Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Aryashahnaughty Bharatpedia - User contributions [en] 2026-08-05T18:07:05Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=446728 User:Aryashahnaughty 2026-03-19T10:48:23Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>aryashahnaughty is the username of an editor on several wiki sites<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Bharatpedia user|gender=Male|name=Arya|honorific prefix=Mr|birthname=Arya Kinchitkumar Shah|birth_name=Arya Kinchitkumar Shah|birthdate={{Birth date and age|2006|04|21}}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2006|04|21}}|birthplace=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|birth_place=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|real_name=Shah Arya|pronoun=They|nationality=[[India|Indian]]|country=India|location=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|timezone=Indian Standard Time|ethnicity=[[Gujarati]]|hair=Black|eyes=Brown|blood_type=O+|handedness=Ambidexterity|iq=High|personality_type=AS|parents=Shah Sweta (mother)<br /> Shah Kinchitkumar (father)|religion=[[Jainism]]|politics=[[Aam Aadmi Party]] ('''AAP''')|movies=[[The Burning Train]] and [[Ra.One]]|instagram=aryashahnaughty|twitter=aryashahnaughty|github=aryashahnaughty|joined_date=31 May 2021|nocat=yes|siblings=Swara Shah<br /> Tanisha Shah<br /> Fiona Shah<br /> Keyan Shah<br /> Parv Shah<br /> Kabir Shah|email={{no spam|aryathesuperstar31|gmail.com}}}}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=446722 User:Aryashahnaughty 2026-03-19T10:46:47Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>aryashahnaughty is the username of an editor on several wiki sites<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Bharatpedia user|gender=Male|name=Arya|honorific prefix=Mr|birthname=Arya Kinchitkumar Shah|birth_name=Arya Kinchitkumar Shah|birthdate={{Birth date and age|2006|04|21}}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2006|04|21}}|birthplace=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|birth_place=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|real_name=Shah Arya|pronoun=They|nationality=[[India|Indian]]|country=India|location=[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|timezone=Indian Standard Time|ethnicity=[[Gujarati]]|hair=Black|eyes=Brown|blood_type=O+|handedness=Ambidexterity|iq=High|personality_type=AS|parents=Shah Sweta (mother)<br /> Shah Kinchitkumar (father)|religion=[[Jainism]]|politics=[[Aam Aadmi Party]] ('''AAP''')|movies=[[The Burning Train]] and [[Ra.One]]|instagram=aryashahnaughty|twitter=aryashahnaughty|youtube=aryashahnaughty|github=aryashahnaughty|joined_date=31 May 2021|nocat=yes|siblings=Swara Shah<br /> Tanisha Shah<br /> Fiona Shah<br /> Keyan Shah<br /> Parv Shah<br /> Kabir Shah}}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaomi_Redmi_4X&diff=434145 Xiaomi Redmi 4X 2023-10-06T18:40:27Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Created page with '{{Short description|Android-based smartphone manufactured by Xiaomi Inc.}} {{Distinguish|Xiaomi Redmi 4}} {{Infobox mobile phone | name = Xiaomi Redmi 4X<br/><small>(Xiaomi Redmi 4 in India)</small> | codename = santoni | logo =  | logosize = 250px | image = Redmi 4X.jpg | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = | brand = Redmi | manufacturer = Xiaomi | sl...'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Android-based smartphone manufactured by Xiaomi Inc.}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Xiaomi Redmi 4}}<br /> {{Infobox mobile phone<br /> | name = Xiaomi Redmi 4X<br/><small>(Xiaomi Redmi 4 in India)</small><br /> | codename = santoni<br /> | logo = <br /> | logosize = 250px<br /> | image = Redmi 4X.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 200px<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption =<br /> | brand = [[Redmi]]<br /> | manufacturer = [[Xiaomi]]<br /> | slogan = <br /> | colors = <br /> | series = [[Redmi]]<br /> | modelnumber = 2016060, 2016090, MAG138, MAE136, Redmi 4, Redmi 4X<br /> | networks = [[GSM]], [[3G]], 4G ([[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]])<br /> | released = {{start date and age|2017|2|14|df=y}}<br /> | available = <br /> | discontinued = <br /> | unitssold = <br /> | unitsshipped = <br /> | predecessor = [[Xiaomi Redmi 3S|Xiaomi Redmi 3X]]<br/>[[Xiaomi Redmi 3]]<br /> | successor = [[Xiaomi Redmi 5|Xiaomi Redmi 5 Plus]]<br /> | similar_models = [[Xiaomi Redmi 4]]<br/>[[Xiaomi Redmi 4A]]<br /> | dimensions = 139.2 × 70 × 8.7 mm<br /> | related = [[Redmi 4]]<br /> | type = [[Smartphone]]<br /> | form = [[Monoblock]]<br /> | size = <br /> | weight = {{convert|150|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br /> | os = '''Initial:''' [[Android Marshmallow|Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow]] + [[MIUI]] 8<br/>'''Current:''' [[Android Nougat|Android 7.1.2 Nougat]] + [[MIUI]] 11<br /> | soc = <br /> | cpu = [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Qualcomm MSM8940 Snapdragon 435]], 8×1.4&nbsp;GHz Cortex-A53<br /> | gpu = Adreno 505<br /> | modem = <br /> | memory = '''Redmi 4X:''' 2/3&nbsp;GB<br/>'''Redmi 4 (India):''' 2/3/4&nbsp;GB<br/>LPDDR3<br /> | storage = '''Redmi 4X:''' 16/32&nbsp;GB<br/>'''Redmi 4 (India):''' 16/32/64&nbsp;GB<br/>eMMC 5.1<br /> | memory_card = [[Secure Digital|MicroSDXC]] up to 128 GB<br /> | sim = <br /> | battery = Non-removable, [[Lithium-polymer battery|Li-Po]] 4100 mAh<br /> | charging = 10&nbsp;W<br /> | input = <br /> | display = [[In-Plane Switching|IPS]], 5.0", 1280 × 720 ([[720p|HD]]), 16:9, 294 ppi<br /> | ext_display = <br /> | rear_camera = 13&nbsp;Mp, f/2.0, PDAF<br/>LED flash, HDR, panorama<br/>'''Video:''' [[1080p]]@30fps<br /> | front_camera = 5&nbsp;Mp, f/2.2<br/>'''Video:''' [[1080p]]@30fps<br /> | sound = <br /> | connectivity = [[USB|microUSB]] 2.0, [[TRS (connector)|3.5&nbsp;mm Audio]], [[Bluetooth]] 4.2 ([[A2DP]], [[Bluetooth Low Energy|LE]]), [[IrDA|IR port]], [[FM radio]], Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n (Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot), [[GPS]], [[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[Beidou|BDS]]<br /> | water_resist = <br /> | other = Fingerprint scanner (rear), proximity sensor, [[accelerometer]], [[gyroscope]], [[compass]]<br /> | sar = Head 0.77&nbsp;W/kg<br/>Body 0.83&nbsp;W/kg<br /> | hac = <br /> | website = <br /> | references = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xiaomi Redmi 4 (4X) - Full phone specifications|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/xiaomi_redmi_4_(4x)-8608.php#redmi-4x|website= www.gsmarena.com|accessdate=2020-04-19|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117164742/https://www.gsmarena.com/xiaomi_redmi_4_(4x)-8608.php#redmi-4x}}</ref><br /> }}<br /> '''Xiaomi Redmi 4X''' is a [[smartphone]] from the company [[Xiaomi]], which is an improved version of the [[Xiaomi Redmi 4]] smartphone. It was presented on February 14, 2017. In [[India|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redmi 4 Price and Features - Mi India|url=https://www.mi.com/in/redmi4/|website=www.mi.com|accessdate=2020-04-19|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190843/https://www.mi.com/in/redmi4/}}</ref><br /> <br /> == Design ==<br /> The smartphone screen is made of glass. The smartphone body is made of aluminum with plastic inserts on top and bottom.<br /> <br /> From the back, the smartphone looks like the [[Xiaomi Redmi 4A]].<br /> <br /> At the bottom are the [[USB|microUSB]] connector, the speaker and the speaker-styled microphone. On top are [[TRS (connector)|3.5&nbsp;mm audio jack]], a second microphone and [[IrDA|IR port]]. On the left side of the smartphone there is a hybrid slot for 2 [[SIM cards|SIM cards]] or 1 [[SIM card|SIM card]] and a [[Secure Digital|microSD]] format memory card up to 128&nbsp; GB. On the right side are the volume buttons and the smartphone lock button. The fingerprint scanner is located on the back panel.<br /> <br /> In Ukraine, Xiaomi Redmi 4X was sold in 3 colors: [[Black color|black]], [[Gold color|gold]] and [[Gold color#Pink and red gold|Rose Gold]].<br /> <br /> == Specifications ==<br /> <br /> === Platform ===<br /> The smartphone received a [[Qualcomm]] [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon 435]] processor and an Adreno 505 graphics processor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xiaomi Redmi 4X review - ITC.ua|url=https://itc.ua/articles/obzor-xiaomi-redmi-4x/|website=itc.ua|accessdate=2021-04-17|language=ru-RU|first=Vytalyi|last=Matvyenko|archive-date=April 17, 2021|<br /> archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417101927/https://itc.ua/articles/obzor-xiaomi-redmi-4x/}}</ref><br /> <br /> === Battery ===<br /> The battery received a volume of 4100 mAh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In addition to Mi 5c and Surge S1, the Chinese company announced Xiaomi Redmi 4X|url=https://pingvin.pro/gadgets/news-gadgets/kompania-anonsuvala-xiaomi-redmi-x.html|website=Pingvin.Pro|date=2017-03-01|accessdate=2021-04-17|language=uk|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210417110435/https://pingvin.pro/gadgets/news-gadgets/kompania-anonsuvala-xiaomi-redmi-4x.html}}</ref><br /> <br /> === Camera ===<br /> The smartphone received a main camera of 13 MP, f/2.0 with autofocus. The front camera has a resolution of 5 MP and an aperture of f/2.2. Both cameras are capable of recording video in resolution [[1080p]]@30fps.<br /> <br /> === Screen ===<br /> Screen [[In-Plane Switching|IPS]], 5.0", [[720p|HD]] (1280 × 720) with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and a pixel density of 294 ppi.<br /> <br /> === Memory ===<br /> A smartphone was sold in 2/16 and 3/32&nbsp;GB configurations.<br /> <br /> The Indian version of the smartphone was sold in configurations of 2/16, 3/16, 3/32, 4/32 and 4/64 GB.<br /> <br /> === Software ===<br /> The smartphone was released on [[MIUI]] 8 based on [[Android Marshmallow|Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow]]. Was updated to [[MIUI]] 11 based on [[Android Nougat|Android 7.1.2 Nougat]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Xiaomi}}<br /> [[Category:Android (operating system) devices]]<br /> [[Category:Redmi smartphones|4X]]<br /> [[Category:Mobile phones with infrared transmitter]]<br /> [[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2017]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajhera&diff=428172 Bajhera 2023-09-17T00:46:28Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Published an influential piece.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates}}<br /> {{Use Indian English}}<br /> {{distinguish|Bajheri}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bajhera<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.21126|N|79.28478|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]<br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 7.581<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 7132<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/><br /> | demographics_type1 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 206301<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bajhera''' ([[Devanagari]]: बझेड़ा {{IAST|Bajheṛā}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 7,132, in 1,226 households.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> There is a prominent ''[[jhil]]'' at Bajhera.<ref name="Gazetteer 1910">{{cite book |editor1-last=Neave|editor1-first=E. R. |title=Mainpuri: A Gazetteer, Being Volume X of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181613 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192}}<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> As of 2011, Bajhera had a population of 7,132, in 1,226 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|193}} This population was 51.9% male (3,700) and 48.1% female (3,432). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,146 (572 male and 574 female), or 16.1% of the total population. 1,596 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 22.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}<br /> <br /> The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bajhera as having a population of 4,228 people, in 688 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-7}}<br /> <br /> The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bajhera as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 3,012 people (1,652 male and 1,360 female), in 518 households and 284 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,906 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}<br /> <br /> == Infrastructure ==<br /> As of 2011, Bajhera had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|193-8}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mainpuri district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaishnavi_Chaitanya&diff=395183 Vaishnavi Chaitanya 2023-07-20T17:00:23Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Prod blp/dated<br /> | concern = <br /> | user = <br /> | timestamp = 20230719115328<br /> | help = <br /> }}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Dead end|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Orphan}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vaishnavi Chaitanya''' is an actress, who was born on 4 January 1994 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, [[India]]. Known for acting in films like [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]] (2020), [[Valimai]] (2022), [[The Software Devloveper|The Software developer]] (2020), Baby (2023 film).<br /> <br /> {{Uncategorized}}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degressive_proportionality&diff=387827 Degressive proportionality 2023-05-26T22:39:16Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Contributed a new addition to the platform.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Unreferenced}}<br /> '''Degressive proportionality''' is an approach to the allocation (between regions, states or other subdivisions) of seats in a legislature or other decision-making body. Degressive proportionality means that while the subdivisions do not each elect an equal number of members, smaller subdivisions are allocated more seats than would be allocated strictly in proportion to their population.<br /> <br /> This is an alternative to, for instance,<br /> <br /> * Each subdivision electing the same number of members (as in the [[United States Senate|US Senate]]),<br /> * Each subdivision electing a number of members strictly proportional to its population (as in the [[US House of Representatives]]).<br /> <br /> Degressive proportionality is intermediate between those two approaches. As a term it does not describe any one particular formula.<br /> <br /> == Uses ==<br /> === Germany ===<br /> Each German state has three to six seats in the [[Bundesrat of Germany]] depending on its population. This means the least populous state, Bremen (with 663,000 inhabitants), has three seats while the most populous one, North Rhine-Westphalia (with 18,058,000 inhabitants), has only six seats.<br /> <br /> === European Parliament ===<br /> {{Main|Apportionment in the European Parliament}}<br /> Under the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], the [[European Parliament]] uses a system of degressive proportionality to allocate its 750 seats among the member states of the [[European Union]]. Treaty negotiations, rather than a specific formula, determine the apportionment between member states.<br /> <br /> == Minimum seats ==<br /> [[File:US 2010 Census State Population Per Electoral Vote.png|thumb|right|300px|State population per [[United States Electoral College|U.S. electoral college]] vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C., based on 2010 census. States are ordered from left to right according to ''total'' state population.]]<br /> Any system that reserves a minimum number of seats for a sub-body is to some extent degressively proportional. One example is the election of the [[Electoral College (United States)|US presidential Electoral College]]. As each state has a minimum of three members of the college, voters in smaller states have disproportionally more say in the election than the national average.<br /> Like the US Electoral College, Spain's [[Congress of Deputies]] adds two extra seats to the otherwise proportional number allocated to each province.<br /> <br /> == Advantages ==<br /> * There may be a real or perceived concern that one or more of the largest subdivisions will dominate the legislature. That concern reduces if the votes of these subdivisions are reduced.<br /> * The smallest subdivisions, especially those on the periphery of the territory, may have significantly different interests from many of the other subdivisions. These interests could be ignored if they have a tiny number of representatives. That concern is reduced if their representation is increased.<br /> * More pragmatically, the smallest subdivisions may be in a position to cause disproportionate trouble for the whole territory, for example by threatening to secede. That concern is reduced if they are seen to be well-represented in the legislature.<br /> <br /> ==Disadvantages==<br /> * <br /> * Many of the advantages listed above would also apply to certain smaller areas that are ''not'' recognised as separate subdivisions for electoral purposes. (It may have happened as an accident of history or as a result of [[gerrymandering]].) It is unfair if they are not accorded the same treatment as areas that are recognised electorally as separate subdivisions.<br /> <br /> == Methods for allocating weights ==<br /> * [[Penrose method]] (square root of the population)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Voting]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State_for_India&diff=388450 Secretary of State for India 2022-11-13T18:00:40Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Page initiated.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former cabinet-level position in British government}}<br /> {{More citations needed}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates}}<br /> {{Use British English}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Secretary of State for India<br /> | body = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | flag = <br /> | flagsize = <br /> | flagborder = <br /> | flagcaption = <br /> | insignia = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg<br /> | insigniasize = <br /> | insigniacaption = Royal Arms as used by [[Government of the United Kingdom|His Majesty's Government]]<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | type = <br /> | status = <br /> | department = [[India Office]]<br /> | style = <br /> | member_of = [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|British Cabinet]]<br />[[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]<br /> | reports_to = <br /> | residence = <br /> | seat = [[Westminster]], [[London]]<br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarch]]<br />{{small|on advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]}}<br /> | termlength = No fixed term<br /> | constituting_instrument = [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]]<br /> | precursor = [[President of the Board of Control]]<br /> | formation = 2 August 1858<br /> | first = [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]]<br /> | last = [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel|The 5th Earl of Listowel]]<br /> | abolished = 14 August 1947<br /> | succession = <br /> | deputy = [[Under-Secretary of State for India]]<br /> | salary = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:The seat of the chairman of the court of directors of the East India Company (c.1730) - BL Foster 905.jpg|thumb|The ceremonial seat of the Chairman of the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]], and subsequently that of the Secretary of State for India]]<br /> [[File:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn|The 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], Secretary of State for India from 1905 to 1910 and again briefly, as acting Secretary, in 1911]] <br /> ''' His (or Her) Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India''', known for short as the '''India Secretary''' or the '''Indian Secretary''', was the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|British Cabinet]] minister and the [[Head of Government|political head]] of the [[India Office]] responsible for the governance of the [[Indian Empire|India]], [[Aden Province|Aden]], and [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]. The post was created in 1858 when the [[East India Company]]'s rule in [[Bengal]] ended and [[British India|India]], except for the [[Princely States]], was brought under the direct administration of the government in [[Whitehall]] in [[London]], beginning the official colonial period under the [[British Empire]].<br /> <br /> In 1937, the [[India Office]] was reorganised which separated Burma and [[Colony of Aden|Aden]] under a new [[Burma Office]], but the same Secretary of State headed both departments and a new title was established as '''His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India and Burma'''. The India Office and its [[Secretary of State]] were abolished in August 1947, when the [[United Kingdom]] granted independence in the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence Act]], which created two new independent [[dominion]]s, [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. [[Burma]] soon achieved independence separately in early 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Secretaries of State for India, 1858–1937==<br /> <br /> ''Before the establishment of the [[British Empire]] on 2 August 1858, [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]] had served as [[President of the Board of Control]].''<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2 | Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2 | Term of office<br /> ! Political party<br /> ! colspan=2 | Prime Minister<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>[[The Right Honourable]]</small><br>[[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|'''Lord Stanley''']]<br><small>MP for [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]]</small><br /> | <small>2 August</small><br>1858<br /> | <small>11 June</small><br>1859<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The 14th Earl of Derby]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Image:1stViscountHalifax.jpg|75px]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir '''Charles Wood''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt|GCB|PC}}<br><small>MP for [[Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)|Halifax]]</small> <small>until 1865</small><br>MP for [[Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)|Ripon]] <small>after 1865</small><br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>18 June</small><br>1859<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>16 February</small><br>1866<ref>Resigned after being injured in a hunting accident.</ref><br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | &nbsp;<br>[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]<br>&nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|The Earl Russell]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|The '''Earl de Grey''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|VD|PC}}<br /> | <small>16 February</small><br>1866<br /> | <small>26 June</small><br>1866 <br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|'''Viscount Cranborne''']]<br><small>MP for [[Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stamford]]</small><br /> | <small>6 July</small><br>1866<br /> | <small>8 March</small><br>1867<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | &nbsp;<br>[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The 14th Earl of Derby]]<br>&nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Image:Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh.jpg|75px]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Sir '''Stafford Northcote''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt|CB}}<br><small>MP for [[North Devonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Devonshire]]</small><br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>8 March</small><br>1867<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>1 December</small><br>1868<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | &nbsp;<br>[[Benjamin Disraeli]]<br>&nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll by George Frederic Watts.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>[[Grace (style)|His Grace]]</small><br>[[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|The '''Duke of Argyll''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KT|PC}}<br /> | <small>9 December</small><br>1868<br /> | <small>17 February</small><br>1874<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>[[The Most Honourable]]</small><br>[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The '''Marquess of Salisbury''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC|FRS}}<br /> | <small>21 February</small><br>1874<br /> | <small>2 April</small><br>1878<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Benjamin Disraeli]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:1st Earl of Cranbrook.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|The '''Viscount Cranbrook''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}<br /> | <small>2 April</small><br>1878<br /> | <small>21 April</small><br>1880<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Picture of Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Most Honourable</small><br>[[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|'''Marquess of Hartington''']]<br><small>MP for [[North East Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Lancashire]]</small><br /> | <small>28 April</small><br>1880<br /> | <small>16 December</small><br>1882<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|The '''Earl of Kimberley''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}<br /> | <small>16 December</small><br>1882<br /> | <small>9 June</small><br>1885<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Randolph churchill.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>'''[[Lord Randolph Churchill]]'''<br><small>MP for [[Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Paddington South]]</small><br /> | <small>24 June</small><br>1885<br /> | <small>28 January</small><br>1886<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|The '''Earl of Kimberley''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC}}<br /> | <small>6 February</small><br>1886<br /> | <small>20 July</small><br>1886<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Portrait of Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross|The '''Viscount Cross''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|PC}}<br /> | <small>3 August</small><br>1886<br /> | <small>11 August</small><br>1892<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|The '''Earl of Kimberley''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC}}<br /> | <small>18 August</small><br>1892<br /> | <small>10 March</small><br>1894<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Henry Fowler.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|'''Henry Fowler''']]<br><small>MP for [[Wolverhampton East (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton East]]</small><br /> | <small>10 March</small><br>1894<br /> | <small>21 June</small><br>1895<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|The Earl of Rosebery]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord George Hamilton.JPG|75px]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Lord George Hamilton|Lord '''George Hamilton''']]<br><small>MP for [[Ealing (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing]]</small><br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>4 July</small><br>1895<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>9 October</small><br>1903<ref>Resigned.</ref><br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | &nbsp;<br>[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]<br /><small>([[Unionist Government 1895–1905|Unionist Coalition]])</small><br>&nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | &nbsp;<br>[[Arthur Balfour]]<br><small>([[Unionist Government 1895–1905|Unionist Coalition]])</small><br>&nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}}" |<br /> | [[Image:St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, circa 1910s.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|'''William St John Brodrick''']]<br><small>MP for [[Guildford (UK Parliament constituency)|Guildford]]</small><br /> | <small>9 October</small><br>1903<br /> | <small>4 December</small><br>1905 <br /> | [[Irish Unionist Alliance|Irish Unionist]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Image:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|75px]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>'''[[John Morley]]'''<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|PC}}<br><small>MP for [[Montrose Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Montrose Burghs]]</small> <small>until 1908</small><br>Viscount Morley of Blackburn <small>after 1908</small><br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>10 December</small><br>1905<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>3 November</small><br>1910<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman|Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=4 | [[H. H. Asquith]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Portrait of Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|The '''Earl of Crewe''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|FSA}}<br /> | <small>3 November</small><br>1910<br /> | <small>7 March</small><br>1911<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn|The '''Viscount Morley of Blackburn''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|PC}}<br /> | <small>7 March</small><br>1911<br /> | <small>25 May</small><br>1911<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] <br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Portrait of Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Most Honourable</small><br>[[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|The '''Marquess of Crewe''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|FSA}}<br /> | <small>25 May</small><br>1911<br /> | <small>25 May</small><br>1915<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Austen Chamberlain MP.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>'''[[Austen Chamberlain]]'''<br><small>MP for [[Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham West]]</small><br /> | <small>25 May</small><br>1915<br /> | <small>17 July</small><br>1917<ref>Resigned.</ref> <br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[H. H. Asquith]]<br /><small>([[Asquith coalition ministry|Coalition]])</small><br /> ----<br /> [[David Lloyd George]]<br /><small>([[Lloyd George ministry|Coalition]])</small><br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Edwin Samuel Montagu.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>'''[[Edwin Montagu]]'''<br><small>MP for [[Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterton]]</small> <small>until 1918</small><br>MP for [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]] <small>after 1918</small><br /> | <small>17 July</small><br>1917<br /> | <small>19 March</small><br>1922<br /> | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Image:William Peel.jpg|75px]]<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|The '''Viscount Peel''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GBE|PC}}<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>19 March</small><br>1922<br /> | rowspan=2 | <small>22 January</small><br>1924<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Bonar Law]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Stanley Baldwin]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[File:Lord Olivier GGBain.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier|The '''Lord Olivier''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CB|PC}}<br /> | <small>22 January</small><br>1924<br /> | <small>3 November</small><br>1924<br /> | [[Labour party (UK)|Labour]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Ramsay MacDonald]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead|The '''Earl of Birkenhead''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|PC|KC}}<br /> | <small>6 November</small><br>1924<br /> | <small>18 October</small><br>1928<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Stanley Baldwin]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:William Peel.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|The '''Viscount Peel''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GBE|PC}}<br /> | <small>18 October</small><br>1928<br /> | <small>4 June</small><br>1929<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:William Wedgewood-Benn.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|'''William Wedgwood Benn''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|DSO}}<br><small>MP for [[Aberdeen North (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen North]]</small><br /> | <small>7 June</small><br>1929<br /> | <small>24 August</small><br>1931<br /> | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Ramsay MacDonald]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Sir Samuel Hoare GGBain.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir '''Samuel Hoare''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt|GCSI|GBE|CMG|JP}}<br><small>MP for [[Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)|Chelsea]]</small><br /> | <small>25 August</small><br>1931<br /> | <small>7 June</small><br>1935<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|National Labour Organisation}}" |<br /> | [[Ramsay MacDonald]]<br /><small>([[First National ministry|1st]] & [[Second National ministry|2nd National Min.]])</small><br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Lord Zetland.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Most Honourable</small><br>[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|The '''Marquess of Zetland''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|PC}}<br /> | <small>7 June</small><br>1935<br /> | <small>28 May</small><br>1937<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Stanley Baldwin]]<br /><small>([[Third National ministry|3rd National Min.]])</small><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Secretaries of State for India and Burma, 1937–1947==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2 | Term of office<br /> ! Political party<br /> ! colspan=2 | Prime Minister<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Lord Zetland.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Most Honourable</small><br>[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|The '''Marquess of Zetland''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|PC}}<br /> | <small>28 May</small><br>1937<br /> | <small>13 May</small><br>1940<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Neville Chamberlain]]<br><small>([[Fourth National ministry|4th National Min.]];<br>[[Chamberlain war ministry|War Coalition]])</small><br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Image:Leopold Amery MP.png|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>'''[[Leo Amery]]'''<br><small>MP for [[Birmingham Sparkbrook (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Sparkbrook]]</small><br /> | <small>13 May</small><br>1940<br /> | <small>26 July</small><br>1945<br /> | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Winston Churchill]]<br><small>([[Churchill war ministry|War Coalition]]; [[Churchill caretaker ministry|Caretaker Min.]])</small><br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[File:British Political Personalities 1936-1945 HU59768.jpg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|The '''Lord Pethick-Lawrence''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}<br /> | <small>3 August</small><br>1945<br /> | <small>17 April</small><br>1947<br /> | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | rowspan=2 | [[Clement Attlee]]<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[File:No image.svg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel|The '''Earl of Listowel''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}<br /> | <small>17 April</small><br>1947<br /> | <small>14 August</small><br>1947<br /> | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Secretaries of State for Burma, 1947–1948==<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2 | Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2 | Term of office<br /> ! Political party<br /> ! colspan=2 | Prime Minister<br /> |-<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[File:No image.svg|75px]]<br /> | <small>The Right Honourable</small><br>[[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel|The '''Earl of Listowel''']]<br>{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}<br /> | <small>14 August</small><br>1947<br /> | <small>4 January</small><br>1948<br /> | [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]<br /> | style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |<br /> | [[Clement Attlee]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[India Office]]<br /> *[[British Raj]]<br /> *[[British rule in Burma]]<br /> *[[Governor-General of India]]<br /> *[[Imperial Civil Service]]<br /> *[[Government of India Act (disambiguation)|Government of India Act]]<br /> <br /> <br />{{Uk-fco-history}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Secretary Of State For India}}<br /> [[Category:1858 establishments in the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom|India]]<br /> [[Category:Government of British India]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:1947 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:1858 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Foreign Office during World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Secretaries of State for India|*]]<br /> [[Category:India Office]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&diff=387750 Cambridge University Press 2022-08-20T21:54:01Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Wrote an insightful article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Publishing business of the University of Cambridge}}<br /> {{for|the football club|Cambridge University Press F.C.}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates}}<br /> {{Use Oxford spelling}}<br /> {{Infobox publisher<br /> | image = Cambridge University Press logo.svg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | parent = [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]]<br /> | status = Department of the [[University of Cambridge]]<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1534}}<br /> | founder = [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII of England]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Cambridge]], England<br /> | country = [[Kingdom of England]] (since 1534)<br /> | distribution = {{ubl|Self-distributed|[[Ingram Content Group]] (US fulfillment)|[[DHL Supply Chain]] (UK fulfillment)<ref>{{cite web |title = Cambridge announces tenth successive year of growth |website = Cambridge University Press |access-date = 6 February 2018 |url = http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/media/press-releases/cambridge-announces-tenth-successive-year-growth/ }}</ref>}}<br /> | publications = <br /> | topics = Humanities; social sciences; science; medicine; engineering and technology; English language teaching and learning; education; Bibles<br /> | genre = {{ubl|Academic|Educational}}<br /> | imprints = Cambridge University Press <br /> | url = {{URL|https://www.cambridge.org|cambridge.org}}<br /> | keypeople = [[Stephen Toope]], [[Peter Phillips (businessman)|Peter Phillips]]<br /> | numemployees = 3,039; 58% are outside the UK<br /> | revenue = [[pound sterling|£]]336&nbsp;million (2020)<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Cambridge Press Cover Emblem.jpg|thumb|Logo on the front cover of "The Victorian Age by William Ralph Inge" used by Cambridge University Press|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Cambridge University Press''' is the [[university press]] of the [[University of Cambridge]]. Granted [[letters patent]] by [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] in 1534, it is the oldest [[university press]] in the world. It is also the [[King's Printer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Queen's Printer's Patent |url = http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/who-we-are/queens-printers-patent/|website=Cambridge University Press|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref><br /> <br /> Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. It became part of [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]], following a merger with Cambridge Assessment in 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 [[Country|countries]], it publishes over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Annual Report |url=https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/annual-report/press-report-2021 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment |language=en}}</ref> Its publishing includes more than 380 [[academic journal]]s, [[monograph]]s, [[reference work]]s, school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also publishes Bibles, runs a bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre.<br /> <br /> Being part of the University of Cambridge gives Cambridge University Press a non-profit status. It transfers a minimum of 30% of any annual surplus back to the University of Cambridge.{{cn}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File: Cambridge University Press building.jpg|thumb|Cambridge University Press head office in Cambridge]]<br /> [[File:Cambridge University Press building2.jpg|thumb|Cambridge University Press building in Cambridge]]<br /> <br /> Cambridge University Press is the oldest university press in the world. It originated from [[letters patent]] granted to the [[University of Cambridge]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] in 1534. Cambridge is one of the two [[privileged presses]] (the other being [[Oxford University Press]]). Authors published by Cambridge have included [[John Milton]], [[William Harvey]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Bertrand Russell]], and [[Stephen Hawking]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book<br /> | title = Cambridge University Press, 1584–1984<br /> | first= Michael<br /> | last =Black<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-66497-4<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref><br /> <br /> University printing began in Cambridge when the first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, set up a printing house in 1584.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Press |url=http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/brief-history-press |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}</ref> The first publication was a book, ''Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Our Story - Timeline |url=https://www.cambridge.org/our-story/timeline |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> In 1591 the first Cambridge Bible was printed by John Legate and in 1629 Cambridge folio edition of the [[King James Bible]] was printed by Thomas and John Buck.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><br /> <br /> In July 1697, the [[Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] made a loan of £200 to the university "towards the printing house and press" and [[James Halman]], [[Registrary]] of the university, lent £100 for the same purpose.<ref>''The Cambridge University Press 1696—1712'' (Cambridge University Press, 1966), p. 78</ref><br /> <br /> A new home for the press, The Pitt Building, on Trumpington Street in the centre of Cambridge was completed in 1833, which was designed by [[Edward Blore]]. It became a [[listed building]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Press (Pitt Press) University Press, Non Civil Parish – 1126282 |work=Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1126282 |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> In the early 1800s, the press pioneers the development of [[Stereotype (printing)|stereotype printing]], allowing successive printings from one setting.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last=Black |first=Michael |title=Cambridge University Press, 1583–1984 |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-66497-4 |pages=328–29}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> The press began using steam-powered machine presses by the 1850s. It was in this period that the press turned down what later became the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] – a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge by [[James Murray (lexicographer)|James Murray]] before he turned to Oxford.<ref name=":2" /><br /> <br /> The press journals publishing programme began in 1893 with the ''[[The Journal of Physiology|Journal of Physiology]]'' and then the ''Journal of Hygiene and Biometrika''. By 1910 the press had become a well-established journal publisher with a successful list which includes its first humanities title, ''[[Modern Language Review]]''. 1956 seaw the first issue of the ''[[Journal of Fluid Mechanics]]''.<br /> <br /> The press has published 170+ [[Nobel Prize winners]], the first in 1895.<br /> <br /> In 1913, the [[Monotyping|Monotype]] system of hot-metal mechanised typesetting was introduced at the press.<br /> <br /> In 1949, the press opened its first international branch in New York.<ref name=":1" /><br /> <br /> The press moved to its current site in Cambridge in 1963. The [[mid-century modern]] building, University Printing House, was constructed in 1961–1963. The building was designed by Beard, Bennett, Wilkins and Partners.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Press |website=Capturing Cambridge |url=https://capturingcambridge.org/newtown/shaftesbury-road/cambridge-university-press/ |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 1975, the press launched its English language teaching publishing business.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title = Timeline |publisher = Cambridge University Press |url = https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/who-we-are/history/timeline |access-date = 26 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 1981, the press moved to a new site on Shaftsbury Road. The Edinburgh Building was purpose-built with an adjoining warehouse to accommodate the press's expansion. It was built in 1979–80 by International Design and Construction.<ref name=":10" /> This site was sold to [[Cambridge Assessment]] in 2015 for the construction of the Triangle Building.{{Citation needed}}<br /> <br /> In 1986, the press acquired the long-established Bible and prayer-book publisher [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]], which gave the press the ancient and unique title of The Queen's Printer.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Black|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gB4SzjmLvAC&q=cambridge+university+press+kevin+taylor&pg=PA58|title=A Short History of Cambridge University Press|last2=Black|first2=Michael H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77572-4|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 1992, the press opened a bookshop at 1 [[Trinity Street, Cambridge]], which is the oldest-known bookshop site in Britain as books have been sold there since 1581.<ref>{{cite web |title = History of the Bookshop |publisher = Cambridge University Press Bookshop |year = 2009 |url = http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/visit-bookshop/history-bookshop/ |access-date = 16 January 2018}}</ref> In 2008 the shop expanded into 27 Market Hill where its specialist Education and English Language Teaching shop opened the following year.{{Citation needed}} The press bookshop sells Press books as well as Cambridge souvenirs such as mugs, diaries, bags, postcards, maps.<ref>{{cite web |title = Our Bookshop |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/about-us/visit-bookshop |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><br /> <br /> In 1993, the Cass Centre was opened to provide sports and social facilities for employees and their families.<ref name=":10" /><br /> <br /> In 1999, Cambridge Dictionaries Online was launched.<ref name=":11" /><br /> <br /> In 2012, the press sold its printing operation to MPG Books Group<ref>{{cite web |title= Cambridge University Press ends printing after 400 years |website=The Bookseller |url = https://www.thebookseller.com/news/cambridge-university-press-ends-printing-after-400-years#:~:text=with%20MPG...-,More%20than%20400%20years%20of%20printing%20under%20the%20Cambridge%20University,take%20over%20printing%20for%20CUP. |access-date=2020-06-30 }}</ref> and now uses third parties around the world to provide its print publications.<br /> <br /> In 2019, the press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article could have these published within 12 weeks.<ref>{{citation |title=Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/files/2914/6979/5859/CUP-Annual-Report-2016.pdf |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2021, Cambridge University Press merged with [[Cambridge Assessment]]. The new organisation is called [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Cambridge University Press to join with Cambridge Assessment|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-university-press-to-join-with-cambridge-assessment|access-date=2022-02-25|website=University of Cambridge|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shepard|first=Gabriel|title=Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment merge|url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/university-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-21236845|access-date=2022-02-25|website=CambridgeshireLive|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2022, [[Amira Bennison]] was elected chair of the [[Cambridge University Press]] academic committee, replacing Kenneth Armstrong.<ref name=Comerford>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bennison-made-chair-of-cups-academic-committee |title=Bennison made chair of CUP's academic committee |work=[[The Bookseller]] |first=Ruth |last=Comerford }}</ref><br /> <br /> == Print and typographic heritage ==<br /> <br /> === People ===<br /> * [[John Siberch]], in 1521 the first printer in Cambridge<br /> * [[John Baskerville]] (1707–1775), the official printer; his Cambridge edition of the [[King James Version|King James Bible]] (1763) is considered his masterpiece<br /> * [[Bruce Rogers (typographer)|Bruce Rogers]] (1870–1957), appointed 'printing expert' at the press for two years in 1917<br /> * [[Stanley Morison]] (1889–1967), typographical advisor both to the press and to the Monotype Corporation from 1925 to 1954 and, from 1929, also to ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper<br /> * [[John Dreyfus]] (1918–2002), joined the press in 1939 and became Assistant Printer in 1949<br /> * [[David Kindersley]] (1915–1995), designed a special typeface, ''Meliorissimo'', for the press's buildings, stationery, signs and vans<br /> * [[John Peters (typographer)|John Peters]] (1917–1989), designer of Angelus (Monotype, 1954, a 4 1/2 point type typeface for Bible composition at Cambridge University Press), Castellar (an open caps face, Monotype, 1954? or 1957), Fleet Titling (1967, Monotype Series 632), and Traveller (1964, a Monotype font done for the British Railways<br /> <br /> === Publications ===<br /> * 1584: the press's first publication is a book, ''Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper''.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> <br /> * 1591: the first Cambridge Bible is printed by John Legate <br /> * 1629: Cambridge folio edition of the [[King James Version|King James Bible]] is printed by Thomas and John Buck.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><br /> * 1633: ''The Temple'' by [[George Herbert]] (1593 – 1633) includes "Easter Wings". The poem's words and lines are arranged on the page to create a visual image of its subject. <br /> * 1713: the second edition of [[Isaac Newton]]'s ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' is published by the press.<br /> * 1763: [[John Baskerville|John Baskerville's]] folio Bible, considered a masterpiece, uses his innovations with type, paper, ink, and the printing process.<br /> * 1895: the first title by a [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureate]] is published: [[J. J. Thomson]]'s ''Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism''.<br /> <br /> == Current publications ==<br /> {{Main list|List of Cambridge University Press book series|List of Cambridge University Press journals<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Open access ==<br /> Cambridge University Press has stated its support for a sustainable transition to [[open access]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Research |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/open-research |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> It offers a range of open access publishing options under the heading of Cambridge Open, allowing authors to comply with the [[Gold Open Access]] and [[Green Open Access]] requirements of major research funders. It publishes Gold Open Access journals and books and works with publishing partners such as learned societies to develop Open Access for different communities. It supports Green Open Access (also called Green archiving) across its journals and monographs, allowing authors to deposit content in institutional and subject-specific repositories. It also supports sharing on commercial sharing sites through its Cambridge Core Share service.<br /> <br /> In recent years it has entered into several Read & Publish Open Access agreements with university libraries and consortia in several countries, including a landmark agreement with the University of California.<ref>{{cite press release |title=UC and Cambridge University Press Agree to Open Access Publishing Deal |publisher=[[University of California, Davis]] |url=https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/news/uc-and-cambridge-university-press-agree-to-open-access-publishing-deal |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kell |first=Gretchen |title=Post-Elsevier breakup, new publishing agreement 'a win for everyone' |url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/post-elsevier-breakup-new-publishing-agreement-win-everyone |website=University of California |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> In its 2019 Annual Report, Cambridge University Press stated that it saw such agreements "as an important stepping stone in the transition to Open Access".<ref>{{citation |title=Annual Report 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/annual-report |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2019, the press joined with the [[University of Cambridge]]'s research and teaching departments to give a unified response to [[Plan S]], which calls for all publications resulting from publicly funded research to be published in compliant open access journals or platforms from 2020. The response emphasized Cambridge's commitment to an open access goal which works effectively for all academic disciplines, is financially sustainable for institutions and high-quality peer review, and which leads to an orderly transition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cambridge Submission to cOAlition S Consultation on Plan S |url=https://osc.cam.ac.uk/files/coalition_s_cambridge_submission_of_plan_s_8_feb_2019.pdf |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> The press is a member of the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]] and the International Association of STM Publishers.<br /> <br /> In 2023, more than 50 per cent of Cambridge University Press research articles are in open access mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majority of Cambridge Research Papers Now Open Access |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230205005004/en/Majority-of-Cambridge-Research-Papers-Now-Open-Access |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=BusinessWire }}</ref><br /> <br /> == Nobel prize winners published by Cambridge University Press ==<br /> *[[J. J. Thomson]] (Physics – 1906)<br /> *[[Ernest Rutherford]] (Chemistry – 1908)<br /> *[[Niels Bohr]] (Physics – 1922)<br /> *[[Werner Heisenberg]] (Physics – 1932)<br /> *[[Charles Scott Sherrington]] (Medicine – 1932)<br /> *[[Erwin Schrödinger]] (Physics – 1935)<br /> *[[James Chadwick]] (Physics – 1935)<br /> *[[Patrick Blackett]] (Physics – 1948)<br /> *[[John Cockcroft]] (Physics – 1951)<br /> *[[Ernest Hemingway]] (Literature – 1954)<br /> *[[Alexander R. Todd]] (Chemistry – 1957)<br /> *[[Max Perutz]] (Chemistry – 1962)<br /> *[[Eugene Wigner]] (Physics – 1963)<br /> *[[Max Born]] (Physics – 1964)<br /> *[[Nikolay Basov]] (Physics – 1964)<br /> *[[Richard Feynman]] (Physics – 1965)<br /> *[[Derek Barton]] (Chemistry – 1969)<br /> *[[Samuel Beckett]] (Literature – 1969)<br /> *[[Simon Kuznets]] (Economics – 1971)<br /> *[[Dennis Gabor]] (Physics – 1971)<br /> *[[Kenneth Arrow]] (Economics – 1972)<br /> *[[Burton Richter]] (Physics – 1976)<br /> *[[James Meade]] (Economics – 1977)<br /> *[[Nevill Francis Mott]] (Physics – 1977)<br /> *[[Herbert A. Simon]] (Economics – 1978)<br /> *[[Steven Weinberg]] (Physics – 1979)<br /> *[[Abdus Salam]] (Physics – 1979)<br /> *[[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]] (Physics – 1983)<br /> *[[Gérard Debreu]] (Economics – 1983)<br /> *[[Richard Stone]] (Economics – 1984)<br /> *[[Franco Modigliani]] (Economics – 1985)<br /> *[[James M. Buchanan]] (Economics – 1986)<br /> *[[Wole Soyinka]] (Literature – 1986)<br /> *[[Robert Solow]] (Economics – 1987)<br /> *[[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] (Physics – 1991)<br /> *[[Robert Fogel]] (Economics – 1993)<br /> *[[Douglass North]] (Economics – 1993)<br /> *[[Harry Kroto]] (Chemistry – 1996)<br /> *[[William Vickrey]] (Economics – 1996)<br /> *[[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] (Physics – 1997)<br /> *William Phillips (Physics – 1997)<br /> *[[Amartya Sen]] (Economics – 1998)<br /> *[[Gerard 't Hooft]] (Physics – 1999)<br /> *[[Martinus J. G. Veltman]] (Physics – 1999)<br /> *[[James Heckman]] (Economics – 2000)<br /> *[[George Akerlof]] (Economics – 2001)<br /> *[[Joseph Stiglitz]] (Economics – 2001)<br /> *[[Daniel Kahneman]] (Economics – 2002)<br /> *[[Vernon L. Smith]] (Economics – 2002)<br /> *[[Clive Granger]] (Economics – 2003)<br /> *[[Anthony James Leggett]] (Physics – 2003)<br /> *[[Edmund Phelps]] (Economics – 2006)<br /> *[[Leonid Hurwicz]] (Economics – 2007)<br /> *[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (Peace Prize – 2007)<br /> *[[Elinor Ostrom]] (Economics – 2009)<br /> *[[Thomas A. Steitz]] (Chemistry – 2009)<br /> *[[Christopher A. Pissarides]] (Economics – 2010)<br /> *[[Peter Diamond]] (Economics – 2010)<br /> *[[Christopher A. Sims]] (Economics – 2011)<br /> *[[Alvin E. Roth]] (Economics – 2012)<br /> *[[Angus Deaton]] (Economics – 2015)<br /> *[[Kip Thorne]] (Physics – 2017)<br /> *[[Joachim Frank]] (Chemistry – 2017)<br /> *[[William Nordhaus]] (Economics – 2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publisher of more than 170 Nobel Prize Laureates |url=https://www.cambridge.org/za/academic/awards/nobel-laureates |access-date= |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment}}</ref><br /> <br /> == Organisational governance and operational structure ==<br /> <br /> === Relationship with the University of Cambridge ===<br /> [[File: Pitt Building Picture 21 07 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The Pitt Building in Cambridge, which used to be the headquarters of Cambridge University Press, is now a conference venue]]<br /> <br /> Cambridge University Press is a non-teaching department of the University of Cambridge. The press has, since 1698, been governed by the press 'Syndics' (originally known as the 'Curators'),<ref name="historyofcup">{{cite book |last=McKitterick |first=David |title=A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 2: Scholarship and Commerce, 1698–1872 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-30802-1 |page=61}}</ref> 18 senior members of the University of Cambridge who, along with other non-executive directors, bring a range of subject and business expertise.<ref name="statute">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Statutes J – The University Press |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/cso_2_statutej_69.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023628/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/cso_2_statutej_69.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The chair of the syndicate is currently Professor [[Stephen Toope]] (Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Cambridge]]). The syndicate has delegated its powers to a Press & Assessment Board; and to an Academic Publishing Committee and an English Language Teaching & Education Publishing Committee.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Press Syndicate |url=http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/who-we-are/press-syndicate/ |work=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br /> <br /> The Press & Assessment Board is responsible for setting overarching strategic direction.<ref name=":0" /> The Publishing Committees provide quality assurance and formal approval of the publishing strategy.<ref name=":0" /><br /> <br /> The operational responsibility of the press is delegated by the Syndics to the secretary of the syndicate and chief executive.<br /> <br /> In 2020 the university announced its decision to merge Cambridge University Press with [[University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate|Cambridge Assessment]].<ref name=":4" /><br /> <br /> === Operational structure ===<br /> Until August 2021, Cambridge University Press had three publishing groups:<br /> <br /> * Academic Publishing: publishes research books and journals in science, technology, medicine, humanities, and the social sciences.<ref name="black">{{cite book<br /> | title = A Short History of Cambridge University Press<br /> | first = Michael<br /> | last = Black<br /> | pages = 65–66<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-77572-4<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref> It also publishes advanced learning materials and reference content as well as 380 journals, of which 43 are 'Gold' Open Access. Open Access articles now account for 15 per cent of articles.{{Citation needed}} The group also publishes Bibles, and the press is one of only two publishers entitled to publish the [[Book of Common Prayer]] and the [[King James Version]] of the Bible in England.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Queen's Printers Patent|url=http://www.cambridge.org/home/page/item6459996/?site_locale=en_US|work=Cambridge University Press Website|access-date=15 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125225919/http://www.cambridge.org/home/page/item6459996/?site_locale=en_US|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref><br /> * English Language Teaching: publishes English language teaching courses and resources for learners of all ages around the world.<ref name="black" /> It offers a suite of integrated learning and assessment tools underpinned by the Cambridge Curriculum, a systematic approach to learning and evaluating proficiency in English. It works closely with [[Cambridge Assessment English|Cambridge Assessment]] through the joint initiative Cambridge Exams Publishing.<br /> * Education: delivers educational products, services and software for primary, secondary and international schools. It collaborates with [[Cambridge Assessment]] and the [[Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge Faculty of Education]] to help countries such as Kazakhstan and Oman to improve their education systems.{{Citation needed}} It also works with Cambridge Assessment to reach more schools and develop new products and services that improve teaching and learning. This area is merging with the schools team at Cambridge Assessment<br /> From 1 August 2021 onwards, Cambridge University Press became solely the academic and bible publishing division of [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]]. With the English and education arms of the organisation forming new, merged divisions with the equivalent departments of Cambridge Assessment.<br /> <br /> == Cambridge University Press partnerships and acquisitions ==<br /> * 2011, formed a partnership with Cambridge Assessment to publish official Cambridge preparation materials for Cambridge English and IELTS examinations.<br /> * 2015, formed a strategic content and technology partnership with Edmodo, the world's most extensive e-learning platform for primary and secondary teachers and pupils, to bring premier educational content and technology to schools in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edmodo and Cambridge University Press Form Strategic Content and Technology Partnership|url=https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/media/press-releases/edmodo-and-cambridge-university-press-form-strategic-content-and-technology-partnership,%20https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/media/press-releases/edmodo-and-cambridge-university-press-form-strategic-content-and-technology-partnership|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref> <br /> * 2017, the University of Cambridge announced that Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment would work more closely in future under governance by the Press & Assessment Board.<br /> * 2019, with Cambridge Assessment English acquired the Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring from Durham. CEM provides assessments to measure learner progress and potential, as well as 11 Plus exams for many UK independent and grammar schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambridge Assessment Annual Report 2018-19|url=https://www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk/Images/566110-annual-report-18-19.pdf}}</ref><br /> * 2020, partnered with EDUCATE Ventures, the University College London edtech accelerator, to better understand the challenges and successes of home education during the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EDUCATE Ventures and Cambridge University Press enter partnership to deliver major study on home learning during pandemic|url=https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/news/educate-ventures-and-cambridge-university-press-enter-partnership-deliver-major-study-home-learning-during-pandemic|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref><br /> * 2020, partnered with online library [[Perlego]] to offer students access to digital textbooks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Cambridge University Press partners with Perlego on online textbooks {{!}} The Bookseller|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/cambridge-university-press-offer-textbooks-online-1200947|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.thebookseller.com}}</ref><br /> * 2020, the University Cambridge announced it would create a 'new unified organization' by merging Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment, to launch 1 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambridge University Press merges with Cambridge Assessment {{!}} Camrbidge University Press|url=https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/news/single-strategy-single-organisation/|website=www.cambridge.org}}</ref><br /> * 2021, Cambridge Assessment and Cambridge University Press formally became one organisation under the name [[Cambridge University Press & Assessment]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Cambridge University Press and Assessment: Our ever-closer partnership|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-university-press-and-assessment-our-ever-closer-partnership|access-date=2022-02-15|website=University of Cambridge|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> == Digital developments ==<br /> [[File: Cambridge University Press sign.jpg|thumb|Cambridge University Press sign at the Cambridge HQ]]<br /> <br /> In 2011, Cambridge University Press adopted [[SAP]]. Cambridge University Press works closely with IT services firm Tech Mahindra on SAP, and with Cognizant and Wipro on other systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIO interview: Mark Maddocks, Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240236424/CIO-interview-Mark-Maddocks-Cambridge-University-Press|access-date=2020-06-30|website=ComputerWeekly.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Tech Mahindra deploys SAP sol for Cambridge University Press|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tech-mahindra-deploys-sap-sol-for-cambridge-university-press-114012900403_1.html|access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2016, Cambridge Books Online and Cambridge Journals Online were replaced by [https://www.cambridge.org/core Cambridge Core] - a single platform to access its publishing. It provided significantly enhanced interfaces and upgraded navigation capabilities, as well as article-level and chapter-level content selection.<ref>{{citation<br /> | title = Launching Cambridge Core<br /> | date = September 2016<br /> | url = https://ebookscambridge.wordpress.com/2016/09/01/launching-cambridge-core<br /> | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref> A year after Cambridge Core went live, the press launched Cambridge Core Share, functionality to allow users to generate and share links with free access to selected journal articles, an early sign of the press's commitment to open research.<ref>{{citation<br /> | title = Sharing Platform Includes Content Usage Records<br /> | date = 8 December 2017<br /> | url = https://publishingperspectives.com/2017/12/cambridge-university-press-content-sharing-launch<br /> | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2020, partnered with online library [[Perlego]] to offer students access to digital textbooks.<ref name=":5" /><br /> <br /> In 2021, the press acquired CogBooks. The technology adapts and responds to users, "recommending course material needed to optimise learning".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Press & Assessment acquires CogBooks |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/news/cambridge-university-press-assessment-acquires-cogbooks-1279594 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2021 the press began migrating its website onto [[Drupal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambridge University Press & Assessment {{!}} Acquia|url=https://www.acquia.com/resources/case-studies/cambridge-university-press-assessment|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.acquia.com|language=en}}</ref><br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> === Tax exemption controversy ===<br /> <br /> In May 1940, CUP applied to the Inland Revenue for the exemption of its printing and publishing profits from taxation, equivalent to charitable status. After a November 1940 Inland Revenue hearing, CUP's application was refused "on the ground that, since the Press was printing and publishing for the outside world and not simply for the internal use of the University, the Press's trade went beyond the purpose and objects of the University and (in terms of the Act) was not exercised in the course of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the University".<ref>M. H. Black (1984), [http://www.akmedea.com/MHB-267.jpg ''Cambridge University Press 1584-1984''], Cambridge University Press, p. 267</ref> In November 1975, with CUP facing financial collapse,<ref>M. H. Black (1984), [http://www.akmedea.com/MHB-249.jpg ''Cambridge University Press 1584-1984''], Cambridge University Press, pp. 248–49</ref> CUP's chief executive Geoffrey Cass wrote a 60-page "preliminary letter" to the Inland Revenue again seeking tax-exemption. A year later Cass's application was granted in a letter from the Inland Revenue, though the decision was not made public.<ref>G Bridden (9 November 1976), [http://www.akmedea.com/MHB-267.jpg letter to Geoffrey Cass]</ref><ref>M. H. Black (1984), [http://www.akmedea.com/MHB-283.jpg ''Cambridge University Press 1584-1984''], Cambridge University Press, p. 282</ref> After consulting CUP, Cambridge's 'sister' press, the giant [[Oxford University Press]] presented their own submission and received similar exemption. In 2003 OUP's tax-exemption was publicly attacked by Joel Rickett of [[The Bookseller]] in ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>Rickety, Joel (30 August 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/30/featuresreviews.guardianreview21 "Latest news from the world of publishing"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 2007, with the new 'public benefit' requirement of the revised Charities Act, the issue was re-examined <ref>Jessica Shepherd (17 April 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/apr/17/administration.highereducation "Freedom of the presses"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> with particular reference to the OUP.<ref>Tom Tivnan (2007). [http://www.akmedea.com/bkslr5.jpg "Charities review could hit publishers"]. '"The Bookseller''.</ref> In 2008 CUP's and OUP's privilege was attacked by rival publishers.<ref>Philip Jones (24 April 2008). [https://www.thebookseller.com/news/rivals-attack-oup-and-cup "Rivals attack OUP and CUP"]. ''The Bookseller''.</ref> <ref>Chris Koenig (16 May 2008). [https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/2276814.oup-status-attacked/ "OUP status attacked"]. ''Oxford Mail''<br /> </ref> In 2009 ''[[The Guardian]]'' invited author [[Andrew Malcolm (author)|Andrew Malcolm]] to write an article on the subject.<ref>Andrew Malcolm (15 April 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/15/cambridge-univsersity-press-oxford "The Oxford presses aren't charities but are given unfair tax breaks"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref><br /> <br /> === Alms for Jihad ===<br /> {{Main|Alms for Jihad}}<br /> <br /> In 2007, controversy arose over the press's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 book ''[[Alms for Jihad|Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World]]'', by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaire [[Khalid bin Mahfouz]].<ref>{{cite web | title = One Way Multiculturalism | work = [[The New York Sun]] | publisher = Ronald Weintraub | date = 6 August 2007 | first = Mark | last = Steyn | url = http://www.nysun.com/opinion/one-way-multiculturalism/59930/ | access-date = 4 May 2011}}</ref> Within hours, ''Alms for Jihad'' became one of the 100 most sought after titles on [[Amazon.com]] and [[eBay]] in the United States. The press sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. The press subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book.<br /> <br /> The [[American Library Association]] issued a recommendation to libraries still holding ''Alms for Jihad'': "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about the controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticized by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that [[English defamation law]]s were excessively strict.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bonus Books criticises CUP | work = The Bookseller | date =3 August 2007 | first=Anna | last = Richardson | url = http://www.thebookseller.com/news/bonus-books-criticises-cup.html | access-date = 4 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = A University Press stands up – and wins | publisher = Inside Higher Ed | access-date =4 May 2011 | first = Scott | last = Jaschick | url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/08/16/yaleup | date= 16 August 2007 }}</ref> In the ''[[New York Times Book Review]]'' (7 October 2007), [[United States House of Representatives|United States Congressman]] [[Frank Wolf (politician)|Frank R. Wolf]] described Cambridge's settlement as "basically a book burning".<ref>{{cite news | title = Libel Without Borders | work = [[The New York Times]] | first = Rachel | last = Danadio | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/books/review/Donadio-t.html?ex=1350532800&en=a46a9c67602861ee&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | date= 7 October 2007 | access-date = 4 May 2011 }}</ref> The press pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book.<br /> <br /> The press defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it is a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Why CUP acted responsibly | magazine = The Bookseller | date = 9 August 2007 | url = http://www.thebookseller.com/blogs/why-cup-acted-responsibly.html | access-date = 4 May 2011 | first = Kevin | last = Taylor }}</ref><br /> <br /> ===''Cambridge University Press v. Patton''===<br /> {{Main|Cambridge University Press v. Patton}}<br /> <br /> In this case, originally filed in 2008, CUP et al. accused [[Georgia State University]] of infringement of copyright.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafner|first=Katie|title = Publishers Sue Georgia State on Digital Reading Matter |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/technology/16school.html |access-date=2020-05-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The case closed on 29 September 2020, with GSU as the prevailing party.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Andrew |last=Albanese |title=Publishers Escape Fee Award as GSU E-Reserves Case Finally Ends |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/84514-publishers-escape-fee-award-as-gsu-e-reserves-case-finally-ends.html |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref><br /> <br /> === ''The China Quarterly'' ===<br /> On 18 August 2017, following an "instruction" from a Chinese import agency, Cambridge University Press used the functionality that had been built into Cambridge Core to temporarily delete politically sensitive articles from ''[[The China Quarterly]]'' on its Chinese website. The articles focused on topics China regards as taboo, including the 1989 [[Tiananmen Square massacre]], [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]], Hong Kong's [[2014 Hong Kong protests|fight for democracy]], and ethnic tensions in [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-40975474 |title=《中國季刊》:對中國刪300多篇文章深表關注 |newspaper=BBC News 中文 |language=zh |trans-title=China Quarterly: Deeply concerned about China's deletion of more than 300 articles }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridge.org/about-us/media/press-releases/cambridge-university-press-statement-regarding-content-china-quarterly/ |title=Cambridge University Press statement regarding content in The China Quarterly |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@millwarj/open-letter-to-cambridge-university-press-about-its-censorship-of-the-journal-china-quarterly-c366f76dcdac |title=Open Letter to Cambridge University Press about its censorship of the China Quarterly |last=Millward |first=James A. |website=Medium |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>{{sps}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/20/cambridge-university-press-censorship-exposes-xi-jinpings-authoritarian-shift |title=Cambridge University Press censorship 'exposes Xi Jinping's authoritarian shift' |last=Phillips |first=Tomn|newspaper =The Guardian |access-date=20 August 2017 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 21 August 2017, in the face of growing international protests, Cambridge University Press announced it would immediately repost the articles to uphold the principle of academic freedom on which the university's work is founded.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/aug/21/cambridge-university-press-to-back-down-over-china-censorship |title=Cambridge University Press backs down over China censorship |last1=Kennedy |first1=Maev |work=The Guardian |access-date=22 August 2017|last2=Phillips |first2=Tom |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-40998129 |title=Cambridge University Press reverses China censorship move |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><br /> <br /> === ''The Cambridge Handbook of Privatization'' ===<br /> In February 2021, the forthcoming ''Cambridge Handbook of Privatization'' was found to have included a chapter by [[John Mark Ramseyer]] in which he described Koreans murdered in the [[Kantō Massacre]] as "gangs" that "torched buildings, planted bombs, [and] poisoned water supplies". Editors Avihay Dorfman and [[Alon Harel]] acknowledged the historical distortions of the chapter, but gave Ramseyer a chance to revise. Harel described the inclusion of the original chapter as an "innocent and very regrettable" mistake on the part of the editors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210220002400325 |title=Harvard professor Ramseyer to revise paper on 1923 massacre of Koreans in Japan: Cambridge handbook editor |last=Song|first= Sang-ho|work=Yonhap News|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=159613 |title=Controversial Professor Denies Japan's Kanto Massacre of Koreans in 1923 |work=KBS World |access-date=22 February 2021 }}</ref><br /> <br /> == Corporate social responsibility ==<br /> [[File:Cambridge University Press's stand at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2018.jpg|thumb|Cambridge University Press's stand at the [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] 2018]]<br /> <br /> === Community ===<br /> The press undertakes community engagement in Cambridge and around the world where there are Press employees. Annually, the press selects a UK Charity of the Year, which has included local charities Centre 33 (2016 and 2017), Rowan Humberstone (2018), and Castle School (2019). In 2016, some of the press's community works included its continued support to [[Westchester Community College]] in New York, the installation of hygienic facilities in an Indonesian rural school, raising funds to rehabilitate earthquake-stricken schools in [[Nepal]], and guiding students from [[Coleridge Community College]], [[Cambridge]] in a [[Curriculum vitae|CV]] workshop. On [[World Book Day]] 2016, the press held a digital [[Shakespeare]] publishing workshop for students and their teachers. Similarly, their Indian office conducted a workshop for teachers and students in 17 schools in Delhi to learn the whole process of book publishing. The press donated more than 75,000 books in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2016|url=https://www.cambridge.org/files/2914/6979/5859/CUP-Annual-Report-2016.pdf|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref><br /> <br /> An apprenticeship program for people interested in careers in publishing was established in 2016<ref>{{cite web | title = Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2017 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/files/8915/0107/8071/Annual-Report-2017.pdf | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref> by 2022 it had 200 active apprenices in the UK in a wide range of roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating National Apprenticeship Week|url=http://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/insights/Celebrating-National-Apprenticeship-Week|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Building the future|url=http://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/insights/Building-the-future|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment}}</ref><br /> <br /> === Environment ===<br /> The press monitors its emissions annually, has converted to energy-saving equipment, minimizes plastic use and ensures that their paper is sourced ethically.<ref>{{cite web<br /> | title = Annual Report for the year ended 30 April 2018<br /> | url = https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/annual-report/our-people<br /> | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref><br /> <br /> In 2019, the [[World Wildlife Fund]] awarded its highest score to the press of Three Trees, based on the press's timber purchasing policy, performance statement and its responsible sourcing of timber.<ref>{{cite web | title = WWF Timber Scorecard 2019 | url = https://www.wwf.org.uk/timberscorecard#scorecard-table | access-date = 25 July 2019 }}</ref> The press works hard to minimise the number of books that are sent for pulping each year.{{Citation needed}}<br /> <br /> The press won the [[Independent Publishers Guild]] Independent Publishing Awards for sustainability in 2020 and in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Publishing Awards |url=https://www.independentpublishersguild.com/IPG/Events/IPA/Independent_Publishing_Awards.aspx|access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Independent Publishers Guild }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 winners |url=https://www.independentpublishersguild.com/IPG/Events/Independent-Publishing-Awards/2021/IPG/Events/IPA/2021.aspx?hkey=cad03685-d4c3-4ad6-9ffc-94396751a593|access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Independent Publishers Guild }}</ref> Its public commitments to sustainability include being a signatory of the [[United Nations Global Compact|UN Global Compact]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Press & Assessment |url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/138719-Cambridge-University-Press-Assessment |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=UN Global Compact}}</ref> and to the goals of the [[Cambridge Zero]] initiative run by the University of Cambridge – to being carbon zero on all energy-related emissions by 2048.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environment |url=https://www.cambridge.org/people-and-planet/environment |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment}}</ref><br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * Anonymous; ''The Student's Guide to the University of Cambridge. Third Edition, Revised and Partly Re-written''; Deighton Bell, 1874 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; {{ISBN|978-1-108-00491-6}})<br /> * Anonymous; ''War Record of the Cambridge University Press 1914–1919''; Cambridge University Press, 1920; (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; {{ISBN|978-1-108-00294-3}})<br /> * ''A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 1: Printing and the Book Trade in Cambridge, 1534–1698''; McKitterick, David; 1992; {{ISBN|978-0-521-30801-4}}<br /> * ''A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 2: Scholarship and Commerce, 1698–1872''; McKitterick, David; 1998; {{ISBN|978-0-521-30802-1}}<br /> * ''A History of Cambridge University Press, Volume 3: New Worlds for Learning, 1873–1972''; McKitterick, David; 1998; {{ISBN|978-0-521-30803-8}}<br /> * ''A Short History of Cambridge University Press''; Black, Michael; 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-521-77572-4}}<br /> * ''Cambridge University Press 1584–1984''; Black, Michael, foreword by Gordon Johnson; 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-521-66497-4}}, Hardback {{ISBN|978-0-521-26473-0}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikisource publisher|Cambridge University Press}}<br /> * [https://www.cambridge.org/files/7313/7908/4851/History_for_external_website.pdf A Brief History of Cambridge University Press]<br /> <br /> {{coord|52.1882|0.1320|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}<br /> {{University of Cambridge}}<br /> {{Cambridge History series}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Books|Companies|England}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cambridge University Press| ]]<br /> [[Category:1534 establishments in England]]<br /> [[Category:Institutions of the University of Cambridge|Press]]<br /> [[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:University presses of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:Shops in Cambridge]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in the 1530s]]<br /> [[Category:Publishing companies established in the 16th century]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Indian_general_election&diff=387617 2024 Indian general election 2022-04-28T00:32:24Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Created an influential manuscript.</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Next Indian general election]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV1_(India)&diff=388620 TV1 (India) 2022-02-17T17:44:37Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Shared an interesting publication.</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Jai Telangana TV]]<br /> {{R from move}}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_Pacific&diff=387671 Asia Pacific 2022-01-06T21:34:08Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Added a new contribution to the collection.</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Asia-Pacific]]</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Arya_Kinchitkumar_Shah&diff=133860 Draft:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah 2021-07-21T06:47:51Z

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Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Arya_Kinchitkumar_Shah&diff=133859 Draft:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah 2021-07-21T06:47:03Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Arya Kinchitkumar Shah | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}} | birth_place = Dahod, Gujarat, India | occup..."</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Kinchitkumar Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | net_worth = {{US$|0.0&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<br /> (January 2014)<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty/Arya_Shah&diff=102865 User:Aryashahnaughty/Arya Shah 2021-07-03T02:40:53Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Arya Shah | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}} | birth_place = Dahod, Gujarat, India | occupation..."</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | net_worth = {{US$|0.0&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<br /> (January 2014)<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=100917 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-06-11T08:46:47Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | net_worth = {{US$|0.0&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<br /> (January 2014)<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90884 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T13:52:05Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | image = AryaMiku.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | net_worth = {{US$|0.0&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<br /> (January 2014)<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90863 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T13:44:16Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | image = AryaMiku.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90483 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T07:29:53Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | image = AryaMiku.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | height_cm = 160.02<br /> | nationality = [[Indian]]<br /> | citizenship = [[Japan]]<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | organization = [[Phixman]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90480 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T07:07:47Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | image = AryaMiku.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | nationality = [[Indian]]<br /> | citizenship = [[Japan]]<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90475 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:55:44Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> | nationality = [[Indian]]<br /> | citizenship = [[Japan]]<br /> | known_for = [[Google]]<br /> | parents = [[Kinchit Shah]] [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | children = 0<br /> | mother = [[Sweta Shah]]<br /> | father = [[Kinchit Shah]]<br /> | relatives = [[Swara Shah]] [[Tanisha Shah]]<br /> | website = {{URL|phixman.com}}<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90473 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:45:35Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod, Gujarat]], India<br /> | occupation = <br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90471 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:42:36Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90470 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:42:12Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Public]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90469 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:41:47Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Public Personality]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90468 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:40:11Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90467 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:39:36Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Vadodara]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90466 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:39:06Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dohad]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aryashahnaughty&diff=90464 User:Aryashahnaughty 2021-05-31T06:37:14Z

<p>Aryashahnaughty: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Arya Shah | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}} | birth_place = Dahod, India | nationality = Japa..."</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arya Shah<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|4|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Dahod]], India<br /> | nationality = [[Japanese]]<br /> | occupation = [[Student]]<br /> }}</div>

Aryashahnaughty