa |date=5 January 2022 |title=Fast-tracked Knesset Vote on Unrecognized Villages Passes, Enraging Opposition |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-passes-bill-on-unrecognized-arab-villages-enraging-opposition-1.10515703 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219014513/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-passes-bill-on-unrecognized-arab-villages-enraging-opposition-1.10515703 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 November 2021 Abbas met with [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II]] of Jordan, the first occasion where the king has met an Arab party leader who is a sitting member of the Israeli government; the two discussed the peace process and reiterated their support for a two-state solution.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack |last2=Lis |first2=Jonathan |date=9 November 2021 |title=Jordan's Abdullah Talks Palestinians, Jerusalem With Israeli Lawmaker Abbas |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-jordan-s-abdullah-talks-palestinians-jerusalem-with-israeli-lawmaker-abbas-1.10368918 |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219024649/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-jordan-s-abdullah-talks-palestinians-jerusalem-with-israeli-lawmaker-abbas-1.10368918 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=9 November 2021 |title=Ra'am party chief Abbas discusses 2-state solution with Jordan's king |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/raam-party-chief-abbas-discusses-2-state-solution-with-jordans-king/ |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219024649/https://www.timesofisrael.com/raam-party-chief-abbas-discusses-2-state-solution-with-jordans-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 December 2021 Abbas said that Israel was born as a Jewish state and will remain so, provoking outrage from members of other Arab parties.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Gil |date=22 December 2021 |title=Israel is a Jewish state and will remain so - Ra'am's Abbas |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-689351 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223025149/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-689351 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Toameh |first=Khaled Abu |date=22 December 2021 |title=Palestinians slam Mansour Abbas for 'recognizing' Israel as a Jewish state |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-689490 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223023820/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-689490 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 February 2022 Abbas rejected [[Amnesty International]]'s charge that [[Israel and apartheid|Israel is an apartheid state]], saying of Israel: "I would not call it apartheid", though the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC]] notes that he did not address whether the term could apply to the conditions in the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krauss |first=Joseph |date=10 February 2022 |title=Arab party leader in Israel rejects 'apartheid' label |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/arab-party-leader-israel-rejects-apartheid-label-82807363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210203831/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/arab-party-leader-israel-rejects-apartheid-label-82807363 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kraus |first=Joseph |date=10 February 2022 |title=Arab party leader in Israel rejects 'apartheid' label |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/arab-party-leader-in-israel-rejects-apartheid-label/2022/02/10/bf1ddbe4-8aad-11ec-838f-0cfdf69cce3c_story.html |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210220911/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/arab-party-leader-in-israel-rejects-apartheid-label/2022/02/10/bf1ddbe4-8aad-11ec-838f-0cfdf69cce3c_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2022–present ===
Abbas led his party into the [[2022 Israeli legislative election]], where he was reelected. Abbas was praised in a November 2022 op-ed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' by former prime minister [[Naftali Bennett]], who described him as "brave".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2023 |title=Bennett extolls outgoing coalition in NYT op-ed, praises Ra'am's Abbas as 'a mensch' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-extolls-outgoing-coalition-in-nyt-op-ed-praises-raams-abbas-as-a-mensch/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203112128/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-extolls-outgoing-coalition-in-nyt-op-ed-praises-raams-abbas-as-a-mensch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Naftali |author-link=Naftali Bennett |date=2022-11-27 |title=A Good-Will Government Was Possible in Israel |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/27/opinion/a-good-will-government-was-possible-in-israel.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321050631/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/27/opinion/a-good-will-government-was-possible-in-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel]], Abbas urged unity between Jews and Arabs in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |date=2023-10-07 |title=Ra'am leader Abbas urges Arab community not to respond to incitement, calls for unity |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/raam-leader-abbas-urges-arab-community-not-to-respond-to-incitement-calls-for-unity/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015160216/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/raam-leader-abbas-urges-arab-community-not-to-respond-to-incitement-calls-for-unity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Arab Israeli community stands in solidarity against Hamas - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-769843 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arab Israeli Lawmaker Abbas Denounces Hamas Attack, Says the Massacre Does Not 'Represent Our Arab Society' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-07/ty-article/.premium/arab-list-mk-abbas-denounces-hamas-attack-says-massacre-doesnt-represent-arab-society/0000018b-aa11-d5aa-a19f-affb1b4b0000 |work=Haaretz |date=7 November 2023}}</ref> On 1 December 2023, he said that "armed Palestinian factions need to stop using weapons and turn to a diplomatic project with the Palestinian Authority to strengthen the chances of a Palestinian state and announce an inclusive and permanent ceasefire to bring about peace and an end to" the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. In response, Israel's National Security Minister [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] called him a "terrorist supporter", Finance Minister [[Bezalel Smotrich]] accused him of supporting Israel's enemies, and Legislative Committee Chairman [[Simcha Rothman]] accused Abbas and the United Arab List of being "supporters of terrorism". On the other hand, Israel's [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]] leader [[Merav Michaeli]] praised Abbas, saying his statements demonstrate "a committed and real Jewish-Arab partnership".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ministers decry Mansour Abbas for calling on Palestinians to lay down arms |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-776265 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

==Ideology and political views==
Abbas has been stated to be [[conservative]] and [[socially conservative]] and has opposed pro-LGBT legislation.<ref name="MEE, March 2021">{{cite news |last=Abu Sneineh |first=Mustafa |date=24 March 2021 |title=Mansour Abbas, the Islamist leader who could be Israel's kingmaker |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mansour-abbas-islamist-leader-israel-kingmaker |access-date=18 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171921/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/mansour-abbas-islamist-leader-israel-kingmaker |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 17 January 2022 |title= Arab leader's gamble to play kingmaker in Israel is paying off |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/01/17/1073565965/arab-leaders-gamble-to-play-kingmaker-in-israel-is-paying-off |work= NPR |access-date= 18 September 2022 |archive-date= 20 September 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171155/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/17/1073565965/arab-leaders-gamble-to-play-kingmaker-in-israel-is-paying-off |url-status= live }}</ref> He has also spoken out in support of [[conversion therapy]] for LGBT people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |date=25 March 2021 |title=How Islamist Ra'am broke Arab politics and may win the keys to the government |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-islamist-raam-broke-arab-politics-and-may-win-the-keys-to-the-government/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922060621/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-islamist-raam-broke-arab-politics-and-may-win-the-keys-to-the-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is frequently referred to as an [[Islamist]].<ref name="MEE, March 2021"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Halpern |first1=Orly |last2=Qana |first2=Kafr |date=11 June 2021 |title='It's Possible to Do Things Differently.' The Arab Kingmaker Who Joined Israel's Far-Right to Oust Netanyahu |url=https://time.com/6073019/mansour-abbas-arab-israel-coalition-government/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=18 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171223/https://time.com/6073019/mansour-abbas-arab-israel-coalition-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has lambasted political parties on the Israeli left, saying, "What have I to do with the left? … in religious matters, I'm [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]" and said that he has more in common with conservative Jewish ultra-Orthodox parties than with [[Social liberalism|socially liberal]] parties.<ref name="MEE, March 2021"/>

In December 2021, Abbas said that "Israel was born as a Jewish state, and it will remain that way".<ref>{{Cite news |last=פרץ |first=גד |date=2021-12-21 |title=מנסור עבאס: "מדינת ישראל היא מדינה יהודית וככה היא תישאר" |url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001395413 |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=Globes}}</ref> He publicly accepts Israel as a ''[[de facto]]'' Jewish state and states that it does not practice apartheid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |date=27 August 2022 |title=Lesson's Learned, Israel's Unlikely Kingmaker Looks Ahead |website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/27/world/middleeast/israel-government-mansour-abbas.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184128/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/27/world/middleeast/israel-government-mansour-abbas.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times of Israel, Jan 2022">{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Tia |date=17 January 2022 |title=How Islamist lawmaker Mansour Abbas has shaken up Israeli politics |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-islamist-lawmaker-mansour-abbas-has-shaken-up-israeli-politics/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173213/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-islamist-lawmaker-mansour-abbas-has-shaken-up-israeli-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His decision to do so during comments he made at a business conference caused an uproar among some in the Arab public.<ref name="Times of Israel, Jan 2022"/>

Since the [[October 7 attacks]], Abbas has condemned [[Hamas]] multiple times. Abbas described the Hamas-led attacks as "an inhuman and unjustifiable act"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=מנסור עבאס מגנה את פעולת חמאס: "מעשה לא אנושי ובלתי ניתן להצדקה" |url=https://www.ice.co.il/media/news/article/990774 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Ice |language=he}}</ref> and stated that these acts "are not representative of the Palestinian people".<ref>{{Cite web |last=הלוי |first=דלית |title=מנסור עבאס: מעשי חמאס "אינם משקפים את העם הפלסטיני" |url=https://www.inn.co.il/news/619484 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=ערוץ 7 |language=he}}</ref> In the days following the attacks he called on Hamas and other [[Palestinian political violence|militant factions]] to release the [[Gaza war hostage crisis|hostages]], saying "[[Islam|Islamic]] values command us not to imprison women, children, and elderly people. This humanitarian act must be done immediately".<ref>{{Cite web |title=מנסור עבאס בפנייה לארגוני הטרור: "נגד ערכי האסלאם" |url=https://www.srugim.co.il/849485-%d7%9e%d7%a0%d7%a1%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%90%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a4%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%99%d7%94-%d7%9c%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%99-%d7%94%d7%98%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%a0%d7%92%d7%93-%d7%a2 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=סרוגים |language=HE}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Abbas is married with three children and lives in [[Maghar, Israel|Maghar]]; his wife, Yakoot, is a high school English teacher.<ref name=":0" />

Abbas serves as an imam at a mosque near [[Tiberias]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{MKlink|id=1007}}

{{Current MKs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Mansour}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arab members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Deputy ministers of Israel]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Islamic Movement in Israel politicians]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern Islamists]]
[[Category:21st-century dentists]]
[[Category:Israeli health professionals]]
[[Category:Israeli Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–2022)]]
[[Category:Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)]]
[[Category:People from Maghar]]
[[Category:United Arab List leaders]]
[[Category:University of Haifa alumni]]
[[Category:Joint List politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers without Portfolio of Israel]]

71st Annual BFJA Awards

2026-02-18T17:50:10Z

Aryatheautistic: added new stub.

{{Short description|Best Indian Cinema Award of 2012}}
The '''71st''' [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] were held on September 11, 2013 after six years, at The Science City Auditorium, [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film journalists' association launched in Kolkata |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=180158 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> honoring the best [[Indian cinema]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web| title = 71st Annual BFJA Awards| publisher = BFJA Awards| url = http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=2012| access-date = 2014-12-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052325/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=2012| archive-date = 2016-03-04| url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Best Film ==
* [[Bhooter Bhabishyat]] - [[Anik Dutta]]
* [[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]] - [[Rituporno Ghosh]]
* [[Aparajita Tumi]] - [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]

== Best Director ==
* [[Anik Dutta]] - [[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2013-09-11 |title=Genres merge as BFJA honours Bengali film industry |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bfja-honours-bengali-film-industry-9762.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Best Actor ==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] - [[Khokababu]]

== Best Actress ==
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] - [[Muktodhara]]
* [[Koel Mallick]] - [[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]

== Best Music ==
* [[Jeet Ganguly]] - [[Paglu 2]]

== Best Lyricist ==
* Priyo Chattopadhyay - [[Khokababu]] for the song "Soniye Tu"

== Best Male Playback Singer ==
* [[Anupam Roy]] - [[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]

== Best Female Playback Singer ==
* [[Lopamudra Mitra]] - [[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]

== Best Original Story ==
* [[Bhooter Bhabishyat]] - [[Anik Dutta]]

== Best Promising Director ==
* [[Raj Chakraborty]]

== Best Promising Actor ==
* [[Hiran Chatterjee]] - [[Macho Mustanaa]]

== Best Promising Actress ==
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]] - [[Bapi Bari Ja]]

== Best Cameraman ==
* [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]] - [[Mayabazar (2012 film)|Mayabazar]]

== Best Editor ==
* [[Sandip Dutta]] - Mayabazar

== Best Art Director ==
* [[Ananda Addya]] - Hemlock Society

== Best Make-Up Man ==
* [[Md. Yonis]] - [[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]

== Best Special Jury Award ==
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] - [[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]

== Most Outstanding Work of The Year ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] - [[Aparajita Tumi]]

== Best Book on Cinema ==
* [[Cinemar Kathakata]] - [[Chandi Mukherjee]]

==Lifetime achievement award==
* [[Tarun Majumdar]]
* [[Aparna Sen]]

== Evergreen Actor ==
* [[Chiranjeet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
[[Category:2013 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:2013 awards in India]]

Indira Devi Dhanrajgir

2026-02-15T00:02:14Z

Aryatheautistic: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian poet (1930–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rajkumari Indira Devi Dhanrajgir
| image = Indira_Devi_Dhanrajgir.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|8|17}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2026|1|13|1930|8|17}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, [[Telangana]], India
| occupation =
| movement =
| awards =
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Srikishen Seth [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]]
| notableworks = ''Return Eternity'' (1965) ''Partings in Mimosa'' (1968) ''Memories of the Deccan'' (2008)
}}

'''Indirā Dēvi Dhanarājgīr''' ({{langx|te|ఇందిరా దేవి ధనరాజ్గీర్}}; 17 August 1930 – 13 January 2026), better known as '''Rajkumari Indira Devi''',<ref name=ex/> was an Indian-English poet, painter, socialite and photography enthusiast from [[Hyderabad]]. She was nominated for the [[1973 Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref name="nobel73">{{Cite web|url=https://sa-admin.lb.se/assets/a97cceda-c3ff-499c-b248-1c25c91fb23f.pdf/F%C3%B6rslagslista%201973.pdf|title=Nobelarkivet-1973|website=svenskaakademien.se|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=16776|title=Nomination Archive - Indira Devi Dhanrajgir|website=NobelPrize.org|date=March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==Life and career==
===Early life===
Indira was born to Raja Dhanrajgirji Bahadur, a philanthropist, and his wife, Rani Premila Devi.<ref name=ex/> Her father was noted for having introduced many Western ideas and the game of [[cricket]] in [[Hyderabad]], and was of service to the court of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name=ex/> She was the eldest daughter of four and was tutored at home by an English governess.<ref name=si>{{cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/exploring-a-royal-past-in-conversation-with-a-princess-2453991/|title=Exploring a royal past: In conversation with a Princess|date=20 November 2022|access-date=2 January 2024|website=The Siasat Daily|author=Zeenath Khan}}</ref> Her paternal grandfather, Raja Saheb Narsinghji Bahadur, was regarded "as the Rockefeller of the South."<ref name=si/> The Dhanrajgirs owned palaces in [[Bombay]], Hyderabad, and [[Poona]].<ref name=si/><ref name=dec>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/culture-and-society/080520/we-had-cooks-guards-butlers-says-rajkumari-indira-devi-dhanrajgir.html|title=We had cooks, guards, butlers, says Rajkumari Indira Devi Dhanrajgir|access-date=2 January 2024|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=8 May 2020|author=Swati Sharma}}</ref>

Initially, she studied high school at [[Mahbub College High School|Mahbub School for Girls]] but was later [[Homeschooling|homeschooled]].<ref name=and/> At a young age, Indira met influential people: she played [[carrom]] with [[Kishen Pershad]] who served twice as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III]] gave her a [[Shetland pony]] on her first birthday, and listened to recitations of noted poet [[Allama Iqbal]] which inspired her to engage herself with poetry.<ref name=si/><ref name=dec/>

===Literary career===
Since her father was a literary enthusiast, Rajkumari Indira came into contact with English, Hindi, Urdu and Maratha literary figures from childhood.<ref name=and/> She taught herself how to [[Typewriter|type]] and started composing [[couplets]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on the lawns of Gyan Bagh Palace, having been inspired by the works of [[Allama Iqbal]], [[Ghalib]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref name=si/> From her teenage years, Indira was also a photography enthusiast and started making a good collection of photographs, which she said, are worth being shared in the book.<ref name=ex/>

In 1964, her first volume of poetry was published under the title ''The Apostle'', followed later on by ''Return to Eternity'' and ''Yearnings and Other Poems'' in 1965 and 1966 respectively.<ref name=ex/> During these times, she created a group of poets around her and turned the Gyan Bagh Palace a place for local poets, which included her future husband [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]], [[Aziz Qaisi]], [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]] and [[Jwalamukhi (poet)|Jwalamukhi]], to meet, read, discuss and translate poetry.<ref name=azam>{{cite web|url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781351394000_A30633038/preview-9781351394000_A30633038.pdf|title=Language and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|editor=Kousar J. Azam|publisher=Routledge|access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>
{{Quote box|salign=|width=|align=|title=Excerpt from ''Partings in Mimosa''|<poem>
Time, a singing continuity, sings it way,
Cutting back at unhealed wounds. Into this
Wounded dawn we sigh a pain,
To be lifted by the arms of a summer madness
And watch the echo retract, renunciate,
Disclaim and give up bordering away from proximity
Into the yesterday...
</poem>}}
She later gained recognition among literary circles with her fourth publication, ''Partings in Mimosa''. Literary critic Usharbudh Arya described it as "a really promising talent demonstrably conscious of the restraint which the use of [[free verse]] demands... [she] gives to her 483 lines a sense of enactive rhythm, a lingering, thoughtful gusto, [and] a corresponding control of structure."<ref name=js>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874395#:~:text=Partings%20in%20the%20fleeting%20seasons,broke%20on%20the%20mimosa%20tunes.&text=Again%20to%20vanish%20in%20my%20mimosa%20season.&text=existential%20virtue%20of%20the%20Platonic%20premise.|title=Mahfil Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter 1970)|pages=80-83 (4 pages)|publisher=Asian Studies Center of Michigan State University|website=JSTOR|access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

At a time of increasing literary success, she suddenly gave up writing poetry after marrying [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]] in 1970. She did this, affirming: "There can't be two poets in one family."<ref name=si/> For that, [[Osmania University]] professor Kousar Azam said of her "as a poet belonging to the Aurobindo School of Poetry, she received some critical attention but now remains known, sadly, only to a select few."<ref name=azam/>

In 1987, together with Seshendra, she attended a literary conference in [[Greece]] and had the privilege of acquainting the poets [[Yiannis Ritsos]] and [[Nikiforos Vrettakos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFK0BGmyq7o|title=Rajkumari Indira Devi and Seshendra Sarma Visit to Greece|date=26 October 2021|website=YouTube|author=Indiraseshendra}}</ref> Throughout her life, she was well acquainted with people like [[Lord Mountbatten]], [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] and [[Kaifi Azmi]], and maintained close friendships with [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javed Iqbal]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] and the descendants of Nizam's family members.<ref name=and/>

The latest publication she wrote was a [[coffee table book]] about her family and the palace titled ''Memories of the Deccan'' which was dedicated to the eighth Nizam, Prince [[Mukarram Jah]] on his 7th birthday and Princess [[Esra Birgen]], Princes [[Azmet Jah]] and Shehkar, in October 2008.<ref name=ex/>

===Paintings===
In 1968, while chairperson of the Hindi Academy of Andhra Pradesh, she visited [[Mauritius]] and established a strong friendship with the Mauritian writer and painter, [[Malcolm de Chazal]], from whom she acquired a dozen of his valuable paintings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pahladramsurrun.com/shop/indradhanush-magazine-raj-kumari-indira-devi-dhanraj-gorji/|title=Indradhanush Magazine: Raj Kumari Indira Devi Dhanraj Gorji|website=Pahlad Ramsurrun|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref> A painter herself, an exhibition of her artworks was held under the leadership of [[M. F. Husain]] in the 1970s in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=and/>

===Personal life===
In 1945, Rajkumari Indira was married to Srikishen Seth, nephew of the [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] [[Kishen Pershad]], but their union was unlikely.<ref name=ga/> Immediately after marriage, she beat Srikishen and ran away from him, and told her families and relatives that he was an unsuitable man for marital life. She filed a divorce against him until it was finalized in 1970.<ref name=ga/>

In 1971, she was married to [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]], a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet who already had three children from his previous marriage.<ref name=ex>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/mar/21/rare-glimpses-of-hyderabad-as-seen-by-rajkumari-indira-2119443.html|title=Rare glimpses of Hyderabad, as seen by Rajkumari Indira|date=21 March 2020|access-date=2 January 2024|website=The New Indian Express|author=Manjulatha Kalanidhi}}</ref> She resided for the rest of her life at the [[Gyan Bagh Palace]]. Their wedding took place at the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCP-jsYlRzs|title=Wedding of Rajkumari Indira Devi and Seshendra Sarma at Halebidu|date=24 October 2021|website=YouTube|author=Indiraseshendra}}</ref>

===Death===
Rajkumari Indira died at her residence on 13 January 2026, at the age of 95.<ref name=decca>{{cite news |title=Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/regal-nizam-era-socialite-indira-devi-passes-away-1930348 |access-date=13 January 2026 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=13 January 2026}}</ref> Anuradha Reddy described her passing as a loss that closes a chapter in the city"s social life, saying, "[She is] one of the last personalities who truly represented Hyderabad of that period."<ref name=decca/> [[Raunaq Yar Khan]], a Hyderabadi aristocrat and socialite, remembered her as sociable and generous with her time, "added glamour, style and warmth to any event... charming, well spoken and stylish."<ref name=decca/>

Her final rites were performed at [[Amberpet]] crematorium in a very simple manner according to Telugu Vedic tradition by Vishwanath Shobhanadri, nephew of the poet [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]].<ref name=and>{{cite web|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2026/telangana/famed-poet-and-princess-indira-devi-dhanrajgir-passes-away-1484881.html|title=Indira Devi Dhanrajgir: తిరిగిరాని లోకాలకు మన రాజకుమారి|date=14 January 2026|access-date=14 January 2026|language=te|website=Adrajyothay}}</ref><ref name=decca/>

==Legal issues==
In 2007, immediately after the death of her husband Seshendra, Rajkumari Indira created and submitted a false document to the court claiming that her husband delegated all the copyrights of his works to her, whereas Satyaki, her stepson, argued that in 1989, Seshendra promised all copyrights to his son as a birthday gift.<ref name=ga>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/press-note-guntur-seshandras-son-seeking-justice-15090|title=Press Note: Guntur Seshandra's Son Seeking Justice|date=27 July 2009|website=greatandra.com|author=Venkat Arikatla|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=ia/> Rajkumari Indira eventually took control of Seshendra's published works by paying money, and after finding this out, Satyaki filed a petition in the city civil court of Hyderabad that a violation of rights had taken place.<ref name=ia/>

In 2018, after 10 years of investigation, the court declared that all copyrights rightfully belong to Satyaki and, with the help of Telangana Forensic Laboratory, the documents submitted by Rajkumari Indira were fake including a signature of her husband pasted therein.<ref name=ia>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SeshendraCopyrights_201906|title=Seshendra Sarma's copyrights belongto his son Satyaki only: Indira Dhanrajgir submitted a fake document|date=23 June 2019|website=Internet Archive|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/38992607/|title=Telangana High Court – R Indira Devi vs G Satyaki on 25 January, 2024|author=G.Radha Rani|date=25 January 2024|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref>

==Honours==
She became the first President and Chairperson of Hindi Academy of Andhra Pradesh, and vice-president of the Telugu Writers Conference in 1968.<ref name=ex/> She has been also on the advisory panel of the Sahitya Academy, Urdu Committee, Andhra Pradesh and State Handicrafts Board, Government of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=ex/>

In 1973, she was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] by [[Krishna Srinivas]], president of the World Poetry Society Intercontinental (WPSI).<ref name=nobel73/> She was the first Indian woman to receive such honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/search.php?prize=4&startyear=1901&endyear=1971&cname=&ccity=&cuniversity=&ccountry=99&cgender=F&nname=&ncity=&nuniversity=&ncountry=0&ngender=A|title=Nomination archive – Indian Female Nominees for Nobel Prize in Literature|access-date=6 January 2026|website=nobelprize.org}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Rajkumari Indira Devi Hall (originally the [[Golden Threshold]]) at [[University of Hyderabad]] was inaugurated in her honour, transforming it into a cultural and literary hub.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/uoh-to-convert-golden-threshold-into-cultural-hub/articleshow/71929684.cms|title=UoH to convert Golden Threshold into cultural hub|date=6 November 2019|access-date=2 January 2024|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/nov/07/cultural-and-literary-hub-at-golden-threshold-2058063.html|title=Cultural and literary Hub at Golden Threshold|date=7 November 2019|access-date=2 January 2024|website=The New Indian Express|author=Saima Afreen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/uoh-to-convert-golden-threshold-into-culture-hub/article29903033.ece|title=UoH to convert Golden Threshold into culture hub|website=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2024|date=7 November 2019}}</ref> An autobiographical book entitled ''Alanati Kadha'' was published by D. Chandrasekhar Reddy in her honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahithibooks.com/book/695e51054fe2b35e3f139455|title=Alanati Kadha|access-date=6 January 2026|website=Sahithi Prachuranalu}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Poetry collections===
* ''The Apostle'' (Ajoykumar Mitra, 1964)
* ''Return to Eternity'' (Ajoykumar Mitra, 1965)
* ''Yearnings and Other Poems'' (N.P., 1966)
* ''Partings in Mimosa'' (M.L. Dhawan, 1968)<ref>Naik, M. K., [https://books.google.com/books?id=FcH2MUnlQjQC ''Perspectives on Indian poetry in English''], p. 230, (published by Abhinav Publications, 1984, {{ISBN|0-391-03286-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-391-03286-6}}), retrieved via Google Books, 3 January 2024</ref>
* ''Poems of My National Memory'' (Indian Languages Forum, 1976)
* ''Wind Blows from the Scaffold'' (N.P., 1976)

===Private distributions===
* ''Commitment'' (1969){{efn|group=notes|name=dis|''Commitment'' and ''Tide'' were published for private distribution only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341864&p=2301848|title=Bibliographies for South Asian Studies: Poetry Written by South Asian Women|access-date=3 January 2024|website=University Libraries {{!}} University of Washington}}</ref>}}
* ''Tide'' (1974){{efn|name=dis}}

===Non-fiction===
* ''Memories of the Deccan'' (Visual Quest India, 2008)

===Translations===
* ''Seshajyotsna: Telugu Modern Indian Classic'' by Guṇṭūru Śēṣēndraśarma (Indian Languages Forum, 1974)<ref>Dhanrajgir, Indira Devi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNqZzQEACAAJ ''Seshajyotsna: Telugu Modern Indian Classic; English-Telugu Text – Guṇṭūru Śēṣēndraśarma''] (published by Indian Languages Forum, 1974), retrieved via Google Books, 3 January 2024</ref> (translated into English)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi Dhanrajgir, Indira}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

Atul Bora

2026-02-14T17:32:40Z

Aryatheautistic: updated information after review

#REDIRECT[[Atul Bora (AGP politician)]]

Moirangthem Kirti Singh

2026-02-08T17:51:09Z

Aryatheautistic: new new bio more to come

{{short description|Indian writer and scholar (born 1943)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Meitei name|[[Moirangthem]]|Kirti|[[Singh]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moirangthem Kirti Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1943|2|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal|Kongba Uchekon]], [[Imphal East district]], [[Manipur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer Educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = * first [[Meitei people|Meitei]] to be awarded a PhD and also the first [[Meitei people|Meitei]] to receive a DLitt<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" />
* first person from [[Manipur]] to be awarded a PhD and also the first person from [[Manipur]] to receive a DLitt<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" />
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = M. Borajao Singh
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Jyotish Ratna (1978), Gavashana Archarya Bharat Excellence Award The Rising Personalities Award Glory of India Award Secular India Harmony Award [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] National Award (2002)
}}
'''Moirangthem Kirti Singh''' is an Indian writer, scholar and educationist from [[Manipur]].<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh">{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.Moirangthem_Kirti_literature | title=Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh | publisher=E Pao | date=2015 | access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Born on 1 February 1943 at Kongba Uchekon near [[Imphal]] to M. Borajao Singh, Singh completed his education from [[Johnstone Higher Secondary School, Imphal]] and D. M. College, which were under [[Guwahati University]] during those days, securing a BA (Honours) and MA in philosophy.<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" /> Later, he obtained a bachelor's degree in Law (LLB) from LMS Law College, Imphal in 1965, followed by a doctoral degree (PhD) in 1972, making him one of the first [[Meitei people|Meitei]] to be awarded a PhD. He is also the first Meitei to receive a DLitt.<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" /> He served various colleges in Manipur as a member of faculty and has also been involved in social activism.<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" />

Singh has published several books on Meitei culture and history,<ref name="ISNI profile">{{cite web | url=http://isni.org/isni/0000000081787212 | title=ISNI profile | publisher=ISNI | date=2015 | access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kirti Singh, M. (Moirangthem) 1943-">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n83138476/ | title=Kirti Singh, M. (Moirangthem) 1943- | publisher=WoeldCat | date=2015 | access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> especially on [[Meitei people|Meiteilogy]].<ref name="The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&q=Moirangthem+Kirti+Singh&pg=PA387 | title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE | publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei | year=2010 | pages=400 | isbn=9788184652109}}</ref> ''Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries'',<ref name="Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL8gAAAAMAAJ | title=Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries | publisher=Manipur State Kala Akadem | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1980 | pages=335}}</ref> ''Religion and Culture of Manipur'',<ref name="Religion and Culture of Manipur">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQeAAAAMAAJ | title=Religion and Culture of Manipur | publisher=Manas Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1988 | pages=283 | isbn=9788170490210}}</ref> ''Folk culture of Manipur'',<ref name="Folk culture of Manipur">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ | title=Folk culture of Manipur | publisher=Manas Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1993 | pages=248 | isbn=9788170490630}}</ref> ''Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy''<ref name="Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ | title=Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy | publisher=Parimal Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1998 | pages=322}}</ref> ''The philosophy and Religion'',<ref name="The philosophy and Religion">{{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK6465233211413622770849341371/details.html | title=The philosophy and Religion | publisher=Akansha Publications | author=M. Kirti Singh | year=2007 | pages=209 | isbn=978-8183700849}}</ref> and ''The philosophy of Organism''<ref name="The philosophy of Organism">{{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DK915321716276980344963666601/details.html | title=The philosophy of Organism | publisher=Akansha Publications | author=M. Kirti Singh | year=2009 | pages=209 | isbn=9788183701594}}</ref> are some of his notable works. His selected writings were compiled and brought out as a felicitation volume by Akansha Publishing House in 2014.<ref name="Perspectives in culture : Padmashri Dr M. Kirti Singh felicitation volume">{{cite book | title=Perspectives in culture : Padmashri Dr M. Kirti Singh felicitation volume | publisher=Akansha Publishing House | author=Asha Gupta (Ed.), P.B. Nandkar (Ed.) | year=2014 | pages=230 | isbn=9788183703789|oclc = 863080189}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Singh, a fellow of the Manipur State Kala Akademi and the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society, Kolkata]], is also a recipient of awards such as Jyotish Ratna (1978), Gavashana Archarya (1989), Bharat Excellence Award (1998), The Rising Personalities Award (1999), Glory of India Award (2000) Secular India Harmony Award (2002) and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose National Award (2002).<ref name="Prof. Dr. Moirangthem Kirti Singh" />

==Selected bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries | publisher=Manipur State Kala Akadem | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1980 | pages=335}}
* {{cite book | title=Religion and Culture of Manipur | publisher=Manas Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1988 | pages=283 | isbn=9788170490210}}
* {{cite book | title=Folk culture of Manipur | publisher=Manas Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1993 | pages=248 | isbn=9788170490630}}
* {{cite book | title=Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy | publisher=Parimal Publications | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1998 | pages=322}}
* {{cite book | title=The philosophy and Religion | publisher=Akansha Publications | author=M. Kirti Singh | year=2007 | pages=209 | isbn=978-8183700849}}
* {{cite book | title=The philosophy of Organism | publisher=Akansha Publications | author=M. Kirti Singh | year=2009 | pages=209 | isbn=9788183701594}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Khong kangjei]]
* [[Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?search-author-txt=Kirti%20Singh%2C%20M.%20(Moirangthem)%2C%201943-&startRec=0 | title=OCLC Classify | publisher=OCLC | date=2015 | access-date=17 October 2015}}

{|
|{{Authority control}}
|}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, M. Kirti}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

M. K. Prasad

2026-02-08T11:56:01Z

Aryatheautistic: adjust intro as per guidelines and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist (1932–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = M. K. Prasad
| image = Prof MK Prasad DSCN0022.JPG
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[British Raj]]
| birth_date = 1932
| death_date = 17 January 2022 (age 89–90)
| death_place = Kochi, Kerala, India
| residence =
| citizenship =
| field = [[natural environment|environment]], [[nature]], [[biodiversity]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''M. K. Prasad''' (1932 – 17 January 2022){{efn|There is some confusion about Prasad's date of birth. Most sources indicate that Prasad was born in 1932. However, ''[[Samayam]]'', a Malayalam language newspaper, states his date of birth as 24 January 1933.}} was an Indian environmentalist known for his grassroots level activism to protect tropical rainforests in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. In the late 1970s, as a member of [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]], he led the [[Save Silent Valley]] movement, to prevent development of a hydroelectric project in the [[Silent Valley National Park]], a project that would have flooded the rainforest.

He was a principal of the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja’s College]] Ernakulam, Kochi, and pro vice chancellor of [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]]. Earlier, as a part of KSSP, he had contributed to the [[national literacy mission]] which had resulted in his native [[Ernakulam district]] being declared the first fully literate district in the country.

== Early life ==
Prasad was born in an ''[[Ezhava]]'' family in [[Cherai]] on the island of [[Vypin]] in the coastal district of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] in present day Indian state of Kerala.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Gadgil|first=Madhav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3Hd13qdl9sC&pg=PA81|title=Ecological Journeys|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-112-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Noted environmentalist Prof MK Prasad passes away |department=Kochi News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/prof-mk-prasad-green-crusader-passes-away/articleshow/88960372.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117235239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/prof-mk-prasad-green-crusader-passes-away/articleshow/88960372.cms|archive-date=17 January 2022|access-date=22 January 2022|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=പ്രൊഫ. എംകെ പ്രസാദ് അന്തരിച്ചു; അന്ത്യം കൊവിഡ് ബാധയെ തുടര്‍ന്ന്‌|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/prof-mk-prasad-passed-away/articleshow/88944080.cms|access-date=22 January 2022|website=Samayam Malayalam|language=ml}}</ref> He studied in the Rama Varuna Union High School, a school that was established by local Hindu and Christian community leaders.<ref name=":2" /> The headmaster of the school and Prasad's early mentor, [[K. C. Abraham]], would later go on to serve as the [[governor of Gujarat]].<ref name=":2" /> While his family was expecting him to follow in his uncle's footsteps to become an [[Ayurveda]] physician, he joined [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] in Kochi.<ref name=":2" /> He received an undergraduate degree in [[botany]] before going to [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] to graduate with a master's degree in botany.<ref name=":2" />

== Career and activism ==
[[File:Prof MK Prasad DSCN0028.JPG|thumb|alt=Professor MK Prasad|Prof. M. K. Prasad speaks at an ornithologist meeting, Kerala Sahitya academy hall, Thrissur in connection with the National Book Festival]]

Prasad joined the Kerala State Educational Service in 1955 and went on to spend over 30 years in the academic arena holding various positions in the Kerala higher education system including Principal of the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja’s College]] Ernakulam, Kochi and Pro Vice Chancellor of [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=17 January 2022|title=Noted environmentalist M K Prasad passes away at 89|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/environmentalist-m-k-prasad-passes-away-7727250/|access-date=21 January 2022|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117190431/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/environmentalist-m-k-prasad-passes-away-7727250/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prasad joined the [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP, {{Translation|Kerala Science Literature Council}}) in 1967. The organization was set up in 1962 as a publishing house focusing on publishing scientific magazines and journals. He wrote extensively for the organization's science journals before stepping in to set up the Ernakulam district unit for the organization.<ref name=":2" /> Some of the topics that he wrote in the initial years in the 1960s included industrial pollution, particularly focusing on the [[estuaries]] of the [[Periyar River|Periyar river]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1971, he partnered with scientists [[Syed Zahoor Qasim]] and [[U. K. Gopalan]] to organize a seminar and draw attention to the problems of industrial pollution in the Ernakulam district.<ref name=":2" />

In the late 1970s, he led [[Save Silent Valley|efforts to save the Silent Valley]], a tropical rain forest in the [[Western Ghats|Western ghats]] in southern India, when a planned [[hydroelectric plant]] threatened to flood and devastate the flora and fauna of [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Silent Valley|url=http://www.silentvalley.gov.in/Ebook/2.html|publisher=www.silentvalley.gov.in|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528173848/http://silentvalley.gov.in/ebook/2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He initially wrote about the project's impacts in ''Sastragathi'', a scientific journal published by KSSP, in 1977. He later led efforts, working with engineers, economists, and scientists, to draw attention to the environmental impact of the project. These efforts were followed by ground level activism including organization of [[street play]]s and other forms of protest across the state.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The protests were called off in the early 1980s when the then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], ceding to the protests, promised that the forests would be preserved.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Renowned environmental activist and teacher Prof M K Prasad passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/17/renowned-environmental-activist-and-teacher-prof-m-k-prasad-passes-away-2407762.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121072047/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/17/renowned-environmental-activist-and-teacher-prof-m-k-prasad-passes-away-2407762.html|archive-date=21 January 2022|access-date=21 January 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Prasad also contributed to efforts at KSSP towards the spread of literacy as a part of the [[national literacy mission]]. He was actively engaged in actions that resulted in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] being declared the first fully literate district in India in 1990.<ref name=":2" /> He also set up KSSP’s Integrated Rural technology Centre in [[Mundur, Palakkad|Mundur]], [[Palakkad district]], Kerala and served as the centre's director for three years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=17 January 2022|title=M.K. Prasad, noted ecologist and 'Save Silent Valley' campaigner, passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/mk-prasad-noted-ecologist-and-save-silent-valley-campaigner-passes-away/article38281035.ece|access-date=21 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117065203/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/mk-prasad-noted-ecologist-and-save-silent-valley-campaigner-passes-away/article38281035.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prasad was a member of the United Nations’ [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] Board for a five-year tenure.<ref name=":1" /> He was also a life member and active participant in the activities of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wide Fund of Nature]] (WWF) – India and of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN-CEC).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Environmentalist MK Prasad, who spearheaded the Silent Valley movement, passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/environmentalist-mk-prasad-who-spearheaded-the-silent-valley-movement-passes-away-kerala-kssp-1.6367493|access-date=21 January 2022|work=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081155/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/environmentalist-mk-prasad-who-spearheaded-the-silent-valley-movement-passes-away-kerala-kssp-1.6367493|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Honour for Kochi's green warrior Prof. M.K. Prasad {{!}}|url=https://www.britishsouthindians.co.uk/honour-for-kochis-green-warrior-prof-m-k-prasad/|access-date=21 January 2022 |website=www.britishsouthindians.co.uk |archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081539/https://www.britishsouthindians.co.uk/honour-for-kochis-green-warrior-prof-m-k-prasad/|url-status=live}}</ref> In India, he chaired the Programme Advisory Committee of the [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]]'s (MSSRF) Agro Biodiversity Centre, in Wayanad, Kerala and served as a member of the Governing Council of the [[Centre for Environment Education]] (CEE) and of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=CEE India Governing Council|url=http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/governing_council.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061222/http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/governing_council.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=28 July 2011|publisher=www.ceeindia.org}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralabiodiversity.org/members.html|title=Kerala Biodiversity|publisher=www.keralabiodiversity.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225154603/http://www.keralabiodiversity.org/members.html|archivedate=25 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

He authored numerous books and monographs in Malayalam on environmental issues and popular science and co-authored a techno-economic and socio-political assessment of the Silent Valley Hydro Electric project in 1979.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Prasad also served as the vice chancellor of the [[University of Calicut]], the principal of the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], the executive vice chairman of the Kerala Government's Information Kerala Mission, and the president of the KSSP.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Prasad was married to Sherly Prasad, who retired as a professor from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]. The couple had two children, a son and a daughter. He was a native of Kochi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Prasad died at a private hospital in Kochi on 17 January 2022, while being treated for complications of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Noted environmentalist M K Prasad passes way|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/13051371_Noted-environmentalist-M-K-Prasad-passes-way.html|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117065318/http://ptinews.com/news/13051371_Noted-environmentalist-M-K-Prasad-passes-way.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==See also==
* [[Save Silent Valley]]
* [[Sugathakumari]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/node/15?q=node/67 India Water Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041426/http://conflicts.indiawaterportal.org/node/15?q=node%2F67 |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724075516/http://www.salimalifoundation.org/about%20us.html Salim Ali Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121090003/http://www.ceetindia.org/ccdc/climate-change-conference-committees.html CCDC Committee 2010]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726182844/http://www.infokerala.org/emd.html Information Kerala Mission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313052042/http://www.mssrfcabc.res.in/our-team/steering-team/prof-m-k-prasad/ MS Swaminathan Research Foundation Community Agrobiodiversity Centre]
* [http://www.egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?Title=Services-at-Click-of-Mouse&interviewid=220 Services at Click of Mouse - Interview with Prof. M K Prasad on egovonline.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041417/http://www.egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?Title=Services-at-Click-of-Mouse&interviewid=220 |date=14 March 2012 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, M. K.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kochi]]

K. B. Sainis

2026-02-07T23:09:55Z

Aryatheautistic: creating new data

{{Short description|Indian immunologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. B. Sainis
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Immunology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] | [[Tufts University School of Medicine]] | [[University College London]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Immunobiology]] research
| awards = {{ublist| 1994 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Krishna Balaji Sainis''' (born 2 October 1949) is an Indian [[Immunology|immunologist]]. He is a former senior professor of Life Sciences at [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] and an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. Since 1999, he has served as the Indian representative on the [[United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] for his contributions to medical sciences in 1994.

== Biography ==
[[File:University of Pune, Pune.jpg|thumb|University of Pune]]
Born on 2 October 1949, K. B. Sainis earned a master's degree in biochemistry (MSc) from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] and did a one-year course in biology and radiobiology at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC).<ref name="Professor Dr. Krishna B. Sainis on UNSCEAR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/about_us/bio_kbsainis.html |title=Professor Dr. Krishna B. Sainis on UNSCEAR |date=2017 |publisher=UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512160331/http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/about_us/bio_kbsainis.html }}</ref> Upon completion of the course in 1972, he joined BARC as a Scientific Officer while continuing his doctoral studies at Pune University and secured a PhD in biophysics in 1980. Taking a sabbatical, he did his post-doctoral studies at the New England Medical Centre of [[Tufts University School of Medicine]] and, with the assistance of an [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] fellowship, he completed his studies at [[University College London]] at its [[Imperial Cancer Research Fund|ICRF]] Tumor Immunology Unit.<ref name="Senior professor - Life Sciences"/>

Returning to BARC, he served in many positions, heading the Immunology Section and the Cell Biology Division and serving as the associate director of the Bioscience Group. He became director of the Bio-Medical Group in 2006, with the responsibility of six divisions.<ref name="Dr. Krishna Balaji Sainis on Vidwan">{{Cite web |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/2040 |title=Dr. Krishna Balaji Sainis on Vidwan |date=2017 |publisher=Vidwan Iflibnet}}</ref> During his service at BARC, he has also been working as a faculty at the department of Life Sciences of the [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] where he is a senior professor.<ref name="Senior professor - Life Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/finf_na.html?fnm=Sainis%20Krishna%20Balaji&ci=BARC&dsp=Life%20Sciences&dsg=Sr.%20Professor |title=Senior professor - Life Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Homi Bhabha National Institute |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512160332/http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/finf_na.html?fnm=Sainis%20Krishna%20Balaji&ci=BARC&dsp=Life%20Sciences&dsg=Sr.%20Professor }}</ref>

Sainis is married to Jayashree Krishna Sainis, a biochemist, and the family lives in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=2016-03-16 }}</ref>

== Research ==
Sainis' studies in immunobiology have covered how [[T Cells]] and their receptors influence immune response to [[DNA]] in [[mycobacterial]] [[antigen]]s and [[lupus nephritis]], an [[autoimmune disease]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | page=71 | date=1999 | access-date=13 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> He headed a group of scientists at BARC who were involved in research on [[Immunotherapy|immunomodulators]] based on plants.<ref name="PHISPCChakravorty">{{cite book|author1=PHISPC|author2=Burma and Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0o7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA468|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5373-6|pages=468–|year=1900}}</ref> His studies have been documented and cited in texts and articles.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}<ref name="Sainis KB [Author] ">{{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sainis%20KB%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true |title=Sainis KB [Author] |date=2017 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="Atta-ur-Rahman2017">{{cite book|author=Atta-ur-Rahman|title=Studies in Natural Products Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA486|date=17 February 2017|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-63937-0|pages=486–}}</ref><ref name="Radiation2009">{{cite book|author=United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation|title=Effects of Ionizing Radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xt-ZOQVfmj0C&pg=PA193|year=2009|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-142270-2|pages=193–}}</ref><ref name="BechtoldMussak2009">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Bechtold|author2=Rita Mussak|title=Handbook of Natural Colorants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBFxuH5uXyIC&pg=PA253|date=6 April 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-74496-3|pages=253–}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf">{{cite book|author=Dr. Mohd Yusuf|title=GREEN DYES AND PIGMENTS: CLASSES AND APPLICATIONS|date=27 February 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlpmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-329-93291-3|pages=163–}}</ref> He has also written chapters in books published by others.<ref name="Upadhyay1999">{{cite book|author=Shakti N. Upadhyay|title=Immunopharmacology: Strategies for Immunotherapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs8qglYfwHAC&pg=PR10|year=1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0951-9|pages=10–}}</ref><ref name="RaniYadav2014">{{cite book|author1=Vibha Rani|author2=Umesh Chand Singh Yadav|title=Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTppBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-81-322-2035-0|pages=349–}}</ref><ref name="Immunomodulation - Immunomodulatory properties of stem extracts of Tinospora cordifolia: cell targets and active principles">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amrita.edu/publication/immunomodulatory-properties-stem-extracts-tinospora-cordifolia-cell-targets-and-active |title=Immunomodulation - Immunomodulatory properties of stem extracts of Tinospora cordifolia: cell targets and active principles |last=K. B. Sainis, Sumariwalla, P. F., Goel, A., Chintalwar, G. J., Sipahimalani, A. T., and Banerji, A. |publisher=Narosa Publishing House |year=1997 |editor-last=S.N. Upadhyay |page=155}}</ref>

==Affiliations and memberships==
Sainis has been associated with two international agencies. He served as president of the Standing Advisory Group on Nuclear Applications (SAGNA) of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) in 2012, and since 1999 has served as the Indian representative on the [[United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]].<ref name="Professor Dr. Krishna B. Sainis on UNSCEAR"/><ref name="Radiation2008">{{cite book|author=United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation|title=Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: Fifty-sixth Session (10-18 July 2008).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltAlYDs1oMkC&pg=PA30|year=2008|publisher=United Nations Publications|pages=30–|id=GGKEY:B5URFLG7851}}</ref><ref name="Radiation2000">{{cite book|author=United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation|title=Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57YmhD4ZBpQC&pg=PA16|year=2000|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-142238-2|pages=16–}}</ref>

Sainis is the president of the Mumbai Immunology Group at Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) of the [[Tata Memorial Centre]]<ref name="President - Mumbai Immunology Group">{{Cite web |url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/MIG-index/ECM2.html |title=President - Mumbai Immunology Group |date=2017 |publisher=Mumbai Immunology Group - ACTREC |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619001057/http://www.actrec.gov.in/MIG-index/ECM2.html }}</ref> and a former vice president of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Special ASET Colloquium">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~aset/sainis-talk3.pdf |title=Special ASET Colloquium |date=2017 |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}</ref> He is an honorary adviser to the Society for Free Radical Research India (SFRR-India);<ref name="Current Managing Committee (2016-2018)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sfrr-india.org/Committee.html |title=Current Managing Committee (2016-2018) |date=2017 |publisher=SFFR India |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512160331/http://www.sfrr-india.org/Committee.html }}</ref><ref name="Honorary Advisers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/events/sfrr/faculty.htm |title=Honorary Advisers |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS}}</ref> a member of the Advisory Committee of the ''National Training Program on Radiation Processing of Food for Food and Quarantine Inspectors & Quality Control Personnel'' organized by [[Department of Atomic Energy]] in association with BARC in February 2013;<ref name="Advisory Committee National Training Program on Radiation Processing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcnep.gov.in/programs/details/NTP-RPF0213-Brochure.pdf |title=Advisory Committee National Training Program on Radiation Processing |date=2017 |publisher=Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership}}</ref> and a member of the Indian Immunology Society.<ref name="IIS Member">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianimmunology.org/MOM_GBM_2007_NARI.pdf |title=IIS Member |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Immunology Society |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512160331/http://www.indianimmunology.org/MOM_GBM_2007_NARI.pdf }}</ref>

He was previously associated with ongoing education programs such as the XVII Training Workshop on Radiation Emergency Preparedness for Medical Officers,<ref name="XVII Training Workshop on Radiation Emergency Preparedness for Medical Officers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2008/20080403.pdf |title=XVII Training Workshop on Radiation Emergency Preparedness for Meeical Officers |date=2017 |publisher=BARC |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522135354/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2008/20080403.pdf }}</ref> the Refresher Course 2013 of the Indian Women Scientists Association,<ref name="Refresher Course 2013">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iwsa.net/Act-refresher.html |title=Refresher Course 2013 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Women Scientists Association |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613124105/http://www.iwsa.net/Act-refresher.html }}</ref> and the AKRUTI Technology Package for Rural Deployment of BARC.<ref name="AKRUTI Technology Package for Rural Deployment">{{Cite web |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/akruti-tp/akforce_p.html |title=AKRUTI Technology Package for Rural Deployment |date=2017 |publisher=BARC |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102163241/http://www.barc.gov.in/akruti-tp/akforce_p.html }}</ref> He has delivered several invited speeches or keynote addresses<ref name="The Director, Bio-Medical Group, BARC, Mumbai, Dr. K.B. Sainis addressing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarkarimirror.com/the-director-bio-medical-group-barc-mumbai-dr-k-b-sainis-addressing-the-media-at-the-opening-of-media-interaction-on-radiation-and-quality-of-human-life-in-chennai/ |title=The Director, Bio-Medical Group, BARC, Mumbai, Dr. K.B. Sainis addressing |date=25 September 2013 |publisher=Sarkari Mirror}}</ref><ref name="RADIATION AND SOCIETY: Benefits and Apprehensions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~aset/Bhabha/talk090310.html |title=RADIATION AND SOCIETY: Benefits and Apprehensions |date=2017 |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}</ref> and is a reviewer for [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation|Hindawi journals]].<ref name="India: Reviewers Hindawi journals">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindawi.com/countries/in/reviewers/67/ |title=India: Reviewers Hindawi journals |date=2017 |website=Hindawi |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133819/https://www.hindawi.com/countries/in/reviewers/67/ }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Sainis the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1994.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=24 February 2013 |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research }}</ref><ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nasi.nic.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf |title=Zone wise list of Fellows & Honorary Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> He is also an elected fellow of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm#s |title=MAS fellows |date=2017 |publisher=Maharashtra Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.amrita.edu/publication/immunomodulatory-properties-stem-extracts-tinospora-cordifolia-cell-targets-and-active |title=Immunomodulation - Immunomodulatory properties of stem extracts of Tinospora cordifolia: cell targets and active principles |author=K. B. Sainis, Sumariwalla, P. F., Goel, A., Chintalwar, G. J., Sipahimalani, A. T., and Banerji, A. |publisher=Narosa Publishing House |year=1997 |editor-last=S.N. Upadhyay |page=155}}
* {{cite book|author=Shakti N. Upadhyay|title=Immunopharmacology: Strategies for Immunotherapy|year=1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0951-9|pages=10–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vibha Rani|author2=Umesh Chand Singh Yadav|title=Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-81-322-2035-0|pages=349–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Raghu R, Sharma D, Ramakrishnan R, Khanam S, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB |title=Molecular events in the activation of B cells and macrophages by a non-microbial TLR4 agonist, G1-4A from Tinospora cordifolia |journal=Immunol. Lett. |date=2009 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=60–71 |doi=10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.005|pmid=19428553 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Deepak Sharma, S. Santosh Kumar, Rahul Checker, Rashmi Raghu, Shazia Khanam, Sunil Krishnan, Krishna Balaji Sainis |title=Spatial distribution, kinetics, signaling and cytokine production during homeostasis driven proliferation of CD4+ T cells |journal=Mol. Immunol. |date=2009 |volume=46 |issue=11–12 |pages=2403–2412 |doi=10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.019|pmid=19447493 |pmc=3090723 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Checker R, Sandur SK, Sharma D, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Kohli V, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB, Sainis KB |title=Potent anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, is mediated through suppression of NF-κB, AP-1 and NF-AT |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2012 |volume=7 |issue=2 |article-number=e31318 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031318|pmid=22363615 |pmc=3282718 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...731318C |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Patwardhan RS, Checker R, Sharma D, Sandur SK, Sainis KB |title=Involvement of ERK-Nrf-2 signaling in ionizing radiation induced cell death in normal and tumor cells |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=6 |article-number=e65929 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065929|pmid=23776571 |pmc=3679038 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865929P |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Suryavanshi S, Sharma D, Checker R, Thoh M, Gota V, Sandur SK, Sainis KB |title=Amelioration of radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome by an antioxidant chlorophyllin through increased stem cell activity and modulation of hematopoiesis |journal=Free Radic Biol Med |date=2015 |volume=85 |pages=56–70 |doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.007|pmid=25872101 }}

== See also ==
* [[Immunotherapy]]
* [[Radioactive contamination]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author1=Kalanithi Nesaretnam|author2=Lester Packer|title=Micronutrients and Health: Molecular Biological Mechanisms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IelJ6STrf9YC&pg=PA56|year=2001|publisher=The American Oil Chemists Society|isbn=978-1-893997-19-6|pages=56–}}
* {{cite book|author=K G Ramawat|title=Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants: Vitalizer and Therapeutic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t05RAAAAMAAJ|date=8 January 2004|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-338-1}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/no-fear-if-its-nuclear/225962 |title='No fear if it's nuclear' |date=8 August 2013 |publisher=Mid-Day |work=News report}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sainis, K. B.}}
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Tufts University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Lokesh Kumar

2026-02-07T16:44:22Z

Aryatheautistic: new first bio from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lokesh Kumar
| image = Lokesh Kumar Chennai 2017.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|06|29}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, producer and screenwriter
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Lokesh Kumar''' (born 29 June 1989) is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter. He is recognised for his [[Tamil language]] feature film ''[[My Son Is Gay]]''.<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=A film on gay love in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-film-on-gay-love-in-Tamil/articleshow/51122401.cms |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaToday">{{Cite news |title=Queer cheer: Tamil filmmaker wins big at film fest |url=https://telanganatoday.com/queer-cheer-tamil-filmmaker-wins-big-at-film-fest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703021418/https://telanganatoday.com/queer-cheer-tamil-filmmaker-wins-big-at-film-fest |archive-date=2020-07-03 |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Lokesh Kumar was born on 29 June 1989 in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[India]]).<ref name="BusinessStandard">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennai-is-still-close-minded-filmmaker-lokesh-interview-114041000355_1.html Chennai is still close-minded: Filmmaker Lokesh (Interview)], by: Indo-Asian News Service; in the [[Business Standard]]; published April 10, 2014; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="Gaylaxy">[http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/current-affairs/my-son-is-gay-how-a-bold-new-feature-is-taking-indian-queer-cinema-by-storm/ My Son is Gay: How A Bold New Feature Is Taking Indian Queer Cinema By Storm], by: Dhrubo Jyoti; in the [[Gaylaxy]]; published May 14, 2014; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref> He did his schooling in Kalashetra Matriculation and Higher Secondary School, [[Chennai]], after which he went to study Mechanical Engineering at S.A. Polytechnic College. After college he worked in the corporate sector for a few years. In 2013, he quit his corporate job and started making independent films.<ref name="Gaysi">[http://gaysifamily.com/2013/08/08/interview-film-maker-lokesh/ Interview : Film Maker, Lokesh], by: Queer Coolie; in the [[Gaysi]]; published August 8, 2013; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref> He made few experimental short films and by 2014, he decided to make an independent feature film which dealt with a teenage boy coming out to his mother, the film went through a lot of issues and delayed.<ref name="TheHindu">[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/does-crowdfunding-work-in-the-tamil-film-and-theatre-space/article17417659.ece Do the crowds always give?], by: Subha J Rao; in ''[[The Hindu]]''; published March 6, 2017; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="DNA">[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-a-look-at-my-son-is-gay-india-s-first-crowd-funded-lgbt-film-1989399 A look at 'My Son Is Gay' - India's first crowd-funded LGBT film] by: Yogesh Pawar; in the [[DNA (newspaper)]]; published May 18, 2014; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="TheIndianExpress">[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/my-son-is-gay-makers-start-crowd-funding-campaign ‘My Son is Gay’ makers start crowd-funding campaign], by: Indo-Asian News Service; in the ''[[Indian Express]]''; published July 13, 2014; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref> By 2016, the film was fully completed with the help of an NRI producer Anil Saxena.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/131117/making-waves-internationally.html/ Making waves internationally], by: Balajee C R; in the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''; published November 13, 2017; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="Cinema Express">[https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/nov/19/i-dont-have-to-be-gay-to-direct-a-film-about-a-gay-man-3164.html ‘I don’t have to be gay to direct a film about a gay man’], by: S Subhakeerthana; in the [[Cinema Express]]; published November 19, 2017; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref> His film ''[[My Son Is Gay]]'' is the first Tamil feature film on gay relationship in the 100 years of Tamil Cinema existence.<ref name="MumbaiMirror">[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/100-years-of-tamil-cinema-my-son-is-gay-kollywoods-first-gay-feature-film/articleshow/63884566.cms 100 years of Tamil Cinema: My Son is Gay, Kollywood’s first gay feature film], by: Vinay Arote; in the [[Mumbai Mirror]]; published April 23, 2018; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref> The film was screened in several international film festivals and earned him many awards.<ref name="TheNewsMinute">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2018-03-21 |title='En Magan Magizhvan' wins Best Film at Indian World Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/en-magan-magizhvan-wins-best-film-indian-world-film-festival-78279 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Huffpost">[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bollywood-lgbtq-characters_n_5b30f1f3e4b00295f15f1007 Bollywood Needs More LGBTQ Stories, Indian Movie Star Says], by: Umberto Bacchi; in the ''[[HuffPost]]''; published June 28, 2018; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="EdexLive">[https://www.edexlive.com/pride-unprejudice/2018/jun/30/seven-kickass-tamil-movies-that-normalise-lgbtqia-on-the-silver-screen-3319.html Seven kickass Tamil movies that normalise LGBTQIA+ on the silver screen], by: ArunKumar Shekhar; in ''[[The New Indian Express]]''; published June 30, 2018; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref><ref name="TheFederal">[https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/why-south-indian-films-cant-shake-off-the-queer-phobia/ Why south Indian films can’t shake off the queer phobia], by: Shruthi Joshua; in ''The Federal''; published August 5, 2019; retrieved July 1, 2020</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2 width="33"| Year
! rowspan=2| Title
! rowspan=2| Notes
|-

|-
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left"| ''You're My Brother''
| Short film
|-
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left"| ''Wait a Minute''
| Short film
|-
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left"| ''Judgement''
| Short film
|-
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left"| ''Acid''
| Short film
|-
| align="center" | 2015
| align="left"| ''Darkness''
| Short film
|-
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left"| ''[[My Son Is Gay]]''
| Winner—Best Film, Indian World Film Festival Winner—Best Of Out & Loud, Pune International Queer Film Festival Winner—Best Debut Director, Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival Winner—Best Film, Jury Award, Jaffna International Cinema Festival
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left"| ''[[N4 (film)|N4]]''
| Feature Film
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left"| ''The Last One (film)''
| Feature Film (In Pre-production)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm8928999}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokesh, Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Hasan Mushrif

2026-02-07T15:39:48Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Independent sources|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hasan Mushrif
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|03|24}}
| birth_place = Kagal
| residence = Kagal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
| minister = [[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (till his demise in 2026) [[Sunetra Pawar]] (from 2026)
| 3blankname = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata = [[Washim district|Washim]]
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] [[Acharya Devvrat]] additional charge
| predecessor = ''Himself''
| successor =
| office1 = [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = *[[Eknath Shinde ministry]]
| minister1 = *[[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education]]
*[[Ministry of Special Assistance (Maharashtra)|Special Assistance]]
| term_start1 = 14 July 2023
| term_end1 = 26 November 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
| 2blankname1 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata1 = *[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ''(First)''
*[[Ajit Pawar]] ''(Second)''
| 3blankname1 = Guardian Minister
| 3namedata1 = [[Kolhapur district]]
| governor1 = *[[Ramesh Bais]]
*[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor1 = *[[Girish Mahajan]] {{small|([[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Special Assistance (Maharashtra)|Special Assistance Ministry]])}}
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| office2 = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start2 = 30 December 2019
| term_end2 = 29 June 2022
| 1blankname2 = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata2 = *[[Ministry of Rural Development Government of Maharashtra|Rural Development]]
| 2blankname2 = Governor
| 2namedata2 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 3blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 3namedata2 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| predecessor2 = [[Pankaja Munde]]
| successor2 = [[Girish Mahajan]]
| term_start3 = 5 April 2021
| term_end3 = 29 June 2022
| 1blankname3 = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata3 = *[[Ministry of Labour (Maharashtra)|Labour]] (Acting)
| 2blankname3 = Governor
| 2namedata3 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 3blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 3namedata3 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| predecessor3 = [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| successor3 = [[Suresh Khade]]
| office5 = Guardian minister of Ahmednagar District
[[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start5 = 2020
| term_end5 = 2022
| predecessor5 = [[Ram Shinde]]
| successor5 =
| office6 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 1999
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]]
| successor6 =
| constituency6 = [[Kagal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kagal]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| spouse = Sahira Mushrif
| children = Sajid Mushrif, Navid MUshrif and grandson Sayhan Mushrif
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''Hasan Miyalal Mushrif''' is an Indian politician. He is leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and a cabinet minister in the [[Devendra Fadnavis]] [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/bank-scam-accused-to-be-served-notice/article8020462.ece|title=Bank scam accused to be served notice|author=Staff Reporter|date=23 December 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kolhapur]]'s [[Kagal]] assembly seat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-ministers-house-has-76-voters-surnames-no-bar/|title=Former minister's house has 76 voters, surnames no bar|date=12 October 2014}}</ref>

On 10 January 2017, Mushrif, along with NCP MP [[Dhananjay Mahadik]], former NCP MP [[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane]], Kolhapur mayor Hasina Faras, and 400 others, were arrested for blocking traffic on the [[Pune]]-[[Bengaluru]] national highway as part of a protest against the effects of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/rev/ak-city-mp-mla-mayor-others-booked/articleshow/56461854.cms|title=Leaders booked: Kolhapur MP, MLA, mayor & others booked | Kolhapur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mushrif has served as the Minister of Labour of the Government of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=maharashtra labour minister hasan mushrif milk bath ncp workers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/maharashtra-labour-minister-hasan-mushrif-milk-bath-ncp-workers-222246-2013-12-28
|publisher=India today.in|accessdate=December 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=black ink thrown ncp minister hasan mushrif maharashtra|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/black-ink-thrown-ncp-minister-hasan-mushrif-maharashtra-31889.html|accessdate=December 26, 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mushrif, Hasan}}
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Iravin Nizhal

2026-01-16T15:28:35Z

Aryatheautistic:

{{short description|2022 film directed by R. Parthiban}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iravin Nizhal
| image = Iravin Nizhal poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Parthiban]]
| writer = R. Parthiban
| producer = Caldwell Velnambi Anshu Prabhakar Dr. Pinchi Srinivasan Bala Swaminathan Ranjith Dhandapani R. Parthiban
| starring = R. Parthiban [[Brigida Saga]] [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] [[Robo Shankar]] Priyanka Ruth Anandha Krishnan Jai Bala
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Bioscope Film Framers]] Akira Film Productions
| distributor = [[V Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|15|India}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Iravin Nizhal''''' ({{translation|Shadow of the night}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[independent film|independent]] [[thriller film]] written, produced, co-edited and directed by [[R. Parthiban]] under the banner Akira Productions and [[Bioscope Film Framers]]. The film stars Radhakrishnan Parthiban, [[Brigida Saga]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], Robo Shankar, Sai Priyanka Ruth in the lead roles. The background score and music for the film is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and the film has six songs. It is touted to [[Indian cinema]]'s first [[Nonlinear narrative|non-linear]] [[One-shot film|single shot film]]. The film entered the Asia Book of Records and India Book of Records for being the first Asian non-linear single-shot film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban's 'Iravin Nizhal' enters the World's second non-linear shot film India Book of Records |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthibans-iravin-nizhal-enters-the-asia-and-india-book-of-records/articleshow/90846958.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthibans-iravin-nizhal-enters-the-asia-and-india-book-of-records/articleshow/90846958.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Released on July 15, 2022, the film received positive reviews from critics and audiences. At the [[69th National Film Awards]] the film won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for the song "Mayava Chayava".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/feature/shreya-ghoshal-is-now-five-time-national-film-award-winner/1729627/ |title=Shreya Ghoshal is now five-time National Film Award winner|newspaper=The Print|date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film opens with Nandu, a film financier, learning that the cops are about to arrest him, and making a run, with a gun, which he hopes to use ostensibly on Paramaanandha, a fake godman, who is one of those to have put him in this precarious position. As he waits at the godman's dilapidated ashram, he recounts his eventful life, the people who pushed him into darkness, his sins and the one flicker of light that's still part of his life.

His birth resulted from his mother's extramarital affair with their landowner. She's murdered by her husband in a jealous rage. He's raised by neighbours until he runs away aged 10. After being raped by a cop, he's given refuge by a trans-woman, who uses him to deal marijuana. At 18 he falls in love with a girl who seems to reciprocate his feelings, but ends up cheating on him for money, breaking his heart. Then he falls in love with Chilakkamma, a devout girl who reciprocates his feelings. They marry and set up a small shop with the help of a trader who encourages him to get involved in the hawala trade which he's forced to quit when the law catches up, rendering him unable to pay loan sharks who abuse his wife causing her to kill herself.

He seeks refuge at the fake godman's ashram, where he's soon disillusioned upon discovering the latter's true colours. An acolyte who was the godman's consort Prema Kumari exposes him, getting him arrested, to get his wealth. Upon discovering this, Nandu, who has a subsequent affair with, and impregnates her, demands half of it, and kills her when she refuses. He's then haunted by the cries of the unborn foetus.

He then becomes a notorious loan shark. He coerces one of his debtors into marrying him and has a daughter Arputha on whom he showers his love. His wife eventually warms to him. But when they find out that a debtor of his killed himself along with his family due to his harassment, they leave him.

Nandu reflects on all this, and out of guilt, pain and hopelessness he shoots himself dead.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|*[[R. Parthiban]] as Nandu
** Anandhakrishnan as 30 years old Nandu
** K Chandru as 18 years old Nandu
** M Praveen Kumar as 14 years old Nandu
** AR Joshua as 10 year old Nandu
* [[Brigida Saga]] as Chilakamma<ref name="నగ్నంగా ఎందుకు నటించానంటే ! : Brigida Saga">{{cite news |title=నగ్నంగా ఎందుకు నటించానంటే ! : Brigida Saga |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/brigida-saga-acted-in-nude-for-iravin-nizhal-tamil-movie-krkk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1822071702484470 |access-date=17 July 2022 |work= |date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717194004/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/brigida-saga-acted-in-nude-for-iravin-nizhal-tamil-movie-krkk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1822071702484470 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |language=te}}</ref>
*[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Prema Kumari
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Paramaanandha
* Sai Priyanka Ruth as Parvathy
* Sneha Kumar as Lakshmi
* Rekha Nair as Nandu's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fans burn Blue Sattai Maran's effigy for his comment against 'Iravin Nizhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-burn-blue-sattai-marans-effigy-for-his-comment-against-iravin-nizhal/articleshow/92974998.cms |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Jai Bala as Nallathambi
* Prathiksha Shankar as Arputha
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Rauthar
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was announced by director R. Parthiban on 1 January 2020 with a poster coinciding with the [[New Year]] stating that the film would be produced under his production venture in single shot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2020 |title=R. Parthiban's 'Iravin Nizhal' will be Asia's first single-shot film |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-parthibans-iravin-nizhal-will-be-be-asias-first-single-shot-film/article30452022.ece |access-date=2 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=3 March 2020 |title=Parthiban on 'Iravin Nizhal', his next attempt which will be a single-shot feature |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-parthiban-on-iravin-nizhal-his-upcoming-film/article30972075.ece |access-date=2 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093208/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-parthiban-on-iravin-nizhal-his-upcoming-film/article30972075.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the film took off late a year later due to the commitments of Parthiban in Mani Ratnam's highly anticipated long-awaited film ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' and also due to the impact of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

=== Cast and crew ===
The film marked the first collaboration between R. Parthiban and A. R. Rahman. Parthiban insisted that he and A. R. Rahman were supposed to work for a film titled ''Yelelo'' in 2001 but the film was shelved or dropped for unknown reasons. Parthiban also revealed that he wanted to make a film of this nature after gaining the confidence from his previous directorial ''Oththa Seruppu Size 7''. [[Arthur A. Wilson]] was roped in as the cinematographer of the film. Kunal Rajan was roped in as the Supervising sound Designer and Audiography was done by [[AM Studios]] Sivakumar .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=29 April 2022 |title=The art of sound |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-art-of-sound/article65258507.ece |access-date=2 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film crew includes music composer [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Craig Mann]] who worked as a Supervising sound editor for the film, and [[Cottalango Leon]] worked as a VFX supervisor for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whiplash sound designer Craig Mann works on Parthiban's single-shot film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/whiplash-sound-designer-craig-mann-works-on-parthibans-single-shot-film/articleshow/90034610.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/whiplash-sound-designer-craig-mann-works-on-parthibans-single-shot-film/articleshow/90034610.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Iravin Nizhal' – Parthiban's next direction has three Oscar winners in the crew including AR Rahman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iravin-nizhal-parthibans-next-direction-has-three-oscar-winners-in-the-crew-including-ar-rahman/articleshow/89344519.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iravin-nizhal-parthibans-next-direction-has-three-oscar-winners-in-the-crew-including-ar-rahman/articleshow/89344519.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban's 'Iravin Nizhal' brings together three Oscar winners |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/feb/06/parthibans-iravinnizhal-brings-together-three-oscar-winners-2415412.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093208/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/feb/06/parthibans-iravinnizhal-brings-together-three-oscar-winners-2415412.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was shot entirely in a single take with 136228 frames but the filmmakers incurred a huge budget for the filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban's world's first non-linear single-shot film 'Iravin Nizhal' shot runtime revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthibans-worlds-first-non-linear-single-shot-film-iravin-nizhal-shot-runtime-revealed/articleshow/90374446.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> The production team installed 50 sets in 75 acre land in OMR and the film was shot with a non-linear narrative. A rehearsal was also done for about 90 days prior to the shooting of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban's Iravin Nizhal brings together Oscar winners AR Rahman, Craig Mann, Cottalango Leon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/04/parthibans-iravin-nizhal-brings-together-oscar-winners-ar-rahman-craig-manncottalango-leon-29520.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093209/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/feb/04/parthibans-iravin-nizhal-brings-together-oscar-winners-ar-rahman-craig-manncottalango-leon-29520.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Iravin Nizhal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:58
| label = [[Dhwani Music]]
| producer = A. R. Rahman
| prev_title = [[Navarasa_(soundtrack)|Navarasa]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Cobra_(soundtrack)|Cobra]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc =
}}
The music for the film is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Parthiban himself had stated that Rahman was roped in not to give viral hits; but to rather give an album filled with evergreen songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman shares a glimpse of his new song from Parthiban's 'Iravin Nizhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ar-rahman-shares-a-glimpse-of-his-new-song-from-parthibans-iravin-nizhal/articleshow/89633632.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ar-rahman-shares-a-glimpse-of-his-new-song-from-parthibans-iravin-nizhal/articleshow/89633632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A single from the music album was released in the presence of A.R. Rahman on 1 May 2022, coinciding with the International Labour Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iravin Nizhal audio to come out on May 1, announces AR Rahman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/09/iravin-nizhal-audio-to-come-out-on-may-1-announces-ar-rahman-30791.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517002648/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/09/iravin-nizhal-audio-to-come-out-on-may-1-announces-ar-rahman-30791.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban to celebrate AR Rahman's musical journey with audio launch of Iravin Nizhal on May 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/parthiban-to-celebrate-ar-rahmans-musical-journey-with-audio-launch-of-iravin-nizhal-on-may-1/articleshow/90729200.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501200536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/parthiban-to-celebrate-ar-rahmans-musical-journey-with-audio-launch-of-iravin-nizhal-on-may-1/articleshow/90729200.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The official audio launch of the film was held in [[Chennai]] on 5 June 2022 in the presence of [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[A. R. Rahman]].
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Iravin Nizhal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_m0os8WAKR6TEa7lSuwB5HKuhEVQtwe-Jk&feature=share |title=Iravin Nizhal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), YouTube Music |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713105717/https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_m0os8WAKR6TEa7lSuwB5HKuhEVQtwe-Jk&feature=share |url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Maayava Thooyava (Tamil, not in movie)
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Kaayam
| lyrics2 = [[R. Parthiban]]
| extra2 = [[Khatija Rahman]], [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar|Soundarya Bala]], Veena Murali, Deepthi Suresh, Sowmya, Additional Vocals: Elfe Choir
| length2 = 5:53
| title3 = Bejara
| lyrics3 = [[R. Parthiban]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Bamba Bakya]]
| length3 = 3:40
| title4 = Paapam Seyathiru
| lyrics4 = Kaduveli Siddhar
| extra4 = Harini Ivaturi, Niranjana Ramanan, Keerthana Vaidyanathan
| length4 = 7:07
| title5 = Kannethire
| lyrics5 = [[R. Parthiban]]
| extra5 = Sarthak Kalyani, Hiral Viradia
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = Shadow of the Night
| extra6 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| length6 = 1:18
}}

== Marketing ==
On 2 February 2022, the filmmakers released a video clip from the film and the first look poster was unveiled on 19 March 2022 by veteran director [[Mani Ratnam]] in his official [[Twitter]] handle, which was also later unveiled by [[Madras Talkies]] in Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First glimpse of 'Iravin Nizhal' is here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-glimpse-of-iravin-nizhal-is-here/articleshow/90333500.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-glimpse-of-iravin-nizhal-is-here/articleshow/90333500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Ratnam to launch Parthiban's 'Iravin Nizhal' first look poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnam-to-launch-parthibans-iravin-nizhal-first-look-poster/articleshow/90196130.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2022 }}</ref> The official teaser of the film was released on 1 May 2022 in [[YouTube]] coinciding with the [[May Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2022 |title=Watch: Teaser of Parthiban's Iravin Nizhal is intriguing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-teaser-parthiban-s-iravin-nizhal-intriguing-163483 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The News Minute }}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released theatrically on 15 July 2022 along with [[Ram Pothineni]]’s starrer ''[[The Warriorr]]'' which was released one day before the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Dhanush announces release date of Parthiban's single-shot film Iravin Nizhal |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-announces-release-date-parthiban-s-single-shot-film-iravin-nizhal-165367 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mjrtheatres/status/1547324994648162306/photo/1|title=MJR Theatres on Twitter: The Warriorr & Iravin Nizhal are two of the World Cinema movies premiering this Friday!|website=Twitter|access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[Amazon Prime Video]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/iravin-nizhal-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-parthibans-notable-experimental-film-online/1d363a5ede913|title=Iravin Nizhal OTT release date: When and where to watch Parthiban's notable experimental film online|website=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113194630/https://www.ottplay.com/news/iravin-nizhal-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-parthibans-notable-experimental-film-online/1d363a5ede913|url-status=live}}</ref> while the satellite rights of the film has been sold to [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/ta/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/parthiban-iravin-nizhal-satellite-rights-bagged-by-kalaignar-tv.html?ref=www.google.ae|title=இரவின் நிழல் படத்தின் சேட்டிலைட் டிவி ஒளிபரப்பு உரிமம்.. கைப்பற்றிய பிரபல சேனல்!|website=Behindwoods|date=13 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113155721/https://m.behindwoods.com/ta/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/parthiban-iravin-nizhal-satellite-rights-bagged-by-kalaignar-tv.html?ref=www.google.ae|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was digitally streamed through the streaming platform from 1 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/r-parthibans-single-shot-film-iravin-nizhal-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/95195323.cms|title=R Parthiban's single shot film 'Iravin Nizhal' gets an OTT release date|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113155319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/r-parthibans-single-shot-film-iravin-nizhal-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/95195323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was telecast through Kalaignar TV on 25 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 May 2023|title=ஜூன் மாதத்தில் ஒவ்வொரு ஞாயிறும் புத்தம்புது Blockbuster Movies {{!}} June திரைக்கொண்டாட்டம்🤩|url=https://twitter.com/TamilTvChanExp/status/1663095937412247555?cxt=HHwWhsDRjbK8wJQuAAAA|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=60|count=5|average=6.7|ref=yes}}

Director [[Seenu Ramasamy]] heaped praise on the film calling it as a lighthouse to Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Iravin Nizhal' – a real single shot movie; Directors Seenu Ramasamy and Obeli Krishna heaps praise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iravin-nizhal-a-real-single-shot-movie-directors-seenu-ramasamy-and-obeli-krishna-heaps-praise/articleshow/91229708.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502093209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iravin-nizhal-a-real-single-shot-movie-directors-seenu-ramasamy-and-obeli-krishna-heaps-praise/articleshow/91229708.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''Firstpost'' after reviewing the film wrote "Courage and foolishness sail in the same boat. If an idea works, the ideator will be hailed as a trailblazer. And if it doesn’t work, the ideator will be called a fool. It’s as simple as that. And since Iravin Nizhal comes with many labels attached to it, I’d say it’s a courageous project. It’d have been a better movie, however, if the story had more depth than a two-litre water bottle."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-an-experimental-thriller-that-works-only-because-of-its-experiment-10918381.html|title= Iravin Nizhal movie review: An experimental thriller that works only because of its experiment|date= 16 July 2022|access-date= 16 July 2022|archive-date= 16 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220716080450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-an-experimental-thriller-that-works-only-because-of-its-experiment-10918381.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' after reviewing the film wrote "Nevertheless, Parthiban does dare to dream big. He seems to enjoy taking risks, outdoing himself. Keep daring, Parthiban."<ref>{{cite web|last1= S|first1= Srivatsan|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/iravin-nizhal-movie-review/article65634036.ece|title= 'Iravin Nizhal' movie review: R Parthiban's breathtaking single-shot film is a remarkable technical achievement|website= [[The Hindu]]|date= 13 July 2022|access-date= 16 July 2022|archive-date= 16 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220716080613/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/iravin-nizhal-movie-review/article65634036.ece|url-status= live}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating that "Parthiban has a reputation to keep. He is expected to do something different every time he makes a movie. And so he keeps inventing new ways to tell a story. But, it seems he isn’t changing the story much. He is just changing the way he tells it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-parthibans-film-is-quirky-but-feels-familiar-8031920/|title=Iravin Nizhal movie review: Parthiban's film is quirky, but feels familiar|date=15 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716080450/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-parthibans-film-is-quirky-but-feels-familiar-8031920/|url-status=live}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "There are several moments when you marvel at the smoothness with which the scenes transition from one time period to the next. Parthiban also uses music (AR Rahman, whose stirring score is like a ray of light in this film's dark world) sound effects cleverly to make us forget that entire film has been shot in one place, inside the huge set that we are shown in the making-of video. In that sense, this 'project' is definitely a success as Parthiban achieves what he set out to do."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/iravin-nizhal/movie-review/92821996.cms|title= Iravin Nizhal Movie Review : Iravin Nizhal's impressive filmmaking overcomes ineffective writing|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 16 July 2022|archive-date= 16 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220716080614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/iravin-nizhal/movie-review/92821996.cms|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "But in the end, in terms of its style and spunk, Iravin Nizhal ploughs its own distinct furrow. It is a movie unlike any other."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-review-a-single-shot-film-of-phenomenal-power-and-ambition-3163243|title=Iravin Nizhal Review: A Single-Shot Film Of Phenomenal Power And Ambition|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011151818/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iravin-nizhal-review-a-single-shot-film-of-phenomenal-power-and-ambition-3163243|url-status=live}}</ref> R. Krishnakumar of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Parthiban sets the episodic flashbacks to good pace, their staging elevated by a terrific score from A R Rahman."<ref>{{cite web|title='Iravin Nizhal' review: A remarkable experiment|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/iravin-nizhal-review-a-remarkable-experiment-1127092.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152151/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/iravin-nizhal-review-a-remarkable-experiment-1127092.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Iravin Nizhal is at the least a crashing bore; at the worst, single-take magic aside, a noxious mix of misogyny and self-indulgence."<ref>{{cite web|title=Iravin Nizhal review: Congrats on the single-take film, but will the rape jokes stop?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iravin-nizhal-review-congrats-single-take-film-will-rape-jokes-stop-165887|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=15 July 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152420/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iravin-nizhal-review-congrats-single-take-film-will-rape-jokes-stop-165887|url-status=live}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and called the film "A phenomenal addition to Parthiban's unique list of films".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-parthiban-ar-rahman-world-first-single-shot-non-linear-film-wild-experiment#read-more|title='Iravin Nizhal' Review: Parthiban Shines Better as Actor-Director Than Writer|website=[[The Quint]] |date=16 July 2022 }}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote " The film shows that with excellent workmanship and technological mastery, the boundaries of storytelling and filmmaking can be pushed to great limits—and sometimes, even if the story isn’t great, this is its own type of gratification."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/15/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-an-admirable-filmmaking-experiment-2476875.html|title= 'Iravin Nizhal' movie review: An admirable filmmaking experiment|date= 15 July 2022|access-date= 11 October 2022|archive-date= 11 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221011153355/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/15/iravin-nizhal-movie-review-an-admirable-filmmaking-experiment-2476875.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Vijaya Shankar of ''[[DT Next]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Iravin Nizhal too comes with its flaws like its protagonist Nandhu but is an impressive experiment with technical mastery and unconventional storytelling from a filmmaker who always wants to give the audience something new and unique, which needs to be appreciated."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/15/iravin-nizhal-review-parthibans-film-is-a-technical-masterpiece|title=Iravin Nizhal review: Parthiban's film is a technical masterpiece|website=[[DT Next]] |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011154129/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/15/iravin-nizhal-review-parthibans-film-is-a-technical-masterpiece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 42 out of 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/iravin-nizhal-cinema-review|title=இரவின் நிழல் – சினிமா விமர்சனம்|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=21 July 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011153842/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/iravin-nizhal-cinema-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. Parthiban}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Parthiban]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:One-shot films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Padutha Theeyaga

2026-01-10T23:35:51Z

Aryatheautistic: started first entry v1!

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=March 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ETV Paadutha Theeyaga Poster.jpg
| caption = Title with the host [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| director = N. B. Sasthri
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (1996 - 2000, 2007 - 2020) [[S. P. Charan]] (2021 - present)
| judges = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (1996 - 2020) [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] (2021 - present) [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] (2021 - present) [[Vijay Prakash]]
| country = India
| num_seasons = 23 ''(including old series)''
| num_episodes = 1,102
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Surabhi Shekar
| location = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India - (Old Series - 1&2) (Series - 1-6) (series - 12-18) [[United States]]- (series - 7,8,9,11)
| runtime = 60 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|1|12}}
| last_aired = present
| genre = Reality-singing
| language = Telugu
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]] [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = [[Ramoji Group]]
| channel = [[ETV Telugu|ETV]]
| related = Padutha Theeyaga Youth Series
}}

'''''Padutha Theeyaga''''' (transl: I will sing sweetly) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] [[Reality television]] [[Singing|singing show]] that is aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Telugu]], a channel of [[ETV Network]], a part of Ramoji Group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='A kind word for all': SPB's genial appearances on reality TV shows|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kind-word-all-spb-s-genial-appearances-reality-tv-shows-133937|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The program seeks to discover the best singing talent in [[Telugu language]]. The show used to be hosted by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], a legendary [[Playback singer]] from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0" />

It is the first of its kind in [[South India]]. The main objective of this program is to bring out emerging singing talent into spotlight. Started in the year 1996 "Padutha Theeyaga" has so far completed more than 1100 episodes.

It helped identify and establish singers such as [[Mallikarjun]], [[Usha (singer)|Usha]], Smitha, [[N. C. Karunya|Karunya]], [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Gopika Poornima]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], Venu, [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]], Anjana Soumya, Parthasaradhi, Sandip, Madhavi Bhamidipati, Nitya Santhoshini, Sandeep Kurapati, Sri Sivathmika Medicherla and many more.

==Overview==
The program was first started in 1996 and continued till 2000 with 4 successful seasons. Again in 2007 the show restarted with new format and it continued till 20 September 2020; due to the unfortunate death of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], it was discontinued. However, from 27 September 2020, the Grand finale episodes of all seasons of the show were aired on the title of "Alanati Apurupalu". On 4 June 2021 an announcement was made, saying that the show will be hosted by [[S. P. Charan]] and will be judged by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]] and [[Vijay Prakash]]. The new series debuted on [[ETV Telugu|ETV]] on 5 December 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=Padutha Theeyaga {{!}} New Series {{!}} SP.Charan, Sunitha {{!}} 5th December 2021 {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ETV Telugu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NOmf-RmgYE|language=en|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>

==Old series 1 (1996)==
Top 4 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Placement
|-
|[[Singer Usha]]|||Winner Women Category
|-
|[[Parthu]]|||Winner Men Category
|-
|[[Komanduri Ramachari]]|||Runner Men Category
|-
|Mishma|||Runner Women Category
|}

==Old Series 2 (Junior 1998)==
Top 4 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Placement
|-
|[[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]|||Winner Girls Category
|-
|[[N. C. Karunya]]|||Winner Boys Category
|-
|Pavan Sesha|||Runner Boys Category
|-
|Anjana Sowmya|||Runner Girls Category
|}

==Series 1 (2007)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #f5ed0a
| season_name =
| season_number = 1
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 30
| winner = Rajesh Kumar
| runner_up = Lipsika
}}
| num_episodes = 47
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| released = {{start date|2013|5|28|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2007}}
}}
The program was restarted again in 2007 with new format it
was for adult contestants. They selected 3 or 2 singers from each district of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] and gave voice of the district title to one among them and started the series with voice of the district title holders. Rajesh Kumar from Ananthapur and Lipsika from Khammam shared the first two places. Finals was judged by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and guest judge was [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. Megastar [[Chiranjeevi]] made a special appearance in the finals and gave prizes to the contestants. The Grand Finale was conducted in [[Visakhapatnam]]. Winner Rajesh Kumar won Cash prize of Rs.10,00,000 and runner Lipsika won Rs.5,00,000. The prize money was sponsored by Suvarna Bhoomi. Grand finals was completed on 18 October 2007.

==Series 2 (2008)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FF900F
| season_number = 2
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| released = {{start date|2013|5|30|df=y}}
| prev_season =
| num_episodes = 27
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 25
| winner = Laksmi Meghana
| runner_up = Anjani Nikhila
}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2008}}
}}

This season was for the junior contestants with Lakshmi Meghana, Ganesh Revanth, Anjani Nikhila, Raghawendra as finalists.Lakshmi Meghana is the winner.

==Series 3 (2008)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = black
| season_number = 3
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 25
| winner = Sai Ramya
| runner_up = Damini
}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2008}}
| num_episodes = 27
| released = {{start date|2013|7|23|df=y}}
}}
This season was sponsored by EXO-Dishwash. In this season, Sairamya got first prize., Damini got second prize, and Sarathchandra Kalahasti and Nuthana got equal marks and the two were equally given third place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All set for 'Padutha Theeyaga' season 3 final battle at United States of America - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/All-set-for-Padutha-Theeyaga-season-3-final-battle-at-United-States-of-America/articleshow/47863009.cms|access-date=2020-10-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Series 4 (2009)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FF6843
| season_number = 4
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009}}
| num_episodes = 32
| released = {{start date|2013|7|23|df=y}}
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 28
| winner = Harini
| runner_up = Tejaswini
}}
}}
This season was also for the adult contestants. Ivaturi Harini, Nandibhatla Tejaswini, Rohit and Sai Charan were the finalists and these contestants stood in the first, second and the third places respectively and the third place was shared by Rohit and Sai Charan together.

==Series 5 (August 2012 - January 2013)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #3B50AE
| season_number = 5
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| num_episodes = 29
| released =
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 19
| winner = Praveen Kumar
| runner_up = Charumathi Pallavi
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|09}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|01}}
}}
This season had Sharath Santosh, Surya Karthik, Praveen kumar and Charumathi Pallavi as the finalists. Out of them Praveen was the first, followed by Charumathi Pallavi, Sharath and Karthik in that order. The season 5 finale had the great drummer Sivamani as the chief guest. Even this season was for adults.

==Series 6 (February 2013 - July 2013)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #4AB046
| season_number = 6
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|2|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|7|29}}
| num_episodes = 25
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = Parameswara Rao
| runner_up = Srilalitha bhamidipati
}}
}}
Had kids of age 6–15.The winner was Parameshwara Rao.

==Series 7 (August 2013 - March 2014)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #f0e116
| season_number = 7
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| num_episodes = 31
| released = {{start date|2013|8|6|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|8|05}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|3|03}}
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 23
| winner = Arjun Adapalli
| runner_up = Vamsi Priya
}}
}}
Was held at USA. The winner was Arjun Addepalli.

==Series 8 (March 2014 - October 2014)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #B1121A
| season_number = 8
| num_episodes = 34
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| released = {{start date|2014|3|11|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|3|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|10|27}}
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = K.S.Abhiram
| runner_up = Sarvepalli Shreya
}}
}}
Was for children of age 9–14. The winner was K.S.Abhiram. The second position was occupied by Sarvepalli Sreya, the third Geethika and fourth Maanya Chandran. Abhiram was good at his tone, while Sarvepalli was the one who was versatile and expressive in her singing. Geethika had a good voice and Maanya, a good range. This was a very good batch with a tough competition among the participants.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Series 9 (November 2014 - June 2015)==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FF900F
| season_number = 9
| num_episodes = 34
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|6|01}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|11|03}}
| released = {{start date|2014|11|4|df=y}}
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = Pothukuchi Meghana
| runner_up = Mokkala Sneha
}}
}}
It was also in USA, and was for ages 9–13. All participants were females. The final 8 were Meghana Pothukuchi (the winner), Neha Dharmapuram, Vishnupriya Kothamasu (finalist), Sumedha Vadlapudi (pre-finalist), Sneha Mokkala (finalist), Lasya Ravulapati, Nikhitha Pathapati (finalist), and Ananya Penugonda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khabar: Meghana Pothukuchi's win in national singing competition will be telecast in USA & India|url=http://www.khabar.com/magazine/community-newsmakers/meghana-pothukuchis-win-in-national-singing-competition-will-be-telecast-in-usa-india|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.khabar.com}}</ref>

2015 Paadutha Theeyaga Selections Process

* '''15 February 2015''': Last Date for submitting Audition Songs(1 Classical style and 1 Fast Beat)
* '''28 February 2015''': An email sent from PT team stating that the entries had been received and sent to Balu garu for finalizing the list of 21 contestants
* '''13 April 2015''': Notifications to the final 21 contestants sent
* '''15 April 2015''': Requested Copy of Birth Certificate from the finalists
* '''25 April 2015''': Confirmation email sent
* '''12 May 2015''': Sent a list of 13 songs which would cover 24 episodes to each participant. Next batch of 6-7 songs will be given in the second week of July.
* '''16 May 2015''': Request sent to participants for full details (Full Name, City, State)
* '''12–17 May 2015''': Lyrics requested for all the songs from participants. PT team corrected them and emailed back
*'''29 May-6 June 2015''': Half-hour Skype training sessions offered by PT team for the first four songs in the list. Training involves only fine tuning and pitch setting.

== Series 10 (June 2015 - March 2016) ==
Vamsi, Priya, Sai Jagadhatri, Shivani and Swathi are all winners.

==Series 11 (March 2016 - October 2016)==
Was in the US, and was for ages 13–16. Participants consisted of 15 females and 2 males. The final five were Akhila Mamandur (Winner, $10,000) from Houston, TX; Abhijith Vemulapati (Runner-up, $5,000) from Woodland, CA; Bhavna Ravichandran (Finalist, $2,500) from Greensboro, NC; Supraja Kadagandla (Finalist, $2,500) from Olympia, WA; and Priya Kanajam (Pre-Finalist, $1300) from Minneapolis, MN.

==Series 12 (2017)==
Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
|Sugandhini||[[Nellore]]||Winner
|-
|Nada priya||[[Nellore]]||1st Runner up
|-
|Ganesh||[[Hyderabad]]||2nd runner up
|-
|Sai Harika||[[Kurnool]]||3rd runner up
|-
|Haripriya||[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Hima bindu||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Lakshmi Bhavaja||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Sai Madhav||[[Mancherial]]||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Swetha||[[East Godavari]]||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Saikiran||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Aishwarya||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Laxmi Shravani||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Sudeshna||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Ashwini||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Babitha||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Varshini||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Ramani||[[Vijayanagaram]]||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Bhuvana kruthi||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 1st
|}

==Series 13 (2017)==

Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
|Chodavarapu Jahnavi||[[Nagpur]]||Winner
|-
|Attaluri Pravasthi ||[[Chennai]]||1st Runner up
|-
|Kovvuri Vaishnavi||[[Hyderabad]]||2nd runner up
|-
|Jonnalagadda Srikar||[[Hyderabad]]||3rd runner up
|-
|Naseeruddin||[[Tadepalligudem]]||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Sri Vaishnavi||[[Mangalagiri]]||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Sandeep||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Drishya Sajan||[[Nellore]]||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Lasya||[[Nagpur]]||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Srishanth||[[Anantapuram]]||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Shiva Keerthana||[[Vijayawada]]||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Karthikeya||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Yogitha||[[Kharagpur]]||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Vijay kumar||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Rohith||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Jyothirmayi||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Naimisha sri||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Sri Dhruthi||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 1st
|}

==Series 14 (2018)==

Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
|Sree Purnima||||Winner
|-
|Sivakumar||||Runner up
|-
|Yashaswi||||Second runner up
|-
|Sudhanjali||[[Annavaram]]||Eliminated 15th
|-
|Srivani||||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Rahul Sai||||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Vaidehi||||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Saika Birwal||||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Renukumar||||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Srivatsava||||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Pranav Sai||||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Snigdha||||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Yashwanth||||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Aishwarya||||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Suhitha||||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Sri Manasa||||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Sri Sahithi||||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Prathyusha||||Eliminated 1st
|}

== Series 15 (2018) ==

Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
| Dheeraj||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Winner
|-
|Ayyan Pranathi||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Winner
|-
| Kaushika ||[[Hyderabad]]||Winner
|-
|Harika||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 15th
|-
|Samyuktha||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Harsha Sri||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Vardhan||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Reshma||[[Vizianagaram district|Vijayanagaram]]||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Munidilish Sai Kumar||[[Srikalahasti]]||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Shravani||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Ananya||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Sanjana||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Sharvani||[[Peddapuram|Peddapurram]]||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Bhoomika||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Raghava Sharma||[[Warangal]]||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Karthikeya||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Pranay||[[Nellore]]||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Jashwanth Naidu||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 1st
|}

== Series 16 (2019) ==

Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
|Akshya Sai||||Winner
|-
|Jahnavi||||Runner up
|-
|Charan||||Second runner up
|-
|Himaja||||Eliminated 15th
|-
| Swaraja||||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Akhileshwar||||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Ravi Kumar||||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Sai Prasad ||||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Harish||||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Dhanasri||||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Shanmukha ||||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Srivalli||||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Srivani ||||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Pragnya||||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Abhishek||||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Rashmi||||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Supradeep Reddy||||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Uday Shankar||||Eliminated 1st
|}

== Series 17 (2019) ==
From this season the program telecasting time was changed from 9:30 PM Sunday to 11:00AM Sunday.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Top 13 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
| Laxmi Srivalli||[[Bheemavaram]]||Winner
|-
| Lekhya ||[[Hyderabad]]||Runner-up
|-
| Nagaram Sruthi||[[Hyderabad]]||2nd Runner-up
|-
| Harshitha Kancharana||[[Palasa]]||3rd Runner-up
|-
| Sai shreya||[[Pune]]||Eliminated 9th
|-
| Indu madhuri||[[Nellore]]||Eliminated 8th
|-
| Geetha mahathi||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 7th
|-
| Poluri Neha||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 6th
|-
| Koushik ||[[Vijayawada]]||Eliminated 5th
|-
| Nithin Mani||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 4th
|-
| Rudraksh Tigulla||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 3rd
|-
| Prudvi Manoj Kumar||[[Guntur]]||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Srinidhi||[[Vijayawada]]||Eliminated 1st
|}

== Series 18 (2020) ==

{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #B1121A
| season_number = 18
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|3|01}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|9|18}}
| num_episodes = 34
| released = {{start date|2020|3|2|df=y}}
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = Harshita PVSL
| runner_up = M.K. Mounika
}}
}}
Top 18 Contestants:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Hometown
! Placement
|-
|Harshita PVSL||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Winner
|-
|M.K Mounika||[[Machilipatnam]]||1st Runner up
|-
|Shanthi||[[Kurnool]]||2nd runner up
|-
|Vaishnavi||[[Hyderabad]]||3rd runner up
|-
|Lakshmi Himasri||[[Nalgonda]]||Eliminated 14th
|-
|Lahari Sampatthika Ainnapurapu||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 13th
|-
|Sai Sandeep Pakki||[[Visakhapatnam]]||Eliminated 12th
|-
|Keerthi||[[Srikakulam]]||Eliminated 11th
|-
|Dr.Yashaswini||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 10th
|-
|Reddappa Chary||[[Tirupati]]||Eliminated 9th
|-
|Sravya||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 8th
|-
|Balakrishnan Nair||[[Jangaon]]||Eliminated 7th
|-
|Kirankumar||[[Vijayanagaram]]||Eliminated 6th
|-
|Subbalakshmi||[[Vijayanagaram]]||Eliminated 5th
|-
|Srinija||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 4th
|-
|Veera Swami||[[Vijayanagaram]]||Eliminated 3rd
|-
|Uma Krishna||[[Hyderabad]]||Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Sai Divya||[[Tirupati]]||Eliminated 1st
|}

==Padutha Theeyaga Finalists==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''Seasons'''
! Winner
! Second place
! Third Place
! Fourth Place
! Prefinalist
|-
|'''Season 1'''
|Rajesh Kumar
|Lipsika
|Mallika
|Sabiha
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 2'''
|Lakshmi Meghana
|Anjani Nikhila
|Ganesh Revanth
|Ragavendhra
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 3'''
|Sai Ramya
|Damini
|Nuthana
|Sharath Chandra
|Lahari
|-
|'''Season 4'''
|Harini
|Tejaswini
|Sai Charan
|Rohit
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 5'''
|Praveen Kumar
|Charumathi Pallavi
|Sharath Santosh
|Surya Karthik
|Shashank Yeleswarapu
|-
|'''Season 6'''
|Parameswara Rao
|SriLalitha Bhamidipati
|Sudheep
|Shanmukha Priya
|Sahiti
Chaganti
|-
|'''Season 7 (USA)'''
|Arjun Adapalli
|Vamsi Priya
|Udaya Bindu
|[[Manisha Eerabathini]]
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 8'''
|K.S. Abhiram
|Sarvepalli Shreya
|Bhavyasree Geethika
|Maanya Chandran
|Sriram Charan
|-
|'''Season 9 (USA)'''
|Meghana Pothukuchi
|Sneha Mokkala
|Sri Vishnu Priya Kothamasu
|Nikitha Pathapati
|Sumedha Vadlapudi
|-
|'''Season 10'''
|Priya
|Swathi
|Sai Jagadhathri Vamsidhar
|Shivani
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 11 (USA)'''
|Akhila Mamandur
|Abhijit Vemulapati
|Bhavna Ravichandran
|Supraja Kadagandla
|Priya Kanajam
|-
|'''Season 12'''
|Sugandhini
|Nadapriya
|Ganesh
|Sai Harika
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 13'''
|Chodavarapu Jahnavi
|Attaluri Pravasthi
|Kovvuri Vaishnavi
|Jonnalagadda Srikar
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 14'''
|Sri Poornima
|Siva Kumar
|Yashaswy
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|'''Season 15'''
|Dheeraj
|Pranathi
|Kaushika
|N/A
|Samyuktha
|-
|'''Season 16'''
|Akshaya Sai
|Jahnavi
|Charan
|N/A
|Himaja
|-
|'''Season 17'''
|Lakshmi Srivalli
|Lekhya
|Nagaram Sruthi
|Kancharana Harshitha
|Sai Shreya
|-
|'''Season 18'''
|Harshitha
|Mounika
|Shanthi
|Vaishnavi
|Lakshmi Himasri
|-
|'''Season 19'''
|Gayatri
|Kushal
|Supriya
|Hitesh
|-N/A
|'''Season 20'''
| Saarthak
| Keerthana
| Asrith Raghava
|-
|'''Season 21'''
|Shruthi
|Krishna Chaitanya
|Pavitra
|-
|'''Season 22'''
|K Sahasra
|Yagapriya
|Naga Vaishnavi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]

Sita Kalyanam (1934 Tamil film)

2026-01-02T01:37:51Z

Aryatheautistic: entry.

{{Short description|1934 Tamil film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetha Kalyanam
| image = Seethakalyanam1934.jpg
| caption = S. Rajam as [[Rama]] wielding [[Shiva]]'s bow in Seetha Kalyanam
| director = Baburao Pendharkar [[K. Ramnoth]]
| writer =
| starring = [[S. Rajam]] [[S. Jayalakshmi]] V. Sundaram Iyer [[S. Balachander]]
| producer = [[Prabhat Film Company]]
| distributor =
| music = [[Papanasam Sivan]] A.N. Kalayanasundaram
| cinematography = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|1934|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Seetha Kalyanam''''' ({{translation|Seetha's Wedding}}) is a 1934 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Baburao Pendharkar]] and [[K. Ramnoth]] and produced by [[Prabhat Film Company]]. The film stars [[S. Rajam]] and [[S. Jayalakshmi]] in the lead roles and marks the cinematic debut of notable musicians [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[S. Balachander]].<ref name="A">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2009 |title=Artist's brush with celluloid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Artistrsquos-brush-with-celluloid/article15937654.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827061320/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Artistrsquos-brush-with-celluloid/article15937654.ece |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The film is significant for being the first Tamil production to feature colour, achieved using hand-colouring techniques.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 1935 |title=Seetha Kalyanam |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/maltribune19350105-1.1.11 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[The Malaya Tribune]] |pages=11 |via=[[NewspaperSG]]}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] the same year under the [[Sita Kalyanam (1934 Telugu film)|same title]].

== Plot ==
Sita Kalyanam is the story of [[Sita]]'s ''[[swayamvara]]''. Sita's father King [[Janaka]] arranges a ''swayamvara,'' a formal ceremony of selecting a groom, for his daughter. He announces a contest and declares that whoever can wield ''Shiva Dhanush'' ([[Shiva]]'s bow) will be given Seetha's hand in marriage. After several kings and princes fail to do so, [[Rama]], the prince of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], wields the bow and marries Sita.

== Cast ==
* [[S. Rajam]] – [[Rama]]
* [[S. Jayalakshmi]] – [[Sita]]
*V. Sundaram Iyer – [[Janaka]]
* T. V. Seetharama Iyer – [[Dasaratha]]
* P. Venkata Rao – [[Viswamitra]]
*G. K. Seshagiri
*Kamala – [[Kaikeyi]]
*Rajam – [[Kausalya]]
*S. Saraswathi – [[Urmila (Ramayana)|Urmila]]
*[[S. Balachander]] – Musician at Ravana's Court

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[Prabhat Film Company]] under the direction of [[Baburao Pendharkar]], with [[K. Ramnoth]] serving as his assistant. [[V. Shantaram]], who helmed the studio, decided to create a Tamil-language film to recoup losses from his 1933 Marathi film [[Sairandhri (1933 film)|''Sairandhri'']], which had been a financial failure. To minimize expenses, Shantaram planned to reuse the sets from ''Sairandhri'' at [[Kolhapur]] for this project. Seeking collaborators, he reached out to ''Sound and Shadow'', a [[Chennai|Madras]]-based film magazine, for assistance.

The magazine’s team, comprising directors Murugadasa (Muthuswamy Iyer), A. K. Sekhar, K. Ramnoth, and financier G. K. Seshagiri, agreed to support Shantaram’s endeavour. They were joined by V. Sundaram Iyer and his children—[[S. Jayalakshmi|S. Jayalakshm]], [[S. Rajam]], and Veenai S. Balachander—who played key roles in the production. All of them went to Kolhapur to participate in the new film. [[Papanasam Sivan]], the children's music tutor, was brought on board to write the lyrics for the film’s songs.<ref name="B">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2006 |title=Remembering Ramnoth |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110300660100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101141233/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110300660100.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="A" />

The film’s production involved several unique elements. The songs were recorded live on set, with actors singing in their own voices while the orchestra played off-camera. Portable instruments such as the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[violin]], [[flute]], [[tabla]], and [[clarinet]] were predominantly used for this purpose.<ref name="C">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2007 |title=Seetha Kalyanam (1933) |url=http://hindu.com/cp/2007/10/05/stories/2007100550401600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231725/http://hindu.com/cp/2007/10/05/stories/2007100550401600.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was later remade in Telugu, featuring a different cast, with K. Ramnoth serving as the cinematographer and A. K. Sekhar as the art director.

== Reception ==
The film was very popular and became a hit. S. Rajam and S. Balachander became famous and came to be known as "Prabhat prodigy stars". The film created a controversy among conservatives for having a brother and sister duo star as husband and wife.<ref name="C" />

== See also ==
* [[List of early color feature films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0253666}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1934 Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pheidole parasitica

2025-11-02T01:44:22Z

Aryatheautistic: started some details from scratch!

{{short description|Species of ant}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Social Insects Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Pheidole parasitica'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T16904A6566906 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16904A6566906.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Pheidole parasitica
| authority = Wilson, 1984
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Pheidole parasitica''''' is a species of [[ant]] in the subfamily [[Myrmicinae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5232522}}

[[Category:Pheidole|parasitica]]
[[Category:Hymenoptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1984]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by E. O. Wilson]]

{{Pheidole-stub}}

Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Thriller or Action

2025-10-31T01:59:26Z

Aryatheautistic: small reworked citations as per guidelines also and corrected details

{{Short description|Film award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
The '''Stardust Best Thriller/Action Actress''' is chosen by the readers of the annual [[Stardust (magazine)]]. The award honours a Bollywood actor that has made an impact with their acting in that certain film.

Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Winner || Film
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2011 ||[[Vidya Balan]]|| ''[[Ishqiya]]''
|-
| 2012 ||[[Bipasha Basu]]|| ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2013 || [[Vidya Balan]] || ''[[Kahaani]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''no award'' || ''no award''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2015 || [[Rani Mukerji]] || ''[[Mardaani]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Stardust Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
*{{cite web|publisher=indiaFM|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2008|date=26 January 2008|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|accessdate=2007-01-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010233452/http://indiafm.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|archivedate=10 October 2008}}
*{{cite web| title=indiafm.com| work=Sanjay Dutt: Star of the Year 2007| url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/02/20/2283/index.html| accessdate=13 June 2007| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528052646/http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/20/2283/index.html| archivedate=28 May 2007}}
*{{cite web | title=Stardust Awards - Celebrating New Talent | publisher=DNN | first=Ashok | last=Motwani| url=http://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php| accessdate=21 June 2018 }}

{{StardustAwardBestActress}}
{{Stardust Awards}}

[[Category:Stardust Awards]]
[[Category:Awards for actresses]]

{{film-award-stub}}

Malayattoor pilgrimage

2025-09-15T17:36:34Z

Aryatheautistic: new first pg w/ refs.

{{Short description|Christian pilgrimage in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''Malayattoor pilgrimage''' is an annual pilgrimage near the end of [[Lent]] to a hilltop [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] church in [[Malayattoor]] in the [[South Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]. It is the largest Indian pilgrimage in honor of [[Thomas the Apostle]], for whom the church is named and who reputedly founded it himself in the first century CE. Pilgrims walk three kilometers uphill to the church, sometimes while carrying heavy wooden crosses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2017 |title=The Pilgrim’s Progress: Trekking up Malayattoor in pursuit of happiness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-pilgrims-progress-trekking-up-malayattoor-in-pursuit-of-happiness/articleshow/58165629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020043241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-pilgrims-progress-trekking-up-malayattoor-in-pursuit-of-happiness/amp_articleshow/58165629.cms |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Preparations in full swing for Malayattoor pilgrimage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Mar/26/preparations-in-full-swing-for-malayattoor-pilgrimage-2434278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421163910/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/mar/26/preparations-in-full-swing-for-malayattoor-pilgrimage-2434278.amp |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Kerala Christians are cosying up to the BJP, but at what cost? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/bjp-modi-church-christians-kerala-problems-politics/article66838319.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529070503/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/bjp-modi-church-christians-kerala-problems-politics/article66838319.ece/amp/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref>
[[File:Malayattoor Pilgrim.jpg|thumb|Wooden crosses from the pilgrimage]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St. Thomas Syro Malabar Pilgrim Church during Festival.jpg|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, situated 2 kms away from Malayattoor Pilgrim.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Christian pilgrimages]]

Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum

2025-09-03T17:14:54Z

Aryatheautistic: started first page added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum
| native_name = Rāṣṭrapati Bhavana Saṁgrahālaya
| native_name_lang = ISO 15919
| logo = Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo of Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum
| image = 
| caption =
| map_type = India New Delhi
| map_caption = Location of Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum in Delhi
| established = {{Start date and age|2014|07|25}}<ref name=ATK/AK>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=147698|title= President Mukherjee completes four years in office|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=25 July 2016}}</ref>
| location = [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|36|52|N|77|11|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Biographical museum]]
| accreditation = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
| key_holdings = {{ubl|[[Constitution of India]]|Various belongings of the presidents|Presidential banners|[[Bas-relief]] of all Indian presidents|Gallery of Freedom Struggle}}
| collections = [[Historical]]
| founder = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| director = Kumar Samresh
| curator = Pankaj Potim Bordoloi<ref name=HindustanTimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/meet-rashtrapati-bhavan-s-museologist/story-S66wZvQ2tGQAUwTt0idcHJ.html|title=Meet Rashtrapati Bhavan's museologist|date=25 June 2016|last=Laha|first=Rozelle}}</ref>
| historian = Saroj Ghosh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museums-tryst-with-augmented-reality/|title=The Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum's tryst with augmented reality|date=12 August 2016|last=Kelkar|first=Gauri}}</ref>
| owner = [[President of India]]
| publictransit = [[Central Secretariat metro station]]
| website = {{url|https://museum.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/|Official website}}
}}

'''Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Rāṣṭrapati Bhavana Saṁgrahālaya}} {{Literal translation|Presidential Palace Museum}}) is a public [[biographical museum]] located on the [[Raisina Hill|Raisina hill]] of [[New Delhi]] dedicated to the [[List of presidents of India|presidents of India]]  from its [[Republic Day (India)|establishment as a republic]] to present day. It was established on 25 July 2014 by [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who [[Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee|served]] as the [[president of India]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-25 |title=President opens museum at Rashtrapathi Bhavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-opens-museum-at-Rashtrapathi-Bhavan/article60063622.ece |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the first underground museum of [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum in Delhi is now open ! |url=https://creativeyatra.com/culture/the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-is-now-open-to-visitors-and-we-cant-wait-to-walk-in/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=creativeyatra.com}}</ref> it was opened for the public on 24 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Saubhrata |date=24 July 2016 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan museum ready to welcome visitors: 10 key attractions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-ready-to-welcome-visitors-10-attractions-of-phase-2/story-UqtexFwWsQUB0B32DfiRMM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819140058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-ready-to-welcome-visitors-10-attractions-of-phase-2/story-UqtexFwWsQUB0B32DfiRMM.html |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The museum contains artifacts and information surrounding the position of the president of India as well as the people who held the office. Aside from the presidents, it also displays information about the [[Prime Ministers of India|prime ministers of India]], the establishment of New Delhi during the [[British Raj|colonial rule]], [[Delhi Durbar]], the [[Indian independence movement]], the [[partition of India]] and drafting of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]]. The museum uses tools like [[Virtual reality|virtual]] and [[augmented reality]], interactive digital cascading tables, [[Video wall|video walls]], three-dimensional [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] projections, [[Holographic projection|holographic projections]], and sound-light-video synchronized stage settings to display information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us {{!}} President of India |url=https://museum.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/about_us |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=museum.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901180249/https://museum.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/about_us |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Phase-I ===

On 25 July 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-25 |title=India's story retold at new Rashtrapati Bhavan cultural museum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/indias-story-retold-at-new-rashtrapati-bhavan-cultural-museum/article6248796.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> upon completing two years of his tenure, [[President of India|Indian president]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] inaugurated a museum with fiber glass statues of all the former presidents in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=President opens museum at Rashtrapathi Bhavan - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-opens-museum-at-Rashtrapathi-Bhavan/article60063622.ece |access-date=2024-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819132703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-opens-museum-at-Rashtrapathi-Bhavan/article60063622.ece |archive-date=19 August 2024 }}</ref> Built at a cost of {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2014}}, it was inaugurated by prime minister Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-24 |title=80 करोड़ की लागत से राष्ट्रपति भवन में बना हाईटेक म्यूजियम, पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-will-be-inaugurated-new-high-tech-museum-on-history-of-rashtrapati-bhavan-376981-2016-07-24 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>
{{Quote|text=I dedicate the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum to the nation. I am sure this museum will enable the people of our nation obtain an inside view of Rashtrapati Bhavan, its art, architecture and vibrant community as well as educate them on the lives of various Presidents.|author=Pranab Mukherjee|title=on the inauguration of the museum|source=Press Information Bureau<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107498|title=President of India dedicates Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum to the Nation}}</ref>}}

Apart from the inauguration of the museum, the completion of the second year of his presidency was also celebrated with a dinner for the council of ministers and the release of three books.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-21 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan to get new museum on July 25 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rashtrapati-bhavan-to-get-new-museum-on-july-25/article6234773.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The museum displayed the gifts received by the presidents of India during their tenure, which were previously stored in the [[Toshakhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-21 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan to get new museum on July 25 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rashtrapati-bhavan-to-get-new-museum-on-july-25/article6234773.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Pankaj Protim Bordoloi served as the first [[museologist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laha |first=Rozelle |date=25 June 2016 |title=Meet Rashtrapati Bhavan's museologist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/meet-rashtrapati-bhavan-s-museologist/story-S66wZvQ2tGQAUwTt0idcHJ.html |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
[[File:Indian constitution in Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum.jpg|thumb|The [[Constitution of India]] placed behind a glass casing in the Garage Museum.]]

=== Phase-II ===
The next phase of the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum opened on 26 July 2016, marking the completion of four years of presidency by Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-26 |title=Overview of Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum Phase-II |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/dn-overview-of-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-phase-ii |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Dynamite News |language=en}}</ref> Similar to the first phase, the second phase was also built at a cost of {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2014}}, in the location that was previously the garage for the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shastri |first=vittal |date=2016-07-26 |title=A peek into the newly unveiled section of Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/nation/260716/narendra-modi-unevils-phase-ii-of-the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Prime minister Modi inaugurated the second phase of the museum in present of president Mukherjee and [[Vice President of India|vice-president]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-21 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee to complete four years in office on July 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-pranab-mukherjee-to-complete-four-years-in-office-on-july-25-2926972/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Built on an area of {{Convert|10000|m2|sqft}}, the Garage Museum was made to showcase the history behind the development of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the [[British Viceroy|British viceroys]] who inhabited the building, the independence and declaration of India as a republic nation, the lives and contributions of the presidents of India, and the life inside the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-21 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee to complete four years in office on July 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/president-pranab-mukherjee-to-complete-four-years-in-office-on-july-25-2926972/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=The biggest point of my happiness is that my political background is different, his is different. But in a democracy, people brought up in different political ideologies too can work shoulder to shoulder, this I can feel every moment I work with him.|author=Narendra Modi|title=upon the inauguration of Phase-II|source=Financial Express<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/328944/pm-narendra-modi-unevils-phase-ii-of-the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum/|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugrates Phase-II of the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum}}</ref>}}

President Mukherjee also launched a section within the official Rashtrapati Bhavan website dedicated to information and services for the museum and the [[Amrit Udyan]] garden outside the presidential palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-26 |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugrates Phase-II of the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/328944/pm-narendra-modi-unevils-phase-ii-of-the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum/4/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

=== Opening to the public ===
As a final step, the museum was opened for the public on 2 October 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=25 July 2016 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan museum to open for public from October 2 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-open-public-from-october-2-2162095.html |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> covering {{Convert|12000|m2|sqft}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-25 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan museum to open for public from October 2 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-to-open-for-public-from-october-2/327643/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> in area with its entry and exit gates on Mother Teresa Crescent Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-25 |title=New Rashtrapati Bhavan museum complex to open for public from Oct. 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/new-rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-complex-to-open-for-public-from-oct-2-3048911/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> At the [[inauguration]], the museum was finally opened for the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रपति भवन का संग्रहालय 2 अक्तूबर से आम जनता के लिए खुलेगा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/president-of-the-museum-will-open-to-the-general-public-from-october-2/articleshow/53367897.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Other than the presidents and important personalities associated with the Indian independence movement, the museum also displayed [[silicon]] sculptures of people associated with the construction of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=taru |date=2016-10-01 |title=New Museum Complex set up at Delhi's Rashtrapati Bhawan |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/art/6703-new-museum-complex-set-delhi-s-rashtrapati-bhawan |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=During the initial days of the tenure of the President, he wanted to know and explain to the public the specific details about President’s house and about the important treaties which took place here. This place came into being due to his deep interest in history. Our aim is to take people on a tour of history and turning Rashtrapati Bhawan from a high-security region to a visitor-friendly place.|author=Venu Rajamony|title=press secretary to the president|source=on the idea behind the museum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/art/6703-new-museum-complex-set-delhi-s-rashtrapati-bhawan|title=New Museum Complex set up at Delhi's Rashtrapati Bhawan|date=1 October 2016|last=Taru}}</ref>}}

To inaugurate the opening of the museum, an art exhibition by [[Rouble Nagi]] titled Flamenco was hosted till 10 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan museum complex to host art exhibition of Rouble Nagi from October 2, 2016 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-complex-to-host-art-exhibition-of-rouble-nagi-116100100004_1.html |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The president's office also floated the hastag ''#VisitRBMuseum'' to encourage children to participate in activities at the museum complex.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan to open new museum for public from Oct 2 {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/24576/rashtrapati-bhavan-to-open-new-museum-for-public-from-oct-2.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Exterior ==
The museum has been built over three storeys<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Story-telling museum to charm visitors at Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/story-telling-museum-to-charm-visitors-at-rashtrapati-bhavan/photo-v6iGT8lIOWfOAlIx7PUI2O-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826140954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/story-telling-museum-to-charm-visitors-at-rashtrapati-bhavan/photo-v6iGT8lIOWfOAlIx7PUI2O-2.html |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> within the {{Age|1929|January|1|||}} years old Rashtrapati Bhavan complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-24 |title=80 करोड़ की लागत से राष्ट्रपति भवन में बना हाईटेक म्यूजियम, पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-will-be-inaugurated-new-high-tech-museum-on-history-of-rashtrapati-bhavan-376981-2016-07-24 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> The museum complex has been divided into three museums, the Stables Museum built in the first phase, the Garage Museum built in the second phase and the Clock Tower restored before the museum was opened to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अस्तबल के बाद गैरेज को बदल कर बना राष्ट्रपति भवन म्यूजियम का दूसरा विंग, आज होगा उद्घाटन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/delhi-ncr/rashtrapati-bhavan-museum-second-wing-inaugrated-by-pm-modi |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> At the time of construction, it was the only underground museum of India.<ref name=":0" />

The {{Convert|23|m|ft}} tall Clock Tower was restored by [[IIT Delhi]] in 2015, whereas the restoration of the building itself was carried out by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Clock Tower {{!}} Welcome to RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN - The Office and Residence of the President of India |url=https://www.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/rbtour/clock-tower |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Presidential Banners.jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Symbols|Banners]] of all the Indian presidents preserved in the museum.]]

== Interior ==
When the Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum was first inaugurated in July 2014, the interior consisted of various modes of visual communication to provide knowledge to the visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-24 |title=80 करोड़ की लागत से राष्ट्रपति भवन में बना हाईटेक म्यूजियम, पीएम मोदी करेंगे उद्घाटन |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-will-be-inaugurated-new-high-tech-museum-on-history-of-rashtrapati-bhavan-376981-2016-07-24 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> Items like the president's vintage Mercedes Benz, a horse-drawn buggies, are kept on display in the museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelkar |first=Gauri |date=2016-08-12 |title=The Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum's tryst with augmented reality |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/the-rashtrapati-bhavan-museums-tryst-with-augmented-reality/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Rashtrapati Bhavan to open for public visiting: Date, Timings, Bookings, Tickets & other details |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/travel/rashtrapati-bhavan-to-open-for-public-visiting-date-timings-bookings-tickets-other-details-2022-12-01-827899 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> with the visiting time within the museums being from 9:30 AM to 4:30 PM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Visitors can now enter Rashtrapati Bhavan 6 days a week. Here's all you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/visit-rashtrapati-bhavan-6-days-a-week-delhi-8613179/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery heights="67">
File:Bas relief Indian presidents.jpg|Portraits of all the presidents of India embossed in bronze plates.
File:Indian president horsecart.jpg|The buggy of the president, now preserved in the Garage Museum.
File:Furniture by Edwin Lutyens.jpg|[[Furniture]] designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] before planning [[New Delhi]].
File:The chairs on which Lord and Lady Curzon sat during Delhi Durbar.jpg|The chairs on which Lord and Lady [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Curzon]] sat during the [[Delhi Durbar]].
File:Wax statues of Indian presidents part 1.jpg|Fiberglass statues of the first seven Indian presidents (L-R: [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[V. V. Giri]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], [[Zakir Husain|Zakir Hussain]], [[Zail Singh]]
File:Wax statues of Indian presidents part 2.jpg|Fiberglass statues of the next seven Indian presidents (L-R: [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], [[Pratibha Patil]], [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
* [[Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://museum.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2014]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Biographical museums in India]]
[[Category:History museums in India]]
[[Category:Rashtrapati Bhavan|Museum]]

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