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Khalilabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T16:35:06Z

AryaInIND: Starting bio...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khalilabad
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Khalilabad''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern India until 2008.

==Assembly segments==
Khalilabad comprised the following five assembly segments:
# [[Alapur]]
#[[Khajani Assembly constituency|Khajni]]
#[[Menhdawal Assembly constituency|Menhdawal]]
#[[Khalilabad Assembly constituency|Khalilabad]]
# Dhanghata

==Members of Parliament==

*1957: [[Kapil Dev Rai]], [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Indian National Congress]]
*1962 [[Krishna Chandra Pandey|Sri Ram Rai]], [[Indian National Congress|Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
*1967: [[Major Ranjeet Singh]], [[Indian National Congress|Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
*1971: [[Krishna Chandra Pandey]], [[Indian National Congress]],
*1977: [[Brij Bhushan Tiwari]], [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Krishna Chandra Pandey]], [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
*1984: [[Chandra Shekhar Tripathi]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1991: [[Ashthabhuja Prasad Shukla]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1996: [[Surendra Yadav]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1998: [[Indrajeet Mishra]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*1999: [[Bhalchandra Yadava|Bhal Chandra Yadav]], [[Samajwadi Party]]
*2004: [[Bhalchandra Yadava|Bhal Chandra Yadav]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*2008: [[Bhismshankar|Bhisma Shankar Tiwari]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (By Poll)

After 2008 Delimition, this comes under [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]

==See also==
* [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.8|83.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Star (2024 film)

2026-05-05T13:28:08Z

AryaInIND: New - done

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Star 2024 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Elan (director)|Elan]]
| writer = Elan Thava Guru (dialogues)
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] Sreenidhi Sagar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]
* [[Aaditi Pohankar]]
* [[Preity Mukhundhan]]
}}
| cinematography = Ezhil Arasu K
| editing = [[Pradeep E. Ragav]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Rise East Entertainment
* [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|05|10|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}12 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Makers Of Kavin's Upcoming Tamil Film Star Increase Budget To Rs 12 Crore: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-kavins-upcoming-tamil-film-star-increase-budget-to-rs-12-crore-reports-8812679.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503191718/https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-kavins-upcoming-tamil-film-star-increase-budget-to-rs-12-crore-reports-8812679.html |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}24 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title='Star' box office collection day 1: A record start for Kavin at the box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/star-box-office-collection-day-1-a-record-start-for-kavin-at-the-box-office/articleshow/110028443.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511134046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/star-box-office-collection-day-1-a-record-start-for-kavin-at-the-box-office/articleshow/110028443.cms |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''''Star''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Elan (director)|Elan]]. The film is jointly produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] and Sreenidhi Sagar under [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] and Rise East Entertainment. It stars [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] in the lead role, alongside [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Aaditi Pohankar]], [[Preity Mukhundhan]] and [[Geetha Kailasam]]. The film follows Kalai, a youngster, who pursues his dream of becoming an actor while facing various obstacles.

Initially, [[Harish Kalyan]] was cast in the lead role, but he was subsequently replaced by Kavin. The film was announced in August 2023 under the tentative title ''Kavin's Next'', and the official title was announced a few days later. [[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2023. It was predominantly shot in [[Chennai]], and filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-February 2024. The film has music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography handled by Ezhil Arasu K and editing by [[Pradeep E. Ragav]].

''Star'' was released worldwide on 10 May 2024 in theatres. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audience, with praise for Kavin and Lal's performances, cinematography, Yuvan Shankar Raja's soundtrack and background score but criticized Elan's screenplay and writing. The film was a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
Kalaiarasan alias Kalai is a boy from a middle-class family whose only aspiration is to make it into the film industry as an actor. His father Pandian, a still photographer, is a pillar of support for his dreams as Kalai goes to various lengths to achieve this.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-27 |title='Star' trailer: Kavin starrer promises an inspiring drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-trailer-kavin-starrer-promises-an-inspiring-drama/articleshow/109642430.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427091506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-trailer-kavin-starrer-promises-an-inspiring-drama/articleshow/109642430.cms |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-27 |title=Star trailer: Kavin is a wounded man in pursuit of stardom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/27/star-trailer-kavin-is-a-wounded-man-in-pursuit-of-stardom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427091506/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/27/star-trailer-kavin-is-a-wounded-man-in-pursuit-of-stardom |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] as Kalaiarasan "Kalai" Pandian
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Pandian, Kalai's father
* [[Aaditi Pohankar]] as Surabi Kalaiarasan, Kalai's wife
* [[Preity Mukhundhan]] as Meera Malarkodi, Kalai's ex-girlfriend
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Kamala Pandian, Kalai's mother
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as Pandian's friend
* 'Raja Rani' Pandian as Surabi's father
* Dheeraj
* Niveethitha Rajappan
* Deeps as Gulabi, Kalai's friend
* Maadesh S.
* Revathi
* Sanjay Swaroop as Sunny Verma, an actor
* Sai Prasanna as mechanical Siva senior character
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]] as actor-turned-ice cream seller (cameo appearance)
* [[Vetrimaaran]] as himself (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In June 2019, [[Harish Kalyan]], who had a successful collaboration with director Elan after ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018), was reported to collaborate with the latter for his next directorial. Amma Creations, headed by [[T. Siva]], would reportedly produce the venture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-05 |title=Harish Kalyan to collaborate with Elan once again for his next project? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-to-collaborate-with-elan-once-again-for-his-next-project/articleshow/69662651.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-to-collaborate-with-elan-once-again-for-his-next-project/articleshow/69662651.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 5 December 2020, the project was confirmed by the director, during an interview. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was revealed to have been brought on board to compose the score, in his second consecutive film with the director after ''Pyaar Prema Kaadhal''. Yuvan was reportedly paid 6 crores for his involvement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-05 |title=Harish Kalyan to have multiple looks in his movie with Elan and Yuvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-to-have-multiple-looks-in-his-movie-with-elan-and-yuvan/articleshow/79583046.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-to-have-multiple-looks-in-his-movie-with-elan-and-yuvan/articleshow/79583046.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The venture's production house, Screen Scene Media Entertainment Pvt Ltd, made a public announcement on 12 December. The official title, ''Star'', was announced with a promotional poster that day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-12 |title=Harish Kalyan resembles Thalapathi Rajinikanth in his next titled 'Star' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-resembles-thalapathi-rajinikanth-in-his-next-titled-star/articleshow/79692626.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-resembles-thalapathi-rajinikanth-in-his-next-titled-star/articleshow/79692626.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In July 2021, reports claimed that the venture was shelved, due to creative differences between Elan and Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Harish Kalyan's 'Star' with director Elan shelved? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-star-with-director-elan-shelved/articleshow/84201090.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-star-with-director-elan-shelved/articleshow/84201090.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In August 2023, [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], who was praised for his performance in [[Dada (2023 film)|''Dada'']] (2023) and a long-time friend of the director, was reported to replace Kalyan for the lead role.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} On 27 August, [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]], header of [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]], who made his Tamil debut with [[Asvins (film)|''Asvins'']] (2023), and Rise East Entertainment announced that they would be jointly producing the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-28 |title=Kavin's film with director Elan titled 'Star' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-film-with-director-elan-titled-star/articleshow/103142062.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203175214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-film-with-director-elan-titled-star/articleshow/103142062.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Kavin replaces Harish Kalyan in Elan-Yuvan Shankar Raja's film; title to be revealed soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-replaces-harish-kalyan-in-elan-yuvan-shankar-rajas-film-title-to-be-revealed-soon/article67241511.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828012329/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-replaces-harish-kalyan-in-elan-yuvan-shankar-rajas-film-title-to-be-revealed-soon/article67241511.ece |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 10 September, [[Aaditi Pohankar]] and Preity Mukhundhan were announced both playing lead actress roles, with both pairing opposite Kavin, for the first time.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The film marks as Aaditi's second Tamil film after the 2017 film ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''. She was announced to play the role of Jimikky, the love interest of Kavin's character, Kalai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title='Star' makers launch first look of female lead Aaditi Pohankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-makers-launch-first-look-of-female-lead-aaditi-pohankar/articleshow/107223295.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203184649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-makers-launch-first-look-of-female-lead-aaditi-pohankar/articleshow/107223295.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 1 June 2023 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada star Kavin begins shoot for his next |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dada-star-kavin-begins-shoot-for-his-next-heres-what-we-know/66c6caced7492 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614082152/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dada-star-kavin-begins-shoot-for-his-next-heres-what-we-know/66c6caced7492 |archive-date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Halfway of filming was completed by 30 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title=Director Elan satisfied with the progress of Kavin-starrer 'Star' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-elan-satisfied-with-the-progress-of-kavin-starrer-star/articleshow/107264396.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203184410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-elan-satisfied-with-the-progress-of-kavin-starrer-star/articleshow/107264396.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 17 February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-02-17 |title=Shoot of Kavin's Star wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/17/shoot-of-kavins-star-wrapped-up-52143.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Star
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = 4 May 2024
| recorded = December 2023 – February 2024
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]] AI Watan Studios, [[Dubai]] High Tide Studios, [[Germany]] [[AM Studhgu bgvc HD ios]], Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=06}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Pon Ondru Kanden]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Gangs of Godavari]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Star
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = College Superstars
| single1date = 12 December 2023
| single2 = Vintage Love
| single2date = 4 April 2024
| single3 = Melody
| single3date = 20 April 2024
| single4 = Jimikky's Ghazal
| single4date = 25 April 2024
}}
}}
The music and background score is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, in his maiden collaboration with Kavin; second with Elan after ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Kavin replaces Harish Kalyan in Elan-Yuvan Shankar Raja's film; title to be revealed soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-replaces-harish-kalyan-in-elan-yuvan-shankar-rajas-film-title-to-be-revealed-soon/article67241511.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828012329/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-replaces-harish-kalyan-in-elan-yuvan-shankar-rajas-film-title-to-be-revealed-soon/article67241511.ece |archive-date=2023-08-28 |access-date=2023-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. The first single "College Superstars" was released on the occasion of [[Rajinikanth]]'s birthday (12 December 2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title='Star' first single 'College Superstar' unveiled from Kavin's film on the occasion of Superstar Rajinikanth's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-first-single-college-superstar-unveiled-from-kavins-film-on-the-occasion-of-superstar-rajinikanths-birthday/articleshow/105927248.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203175826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/star-first-single-college-superstar-unveiled-from-kavins-film-on-the-occasion-of-superstar-rajinikanths-birthday/articleshow/105927248.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Vintage Love", "Melody" and "Jimikky's Ghazal" , the second, third and fourth single, released on 4, 20 and 25 April, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-04 |title=Vintage Love song from Kavin's Star is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/Apr/04/vintage-love-song-from-kavins-star-is-here |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-20 |title=Kavin takes the 'Remo route' for Star's fourth single 'Melody' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/20/kavin-takes-the-remo-route-for-stars-fourth-single-melody |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-25 |title='Jimikky's Ghazal' song from Kavin's Star out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/25/jimikkys-ghazal-song-from-kavins-star-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503194507/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/25/jimikkys-ghazal-song-from-kavins-star-out |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The album, consisting of 10 songs, released on 4 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7xrVxSbFmVPvHOe4qkQtym?si=N5KkO_YbSgKNMovfoabuSA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503194507/https://open.spotify.com/album/7xrVxSbFmVPvHOe4qkQtym?si=N5KkO_YbSgKNMovfoabuSA |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> The song "Oru Naalil" from Raja's ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006) which did not feature in the film was re-used.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shooting Star
| length1 = 1:16
| lyrics1 = Maathevan Thiyagarajan
| extra1 = Adhitya RK, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title2 = Butterfly
| length2 = 3:01
| lyrics2 = Vignesh Srikanth
| extra2 = Adhitya RK
| title3 = The First Rain
| length3 = 2:45
| lyrics3 = Elan
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Priya Mali
| title4 = Star in the Making
| note4 = Orchestra Version
| length4 = 2:00
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = –
| title5 = Vintage Love
| length5 = 3:27
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan]]
| extra5 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title6 = College Superstars
| length6 = 3:17
| lyrics6 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra6 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title7 = Jimikky's Ghazal
| length7 = 3:06
| lyrics7 = Hafeez Hoshiarpuri, Niranjan Bharathi
| extra7 = Neha Girish
| title8 = Melody
| length8 = 2:16
| lyrics8 = Elan
| extra8 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title9 = Star in the Making
| length9 = 2:01
| lyrics9 = Elan
| extra9 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title10 = Harmony of Hearts
| length10 = 1:56
| lyrics10 = –
| extra10 = –
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Star'' was released on 10 May 2024 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title=Kavin's 'STAR' gets a release date in May |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-star-gets-a-release-date-in-may/articleshow/109424919.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427090808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-star-gets-a-release-date-in-may/articleshow/109424919.cms |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title='Dada' fame actor Kavin's 'Star' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dada-fame-actor-kavins-star-gets-a-release-date/article68083342.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419102549/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dada-fame-actor-kavins-star-gets-a-release-date/article68083342.ece |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and the satellite rights by [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=Star movie OTT partner revealed - Digital rights of Kavin-starrer have been bagged by THIS streaming platform |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/star-movie-ott-partner-revealed-digital-rights-of-kavin-starrer-have-been-bagged-by-this-streaming-platform/d985e0952a211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511082742/https://www.ottplay.com/news/star-movie-ott-partner-revealed-digital-rights-of-kavin-starrer-have-been-bagged-by-this-streaming-platform/d985e0952a211 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The film had its digital premiere on the streaming platform from 7 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Kavin And Aaditi Pohankar Starrer 'Star' Set For Its OTT Premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kavin-and-aaditi-pohankar-starrer-star-set-for-its-ott-premiere/articleshow/110790476.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608045131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kavin-and-aaditi-pohankar-starrer-star-set-for-its-ott-premiere/amp_articleshow/110790476.cms |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "This quality of the film invariably leads to ''Star'' being lifelike, even when it's exaggerated".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title=Star Movie Review: A Well-Acted Tale About Nurturing Dreams That Keeps You Invested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/star/movie-review/109998573.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "However, it ended up as a showreel more than a emotional and inspiring documentation of his life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title='Star' Review: Kavin, Elan's coming-of-age film falls short of excellence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/star-review-kavin-elan-coming-of-age-film-falls-short-of-excellence-2537379-2024-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510061728/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/star-review-kavin-elan-coming-of-age-film-falls-short-of-excellence-2537379-2024-05-10 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "However, it refuses to rise up to that point and just ends being an entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title=Star Review: A Film That Promises To Inspire But Ends Up Being Just An Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/star-review-a-film-that-promises-to-inspire-but-ends-up-being-just-an-entertainer-review-109966778/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510061722/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/star-review-a-film-that-promises-to-inspire-but-ends-up-being-just-an-entertainer-review-109966778/amp |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Star'' would have been undoubtedly that one film which could have broken Tamil cinema’s dry spell. Nevertheless, the film still creates some magic and belief".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title=Star Movie Review: Kavin uplifts this well-intentioned film with sweet surprises that keeps you at bay |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/star-movie-review-kavin-uplifts-this-well-intentioned-film-with-sweet-surprises-that-keeps-you-at-bay/2083f54d2b591 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Sundar of [[The Hindu]] wrote that "It is only the memory of these few moments — and the inert good intentions of the film — that makes Star shine even when it falls".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title='Star' movie review: Kavin and Lal shine, but the film only glitters occasionally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/star-movie-review-kavin-and-lal-shine-but-the-film-only-glitters-occasionally/article68159183.ece/ |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Mahasin Ali

2026-04-20T01:40:28Z

AryaInIND: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahasin Ali
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
| predecessor = [[Chand Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Chand Mohammad]]
| successor = [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
| alma_mater = [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mahasin Ali''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagawangola]] constituency, as a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAHASIN ALI (Winner) BHAGABAN GOLA (MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=747|access-date=2025-05-30|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagawangola Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhagawangola-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mahasin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Heeralal Nagar

2026-04-19T11:17:37Z

AryaInIND: Starting a info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Heeralal Nagar
| image =
| caption = Heeralal Nagar in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|01|14}}
| birth_place = Antana, [[Atru]], [[Baran district|Baran]], Rajasthan
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Agriculture, business
| parents = Chandalal Nagar (father) Kishore Bai (mother)
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=478 |title=Heeralal Nagar (Bharatiya Janata Party): Constituency – Sangod (Kota) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=MyNeta.info |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]] [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Bhanwar Singh Bhati]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Energy (Independent Charge)
}}
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = Bharat Singh Kundanpur
| constituency1 = [[Sangod Assembly constituency|Sangod]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = Bharat Singh Kundanpur
| successor2 = Bharat Singh Kundanpur
| constituency2 = [[Sangod Assembly constituency|Sangod]]
}}

'''Heeralal Nagar''' (born 14 January 1960) is an Indian politician currently serving as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for the Energy Department in the [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], having represented the [[Sangod Assembly constituency]] in the 14th and 16th legislative assemblies as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkFPaTZ1aUllT0FsQlp1VE4wZTRlbWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZlRpQVU4dnJRUHI5dE5wZmxCN05aQT09IiwibWFjIjoiMmQ0NGVmZGU5ZmVhNmJmYmJmYWEwMzY1Yzc2ZjkyYzIwMDhlZmU1ZjFlNDEyZGI0MGQxNThjYTM4ZTU1NDUzZCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/NDM=/MjI=/Mw==/QUM=|title=Heeralal Nagar candidate's profile and affidavits on Election Commission portal|publisher=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sangod-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830575-2023-12-03|access-date=2023-12-04|title=Sangod, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Heeralal Nagar won in Sangod by 25,586 votes|date=3 December 2023|publisher=Aaj Tak}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, Heeralal Nagar was elected from the Sangod constituency as a BJP candidate.<ref name=indiatimes>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/sangod |title=Sangod Assembly Election Result 2013 |website=Times of India |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref> He lost the seat in 2018 to Bharat Singh Kundanpur of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/ConstituencyWise.aspx |title=Members of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly – Constituency Wise |website=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

In the 2023 election, Nagar regained the Sangod seat, defeating INC candidate Bhanu Pratap Singh by a margin of 25,586 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sangod Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Heeralal Nagar with 93,435 defeats INC's Bhanu Pratap Singh|date=3 December 2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sangod-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470803-2023-12-03|publisher=India Today|access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangod, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: हीरालाल नगर ने 25,586 वोटों से जीत दर्ज की |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sangod-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830575-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak |publisher=India Today Group |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

He assumed office as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Energy on 30 December 2023 in the cabinet of Chief Minister [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/kota/sangod-mla-hiralal-nagar-took-oath-as-minister-of-state-in-the-bhajanlal-cabinet-in-rajasthan/rj20231230171949120120335 |title=राजस्थान में भजनलाल कैबिनेट में सांगोद विधायक हीरालाल नागर ने ली राज्य मंत्री पद की शपथ |publisher=ETV Bharat |language=hi |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: Kirodi Lal Meena, Rajyavardhan Rathore among 22 MLAs sworn in as ministers |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/12/30/rajasthan-kirodi-lal-meena-rajyavardhan-rathore-among-22-mlas-sworn-in-as-ministers.html |website=The Week |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion: Madan Dilawar And Hiralal Nagar From Kota Took Oath |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-madan-dilawar-and-hiralal-nagar-from-kota-took-oath-ann-2573475 |website=ABP Live |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial positions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center;"
!Office
!Portfolio
!Government
!Term start
!Term end
!Chief Minister
|-
|Minister of State (Independent Charge)
|Energy
|Government of Rajasthan
|30 December 2023
|Incumbent
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|}

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|MLA
|[[Sangod Assembly constituency|Sangod]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|70,495
|53.56
|Bharat Singh Kundanpur
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|51,263
|38.95
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=indiatimes />
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|MLA
|Sangod
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|72,286
|46.66
|Bharat Singh Kundanpur
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|74,154
|47.87
|{{Lost}}
|<ref name=indiatimes />
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|MLA
|Sangod
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|93,435
|55.78
|Bhanu Pratap Singh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|67,849
|40.51
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=indiatimes /><ref>{{Cite web |title=सांगोद विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/sangod-assembly-result-20188 |website=Aaj Tak |publisher=India Today Group |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.facebook.com/hlnagarbjp|Heeralal Nagar on Facebook}}
* {{Official website|https://www.instagram.com/hlnagar/|Heeralal Nagar on Instagram}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagar, Heeralal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hangal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:33Z

AryaInIND: Starting new post

{{short description|Seat in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hanagal
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 82
| map_image = 82-Hangal constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Hangal Taluk and Assembly constituency<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map of Hanagal Taluk, Haveri District, India|url=https://haveri.nic.in/en/map-of-district/|access-date=2021-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
| mla = [[Srinivas Mane]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[C. M. Udasi]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:211927}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Hangal Taluk.jpg|thumb|]]

'''Hangal Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Haveri district]]. It consists of Hangal taluk.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sindhur Siddappa Chandbasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Basanagouda Rudragouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gururao Narasingarao Desai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. B. Rudragouda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1968 elections in India#Mysore|1968 By-election]] {{efn|Due to Death of P. B. Rudragouda}} || D. G. Narasingrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. P. Chandrashekharappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Manohar Tahasildar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | [[C. M. Udasi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Manohar Tahasildar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[C. M. Udasi]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Manohar Tahasildar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[C. M. Udasi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Manohar Tahasildar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[C. M. Udasi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2021 elections in India#Karnataka|2021 By-election]] {{efn|Due to Death of [[C. M. Udasi]]}} || rowspan="2" | [[Srinivas Mane]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hangal">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hangal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1082.htm?ac=82 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425175836/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1082.htm?ac=82 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Srinivas Mane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 94,590 |percentage = 52.76% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj Sharanappa Sajjanar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,645 |percentage = 40.52% |change = {{decrease}}6.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,834 |percentage = 4.93% |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 725 |percentage = 0.40% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,945 |percentage = 12.24% |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,382 |percentage = 84.64% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,272}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,927 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2021 elections in India#Karnataka|2021 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Srinivas Mane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 87,490 |percentage = 51.10% |change = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj Sharanappa Sajjanar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,117 |percentage = 46.80% |change = {{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 529 |percentage = 0.31% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,373 |percentage = 4.31% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,261 |percentage = 83.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,197}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,564 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,529 |percentage = 49.10% |change = {{increase}}44.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Srinivas Mane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,015 |percentage = 45.13% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrappa Jalagar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,263 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanamantappa C. Talavar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,176 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bommanahalli Babu |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 731 |percentage = 0.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,514 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,082 |percentage = 84.42% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,997}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,324 |percentage = 44.19% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 60,638 |percentage = 40.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Hadimani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,052 |percentage = 4.70% |change = {{decrease}}44.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohankumar. B. K |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,723 |percentage = 3.15% |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiddappa Kallappa Pujar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,834 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramu. H. Yallura |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,015 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,686 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,473 |percentage = 83.06% |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,102}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,938 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,025 |percentage = 48.70% |change = {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,103 |percentage = 43.90% |change = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Pathan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,253 |percentage = 2.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganter Guddappa Sanna Siddappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,924 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundlik. T. Bhadravati |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padeppanavar Nageshappa Shivarudrappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 831 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,922 |percentage = 4.81% |change = {{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,254 |percentage = 76.26% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,625 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,167 |percentage = 51.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,080 |percentage = 36.02% |change = {{decrease}}19.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganter Guddappa Sanna Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,942 |percentage = 6.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Poojar Ningappa Basappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,238 |percentage = 3.54% |change = {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Gous Ismail Turewale |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,595 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh R. Talwar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 996 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,087 |percentage = 15.12% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,693 |percentage = 77.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,601}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,788 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,628 |percentage = 55.42% |change = {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 44,370 |percentage = 41.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fakkirappa Hotanhalli |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,415 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,258 |percentage = 14.18% |change = {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,100 |percentage = 79.66% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,584}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,516 |percentage = 2.29% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 56,348 |percentage = 55.16% |change = {{increase}}14.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,865 |percentage = 38.05% |change = {{decrease}}19.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babji Manjunath Krishnajappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,391 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fakirappa Totappa Ningoji |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,980 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,483 |percentage = 17.12% |change = {{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,935 |percentage = 79.68% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,148}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,787 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,441 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,760 |percentage = 57.46% |change = {{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,023 |percentage = 40.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Narayangouda Dyavanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,525 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,737 |percentage = 16.51% |change = {{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,276 |percentage = 83.88% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,308}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,968 |percentage = 3.02% |change = {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,163 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,264 |percentage = 51.23% |change = {{increase}}48.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,205 |percentage = 47.24% |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Guleppa Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 531 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,059 |percentage = 3.99% |change = {{decrease}}11.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,874 |percentage = 82.02% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,643}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,945 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Udasi]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,617 |percentage = 56.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,565 |percentage = 40.60% |change = {{increase}}25.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivanagoud Rudragouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,568 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{decrease}}15.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,052 |percentage = 15.96% |change = {{decrease}}29.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,489 |percentage = 78.40% |change = {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,974}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,515 |percentage = 2.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,260 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}7.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Tahasildar]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 35,228 |percentage = 63.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagi Mahamadhusen Maktumhusen |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,866 |percentage = 17.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sureshagouda Basanagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,609 |percentage = 15.56% |change = {{decrease}}50.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balur Bharamappa Ningappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 866 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Veeranagouda Shivanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,362 |percentage = 45.83% |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,203 |percentage = 74.59% |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,341}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,862 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,686 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. P. Chandrashekharappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,348 |percentage = 65.59% |change = {{increase}}13.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 15,002 |percentage = 31.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. B. Yallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 806 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. B. Devappawadiyar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 636 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,346 |percentage = 34.20% |change = {{increase}}16.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,200 |percentage = 73.42% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,792}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,015 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1968 elections in India#Mysore|1968 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Narasingrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,759 |percentage = 52.09% |change = {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. P. Chandrashekharappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,762 |percentage = 34.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. I. Moulasahab |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 4,328 |percentage = 10.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Sardar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,006 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,997 |percentage = 17.56% |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,855}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. B. Rudragouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,742 |percentage = 50.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Chanabasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,781 |percentage = 44.89% |change = {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = I. S. Shivaramashastry |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,859 |percentage = 4.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,961 |percentage = 5.25% |change = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,427 |percentage = 68.87% |change = {{decrease}}7.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,382}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,703 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gururao Narasingarao Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,843 |percentage = 51.23% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Rudragouda Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 18,890 |percentage = 48.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 953 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,229 |percentage = 76.53% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,733}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,569 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Rudragouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,152 |percentage = 51.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sindhur Siddappa Chandbasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,303 |percentage = 48.33% |change = {{decrease}}25.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 849 |percentage = 3.34% |change = {{decrease}}43.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,455 |percentage = 66.80% |change = {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,455}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,104 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}32.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hangal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sindhur Siddappa Chandbasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,019 |percentage = 73.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Rudragouda Patil |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 8,693 |percentage = 26.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,326 |percentage = 46.85% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,712 |percentage = 57.90% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,712}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,493 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Haveri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coords|14.77|75.13|display=title}}

Ghatal Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T18:40:19Z

AryaInIND: new

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghatal
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Ghatal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ghatal Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| constituency_no = 231
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Sital Kapat]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 224,485
}}

'''Ghatal Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 231. Ghatal Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Ghatal]] municipality, [[Ghatal (community development block)|Ghatal]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], [[Kharar, Ghatal|Ghatal]] Kharar municipality, and Rajnagar, Sarberia I and Sarberia II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Daspur I (community development block)|Daspur I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Ghatal Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 32 [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Amulyacharan Dal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Jatishchandra Ghosh
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Harendra Nath Dolui
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Lakshman Chandra Sarkar
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Nagen Dolai
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3"|Nandarani Dal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Harisadhan Dolui
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|Gopal Mandal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="5"|Ratan Pakhira
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Shankar Dolai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Sital Kapat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sital kopat|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyamali Sardar|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Ghatal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sital Kapat]]
|votes = 105,812
|percentage = 46.95
|change = +42.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Shankar Dolai|votes=104,846|percentage=46.52|change=-3.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kamal Chandra Dolui|votes=10,165|percentage=4.51|change=-36.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Anjan Jana|votes=2,008|percentage=0.89|change=-0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,305|percentage=0.58|change=-0.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tapan Kumar Dolui|votes=1,239|percentage=0.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=225,375|percentage=83.33|change=-0.79}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Ghatal}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Shankar Dolai]]|votes=107,682|percentage=49.77|change=-2.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kamal Chandra Dolui|votes=88,203|percentage=40.76|change=-3.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anjushree Dolui|votes=10,468|percentage=4.84|change=+2.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tanmoy Dolui|votes=5,164|percentage=2.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Anjan Jana|votes=2,564|percentage=1.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,290|percentage=1.06|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=216,371|percentage=84.14|change=-2.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Ghatal<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25231.htm |title = Ghatal |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=231 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Ghatal |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064349/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=231 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Ghatal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Shankar Dolai]]|votes=101,355|percentage=52.24|change=#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Chhabi Pakhira|votes=85,078|percentage=43.85|change=-15.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ashok Malik|votes=4,584|percentage=2.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Mahitosh Bauri|votes=2,984|percentage=1.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=194,001|percentage=86.42|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Trinamool Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections, Ratan Pakhira of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 197 Ghatal (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals, Ayan Dolui of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006, Gopal Karak of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001, Rajani Kanta Dolui of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, Nimai Bag of Congress in 1991, and Madhu Sudan Dolai in 1987. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Gopal Mandal of CPI(M) defeated Nimai Bag of Congress in 1982. Gopal Mandal of CPI(M) defeated Baneshwar Saha of [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp197.htm |title = 197 - Ghatal (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Harisadhan Dolui of Congress won in 1972. Nandarani Dal of CPI(M) won in 1971, 1969 and 1967. Nagen Dolai of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957 and 1951 Ghatal had a dual seat. Harendra Nath Dolai and Lakshman Chandra Sarkar, both of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Amulya Charan Dal and Jatish Chandra Ghosh, both of CPI, won the Ghatal dual seat in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Gerda Philipsborn

2026-04-17T06:32:39Z

AryaInIND:

{{Short description|Educationist and social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| pronunciation =
| image = File:Gerda Philipsborn (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|04|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kiel]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|04|14|1895|04|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], Punjab, British India
| resting_place = Jamia's graveyard
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|28|33|47.708|N|77|17|9.493|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| other_names = Jamia's Aapa Jaan
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Educationist]], [[Social reformer]]
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
}}
'''Gerda Philipsborn''' (30 April 1895 – 14 April 1943) was a German-born educator who made significant contributions to the early development of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], a central university in [[Delhi]], India. Known for her commitment to youth education and [[social reform]], she is called as the "'''Aapa Jaan'''" (elder sister) of Jamia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sakshi |date=10 April 2023 |title=Gerda Philipsborn: Educationist, Reformer And 'Aapa Jaan' Of Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/04/10/gerda-philipsborn-educationist-reformer-and-aapa-jaan-of-jamia-millia-islamia/ |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thanvi |first=Ishika |title=Gerda Philipsborn: Forgotten German-Born Reformer Who Helped Build Jamia |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/womens-firsts/gerda-philipsborn-aapajaan-jamia-millia-islamia-founder-7075391 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Kiel]] in 1895, Philipsborn was educated and trained as an [[opera singer]]. In [[Berlin]], she initiated her own kindergarten and worked in the Jewish People's home. She was involved in fundraising for the [[Ben Shemen Youth Village]] project, an agricultural boarding school in [[Mandatory Palestine]], where she taught in 1932. She was also associated with a Berlin asylum organization for [[refugee children]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aapa Jaan', a Biography of a German Lady Who Diligently Served the Jamia Community |url=https://thewire.in/books/gerda-philipsborn-jamia-aapa-jaan-book |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

==Move to India==
In 1921, Gerda met three Indian students, [[Zakir Husain]], Abid Husain, and [[Mohammad Mujeeb]], who later became the founders of Jamia Millia Islamia and also played important roles in shaping India's political history, with [[Zakir Husain]] becoming the country's third president in [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]]. She met them while they were studying in Berlin. The trio shared their vision of creating an [[educational institution]] in India free from [[Colonialism|colonial influence]] with her. Their discussions introduced Gerda to the ideas of [[Gandhian philosophy|Gandhian self-sustenance]] and the role of education in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Influenced by these ideas, she moved to India in December 1932 and joined Jamia Millia Islamia in January 1933.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |date=2023 |title=Education among Indian Muslims. Jamia Millia Islamia's journal Payām-e taʿlīm |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=1127–1143 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000840 |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Contributions to Jamia Millia Islamia ==
Philipsborn played a crucial role in shaping the institution's [[Preschool|nursery]] and [[primary school]] sections. She introduced innovative teaching methods that she had learned in Germany and dedicated her life to the development of the institution.<ref name=":2" />

She was actively involved in the creative and personal development of the students. She initiated "''Piyami Baradari''", an educational society that facilitated children's writings and correspondence across the country. She also launched an international children's journal called "''Payam-i-Talim"'' (Messages of Education), which encouraged creative expression through arts and crafts. She organized regular health check-ups and extracurricular activities for students, while serving as the warden for the children's hostel.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:GP Hostel, Jamia Millia Islamia.jpg|thumb|Hostel in Jamia Millia Islamia named after Philipsborn]]
Philipsborn introduced arts and crafts, such as [[embroidery]] and [[knitting]], to women at Gandhi's ashram in [[Sevagram]]. In addition, she was actively involved in helping women who were traditionally excluded from public roles to participate in educational and community events at Jamia.<ref name=":0" />

==World War II==
Philipsborn, as a German national in [[British Raj|British India]], was arrested and interned at the [[Purandar Fort|Purandhar camp]] in 1940 under suspicion of being an enemy of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2023 |title=Jamia's Aapa Jaan: Gerda Philipsborn |url=https://www.thenousnetwork.com/jamias-aapa-jaan-gerda-philipsborn/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Nous Network |language=en}}</ref> There, she maintained her spirit, nursing fellow inmates and organizing events to lift morale. However, her health deteriorated during this period. After her release, she returned to Jamia but struggled with declining health due to a gastric ulcer that later became cancerous.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jamia Millia: The German woman who dedicated her life to an Indian university |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn020ywgx2yo |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |date=16 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Philipsborn died in April 1943 and was buried in the Jamia graveyard. Her contributions to the institution, particularly in the early years, have been under-appreciated and unnoticed in mainstream historical accounts.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn020ywgx2yo Gerda Philipsborn, the German woman who helped build an Indian university]. BBC, 16 Sep 2024 by Cherylann Mollan.</ref> Though much of her personal life remains undocumented, her impact on Jamia Millia Islamia and the broader Indian educational landscape continues to be acknowledged by scholars and students. Her legacy is remembered at Jamia, where a [[Child care|daycare center]] and a girls' hostel have been named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Jamia |date=22 August 2014 |title=Here Lies Gerda Philipsborn, Buried and Forgotten |url=https://jamiajournal.com/2014/08/22/here-lies-gerda-philipsborn-buried-and-forgotten/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Jamia Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2009 |title=The Hindu : New Delhi News : "Aapa Jaan" lives on…. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/23/stories/2009042361190300.htm |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621140916/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/23/stories/2009042361190300.htm |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref>

Scholars such as [[Syeda Saiyidain Hameed|Syeda Hameed]] have referred to Philipsborn as an "invisible architect" of Jamia and one of Jamia's "'''''Khatoon-e-Awwa''l'''" (Jamia's number one woman).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hameed |first=Syeda |date=24 June 2021 |title=Contribution of Muslim Women to Educational Institutions: The Case of Khwateen-E-Awwal of Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://csss-isla.com/memorial-lectures/contribution-of-muslim-women-to-educational-institutions-the-case-of-khwateen-e-awwal-of-jamia-millia-islamia/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Centre for Study of Society and Secularism |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first= Margrit |title=Jamia's Aapa Jaan : The Many Lifeworlds of Gerda Philipsborn |date=20 August 2024 |publisher=Speaking Tiger|isbn= 978-9354478031}}
*[https://www.dannen.com/lostlove/ A Physicist’s Lost Love: Leo Szilard and Gerda Philipsborn]
*{{cite book |last=Mehdi |first= Sughra |title=Kids' Aapa Jaan |date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Amazon Kindle|url= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DHHD86NL}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philipsborn, Gerda}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century German educators]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
[[Category:People from Kiel]]

Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru

2026-04-15T09:21:43Z

AryaInIND: starting the stub and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajarajeshwari Nagar
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 2/2/2/2
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image1 = RR Nagar Arch (2010).jpg
| caption1 = Arch at the entrance of Rajarajeshwari Nagar
| image2 = Sri Dwadasha Jyothirlinga Devasthana 32.jpg
| caption2 = Dwadasha Jyotirlinga Temple
| image3 = Shrungagiri Sri Shanmukha Swamy Temple 62.jpg
| caption3 = Shrungagiri Sri Shanmukha Swamy Temple
| image4 = Sri Shivaratnapuri Temple of Health (2024) 88.jpg
| caption4 = Sri Shivaratnapuri Temple of Health
| image5 = Indo American Hybrid Seeds (2024) 223.jpg
| caption5 = Indo American Hybrid Seeds
| image6 = Gopalan Arcade Mall (2024) 01.jpg
| caption6 = Gopalan Arcade Mall
}}
| pushpin_map = India Bengaluru#India Karnataka#India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.929949|77.536011|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru Urban]]
| subdivision_type4 = Ward
| subdivision_name4 = 160
| population_total = 56,897
| population_as_of = 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-%202015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7 |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730073352/http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-%202015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Kannada
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560098
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Rajarajeshwari Nagar
| official_name = Rajarajeshwari Nagara
}}

'''Rajarajeshwari Nagar,''' officially '''Rajarajeshwari Nagara''' is a western suburb of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the southwestern part of Bengaluru along the [[Mysore Road]], with [[Nagarbhavi]] and the [[Bangalore University]] to the north and north-west, [[Hosakerehalli]] to the east and [[Kengeri]] to the south-west. There is a prominent arch-shaped structure on Mysore Road which serves as the most popular entrance to this locality.

In historical texts this region was known as Kalyananagari, lies on the east–west meridian of [[Karnataka]], which is situated in the southwest between the [[Kaveri]] and [[Vrishabhavathi River|Vrishabhavati]] rivers. This place is considered the "ear" or "karnabhaga" of the several [[Shakta pithas|Shaktipeethas]], according to the Tantra Chudamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tantra Chudamani {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/405228994/Tantra-chudamani |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Tiruchi Swamigal laid the foundation stone for the [[Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple]] in early 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-08 |title=Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple |url=http://www.rajarajeshwari.in/home/history |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708085605/http://www.rajarajeshwari.in/home/history |archive-date=8 July 2017 }}</ref> Known as Kenchenahalli at the time, later named as [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]] which is named after the goddess Rajarajeshwari of the [[Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-09 |title=Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana {{!}} Rajeshwari Temple |url=https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152814/https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref> The locality has plenty of greenery and has contributed to many rallies and protests regarding the nature. Ideal Homes, BEML Layout, BHEL Layout, Krishna Garden, Halagevaderahalli, Kenchenahalli, Pattanagere, Gattigere, Channasandra and Ganakal are some of the sublocalities within Rajarajeshwari Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajarajeshwari Nagar{{!}} West Bangalore {{!}} Birla Ojasvi {{!}} RR Nagar |url=https://www.birlaojasvi.ind.in/rajarajeshwari-nagar-bangalore.html#:~:text=On%203rd%20April%201960,%20Sri,and%20devotion%20to%20Goddess%20Rajarajeshwari. |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.birlaojasvi.ind.in}}</ref>

[[File:Rajarajeshwari Temple, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore (2024) 05.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raja Rajeshwari|Rajarajeshwari]] Temple, in 2024]]
[[File:Sharash Utsav (2024) 79.jpg|thumb|right|Art exhibitions in RR Nagar]]

==Culture==
The [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] is set to open a 14-acre campus in Rajarajeshwari Nagar by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitrakala-parishath-set-to-open-rr-nagar-campus/article25921739.ece|title=Chitrakala parishath set to open R.R. Nagar campus|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2019|via=thehindu.com}}</ref>

The neighbourhood is known for its vigilance against garbage dumping. Residents of the locality have formed a volunteer group called "Swachh RR Nagar" to clear garbage from public places in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/rr-nagara-residents-began-adopting-streets-last-year/articleshow/71284789.cms|title=RR Nagara residents began adopting streets last year|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> In 2019, [[BBMP]] installed CCTV cameras in the locality to monitor and curb garbage dumping.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/sep/02/cctv-cameras-to-help-officials-tackle-garbage-dumping-at-bengalurus-rr-nagar-2027671.html|title=CCTV cameras to help officials tackle garbage dumping at Bengaluru's RR Nagar|website=The New Indian Express |date=2 September 2019 }}</ref>

Residents of RR Nagar also ensure that the ban on plastic is enforced in the neighbourhood by donating paper covers and cloth bags to vendors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/bengalureans-are-doing-everything-possible-to-prevent-the-city-from-becoming-bingaluru/articleshow/68553344.cms|title=Residents are finding solutions themselves to problems that should be tackled by elected representatives|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jun/11/bengaluru-residents-start-unique-rent-a-bag-scheme-to-end-plastic-use-1988469.html|title=Bengaluru residents start unique rent-a-bag scheme to end plastic use|website=The New Indian Express |date=11 June 2019 }}</ref> The locality reportedly became "plastic-free" in mid 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/rajarajeshwari-nagar-will-be-plastic-free-by-world-environment-day/articleshow/69435636.cms|title=Rajarajeshwari Nagar will be plastic-free by World Environment Day|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Global Village Tech Park ==
{{main|Global Village Tech Park}}
[[File:Sattva Global City, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore (2024) 48.jpg|thumb|right|S-Vyasa University at Global Village Tech Park campus, in 2024]]
The Global Village Tech Park, spread over 120 acres, is located in Rajarajeshwari Nagar. A number of companies' offices are present in the Park. The headquarters of IT services firm [[Mindtree]] is also located there.

==Notable residents==
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]<ref name="darshan" />
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]<ref name="ganesh" />
*[[Rakshit Shetty]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61350430/ | title=Paramvah Studios PVT. LTD., vs Lahari Recording Company on 11 January, 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Diganth]]<ref name="diganth" />
* [[Amulya]]<ref name="voters"/>
*[[Duniya Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/city/actor-duniya-vijays-wives-700407.html| title = Actor 'Duniya' Vijay's wives in catfight {{!}} Deccan Herald| date = 29 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]<ref name="voters"/>
* [[Malavika Avinash]]<ref name="ganesh">{{cite news|title=BBMP's re-survey: 'Ideal' tactic to buy time?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240816/bbmps-re-survey-ideal-tactic-to-buy-time.html|access-date=17 November 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="darshan">{{cite news|title=Darshan, ex-minister's properties may face demolition axe soon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Darshan-ex-ministers-properties-may-face-demolition-axe-soon/articleshow/53818190.cms|access-date=17 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Indrajith Lankesh]]<ref name="diganth" />
* [[B. Jayashree]]<ref name="diganth">{{cite news|title=South Bengaluru's new realty star|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491054/south-bengalurus-realty-star.html|access-date=17 November 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* [[Nivedita Jain]]<ref>{{cite news|title=A reluctant starter who made it big in tinsel town|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/18/stories/2004041802440500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-04-18|access-date=31 December 2017}} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Gauri Lankesh]]<ref name="ToI_shot_2017">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/noted-journalist-gauri-lankesh-shot-dead-at-her-house/articleshow/60380886.cms |title=Senior journalist Gauri Lankesh shot dead at her house |author=Rajiv Kalkod |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906000949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/noted-journalist-gauri-lankesh-shot-dead-at-her-house/articleshow/60380886.cms |archive-date=6 September 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Siddalingaiah (poet)|Siddalingaiah]]<ref name="voters">{{cite news|title=Party workers pester voters in RR Nagar, block traffic|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/zealous-party-workers-pester-voters-rr-nagar-block-traffic-672245.html|access-date=2 June 2018|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
*BET(BEML Education Trust) Convent
*BGS group of Institutions-CBSE
*Shri Jnanakshi Vidyaketan
*Global academy for learning
*National Public School
*National Hill View Public School
*Panchasheela school and college
*[[R. V. College of Engineering]]
* [[RNS Institute of Technology]]
* [[JSSATE]]
* [[SJB Institute of Technology]]
* [[Global Academy of Technology]]
* Sri Jnanakshi Vidyaniketan
* Sri Rajeshwari Vidyashala
*Lalith Castle International School -CBSE
*Swargarani School and PU college

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru}}
{{Geographic Location
| Northwest = [[Nagarbhavi]]
| North = [[Bangalore University]] / Jnanabharathi
| Northeast = [[Nayandahalli]]
| West = [[Kengeri]]
| Centre = Rajarajeshwari Nagar
| East = [[Banashankari]]
| Southwest = [[Kengeri]]
| South = [[Banashankari]]
| Southeast = [[Banashankari]] / [[Uttarahalli]]
}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]

Palmolein Oil import scam

2026-04-11T17:38:17Z

AryaInIND: starting a stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

The '''Palmolein Import Scam''' ('''Palmolein Case''', '''Palmolein Corruption Case''', 1991–92) refers to the alleged irregularities in the import of [[palm oil|palm olein]] by the [[K. Karunakaran]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] government of the [[Kerala|state of Kerala]], India through the Power and Energy Limited Company.<ref name="frontlineonnet.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2818/stories/20110909281803600.htm |title=Oil stain |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010060642/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2818/stories/20110909281803600.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kerala government selected Power and Energy Limited arbitrarily without inviting tenders, allegedly at an inflated price and at an excessive service charge and in violation of central and state government procedure.<ref name="frontlineonnet.com"/>

The Palmolein import scam was first brought to light officially by a report of the Accountant-General of Kerala in July 1993, a Comptroller and Auditor General report in February 1994, and subsequently by a report of the Public Undertakings Committee of the Kerala Legislative Assembly in March 1996. After a Left government came to power in May 1996, a vigilance case was registered against Karunakaran and six others on 21 March 1997. Following an inquiry, a charge sheet was submitted to the Court of the Inquiry Commissioner and Special Judge, Trivandrum, on 23 March 2001. The case dragged on, with Karunakaran filing writ petitions and appeals before the Kerala High Court and the Supreme Court of India, raising the plea of bad faiths (mala fides) and eventually obtaining a stay order from the [[Supreme Court of India]] in August 2007. The appeal remained pending before the Supreme Court of India until Karunakaran's death in December 2010.<ref name="frontlineonnet.com"/>

==Case==
The government of Kerala decided to import 15,000 tonnes of palm oil from Power and Energy Ltd, a [[Malaysia]]n company in [[Singapore]], at a price higher than on the open market. The price of import was fixed to USD405 per tonne, while the international market price was USD392.25 per tonne. The import order was signed by [[P. J. Thomas, Polayil|P. J. Thomas]], who was then Kerala's Food Secretary. The investigation agency's charge sheet says that this order caused a loss of more than 2.32 [[crore]]s to the public finances.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The opposition cried foul in the import. A vigilance case was filed against K. Karunakaran and seven others, including Thomas. A Special Leave Petition by Karunakaran made the Supreme Court of India stay the proceedings against him. The court closed the proceedings entirely against Karunakaran after his death in December 2010. Thomas was bailed in 2003. {{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The case was reopened in March 2011.<ref name="caseopen">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120515223159/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-15/news/28691418_1_palmolein-import-ramesh-chennithala-finance-minister Palmolein import scandal case to be reopened] The Economic Times, Thiruvananthapuram, 15 March 2011</ref> In August 2011, [[Oommen Chandy]], as the then Finance Minister in Karunakaran's Cabinet and the Chief Minister of Kerala, was also added to the new investigation. The court asked the [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|vigilance and anti-corruption bureau]] to submit its investigation report by 10 November 2011.<ref name="palmaugust">[https://archive.today/20130203160514/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110809/jsp/nation/story_14356796.jsp Palm oil deal glare on Chandy] The Telegraph, Thiruvananthapuram, 8 August 2011.</ref> Chandy was the 23rd witness in the case and had been well known as the leader of the inner-party campaign launched by the [[A. K. Antony]] group within the State Congress against Karunakaran, especially on the palmolein issue during the early 1990s, when the import deal first became a controversy.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

===Accused===
* [[K. Karunakaran]]
* H. Musthafa, Former minister of food and civil supplies
* F [[T .H. Musthafa]], a close associate of Karunakaran
* [[S. Padmakumar]], Former Chief Secretary (who, along with Karunakaran, allegedly met the Singapore-based company representative in New Delhi and agreed informally on the deal as early as October 1991)
* [[Zacharia Mathew]], Former Additional Chief Secretary
* [[Jiji Thomson]], Former Managing Director of the Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation
* Sivaramakrishnan, Director of P&E Pvt. Ltd
* P. J. Thomas

==Expulsion of Chief Vigilance Commissioner==
A debate raged against Thomas heading the position as CVC and being accused in the case. On 3 February 2011, he was finally asked to quit<ref>{{cite news|title=SC tells CVC Thomas to quit|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/SC-tells-CVC-Thomas-to-quit/H1-Article1-668849.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307080159/http://www.hindustantimes.com/SC-tells-CVC-Thomas-to-quit/H1-Article1-668849.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2011|access-date=2011-03-04|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cvc-loses-job-upa-face/757596/|title=CVC loses job, UPA face - Indian Express|date=4 March 2011 |publisher=|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> by the Supreme Court on the grounds that he had a corruption case pending against him.

==Exoneration of Chandy==
On 25 June 2013, the Kerala High Court exonerated Chandy. The verdict was in response to a petition, filed by CPI-M veteran [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] and former bureaucrat and legislator K.J. Alphonse, contesting a vigilance probe clean chit to Chandy in the 1999 case. The court dismissed a petition filed by CPI-M veteran V.S. Achuthanandan and former bureaucrat and legislator K.J. Alphonse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/oommen-chandy-gets-clean-chit-in-palm-oil-import-scam-168001-2013-06-24|title=CM Oommen Chandy gets clean chit in palm oil import scam|date=25 June 2013 |publisher=|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref>

On 16 February 2016, the Supreme Court rejected Achuthanandan's plea and said that he was just dragging the case to get political mileage. The judges said "It seems you (Achuthanandan) want to keep the matter pending to score points against each other. Are you trying to fish in troubled waters? We will not allow this gameplan to continue."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Dwq9lFggLvlRRPBmVGd3xL/SC-rejects-Achuthanandans-plea-in-palmolein-import-scam-cas.html|title=SC rejects Achuthanandan's plea in palmolein import scam case|last=PTI|date=16 February 2015|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmolein Oil Import Scam}}
[[Category:Politics of Kerala]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:1991 in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Corruption in Kerala]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Kerala]]

Kamna Devi Temple

2026-04-06T15:11:29Z

AryaInIND: Starting new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Kamna Devi Temple
|native_name='''कामना देवी मँदिर'''
|image=Kamna Devi Temple Shimla.jpg
|caption=Kamna Devi Temple
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|deity=[[Ambika (goddess)|Kamna Devi]]
|district=[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|map_type=India Himachal Pradesh#India
|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh
|festivals=[[Navratri]]
|location=Prospect Hill, Boileauganj, [[Shimla]]
|country={{flag|India}}
|coordinates={{coord|31|05|46|N|77|08|03|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m=2,176
|elevation_ft=7,139
|creator=Rana of [[Junga, Himachal Pradesh|Junga]]
}}
'''Kamna Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in Boileauganj, [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is situated atop of Prospect Hill which is one of the [[Seven Hills of Shimla|seven hills in Shimla]]. The temple is situated on steep road to hilltop above Boileauganj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamna Devi Temple in Shimla - Devi Temples in HImachal Pradesh |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/kamna-devi-temple-shimla.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple was built by Rana of [[Junga, Himachal Pradesh|Junga]] in 18th century. The exact date of the establishment of the temple is not known. The temple is built in the local hill architectural style though not proper in [[Kath kuni architecture|Kath Kuni]] or [[Pagoda]] style as other temples of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamna Devi Temple – The Wish-Giver of Prospect Hill {{!}} A Guide to Himachal Pradesh |url=https://aguidetohimachal.com/kamna-devi-temple-the-wish-giver-of-prospect-hill/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Belief ==
The temple is considered to be one of the most prominent in Shimla. Pilgrims usually pray here for the blessings and for resolutions of their problems, especially regarding family or marriage. Pilgrims come here from all parts of the country to seek blessings of the goddess.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamna Devi Temple – The Wish-Giver of Prospect Hill {{!}} A Guide to Himachal Pradesh |url=https://aguidetohimachal.com/kamna-devi-temple-the-wish-giver-of-prospect-hill/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The temple is situated at the hill top of the [[Prospect Hill (Shimla)|Prospect Hill]] which is one of the [[Seven Hills of Shimla|seven hills of Shimla]]. The temple is situated between [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], [[Pine]], [[Oak]] and [[Rhododendron]] trees. It is located in serene environment. The temple provides scenic views of southern Shimla including [[Tara Devi Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamna Devi Temple – The Wish-Giver of Prospect Hill {{!}} A Guide to Himachal Pradesh |url=https://aguidetohimachal.com/kamna-devi-temple-the-wish-giver-of-prospect-hill/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
As the temple is located inside the city, the accessibility is comparatively easy as to the other temples which are outside the city. One can reach here by bus to Boileauganj and then by foot or by private vehicle or taxi to the top to the temple. Buses to Boileauganj can be taken by the [[Old Bus Stand, Shimla|Old Bus Stand]] or by other bus stops of Shimla or by train then bus or taxi can be taken from outside the [[Shimla railway station]] gate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamna Devi Temple Shimla (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Aarti, Location & Phone) - Shimla Tourism |url=https://shimlatourism.co.in/kamna-devi-temple-shimla |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=shimlatourism.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Temples in Shimla]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh by district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]

Korean War

2026-03-29T10:38:35Z

AryaInIND: corrected intro and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula, 1950–1953}}
{{For-multi|other conflicts and wars involving Korea|List of Korean battles|the conflict from 1945 to the present|Korean conflict}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{very long|date=December 2024|words=15,400}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Korean War
| partof = the [[Korean conflict]] and [[Cold War]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300px
| image1=Chosin.jpg
| image2=Korean War bombing Wonsan (cropped).jpg
| image3=Battle of Triangle Hill Chinese Infantrymen.jpg
| image4=Namdaemun, Main Southern Entrance to Seoul (cropped).jpg
| image5=KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby (cropped).jpg
| image6=C-119B Flying Boxcar drops supplies near Chungju 1951.JPEG
| footer = '''Clockwise from top left:'''{{Flatlist|
* Infantry and armor of the U.S. [[1st Marine Division]] during its [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir|breakout from Chosin Reservoir]], 1950
* U.S. bombing during the [[Blockade of Wonsan]], {{circa|1951}}
* Damaged gate of the [[Hwaseong Fortress]] in [[Suwon]], {{circa|1951|lk=no}}
* U.S. [[C-119 Flying Boxcar]] airdropping supplies near [[Chungju]].
* Korean refugees in front of a U.S. [[M46 Patton]] tank, 1951
* Chinese infantrymen in action at the [[battle of Triangle Hill]], 1952
}}
}}
| date = 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=6|day1=25|year1=1950|month2=7|day2=27|year2=1953}})
| place = [[Korean Peninsula]], [[Yellow Sea]], [[Sea of Japan]], [[Korea Strait]], [[China–North Korea border]]
| territory = * [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] established
* A net total of {{Convert|1506|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} changes hand from North Korea to South Korea<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birtle |first=Andrew J. |url=https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm |title=The Korean War: Years of Stalemate |date=2000 |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |page=34 |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724211722/https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* North Korea gains the city of [[Kaesong]]
* South Korea gains the city of [[Sokcho]]
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist |
* {{Flagcountry|First Republic of Korea|1949}}{{efn| name = nbUNforces| On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%; ROK: 23.3%; other: 6.3%.<ref name="kim-1996">{{Cite thesis |last=Kim |first=Heesu |title=Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960 |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2408/1/U615357.pdf |page=213 |date=1996 |access-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050726/http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2408/1/U615357.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2017}}</ref>}}}}
{{Flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations]]{{blist
| {{Flag|United States|1912}}
|''... see [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War|other countries]]''
}}
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist |
* {{flag|North Korea|1948}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
}}
| commander1 = {{Plainlist |
* {{flagdeco|First Republic of Korea|1949}} [[Syngman Rhee]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Harry S. Truman]]
* {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]}}
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Louis A. Johnson]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Robert A. Lovett]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Douglas MacArthur]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Matthew Ridgway]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Mark W. Clark]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[George E. Stratemeyer]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[C. Turner Joy]]
* {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[James Van Fleet]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Plainlist |
* {{flagdeco|North Korea|1948}} [[Kim Il Sung]]
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Zhou Enlai]]
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Peng Dehuai]]
* {{flagdeco|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
}}
| strength1 = ; Peak strength {{nobold|968,302}}
: {{Flagicon|First Republic of Korea|1948|size=23px}} 602,902<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JFvmnDiH-gC&pg=PA692 |title=The Korean War, Volume 3 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |others=Korea Institute of Military History |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-8032-7796-0 |editor-last=Millett |editor-first=Allan Reed |page=692 |quote=Total Strength 602,902 troops |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
: {{Flagicon|United States|1912|size=23px}} 326,863<ref>{{Multiref2
|1={{Cite news |last=Ashley Rowland |date=22 October 2008 |title=U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294 |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512203739/http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294 |archive-date=12 May 2013}} {{Cite web |last=Colonel Tommy R. Mize, United States Army |date=12 March 2012 |title=U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea, Anachronistic? |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA562829.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408133136/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA562829 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |website=[[United States Army War College]] |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center}}
|2={{Cite web |last1=Louis H. Zanardi |last2=Schmitt |first2=Barbara A. |last3=Konjevich |last4=Elizabeth Guran |first4=M. |last5=Susan E. Cohen |last6=Judith A. McCloskey |date=August 1991 |title=Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615234749/http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=Reports to Congressional Requesters |publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]}}}}</ref>
; Total strength<ref>[https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html The Statistics of the Korean War – ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709114538/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html |date=9 July 2023 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War – ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf |date=11 January 2021 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref> {{nobold|3,089,000}}
: {{Flagicon|United States|1912|size=23px}} 1,789,000<ref name="Fact Sheet: America's Wars">[https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf Fact Sheet: America's Wars".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070133/https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |date=27 November 2019 }} U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017.</ref>
: {{Flagicon|First Republic of Korea|1948|size=23px}} 1,300,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode= |script-title=ko:19만7056명 첫 全數조사 "젊은사람들 내 뒤에서 '얼마나 죽였길래' 수군수군 이젠 훈장 안 달고 다녀…세상이 야속하고 나 스스로 비참할 뿐" |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714033626/https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode= |url-status=live |language=ko}}</ref>
| strength2 = ; Peak strength {{nobold|1,742,000}}
: {{Flagicon|North Korea|1948|size=23px}} 266,600<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrader |first=Charles R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcGs__qQCzgC&pg=PA90 |title=Communist Logistics in the Korean War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-313-29509-6 |series=Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies |page=90 |quote=NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades. |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>
: {{Flagicon|China|1949|size=23px}} 1,450,000<ref name="zhang257">{{Harvnb|Zhang|1995|p=257}}.</ref><ref>Xiaobing, Li (2009). ''A History of the Modern Chinese Army'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 105: "By December 1952, the Chinese forces in Korea had reached a record high of 1.45 million men, including fifty-nine infantry divisions, ten artillery divisions, five antiaircraft divisions, and seven tank regiments. CPVF numbers remained stable until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953."</ref>
: {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936|size=23px}} 26,000<ref name="Whipped">{{Cite journal |last=Kolb |first=Richard K. |date=1999 |title=In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43694886 |journal=VFW Magazine |volume=86 |issue=11 |access-date=17 February 2013 |quote=Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale. During the war, 72,000 Soviet troops (among them 5,000 pilots) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria. At least 12 air divisions rotated through. A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952. }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
; Total strength {{nobold|4,042,000}}
: {{Flagicon|China|1949|size=23px}} 2,970,000<ref name="xu"/>
: {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936|size=23px}} 72,000<ref name="Whipped"/>
: {{Flagicon|North Korea|size=23px}} 1,000,000+<ref>[https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf |date=2021-01-11 }} {{in lang|ko}} Page 449.</ref>
| casualties1 = {{Flagicon|First Republic of Korea|1948|size=23px}} '''South Korea:''' 137,899 dead 24,495 missing 8,343 captured {{Flagicon|United States|1912|size=23px}} '''United States:''' 36,515 dead 7,586 missing or captured '''Other UN''' 3,730 dead 379 missing '''Total: ~210,000 dead and missing'''
| casualties2 = {{Flagicon|North Korea|1948|size=23px}} '''North Korea''' 294,151–316,579 dead 91,206 missing {{Flagicon|China|1949|size=23px}} '''China''' 183,108–197,653 dead 25,621 missing or captured {{Flagicon|Soviet Union|1936|size=23px}} '''Soviet Union''' 299 dead '''Total: ~600,000–630,000 dead and missing'''
| casualties3 = {{Plainlist |
*1.6–3 million civilians{{efn|Dead or missing}}<ref name="mortality">{{cite journal| title=Estimating the Number of Civilian Casualties in Modern Armed Conflicts–A Systematic Review |first1=Amir |last1=Khorram-Manesh| first2=Frederick M. |last2=Burkle |first3=Krzysztof |last3=Goniewicz| first4=Yohan |last4=Robinson| journal=[[Frontiers in Public Health]]| volume=9 |year=2021| issue=1|article-number=765261 | doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.765261|doi-access=free | pmc=8581199 | pmid=34778192|bibcode=2021FrPH....965261K }}</ref><ref name="Cumings p. 35" /><ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453" />
* 990,968 total South Korean casualties{{efn|373,599 dead, 387,744 missing, 229,625 wounded}}<ref name="ROK Web" />
* {{est.}} 1,550,000 total North Korean casualties{{efn|Includes dead, missing, and wounded}}<ref name="ROK Web" />
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Korean War}}
}}

The '''Korean War''' (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the [[Korean Peninsula]] fought between [[North Korea]] (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and [[South Korea]] (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was supported by [[China]] and the [[Soviet Union]], while South Korea was supported by the [[United Nations]] led by the [[United States]] under the auspices of the [[United Nations Command]] (UNC). The conflict was one of the first major [[Proxy war|proxy wars]] of the [[Cold War]] and one of its deadliest conflicts on noncombatants, especially civilians. It is estimated that 1.5 to 3 million Korean [[Civilian|civilians]] were killed during the war.<ref name=":02" /> The Korean War was the first time the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) authorized the use of military force under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.

After the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, Korea, which had been a [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colony]] for 35 years, was [[Division of Korea|divided]] by the Soviet Union and the United States into two occupation zones at the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]], with plans for a future independent state. Due to political disagreements the zones formed their own governments in 1948. North Korea was led by [[Kim Il Sung]] in [[Pyongyang]], and South Korea by [[Syngman Rhee]] in [[Seoul]]; both claimed to be the sole [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] government of all of Korea. On 25 June 1950, the [[Korean People's Army]] (KPA), equipped and trained by the Soviets, [[Operation Pokpung|launched an invasion of the south]]. In the absence of the Soviet Union's representative, the [[UN Security Council]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 82|denounced]] the attack and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 83|called on]] member nations to provide military assistance to repel the invasion.<ref>Derek W. Bowett, United Nations Forces: A Legal Study of United Nations Practice, Stevens, London, 1964, pp. 29–60.</ref> The United Nations' forces under the UN Command comprised 21 countries, with the U.S. providing around 90% of military personnel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pembroke |first=Michael |title=Korea: Where the American Century Began |date=2018 |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |page=141}}</ref> On 27 June 1950 President [[Harry S. Truman]] ordered U.S. air and sea forces to aid South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Command > History > 1950–1953: Korean War (Active Conflict)|url=https://www.unc.mil/History/1950-1953-Korean-War-Active-Conflict/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=www.unc.mil|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920141812/https://www.unc.mil/History/1950-1953-Korean-War-Active-Conflict/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seoul was captured by the KPA on 28 June, and by early August, the [[Republic of Korea Army]] (ROKA) and its allies were nearly defeated, holding onto only the [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter|Pusan Perimeter]] in the peninsula's southeast. On 15 September, UN forces [[Battle of Inchon|landed at Inchon]] near Seoul, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines. UN forces broke out from the perimeter on 18 September, recaptured Seoul, and [[UN offensive into North Korea|invaded North Korea]] in October, capturing Pyongyang and advancing towards the [[Yalu River]] (the border with China). On 19 October, the Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]] (PVA) crossed the Yalu and [[China in the Korean War|entered the war on the side of]] the North.<ref name="Devine 2007 819-821">{{Cite book |last1=Devine |first1=Robert A. |title=America Past and Present |last2=Breen |first2=T.H. |last3=Frederickson |first3=George M. |last4=Williams |first4=R. Hal |last5=Gross |first5=Adriela J. |last6=Brands |first6=H.W. |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0321446619 |edition=8th |volume=II: Since 1865 |pages=819–21}}</ref> [[UN retreat from North Korea|UN forces retreated from North Korea]] in December, following the PVA's [[First Phase Offensive|first]] and [[Second Phase Offensive|second offensive]]. Communist forces [[Third Battle of Seoul|captured Seoul]] again in January 1951 before losing it to a [[Operation Ripper|UN counter-offensive]] two months later. After an abortive [[Chinese spring offensive]], UN forces [[UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive|retook territory]] roughly up to the 38th parallel. Armistice negotiations began in July 1951, but dragged on as the fighting became a [[war of attrition]] and the North suffered heavy damage [[Bombing of North Korea|from UN bombing]]. As a result of UN carpet bombing of the North, virtually all of North Korea's major cities were destroyed.<ref name="Robinson 119-120">{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Michael E. |url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119 |title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5 |location=Honolulu, HI |pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119 119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up 120]}}</ref>

Combat ended on 27 July 1953 with the signing of the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]], which allowed the exchange of prisoners and created a 4-kilometer wide (2.5 mile) [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarized Zone]] (DMZ) along the frontline, with a [[Joint Security Area]] at [[Panmunjom]]. The conflict caused around 1 million military deaths and an estimated 1.5 to 3 million civilian deaths. [[War crimes in the Korean War|Alleged war crimes]] include the [[Bodo League massacre|mass killing of alleged communists]] by South Korea, the [[Seoul National University Hospital massacre|mass killing of alleged reactionaries]] by North Korea, and the [[strategic bombing|carpet bombing]] of North Korea by the UN Command. North Korea became one of the most heavily bombed countries in history.<ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live }}</ref> No peace treaty has been signed; the [[Korean conflict]] remains a [[frozen conflict]], which has occasionally flared, such as in the 1966–1969 [[Korean DMZ Conflict|DMZ Conflict]].<ref name="HeFeng2013">{{Cite book |last1=He |first1=Kai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAaHqijyLy8C&pg=PA50 |title=Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior |last2=Feng |first2=Huiyun |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-13119-7 |page=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAaHqijyLy8C&pg=PA50 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LiCribb2014">{{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Narangoa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfMYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |last2=Cribb |first2=Robert |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-16070-4 |page=194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfMYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Names==
{{Infobox Korean/auto
|title=North Korean name
|hangul=^조국_해방_전쟁
|hanja=祖國解放戰爭
|othername1=South Korean name
|hangul1=6·25 전쟁; ^한국 전쟁
|hanja1=六二五戰爭; 韓國戰爭
}}
In South Korea, the war is usually referred to as the "625 War" ({{Korean|hangul=6·25 전쟁|hanja=六二五戰爭|labels=no}}), the "625 Upheaval" ({{Korean|hangul=6·25 동란|hanja=六二五動亂|rr=yugio dongnan|labels=no}}), or simply "625", reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June.<ref name="Hoare1999"/>

In North Korea, the war is officially referred to as the ''Fatherland Liberation War'' ({{Transliteration|ko|Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng}}) or the ''[[Names of Korea#Korea|Chosŏn]]'' [Korean] ''War'' ({{Korean|hangul=조선전쟁|mr=Chosŏn chŏnjaeng|context=north|labels=no}}).<ref name="Kim2003"/>

In the United States, the war was initially described by President [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] as a "[[police action]]" as the U.S. never formally declared war and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the [[United Nations|UN flag]].<ref name="Truman1950" /> It has sometimes been referred to in the [[English-speaking world]] as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown War" because of the lack of public attention it received relative to World War II and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Naval Historical Center" />{{Sfn|Halberstam|2007|p=2}}

In mainland China, the segment of the war after the intervention of the [[People's Volunteer Army]] is commonly and officially known as the "War to Resist America and Assist Korea"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rawnsley |first=Gary D. |date=2009 |title='The Great Movement to Resist America and Assist Korea': How Beijing Sold the Korean War |journal=[[Media, War & Conflict]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=285–315 |doi=10.1177/1750635209345186 |s2cid=143193818}}</ref> ({{Lang-zh|t=抗美援朝战争|p=Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng|c=|s=抗美援朝战争}}), while the segment preceding that is officially called the "Korean Civil War" ({{Lang-zh|t=朝鮮內戰|p=Cháoxiǎn Nèizhàn|s=朝鲜内战}}). The term "''[[Names of Korea#Chinese-speaking areas|Chosŏn]]'' War" ({{Lang-zh|t=朝鮮戰爭|p=Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng|s=朝鲜战争}}) is sometimes used unofficially. The term "''[[Names of Korea|Hán]]'' (Korean) War" ({{Lang-zh|t=韓戰|p=Hán Zhàn}}) is most used in [[Taiwan]] (Republic of China), [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].

==Background==
===Japanese colonization (1910–1945)===
{{Main|Korea under Japanese rule}}

Korea was ruled by the [[Empire of Japan]] as a colony from 1910 to 1945. The Empire of Japan diminished [[Qing dynasty|China]]'s influence over Korea in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–95).{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990}} A decade later, after defeating [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]] in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Japan made the Korean Empire its [[protectorate]] with the [[Eulsa Treaty]] in 1905, and then annexed it with the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910]].<ref name="Schnabel1972" />

Many [[Korean nationalism|Korean nationalists]] fled the country. The [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] was founded in 1919 in the [[Beiyang government]]. It failed to achieve international recognition, failed to unite the nationalist groups, and had a fractious relationship with its US-based founding president, [[Syngman Rhee]].{{Sfn|Stueck|2002|pp=19–20}}

In China, the nationalist [[National Revolutionary Army]] and the communist [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military, which had also occupied parts of China. The Nationalist-backed Koreans, led by [[Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)|Yi Pom-Sok]], fought in the [[Burma campaign]] (1941–45). The communists, led by, among others, Kim Il Sung, fought the Japanese in Korea and [[Manchuria]].{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=160–61, 195–96}}

At the [[Tehran Conference]] in 1943 and the [[Yalta Conference]] in February 1945, the Soviet Union promised to join its [[Allies of World War II|allies]] in the [[Pacific War]] within three months of the [[Victory in Europe Day|victory in Europe]]. The [[Soviet–Japanese War|USSR declared war on Japan]] and [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded Manchuria]] on 8 August 1945.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|1995|p=516}}<ref name="Whelan1991" /> On 10 August, Soviet forces entered northern Korea and secured most major cities in the north by 24 August. Japanese resistance was light. Having fought Japan on Korean soil, the Soviet forces were well received by Koreans.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}

Imperial Japanese rule of Korea officially ended with the Japanese surrender to the Allies on 15 August 1945, following the dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

===Division of Korea (1945)===
{{Main|Division of Korea}}

At the [[Cairo Conference]] in 1943, China, the UK, and the US decided that "in due course, Korea shall become free and independent".<ref name="Early1943" />

As [[World War II]] drew to a close, on 11 August 1945 two U.S. military officials in Washington — US Colonels [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Charles H. Bonesteel III]] — chose an invisible line across the former Japanese colony, the 38th Parallel, for the division of Korea into two occupation zones, north and south, Soviet and American.

This was incorporated into US [[General Order No. 1]], which responded to the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] on 15 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The British Commonwealth, The Far East, Volume VI - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d771 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105150706/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d771 |url-status=live }}</ref> Joseph Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of cooperation, and on 16 August, the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of US forces.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=24, 25}} In explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, U.S. Colonel [[Dean Rusk]] observed that, "Even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces in the event of Soviet disagreement…we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops".{{Sfn|Goulden|1983|p=17}}

===Joint US-Soviet occupation (1945-1948) ===
On 7 September 1945, General [[Douglas MacArthur]] issued Proclamation No. 1 to the people of Korea, announcing U.S. military control over Korea south of the 38th parallel and establishing English as the official language during military control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The British Commonwealth, The Far East, Volume VI - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d776 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111012102/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v06/d776 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 September, US Lieutenant General [[John R. Hodge]] arrived in [[Incheon]] to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel.{{Sfn|Appleman|1998}} Appointed as military governor, Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]] (USAMGIK 1945–48).{{Sfn|Halberstam|2007|p=63}}

In December 1945, Korea was administered by the [[Division of Korea#US–Soviet Joint Commission|US–Soviet Union Joint Commission]], as agreed at the [[Moscow Conference (1945)|Moscow Conference]], to grant independence after a 5-year trusteeship.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=25–26}}{{Sfn|Becker|2005|p=53}} Waiting five years for independence was unpopular among Koreans, and riots broke out.<ref name="Schnabel1972" /> The Communist Party supported the trusteeship, while [[Kim Ku]] and [[Syngman Rhee]] led the anti-trusteeship movement against both the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|U.S. military government]] and the [[Soviet Civil Administration|Soviet military administration]].<ref>{{citation |last1=Yoon |first1=Sang-hyun |title=anti- trusteeship movement|date=2011 |publisher=([[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]], 한국민족문화대백과)|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033478}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Park |first1=Myung-soo |title=The Second Anti-trusteeship Campaign and Korean Political Landscapes in Early 1947 |date=2017 |journal=Kci |volume=74 |pages=65–93 |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002297403 |publisher=[[Korea Citation Index]]}}.</ref> To contain them, the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the [[People's Republic of Korea|PRK Revolutionary Government]] and People's Committees on 12 December.{{Sfn|Jager|2013|pp=41–42}} Following further civilian unrest,{{Sfn|Cumings|1981|loc=chapter 3, 4}} the USAMGIK declared [[martial law]].

Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the UN decided to hold an election under UN auspices to create an independent Korea, as stated in UN General Assembly Resolution 112. The Soviet authorities and Korean communists refused to participate in the election. The final attempt to establish a unified government was thwarted by North Korea's refusal. Due to concerns about division caused by an election without North Korea's participation, many South Korean politicians boycotted it.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|p=211}}{{Sfn|Jager|2013|p=47}} The [[1948 South Korean general election]] was held in May.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=26}}<ref name="Time1946" /> The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July and elected Syngman Rhee as [[President of South Korea|president]] on 20 July. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established on 15 August 1948.

In the Soviet-Korean Zone of Occupation, the Soviets agreed to the establishment of a communist government{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=26}} led by Kim Il Sung.<ref name="AMH" /> The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was established on 10 July 1948.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Tertitskiy|first=Fyodor|title=Accidental Tyrant: The Live of Kim Il-sung|date=2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780197800881|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|121}} The [[1948 North Korean parliamentary election]]s took place in August.{{Sfn|Malkasian|2001|p=13}} The Soviet Union withdrew its forces in 1948 and the US in 1949.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Korea - Division of Korea |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Division-of-Korea |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227041057/https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Division-of-Korea |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the President on the Decision To Withdraw U.S. Forces From Korea, 1947-1949. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-the-decision-withdraw-us-forces-from-korea-1947-1949 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818010130/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-the-decision-withdraw-us-forces-from-korea-1947-1949 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)===
With the end of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war with Japan]], the [[Chinese Civil War]] resumed in earnest between the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] and the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]]-led government. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with [[materiel|matériel]] and manpower.{{Sfn|Chen|1994|p=110}}
According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese PLA during the war.{{Sfn|Chen|1994|pp=110–11}} North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in [[Manchuria]] with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.{{Sfn|Chen|1994|p=110}} As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans who served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea.{{Sfn|Chen|1994|p=110}} China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea.{{Sfn|Chen|1994|p=111}}

===Communist insurgency in South Korea (1948–1950)===
By 1948, a North Korea-backed insurgency{{additional citations needed|date=September 2025}} had broken out in the southern half of the peninsula. This was exacerbated by the undeclared border war between the Koreas, which saw division-level engagements and thousands of deaths on both sides.<ref>Gibby, Bryan (2012). ''Will to Win: American Military Advisors in Korea, 1946–1953''. University Alabama Press. p. 72.</ref> The ROK was almost entirely trained and focused on counterinsurgency, rather than conventional warfare. They were equipped and advised by a force of a few hundred American officers, who were successful in helping the ROKA to subdue guerrillas and hold its own against [[Korean People's Army|North Korean military]] (Korean People's Army, KPA) forces along the 38th parallel.<ref name="Bryan, p. 76">Bryan, p. 76.</ref> Approximately 8,000 South Korean soldiers and police officers died in the insurgent war and border clashes.<ref name="EB">{{Cite web |title=Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=29 May 2023 |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090911/https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jeju uprising|first socialist uprising]] occurred without direct North Korean participation, though the guerrillas still professed support for the northern government. Beginning in April 1948 on [[Jeju Island]], the campaign saw arrests and repression by the South Korean government in the fight against the South Korean Labor Party, resulting in 30,000 violent deaths, among them 14,373 civilians, of whom 2,000 were killed by rebels and 12,000 by ROK security forces. The [[Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion]] overlapped with it, as several thousand army defectors waving red flags massacred right-leaning families. This resulted in another brutal suppression by the government and between 2,976 and 3,392 deaths. By May 1948, both uprisings had been crushed.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=박 |first=동찬 |script-title=ko:여수·순천 10·19사건 (麗水·順天 10·19事件) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |trans-title=Yeosu-Suncheon 10.19 rebellion |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0036410 |access-date=2025-03-28 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>

Insurgency reignited in the spring of 1949 when attacks by guerrillas in the mountainous regions (buttressed by army defectors and North Korean agents){{additional citations needed|date=September 2025}} increased. Insurgent activity peaked in late 1949 as the ROKA engaged so-called People's Guerrilla Units. Organized and armed by the North Korean government, and backed by 2,400 KPA commandos who had infiltrated through the border, these guerrillas launched an offensive in September aimed at undermining the South Korean government and preparing the country for the KPA's arrival in force. This offensive failed.<ref>Bryan, pp. 76-77.</ref> However, the guerrillas were now entrenched in the Taebaek-san region of the [[North Gyeongsang Province]] and the border areas of the [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]].<ref name="Bryan, p. 78">Bryan, p. 78.</ref> While the insurgency was ongoing, the ROKA and KPA engaged in battalion-sized battles along the border, starting in May 1949.<ref name="Bryan, p. 76" /> Border clashes between South and North continued on 4 August 1949, when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel. The 2nd and 18th ROK Infantry Regiments repulsed attacks in Kuksa-bong,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuksa-bong |url=https://mapcarta.com/16197292 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Mapcarta |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021061118/https://mapcarta.com/16197292 |url-status=live }}</ref> and KPA troops were "completely routed".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lY5-7ZirsmgC&q=august+4+1949 |title=The Korean War: A History |date=27 July 2010 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9780679603788 |access-date=11 November 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Border incidents decreased by the start of 1950.<ref name="Bryan, p. 78" />

Meanwhile, counterinsurgencies in the South Korean interior intensified; persistent operations, paired with worsening weather, denied the guerrillas sanctuary and wore away their fighting strength. North Korea responded by sending more troops to link up with insurgents and build more partisan cadres; North Korean infiltrators had reached 3,000 soldiers in 12 units by the start of 1950, but all were destroyed or scattered by the ROKA.<ref>Bryan, pp. 79-80.</ref>

On 1 October 1949, the ROKA launched a three-pronged assault on the insurgents in [[South Jeolla Province|South Cholla]] and [[Daegu|Taegu]]. By March 1950, the ROKA claimed 5,621 guerrillas killed or captured and 1,066 small arms seized. This operation crippled the insurgency. Soon after, North Korea made final attempts to keep the uprising active, sending battalion-sized units of infiltrators under the commands of Kim Sang-ho and Kim Moo-hyon. The first battalion was reduced to a single man over the course of engagements by the ROKA [[8th Maneuver Division|8th Division]]. The second was annihilated by a two-battalion [[Hammer and anvil|hammer-and-anvil maneuver]] by units of the ROKA [[6th Infantry Division (South Korea)|6th Division]], resulting in a toll of 584 KPA guerrillas (480 killed, 104 captured) and 69 ROKA troops killed, plus 184 wounded.<ref>Bryan, p. 80.</ref> By the spring of 1950, guerrilla activity had mostly subsided; the border, too, was calm.<ref>Bryan, p. 82.</ref>

===Prelude to war (1950)===
By 1949, South Korean and US military actions had reduced indigenous communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000. However, Kim Il Sung believed widespread uprisings had weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population. Kim began seeking Stalin's support for an invasion in March 1949, traveling to Moscow to persuade him.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|pp=3–4}} Kim and second-in-command [[Pak Hon-yong]] tried to enlist Soviet ambassador [[Terentii Shtykov]]. Kim met with the ambassador on 12 August 1949; Shtykov said that an outright invasion was out of the question unless South Korea attacked first and that he only willing to consider a limited operation targeting the [[Ongjin County, South Hwanghae|Ongjin peninsula]]. Mun Il visited Soviet chargé d’affaires [[Grigory Tunkin]] on 3 September 1949. Tunkin's report to the Soviet government was more neutral than previous Soviet diplomats, who were more sceptical.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|125}}

Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea. PLA forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, while US forces remained stationed in South Korea.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=3}} After learning about Kim and Pak's plans, he told Tunkin to talk to Kim to produce an assessment of the South Korean and North Korean armed forces. After assessing both sides, Tunkin suggested against an invasion, to which Stalin agreed to and also banned the limited strike on the Ongjin peninsula. Kim continued his insistence on an invasion. On 17 January 1950, he told Soviet diplomats that South Korea needed to be liberated.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|126}} By 1950, Stalin was more open to suggestions and believed that the strategic situation had changed: PLA forces under [[Mao Zedong]] had secured final victory, US forces had withdrawn from Korea, and the Soviets [[Soviet atomic bomb project|had detonated their first nuclear bomb]], breaking the US monopoly. As the US had not directly intervened to stop the communists in China, Stalin calculated they would be even less willing to fight in Korea, which had less strategic significance.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|pp=9, 10}} The Soviets had cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with their [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|embassy in Moscow]], and reading dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|pp=9, 10}}

On 30 January 1950, Stalin telegraphed Shtykov, saying that any invasion "would need extensive preparations" and that "it should be organised without taking too big a risk", effectively giving the greenlight for preparations.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|126}} Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance]].{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=11}} Kim spent almost a month in the Soviet Union from 30 March to 25 April, during which invasion plans were finalized.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} In April 1950, Stalin permitted Kim to attack the government in the South, under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=10}} For Kim, this was the fulfillment of his goal to unite Korea. Stalin made it clear Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the United States.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=10}}

Kim met with Mao in May 1950 and differing historical interpretations of the meeting have been put forward. According to Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgeng, Mao agreed to support Kim despite concerns of American intervention, as China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|pp=139–40}} Kathryn Weathersby cites Soviet documents which said Kim secured Mao's support.{{Sfn|Weathersby|1993|p=29}} According to Park, Mao told Kim that "if the Americans would enter the war, China will help North Korea with troops".<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} Along with Mark O'Neill, she says this accelerated Kim's war preparations.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=13}}<ref>Mark O'Neill, "Soviet Involvement in the Korean War: A New View from the Soviet-Era Archives", OAH Magazine of History, Spring 2000, p. 21.</ref> [[Chen Jian (academic)|Chen Jian]] argues Mao never seriously challenged Kim's plans and Kim had every reason to inform Stalin that he had obtained Mao's support.<ref name=Jian>{{cite book |last1=Jian |first1=Chen |title=China's Road to the Korean War |date=27 November 1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780231100250}}</ref>{{rp|112}} Citing more recent scholarship, [[Suisheng Zhao|Zhao Suisheng]] contends Mao did not approve of Kim's war proposal and requested verification from Stalin, who did so via a telegram.<ref name="Zhao">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy|date=2022|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=28–29|oclc=1332788951}}</ref>{{rp|28–9}} Mao accepted the decision made by Kim and Stalin to unify Korea but cautioned Kim over possible US intervention.<ref name=Zhao/>{{rp|30}} The coming Korean War was one of three wars that the Soviet and Chinese leaders had planned across [[East Asia]] in 1950. The first was [[Operation Pokpung|a North Korean invasion of South Korea]], which was to be backed by Chinese forces if necessary; they also planned a [[Chinese invasion of Taiwan]] later that year, and a [[Vietnam War|Viet Minh revolution in Vietnam]], which was to be backed by Chinese advisors and weaponry.<ref name="confronting another Axis">{{cite journal|url=https://tnsr.org/2024/05/confronting-another-axis-history-humility-and-wishful-thinking/|title=Confronting Another Axis? History, Humility, and Wishful Thinking|journal=Texas National Security Review|volume=7|issue=3|pages=80–99|author=Philip Zelikow|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]|date=May 2024|access-date=2 January 2026|doi=10.26153/tsw/54040|doi-broken-date=3 January 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Kim told his inner circle about the preparations, including Pak Hon-yong, Aleksei Hegay, Supreme People's Assembly Presidium President [[Kim Tu-bong]], Minister of Defense [[Choe Yong-gon (official)|Choe Yong-gon]] and Minister of Justice Lee Sung-yop.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from World War II were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. They completed plans for attack by May{{Sfn|Weathersby|1993|pp=29–30}} and called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. Kim suggested the invasion start in late June. Soviets thought the North Koreans needed more time to prepare, but as the rain season was about to begin in July, which could make North Korean advances harder, they ultimately accepted Kim's proposal.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} The North Koreans would then launch an attack to capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the ROK. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants and capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=14}}

On 7 June 1950, Kim called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in [[Haeju]] on 15–17 June. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture, which Rhee rejected outright.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=10}} On 15 June, the invasion date was set to 25 June.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} On 21 June, Kim revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in Ongjin. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and that South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change.{{Sfn|Weathersby|2002|p=15}} On 24 June, division commanders received their invasion orders. The KPA planned defeating the South Koreans in 22 to 27 days.<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}}

While these preparations were underway in the North, there were clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at [[Kaesong]] and Ongjin, many initiated by the South.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=247–53}}{{Sfn|Stueck|2002|p=71}} The ROK was being trained by the US [[Korean Military Advisory Group]] (KMAG). On the eve of the war, KMAG commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice".{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=255–56}} For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when US diplomat [[John Foster Dulles]] visited Korea on 18 June.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=249–58}}

Though some South Korean and US intelligence officers predicted an attack, similar predictions had been made before and nothing had happened.{{Sfn|Millett|2007|p=17}} The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] noted the southward movement by the KPA but assessed this as a "defensive measure" and concluded an invasion was "unlikely".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tom Gjelten |date=25 June 2010 |title=CIA Files Show U.S. Blindsided By Korean War |work=[[National Public Radio]] |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128092817 |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824155650/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128092817 |archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> On 23 June UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seth |first=Michael J. |title=A history of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present |title-link=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0742567160 |location=Lanham, MD |page=[https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth/page/n344 324]}}</ref>

===Comparison of forces===
Chinese involvement was extensive from the beginning, building on previous collaboration between the Chinese and Korean communists during the Chinese Civil War. Throughout 1949 and 1950, the Soviets continued arming North Korea. After the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, ethnic Korean units in the PLA were sent to North Korea.{{Sfn|Millett|2007|p=14}}

In the fall of 1949, two PLA divisions composed mainly of [[Koreans in China|Korean-Chinese]] troops ([[5th Division (North Korea)|164th]] and [[6th Division (North Korea)|166th]]) entered North Korea, followed by smaller units throughout the rest of 1949. The reinforcement of the KPA with PLA veterans continued into 1950, with the [[12th Division (North Korea)|156th Division]] and several other units of the former Fourth Field Army arriving in February; the PLA 156th Division was reorganized as the KPA 7th Division. By mid-1950, between 50,000 and 70,000 former PLA troops had entered North Korea, forming a significant part of the KPA's strength on the eve of the war's beginning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stuecker |first=William |title=Korean War: World History |date=2004 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |pages=102–103}}</ref> The combat veterans and equipment from China, the tanks, artillery, and aircraft supplied by the Soviets, and rigorous training increased North Korea's military superiority over the South, armed by the U.S. military with mostly small arms, but no heavy weaponry.{{Sfn|Millett|2007|p=15}}

Several generals, such as [[Lee Kwon-mu]], were PLA veterans born to ethnic Koreans in China. While older histories of the conflict often referred to these ethnic Korean PLA veterans as being sent from northern Korea to fight in the Chinese Civil War before being sent back, recent Chinese archival sources studied by Kim Donggill indicate that this was not the case. Rather, the soldiers were indigenous to China, as part of China's longstanding ethnic Korean community, and were recruited to the PLA in the same way as any other Chinese citizen.<ref>Zhihua Shen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=were+indigenous+in+Northeast+China+and+that+the+North+Korean+regime+never+dispatched+soldiers+to+Manchuria&pg=PT306 "A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino–North Korean Relations, 1949–1976".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407163505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=were+indigenous+in+Northeast+China+and+that+the+North+Korean+regime+never+dispatched+soldiers+to+Manchuria&pg=PT306 |date=7 April 2023 }} Columbia University Press, September 2018.</ref>

According to the first official census in 1949, the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000,<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Nicholas Eberstadt|Nick Eberstadt]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72lpTkNcJQ4C&pg=PA61 |title=Policy and Economic Performance in Divided Korea During the Cold War Era: 1945–91 |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780844742748 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and by mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, [[Chuncheon]], [[Uijeongbu]], and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 [[T-34#T-34-85|T-34-85]] tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, 150 [[Yakovlev|Yak]] fighter planes, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea.{{Sfn|Appleman|1998}} Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as seaborne artillery for their armies.

In contrast, the South Korean population was estimated at 20 million,<ref name="Armstrong" /> over twice that of the North, but its army was unprepared and ill-equipped.  As of 25 June 1950, the ROK had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-plane air force comprising 12 [[Liaison aircraft|liaison-type]] and 10 [[North American T-6 Texan|AT-6]] advanced-trainer airplanes. Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan,{{Sfn|Appleman|1998|p=17}} but only 200–300 U.S. troops were in Korea.<ref name="james19500625">{{Cite news |last=James |first=Jack |date=25 June 1950 |title=North Koreans invade South Korea |language=en |agency=United Press |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1950/06/25/North-Koreans-invade-South-Korea/1012416555294/ |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806141249/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1950/06/25/North-Koreans-invade-South-Korea/1012416555294/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Course of the war==
{{long|section|words=7,000|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Korean war 1950-1953.gif|thumb|upright=.8|Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.{{Legend|#F6A8AD|Chinese and Soviet forces}}{{Legend|#EF767E|North Korean forces}}{{Legend|#73AA73|South Korean and United Nations forces}}]]
[[File:South Korean refugees mid-1950.jpg|thumb|Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded.]]

=== Operation Pokpung ===
{{Main|Operation Pokpung}}

{{See also|North Korean occupation of South Korea}}
At 4:40 a.m. on 25 June 1950, the KPA crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=14}}<ref name=":42" />{{rp|127}} It justified its assault with the claim ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee".{{Sfn|Appleman|1998|p=21}} [[Battle of Ongjin|Fighting began]] on the strategic Ongjin Peninsula in the west.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=260–63}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buzo |first=Adrian |url=https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo |title=The Making of Modern Korea |publisher=Routledge |date=2002 |isbn=978-0415237499 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n88 78] |url-access=limited}}</ref> There were initial South Korean claims that the [[17th Infantry Brigade (South Korea)|17th Regiment]] had counterattacked at Haeju; some scholars{{who|date=January 2026}} argue the claimed counterattack was instead the instigating attack, and therefore that the South Koreans may have fired first.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=260–63}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lone |first1=Stewart |title=Korea since 1850 |last2=McCormack |first2=Gavan |publisher=Longman Cheshire |date=1993 |location=Melbourne |pages=110–111 |author-link2=Gavan McCormack}}</ref> However, the report that contained the Haeju claim contained errors and outright falsehoods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simmons |first=Robert R. |date=1973 |title=Some Myths about June 1950 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/652006 |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=54 |pages=354–361 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000015563 |jstor=652006 |s2cid=154722887 |issn=0305-7410 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206191426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/652006 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

KPA forces attacked all along the 38th parallel within an hour. The KPA had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery. The ROK had no tanks, anti-tank weapons, or heavy artillery. The South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion, and these were routed in a few days.{{Sfn|Millett|2007|pp=18–19}} On the night

On 27 June, Rhee evacuated Seoul with some of the government. On 28 June the ROK [[Hangang Bridge bombing|blew up the Hangang Bridge]] across the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] in an attempt to stop the KPA. The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it, and hundreds were killed.<ref name="Chosun2010" /><ref name="johnston20">{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64ZAy7NvwCgC&q=Han%20River%20demolish&pg=PA20 |title=A war of patrols: Canadian Army operations in Korea |date=1 November 2011 |publisher=Univ of British Columbia Pr |isbn=978-0774810081 |page=20}}</ref> Destroying the bridge trapped many ROK units north of the river.{{Sfn|Millett|2007|pp=18–19}} In spite of such desperate measures, [[First Battle of Seoul|Seoul fell]] that same day. Some South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell, and 48 subsequently pledged allegiance to the North.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=269–70}}

On 28 June, Rhee ordered the [[Bodo League massacre|massacre of suspected political opponents]] in his own country.<ref name="Edwards32">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scZN59DXeOwC&q=Rhee%20bodo%20league%20massacre%20order&pg=PA32 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Korean War |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810867734 |page=32}}</ref> In five days, the ROK, which had 95,000 troops on 25 June, was down to less than 22,000 troops. In early July, when US forces arrived, what was left of the ROK was placed under US operational command of the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]].<ref name="Webb" />

=== Factors in U.S. intervention ===
{{Main|United States in the Korean War|Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration}}

"In June 1950, President [[Harry S. Truman]] ordered U.S. troops to Korea without first requesting congressional authority."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Louis |date=1995 |title=The Korean War: On What Legal Basis Did Truman Act? |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2203888 |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.2307/2203888 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref> The [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] was unprepared for the invasion. Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by U.S. Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]].{{Sfn|Kim|1973|p=30}} Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than that of [[East Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wells |first=Samuel |date=23 June 2020 |title=Korea and the Fear of World War III |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/korea-and-fear-world-war-iii |publisher=Wilson Center |accessdate=4 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185115/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/korea-and-fear-world-war-iii |url-status=live }}</ref> The administration was worried a war in Korea could quickly escalate without American intervention. Diplomat John Foster Dulles stated: "To sit by while Korea is overrun by unprovoked armed attack would start a disastrous chain of events leading most probably to world war."{{Sfn|Beschloss|2018|p=447}}

While there was hesitance by some in the U.S. government to get involved, considerations about Japan fed into the decision to engage on behalf of South Korea. After the fall of China to the communists, US experts saw Japan as the region's counterweight to the Soviet Union and China. While there was no U.S. policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased its importance. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan."{{Sfn|Kim|1973|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Glass |title=Truman orders U.S. military intervention in Korea, June 27, 1950 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/27/this-day-in-politics-june-27-1950-665397 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=POLITICO |date=27 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105150709/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/27/this-day-in-politics-june-27-1950-665397 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another consideration was the Soviet reaction if the US intervened. The Truman administration was fearful the Korean War was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the U.S. committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]".{{Sfn|Rees|1964|p=22}} [[Yugoslavia]], a possible Soviet target because of the [[Tito–Stalin split]], was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]'s post-North Korea invasion list of "chief danger spots".<ref name="schindler19980224">{{Cite journal |last=Schindler, John R. |date=24 February 1998 |title=Dodging Armageddon: The Third World War That Almost Was, 1950 |url=http://20committee.com/2015/09/29/dodging-armageddon-the-third-world-war-that-almost-was-1950/ |url-status=usurped |journal=Cryptologic Quarterly |pages=85–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930082157/http://20committee.com/2015/09/29/dodging-armageddon-the-third-world-war-that-almost-was-1950/ |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Truman believed if aggression went unchecked, a chain reaction would start that would marginalize the UN and encourage communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans.{{Sfn|Rees|1964|p=23}}

The Truman administration was uncertain whether the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union, or just a test of U.S. resolve. The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against US forces in Korea.{{Sfn|Rees|1964|p=26}} The Truman administration believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere.

According to scholar Louis Fisher, "President Harry Truman's commitment of U.S. troops to Korea in June 1950 is the single most important precedent for the executive use of military force without congressional authority."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Louis |date=1995 |title=The Korean War: On What Legal Basis Did Truman Act? |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2203888 |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.2307/2203888 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref> Fisher also states: "The loose notion of a “police action” would later be used by President Truman as a legal pretext for going to war in Korea without congressional approval."<ref>Id. at 25.</ref>

===UN Security Council resolutions===
{{Further|List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea}}

On 25 June 1950, the [[United Nations Security Council]] unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of South Korea with [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 82|Resolution 82]]. The Soviet Union, a [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto-wielding power]], had boycotted Security Council meetings since January 1950, protesting [[Taiwan]]'s occupation of [[China and the United Nations|China's permanent seat]].{{Sfn|Malkasian|2001|p=16}} On 27 June, the Security Council published [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 83|Resolution 83]] recommending its member states provide military assistance to South Korea to restore international peace, resulting in a US-led coalition.<ref>See SC Res. 82 (June 25, 1950), UN SCOR, 5th Sess., Res. & Dec. at 4, UN Doc. S/INF/5/Rev.1 (1950); SC Res. 83 (June 27, 1950), id. at 5.</ref>[[File:Truman initiating Korean involvement GettyImages-615308236.jpg|thumb|President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War]]

On 4 July the Soviet deputy foreign minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.<ref name="Gromyko1950" /> The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from US Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated Article 32 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]]; and the fighting was beyond the Charter's scope, because the initial North–South border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council, some legal scholars posited that deciding upon this type of action required the unanimous vote of all five permanent members.<ref name="Gross1951" /><ref name="Schick1950" />

On 7 July the Security Council set up under the sponsorship of the British and French sides a [[Unified Command Plan|Unified Command]] structure which was authorized to fly the blue flag of the UN but was not subject in any way to UN orders.<ref name="mro1">{{cite news |url=https://monthlyreview.org/press/the-truth-was-inconsequential-the-hidden-history-of-the-korean-war-in-counterpunch/ |title="The truth was inconsequential" (The Hidden History of the Korean War in 'Counterpunch') |first=Joshua |last=Cohen |publisher=Monthly Review Foundation |date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

Within days of the invasion, masses of ROK soldiers, of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime, were retreating southwards or [[Defection|defecting]] en masse to the northern side, the KPA.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=23}}

=== United States' response (July–August 1950) ===
[[File:KumRiver Howitzer.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of soldiers readying a large gun in some brush|A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July 1950]]

As soon as word of the attack was received,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Truman Address on Korea |url=https://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/coldwar/docs/onkorea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408045123/https://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/coldwar/docs/onkorea.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=www.learner.org}}</ref> Acheson informed Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea.{{Sfn|Goulden|1983|p=48}}<ref name="Hess2001" /> Truman and Acheson discussed a US invasion response and agreed the US was obligated to act, comparing the North Korean invasion with [[Adolf Hitler]]'s aggressions in the 1930s, and the mistake of [[appeasement]] must not be repeated.<ref name="Graebner1979" /> US industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War.<ref>Reis, M. (12 May 2014), "[http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/industrial-mobilization-records-overview/ WWII and Korean War Industrial Mobilization: History Programs and Related Records]" ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715064838/http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/industrial-mobilization-records-overview/ |date=15 July 2014 }}), History Associates, retrieved 17 June 2014.</ref> Truman later explained he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the [[containment]] of communism as outlined in the [[NSC 68|National Security Council Report 68 (NSC 68)]]:

{{Blockquote|Communism was acting in Korea, just as Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese had ten, fifteen, and twenty years earlier. I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall, Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores. If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world, no small nation would have the courage to resist threats and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors.<ref name="Truman1980"/>}}

In August 1950, Truman and Acheson obtained the consent of [[United States Congress|Congress]] to appropriate $12 billion for military action, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|12|1950|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}.<ref name="Hess2001" /> Because of the extensive defense cuts and emphasis on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were able to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General [[Omar Bradley]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], was faced with deploying a force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart.{{Sfn|Blair|2003|p=290}}<ref>Hofmann, George F., "Tanks and the Korean War: A case study of unpreparedness", ''Armor'', Vol. 109 Issue 5 (Sep/Oct 2000), pp. 7–12: In 1948, the [[US Army]] had to impose an 80 percent reduction in equipment requirements, deferring any equipment modernization. When the Joint Chiefs of Staff submitted a $30 billion total defense budget for FY 1948, the administration capped the [[United States Department of Defense|DOD]] budget at the $14.4 billion set in 1947 and progressively reduced in succeeding fiscal years until January 1950, when it was reduced again to $13.5 billion.</ref>

Acting on Acheson's recommendation, Truman ordered MacArthur, the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] in Japan, to transfer matériel to the South Korean military, while giving air cover to evacuation of US nationals. Truman disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral bombing of the North Korean forces and ordered the [[United States Seventh Fleet|U.S. Seventh Fleet]] to protect Taiwan, whose government asked to fight in Korea. The US denied Taiwan's request for combat, lest it provokes retaliation from the PRC.{{Sfn|Rees|1964|page=27}} Because the US had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the [[Taiwan Strait]], Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] criticized the UN and US initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory".{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=140}} The US supported the [[Kuomintang in Burma]] in the hope these KMT forces would harass China from the [[Southwestern China|southwest]], thereby diverting Chinese resources from Korea.<ref name=":Han">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=65}}

===The drive south and Pusan (July–September 1950)===
[[File:KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg|thumb|G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman]]
[[File:HA-SC-98-06983-Crew of M24 along Naktong River front-Korean war-17 Aug 1950.JPEG|thumb|Crew of an U.S. [[M24 Chaffee]] tank along the Nakdong River front, August 1950]]

The [[Battle of Osan]], the first significant US engagement, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, a small forward element of the [[24th Infantry Division (United States)|24th Infantry Division]] flown in from Japan.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=45}} On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the KPA at [[Osan]] but without weapons capable of destroying KPA tanks. The KPA defeated the US, with 180 American casualties. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back U.S. forces at [[Battle of Pyongtaek|Pyongtaek]], [[Battle of Chonan|Chonan]], and [[Battle of Chochiwon|Chochiwon]], forcing the 24th Division's retreat to [[Daejeon|Taejeon]], which the KPA captured in the [[Battle of Taejon]]. The 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including its commander, Major General [[William F. Dean]].{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=48}}

By August, the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK and the [[Eighth United States Army]] southwards.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=53}} The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks was keenly felt, as US troops fought costly rearguard actions. Facing a veteran and well-led KPA force, and lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, the Americans retreated and the KPA advanced down the Peninsula.<ref>Dunford, J.F. (Lt. Col.) ''The Strategic Implications of Defensive Operations at the Pusan Perimeter July–September 1950'', Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College (7 April 1999) pp. 6–8, 12.</ref><ref>Zabecki, David T., ''Stand or Die: 1950 Defense of Korea's Pusan Perimeter'', Military History (May 2009): The inability of US forces to stop the 1950 North Korean summer offensive cost the Eighth Army 4,280 killed in action, 12,377 wounded, with 2,107 missing and 401 confirmed captured between 5 July and 16 September 1950. In addition, the lives of tens of thousands of South Korean soldiers and civilians were lost as well.</ref> By September, UN forces were hemmed into a corner of southeast Korea, near [[Busan|Pusan]]. This 230 km (140 mi) perimeter enclosed about 10% of Korea, in a line defined by the [[Nakdong River]].

The KPA purged South Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, MacArthur warned Kim Il Sung he would be held responsible for KPA atrocities.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p= 56}}

Kim's early successes led him to predict the war would finish by the end of August. Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible US deployment, Zhou secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and he deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of [[Gao Gang]]. Zhou authorized a topographical survey of Korea and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military adviser in Korea, to analyze the military situation. Lei concluded MacArthur would likely attempt a landing at Incheon.<ref>{{Citation |author=Tan Kwoh Jack |title=THE KOREAN WAR JUNE-OCTOBER 1950: INCHON AND STALIN IN THE "TRIGGER VS. JUSTIFICATION" DEBATE |date=January 2006 |issue=105 |page=21 |url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP105.pdf |access-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128195523/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/rsis-pubs/WP105.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2022 |url-status=live |location=Singapore |publisher=Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QoyAAAAMAAJ&q=%E4%BB%81%E5%B7%9D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86|title=在最高统帅部当参谋: 雷英夫将军回忆录|date=28 November 1997|publisher=百花洲文艺出版社|language=zh-cn|pages=147, 153–154|isbn=9787805798998|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421193437/https://books.google.com/books?id=2QoyAAAAMAAJ&q=%E4%BB%81%E5%B7%9D%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86|url-status=live}}</ref> After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to PLA commanders to prepare for US naval activity in the [[Korea Strait]].{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=141}}

In the resulting [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter]], UN forces withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at [[Battle of Naktong Bulge|the Naktong Bulge]], [[Battle of P'ohang-dong|P'ohang-dong]], and [[Battle of Taegu|Taegu]]. The [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support [[sortie]]s, which destroyed 32 bridges, halting daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=47–48, 66}} To deny military equipment and supplies to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, refineries, and harbors, while [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] aircraft attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the overextended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=58}} On 27 August, aircraft from the [[67th Fighter Squadron]] mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory, and the Soviet Union called the Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/pg_793 493rd meeting of the UN Security Council, 31 August 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173851/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/pg_793|date=2 March 2016}} ''[[United Nations Security Council]] Official Records'' No. 35, p. 25.</ref> The US proposed that a commission composed of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation, but this was vetoed by the Soviet Union.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d551 Telegram, Dean Rusk to James Webb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302165211/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v07/d551 |date=2 March 2016 }} ''[[Foreign Relations Series|Foreign Relations of the United States]]'' 1950 Volume VII, Korea, Document 551.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1950 |title=work of the Security Council from August 1, 1950 to September 18, 1950 |journal=[[International Organization]] |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=638 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300029465 |s2cid=249414462}}</ref>

Meanwhile, US garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and military supplies to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=59–60}} MacArthur went so far as to call for Japan's rearmament.<ref name="masuda12">{{cite book |doi=10.7591/cornell/9780801449390.003.0013|chapter=The Korean War and the Dismissal of Mac ''Arthur'', June 1950 to April 1951 |title=Mac ''Arthur'' in Asia |year=2012 |last1=Masuda |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Reiko |pages=249–274 |isbn=9780801449390 }}</ref> Tank battalions deployed to Korea, from the [[port of San Francisco]] to the [[port of Busan|port of Pusan]], the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had 500 medium tanks battle-ready.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=61}} In early September 1950, UN forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=}}{{Sfn|Appleman|1998|p=61}}

===Battle of Incheon (September 1950)===
{{Main|Battle of Incheon}}

Against the rested and rearmed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN, they lacked naval and air support.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=58, 61}} To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, MacArthur recommended an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious landing]] at Incheon, near Seoul, well over {{Convert|100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} behind the KPA lines.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=67}} On 6 July, he ordered Major General [[Hobart R. Gay]], commander of the U.S. [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]], to plan an amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from [[Yokohama]], Japan, to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.<ref name="Cavalry Outpost Publications" />

Soon after the war began, MacArthur began planning an Incheon landing, but [[the Pentagon]] opposed him.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=67}} When authorized, he activated a combined [[United States Army|US Army]] and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and ROK force. The [[X Corps (United States)|X Corps]], consisted of 40,000 troops of the [[1st Marine Division]], the [[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division]] and around 8,600 ROK soldiers.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=68}} By 15 September, the amphibious force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, [[psychological warfare]], [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of Incheon.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=70}}

===Breakout from the Pusan Perimeter===
{{Main|Pusan Perimeter offensive|UN Forces September 1950 counteroffensive|Second Battle of Seoul}}

[[File:A U.S. Marine tank follows a line of prisoners of war down a village street. - NARA - 532408.tif|thumb|[[M26 Pershing]] tanks during the [[Second Battle of Seoul]] in September 1950. In the foreground, UN troops round up North Korean prisoners-of-war.]]

On 16 September Eighth Army began its breakout from the Pusan Perimeter. Task Force Lynch,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Edwin P. |title=On to the Yalu |publisher=Stein and Day |date=1984 |location=New York |page=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER XXVIII: Pursuit and Exploitation |url=https://history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/sn28.htm |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=history.army.mil |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205040750/https://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/KOREA/20-2-1/sn28.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 3rd Battalion, [[7th Cavalry Regiment]], and 70th Tank Battalion units advanced through {{Convert|106.4|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} of KPA territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan on 27 September.<ref name="Cavalry Outpost Publications" /> X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=71–72}}

On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General [[Matvei Zakharov|H. M. Zakharov]] to advise Kim to halt his offensive around the Pusan Perimeter, and redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. Zhou suggested the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the UN forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=143}}

On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by UN forces. US air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and artillery. KPA troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=143}} During the retreat, only 25,000-30,000 KPA soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines.<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref name="KIMH" /> On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]], where he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=143}}

===UN forces invade North Korea (September–October 1950)===
{{Main|UN offensive into North Korea}}

On 27 September, MacArthur received secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him operations north of the 38th parallel was authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily".<ref name="Weintraub2000" /> On 29 September, MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=143}} The Joint Chiefs of Staff on 27 September sent MacArthur a comprehensive directive: it stated the primary goal was the destruction of the KPA, with the unification of the Peninsula under Rhee as a secondary objective "if possible"; the Joint Chiefs added this objective was dependent on whether the Chinese and Soviets would intervene, and was subject to changing conditions.<ref>Appleman 1998, pp. 607-609.</ref>

[[File:Korean War, train attack.jpg|thumb|[[US Air Force]] attacking railroads south of [[Wonsan]] on the eastern coast of North Korea]]
On 30 September, Zhou warned the US that China was prepared to intervene if the US crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise KPA commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics that allowed Chinese Communist forces to escape Nationalist [[Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)|encirclement campaigns]] in the 1930s, but KPA commanders did not use these tactics effectively.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|pp=143–44}} [[Bruce Cumings]] argues, however, that the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=278–81}}

By 1 October, the UN Command had driven the KPA past the 38th parallel, and ROK forces pursued the KPA northwards.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=79–94}} MacArthur demanded the KPA's unconditional surrender.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=144}} On 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=81}} The US Eighth Army drove up western Korea and [[Battle of Pyongyang (1950)|captured Pyongyang]] on 19 October.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=90}} On 20 October, the [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|US 187th Airborne Regiment]] made their first of their two combat jumps during the war [[Battle of Yongyu|at Sunchon and Sukchon]]. The mission was to cut the road north to China, prevent North Korean leaders from escaping Pyongyang, and rescue US [[prisoners of war]].

At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by {{Convert|50–100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of mountainous terrain.{{Sfn|Stueck|2002|pp=92–93}} In addition to the 135,000 captured, the KPA had suffered some 200,000 soldiers killed or wounded, for a total of 335,000 casualties since the end of June 1950, and lost 313 tanks. A mere 25,000 KPA regulars retreated across the 38th parallel, as their military had collapsed. The UN forces on the peninsula numbered 229,722 combat troops (including 125,126 Americans and 82,786 South Koreans), 119,559 rear area troops, and 36,667 US Air Force personnel.{{Sfn|Clodfelter|1989|p=11}} MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the war into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean effort. Truman disagreed and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=83}}

===China intervenes (October–December 1950)===
{{stack|[[File:China Crosses Yalu.jpg|thumb|Chinese forces cross the frozen Yalu River]]}}
{{see also|China in the Korean War}}On 15 October Truman and MacArthur [[Wake Island Conference|met at Wake Island]]. This was much publicized because of MacArthur's discourteous refusal to meet the president in the contiguous US.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=88}} To Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea,{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=89}} and the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria and 100,000–125,000 at the Yalu River. He concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without Soviet air force protection.<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref name="Donovan1996" />

Meanwhile, on 13 October, the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]] decided China would intervene even without Soviet air support, basing its decision on a belief superior morale could defeat an enemy that had superior equipment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |page=32 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref> To that end, 200,000 Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]] (PVA) troops crossed the Yalu into North Korea.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|pp=147–48}} UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in the daytime, because their march and [[bivouac shelter|bivouac]] discipline minimized detection.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=102}} The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed . Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers remained motionless if an aircraft appeared;{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=102}} PVA officers were under orders to shoot security violators.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Chinese intervention in the Korean War
|publisher=Wilson Center
|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org
|quote="Chinese forces maintained strict discipline, including harsh penalties for security violations."
}}</ref> Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-[[division (military)|division]] army to march the {{Convert|286|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Dandong|An-tung]], Manchuria, to the combat zone in 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging {{Convert|18|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} daily for 18 days.{{Sfn|Appleman|1998}}

[[File:U.S. Army machine gun team near the Chongchon River in North Korea (November 1950).jpg|thumb|Soldiers from the US [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] in action near the Ch'ongch'on River (20 November 1950)]]

After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the [[UN offensive into North Korea#Chinese First Phase Campaign (25 October-6 November)|First Phase Offensive]] on 25 October, attacking advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after PVA troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the [[Soviet Air Forces]] to provide air cover and supported more aid to China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Zhihua |date=2010 |title=China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1080/01402391003590291 |s2cid=154427564}}</ref> After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK [[II Corps (South Korea)|II Corps]] at the [[Battle of Onjong]], the first confrontation between Chinese and US military occurred on 1 November 1950. Deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA [[79th Group Army|39th Army]] [[encirclement|encircled]] and attacked the US [[8th Cavalry Regiment]] with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the [[Battle of Unsan]].<ref name="Stewart" />

On 13 November, Mao appointed Zhou overall commander and coordinator of the war effort, with [[Peng Dehuai]] as field commander.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|pp=147–48}} On 25 November, on the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the [[Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River]], and then inflicted heavy losses on the US [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] on the UN forces' right flank.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=98–99}} Believing they could not hold against the PVA, the Eighth Army began to [[UN Forces retreat from North Korea|retreat, crossing the 38th parallel]] in mid-December.{{Sfn|Mossman|1990|p=160}}

In the east, on 27 November, the PVA 9th Army Group initiated the [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir]]. Here, the UN forces fared better: like the Eighth Army, the surprise attack forced X Corps to retreat from northeast Korea, but they were able to break out from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a [[Battle of Chosin Reservoir#Aftermath|successful tactical withdrawal]]. X Corps established a defensive perimeter at the port city of [[Hungnam]] on 11 December and [[Hungnam evacuation|evacuated by 24 December]], to reinforce the depleted Eighth Army to the south.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=104–11}}{{Sfn|Mossman|1990|p=158}} About 193 shiploads of UN forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=110}} The [[SS Meredith Victory|SS ''Meredith Victory'']] was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN forces [[scorched earth|razed]] most of Hungnam, with particular attention to the port.<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref name="DoyleMayer1979" /> In early December UN forces, including the [[British Army]]'s [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Infantry Brigade]], evacuated Pyongyang along with refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=BBC Archive |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821095028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around 4.5 million North Koreans are estimated to have fled south or elsewhere abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Faces of the Korean War {{!}} DW {{!}} 25.07.2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/faces-of-the-korean-war/g-16973830 |access-date=2021-09-10 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925044408/https://www.dw.com/en/faces-of-the-korean-war/g-16973830 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 December Truman declared a [[State of emergency#United States|national state of emergency]] with Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Presidency Project Harry S Truman Proclamation 2914—Proclamation 2914—Proclaiming the Existence of a National Emergency |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2914-proclaiming-the-existence-national-emergency |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=UC Santa Barbara |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022143108/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2914-proclaiming-the-existence-national-emergency |url-status=live }}</ref> which remained in force until September 1978.{{Refn|name=nbJolley1971|group=lower-alpha|See 50 U.S.C. S 1601: "All powers and authorities possessed by the President, any other officer or employee of the Federal Government, or any executive agency... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976."; ''Jolley v. INS'', 441 F.2d 1245, 1255 n.17 (5th Cir. 1971).}} The next day, 17 December, Kim Il Sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China.<ref>Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, MAO: The Unknown Story.</ref>

=== <bdi>Bombing of North Korea (November 1950–July 1953)</bdi> ===
After Chinese intervention in November 1950, the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] began an extensive bombing campaign against North Korea that lasted until the signing of the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|Armistice Agreement]] in July 1953.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |title=Collateral damage: Americans, noncombatant immunity, and atrocity after World War II |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-97828-6 |location=New York}}</ref> As Chinese forces compelled UN forces to retreat south and withdraw below the thirty-eighth parallel, the major North Korean cities would become targets of the UN Command's air forces.

On 5 November 1950, twenty UNC [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] bombers dropped 170 tons of [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]] on the North Korean town of [[Kanggye]], destroying 65 percent of the town's built-up area.<ref name=":3" /> On 8 November, seventy [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] UNC bombers dropped more than 500 tons of incendiary bombs on the city of [[Sinuiju]], destroying 60 percent of the city's built-up area and more than a square-mile area of buildings.<ref name=":3">Id., 221-23, 226.</ref> By 28 November 1950, the UN Bomber Command reported that 95 percent of the North Korean town of Manpojin was destroyed, in addition to 90% of the city of [[Hoeryong]], Namsi 90%, Chosan 85%, Sakchu 75%, [[Huichon]] 75%, Koindong 90%, and Uiju 20%.<ref name=":3" /> "The fighter-bombers of the U.S. [[Fifth Air Force]] also conducted fire raids against North Korean towns."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |title=Collateral damage: Americans, noncombatant immunity, and atrocity after World War II |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-97828-6 |location=New York}}</ref> In incendiary attacks on 3 and 5 January 1951, the UN Command destroyed 35% of [[Pyongyang]], the capital of North Korea and its largest city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crane |first=Conrad C. |title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953 |date= |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-3204-6 |edition=1st |location=La Vergne |pages=63}}</ref>

===Fighting around the 38th parallel (January–June 1951)===
[[File:Korean War bombing Wonsan.jpg|thumb|[[A-26 Invader|B-26 Invaders]] bomb logistics depots in Wonsan, North Korea, 1951]]

A ceasefire presented by the UN to the PRC, after the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River on 11 December, was rejected by the PRC, which was convinced of the PVA's invincibility after its victory in that battle and the wider [[Second Phase Offensive]].{{Sfn|Zhang|1995|pp=119–126}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Alexander |first=Bevin R. |title=Korea: The First War We Lost |date=1986 |pages=371–376 |place=New York |publisher=Hippocrene Books, Inc. |isbn=978-0-87052-135-5 |author-link=Bevin Alexander}}.</ref> With Lieutenant General [[Matthew Ridgway]] assuming command of the Eighth Army on 26 December following the death of previous Eighth Army commander [[Walton Walker]], the PVA and the KPA launched their [[Third Battle of Seoul|Third Phase Offensive]] on New Year's Eve. Using night attacks in which UN fighting positions were encircled and assaulted by numerically superior troops, who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which facilitated tactical communication and disoriented the enemy. UN forces had no familiarity with this tactic, and some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=117}} The offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to capture Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

These setbacks prompted MacArthur to consider using [[nuclear weapon]]s against the Chinese or North Korean interiors, intending radioactive fallout zones to interrupt the Chinese supply chains.<ref name="MacArthur"/> However, upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway, the ''esprit de corps'' of the bloodied Eighth Army revived.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=113}}

UN forces retreated to [[Suwon]] in the west, [[Wonju]] in the center, and the territory north of [[Samcheok]] in the east, where the battlefront stabilized.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=117}} The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and was unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the battle lines.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=118}} On 25 January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became [[Operation Thunderbolt (1951)|Operation Thunderbolt]].{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=121}} A full-scale advance exploiting the UN's air superiority,{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=120}} concluding with the UN forces reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=121}}

Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January, the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498|Resolution 498]] on 1 February, condemning the PRC as an aggressor and calling upon its forces to withdraw from Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 1951 |title=Resolution 498(V) Intervention of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China in Korea |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm |archive-date=25 May 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold War International History Project's Cold War Files |url=http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-3262.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930121857/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-3262.html |archive-date=30 September 2013 |publisher=Wilson Center}}</ref>

In early February, the ROK [[11th Division (South Korea)|11th Division]] ran an operation to destroy guerrillas and pro-DPRK sympathizers in the [[South Gyeongsang Province]].<ref name=jd030210/> The division and police committed the [[Geochang massacre|Geochang]] and [[Sancheong–Hamyang massacre]]s.<ref name="jd030210">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2003 |title=SURVIVOR Hundreds were killed in a 1951 massacre. One man is left to remember. |work=[[JoongAng Daily]] |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1932280 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608041139/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1932280 |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved victory [[Battle of Hoengsong|at Hoengseong]]. However, the offensive was blunted by US [[IX Corps (United States)|IX Corps]] at [[Jipyeong-ri|Chipyong-ni]] in the center.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=121}} The US [[23rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|23rd Regimental Combat Team]] and [[French Battalion in the Korean War|French Battalion]] fought a [[Battle of Chipyong-ni|short but desperate battle]] that broke the attack's momentum.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=121}} The battle is sometimes known as the "[[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] of the Korean War": 5,600 US and French troops were surrounded by 25,000 PVA. UN forces had previously retreated in the face of large PVA/KPA forces instead of getting cut off, but here they stood and won.<ref name="Timmons"/>

[[File:U.S. Marines in the Korean War 003.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|[[U.S. Marines]] move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces]]
In the last two weeks of February, Operation Thunderbolt was followed by [[Operation Killer]], carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=121}} Operation Killer concluded with US [[I Corps (United States)|I Corps]] re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=122}} On 7 March the Eighth Army attacked with [[Operation Ripper]], expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March. This was the fourth and final conquest of the city in a year, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 and people suffered from food shortages.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=122}}<ref name="KIMH"/>

On 6 March MacArthur gave a press conference where he stated "Assuming no diminution of the enemy's flow of ground forces and materiel to the Korean battle area, a continuation of the existing limitation upon our freedom of counter-offensive action, and no major additions to our organizational strength, the battle lines cannot fail in time to reach a point of theoretical stalemate." No one in Washington disputed MacArthur's prediction that a stalemate would develop. But a victory, because of the commitments and risks to achieve it would entail, was no longer considered practical. The preferred course, because it would be consistent with the greater strategy and preparations against the possibility of world war, was to seek a cease-fire and negotiated settlement of Korean issues.{{Sfn|Mossman|1990|p=319}} On 12 March Ridgway gave a press conference at his command post at [[Yeoju|Yoju]] stating that regaining the 38th parallel would be a "tremendous victory" for the Eighth Army. It would mean the encroachment of communism in Korea had been stopped — exactly what the UNC had set out to accomplish. Conversely, if the Chinese failed to drive the UNC out of Korea, they would have "failed monumentally." In any case, he emphasized, "we didn't set out to conquer China."{{Sfn|Mossman|1990|p=320}}

In late April, Peng sent his deputy, [[Hong Xuezhi]], to brief Zhou in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but having no food, bullets, or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods, but these were never sufficient. Large-scale air defense training programs were carried out and the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) began participating in the war from September.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=149}} The Fourth Phase Offensive had not matched the achievements of the Second Phase or the limited gains of the Third Phase. The UN forces, after earlier defeats and retraining, proved much harder to infiltrate by Chinese light infantry than previously. From 31 January to 21 April, the Chinese suffered 53,000 casualties.<ref>Xiaobing, Li (2014). ''China's Battle for Korea: The 1951 Spring Offensive''. Indiana University Press. p. 63.</ref>

On 11 April Truman [[Relief of Douglas MacArthur|relieved General MacArthur]] as supreme commander for several reasons.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=123–27}} MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief China would not enter the war, leading to allied losses. He believed use of nuclear weapons should be his decision, not the president's.{{Sfn|Stein|1994|p=69}} MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a larger war, feeling a truce and orderly withdrawal could be a valid solution.{{Sfn|Halberstam|2007|p= 600}} MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined he had defied the president's orders and thus violated the [[United States Constitution|US Constitution]].{{Sfn|Stein|1994|p=79}} A popular criticism of MacArthur was he never spent a night in Korea and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.{{Sfn|Halberstam|2007|p= 498}} During a Senate hearing in May 1951, MacArthur expressed his horror at the devastation that the war was inflicting on the Koreans, describing it as the worst he had ever seen in his military career. As the most humane solution, MacArthur suggested that the war should be escalated in order to bring it to an end sooner.<ref>Committee on Foreign Relations, Military Situation in the Far East, 43, 82-83, 194, 219, 397-398,1362-1363. MacArthur's comments were popular with the weekly news magazines. See "The MacArthur Hearing," Time, May 14, 1951, 20.</ref>

[[File:Centurion tanks and infantry of the Gloucestershire Regiment advancing to attack Hill 327 in Korea, March 1951. BF454.jpg|thumb|British UN troops advance alongside a [[Centurion tank]], March 1951]]

Ridgway was appointed supreme commander, and he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=127}} while General [[James Van Fleet]] assumed command of the Eighth Army.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=130}} Further attacks depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations [[Operation Courageous|Courageous]] (23–28 March) and [[Operation Tomahawk|Tomahawk]] (23 March) were joint ground and airborne infiltrations meant to trap PVA forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to the ''Kansas Line'', north of the 38th parallel.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=131}}

The PVA counterattacked in April 1951, with the [[Chinese spring offensive|Fifth Phase Offensive]], with three field armies (700,000 men).{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=131–32}} The first thrust of the offensive fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the [[Battle of the Imjin River]] (22–25 April) and [[Battle of Kapyong]] (22–25 April), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the ''No-name Line'' north of Seoul.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=133–34}} Casualty ratios were grievously disproportionate; Peng had expected a 2:1 ratio, but Chinese combat casualties from 22 to 29 April totaled between 40,000 and 60,000 compared to only 4,000 for the UN — a ratio between 10:1 and 15:1.<ref>Xiaobing 2014, pp. 124-125.</ref> By the time Peng had called off the attack in the western sector on 29 April, the three participating armies had lost a third of their front-line combat strength within a week.<ref>Xiaobing 2014, p. 125.</ref> On 15 May the PVA commenced the second impulse of the spring offensive and [[Battle of the Soyang River|attacked the ROK and U.S. X Corps]] in the east at the [[Soyang River]]. Approximately 370,000 PVA and 114,000 KPA troops had been mobilized, with the bulk attacking in the eastern sector, with about a quarter attempting to pin the I Corps and IX Corps in the western sector. They were halted by 20 May and repulsed, with Western histories designating 22 May as the end of the offensive.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=136–37}}<ref>Xiaobing 2014, p. 149.</ref>

At month's end, the Chinese planned the third step of the Fifth Phase Offensive (withdrawal), which they estimated would take 10-15 days for their 340,000 remaining men, and set the date for 23 May. They were caught off guard when the Eighth Army counterattacked and regained the ''Kansas Line'' on 12 May, 23 hours before the expected withdrawal.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=137–38}}<ref name="Xiaobing 2014, p. 181">Xiaobing 2014, p. 181.</ref> The surprise attack turned the retreat into "the most severe loss since our forces had entered Korea"; between 16 and 23 May, the PVA suffered another 45,000 to 60,000 casualties before their soldiers managed to evacuate.<ref name="Xiaobing 2014, p. 181"/> The Fifth Phase Offensive as a whole had cost the PVA 102,000 soldiers (85,000 killed/wounded, 17,000 captured), with significant losses for the KPA.<ref>Xiaobing 2009, pp. 101-102.</ref>

The end of the Fifth Phase Offensive preceded the [[UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive]]. During the counteroffensive, the US-led coalition captured land up to about {{Convert|6|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} north of the 38th parallel, with most forces stopping at the ''Kansas Line'' and a minority going to the ''Wyoming Line.'' PVA and KPA forces suffered greatly, especially in the Chuncheon sector and at Chiam-ni and Hwacheon; in the latter sector alone the PVA/KPA suffered over 73,207 casualties, including 8,749 captured, compared to 2,647 total casualties of the IX Corps.<ref>Mossman, Billy (1988). United States Army in the Korean War: Ebb and Flow November 1950 – July 1951. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 465.</ref>

The halt at the ''Kansas Line'' and offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953. The disastrous failure of the Fifth Phase Offensive "led Chinese leaders to change their goal from driving the UNF out of Korea to merely defending China's security and ending the war through negotiations".<ref>Xiaobing 2009, p. 103.</ref>

===Stalemate (July 1951–July 1953)===
[[File:M46 tiger paint.png|thumb|U.S. [[M46 Patton]] tanks, painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces]]

For the rest of the war, the UN and the PVA/KPA fought but exchanged little territory. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted [[Korean Armistice Agreement#Armistice discussions|armistice negotiations]] began on 10 July 1951 at Kaesong in the North.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=145, 175–77}} On the Chinese side, Zhou directed peace talks, and [[Li Kenong]] and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=149}} Combat continued; the goal of the UN forces was to recapture all of South Korea and avoid losing territory.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=159}} The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations and later effected military and psychological operations to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war.

The sides constantly traded artillery fire along the front, with American-led forces possessing a large firepower advantage over Chinese-led forces. In the last three months of 1952 the UN fired 3,553,518 field gun shells and 2,569,941 mortar shells, while the communists fired 377,782 field gun shells and 672,194 mortar shells: a 5.8:1 ratio.<ref>Clodfelter 1989, p. 22.</ref> The communist insurgency, reinvigorated by North Korean support and scattered bands of KPA stragglers, resurged in the south.

In the autumn of 1951, Van Fleet ordered Major General [[Paik Sun-yup]] to break the back of guerrilla activity. The UN's limited offensive (31 August – 12 November) to shorten and straighten sections of the lines, acquire better defensive terrain, and deny the enemy key vantage points, saw heavy fighting by UN forces, with I Corps and X Corps making limited tactical advances against PVA and KPA forces. The campaign resulted in approximately 60,000 casualties, including 22,000 Americans. The intense battles at [[Battle of Bloody Ridge|Bloody Ridge]], [[Battle of the Punchbowl|the Punchbowl]] and [[Battle of Heartbreak Ridge|Heartbreak Ridge]] underscored the challenges of penetrating the Chinese "active defense." Despite PVA/KPA losses of 100,000–150,000 troops, these were not crippling, and the PVA forces remained resolute. By November, the UNC abandoned major offensive operations, and the PVA launched counterattacks with some success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Korean War - Armistice, Negotiations, Conflict {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War/Talking-and-fighting-1951-53 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> From December 1951 to March 1952, ROK security forces claimed to have killed 11,090 partisans and sympathizers and captured 9,916 more.<ref name="EB" />

PVA troops suffered from deficient military equipment, logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. These factors led to a rate of Chinese casualties far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that in November 1951 Zhou called a conference in [[Shenyang]] to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. It was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields, to increase the trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to address the problems.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=148}}

[[File:02 Dad in action april1952 Korea sepia.jpg|thumb|New Zealand artillery crew in action, 1952]]
In the months after the Shenyang conference, Peng went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties and the increasing difficulty of keeping front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced the war would be protracted and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Military Commission]], presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of government agencies. After government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the war demands, Peng shouted: "You have this and that problem…You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou called a series of meetings, where it was agreed the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate training of pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|pp=148–49}}

General [[Mark W. Clark]] replaced General Ridgway as commander of the UN Command on 12 May 1952.{{sfn|Hastings|1988}}

With peace negotiations ongoing, the Chinese attempted a final offensive in the final weeks of the war to capture territory: on 10 June, 30,000 Chinese troops struck South Korean and U.S. divisions on a {{Convert|8|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} front, and on 13 July, 80,000 Chinese soldiers struck the east-central Kumsong sector, with the brunt of their attack falling on 4 South Korean divisions. The Chinese had success in penetrating South Korean lines but failed to capitalize, particularly when US forces responded with overwhelming firepower. Chinese casualties in their final major offensive (above normal wastage for the front) were about 72,000, including 25,000 killed compared to 14,000 for the UN (most were South Koreans, 1,611 were Americans).<ref>Clodfelter 1989, p. 24.</ref>

While Chinese forces grappled with significant logistical and supply difficulties, the stalemate also stemmed from mounting frustrations within the UNC. Despite superior firepower, the war proved difficult to fight and the US public was becoming impatient of a war that was lacking a victory. By mid-1951, the stalemate had worn away Truman's [[United States presidential approval rating#:~:text=Harry S.,February 9–14, 1952.|public approval]], and political pressures mounted on the Truman administration to seek an end to the fighting. By October 1952, Van Fleet alleged he was not receiving sufficient ammunition to continue supporting the American involvement, prompting a public controversy. Secretary of Defense [[Robert A. Lovett]] denied these charges, arguing that shortages were due to army-level logistics rather than a lack of support and mismanagement from the Pentagon.<ref>https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal53-1364082#_</ref> <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1952/10/31/archives/lovett-denies-van-fleets-charge-of-delay-in-training-korean-troops.html</ref> On 29 November 1952 US President-elect [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] went to Korea to learn what might end the war.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=240}} Eisenhower took office on 20 January 1953 and his administration prioritized containment over rollback and sought to reduce American involvement in the conflict, contributing to the later armistice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean War |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/korean-war |website=Eisenhower Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSC-68 and the Korean War |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/koreanwar |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Harry S. Truman - Korean War, 33rd US President, Cold War {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-S-Truman/Outbreak-of-the-Korean-War |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Armistice (July 1953–November 1954)===
{{Main|Korean Armistice Agreement}}

[[File:C Coy 2 RAR soldiers on The Hook Jun 1953 (AWM 157648).png|thumb|left|Men from the [[Royal Australian Regiment]], June 1953]]
The on-again, off-again negotiations for the armistice spanned over two years (1951–1953),{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=144–53}} first at Kaesong, then [[Panmunjom]].{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=147}} and was the longest negotiated armistice in history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armistice Negotiations |url=https://www.unc.mil/History/1951-1953-Armistice-Negotiations/ |website=United Nations Command}}</ref> A problematic point was [[prisoner of war]] repatriation.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=187–99}} The PVA, KPA and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north,<ref name="Boose2000"/> which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=189–90}} On 3 December 1952 the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] accepted India's proposed Korean War armistice, voted as Resolution 610(VII),<ref name=dtic1>{{Cite web |last=Harrison (Lt. Col.) |first=William T. |title=Military Armistice in Korea: A Case Study for Strategic Leaders |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA404504.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801180412/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA404504 |archive-date=1 August 2013 |date=April 2002}}</ref><ref name="dun1">{{cite news |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/079/53/pdf/nr007953.pdf |title=Resolutions Adopted on the Reports of the First Committee |accessdate=2025-04-30 |date=1952-12-03 |author=United Nations General Assembly}}</ref> and thus was born the [[Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission]].{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=242–45}}

Stalin died on 5 March. The new Soviet leaders, engaged in their internal power struggle, had no desire to continue supporting China's efforts and called for an end to the hostilities.<ref name=agov13>{{Cite journal |last=Agov |first=Avram |date=2013 |title=North Korea's Alliances and the Unfinished Korean War |journal=[[The Journal of Korean Studies]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=225–262 |doi=10.1353/jks.2013.0020 |s2cid=145216046 |doi-access=free }}</ref> China could not continue without Soviet aid, and North Korea was no longer a major player. Armistice talks entered a new phase especially after the May 1953 test of the [[W9 (nuclear warhead)|novel nuclear artillery shell]] by the Americans.

The KPA, PVA and UN Command signed the armistice agreement on 27 July 1953.{{sfn|Hastings|1988}} South Korean President Syngman Rhee refused to sign. The war ended at this point, even though there was no [[peace treaty]].<ref name="US neutral commission" /> North Korea nevertheless claims it won the war.<ref name="Ho1993" /><ref name="KCNA2011" /> Under the agreement, the belligerents established the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] (DMZ) which mostly follows the 38th parallel. In the eastern part, the DMZ runs north of the 38th parallel; to the west, it travels south of it. Kaesong, site of the initial negotiations, was in pre-war South Korea but is now part of North Korea. The DMZ has since been patrolled by the KPA and the ROKA, with the US still operating as the UN Command.

[[Operation Glory]] was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatants to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 US Army and US Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN POW camps were delivered to the South Korean government.<ref name="OperationGlory"/> After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the [[National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]], on [[Oahu]], Hawaii. [[Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office]] (DPMO) records indicate the PRC and North Korea transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as from the US, and all but 416 were identified by name.<ref name="DPMO"/> From 1996 to 2006, North Korea recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.<ref name="Army Times"/>

===Continued division (1954–present)===
[[File:Korean War armistice agreement 1953.jpg|thumb|Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in [[Panmunjom|P'anmunjŏm]]]]
The Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission. Since 1953, the [[Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission]], composed of members from the Swiss<ref name="SwissArmy"/> and Swedish<ref name="SwedishArmy"/> armed forces, has been stationed near the Korean Demilitarized Zone.

In April 1975, [[South Vietnam]]'s capital of [[Fall of Saigon|Saigon was captured]] by the [[People's Army of Vietnam]]. Encouraged by that communist success, Kim Il Sung saw it as an opportunity to invade South Korea. Kim visited China in April 1975 and met with Mao and Zhou to ask for military aid. Despite Pyongyang's expectations, Beijing refused to help North Korea in another war.<ref name="KimIlsung1975">{{Cite web |last=Ria Chae |date=May 2012 |title=NKIDP e-Dossier No. 7: East German Documents on Kim Il Sung's April 1975 Trip to Beijing |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/east-german-documents-kim-il-sungs-april-1975-trip-to-beijing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124051/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/nkidp-e-dossier-no-7-east-german-documents-kim-il-sung%E2%80%99s-april-1975-trip-to-beijing |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=30 May 2012 |series=North Korea International Documentation Project |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars}}</ref>

[[File:ObservationPostOuellette.jpg|thumb|US Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post (OP) Ouellette, viewing northward, in April 2008]]

Since the armistice, there have been incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea. From 1966 to 1969, many cross-border incursions took place in what has been referred to as the [[Korean DMZ Conflict]] or Second Korean War. In 1968, a North Korean commando team unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate South Korean president [[Park Chung Hee]] in the [[Blue House Raid]]. In 1976, the [[Korean axe murder incident]] was widely publicized. Since 1974, 4 incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered. In 2010, a North Korean submarine [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|torpedoed and sank]] the South Korean [[corvette]] {{ROKS|Cheonan|PCC-772|6}}, resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.<ref name="BBC2010"/> Again in 2010, North Korea [[Bombardment of Yeonpyeong|fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong]] island, killing 2 military personnel and 2 civilians.<ref name="Reuters2010"/>

After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Madison |date=11 March 2013 |title=North Korea declares 1953 armistice invalid |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/world/asia/north-korea-armistice/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311175505/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/11/world/asia/north-korea-armistice/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> On 13 March, North Korea confirmed it ended the Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the north–south declaration on non-aggression".<ref name="end of armistise">{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Chang-Won |title=North Korea confirms end of war armistice |url=http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/9765-north-korea-confirms-end-of-war-armistice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702052515/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/9765-north-korea-confirms-end-of-war-armistice |archive-date=2 July 2014 |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=Tolo News}}</ref> On 30 March, North Korea stated it entered a "state of war" and "the long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over".<ref name="NK state of war">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2013 |title=North Korea enters 'state of war' with South |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21979127 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330013512/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21979127 |archive-date=30 March 2013}}</ref> Speaking on 4 April, US Secretary of Defense [[Chuck Hagel]] said that Pyongyang "formally informed" the Pentagon that it "ratified" the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the US, including Guam and Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2013 |title=North Korea threatens pre-emptive nuclear strike against US |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/07/north-korea-threatens-nuclear-strike-us |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104194322/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/07/north-korea-threatens-nuclear-strike-us |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Hagel stated the US would deploy the [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] [[anti-ballistic missile]] system to Guam because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2013 |title=North Korea threats: US to move missiles to Guam |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22021832 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404001650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22021832 |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>

In 2016, it was revealed North Korea approached the US about conducting formal peace talks to end the war officially. While the [[White House]] agreed to secret peace talks, the plan was rejected because North Korea refused to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the treaty.<ref name="CassellaChiacu">{{Cite news |last1=Cassella |first1=Megan |last2=Chiacu |first2=Doina |date=21 February 2016 |title=U.S. rejected North Korea peace talks offer before last nuclear test: State Department |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN0VU0XE |url-status=live |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222022637/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN0VU0XE |archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> In 2018, it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talk to end the conflict. They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Griffiths |first=James |date=27 April 2018 |title=North and South Korea vow to end the Korean War in historic accord |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/27/asia/korean-summit-intl/index.html |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092617/https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/27/asia/korean-summit-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> North Korean leader [[Kim Jong Un]] and South Korean President [[Moon Jae-in]] signed the [[Panmunjom Declaration]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=11 September 2018 |title=Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula (2018.4.27) |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5478/view.do?seq=319130&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1&titleNm= |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Public Affairs Republic of Korea |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429002936/https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5478/view.do?seq=319130&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1&titleNm= |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, Moon reiterated his call to end the war formally, in a speech at the UN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=South Korean leader repeats call for declaration to end Korean War |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korean-leader-repeats-call-declaration-end-korean-war-2021-09-21/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=Reuters |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922131541/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korean-leader-repeats-call-declaration-end-korean-war-2021-09-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The ground war saw [[Armoured warfare|armored offensives]] with the North's invasion and UN operations, and [[tunnel warfare]] by Chinese forces. The air war saw the first large [[jet aircraft]] battles, and an early use of US [[nuclear deterrence]].

=== Armored warfare ===
[[File:T-34-85-korea.jpg|thumb|US soldiers of the [[5th Cavalry Regiment]] examine a captured North Korean [[T-34]] tank, [[Waegwan]], eastern South Korea]]
The initial assault by KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet [[T-34-85]] tanks.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=14, 43}} A KPA [[Tank corps (Soviet Union)|tank corps]] equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These faced an ROK that had few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the T-34s.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=39}} Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed.{{Sfn|Perrett|1987|pp=134–35}} The KPA tanks had a good deal of early successes against ROK infantry, Task Force Smith, and the U.S. [[M24 Chaffee]] light tanks that they encountered.<ref>[[Korean War#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996: 36]].</ref>{{Sfn|Stein|1994|p=18}} Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing KPA armor. The tide turned in favor of the UN forces in August 1950 when the KPA suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including American [[M4 Sherman|M4A3 Sherman]] and M26 medium tanks, alongside British [[Centurion tank|Centurion]], [[Churchill tank|Churchill]] and [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] tanks.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|pp=182–84}}

The Incheon landings on 15 September cut off the KPA supply lines, causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel, ammunition, and other supplies. As a result of this and the Pusan perimeter breakout, the KPA had to retreat, and many of the T-34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned. By the time the KPA withdrew from the South, 239 T-34s, and 74 [[SU-76]] self-propelled guns were lost.{{Sfn|Perrett|1987|p=135}} After November 1950, KPA armor was rarely encountered.<ref>[[Korean War#Reference-Zaloga-1996|Zaloga & Kinnear 1996: 33–34]].</ref> Following the initial assault by the North, the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large-scale tank battles. The mountainous, forested terrain, especially in the eastern central zone, was poor tank country, limiting their mobility. Through the last two years of the war in Korea, UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces.{{Sfn|Ravino|Carty|2003|p=130}}

===Aerial warfare===
{{Further|USAF units and aircraft of the Korean War|Bombing of North Korea}}

==== Air-to-ground operations ====
Following the North Korean invasion, United Nations Command began an extensive bombing campaign against North Korea that lasted until the end of the war in July 1953. It was the first major bombing campaign for the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) since its inception in 1947 from the United States Army Air Forces. The first bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war MacArthur immediately upon request by the Commanding General of the [[Far East Air Forces Bomber Command|Far East Air Forces]] (FEAF), [[George E. Stratemeyer]].<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> Major bombing began in late July.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/ethicsofdestruct00thom/page/149 |title=The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations |date=14 June 2001 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0801487415 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ethicsofdestruct00thom/page/149 149]}}</ref> U.S. airpower conducted 7,000 close support and interdiction airstrikes that month, which helped slow the North Korean rate of advance to {{Convert|2|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} per day.<ref name="airforcemag1april20">{{Cite web |last=Correll |first=John T. |date=1 April 2020 |title=The Difference in Korea |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/ |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=[[Air Force Magazine]]}}</ref>

North Korea ranks as among the most heavily bombed countries in history,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs (including 32,557 tons of napalm) on Korea, more than during the entire Pacific War.<ref name="Walkom2010" /><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> By the end of the war, eighteen of the twenty-two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated according to damage assessments by the U.S. Air Force.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crane |first=Conrad C. |title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953 |publisher=University of Kansas Press |year=2000 |location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed during the war.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=297–98}}{{Sfn|Jager|2013|pp=237–42}} The war's highest-ranking U.S. POW, Major General William F. Dean,<ref name="Witt2005" /> reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow-covered wasteland.<ref name="Cumings2004" /><ref>William F Dean (1954) ''General Dean's Story'', (as told to William L Worden), Viking Press, pp. 272–73.</ref> Dean Rusk, a supporter of the war and later secretary of state, said the United States bombed "everything that moved in North Korea, every brick standing on top of another." Hydroelectric and irrigation dams were bombed in the later stages of the war, flooding farmland and destroying crops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> North Korean factories, schools, hospitals, and government offices were forced to move underground, and air defenses were "non-existent".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a [[The Chosun Ilbo|''Chosun Ilbo'']] report in 2001, a report by Soviet ambassador and chief military adviser to North Korea, Lieutenant General V. N. Razuvaev, estimated 282,000 North Korean deaths in bombing raids during the war.<ref>Wilson Center, 1 August 2001 [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/new-evidence-north-korean-war-losses "New Evidence of North Korean War Losses"].</ref> In an interview with U.S. Air Force historians in 1988, USAF General [[Curtis LeMay]] commented on efforts to win the war as a whole, including the strategic bombing campaign, saying "Right at the start of the war, unofficially, I slipped a message in "under the carpet" in the Pentagon that we ought to turn SAC lose with some incendiaries on some North Korean towns. The answer came back, under the carpet again, that there would be too many civilian casualties; we couldn't do anything like that. We went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway, some way or another, and some in South Korea, too… Over a period of three years or so we killed off, what, 20 percent of the population of Korea, as direct casualties of war or from starvation and exposure? Over a period of three years, this seemed to be acceptable to everybody, but to kill a few people at the start right away, no, we can't seem to stomach that"<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kohn |editor-first=Richard H. |editor-first2=Joseph P. |editor-last2=Harahan |title=Strategic Air Warfare: An Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton |publisher=Office of Air Force History |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-9127-9956-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/strategicairwarf00lema|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vick |first=Karl |date=19 September 2017 |url=https://time.com/4947990/trump-threatens-north-korea-totally-destroy/ |title=President Trump Threatened to 'Totally Destroy' North Korea. The U.S. Has Done That Before |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921032147/https://time.com/4947990/trump-threatens-north-korea-totally-destroy/ |archive-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

General Matthew Ridgway said that except for air power, "the war would have been over in 60 days with all Korea in Communist hands". United Nations Command air forces flew 1,040,708 combat and combat support sorties during the Korean War. The FEAF flew the majority the majority of sorties at 710,886 (69.3% of sorties), with the U.S. Navy performing 16.1%, the U.S. Marine Corps 10.3%, and 4.3% by other allied air forces.<ref name="airforcemag1april20" />

==== Air-to-air operations ====
[[File:EJECTION OF A MIG PILOT - This unusual sequence of photos, taken by gun camera film of a U.S. Air Force F-86 "Sabre"... - NARA - 542261.jpg|thumb|Photo sequence of shootdown of a North Korea-aligned [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], with the pilot [[Ejection seat|ejecting]], from the gun camera of a USAF [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86 Sabre]]. The American pilot was [[Buzz Aldrin]], later the [[List of people who walked on the moon|second person to walk on the Moon]].]]
The Korean War was the first in which [[jet aircraft]] played the central role in air combat. Once-formidable fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, [[F4U Corsair]] and [[Hawker Sea Fury]]{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=174}}—all [[Reciprocating engine|piston-engined]], propeller-driven, and designed during World War II—relinquished their air-superiority roles to a new generation of faster, [[turbojet|jet-powered]] fighters arriving in the theater. For the initial months of the war, the [[P-80 Shooting Star]], [[F9F Panther]], [[Gloster Meteor]] and other jets under the UN flag dominated the [[Korean People's Air Force]] (KPAF) propeller-driven Soviet [[Yakovlev Yak-9]] and [[Lavochkin La-9]]s.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=182}}{{Sfn|Werrell|2005|p=71}} By early August 1950, the KPAF was reduced to only about 20 planes.<ref name="airforcemag1april20">{{Cite web |last=Correll |first=John T. |date=1 April 2020 |title=The Difference in Korea |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/ |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=[[Air Force Magazine]] |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715062930/https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the KPAF with the [[MiG-15]], one of the world's most advanced jet fighters.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=182}} The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the [[F-86 Sabre]], which arrived in December 1950.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=183}}{{Sfn|Werrell|2005|pp=76–77}} The Soviet Union denied the involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the radio in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a ''[[casus belli]]'' that the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] deliberately overlooked, lest the war expand to include the Soviet Union and potentially escalate into atomic warfare.{{Sfn|Stokesbury|1990|p=182}}

After the Korean War and to the present day, the USAF reported an inflated F-86 Sabre [[Loss exchange ratio|kill ratio]] in excess of 10:1, with 792 MiG-15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres, and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire.<ref name="Puckett2005" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frans P.B. Osinga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtoVuj_Sn4C&pg=PA24 |title=Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd |date=24 January 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134197095 |page=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234731/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DtoVuj_Sn4C&pg=PA24 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}} {{Cite book |last1=Mark A. Lorell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhtEM2Knh_cC&pg=PA48 |title=The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of Fighter Aircraft R&D |last2=Hugh P. Levaux |publisher=Rand Corporation |date=1998 |isbn=978-0833025951 |page=48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921220856/https://books.google.com/books?id=EhtEM2Knh_cC&pg=PA48 |archive-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=live}} {{Cite book |last=Craig C. Hannah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEb1sFobGgcC&pg=PA90 |title=Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-1585441464 |page=90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044307/https://books.google.com/books?id=CEb1sFobGgcC&pg=PA90 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air-to-air victories and 335 MiG combat losses, while China's PLAAF reported 231 combat losses, mostly MiG-15s, and 168 other aircraft lost. The KPAF reported no data, but the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war's first stage, and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention. The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F-86s, respectively.<ref>Sewell, Stephen L. [http://www.korean-war.com/sovietunion.html "Russian Claims from the Korean War 1950–53."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101081848/http://www.korean-war.com/sovietunion.html|date=1 November 2006}} ''korean-war.com''. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.</ref><ref>Zhang, Xiaoming. ''Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea''. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-58544-201-1}}.</ref> More modern American estimates place the overall USAF kill ratio at around 1.8:1 with the ratio dropping to 1.3:1 against MiG-15s with Soviet pilots but increasing to a dominant 12:1 against Chinese and North Korean adversaries.<ref>Dorr, Robert F.; Lake, Jon; and Thompson, Warren E. ''Korean War Aces''. London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|1-85532-501-2}}.</ref><ref>Stillion, John and Scott Perdue. [http://www.mossekongen.no/downloads/2008_RAND_Pacific_View_Air_Combat_Briefing.pdf "Air Combat Past, Present and Future."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120643/http://www.mossekongen.no/downloads/2008_RAND_Pacific_View_Air_Combat_Briefing.pdf|date=6 October 2012}} ''Project Air Force'', Rand, August 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009.</ref><ref>Igor Seidov and Stuart Britton. ''Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950–53'' (Helion Studies in Military History). Helion and Company 2014. {{ISBN|978-1909384415}}. Page 554.</ref>

Reports by Lieutenant General [[Sidor Slyusarev]], commander of Soviet air forces in Korea, are more favorable to the communist side. The 64th Corps claimed a total 1,097 enemy aircraft of all types during operations, for the loss of 335 aircraft (including lost to enemy ground fire, accidents, etc.) and 110 pilots. Soviet reports put the overall kill ratio at 3.4:1 in favor of Soviet pilots.<ref name="digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org">{{cite web | url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/report-64th-fighter-aviation-corps-soviet-air-forces-korea | title=Report from the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps of the Soviet Air Forces in Korea | access-date=25 December 2022 | archive-date=25 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225231244/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/report-64th-fighter-aviation-corps-soviet-air-forces-korea | url-status=live }}</ref> As reported, effectiveness of the Soviet fighters declined as the war progressed. from an overall kill ratio of 7.9:1 from November 1950 through January 1952, declining to 2.2:1 in later 1952 and 1.9:1 in 1953. This was because more advanced jet fighters appeared on the UN side as well as improved U.S. tactics.<ref name="digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org" />

Regardless of the actual ratio, American Sabres were very effective at controlling the skies over Korea. Since no other UN fighter could contend with the MiG-15, F-86s largely took over air combat once they arrived, relegating other aircraft to air-to-ground operations. Despite much greater numbers (the number of Sabres in theater never exceeded 150 while MiG-15s reached 900 at their peak), communist aircraft were seldom encountered south of Pyongyang. UN ground forces, supply lines, and infrastructure were not attacked from the air. Although North Korea had 75 airfields capable of supporting MiGs, after 1951, any serious effort to operate from them was abandoned. The MiGs were instead based across the Yalu River in the safety of China. This confined most air-to-air engagements to [[MiG Alley]]. UN aircraft had free rein to conduct strike missions over enemy territory with little fear of interception. Although jet dogfights are remembered as a prominent part of the Korean War, counter-air missions comprised just 12% of [[Far East Air Forces]] sorties, and four times as many sorties were performed for close air support and interdiction.<ref name="airforcemag1april20" />

The war marked a major milestone not only for fixed-wing aircraft, but also for [[rotorcraft]], featuring the first large-scale deployment of [[helicopter]]s for [[medical evacuation]] (medevac).<ref name="Kreisher2007" /> In 1944–45, during World War II, the [[Sikorsky R-4|YR-4 helicopter]] had seen limited ambulance duty. In Korea, where rough terrain prevented use of the [[jeep]] as a speedy medevac vehicle,<ref name="OliveDrab" /> helicopters like the [[Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw|Sikorsky H-19]] were heavily used. This helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as [[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital]]s (MASH).<ref name="Day" /> As such, the medical evacuation and care system for the wounded was so effective for the UN forces that a wounded soldier who arrived at a MASH unit alive typically had a 97% chance of survival.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Booker |last2=Jatoi |first2=Ismail |date=May 2005 |title=The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=650–651 |pmc=2569328 |pmid=15926641 |quote=Air evacuation undoubtedly contributed to the dramatic reduction in the death rate of wounded soldiers in the Korean War, compared with previous conflicts (World War I, 8.5%; World War II, 4%; and Korean War, 2.5%).}}</ref> The limitations of jet aircraft for [[close air support]] highlighted the helicopter's potential in the role, leading to the development of the helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War.<ref name="Kreisher2007" />

===Naval warfare===
{{Further|List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean War}}
{{Naval engagements of the Korean War}}
[[File:KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg|thumb|To disrupt North Korean communications, {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} fires a salvo from its 16-inch guns at shore targets near [[Chongjin]], North Korea, 21 October 1950]]
Because neither Korea had a significant navy, the war featured few naval battles. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the U.S. Navy cruiser {{USS|Juneau|CL-119|6}}, the Royal Navy cruiser {{HMS|Jamaica|44|6}} and the Royal Navy frigate {{HMS|Black Swan|L57|6}} fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them. USS ''Juneau'' later sank several ammunition ships that had been present. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship ''PC-703'' sank a North Korean minelayer in the [[Battle of Haeju]] Island, near Incheon. Three other supply ships were sunk by ''PC-703'' two days later in the Yellow Sea.<ref name="Marolda2003" />

During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to UN navy ships was from [[magnetic mine]]s. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean War |url=http://www.korean-war.com/USNavy/usnavyshipssunk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120050209/http://www.korean-war.com/USNavy/usnavyshipssunk.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |website=korean-war.com}}</ref>

=== Tunnel warfare ===
{{See also|Tunnel warfare#Korean War}}

Tunnel warfare was favored by Chinese and North Korean forces as a response to United States-led aerial attacks. "The Chinese resort to tunnel warfare, and the devastating losses to American soldiers, led to the sealing of tunnel entrances by [[United Nations Command|UN Command]]. According to later [[prisoner of war]] interrogations, Chinese officers had killed a number of their own soldiers in the tunnels, because the latter had wished to dig their way out and surrender to the UN Command."<ref>Major Allen D. Reece.</ref>

The Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]] under General [[Qin Jiwei]] constructed an intricate series of defensive networks, which were composed of {{convert|9,000|m|yd|sp=us}} of tunnels, 50,000 meters (55,000 yd) of trenches, and 5,000 meters (5,500 yd) of obstacles and minefields.<ref name="zhang59">{{harvnb|Zhang|2010|p=59}}.</ref> This tunnel network proved its use in the [[Battle of Triangle Hill]] in October and November 1952, where, despite the [[Eighth Army (United States)|United States Eight Army]] enjoying complete air and artillery superiority, the Chinese managed to keep the hill and inflict heavy casualties on the Americans.

=== U.S. threat of atomic warfare{{Anchor|nuclear threat}}{{Anchor|Nuclear threats}}{{Anchor|Nuclear threat}} ===
[[File:Mk4 Fat Man bomb.jpg|thumb|Mark 4 bomb, seen on display, transferred to the [[9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy]]]]

On 5 November 1950, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases, if either of their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there. Truman ordered the transfer of nine [[Mark 4 nuclear bomb]]s "to the Air Force's [[9th Bombardment Wing, Heavy|Ninth Bomb Group]], the designated carrier of the weapons ... [and] signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets", which he never transmitted.{{Sfn|Cumings|2005|pp=289–92}}

Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear-capable (but not nuclear-armed) B-29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the [[Berlin Blockade]] of 1948–49. Truman and Eisenhower had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable. During Truman's first meeting to discuss the war in June 1950, he ordered plans for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war. By July, Truman approved another B-29 deployment to Britain, this time with bombs, to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability. Deployment of a similar fleet to [[Guam]] was leaked to ''The New York Times''. As UN forces retreated to Pusan, and the [[CIA]] reported that China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan, the Pentagon believed Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them.<ref name="jstor2538736">{{Cite journal |last=Dingman |first=R. |date=1988–1989 |title=Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War |journal=International Security |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=50–91 |doi=10.2307/2538736 |jstor=2538736 |s2cid=154823668}}</ref>

As PVA forces pushed back the UN forces from the Yalu River, Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was "always [under] active consideration", with control under the local commander.{{R|jstor2538736}} Indian ambassador [[Kavalam Madhava Panikkar|K. Madhava Panikkar]] reports "that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea. But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat … The PRC's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up. The 'Aid Korea to resist America' campaign was made the slogan for increased production, greater national integration, and more rigid control over anti-national activities. One could not help feeling that Truman's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution..."<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref name="Knightley1982" /><ref name="Panikkar1981" />

After his statement caused concern in Europe, Truman met on 4 December with UK Prime Minister and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] spokesman [[Clement Attlee]], and French Premier [[René Pleven]] to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion. The U.S.' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of "a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China to escalate", but because UN allies—notably the UK, the Commonwealth, and France—were concerned about a [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] imbalance rendering [[NATO]] defenseless while the U.S. fought China, who might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe.<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref name="Truman1955" /> The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the U.S. would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops, or prevent a "major military disaster".{{R|jstor2538736}}

On 6 December after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN armies from northern North Korea, General [[J. Lawton Collins]], General MacArthur, Admiral [[C. Turner Joy]], General [[George E. Stratemeyer]] and Major General [[Doyle Overton Hickey|Doyle Hickey]], Major General [[Charles A. Willoughby]] and Major General [[Edwin Kennedy Wright|Edwin K. Wright]] met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention; they considered three atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months.<ref name="Schnabel" />
* 1: If the PVA continued attacking in full and the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] was forbidden to blockade and bomb China, and without Taiwanese reinforcements, and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951, then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea.<ref name="Schnabel" />
* 2: If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior, and the Taiwanese soldiers were maximally exploited, and tactical atomic bombing was to hand, then UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea.<ref name="Schnabel" />
* 3: If China agreed not to cross the 38th parallel border, MacArthur would recommend UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel, and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards. The Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul–Incheon area, while X Corps would retreat to Pusan. A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice.<ref name="Schnabel" />

The Pentagon and State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China. Truman and his advisors agreed and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950, despite the poor military situation in Korea.{{R|jstor2538736}}

In 1951, the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea. Because China deployed new armies to the Sino-Korean frontier, ground crews at the [[Kadena Air Base]], [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], assembled atomic bombs, "lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores." In October 1951, the US effected [[Operation Hudson Harbor]] to establish a nuclear weapons capability. B-29 bombers practiced individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea (using dummy bombs). Hudson Harbor tested "actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike, including weapons assembly and testing, leading, [and] ground control of bomb aiming". The data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry, because the "timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare".<ref name="Hasbrouck1951" /><ref name="Chiefof Staff1951" /><ref name="Watson1998" /><ref name="CommandingGeneral1951" /><ref name="FarEastCommand" />

Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea. An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China. The message likely caused China to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons, but whether they learned about the B-29 deployment is unclear, and the failure of Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy. The B-29s returned to the US in June.{{R|jstor2538736}}

Despite the greater destructive power atomic weapons would bring, their effect on determining the war's outcome would have likely been minimal. Given the dispersed nature of PVA/KPA forces, the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers, and the small number of bombs available (most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets), atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to move forces. Attacking Chinese cities to destroy industry and infrastructure would cause immediate dispersion of the leadership and give propaganda to the communists to galvanize support{{Explain|date=February 2026|reason=This may well be true, but given that there have only been two strategic nuclear attacks in history and no tactical nuclear attacks, there needs to be some additional context to explain why or how this would result in the communists galvanizing support}}. Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few atomic weapons, the threat of nuclear exchange was unimportant in the decision not to deploy atomic bombs. Their use offered little operational advantage and would undesirably lower the "threshold" for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=5 January 2016 |title=What If the United States had Used the Bomb in Korea? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/what-if-the-united-states-had-used-the-bomb-in-korea/ |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107130940/http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/what-if-the-united-states-had-used-the-bomb-in-korea/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in 1953, he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea. [[Kenneth Nichols]] wrote that President Eisenhower "ended the Korean hostilities by discreetly threatening to use atomic weapons if the North Koreans and the Chinese did not agree to a cessation of hostilities".{{sfn|Nichols|1987|p=12}} The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China, but like Truman, he feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan. The war ended as it began, without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed.{{R|jstor2538736}}

===U.S. unpreparedness===
In postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of US forces deployed during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General [[Floyd L. Parks]] stated "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."<ref>Lewis, Adrian R., ''The American culture of war'', New York: Taylor & Francis Group, {{ISBN|978-0415979757}} (2007), p. 82.</ref>
[[File:Dutch soldier returns sniper fire in Korea-1952.jpg|thumb|left|A soldier of the Dutch detachment of the UN forces in North Korea prepares to return sniper fire, 1952]]

By 1950, US Secretary of Defense [[Louis A. Johnson]] had established a policy of faithfully following Truman's defense economization plans and aggressively attempted to implement it, even in the face of steadily increasing external threats. He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks and widespread reports of ill-equipped and inadequately trained military forces in the war's early stages.{{Sfn|Blair|2003}}

As an initial response to the invasion, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only "on paper" since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request.{{Sfn|Blair|2003}}<ref name="blockade">{{Cite web |date=6 July 1950 |title=Memorandum of Information for the Secretary – Blockade of Korea |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week2/kw_78_1.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809213846/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week2/kw_78_1.jpg |archive-date=9 August 2007 |access-date=28 July 2007 |publisher=Truman Presidential Library – Archives}}</ref> Army officials, desperate for weaponry, [[Operation Roll-Up|recovered]] [[Sherman tank]]s and other equipment from Pacific War battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea.{{Sfn|Blair|2003}} Army ordnance officials at [[Fort Knox]] pulled down [[M26 Pershing]] tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army's hastily formed [[70th Tank Battalion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Connor |first=Arthur W. |title=The Armor Debacle in Korea, 1950: Implications For Today |date=1992 |publisher=U.S. Army War College |page=73}}</ref> Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter-bomber aircraft, the Air Force took [[North American P-51 Mustang|F-51 (P-51)]] propeller-driven aircraft out of storage or from existing [[Air National Guard]] squadrons and rushed them into front-line service. A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls. A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares.<ref>Close, Robert A. (Cmdr), [https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?pid=656 ''Helo Operations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214182049/https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?pid=656|date=14 February 2012}}, Class of '45, U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association & Foundation: "There were insufficient spare sets of blades for all ships having helos. Naturally, the ship didn't have a set. So we used our hands to smooth the busted [wooden] ribs and fabric back into reasonable aerodynamic shape and bandaged the wound with masking tape...Flew that way for two weeks."</ref>

U.S. [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] and [[Army National Guard]] infantry soldiers and new inductees (called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions) found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces: artillery, ammunition, heavy tanks, ground-support aircraft, even effective anti-tank weapons such as the [[Bazooka#Rocket launcher, M20 "Super Bazooka"|M20 3.5-inch (89 mm) "Super Bazooka"]].<ref>Blair, Clay, ''The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953'', Naval Institute Press (2003), p. 50: The planned introduction into service of the M20, an antitank weapon urgently required to defeat the thick cast armor of Soviet tanks being supplied to the North Koreans, had been cancelled due to budget cuts.</ref> Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn-out, "red-lined" [[M1 Garand|M1 rifles]] or [[M1 Carbine|carbines]] in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2000 |title=Memoirs, William E. Anderson sub. Defective Weapons |url=http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/anderson_william/index.htm#Defective |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013162139/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/anderson_william/index.htm#Defective |archive-date=13 October 2019 |access-date=8 July 2018 |publisher=Korean War Educator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Veterans' Memoirs: George W. Gatliff |url=http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/gatliff_george/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031418/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/gatliff_george/index.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 June 2017 |website=Korean War Educator}}</ref> Only the Marine Corps, whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons, proved ready for deployment, though they still were woefully understrength,<ref>Warren, James A., ''American Spartans: The U.S. Marines'', New York: Simon & Schuster (2005), pp. 139–40: Repeated cuts in active-duty [[Fleet Marine Force|Fleet Marine Forces]] (FMF), planned combat deployments in the Atlantic and [[Persian Gulf]] (in the event of war with the Soviet Union), and [[United States Sixth Fleet|Sixth Fleet]] deployments in the Mediterranean left only the under-strength [[4th Marine Division (United States)|4th Marine Division]] – a reserve unit – available for combat in the western Pacific.</ref> as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations (Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units).<ref name="Shipmate2000">{{Cite journal |last=Krulak |first=Lieutenant General Victor H. (USMC retired) |date=June 2000 |title=You Can't Get There From Here: The Inchon Story |url=http://www.usna.com/News_pubs/Publications/Shipmate/2000/2000_06/inchon.htm |journal=Shipmate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021113195108/http://www.usna.com/News_pubs/Publications/Shipmate/2000/2000_06/inchon.htm |archive-date=13 November 2002}}</ref>

==Casualties==
About 3 million people were killed in the war, mostly civilians, making it perhaps the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era.<ref name="Cumings p. 35">{{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |title=The Korean War: A History |publisher=[[Modern Library]] |date=2011 |isbn=9780812978964 |page=35 |quote=Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of non-hostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat. |author-link=Bruce Cumings}}</ref><ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453">{{Cite book |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |title=America in Vietnam |title-link=America in Vietnam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1980 |isbn=9780199874231 |pages=450–453 |quote=For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War. |author-link=Guenter Lewy}}</ref><ref name="Kim p.45">{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Samuel S. |title=International Relations of Asia |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |date=2014 |isbn=9781442226418 |page=45 |chapter=The Evolving Asian System |quote=With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the Chinese Civil War (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the Vietnam War (2 million), and the [[Pol Pot]] [[Cambodian genocide|genocide]] in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McGuire |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu |title=Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=9781139486224 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu/page/n217 203] |quote=In Korea, war in the early 1950s cost nearly 3 million lives, including nearly a million civilian dead in South Korea. |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Painter |first=David S. |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain |title=The Cold War: An International History |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1999 |isbn=9780415153164 |page=[https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain/page/n40 30] |quote=Before it ended, the Korean War cost over 3 million people their lives, including over 50,000 U.S. servicemen and women, and a much higher number of Chinese and Korean lives. The war also set in motion a number of changes that led to the militarization and intensification of the Cold War. |author-link=David S. Painter |url-access=limited}}</ref> Samuel Kim lists the Korean War as the deadliest conflict in East Asia, and the region most affected by armed conflict related to the Cold War.<ref name="Kim p.45"/>

=== Civilian ===
Though only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with historian [[Bruce Cumings]] putting civilian casualties at 2 million and [[Guenter Lewy]] in the range of 2–3 million.<ref name="Cumings p. 35" /><ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453" /> According to one source, 1,658,436 civilians died, meaning a 74% civilian death rate.<ref name="mortality" />

Cumings states that civilians represent at least half the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests it may have gone as high as 70%, compared to his estimates of 42% in World War II and 30–46% in Vietnam.<ref name="Cumings p. 35" /><ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453" /> Data compiled by the [[Peace Research Institute Oslo]] lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the war and a mid-estimate of 3 million total deaths, attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lacina |first=Bethany |date=September 2009 |title=The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0 |url=https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf |access-date=29 August 2019 |publisher=[[Peace Research Institute Oslo]] |pages=359–362 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328071648/https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Compounding this devastation for civilians, virtually all major cities on the Peninsula were destroyed.<ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453" /> In per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the most devastated by the war. According to [[Charles K. Armstrong]], the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15% of the North Korean population ({{Circa}} 10 million), "a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet citizens killed in World War II]]".<ref name="Armstrong">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles K. |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |page=1 |access-date=13 September 2019 |quote=The number of Korean dead, injured or missing by war's end approached three million, ten percent of the overall population. The majority of those killed were in the North, which had half of the population of the South; although the DPRK does not have official figures, possibly twelve to fifteen percent of the population was killed in the war, a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II. |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116204532/https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, there were over 750,000 confirmed violent civilian deaths during the war, another million civilians were pronounced missing, and millions more ended up as refugees. Estimates of the number of civilians killed in the entire war range from 244,000 to 990,000 for South Korea. The North Korean government has never published estimates of civilian deaths in the war, but more than 1 million [[North Korea|North Korean]] [[Civilian|civilians]] and [[Non-combatant|non-combatants]] killed has been an estimate common among historians who have studied the Korean War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |title=Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |location=New York |pages=151}}</ref> Over 1.5 million North Koreans fled to the South.<ref name="Andrew C. Nahm 2004 pages 129-130">Andrew C. Nahm; James Hoare (2004). "Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea". Scarecrow Press, pp. 129–130.</ref>

===Military===
[[File:South Africa-Korean War Memorial01.jpg|thumb|Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country; this one is in [[Pretoria]], South Africa]]

{{See also|Australia in the Korean War|l1=Australia|Belgian Volunteer Corps for Korea|l2=Belgium|Canada in the Korean War|l3=Canada|People's Volunteer Army|l4=China|Colombian Battalion|l5=Colombia|Kagnew Battalion|l6=Ethiopia|French Battalion|l7=France|Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea)|l8=Greece|Luxembourg in the Korean War|l9=Luxembourg|Regiment van Heutsz#Korean War|l10=Netherlands|New Zealand in the Korean War|l11=New Zealand|North Korea in the Korean War|l12=North Korea|Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea|l13=Philippines|Thailand in the Korean War|l14=Thailand|Turkish Brigade|l15=Turkey|2 Squadron SAAF#Korean War|l16=South Africa|Soviet Union in the Korean War|l17=Soviet Union|United Kingdom in the Korean War|l18=United Kingdom|United States in the Korean War|l19=United States}}

==== ROK-UN Losses ====
South Korea originally reported 137,899 military deaths and 24,495 missing, 450,742 wounded, and 8,343 prisoners.<ref name="ROK Web" /> The South Korean government later stated an official tally of 184,573 killed or missing in action, with about 257,000 military deaths in total from all causes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland & Company |pages=709}}</ref> Historian [[Max Hastings]] estimates South Korean casualties higher at 415,000 killed and 429,000 wounded.{{sfn|Hastings|1988|p=407}}

The United States suffered 33,739 deaths in battle, including those missing and declared dead, and 2,835 non-battle deaths.<ref name="2025-11-08-DCAS">{{cite web |title=U.S. Military Casualties - Korean War - Casualty Summary |url=https://dcas.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/app/conflictCasualties/korea/koreaSum |website=Defense Casualty Analysis System |access-date=8 November 2025}}. Exact casualty figures vary slightly over time as records are updated; figures given here are as of November 2025.</ref> There were 17,730 other non-battle US military deaths outside Korea during the same period erroneously included as war deaths until 2000.<ref name="Vogel">{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Steve |date=2000-06-25 |title=Death Miscount Etched Into History |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/06/25/death-miscount-etched-into-history/ab9d6830-b10d-429c-a3b0-cbdbaa3a23d1/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109082437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/06/25/death-miscount-etched-into-history/ab9d6830-b10d-429c-a3b0-cbdbaa3a23d1/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="amerdead">{{Cite news |last=Rhem, Kathleen T. |date=8 June 2000 |title=Defense.gov News Article: Korean War Death Stats Highlight Modern DoD Safety Record |publisher=defense.gov. US Department of Defense |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45275 |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114121831/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45275 |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> The US suffered 103,284 wounded in action.<ref name="2025-11-08-DCAS" /><ref name="casualties">{{cite book |last1=Micheal Clodfelter |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |date=2017 |page=664 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786474707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA664}}</ref> Another 10,218 American soldiers were captured by Communist forces or went missing in action.<ref name=":1" />

American combat casualties were over 90% of non-Korean UN losses. US battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950.<ref>[https://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?dt=2512&sc=27406%2C27409%2C27410%2C27361%2C27363%2C27364%2C27366%2C27384%2C27392&cat=all&tf=F&bc=%2Csl%2Cfd&q=&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq=&nfo_27406=V%2C10%2C1900&op_27406=0&txt_27406=&nfo_27409=V%2C40%2C1900&op_27409=0&txt_27409=&nfo_27410=V%2C1%2C1900&cl_27410=&nfo_27361=N%2C8%2C1889&op_27361=3&txt_27361=&txt_27361=&nfo_27363=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27363=0&txt_27363=&nfo_27364=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27364=0&txt_27364=&nfo_27366=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27366=&nfo_27384=D%2C8%2C1950&op_27384=8&txt_27384=06%2F28%2F1950&txt_27384=10%2F31%2F1950&nfo_27392=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27392=H Defense Casualty Analysis System search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626185328/https://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?dt=2512&sc=27406%2C27409%2C27410%2C27361%2C27363%2C27364%2C27366%2C27384%2C27392&cat=all&tf=F&bc=%2Csl%2Cfd&q=&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq=&nfo_27406=V%2C10%2C1900&op_27406=0&txt_27406=&nfo_27409=V%2C40%2C1900&op_27409=0&txt_27409=&nfo_27410=V%2C1%2C1900&cl_27410=&nfo_27361=N%2C8%2C1889&op_27361=3&txt_27361=&txt_27361=&nfo_27363=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27363=0&txt_27363=&nfo_27364=V%2C50%2C1900&op_27364=0&txt_27364=&nfo_27366=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27366=&nfo_27384=D%2C8%2C1950&op_27384=8&txt_27384=06%2F28%2F1950&txt_27384=10%2F31%2F1950&nfo_27392=V%2C2%2C1900&cl_27392=H |date=22 December 2014 }} Korean War Extract Data File. Accessed 21 December 2014.</ref> The first four months prior to the Chinese intervention were by far the bloodiest per day for US forces, as they engaged the well-equipped KPA in intense fighting. American medical records show that from July to October 1950, the army sustained 31% of the combat deaths it ultimately incurred in the entire 37-month war.<ref>[http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/reister/appb.htm Office of Medical History – Army Nurse Corps History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808093826/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/reister/appb.htm |date=8 August 2020 }}. Accessed 7 January 2019. Table B-1.</ref> 45% of American casualties would be incurred after the first armistice negotiations with the Communists took place.{{sfn|Hastings|1988|p=407}}

1,789,000 American soldiers served in the war, accounting for 31% of the 5,720,000 Americans who served on active duty worldwide from 1950 to 1953.<ref name="2025-11-08-DCAS" /><ref name="Fact Sheet: America's Wars" />

Deaths from non-American militaries for the [[United Nations Command]] totaled 3,730, with another 379 missing.<ref name="ROK Web" /> {{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Breakdown of UN casualties|{{Flag|United Kingdom|1801}}: 1,109 dead<ref name="BESeoul"/> 2,674 wounded<ref name="BESeoul">{{Cite web |last=Office of the Defence Attaché |date=30 September 2010 |title=Korean war |url=http://ukinrok.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-korea/defence-relations/korean-war |access-date=16 February 2013 |website=British Embassy Seoul |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |archive-date=9 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409080726/http://ukinrok.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-korea/defence-relations/korean-war |url-status=dead }}</ref> 179 MIA<ref name="ROK Web"/> 977 POW<ref name="ROK Web"/>|{{Flag|Turkey|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW|{{Flag|Canada|1921|size=23px}}: 516 dead<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 October 2011 |title=Korean War WebQuest |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/korwebquest/grp02/korsum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130062836/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/korwebquest/grp02/korsum |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=In Brampton, Ontario, there is a 60-metre long "Memorial Wall" of polished granite, containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War.}} {{Cite web |last= |date=1 March 2013 |title=Canada Remembers the Korean War |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/KoreaWar/koreawar_fact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006110456/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/KoreaWar/koreawar_fact |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa.}}</ref> 1,042 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aiysha Abdullah |last2=Kirk Fachnie |date=6 December 2010 |title=Korean War veterans talk of "forgotten war" |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/news-nouvelles/story-reportage-eng.asp?id=4854 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072128/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/news-nouvelles/story-reportage-eng.asp?id=4854 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=Canadian Army |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded.}} {{Cite web |last= |title=Canadians in the Korean War |url=http://www.kvacanada.com/canadians_in_the_korean_war.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511043518/http://www.kvacanada.com/canadians_in_the_korean_war.htm |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=kvacanada.com |publisher=Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc. |quote=Canada's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died.}} {{Cite news |date=8 January 2013 |title=2013 declared year of Korean war veteran |work=MSN News |agency=The Canadian Press |url=http://news.ca.msn.com/canada/2013-declared-year-of-korean-war-veteran |url-status=dead |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102154432/http://news.ca.msn.com/canada/2013-declared-year-of-korean-war-veteran |archive-date=2 November 2013 |quote=The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three-year conflict included 516 people who died.}}</ref> 1 MIA<ref name="ROK Web"/> 33 POW<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ted Barris |date=1 July 2003 |title=Canadians in Korea |url=http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2003/07/canadians-in-korea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720042136/http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2003/07/canadians-in-korea/ |archive-date=20 July 2013 |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=legionmagazine.com |publisher=Royal Canadian Legion |quote=Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions.}}</ref>|{{Flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}:<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/korea/mia/ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328164845/https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/korea/mia/ |date=28 March 2012 }} Retrieved 17 March 2012</ref> 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW|{{Flagcountry|French Fourth Republic|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW|{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state|size=23px}}<ref name="ROK Web"/> 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW|{{Flag|Colombia|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW|{{Flag|Thailand|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA{{Clarify|reason=Conflicts with data on [[Royal Thai Armed Forces]] article|date=December 2021}}|{{Flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire|size=23px}}<ref name="ROK Web"/> 121 dead 536 wounded|{{Flag|Netherlands|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA|{{Flag|Belgium|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 101 dead 478 wounded 5 MIA 1 POW|{{Flagcountry|Third Philippine Republic|1936|size=23px}}:<ref name="GWHQ2002">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA160 |title=Ground Warfare: H–Q |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2002 |isbn=978-1576073445 |editor-last=Sandler |editor-first=Stanley |series=Volume 2 of Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia |page=160 |quote=Philippines: KIA 92; WIA 299; MIA/POW 97 New Zealand: KIA 34; WIA 299; MIA/POW 1 |access-date=19 March 2013 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155413/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA160 |url-status=live }}</ref> 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA/POW|{{Flag|Japan|1947}}:<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Suzuki |first=Tessa |author-link=Tessa Morris-Suzuki |date=29 July 2012 |title=Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War |url=https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=10 |issue=31 |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518035219/https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 79 dead|{{Flagcountry|Union of South Africa|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 34 dead 9 POW|{{Flag|New Zealand|size=23px}}:<ref name="GWHQ2002"/> 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA/POW|{{Flag|Norway|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 3 dead|{{Flag|Luxembourg|size=23px}}:<ref name="ROK Web"/> 2 dead 13 wounded|{{Flag|India|size=23px}}:<ref name="The Times, 14 August 1950">{{Cite news |date=14 August 1950 |title=Two War Reporters Killed |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |issn=0140-0460 |ref={{SfnRef|''The Times'', 14 August 1950}}}}</ref> 1 dead
}}

The Chinese and North Koreans claimed that about 390,000 soldiers from the US, 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were "eliminated" from the battlefield.<ref name="xu" />

==== Communist Losses ====
Chinese sources reported that the PVA suffered 114,000 battle deaths, 21,000 deaths from wounds, 13,000 deaths from illness, 340,000 wounded, and 7,600 missing. 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China.<ref name="xu" /> In 2010, the Chinese government revised its official tally of war losses to 183,108 dead (114,084 in combat, 70,000 deaths from wounds, illness and other causes) and 25,621 missing, a total of 208,729 dead or missing.<ref name="china.org.cn">[http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm "180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War, says Chinese general"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603132334/http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/28/content_20365659.htm |date=3 June 2013 }}. China Daily, 28 June 2010. State Council Information Office, Chinese government, Beijing. "According to statistics compiled by the army's medical departments and hospitals, 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents, and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing. The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds, illness and other causes, he said. To date, civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs, Xu said."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=南北375万人死亡した朝鮮戦争終戦宣言が期待されるも数歩後退に|url=https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/8584/|website=KOREA WORLD TIMES|date=30 January 2021|accessdate=2024-01-25|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092413/https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/8584/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, Chinese [[state media]] outlet ''[[China Daily]]'' reported the number of Chinese soldiers killed in the war at 197,653.<ref>[https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/29/WS5f727353a31024ad0ba7c74c.html "Seventy years later, a nation still remembers."] China Daily. 29 September 2020. "However, 197,653 Chinese soldiers were killed in the war. China had been seeking to bring their remains home for decades, but it was only in 2013 that China and the Republic of Korea signed a handover agreement."</ref> Chinese soldiers who served in Korea faced a greater chance of being killed or wounded than those who [[Second Sino-Japanese War|served in World War II]] or the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>Xiaobing 2009, p. 111.</ref>

According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, North Korean military losses totaled 294,151 dead, 91,206 missing, and 229,849 wounded, giving North Korea the highest military deaths of any belligerent in absolute and relative terms.<ref name="Andrew C. Nahm 2004 pages 129-130" /> The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset gave a similar figure for North Korean military deaths of 316,579.<ref name="PRIO">Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ―Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths.‖ European Journal of Population: 21(2–3): 145–166. Korean data available at [http://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604135816/https://files.prio.org/ReplicationData/BattleDeathsDataset/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%203.0%20Documentation.pdf|date=4 June 2022}}, pp. 359–362.</ref> Chinese sources reported similar figures for the North Korean military of 290,000 "casualties" and 90,000 captured.<ref name="xu" /> The financial cost for North Korea was massive indirect losses and lost economic activity; the country was devastated by the cost of the war and the [[Bombing of North Korea|American bombing campaign]], which, among other things, destroyed 85% of North Korea's buildings and 95% of its power generation.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017). ''King of Spies: The Dark Reign of America's Spymaster in Korea''. New York, p. 9.</ref> The Soviet Union suffered 299 dead, with 335 planes lost.<ref name="Krivosheev1997">{{Cite book |last=Krivošeev |first=Grigorij F. |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century |date=1997 |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=978-1853672804 |location=London}}</ref>

The Americans claimed during the war that they had killed over 1,500,000 Chinese and North Korean soldiers. Historian [[Max Hastings]] states that this figure is likely exaggerated, with a more realistic number being around 500,000 dead Chinese soldiers.{{sfn|Hastings|1988|p=407}} Historian [[Hans van de Ven]] writes that reasonable estimates for Chinese and North Korean military casualties are roughly half a million casualties for each of their respective armies, or one million total.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van de Ven |first=Hans |title=China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=264}}</ref>

The American [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] estimated the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded, while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed, 303,000 wounded, and over 101,000 captured or missing.<ref name="Hickey" /> Cumings claims a much higher figure of 900,000 dead Chinese soldiers.<ref name="Cumings p. 35" />

Overall, 73% of Chinese infantry troops served in Korea (25 of 34 armies, or 79 of 109 infantry divisions, were rotated in). More than 52% of the Chinese air force, 55% of the tank units, 67% of the artillery divisions, and 100% of the railroad engineering divisions were sent to Korea as well.<ref>Xiaobing 2009, p. 106.</ref> China spent over 10 billion yuan on the war (roughly US $3.3 billion), not counting USSR aid.<ref name="Xiaobing 2009, p. 112">Xiaobing 2009, p. 112.</ref> This included US $1.3 billion in money owed to the Soviet Union by the end of it. This was a relatively large cost, as China had only 4% of the national income of the United States.<ref name="xu" /> Spending on the war constituted 34–43% of China's annual government budget from 1950 to 1953, depending on the year.<ref name="Xiaobing 2009, p. 112" /> Despite its underdeveloped economy, Chinese military spending was the world's fourth largest globally for the war's duration after that of the US, the Soviet Union, and the UK.<ref>Correlates of War: National Material Capabilities (v4.0) Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from [https://ourworldindata.org/military-spending here.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808224851/https://ourworldindata.org/military-spending |date=8 August 2019 }} Accessed 8 August 2019.</ref>

== Violations of the laws of war ==
{{Main|War crimes in the Korean War}}

[[File:South Korean soldiers walk among dead political prisoners, Taejon, South Korea.jpg|thumb|South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon, July 1950]]
[[File:Korean civilians fleeing from the North Korean forces, killed when caught in the line of fire during night attack by guerrilla forces near Yongsan HD-SN-99-03166.jpg|thumb|Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan, August 1950]]
There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean War committed by both sides, starting in the war's first days. In 2005–2010, a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)|South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] investigated atrocities and other human rights violations through much of the 20th century, from the [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese colonial period]] through the Korean War and beyond. It excavated some mass graves from the Bodo League massacres and confirmed the general outlines of those political executions. Of the Korean War-era massacres the commission was petitioned to investigate, 82% were perpetrated by South Korean forces, with 18% perpetrated by North Korean forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Truth Commission: South Korea 2005 |work=United States Institute of Peace |url=http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-south-korea-2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224046/http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-south-korea-2005 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=23 December 2018 |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]]}}</ref><ref>cf. the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's preliminary March 2009 report: {{Cite web |date=March 2009 |title=Truth and Reconciliation: Activities of the Past Three Years |url=http://jinsil.go.kr/pdf/%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%9C_20MS%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_0205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171441/http://jinsil.go.kr/pdf/%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%9C_20MS%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_0205.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |publisher=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)]] |page=39 |quote=Out of those 9,600 petitions, South Korean forces conducted 7,922 individual massacres and North Korean forces conducted 1,687 individual massacres.}}</ref><ref name="bloodbath">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2010 |title=Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame |work=The San Diego Union Tribune |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame-2010jul10-story.html |access-date=11 June 2019 |quote=Last November, after investigating petitions from surviving relatives, the commission announced it had verified and identified 4,934 execution victims. But historian Kim Dong-choon, the former commissioner who led that investigation, estimates at least 60,000 to 110,000 died, and similar numbers were summarily executed when northern troops were driven from South Korea later in 1950 and alleged southern collaborators were rounded up. 'I am estimating conservatively,' he said. Korean War historian Park Myung-lim, methodically reviewing prison records, said he believes perhaps 200,000 were slaughtered in mid-1950 alone. |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104180904/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-korea-bloodbath-probe-ends-us-escapes-much-blame-2010jul10-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Bodo League massacre]]s were the mass killings of alleged communists by South Korean forces in the summer of 1950 following North Korea's invasion. The commission was able to verify 4,934 execution victims in these massacres but historians estimate that at least 60,000 people were killed with estimates reaching 200,000.<ref name="bloodbath" /> The most well known North Korean massacre was the [[Seoul National University Hospital massacre]] on 28 June 1950 where over 1,000 patients and wounded soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-31 |title=1950 mass killing of 1,000 at Seoul hospital by North Korean troops officially labeled ‘massacre’ |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/national-en/2025/03/31/KKSZAWARRJCHZAOZOL5RJTY7OE/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=The Chosun Daily |language=en}}</ref>

The commission also received petitions alleging more than 200 large-scale killings of South Korean civilians by the U.S. military during the war, mostly air attacks. It confirmed several such cases, including refugees crowded into a cave attacked with napalm bombs, which survivors said killed 360 people, and an air attack that killed 197 refugees gathered in a field in the far south. It recommended South Korea seek reparations from the United States, but in 2010, a reorganized commission under a new, conservative government concluded that most U.S. mass killings resulted from "military necessity", while in a small number of cases, they concluded, the U.S. military had acted with "low levels of unlawfulness", but the commission recommended against seeking reparations.<ref name="bloodbath" />

The UN bombing of North Korea during the Korean War has been condemned as a war crime by various authors. Historian Bruce Cumings has stated: "What hardly any Americans know or remember is that we carpet-bombed the North for three years with next to no concern for civilian casualties."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |title=The Korean War: A History |publisher=Modern Library |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8129-7896-4 |location=New York |pages=149 and 159}}</ref> Scholar Sahr Conway-Lanz has stated that "During the war, American military and civilian officials stretched the term "[[Legitimate military target|military target]]" to include virtually all human-made structures, capitalizing on the vague [[Distinction (law)|distinction]] between the military and civilian segments of an enemy society. They came to apply the logic of [[total war]] to the destruction of the civil infrastructure in North Korea."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conway-Lanz |first1=Sahr |title=Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=84}}</ref>

=== No Gun Ri massacre ===
Almost a half century after the Korean War, on 29 September 1999, a team of [[Associated Press]] (AP) journalists reported that a dozen ex-American GI soldiers had confirmed that US forces killed large numbers of civilian [[Refugee|refugees]] in July 1950 — up to 400 according to Korean villagers (mostly women, children, and elderly persons) — under and around a railroad trestle in the hamlet of [[No Gun Ri massacre|No Gun Ri]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hanley |first=Charles J. |title=The Bridge at No Gun Ri: A Hidden Nightmare from the Korean War |last2=Choe |first2=Sang-Hun |last3=Mendoza |first3=Martha |date=2001 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |isbn=978-0-8050-6658-6 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref> The AP "also published declassified military documents showing that U.S. military commanders had issued standing orders to shoot civilians."<ref name=":2" /> The highest levels of the South Korean and US governments ordered and conducted lengthy investigations on the matter. “The Pentagon’s No Gun Ri review spent a year examining over a million documents and the interview statements from approximately 275 American and Korean witnesses and issued its findings in early 2001.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |title=Collateral damage: Americans, noncombatant immunity, and atrocity after World War II |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-97828-6 |location=New York}}</ref> In its final report, after years of dismissing the story of Korean villagers, the U.S. Army affirmed the AP’s finding that American troops had killed the refugees.

==Aftermath==
{{Main|Aftermath of the Korean War|Proposed Peace Treaty on the Korean Peninsula|2018–19 Korean peace process|Panmunjom Declaration|Korean peace agreement}}

=== North Korea ===
As a result of the war, "North Korea had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society.”

After the armistice, Kim Il Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance. In September 1953, the Soviet government agreed to "cancel or postpone repayment for all…outstanding debts", and promised to grant North Korea one billion [[rubles]] in monetary aid, industrial equipment and consumer goods. Eastern European members of the [[Soviet Bloc]] also contributed with "logistical support, technical aid, [and] medical supplies". China canceled North Korea's war debts, provided 800 million [[Chinese yuan|yuan]], promised trade cooperation and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure.<ref name="japanfocus.org" /> Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped<ref>[http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20100818000783&cpv=0 North Korea cornered with snowballing debts-The Korea Herald]. View.koreaherald.com (18 August 2010). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref> and continues to be a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] dictatorship since the end of the war, with an elaborate [[North Korean cult of personality|cult of personality]] around the [[Kim family (North Korea)|Kim dynasty]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=9 April 2018 |title=North Korea country profile |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929 |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085335/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/north-korea-defectors/ |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201200057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/north-korea-defectors/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Totalitarianism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816213316/https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Korean Peninsula at night from space.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Korean Peninsula]] at night, shown in a 2017 composite photograph from [[NASA]]]]

Present-day North Korea follows ''[[Songun]]'', or "military-first" policy and has the [[List of countries by number of troops|highest number of military and paramilitary personnel]] in the world, with 7,769,000 active, reserve and paramilitary personnel, or approximately {{Percentage|7,769,000|{{UN_Population|Dem. People's Republic of Korea}}}} of its population. Its active-duty army of 1.28 million is the fourth largest in the world, after China, the United States and India; consisting of {{Percentage|1280000|{{UN_Population|Dem. People's Republic of Korea}}|1}} of its population. North Korea [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|possesses nuclear weapons]]. A 2014 UN inquiry into abuses of [[human rights in North Korea]] concluded that, "the gravity, scale and nature of these violations reveal a state that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world," with [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] holding similar views.<ref name="Amnesty International 2007">{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |author-link=Amnesty International |date=2007 |title=North Korea: Human Rights Concerns |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/north_korea/index.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329050950/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/north_korea/index.do |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=1 August 2007 }}</ref><ref name="ohchr.org">{{Citation |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Chapter VII. Conclusions and recommendations |date=17 February 2014 |work=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=346 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104633/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc |archive-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=live}}.</ref><ref name="hrw1">{{Cite web |last=Kay Seok |date=15 May 2007 |title=Grotesque indifference |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/16/nkorea15944.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929174709/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/16/nkorea15944.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=1 August 2007 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref name="hrw2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2009 |title=Human Rights in North Korea |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/17/human-rights-north-korea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429044053/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/17/human-rights-north-korea |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=13 December 2010 |author1=Kay Seok |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas. South Korea, which started from a far lower industrial base than North Korea (the latter contained 80% of Korea's heavy industry in 1945),<ref name="Robinson 119-120">{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Michael E |url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119 |title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5 |location=Honolulu, HI |pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119 119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up 120]}}</ref> stagnated in the first postwar decade. In 1953, South Korea, and the United States signed a [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)|Mutual Defense Treaty]].

South Korean [[Anti-American sentiment in Korea|anti-Americanism]] after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of [[United States Forces Korea]] military personnel and U.S. support for Park's authoritarian regime, a fact still evident during the country's democratic transition in the 1980s.<ref name="NYTimes12July1987" /> However, anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years, from 46% favorable in 2003 to 74% favorable in 2011,<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/06/27/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-american-foreign-policy/ "Global Unease With Major World Powers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310043046/http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/06/27/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-american-foreign-policy/ |date=10 March 2013 }}. Pew Research Center. 27 June 2007.</ref> making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries.<ref>[http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf |date=23 November 2012 }}, 7 March 2011.</ref>

A large number of [[Amerasian|mixed-race]] "GI babies" (offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women) were filling up the country's orphanages. Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties, bloodlines, and purity of race, children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society. International adoption of Korean children began in 1954.<ref name="Jang1998"/> The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1952]] legalized the [[naturalization]] of non-Blacks and non-Whites as U.S. citizens and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea. With the passage of the [[Immigration Act of 1965]], which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans, [[Korean American|Koreans]] became one of the fastest-growing [[Asian American|Asian]] groups in the United States.<ref name="Choe2005"/>

=== United States ===
The indelible meaning of the war for Americans was the unprecedented and new [[United States|American]] [[Military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]] that arose in the 1950s. The United States spent US $30 billion on the Korean War.<ref>Daggett, Stephen. Costs of Major U.S. Wars Archived 16 January 2019 at the [[Wayback Machine]]. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, p. 2.</ref> The Korean War transformed the United States into a nation very different than it had ever been before: one with hundreds of permanent military bases abroad, a large standing army, and a permanent national security state at
=== China ===
[[File:NKmuseum.jpg|thumb|North Koreans touring the [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities|Museum of American War Atrocities]] in 2009]]

Mao Zedong's decision to take on the United States was a direct attempt to confront what the communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-communist power in the world, undertaken at a time when the Chinese communist regime was still consolidating its own power. Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea, but because he believed that a military conflict with the U.S. was inevitable after the U.S. entered the war, and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao's goal of making China a major world military power. Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community. In his later years, Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China's entrance into the Korean War. Inside mainland China, the war improved the long-term prestige of Mao, Zhou, and Peng, allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-communist dissent.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=150}}

The Chinese government has encouraged the viewpoint that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea, though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Stalin to enter the war. In Chinese media, the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China's engaging the strongest power in the world with an underequipped army, forcing it to retreat, and fighting it to a military stalemate. These successes were contrasted with China's [[Century of humiliation|historical humiliations]] by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years, highlighting the abilities of the PLA and the Chinese Communist Party. The Korean war cemented China's relationship with the USSR for some time, making it more dependent on the Soviet Union for development aid and technology, while limiting cooperation between China and the US. A high proportion of government expenditures were needed for the war and this slowed China's reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Suyin |url=https://archive.org/details/eldestsonzhouenl00hans |title=Eldest son |date=1994 |publisher=Hill and Wang |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8090-4151-0 |pages=226–227}}</ref> The most significant negative long-term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s regime in Taiwan, effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day.{{Sfn|Barnouin|Yu|2006|p=150}} [[Anti-Americanism|Anti-U.S. sentiments]], which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War, were ingrained into Chinese culture during the [[communist propaganda]] campaigns of the Korean War.<ref>{{Citation |last=Zhang |first=Hong |title=The Making of Urban Chinese Images of the United States, 1945–1953 |date=2002 |pages=164–167 |place=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313310010}}.</ref>

=== Others ===
The Korean War affected other participant combatants. [[Turkey]], for example, entered NATO in 1952,<ref name="StateDept"/> and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade [[South Korea–Turkey relations|relations with South Korea]].<ref name="Turquie2010"/> The war also played a role in the [[Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)|refugee crisis in Turkey in 1950–1951]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|North Korea|South Korea|1950s}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Korean War in popular culture]]
* [[Korean–American Volunteer Group]]
* [[List of books about the Korean War]]
* [[List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients]]
* [[List of Korean War weapons]]
* [[List of military equipment used in the Korean War]]
* [[Partisans in the Korean War]]
* [[Transfer of People's Volunteer Army soldiers' remains from South Korea to China]]
* [[United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission|UN Command Military Armistice Commission]] operating from 1953 to the present
* [[United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea|UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea]]
* [[United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea|UN Temporary Commission on Korea]]
* [[United Service Organizations]]
* [[United Nations Command]]
* [[United Nations Security Council]]
* [[Use of force in international law]]

{{Div col end}}

=== War memorials ===
[[File:24-01-112-korea-pow.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial at [[Andersonville National Historic Site]]]]
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Korean War Memorial Wall (Canada)|Korean War Memorial Wall]],{{Ref|25|map}} [[Brampton]], Ontario
* [[Korean War Veterans Memorial]], Washington, D.C.
* [[Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea]], [[Dandong]], China
* [[National War Memorial (New Zealand)]]
* [[Philadelphia Korean War Memorial]]
* [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]], Busan
* [[w:tr:Kore'de Savaşan Türkler Anıtı|Memorial of Turks Who Fought in Korea]], [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] {{In lang|tr}}
* [[Victorious War Museum]], Pyongyang, North Korea
* [[War Memorial of Korea]], [[Yongsan-dong, Seoul|Yongsan-dong]], Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs =


<ref name="ROK Web">{{Cite web |title=Casualties of Korean War |url=http://www.imhc.mil.kr/imhcroot/data/korea_view.jsp?seq=4&page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040603/http://www.imhc.mil.kr/imhcroot/data/korea_view.jsp?seq=4&page=1 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=14 February 2007 |publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)]]|language=ko}}</ref>

<ref name="Hickey">{{Cite web |last=Hickey |first=Michael |title=The Korean War: An Overview |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_04.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205152624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_04.shtml |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref>




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<ref name="Gromyko1950">{{Cite web |last=Gromyko |first=Andrei A. |date=4 July 1950 |title=On American Intervention in Korea, 1950 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950-gromyko-korea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141853/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950-gromyko-korea.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |website=Modern History Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham University |location=New York}}</ref>

<ref name="Gross1951">{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Leo |date=February 1951 |title=Voting in the Security Council: Abstention from Voting and Absence from Meetings |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5390&context=ylj |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=209–257 |doi=10.2307/793412 |jstor=793412 |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426173818/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5390&context=ylj |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Schick1950">{{Cite journal |last=Schick |first=F. B. |date=September 1950 |title=Videant Consules |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=311–325 |doi=10.2307/443348 |jstor=443348}}</ref>

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<ref name="Stewart">{{Cite web |editor-last=Stewart |editor-first=Richard W |title=The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203234437/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm |archive-date=3 December 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |website=history.army.mil |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History}}</ref>





<ref name="DoyleMayer1979">{{Cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=James H. |last2=Mayer |first2=Arthur J |date=April 1979 |title=December 1950 at Hungnam |journal=U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=44–65}}</ref>



<ref name="MacArthur">''Reminiscences'', MacArthur, Douglas.</ref><!unacceptable as-is; data will have to be confirmed or removed-->

<ref name="Timmons">{{Cite web |last=Timmons |first=Robert |title=Allies mark 60th anniversary of Chipyong-ni victory |url=https://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/20110222chipyongni-timmons.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113141628/http://8tharmy.korea.army.mil/20110222chipyongni-timmons.asp |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=8tharmy.korea.army.mil |publisher=US Eighth Army}}</ref>

<ref name="Boose2000">{{Cite web |last=Boose | first=Donald W. Jr. |date=Spring 2000 |title=Fighting While Talking: The Korean War Truce Talks |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/korea/boose.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712210732/http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/korea/boose.html |archive-date=12 July 2007 |access-date=7 November 2009 |website=OAH Magazine of History |publisher=Organization of American Historians |quote=... the UNC advised that only 70,000 out of over 170,000 North Korean and Chinese prisoners desired repatriation.}}</ref>

<ref name="Ho1993">{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Jong Ho |title=The US Imperialists started the Korean War |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |date=1993 |location=Pyongyang, N. Korea |page=230 |asin=B0000CP2AZ}}</ref>

<ref name="KCNA2011">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=War Victory Day of DPRK Marked in Different Countries |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201108/news01/20110801-02ee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130625/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201108/news01/20110801-02ee.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011 |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]]}}</ref>
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<ref name="DPMO">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Defense |title=DPMO White Paper: Punch Bowl 239 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/news/special_reports/documents/010228_punch_bowl_239.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106054156/http://www.dtic.mil/dpmo/news/special_reports/documents/010228_punch_bowl_239.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Army Times">{{Cite news |date=1 March 2008 |title=Remains from Korea identified as Ind. soldier |publisher=Army News |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/03/ap_korea_remains_022908/ |access-date=25 December 2011 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526202110/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/03/ap_korea_remains_022908/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="SwissArmy">{{Cite web |title=NNSC in Korea |url=http://www.vtg.admin.ch/internet/vtg/en/home/themen/einsaetze/peace/korea.parsys.0003.downloadList.53335.DownloadFile.tmp/nnsc2011e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825200823/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/ |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=22 December 2011 |publisher=Swiss Armed Forces, International Command}}</ref>

<ref name="SwedishArmy">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=Korea – NSCC |url=http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825200823/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Forces-abroad/Korea-/ |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=Forsvarsmakten.se |publisher=Swedish Armed Forces}}</ref>

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<ref name="Choe2005">{{Cite web |last1=Choe |first1=Yong-Ho |last2=Kim |first2=Ilpyong J. |last3=Han |first3=Moo-Young |date=2005 |title=Annotated Chronology of the Korean Immigration to the United States: 1882 to 1952 |url=http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0501.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102130808/http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0501.html |archive-date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 December 2011 |website=Duke.edu}}</ref>

{{cite journal | last=Kim | first=Jinhyouk | title=Development and Influence of Military Medicine during the Korean War: the Medical Field Service School and Training in the U.S. | journal=Korean Journal of Medical History | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=2023-12-31 | issn=1225-505X | doi=10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.891 | pages=891–930| pmid=38273724 | pmc=10822703 }}

{{cite web | last=Millett | first=Allan R. | title=Korean War—Invasion, Counterinvasion, 1950-51 - Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=1999-05-04 | url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War | access-date=25 July 2019 | archive-date=24 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090911/https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War | url-status=live }}

}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{See also|United States in the Korean War#Further reading|Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Appleman |first=Roy E. |title=South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |date=1998 |isbn=978-0160019180 |access-date=14 July 2010 |url=https://www.history.army.mil/html/books/020/20-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524200107/https://history.army.mil/html/books/020/20-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2022 |orig-year=1961}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Barnouin |first1=Barbara |title=Zhou Enlai: A Political Life |last2=Yu |first2=Changgeng |publisher=Chinese University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-9629962807 |location=Hong Kong}}
* {{Cite book |last=Becker |first=Jasper |url=https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck |title=Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0195170443 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSxyDwAAQBAJ |title=Presidents of War: The Epic Story, from 1807 to Modern Times |publisher=Crown |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-307-40960-7 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2003 |author-link=Clay Blair}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Jian |title=China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1994 |isbn=978-0231100250 |location=New York}}
* Chang, David Cheng. "War of Prisoners" ''History Today'' (2024) 74#7, pp. 28-43.
* {{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=A Statistical History of the Korean War: 1950-1953 |publisher=Merriam Press |date=1989 |location=Bennington, Vermont}}
* Cohen, Warren I. "The Korean War and Its Consequences" in ''The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations'' (2013) [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-history-of-american-foreign-relations/korean-war-and-its-consequences/3751AE13AB232797A6098DA672730D5E online]

* {{Cite book |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |title=Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |location=New York |pages=151}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0393327021 |location=New York |author-link=Bruce Cumings}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |title=Origins of the Korean War |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1981 |isbn=978-8976966124 |chapter=3, 4 |author-link=Bruce Cumings}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dear |first1=Ian |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/516 |title=The Oxford Companion to World War II |last2=Foot |first2=M.R.D. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0198662259 |location=Oxford, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/516 516] |author-link=I. C. B. Dear |author-link2=M. R. D. Foot}}

* Goncharov, Sergei, et al. ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War'' (Stanford University Press, 1993) [https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503622111/html online]

* {{Cite book |last=Goulden |first=Joseph C. |title=Korea: The Untold Story of the War |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |date=1983 |isbn=978-0070235809 |location=New York |page=17}}

* {{Cite book |last=Halberstam |first=David |title=The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War |title-link=The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War |publisher=Hyperion |date=2007 |isbn=978-1401300524 |location=New York |author-link=David Halberstam}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=Max |author-link=Max Hastings |title=The Korean War |date=1988 |publisher=Simon & Schuster}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jager |first=Sheila Miyoshi |title=Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea |publisher=Profile Books |date=2013 |isbn=978-1846680670 |location=London |author-link=Sheila Miyoshi Jager}}
* Jervice, Robert. "The impact of the Korean War on the Cold War." ''Journal of Conflict Resolution'' 24#4 (1980): 563-592.
* {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Yǒng-jin |title=Major Powers and Korea |publisher=Research Institute on Korean Affairs |date=1973 |location=Silver Spring, MD |oclc=251811671}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Steven Hugh |title=The Korean War in History and Historiography |journal=The Journal of American-East Asian Relations |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=14 June 2014 |issn=1058-3947 |doi=10.1163/18765610-02102010 |pages=185–206}}

* Lin, L., et al. "Whose history? An analysis of the Korean war in history textbooks from the United States, South Korea, Japan, and China". ''Social Studies'' 100.5 (2009): 222–232. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf online]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110137/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Hoge/publication/249038081_Whose_History_An_Analysis_of_the_Korean_War_in_History_Textbooks_from_the_United_States_South_Korea_Japan_and_China/links/55108ab00cf20352196c0c69/Whose-History-An-Analysis-of-the-Korean-War-in-History-Textbooks-from-the-United-States-South-Korea-Japan-and-China.pdf |date=17 February 2022 }}

* {{Cite book |last=Malkasian |first=Carter |title=The Korean War, 1950–1953 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |date=2001 |isbn=978-1579583644 |series=Essential Histories |location=London; Chicago}} [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZGoA65bSFpQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=carter+malkasian+war&ots=cw6f0vGnYM&sig=7puKN0F25DaHUWbZGgblaW_5XP4 online]

* Matray, James I., and Donald W. Boose Jr, eds. ''The Ashgate research companion to the Korean War'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Ashgate-Research-Companion-Korean-War/dp/0367669382/ excerpt]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901052646/https://www.amazon.com/Ashgate-Research-Companion-Korean-War/dp/0367669382 |date=1 September 2021 }}; covers historiography
* Matray, James I. "Conflicts in Korea" in Daniel S. Margolies, ed. ''A Companion to Harry S. Truman'' (2012) pp 498–531; emphasis on historiography
* {{Cite book |last=Millett |first=Allan R. |title=The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography |publisher=Potomac Books Inc. |date=2007 |isbn=978-1574889765 |series=The Essential Bibliography Series |location=Dulles, VA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mossman |first=Billy C. |title=Ebb and Flow, November 1950 – July 1951 |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |date=1990 |series=United States Army in the Korean War |volume=5 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=16764325 |access-date=3 May 2010 |url=https://www.history.army.mil/html/books/020/20-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524200107/https://history.army.mil/html/books/020/20-4/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2022}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book |last=Nichols |first=Kenneth |title=The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of how America's Nuclear Policies were made |edition= |orig-date= |year=1987 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |isbn=0-688-06910-X |oclc= |page= |pages=}}

* Park, Hong-Kyu. "American involvement in the Korean war." ''The History Teacher'' 16.2 (1983): 249-263.

* {{Cite book |last=Perrett |first=Bryan |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietarmoursinc0000perr |title=Soviet Armour Since 1945 |publisher=Blandford |date=1987 |isbn=978-0713717358 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ravino |first1=Jerry |title=Flame Dragons of the Korean War |last2=Carty |first2=Jack |publisher=Turner |date=2003 |location=Paducah, KY}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rees |first=David |title=Korea: The Limited War |publisher=St Martin's |date=1964 |location=New York |oclc=1078693}}

* Sandler, Stanley. "The Korean War: An Interpretive History," in Richard Jensen, John Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. ''Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century'' (Praeger, 2003) pp.149–169.

* {{Cite book |last=Stein |first=R. Conrad |url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwarthefor00stei |title=The Korean War: "The Forgotten War" |publisher=Enslow Publishers |date=1994 |isbn=978-0894905261 |location=Hillside, NJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stokesbury |first=James L. |title=A Short History of the Korean War |publisher=Harper Perennial |date=1990 |isbn=978-0688095130 |location=New York}}
* {{Citation |last=Stueck |first=William W. |title=The Korean War: An International History |url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinterna0000stue |date=1995 |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691037677}}
* {{Citation |last=Stueck |first=William W. |title=Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History |date=2002 |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691118475}}
* {{Citation |last=Weathersby |first=Kathryn |title=Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War, 1945–50: New Evidence From the Russian Archives |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian |date=1993 |publisher=Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 8 |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022000/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/soviet-aims-korea-and-the-origins-the-korean-war-1945-50-new-evidence-the-russian |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Weathersby |first=Kathryn |title="Should We Fear This?" Stalin and the Danger of War with America |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/should-we-fear-stalin-and-the-danger-war-america |date=2002 |publisher=Cold War International History Project: Working Paper No. 39 |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031023/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/should-we-fear-stalin-and-the-danger-war-america |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Werrell |first=Kenneth P. |title=Sabres Over MiG Alley |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-1591149330 |location=Annapolis, MD}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |title=Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941–45: The T-28, T-34, T-34-85, and T-44 Medium Tanks |last2=Kinnear |first2=Jim |last3=Aksenov |first3=Andrey |last4=Koshchavtsev |first4=Aleksandr |date=1997 |publisher=Concord Publication |isbn=9623616155 |series=Armor at War |location=Hong Kong |ref=Zaloga-1997}}
* {{Citation |last=Zhang |first=Shu Guang |title=Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 |date=1995 |place=Lawrence, KS |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700607235}}

===Historiography===
* Calvey, Nicholas. "The Pursuit of Truth: The Epistemological Story Beneath Korean War Historiography." ''ORACLE: The History Journal of Boston College'' (2025) 10#1 pp. 96+. [https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/orac/issue/download/1479/393#page=97 online]
* Kyuhyun, J. O. "The “Civil War Thesis” and the Myth of Revisionism in the Historiography of the Korean War: A Critical Review of Recent (Post-Cumings) Scholarly Literature." ''Korea Journal'' 62.4 (2022): 253-268. [https://accesson.kr/kj/assets/pdf/28127/journal-62-4-253.pdf online]
* Lee, Steven Hugh. "The Korean War in History and Historiography." ''Journal of American-East Asian Relations'' 21.2 (2014): 185-206. [https://www.academia.edu/download/54263360/The_Korean_War_in_History_and_Historiography.pdf online]

* Millett, Allan R. "The Korean War: A 50‐year critical historiography." ''The Journal of Strategic Studies'' 24.1 (2001): 188-224. [http://smallwars.ferrellhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MILLETT-korea-historiography-2001-33-p-text.pdf online]
* Yuh, Leighanne. "The historiography of Korea in the United States." ''International Journal of Korean History'' 15.2 (2010): 127-144. [https://www.academia.edu/download/57492699/US_historiography.pdf online]

{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Korean War|voy=Korean War}}
* Records of [https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-commission-for-unification-and-rehabilitation-of-korea-uncurk-1950-1973 the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK) (1950–1973)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421195550/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-commission-for-unification-and-rehabilitation-of-korea-uncurk-1950-1973 |date=21 April 2021 }} at the United Nations Archives

===Historical===
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar01/index.html THE KOREAN WAR (1) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1997 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122734/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar01/index.html |date=9 July 2023 }}
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310234112240.pdf THE KOREAN WAR (1) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1997 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607035938/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310234112240.pdf |date=7 June 2023 }}
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar02/index.html THE KOREAN WAR (2) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122735/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar02/index.html |date=9 July 2023 }}
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233492010.pdf THE KOREAN WAR (2) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1999 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607120011/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233492010.pdf |date=7 June 2023 }}
* [https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar03/index.html THE KOREAN WAR (3) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1999 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709122732/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/thekoreanwar03/index.html |date=9 July 2023 }}
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233258330.pdf THE KOREAN WAR (3) - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1998 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607132444/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202303310233258330.pdf |date=7 June 2023 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheJustFatherlandLiberationWarOfHteKoreanPeople History of the Just Fatherland Liberation War of the Korean People (PDF)] The Research Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* [http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice: Truman on Acheson's Crucial Role in Going to War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221204021/http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice |date=21 February 2015 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html Korean War resources, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024426/http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html |date=26 June 2014 }}
* [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project North Korea International Documentation Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120421181722/http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm/search/collection/p4103coll2/searchterm/Korean%20War,%201950-1953/field/all/mode/exact/conn/and/cosuppress/ Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project digital collection]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25KoreaIntro.html The Forgotten War, Remembered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309061111/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25KoreaIntro.html |date=9 March 2021 }} – four testimonials in ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427055750/http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html |date=27 April 2021 }} an online collection of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140405233626/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll27 Korean War, US Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection] U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania
* [http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/home.htm Koreanwar-educator.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314194140/http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/home.htm |date=14 March 2021 }}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.li.263.927|name=Film No. 927}}

===Media===
* [https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/korean-war West Point Atlas of the Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316035459/https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/korean-war |date=16 March 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082712/http://www.life.com/gallery/43961/the-korean-war-you-never-knew The Korean War You Never Knew] – slideshows by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607808414225/ U.S. Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080531/https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607808414225/ |date=8 March 2021 }}
* [http://www.awesomestories.com/history/korean-war/war-pictures Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223106/http://www.awesomestories.com/history/korean-war/war-pictures |date=5 November 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130910141733/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/content/collections/korea/flash/index_en.html ''Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea'' – multimedia project including veteran interviews]
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish Pathé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106060612/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish |date=6 January 2012 }} Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/korean-war/forgotten-heroes-canada-and-the-korean-war/canadas-troops-head-to-korea.html CBC Digital Archives – Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108131646/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/korean-war/forgotten-heroes-canada-and-the-korean-war/canadas-troops-head-to-korea.html |date=8 November 2012 }}
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26287786 Uncertain Enemies: Soviet Pilots in the Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815185949/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26287786 |date=15 August 2021 }}

===Organizations===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102121134/http://kdvamerica.org/About.html Korea Defense Veterans of America]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080422040026/http://www.koreanwarexpow.org/info/jpac.html Korean War Ex-POW Association]
* [http://www.kwva.org/pow_mia/index.htm Korean War Veterans Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307162850/http://www.kwva.org/pow_mia/index.htm |date=7 March 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170804200943/http://www.koreanwararchives.com/index.html The Center for the Study of the Korean War]

===Memorials===
* [http://www.koreanchildren.org/ Korean Children's War Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304075426/http://www.koreanchildren.org/ |date=4 March 2021 }}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/e-America/index.htm Chinese 50th Anniversary Korean War Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226202230/http://www.china.org.cn/e-America/index.htm |date=26 February 2021 }}

{{Korean War}}
{{Cold War}}
{{American conflicts}}
{{Harry S. Truman}}
{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
{{Russian Conflicts}}
{{PRC conflicts}}
{{Philippines conflicts}}
{{Philippine involvement in Korean War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Korean War| ]]
[[Category:1950s in North Korea]]
[[Category:1950s in South Korea]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
[[Category:Anti-North Korean sentiment in South Korea]]
[[Category:Anti-South Korean sentiment in North Korea]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Korea]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Civil wars of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1950]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1951]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1952]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1953]]
[[Category:History of Korea]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:United Nations operations in Asia|Korea]]
[[Category:Wars involving Australia]]
[[Category:Wars involving Belgium]]
[[Category:Wars involving Canada]]
[[Category:Wars involving France]]
[[Category:Wars involving Greece]]
[[Category:Wars involving Korea]]
[[Category:Wars involving Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Wars involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Wars involving North Korea]]
[[Category:Wars involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving South Korea]]
[[Category:Wars involving Thailand]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Ethiopian Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Wars involving the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Philippines]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United States]]
[[Category:Wars involving Turkey]]

Anant Nag

2026-03-29T01:11:43Z

AryaInIND: further cleaned up citations per sources further and added references

{{short description|Indian actor and politician (born 1948)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Anantnag]], a city in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anant Nag
| image = Padma_Bhushan_Shri_Anant_Nag.jpg
| caption = Nag in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Shirali]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|politician}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| works = [[Anant Nag filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]]|1987}}
| family = [[Shankar Nag]] (brother) [[Arundathi Nag]] (sister-in-law)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2025) [[Rajyotsava Award]] (2007)
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
}}

'''Anant Nagarkatte''' (born 4 September 1948) is an Indian actor whose predominant contribution has been in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]].<ref name="versatile">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/233424/versatile-veteran.html|title=Versatile Veteran|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 March 2012}}</ref> He has acted in over 300 films which include over 250 Kannada films and few films in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]] languages.<ref name="Nag">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/films-were-bolder-in-the-past/article5184996.ece|title=Films were bolder in the past|date=October 2013|publisher=Frontline|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Water">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/851850/an-actor-should-be-like-water-ego-less-an-interview-with-kannada-icon-anant-nag|title='An actor should be like water, ego-less':An interview with Kannada icon Anant Nag|publisher=Scroll|date=8 October 2017}}</ref> He has featured in [[theatre|theatre plays]], [[parallel cinema]]<ref name="Water" /> and [[television show]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/anant-nag-returns-to-small-screen/article4900193.ece|title=Anant Nag returns to small screen|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="versatile" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/070916/a-brilliant-nagotiator.html|title=A brilliant 'NAG'otiator|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="supporting">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/an-ode-to-the-supporting-actor-826628.html|title=An ode to the supporting actor|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

Nag made his feature film debut through ''Sankalpa'' (1973) directed by Prof. P.V Nanjaraj Urs. Sankalpa went on to win seven state awards in Karnataka. His foray into parallel cinema was through [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'' (1974).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ankur-1974/article3927837.ece|title=Ankur (1974)|work=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/ht-brunch-cover-story-over-the-top-and-on-point-with-shyam-benegal/story-TnqUIfItpAGhf8Nl3c3dUJ.html|title=HT Brunch Cover Story: Over the top and on point with Shyam Benegal|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 October 2019}}</ref> His commercially successful Kannada films have been ''[[Bayalu Daari]]'' (1976), ''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]'' (1977), ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]'' (1979), ''[[Chandanada Gombe]]'' (1979), ''[[Benkiya Bale]]'' (1983), [[Hendthighelbedi|''Hendthige Helbedi'']] (1989), ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' (1990), [[Gauri Ganesha|''Gowri Ganesha'']] (1991), ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006), ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' (2016), ''[[Raajakumara]]'' (2017), ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]'' (2018), ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' (2018), ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' (2022) and ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' (2022).<ref name="Water" />

He acted in ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'', a [[Doordarshan]] aired<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/malgudi-days-to-karamchand-the-doordarshan-classics-that-deserve-a-lockdown-comeback/408984/|publisher=The Print|title=Malgudi Days to Karamchand – the Doordarshan classics that deserve a lockdown comeback|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> television series based on the stories of [[R. K. Narayan]]. He is a recipient of six [[Filmfare Awards South]] and five [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]. He is the elder brother of [[Film director|director]] and actor [[Shankar Nag]].

Anant was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, in 2025 by the Government of India.<ref name="Padma Awards 2025">{{cite news|title=Padma Awards 2025|url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf|accessdate=26 January 2025|work=|publisher=Ministry Of Home Affairs|date=25 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126163202/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="IE_padmaShri">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-honoured-with-padman-bhushan-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-conferred-with-padma-shri-9799275/|title=Balakrishna, Ajith, Shekhar Kapur, Shobana honoured with Padman Bhushan, Arijit Singh, Ricky Kej conferred with Padma Shri |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anant Nag was born in a [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking family on 4 September 1948 to Anandi and Sadanand Nagarkatte in [[Shirali]], [[Bhatkal]] taluk, [[Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]], where he spent most of his childhood.<ref name="birth">{{cite news |title= About real life and reel lives |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/About-real-life-and-reel-lives/articleshow/6765949.cms |newspaper= The Times of India|date= October 2010 |access-date= 9 March 2014}}</ref> He has an elder sister, Shyamala and his younger brother was [[Shankar Nag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/514668/a-stroll-down-memory-lane.html|title=A stroll down memory lane|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

Nag did his early schooling in a [[Catholic school]] in Ajjarkad, [[Udupi district|Udupi]], Ananda Ashrama in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Chitrapur Math]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of the erstwhile Mysore state (now Karnataka).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/i-used-to-spin-charakha-daily-for-an-hour-at-ananda-ashram-anant-nag/|title=I used to spin charakha daily for an hour at Ananda Ashram: Anant Nag|publisher=Star of Mysore|date=15 February 2020}}</ref> In class 9th standard, he was sent to [[Mumbai]] for further study.<ref name="birth"/> He attempted to join the armed services but was rejected by the [[Indian Army|Army]] for being underweight and by the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] for poor eyesight.<ref name = "tougher">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/040320/anant-nag-being-a-politician-is-tougher-than-acting-a-politician.html|title=Anant Nag: Being a politician is tougher than acting a politician|date=4 March 2020|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He was drawn towards the theatre movement of Mumbai and he was selected to act in Konkani, Kannada and Marathi-language plays which he did until he turned 22.<ref name="Nag" />

==Career==

===Theatre===
Anant Nag began his career with Kannada and Konkani plays in Mumbai. He went on to work in plays of [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[Amol Palekar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/i-was-influenced-by-english-cinema-and-absurd-plays-anant-nag/article30975399.ece|title=I was influenced by English cinema and absurd plays: Anant Nag |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/%E2%80%98I-am-an-untrained-actor%E2%80%99/article14389915.ece|title=I am an untrained actor|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2016}}</ref> For a period of about five years, he acted in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], Kannada, Marathi and Hindi plays.<ref name="Water" />

===Film and television===
Following a theatre career in Mumbai, Nag made his film debut with ''Sankalpa'', a 1973 Kannada film. He then grew to become a core part of parallel cinema, which was at its peak in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Water" /> Being introduced to director [[Shyam Benegal]] by theatre director Satyadev Dubey,<ref name="Water" /> he starred in six of Benegal's films: ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'' (1974), ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' (1975), ''[[Manthan]]'' (1976), ''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'' (1978), ''[[Kondura]]'' (1978) and ''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]'' (1981).

Nag's arrival into Kannada films was through [[G. V. Iyer]]'s ''[[Hamsageethe]]'' (1975), in which he played the role of a disciple of [[carnatic music|carnatic]] singing. The film went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]].<ref name="iffi">{{cite web |title= 23rd National Film Awards |url= http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf |website= iffi.nic.in |access-date= 9 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526091043/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf |archive-date= 26 May 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Nag appeared in thirteen episodes of the television series, ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'', an adaptation of [[R. K. Narayan]]'s [[Malgudi Days (short story collection)|short stories of the same name]], directed by his brother Shankar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/how-shankar-nags-malgudi-days-came-to-life-835811.html|title=How Shankar Nag's Malgudi Days came to life|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

Nag's portrayal of an [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]] patient in ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' (2016) has received critical acclaim and contributed to making this experimental film, a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Godhi-Banna-Sadharana-Mykattu-Out-to-steal-your-heart/article14382559.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu: Out to steal your heart|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-godhi-banna-sadharana-maikattu-13709.html|publisher=Filmfare|title=Movie Review: Godhi Banna Sadharana Maikattu|date=6 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Four-Kannada-experiments-run-to-packed-houses/article14411491.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Four Kannada experiments run to packed houses|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> In the comedy-drama ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' (2022), he played Kishore, a Kannada-language professor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada industry has looked after me very well: Anant Nag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/aug/18/kannada-industry-has-looked-after-me-very-well-anant-nag-2488535.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 August 2022 |date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt his "fantastic portrayal as a teacher and Ganesh's sentimental turn are the hallmarks of this film".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=‘Gaalipata 2’ movie review: An entertaining and emotional tale of friendship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gaalipata-2-movie-review-an-entertaining-and-emotional-tale-of-friendship/article65761565.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en-IN |date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Nag married [[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]] on 9 April 1987.<ref name="birth" />

==Political career==
Nag was an MLC, [[MLA]] and a minister in the [[J. H. Patel]] government. He served as Bangalore Urban Development minister.<ref name="tougher" />
In [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]], he unsuccessfully contested the [[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamarajpet constituency]], [[Bangalore]] [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] election from [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]. He was pitched against then [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of Karnataka, [[S. M. Krishna]] from the [[Indian National Congress]] and fellow actor [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chamrajpet.html|title=Chamrajpet Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=Elections in India}}</ref> On 22 February 2023 [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka|BJP, Karnataka]] state unit organised a programme in the presence of state president [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publictv.in/actor-anant-nag-officially-joined-bjp-today/|title=Actor Anant Nag will join BJP|work=Public TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newswaali.com/kgf-actor-anant-nag-will-join-bjp-many-big-leaders-will-be-present-karnata-news-famous-kgf-actor-anant-nag-will-join-bjp-today-news-waali/|title=KGF actor Anant Nag is joining BJP on the presence of many big leaders|work=News Waali}}</ref> where Anant Nag was said to join BJP, but he didn't attend the programme and later the programme was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publictv.in/actor-anant-nag-deffered-bjp-party-joining-in-bengaluru/|title=Actor Anant Nag Deffered BJP joining in Bengaluru|work=Public TV}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Anant Nag filmography}}

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Outcome
!Ref
|-
|2025
|[[Padma Bhushan]]
|Won
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
!Year !!Award type !! Film !! Ref(s)
|-
| 1979–80 || rowspan="4" | [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] || ''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' ||
|-
| 1985–86 || ''[[Hosa Neeru]]'' ||
|-
| 1987–88 ||''[[Avasthe]]'' ||
|-
| 1994–95 || ''Gangavva Gangamayi'' ||
|-
| 2011–12 || [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]] || Lifetime Achievement ||
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518070059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news-interviews/37712086_1_second-best-film-basanth-kumar-patil-sunil-kumar-desai |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010–11 winners |date=14 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Filmfare Awards South]]
!Year !!Award type !! Film !! Result
|-
| 1977 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor (Telugu)]] || ''Prema Lekhalu'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1979 || rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor (Kannada)]] || ''[[Naa Ninna Bidalaare]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Hendthighelbedi]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1990 || ''Udbhava'' || {{Won}}
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareKannadaBestActorActress|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170208061710/https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareKannadaBestActorActress|url-status=dead|title=39th Annual Filmfare Kannada Best Actor Actress : santosh : Free Down…|date=8 February 2017|archive-date=8 February 2017|website=archive.org}}</ref> || {{Won}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor (Kannada)]] || ''[[Taj Mahal (2008 film)|Tajmahal]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| ''[[Aramane]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| 2015 || | ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Rotten-tomatoes-person|anant_nag}}
*{{IMDb name|0619047}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ananth-nag.html Anant Nag on Filmibeat.com]
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029|state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Anant}}
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2007]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

List of newspapers in India

2026-03-27T20:10:30Z

AryaInIND: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Indian newspaper topics}}
{{As of|2025}}, there were around 17,000 newspaper titles in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India media guide|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12557390|work=BBC News|date=2011-03-03|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> India has the largest newspaper market in the world, with daily newspapers reporting a combined circulation of over 240 million copies {{as of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>Kohli-Khandekar 2013, p. 1</ref><ref>''The Press in India 2017-18'', p. 313</ref> There are publications produced in each of the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|22 scheduled languages of India]] and in many of the [[Languages of India|other languages spoken throughout the country]]. [[Hindi]]-language newspapers have the largest circulation, followed by [[English language|English]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>''The Press in India 2017-18'', p. 12 & pp. 38-39</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press in India 2017-18: Circulation of Publications Language-wise |url=http://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/PIN2017-18/CONTENTS.pdf |page=8}}</ref> Newsstand and subscription prices often cover only a small percentage of the cost of producing newspapers in India, and advertising is the primary source of revenue.<ref>''The Press in India 2017-18'', p. 315</ref><ref>Kohli-Khandekar 2013, pp. 4-5</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Newspapers List {{!}} Target IT |url=https://targetit.com.bd/newspapers/india/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=targetit.com.bd}}</ref>

__TOC__

{{clear}}

== List ==
{{sticky header}}{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!Name
!Nameplate
!Language of publication
!Interval of publication
!Format
!Region of publication
!Founded
! data-sort-type="number" | Circulation (approx.)
|-
| ''[[Amar Ujala]]''
|[[File:Amar Ujala Logo.png|280x140px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[New Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1948
| 2,610,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019">{{Cite web|date=22 February 2019|title=Highest Circulated amongst ABC Member Publications (across languages)|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ2018%20Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf|access-date=2019-05-24|publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Greater Kashmir]]''
|[[File:Greater Kashmir Logo.jpg|center|frameless|124x124px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Kashmir]], [[Jammu]]
| {{dts|1987}}
| 1,000,000+
|-
|''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|[[Broadsheet]]
|[[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Deoghar]], [[Patna]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Kolkata]], [[Siliguri]].
|1984
|700,000
|-
| ''[[Dainik Jagran]]''
|[[File:Dainik Jagran newspaper logo.jpg|center|frameless|265x265px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Raebareli]], [[Varanasi]], [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Aligarh]], [[Bareilly]], [[Meerut]], [[Bhopal]], [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Bathinda]], [[Patiala]], [[Panipat]], [[Hisar, India|Hissar]], [[Patna]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], [[Delhi]], [[Siliguri]], [[Jammu]], [[Udhampur]]
| {{dts|1942}}
| 4,140,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-2200
|-
| ''[[Dainik Navajyoti]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur
| {{dts|1936}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hari Bhoomi]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [[Daily paper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Rohtak]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Raipur]], [[Raigarh]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Delhi]]
| {{dts|1996}}
| 380,000
|-
|''[[Jansatta]]''
|
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Daily
|Broadsheet
|
|{{dts|1983}}
|
|-
| ''[[Nava Bharat]]''
|[[File:Nava Bharat logo.jpg|frameless|271x271px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, Chandrapur, Amravati, Raipur, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Bhopal, Japalpur, Satna, Chhindwara, Gwalior, Indore
| {{dts|1937}}
| 1,830,000
|-
| ''[[Navodaya Times]]''
|[[File:Header NavodayaTimes.jpg|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| New Delhi
| {{dts|2013}}
| 1,46,264
|-
| ''[[Navbharat Times]]''
|[[File:Navbharat Times.gif|center|frameless]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Daily
|Broadsheet
| [[New Delhi]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Lucknow]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Agra]]
| {{dts|1946}}
|
|-
| ''[[Punjab Kesari]]''
|[[File:PKD2.jpg|frameless|274x274px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Jalandhar]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bathinda]] Jalandhar, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Bhatinda, Panipat, Rohtak, Hisar, Shimla, Palampur
| 1965
| 1,170,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Ki Upalabdhiya]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
|Daily
|[[Broadsheet]]
| Lucknow, Barabanki, Faizabad, Shrawasti.
| {{dts|1993}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hind Samachar]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
|Daily
|[[Broadsheet]]
| Jalandhar, Jammu, Chandigarh.
| {{dts|1953}}
|
|-
|''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''
|[[File:Rajasthan Patrika Logo.svg|280x140px]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Daily
|[[Broadsheet]]
|[[Rajasthan]], [[Chandigarh]], [[New Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]]
|1956
|1,010,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Parichay Times]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| {{dts|2004}}
| 43,000
|-
| ''[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
| [[Ahmedabad]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Arunachal Front]]''
|[[File:Arunachal Front Homepage.png|frameless|277x277px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Itanagar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Asian Age]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]]
| {{dts|1984}}
|
|-
| ''[[Business Line]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Bangalore]], [[Madras]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hubli]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Calicut]], [[Lucknow]], [[Madurai]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Noida]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Trichy]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Vizag]]
| {{dts|1994}}
| 185,000
|-
| ''[[Business Standard]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pune]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Kochi]]
| {{dts|1975}}
| 189,000
|-
| ''[[Daily Excelsior]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{dts|1965}}
|
|-
| ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''
|[[File:DNA Daily News and Analysis New Logo.svg|frameless|263x263px]]
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Indore]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]]
| {{dts|2005}}
|
|-
| ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Madras]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Vizag]]
| {{dts|1938}}
|
|-
| ''[[Deccan Herald]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Mysore]], [[New Delhi]]
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| [[The Financial Express (India)|''The Financial Express'']]
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Madras]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]]
| {{dts|1961}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''
|[[File:The Free Press Journal logo.svg|frameless|278x278px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]]
| {{dts|1930}}
|
|-
| ''[[Imphal Free Press]]''
|[[File:Imphal Free Press logo .jpg|frameless|281x281px]]
| [[English language|English]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| Daily
|
| [[Imphal]]
| {{dts|1996}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kashmir Times]]''
|[[File:Kashmir Times logo.jpg|center|frameless|250x250px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
|
| {{dts|1954}}
|
|-
| ''[[O Heraldo]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Goa]]
| {{dts|1900}}
|
|-
| ''[[Orissa Post]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Angul]], [[Rayagada]]
| {{dts|2011}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mid-Day]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]]
| {{dts|1979}}
|
|-
| [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']]
|[[File:Mint (newspaper) logo.svg|frameless|279x279px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| [[Berliner (format)|Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]]
| {{dts|2007}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''
|[[File:MumbaiMirrorLogo.jpg|center|frameless|276x276px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|2005}}
|
|-
| ''[[Nagaland Post]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Dimapur]]
| {{dts|1990}}
|
|-
| [[Bombay Samachar|''Mumbai Samachar'']]
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1822
| 150,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twenty decades of Mumbai Samachar|url=https://www.printweek.in/News/twenty-decades-of-mumbai-samachar-41881|access-date=2021-05-02|website=www.printweek.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]''
| [[File:The Pioneer logo.jpg|center|frameless]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dehradun]], [[Delhi]], [[Ranchi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Raipur]]
| {{dts|1865}}
|
|-
| ''[[Star of Mysore]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1978}}
|
|-
| ''[[State Times]]''
| [[File:STATETIMES-LOGO.jpg|center|frameless|243x243px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Jammu]], [[Delhi]]
| {{dts|1996}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Assam Chronicle]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Guwahati]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Assam Tribune]]''
|[[File:The Assam Tribune logo.svg|frameless|279x279px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh]]
| {{dts|1939}}
| 724,598
|-
| ''[[The Economic Times]]''
|[[File:The Economic Times logo.svg|280x140px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1961}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Hans India]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Vizag]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[Warangal]]
| {{dts|2011}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Hitavada]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Jabalpur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Raipur]], [[Bhopal]]
| {{dts|1911}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Hindu]]''
|[[File:The Hindu wordmark with illustrations.svg|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Bangalore]], [[Madras]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Hubli]], [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Madurai]], [[Mangalore]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Trichy]], [[Calicut]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Vizag]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Allahabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[patna]], Lucknow 
| {{dts|1878}}
| 1,400,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Hindustan Times]]''
|[[File:Hindustan Times logo.svg|280x140px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Indore]], [[Chandigarh]]
| {{dts|1924}}
| 1,000,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[The Indian Express]]''
|[[File:The Indian Express logo.svg|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jammu]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Vadodara]]
| {{dts|1931}}
|
|-
| ''[[DT Next]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Chennai]]
| {{dts|2015}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Morung Express]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Dimapur]]
| {{dts|2005}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Navhind Times]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Goa]]
| 1961
|
|-
| ''[[The New Indian Express]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Madras]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Madurai]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Vizag]], [[Calicut]], [[Belgaum]], [[Shimoga]]
| {{dts|1931}}
| 309,252

|-
| ''[[News Today]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Chennai]]
| {{dts|1982}}
|
|-
| ''[[The North East Times]]''
|[[File:Logo northeasttimes.png|center|frameless|270x270px]]
| [[English language|English]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1990}}
|
|-
| [[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|''The Sentinel'']]
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Shillong]], [[Silchar]], [[Itanagar]]
| {{dts|1983}}
| 167800
|-
| ''[[The Shillong Times]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Shillong]]
| {{dts|1945}}
|
|-
| [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']]
|[[File:TheStatesman.svg|frameless|278x278px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Delhi]], [[Siliguri]]
| 1875
| 230,000
|-
| [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|''The Telegraph'']]
|[[File:The Telegraph India.png|280x140px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Calcutta|Kolkata]],[[Siliguri]], [[Durgapur]]-[[Asansol]], Bardhhaman
| {{dts|1984}}
| 750,000+
|-
| ''[[The Times of India]]''
|[[File:The_times_of_india.svg|280x140px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|[[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Madras]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Delhi]], [[Goa]], [[Guwahati]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kanpur]], [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Mysore]], [[Nagpur]], [[Patna]], [[Pune]], [[Raipur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Surat]], [[Shillong]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Trichy]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Madurai]]
| {{dts|1838}}
| 2,830,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']]
|[[File:The Tribune logo.jpg|frameless|278x278px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bathinda]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jalandhar]], [[New Delhi]]
| {{dts|1881}}
| 380,000
|-
| ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]''
|[[File:BangaloreMirrorLogo.png|frameless|275x275px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
|
| {{dts|1973}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|1985}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sikkim Express]]''
|[[File:Sikkimexpresslogo.jpg|frameless|281x281px]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
| [[Gangtok]], [[Darjeeling]]
| {{dts|1976}}
|
|-
| ''[[Telangana Today]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| {{dts|2016}}
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Asom]]''
|[[File:Logo amarasom.png|frameless|281x281px]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1997}}
| 94,000
|-
| ''[[Asomiya Khabar]]''
|[[File:Khobor logo.png|frameless|281x281px]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|2001}}
|
|-
| ''[[Asomiya Pratidin]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1995}}
| 195,678
|-
| ''[[Dainik Janambhumi]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1972}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dainik Agradoot]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Tabloid
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gana Adhikar]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Janasadharan]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|2003}}
|
|-
| ''[[Niyomiya Barta]]''
|[[File:Niyomiya-barta.gif|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|2011}}
| 80,000
|-
| ''[[Aajkaal]]''
|[[File:Aajkaal.png|frameless|275x275px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Agartala
| {{dts|1972}}
| 160,000
|-
| ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]''
|[[File:আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকার লোগো.svg|280x140px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Coochbehar, Durgapur, Asansol, Bardhhaman, Bolpur, Medinipore, Bankura, Purulia, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Guwahati, Silchar, Agartala, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri.
| {{dts|1889}}(As Amritabazar Patrika)
| 1,600,000+<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| [[Bartaman|''Bartaman Patrika'']]
| [[File:bartaman head.jpg|279x279px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Coochbehar, Durgapur, Asansol, Bardhhaman, Midnapore, Bankura, Purulia.
| {{dts|1946}}
| 622,907 (as of Jul - Dec 2015)
|-
| ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''
|[[File:Dainik Bhaskar Logo.svg|280x140px]]
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]], [[Chhattisgarh|CG]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| {{dts|1958}}
| 4,320,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Dainik Sambad]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Agartala]]
| {{dts|1965}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dainik Statesman]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Calcutta, Siliguri
| {{dts|2004}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ebela]]''
|[[File:Ebela Logo.svg|frameless|276x276px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| [[Calcutta]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ei Samay]]''
|[[File:Ei Samay Sangbadpatra logo.svg|frameless|278x278px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Calcutta]]
| {{dts|2012}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ekdin]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Calcutta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ganashakti]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Coochbehar, Durgapur, Asansol, Bardhhaman, Midnapore, Bankura, Purulia.
| {{dts|1967}}
| 729,000
|-
| ''[[Kalantar]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Daily
|Broadsheet
|Kolkata
| {{dts|1960|format=hide}}1960s
| Now disbanded
|-
| ''[[Jago Bangla]]''
|[[File:Jago Bangla logo.png|frameless|281x281px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Weekly
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata
| {{dts|2011}}
| 529,000
|-
| ''[[Dainik Jugasankha]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| Kolkata, Siliguri, Guwahati, Shilchar
| {{dts|1950}}
| Now disbanded
|-
| ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]''
|[[File:Sangbad Pratidin Logo.png|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Durgapur, Asansol, Bardhhaman, Midnapore, Bankura, Purulia.
| {{dts|1971}}
| 820,000
|-
| ''[[Uttarbanga Sambad]]''
|
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|Kolkata, Siliguri, Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Guwahati, Alipurduar,
| {{dts|1972}}
| 625,000
|-
| ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Mehsana]], [[Mumbai]]
| {{dts|1932}}
|
|-
|''[[Divya Bhaskar]]''
|[[File:Divya Bhaskar (2019-11-01).svg|frameless|276x276px]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Junagadh]], [[Mehsana]]
| {{dts|2003}}
|792,022
|-
| [[Sandesh (newspaper)|''Sandesh'']]
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]]
| {{dts|1923}}
|
|-
| ''[[Gujarat Today]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| {{dts|1991}}
|
|-
| [[Jai Hind (newspaper)|''Jai Hind'']]
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Rajkot]]
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kutch Mitra]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhuj]]
| {{dts|1947}}
|
|-
|-
| ''[[Nobat]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Jamnagar]]
|| {{dts|1957}}
|
|-
| ''[[Phulchhab]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Rajkot]]
| {{dts|1921}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sambhaav]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| {{dts|1986}}
|
|-
| the Prabhat
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| {{dts|1934}}
|
|-
| ''[[Gujarat Mitra]]''
|
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Surat]]
| {{dts|1863}}
|
|-
| ''[[Koshur Akhbar]]''
|
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|2005}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hosa Digantha]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Shimoga]]
| {{dts|1979}}
|
|-
| [[Vishwavani News|''Vishwavani'']]
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bangalore]]
| {{dts|1960}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kannada Prabha]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]], [[Shimoga]]
| {{dts|1967}}
|
|-
| ''[[Lankesh Patrike]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Weekly
|
|
| {{dts|1980}}
|
|-
| ''[[Prajavani]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Hubli-Dharwad]], [[Mangalore]], [[Gulbarga]], [[Davanagere]], [[Mysore]], [[Hospet]]
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| ''[[Samyukta Karnataka]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sanjevani]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| Daily
|
|
| {{dts|1982}}
|
|-
| ''[[Udayavani]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
| [[Manipal]], [[Mangalore]], [[Udupi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hubli-Dharwad]], [[Gulbarga]]
| {{dts|1971}}
|
|-
| ''[[Varthabharathi]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|2003}}
|
|-
| ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]''
|[[File:Vijaya-Karnataka-Logo.jpg|280x140px]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
|
| {{dts|1999}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hai Bangalore]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[weekly newspaper|Weekly]]
|
|
| ''-NA-''
|
|-
| ''[[Vijayavani]]''
|[[File:Vijayavani-logo.jpg|280x280px]]
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|2012}}
| 760,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Karavali Ale]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada|South Canara]], [[Udupi]], [[Kasargod]]
| {{dts|1992}}
| 45,000 ({{as of|2013|lc=y}})
|-
| ''[[Mangaluru Samachara]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| Balmatta, [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| {{dts|1843}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mysooru Mithra]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
| {{dts|1978}}
|
|-
| ''[[Usha Kirana]]''
|
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| Bangalore, Karnataka
| {{dts|2005}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sunaparant]]''
|
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
|
|
|
| 1987
|
|-
| ''[[Siraj Daily]]''
|[[File:Siraj Old Logo.jpg|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Cannanore]], [[Dubai]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]]
| {{dts|1984}}
| 950,000
|-
| ''[[Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)|Chandrika]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Cannanore]], [[Malappuram]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Doha]], [[Dubai]], [[Riyadh]], [[Jeddah]]
| {{dts|1934}}
|
|-
| ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Kottayam]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Cannanore]], [[Trichur]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Calicut]]
| {{dts|1887}}
| 850,000
|-
| ''[[Deshabhimani]]''
|[[File:Deshabhimani-logo.png|280x140px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Cannanore]], [[Kottayam]], [[Trichur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bahrain]]
| {{dts|1942}}
| 800,000
|-
| ''[[General (newspaper)|General]]''
|[[File:General Malayalam logo.jpg|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Trichur]]
| {{dts|1976}}
|
|-
| ''[[Janayugom]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Trivandrum]], [[Kollam]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Calicut]], [[Cannanore]]
| {{dts|1953}}
|
|-
| ''[[Janmabhumi]]''
|[[File:Janmabhumilogo.tif|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Kottayam]], [[Cannanore]], [[Trichur]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Calicut]]
| {{dts|1977}}
| 15,000
|-
| ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''
|[[File:KeralaKumudi.png|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Trivandrum]], [[Quilon]], [[Alleppey]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Calicut]], [[Cannanore]], [[Bangalore]]
| {{dts|1911}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kerala Kaumudi|Kerala Kaumudi Flash]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Evening daily
| Tabloid
| [[Trivandrum]], [[Quilon]], [[Alleppey]], [[Kottayam]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trichur]], [[Calicut]], [[Cannanore]], [[Malappuram]]
| {{dts|2006}}
|
|-
| ''[[Madhyamam]]''
|[[File:Madhyamam logo.png|frameless|279x279px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Cannanore]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kottayam]], [[Trichur]], [[Bangalore]], [[Riyadh]], [[Dammam]], [[Jeddah]], [[Abha]], [[Dubai]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]]
| {{dts|1987}}
| 920,000
|-
| ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Kottayam]], [[Calicut]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Palakkad]], [[Cannanore]], [[Quilon]], [[Trichur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Alleppey]], [[Mumbai]], [[Madras]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Bahrain]], [[Dubai]], [[Doha]]
| {{dts|1888}}
| 2,370,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Kottayam]], [[Calicut]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Trichur]], [[Idukki]], [[Cannanore]]
| {{dts|1969}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Kottayam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Cannanore]], [[Quilon]], [[Trichur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Alleppey]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Bahrain]]
| {{dts|1923}}
| 1,360,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| [[Deepika (newspaper)|''Rashtra Deepika'']]
|[[File:Rashtra-Deepika-Master-Head.png|frameless|277x277px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Evening daily
| Tabloid
| [[Trivandrum]], [[Quilon]], [[Kottayam]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Trichur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Malappuram]], [[Calicut]], [[Cannanore]]
| {{dts|1992}}
| 780,000
|-
| ''[[Thejas]]''
|[[File:Thejas logo.jpg|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Calicut]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[Cannanore]], [[Kottayam]], [[Riyadh]], [[Jeddah]], [[Dammam]]
| {{dts|2006}}
|
|-
| [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|''Kesari'']]
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1881}}
|
|-
| ''[[Lokmat]]''
|[[File:LokmatLogo.jpg|center|frameless|224x224px]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| Daily
|
| Maharashtra, Goa & Delhi
| 1971
| 1,300,000
|-
| ''[[Deshdoot]]''
|
| [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Nashik]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Dhule]], [[Nandurbar]]
| {{dts|1996}}
|
|-
| [[Loksatta (newspaper)|''Loksatta'']]
|[[File:Loksatta - Lokmanya Lokshakti Logo.gif|frameless|282x282px]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| [[Mahanagar (newspaper)|''Mahanagar'']]
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1990}}
|
|-
| ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1962}}
|
|-
| ''[[Nava Kaal]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1921}}
|
|-
| ''[[Navshakti]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Prahaar (newspaper)|''Prahaar'']]
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|2008}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pudhari]]''
|[[File:Pudhari Newspaper Logo.png|center|frameless]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| 1937
|
|-
| ''[[Saamana]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1988}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sakal]]''
|[[File:Sakal Masthead.jpg|280x140px]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1932}}
|
|-
| ''[[Tarun Bharat]]''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1919}}
|
|-
| ''[[Poknapham]]''
|
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1975}}
|
|-
| ''[[Vanglaini]]''
|
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
|
|
|
| {{dts|1978}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Samaja]]''
|[[File:The Samaja.jpg|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Calcutta]], [[Vizag]], [[Rourkela]], [[Berhampur]], [[Balasore]]
| {{dts|1919}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Samaya]]''
|[[File:The Samaya Logo.png|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Balasore]], [[Angul]], [[Berhampur]], [[Sambalpur]]
| {{dts|1996|October|2}}
| 250,422 (Dec 2009)
|-
| ''[[Sambad]]''
|[[File:Sambad logo.jpg|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Angul]], [[Balasore]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]], [[Jeypore]], [[Rourkela]]
|
|
|-
| [[Dharitri (newspaper)|''Dharitri'']]
|[[File:Dharitri Logo.png|center|frameless]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]], [[Angul]]-[[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], [[Balasore]], [[Rayagada]], [[Odisha|Upakula Orissa]]
| {{dts|1974|November|24}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pragativadi]]''
|
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| {{dts|1985}}
|
|-
| ''[[Punjabi Tribune]]''
|[[File:Punjabi Tribune.png|frameless|282x282px]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Daily
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
| {{dts|1978|August|15}}
|
|-
| [[Ajit (newspaper)|''Ajit'']]
|[[File:Ajit-logo.png|frameless|280x280px]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Daily
|
| [[Jalandhar]]
| 1941
|
|-
| ''[[Rozana Spokesman]]''
|
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Daily
|
| [[Chandigarh]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jagbani]]''
|
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Daily
|
| [[Jalandhar]], [[Ludhiana]]
| {{dts|1978}}
|
|-
| ''[[Daily Punjab Times]]''
|
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Jalandhar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dinamalar]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1951}}
| 850,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Dinamani]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
|
| {{dts|1933}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dinakaran]]''
|[[File:Dinakaran Newspaper (Logo).svg|frameless|279x279px]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Chennai]]
| {{dts|1977}}
|
|-
| ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Dubai]],
[[Sri Lanka|Srilanka]]
| {{dts|1908}}
| 1,530,000<ref name="ABCFeb2019" />
|-
| ''[[Maalaimalar]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{dts|1977}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Daily
| Broadsheet
| [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{dts|2013}}
|
|-
| [[Tamil Murasu (India)|''Tamil Murasu'']]
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
|
| [[Madras]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Erode]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Madurai]], [[Tinnevelly]], [[Trichy]], [[Nagercoil]]
|
|
|-
| [[Murasoli (India)|''Murasoli'']]
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
|
| {{dts|1942}}
|
|-
| ''[[Namadhu Amma]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Daily newspaper|Daily]]
| [[Broadsheet]]
|
| {{dts|2018}}
|
|-
| ''[[Andhra Bhoomi]]''
|[[File:Andhra Bhoomi Telugu Newspaper Logo.png|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Anantapur]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Nellore]]
| 1960
|
|-
| ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]''
| [[File:Andhra Jyothi newspaper logo.png|280x140px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
| 1960
| 664,352<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf|title=2019 Highest Circulated (Language Wise)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Andhra Patrika]]''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
| 1908
|
|-
| ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''
|[[File:Andhra Prabha logo.jpg|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Suryapet]] [[Vijayawada]], [[Guntur]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Tirupati]], [[Anantapur]], [[Nellore]]
| {{dts|1938}}
|
|-
| ''[[Eenadu]]''
|[[File:Eenadu front page logo new.png|280x140px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
| {{dts|1974}}
|1,614,105<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Mana Telangana]]''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 2015
|
|-
| ''[[Namasthe Telangana]]''
|[[File:Namasthe Telangaana logo.jpg|frameless|283x283px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Telangana]]
| {{dts|2011}}
|
|-
| ''[[Nava Telangana]]''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 2015
|
|-
| ''[[Prajasakti]]''
|[[File:Prajasakthi Telugu Newspaper Logo.png|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{dts|1942}}
|
|-
| ''[[Janam Sakshi]]''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 2002
|
|-
| [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']]
|[[File:Sakshi newspaper logo.png|280x140px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
| {{dts|2008}}
| 1,064,661<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| [[Suryaa (newspaper)|''Suryaa'']]
|[[File:Surya Telugu Newspaper Logo.png|frameless|284x284px]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|
| {{dts|2007}}
|
|-
| ''[[Vaartha]]''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
|
| {{dts|1996}}
|
|-
| ''[[Hind Samachar]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Ambala]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Jammu]]
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| ''[[Munsif Daily]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 1996
|
|-
| ''[[The Musalman]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Chennai]]
| {{dts|1927}}
|
|-
| ''[[Siasat]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| {{dts|1948}}
|
|-
| ''[[The Inquilab]]''
|
| [[Urdu]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Allahabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Delhi]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Meerut]], [[Mumbai]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Patna]], [[Varanasi]]
| {{dts|1938}}
|
|-
| ''[[Financial Chronicle]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
|
| [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Madras]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]]
| {{dts|2008}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sudharma]]''
|
| [[Sanskrit]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Mysore]]
| {{dts|1970}}
| 2,000
|-
| ''[[Sakaal Times]]''
|
| [[English language|English]]
| Daily
| [[Broadsheet]]
| [[Pune]]
| {{dts|2008}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sanmarg]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Daily
|
| [[Calcutta]], [[Burdwan]], [[Ranchi]], and [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rising Kashmir]]''
| [[File:Rising Kashmir Logo.jpg|center|frameless|146x146px]]
| English
| Daily
|
| [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 2008
|-
|''Newstime''<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramoji Rao: A media mogul who dreamed big| author=SB Vijaya Mary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramoji-raos-multifaceted-legacy-spanned-contributions-to-journalism-the-film-industry-and-an-indelible-mark-on-entrepreneurship/article68265932.ece|publisher=The Hindu| date=8 June 2024}} </ref>
|
|English
|Daily
|[[Broadsheet]]
|Hyderabad
|1983
|
|-
| ''[[Kerala Janatha]]''
|
| Malayalam
| Six days a week
|
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 1957
| 6,362<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne85AAAAMAAJ |title=Press in India |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |year=1967 |pages=171}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Culture of India}}
'''Other lists of Indian newspapers'''
*[[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
*[[List of newspapers in India by readership]]
'''Language-specific lists of newspapers published in Indian languages'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Kannada-language newspapers]]
*[[List of Marathi-language newspapers]]
*[[List of Malayalam-language newspapers]]
*[[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]
*[[List of Punjabi-language newspapers]]
*[[List of Tamil-language newspapers]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book |last1=Kohli-Khandekar |first1=Vanita |year=2013 |title=The Indian Media Business |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4nAgAAQBAJ |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Response]] |isbn=9788132117889 }}
*{{cite report |author=Registrar of Newspapers for India |author-link=Registrar of Newspapers for India |year=2018 |title=''The Press in India 2017-18'' |url=http://rni.nic.in/all_page/pin201718.htm |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] }}

{{Newspapers in India|Newspapers in India=Tarun Mitra|state=Uttar pradesh, bihar, madhya pradesh, maharastra, uttrakhand}}
{{Media of India}}
{{Asia topic|List of newspapers in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newspapers In India}}
[[Category:Lists of newspapers published in India| ]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in India|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of newspapers by country]]

Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act

2026-03-25T23:27:19Z

AryaInIND: enhanced references also and added references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, 1959]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Indian boar

2026-03-23T21:03:51Z

AryaInIND: made a data!

{{Short description|Subspecies of wild boar}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Indian boar
| image = Sus scrofa cristatus.jpg
| image_caption = Indian boar, [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], India
| genus = Sus
| species = scrofa
| species_link = Wild boar
| subspecies = cristatus
| authority = Wagner, 1839
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
| title = Species synonymy
|''affinis'' (Gray, 1847)
|''aipomus'' (Gray, 1868)
|''aipomus'' (Hodgson, 1842)
|''bengalensis'' (Blyth, 1860)
|''indicus'' (Gray, 1843)
|''isonotus'' (Gray, 1868)
|''isonotus'' (Hodgson, 1842)
|''jubatus'' (Miller, 1906)
|''typicus'' (Lydekker, 1900)
|''zeylonensis'' (Blyth, 1851)
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft|id =14200058}}</ref>
}}

The '''Indian boar''' ('''''Sus scrofa cristatus'''''), also known as the '''Moupin pig''',<ref name= lydekker>Lydekker, R. (1900), ''[https://archive.org/stream/greatsmallgameof1900lyde#page/258/mode/2up The great and small game of India, Burma, & Tibet]'', London : R. Ward, pp. 258-266</ref> is a [[subspecies]] of [[wild boar]] native to India, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, western Thailand, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

== Description ==
The Indian boar differs from the [[Central European boar|Central European Boar]] by its large mane which runs in a crest along its back from its head to lower body, larger, more sharply featured and straighter skull, its smaller, sharper ears and overall lighter build.<ref name= sterndale>Sterndale, R. A. (1884), ''[https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00ster#page/414/mode/2up Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon]'', Calcutta : Thacker, Spink, pp. 415-420</ref> It is slightly taller and more sparsely haired than the European form, though its back bristles are much more developed.<ref name= lydekker/> The tail is also more tufted, and the cheeks hairier.<ref name= jerdon>Jerdon, T. C. (1874), ''[https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofindiana00jerd#page/240/mode/2up The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India]'', London, J. Wheldon, pp. 241-244</ref> Adults measure from {{cvt|33|to|36|in|cm|0|order=flip}} in shoulder height (with one specimen in [[West Bengal]] having reached {{cvt|38|in|cm|0|order=flip}}) and {{cvt|5|ft|cm|0|order=flip}} in body length. Weight ranges from {{cvt|200|to|300|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}.<ref name= lydekker/>

== In culture ==
The animal has interacted with humans in the Indian Subcontinent since the [[Upper Paleolithic]], with the oldest depiction being a cave painting in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetaka rock shelters]],<ref name=mayer2013>Mayer, John J., "Wild Pig Attacks on Humans" (2013). Wildlife Damage Management Conferences – Proceedings. Paper 151. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_wdmconfproc/151</ref> and it occasionally appears in [[Hindu mythology]]. A story present in the [[Brahmana|Brahmanas]] says that [[Indra]] killed an evil boar, who has stolen the treasure of the [[asura]]s, then giving its carcass to [[Vishnu]], who offers it as a sacrifice to the gods and goddesses and they eat it. In a story in the [[Charaka Samhita]], a boar named Ermusha is an [[Avatar|avatara]] of [[Brahma]] and he raises the earth and sky from the primeval waters of the universe during creation and creates the universe. In the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]], another boar, [[Varaha]] is an [[avatar]] of Vishnu that kills [[Hiranyaksha]] and saves [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]].<ref>Macdonell, A. A. (1898), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&dq=veda+boar&pg=PA41 Vedic Mythology]'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 41</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Clear}}<gallery mode="packed">
File:225A7892.jpg|In [[Nagarhole National Park]]
File:Amitava banerjee tiger wild boar tadoba.jpg|Hunted by a [[Bengal tiger]] at [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]]
File:Indian boar in Kaziranga National Park March 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|In [[Kaziranga National Park]]
File:പുള്ളിമാൻ കുഞ്ഞിനെ പിടികൂടുന്ന കാട്ടുപന്നി, പറമ്പിക്കുളത്തു നിന്നുള്ള കാഴ്ച.jpg|With a deer fawn
File:Wait ma 690V6270 - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|Wild boar with piglets in [[Kaziranga National Park]], Assam
File:Wild Boars (Sus scrofa cristatus) (20132920710).jpg|In water, [[Ranthambore National Park]], Rajasthan, India
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Wild boar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Sus scrofa cristatus|''Sus scrofa cristatus''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3978213}}
[[Category:Mammals described in 1839]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Suidae]]
[[Category:Wild boars]]

Hobby Dhaliwal

2026-03-21T00:42:23Z

AryaInIND: Starting a bio

{{short description|Indian actor, comedian and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hobby Dhaliwal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kamaldeep Singh Dhaliwal
| birth_date = <Jan 10, 1961RELIABLE SOURCE -->>
| birth_place = [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*politician
*singer}}
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022–present)
| alma_mater = [[Government Mohindra College]], [[Patiala, Punjab]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| module = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
*Films
*Music
*Television}}
| notable_work = {{flatlist|
*[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]
*[[Lahoriye]]
*[[Angrej]]
*[[Jora 10 Numbaria]]}}
}}
| website =
}}

'''Kamaldeep Singh Dhaliwal''', commonly known as '''Hobby Dhaliwal''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film actor]], singer, and politician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Dev D star Mahie Gill, Punjabi actor Hobby Dhaliwal join BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/dev-d-star-mahie-gill-punjabi-actor-hobby-dhaliwal-join-bjp-101644224759233.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his works in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Dhaliwal began his career by debut movie Burrraahh in 2012. The films [[Angrej]] (2015), [[Lahoriye]] (2017), [[Jora 10 Numbaria]] (2017), and [[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]] (2019) are among his best known works.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 February 2022 |title=Punjab polls: Actress Mahie Gill, Punjabi actor Hobby Dhaliwal join BJP |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/punjab-polls-actress-mahie-gill-punjabi-actor-hobby-dhaliwal-join-bjp-122020701780_1.html |access-date=2022-12-01}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hobby was born in [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. He attended the government school in [[Patiala]] and [[Graduate degree|graduated]] from the [[Government Mohindra College]] in [[Patiala, Punjab]]. With brothers named Sukhwant Singh Dhaliwal and Pradeep Singh Dhaliwal , Hobby was born to Balvir Singh Dhaliwal and Surinder Kaur. The fashion designer Lilli Dhaliwal and Hobby Dhaliwal wed in 1989 and two kids were born to the couple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tremblay |first=Trinette |date=29 August 2022 |title=Hobby Dhaliwal Height, Age, Affairs, Net Worth, Bio and More 2023 |url=https://thepersonage.com/hobby-dhaliwal/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Personage |language=en-US}}</ref> it doesn’t add up how he got married in 1989 yet he was born in 1977.

== Career ==

=== Music career ===
During college events, Dhaliwal was recognized by Punjabi singer Pammi Bai, who later performed alongside him on stages. Hobby Dhaliwal, as a singer, has three studio albums: Mar Jangeero Geda, Sade pind na Avi, and Jatt Warga Yaar ni Thiona before entering in [[Punjabi cinema]].

=== Acting career ===
He is best known for the films [[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]], [[Jora 10 Numbaria]], [[Lahoriye]], [[Angrej]], [[Bambukat]] and [[Lahoriye]] but also appeared in the number of films, and web series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurjit |date=12 May 2017 |title=Lahoriye Movie 2017 (Story, Cast, Highlights & Review) {{!}} Amrinder Gill & Sargun Mehta |url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/lahoriye-movie-review-punjabi-story-cast-amrinder-gill/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Chandigarh Metro |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='Bambukat' highlights social stereotypes and biases based on appearances |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/-bambukat-highlights-social-stereotypes-and-biases-based-on-appearances-272221 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurjit |date=12 May 2017 |title=Lahoriye Movie 2017 (Story, Cast, Highlights & Review) {{!}} Amrinder Gill & Sargun Mehta |url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/lahoriye-movie-review-punjabi-story-cast-amrinder-gill/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Chandigarh Metro |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ik Sandhu Hunda Si Movie (2020) {{!}} Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Prime Video |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/ik-sandhu-hunda-si-11988.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Everyone Can Correctly Answer All The Questions Of This Saab Bahadar Quiz? |url=https://kiddaan.com/snax_quiz/saab-bahadar-quiz/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=13 April 2016 |title=6th PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2016 to be held on 14th April 2016! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-04-12/6th-PTC-Punjabi-Film-Awards-2016-to-be-held-on-14th-April-2016/220945 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Thrill on the way: Chaupal Studios drops teaser of 'Shikaari' season 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/thrill-on-the-way-chaupal-studios-drops-teaser-shikaari-season-2-8235706/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2020 |title=Here's the full list of nominations for PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-nominations-list-ptc-network-en |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Iftikhar |date=17 August 2022 |title='Bajre Da Sitta': A journey to search the soul of Punjab |url=https://minutemirror.com.pk/bajre-da-sitta-a-journey-to-search-the-soul-of-punjab-56979/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Minute Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Colbegin}}
* ''Burrraahh'' (2012) as Sidhu
* ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]'' (2013) as Sarpanch
* ''[[Heer and Hero|Heer & Hero]]'' (2013) as Sweety's dad
* ''[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]'' (2014) as Mr. Sandhu
* ''[[Punjabian Da King]]'' (2015) as Balraj Singh
* ''[[Angrej]]'' (2015) as Gajjan Singh (Dhann Kaur's father)
* ''[[Shareek]]'' (2015) as Nachattar
* ''[[Shareek 2]]'' (2016) as Pakko's father
* ''[[25 Kille]]'' (2016) as Santokh Singh
* ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'' (2017) as Kanan's father
* ''[[Manje Bistre]]'' (2017) as
* ''Arjan'' (2017) as Sarpanch
* ''[[Lahoriye]]'' (2017) as Chaudhary- Neseem's father
* ''Saab Bahadar'' (2017) as Ruldu Sarpanch
* ''Krazzy Tabbar'' (2017) as Dhaliwal
* ''[[Thug Life (2017 film)|Thug Life]]'' (2017) as Chief Minister
* ''[[Jora 10 Numbaria]]'' (2017) as eja Aulakh
* ''[[Bailaras]]'' (2017) as
* ''Dangar Doctor Jelly'' (2017) as DSP Kabul Singh
* ''[[Laung Laachi]]'' (2018) as Ajaypal's father
* ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' (2018) as Mr. Sandhu- Meet's Uncle
* ''Jatt vs. Ielts'' (2018) as
* ''[[Ashke]]'' (2018) as Dhaliwal- Bhangra Coach
* ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]'' (2018) as
* ''[[Kurmaiyan]]'' (2018) as Ajaib Singh- Paali's dad
* ''[[Parahuna]]'' (2018) as Jantaa's father
* ''[[Namaste England]]'' (2018) as Param's Bauji
* ''Rang Panjab'' (2018) as
* ''[[Bhajjo Veero Ve]]'' (2018) as Surmeet's father
* ''Titanic'' (2018) as
* ''Desi'' (2019) as
* ''High End Yaariyaan'' (2019) as Nachhatar Singh
* ''Munda Faridkotia'' (2019) as Malik
* ''Yaara Ve'' (2019) as
* ''Nadhoo Khan'' (2019) as Poorna
* ''Lukan Michi'' (2019) as Sardaara
* ''15 Lakh Kado Aauga'' (2019) as
* ''Punj Khaab'' (2019) as
* ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]'' (2019) as Sohan- Sehaj's father
* ''Ashke 2'' (2019) as
* ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]'' (2019) as Pradhaan
* ''Jaddi Sardar'' (2019) as Shamsher Shera
* ''[[Doorbeen]]'' (2019) as DSP Satrang Singh
* ''[[Daaka]]'' (2019) as Sukhchain
* ''Easy Money'' (2019) as Short
* ''Mool Mantar'' (2019) as
* ''[[Jinde Meriye]]'' (2020) as Dilaawar
* ''Ik Sandhu Hunda Si'' (2020) as Sandhu's Father
* ''Happy Happy Ho Gaya'' (2021) as
* ''Fauji Band'' (2021) as
* ''Teri Meri Nahi Nibhni'' (2021) as
* ''Range'' (2021) as
* ''Ucha Pind'' (2021) as Shamsher Singh
* ''Thana Sadar'' (2021) as
* ''Fuffad Ji'' (2021) as Sardara
* ''Prindey'' (2022) as
* ''Mera Vyah Kara Do'' (2022) as
* ''Bajre Da Sitta'' (2022) as
* ''Baraat Bandi'' (2022) as
* ''S.H.O. Sher Singh'' (2022) as
* ''Shikaari 2'' (2022) as
* ''Sayonee'' (TBA) as
* ''Victor'' (TBA) as Madhulal
* ''Mukkaddar'' (TBA) as
*' 'IB71' ' (TBA) as
{{Colend}}

== Political career ==
On 7 February 2022, in [[Chandigarh]], Hobby Dhaliwal formally joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the presence of [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], and [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]], a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union minister]] and the BJP's regional director for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Khattar welcomed the actor to the party and declared, "With well-known artists like Dhaliwal selecting the BJP, the party will further strengthen in Punjab. Due to their dissatisfaction with other political parties, more of these people are joining the saffron party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Punjab polls: Actors Mahie Gill, Hobby Dhaliwal join BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-polls-actors-mahie-gill-hobby-dhaliwal-join-bjp-7761216/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab: EC withdraws Hobby Dhaliwal's appointment as district icon of Patiala |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/punjab-ec-withdraws-hobby-dhaliwals-appointment-as-district-icon-of-patiala20220211184131/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2021 |title=Actor in anti-drug STF report denies wrongdoing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/actor-in-anti-drug-stf-report-denies-wrongdoing-7230282/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|5712019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaliwal, Hobby}}
[[Category:Actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Manohar Lal Khattar

2026-03-18T15:58:00Z

AryaInIND: further rework intro based on references and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| native_name =
| image = Manohar Lal, Minister of Power.jpg
| caption = Khattar in 2026
| office = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Union Minister of Power]]
| predecessor = [[R. K. Singh]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 10 June 2024
| office1 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]| president1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| term_start1 = 10 June 2024
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| termstart2 = 4 June 2024
| constituency2 = [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal, Haryana]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sanjay Bhatia]]
| office3 = Chief Minister of Haryana
| order3 = 10th
| term_start3 = 26 October 2014
| term_end3 = 12 March 2024
| predecessor3 = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| successor3 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| office5 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart5 = 26 October 2014
| termend5 = 13 March 2024
| predecessor5 = Sumita Singh
| successor5 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| constituency5 = [[Karnal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
|
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|05|05|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrojournalist.com/haryana-gets-manohar-lal-khattar-as-new-chief-minister/ |title=Haryana Gets Manohar Lal Khattar As New Chief Minister |publisher=Metro Journalist |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141021132911/http://www.metrojournalist.com/haryana-gets-manohar-lal-khattar-as-new-chief-minister/ |archive-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nindana|Rohtak]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], India (present-day [[Haryana]])
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = {{ubl|719, Prem Nagar, [[Karnal]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| website = {{URL|manoharlalkhattar.in}}
}}
'''Manohar Lal Khattar''' (born 5 May 1954) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 19th [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] and 4th [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]] since 2024. A prominent leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he has served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|10th]] [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] from 26 October 2014 until his resignation on 12 March 2024 and also served as leader of the house in legislative assembly.

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he has been elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]], from [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="v829"/> While serving as Chief Minister, he represented the [[Karnal]] constituency in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/manohar-lal-khattar-resigns-as-cm-of-haryana-amid-cracks-in-bjp-jjp-alliance-11710224345746.html |title=Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar and cabinet resign amid cracks in BJP-JJP alliance |work=Mint |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> He has also been a [[RSS pracharak]] and has served as the Organizational General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Haryana|BJP in Haryana]] from 2000 to 2014.

==Personal life==
Khattar was born on 5 May 1954 in [[Nindana]] village of [[Meham]] tehsil in the [[Rohtak district]] of [[East Punjab]], India into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/how-the-bjp-cracked-haryana-s-caste-conundrum-11571122458510.html|title=BJP and caste equation in Haryana|date=15 October 2019|publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/the-vulnerable-punjabi-in-an-unthinkable-post-in-haryana/lite/|title=The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana|date=28 October 2014|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> His father, Harbans Lal Khattar, had migrated to the village from the [[Jhang district]] of [[West Punjab]] following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. His family initially settled in the Banyani [[village]] of [[Rohtak district]] and took up farming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Varinder |date=31 January 2024 |title=No house for Haryana CM? Khattar hands over his only ancestral house in Rohtak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-manohar-lal-khattar-rohtak-ancestral-home-library-9133096/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

Khattar completed his matriculation (final year of high school) from Pandit Neki Ram Sharma [[Government]] College, [[Rohtak]].<ref name="HT_Mar2024">{{cite news |title=Haryana CM Khattar resigns: A quick look back at his political journey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/best-beardo-perfumes-for-men-top-long-lasting-fragrances-you-need-to-try-on-myntra-101728300852116.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> He then moved in with relatives in [[Delhi]], and ran a cloth shop with them near [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazar]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Gyan |date=22 October 2014 |title=Manohar Lal Khattar: From cloth merchant to Haryana's first BJP chief minister |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/HaMK6Mb8fgpMCtu5Vo8BMI/Manohar-Lal-Khattar-From-cloth-merchant-to-Haryanas-first.html |work=Mint |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> while completing his bachelor's degree from [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/haryana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=99 | title=Profile: Manoharlal Khattar| publisher=MyNeta.com | date=19 October 2014 | access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

==Political career==
Khattar joined [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1977 and became a full-time pracharak three years later.<ref name="IndiaToday1">{{cite web | title = Who is Manohar Lal Khattar? |work=India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manohar-lal-khattar-chief-minister-haryana-bjp-224076-2014-10-21 | date=21 October 2014|access-date = 21 October 2014 }}</ref> As a pracharak, he is a lifelong bachelor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/evoking-memories-of-lawless-chautala-regime-helps-bjp-win-haryana-114101900212_1.html | title=Evoking memories of lawless Chautala-regime helps BJP win Haryana | publisher=Business Standard | work=Arhis Mohan | date=21 October 2014 | access-date=21 October 2014| last1=Mohan | first1=Archis }}</ref> He worked as a full-time pracharak for 17 years before moving to BJP, in 1994.<ref name="IndiaToday1" /><ref name="HT_Mar2024"/>

During 2000–2014, Khattar was Organizational General Secretary of the BJP in Haryana. During his tenure the state unit also started publication of [[Bhajpa Ki Baat]] magazine in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bhajpa Ki Baat is the official magazine of the Bharatiya Janata Party |work=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021005125559/https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 October 2002 |date=5 October 2002 }}</ref> He was the Chairman of BJP's Haryana Election Campaign Committee for [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha Elections]].<ref name="zee-accept">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/will-accept-decision-of-partys-parliamentary-board-says-bjps-cm-post-frontrunner-manohar-lal-khattar_1487306.html | title=Will accept decision of party's parliamentary board, says BJP's CM-post frontrunner Manohar Lal Khattar| publisher=Zee News | work=Zee Media Bureau | date=21 October 2014 | access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Subsequently, he became a member of BJP's National Executive Committee.<ref name="zee-accept"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Manohar Lal Khattar RSS & BJP Journey | publisher=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/manoharlalkhattar.php }}</ref>

In 2014, Khattar was nominated as BJP's candidate from [[Karnal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karnal constituency]] for the Haryana Legislative Assembly election. The party's workers and supporters in Karnal launched a signature campaign, asking the party leadership to field a local candidate instead of him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/BJP-workers-launch-signature-campaign-against-outsiders-in-Karnal/articleshow/41135655.cms | title=BJP workers launch signature campaign against outsiders in Karnal| publisher=Times of India | work=Anita Singh| date=21 October 2014 | access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> His opponent, the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and [[Deepender Singh Hooda]], accused Khattar of being an "outsider" not native to Karnal. But Modi wave helped Mr. Khattar win elections by heavy margin.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/haryana-elections-khattar-rides-on-modi-wave-congress-plays-the-outsider-card-in-karnal/505127-37-64.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205508/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/haryana-elections-khattar-rides-on-modi-wave-congress-plays-the-outsider-card-in-karnal/505127-37-64.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 October 2014|title = Haryana elections: Khattar rides on Modi wave, Congress plays the outsider card in Karnal|date = 14 October 2014|access-date = 21 October 2014|website = IBN Live|publisher = Priyanka Rathi}}</ref>

=== Chief minister (2014-2024)===
In the elections, the BJP gained a majority in Haryana for the first time, and Khattar won his maiden election by a margin of 63,736 votes. During a party meeting, his name was proposed for the [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]] post by Haryana BJP President [[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]], seconded by other strong Chief Minister of Haryana claimant [[Rao Inderjeet Singh]] and supported by many [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]. He became the BJP's first Chief Minister of Haryana after his swearing-in ceremony on 26 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title = Manohar Lal Khattar to be sworn in as Haryana CM on October 26 in oath ceremony at panchkula |work=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manohar-lal-khattar-chief-minister-haryana-bjp-224072-2014-10-21 |date=21 October 2014| access-date = 21 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = BJP chooses Manohar Lal Khattar as Haryana Chief Minister|newspaper=The Economic Times | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-chooses-manohar-lal-khattar-as-haryana-chief-minister/articleshow/44897179.cms | date=21 October 2014|access-date = 21 October 2014 }}</ref>

On 27 October 2019, Khattar was sworn in as the Chief Minister for the second time, after making an alliance with [[Dushyant Chautala]]'s [[Jannayak Janta Party]] post [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Haryana govt formation updates: Manohar Lal Khattar sworn-in for 'second innings' as CM, Dushyant Chautala takes oath deputy CM |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/manohar-lal-khattar-haryana-cm-dushyant-chautala-deputy-cm-oath-taking-ceremony-live-updates-bjps-manohar-lal-khattar-to-take-oath-as-cm-at-2-15-pm-jjps-dushyant-chautala-to-be-sworn-in-as-deputy-7559411.html |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manohar Lal Khattar takes oath as Haryana CM for second term, Dushyant Chautala as Dy CM |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-lal-khattar-takes-oath-as-haryana-cm-for-second-term-dushyant-chautala-to-be-dy-cm/videoshow/71784262.cms |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

Khattar submitted his resignation to Haryana Governor [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] on 12 March 2024 after the development came amid speculation of cracks emerging in the state's ruling BJP and [[Jannayak Janta Party]] (JJP) coalition over seat sharing ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]],<ref name="CM Manohar Lal Khattar, cabinet resign after cracks in BJP-JJP alliance">{{cite news |title=CM Manohar Lal Khattar, cabinet resign after cracks in BJP-JJP alliance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cracks-in-bjp-jjp-alliance-in-haryana-cm-khattar-asks-ministers-to-resign-101710221061154.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312063147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cracks-in-bjp-jjp-alliance-in-haryana-cm-khattar-asks-ministers-to-resign-101710221061154.html |archive-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> and on 13 March he tendered his resignation from the Haryana Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=Haryana ex-Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar resigns as MLA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-haryana-chief-minister-manohar-lal-khattar-resigns-as-mla-says-will-fulfill-any-new-responsibility-given-2514242-2024-03-13 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Manohar Lal assuming charge as the Union Minister for Power.jpg|thumb|Manohar Lal assuming charge as the Union Minister for Power.]]
In March 2024, he was announced as the BJP candidate for the [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Second list of BJP candidates for ensuing General Elections 2024 to the Parliamentary Constituencies of different states finalised by BJP CEC |url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/second-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-elections-2024-parliamentary |website=bjp.org |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> Khattar subsequently won from the seat.<ref name="v829">{{cite news |title=Haryana Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Full and final list of winners including Manohar Lal Khattar, Selja, Deepender Singh Hooda and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-and-final-list-of-winners-including-manohar-lal-khattar-selja-deepender-singh-hooda-and-more/articleshow/110760545.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

===Union Minister (2024-)===
In June 2024, Khattar was appointed the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] and [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jai |first=Shreya |date=11 June 2024 |title=Modi 3.0: Two-time CM Manohar Lal Khattar to balance power with housing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/former-haryana-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-gets-power-and-urban-affairs-ministry-124061000971_1.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Major initiatives==

===Police reforms===
Khattar announced that Haryana will have an all-woman police station in each district and around 500 woman constables will be recruited. He also started a 24×7 portal called ''Harsamay'' through which anybody can file a complaint online.<ref>{{cite web | title = Haryana: CM Khattar announces all-woman police stations for all districts |work=[[Hindustan Times]] | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/haryana-cm-khattar-announces-all-woman-police-stations-for-all-districts/article1-1343039.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150502224233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/haryana-cm-khattar-announces-all-woman-police-stations-for-all-districts/article1-1343039.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 May 2015 |date=2 May 2015 }}</ref>

He has also suggested that Yoga to be a part of police constables' training to help keep the police personnel mentally and physically fit. According to media reports, Khattar has said that Police recruitments would be made on Transparent Recruitment Policy (TRP) and 3,060 new houses would be constructed for police personnel at a cost of Rs 550 crore in next three years.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Haryana govt to implement HRCOCA to check organised crime |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-govt-to-implement-hrcoca-to-check-organised-crime-115051201366_1.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

===E-governance===
Manohar Lal Khattar has introduced e-services through Common Service Centres including biometric attendance system in all the government offices through which attendance of all officers will be available online and monitored.<ref>{{cite web | title = Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar to launch seven e-services on May 2 |work=DNA | url = http://www.iamin.in/en/kurukshetra/news/haryana-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-launch-seven-e-services-may-2-58670 |date=30 April 2015 | url-status = unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507042749/http://www.iamin.in/en/kurukshetra/news/haryana-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-launch-seven-e-services-may-2-58670 |archive-date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

===Indian reunification===
In July 2022, Manohar Lal Khattar championed the cause of [[Indian reunification]], declaring [[opposition to the partition of India]].<ref name="TIE"/> Khattar likened the present divisions in the Indian subcontinent to those of East and West Germany, which were dissolved with [[German reunification]] in the 1990s.<ref name="TIE">{{cite web |title=India, Pakistan, Bangladesh can reunite, says Haryana CM Manohar Lal Khattar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/india-pak-bangladesh-can-reunite-says-manohar-lal-khattar-8051293/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

===Women's empowerment===
Manohar Lal Khattar's Government has been in news for taking steps to implement [[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana]] scheme that was flagged off by India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. The child gender ratio has been improved in Haryana since he assumed power. It is now 889 girls per 1,000 boys. "Efforts are being made to further take it (child gender ratio) to above 900," Khattar has said in a public statement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title='Haryana's child sex ratio improves to 889 girls per 1,000 boys' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/haryana-s-child-sex-ratio-improves-to-889-girls-per-1-000-boys/story-GuQGxhXOeSSBRybJRfzXLP.html |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

===Construction of memorial===
Manohar Lal Khattar has publicly declared that his government will build a memorial to mark the sacrifice of Garud Commando Gursewak Singh, who was killed in a terrorist attack in Pathankot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memorial to be {{sic|bu|ild|nolink=y|reason=expecting 'built'}} for slain Commando Gursewak: Manohar Lal Khattar |last1=PTI |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/50449803.cms |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Manohar Lal Khattar is criticised for his remarks on rape and women issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Jyoti |title=Haryana CM Khattar didn't say 'bring girls from Kashmir', but he sure found it funny |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/haryana-cm-khattar-didnt-say-bring-girls-from-kashmir-but-he-sure-found-it-funny/275477/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=11 August 2019}}</ref> During his election campaign for 2014 polls in India, he said: "If they (women) want freedom, why don't they just roam around naked? Freedom has to be limited."<ref>{{cite news |title=And Now Haryana's New CM Khattar Wants Girls to Dress "Decently" |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/1027/And-Now-Haryanas-New-CM-Khattar-Wants-Girls-to-Dress-Decently |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Citizen |date=22 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roychoudhury |first1=Shibaji |title=Manohar Lal Khattar, who blamed women for India's rising rapes, is new Haryana CM |url=https://scroll.in/article/684700/manohar-lal-khattar-who-blamed-women-for-indias-rising-rapes-is-new-haryana-cm |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Likewise, on 16 November 2018, he has stated, "The biggest concern is that in 80-90% of rapes and eve-teasing cases, the accused and the victim know each other. In many cases, they know each other for a long time, and on one day, when there is an argument,... an FIR is lodged, saying that this person has raped me." This evoked strong condemnation from the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manohar Lal Khattar: Haryana CM Khattar sparks controversy with rape remark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-cm-khattar-sparks-controversy-with-remarks-on-rape/articleshow/66675908.cms |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2018}}</ref> On 3 April 2023, he again stirred a controversy by making a remark that a "[high court] judge needed to be "fixed". The opposition believes this is interference with the judiciary and have demanded an apology and that a contempt of court notice be issued against him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=3 April 2023 |title=Haryana CM Khattar's remark on HC judge sparks political row. Opposition calls him 'arrogant', demands apology |url=https://theprint.in/politics/haryana-cm-khattars-remark-on-hc-judge-sparks-political-row-opposition-calls-him-arrogant-demands-apology/1492482/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Manohar Lal Khattar ministry (2014–)]]
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{Official Website}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of Haryana]]|
years=26 October 2014 – 12 October 2024|
after= [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Third Modi ministry}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers}}
{{Chief Ministers of Haryana}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khattar, Manohar Lal}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Hindu activists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Kipunada

2026-03-15T20:27:56Z

AryaInIND: minor improved formatting after review and added references after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Kipunada
| title = Kushan Ruler
| titletext =
| more =
| type =
| image = [[File:Kipunada.jpg|270px]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Coin of Kipunada. Circa 335-350 CE. ''Obverse:'' Kipunada standing left, sacrificing over altar. To the right, name vertically in [[Brahmi script]] in [[monogram]]mic form: ''Ki-pu-ṇa'' [[File:Gupta ashoka ki.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta gujarat nn.svg|14px]]. Under the ruler's arm: ''Bacharnatha'' [[File:Gupta ashoka b.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka c.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka n.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka th.svg|12px]]. ''Reverse:'' [[Ardoxsho]] enthroned facing, holding investiture garland and [[cornucopia]].<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=292101 CNG Coins]</ref>

| succession =
| moretext =
| reign = 335-350 CE<ref name="KKSK2">{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Donovan |first2=Peter |title=Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan |date=2014 |page=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11049999 |language=en}}</ref>
| reign-type =
| coronation = 335 CE
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Shaka I]]
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Kidarites]]
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = 297 CE
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| burial_date = 350 CE
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{{Kushan rulers}}
'''Kipunada''' ([[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta ashoka ki.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta gujarat nn.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta gujarat dh.svg|14px]] ''Ki-pu-ṇa-dha''), also '''Kipanadha''', was probably the last ruler of the [[Kushan Empire]] around 335-350 CE.<ref name="KKSK2" /> He is known for his gold coinage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HS6kktipb8C&pg=PA15|title=Heritage World Coin Auctions Long Beach Signature Auction Catalog #378|publisher=Ivy Press |page=15|isbn=978-1-932899-79-5|date=May 2005}}</ref> He succeeded [[Shaka I]]. Kipunada was probably only a local ruler in the area stretching from [[Waisa]] to [[Taxila]], in northwestern [[Punjab]], and he may have been a subject of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] Emperor [[Samudragupta]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |date=2017 |page=203 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gupta and Kidarite successors ==
The coins of Kipunada in Central and Western Punjab were followed by peculiar coins minted locally in Punjab, with the name "Samudra" on them ([[Gupta script]]:[[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mu.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dr.jpg|12px]]), presumably connected to the [[Gupta Empire]] ruler [[Samudragupta]].<ref name="Cribb101" /><ref name="EE" /> Soon after this, coinage was issued in Punjab by [[Kidarites|Kidarite Hun]] rulers known as [[Kirada]], [[Peroz III Kushanshah|Peroz]] and then the famous [[Kidara]], who occupied the territory formerly held by the Kushans.<ref name="Cribb101">{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf |journal=Coins, Art and Chronology II, Edited by M. Alram et Al. |url=https://www.academia.edu/38112559 |language=en|page=101}}</ref><ref name="EE">"In the Punjab the stylistic progression of the gold series from Kushan to Kidarite is clear: imitation staters were issued first in the name of Samudragupta, then by Kirada, 'Peroz' and finally Kidara" in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Curtis |first2=Vesta Sarkhosh |title=From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=2007 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-1165-0 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Kipunada lost his independence directly to the invading [[Hunas]] who had invaded northern [[India]] and acted as a local ruler of [[Taxila]] (alongside [[Mahi (Kushan)|Mahi]] and [[Shaka (Kushan)|Shaka]]) under the suzerainty of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta emperors]], while still using the coinage style of the [[Kushan Empire|Great Kushans]].<ref>"The last Kushan rulers, known mainly through their coinage, are known under the names Mahi, Shaka, and Kipunandha (Jongeward and Cribb 2015: 174–8). These rulers acted mainly as local authorities in the Taxila region, under the overall suzerainty of the Gupta emperors, while maintaining the coinage style of the Great Kushans in greatly reduced values. As far as East Iran is concerned, Kushan rule essentially ceased to exist following the death of Kanishka II, in effect being reduced to local rule in northern India, already dominated by the Gupta emperor Samudragupta (Dani 1996: 169). The later Kushan king Kipunandha probably lost his independence directly to the Huna tribes who invaded northern India in the late fourth century (Errington and Curtis 2007: 71; Cribb 2010:
112–13)." {{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |language=en}}</ref> The Kushano-Sasanian sites, including the coins, extended to Gandhara due to Shapur II's protection of the eastern borders of his [[Sasanian Empire]] against the invading Huns/Chionites. His treaties with the Huns resulted in: allowing them to join the Sasanian troops, treating them as allies and allowing his direct control over the east. The Kushano-Sasanian coin series issued by [[Kidara]] and a certain Pērōz, in [[Tokharistan]] and [[Gandhara]] continued.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |language=en}}</ref> Evidently, [[Kidara I]] was the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king who submitted to the Gupta king [[Samudragupta]] and accepted [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] suzerainty.<ref name="HCCA166">{{harvnb|Dani |Litvinsky |Zamir Safi|1996|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA165 165]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA166 166]}}</ref><ref>"The two coin types discussed here are clearly related to the [[Kidarites|Kidarite Huns]] by their designs and by the inscription ΚΙΔΑΡΑ
([[Kidara I|Kidara]] in [[Bactrian language|Bactrian script]], as written on Kidara’s Bactrian gold issues, Cribb 2010, pp. 109–110; p. 126, type 6A; p. 140, fig. no. 13) on one type, but curiously they have not been seen before among the many published Kidarite issues. All three pieces include in their inscription the title devaputra (son of the gods) written in [[Brahmi script]]. This title was used by the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] kings and in the inscription of [[Samudragupta]] from [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad (line 23)]] was used to identify the Kushan king submitting to the Gupta king dēvaputra shāhi shāhānushāhi." {{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Singh |first2=Karan |title=Two Curious Kidarite Coin Types From 3rd Century Kashmir |journal=JONS |volume=230 |date=Winter 2017 |page=3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36983254}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Samudra Gandhara coin, Punjabi mint Circa CE 350-375.jpg|Local coin minted in the [[Punjab]] area with the name "Samudra" ([[File:Gupta ashoka s.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mu.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dr.jpg|12px]] ''Sa-mu-dra'', under the king's left arm), presumably [[Samudragupta]], immediately followed those of Kipunada.<ref name="EE" /><ref name="Cribb101" />
File:HUNNIC TRIBES, Kidarites Kirada Circa 340-345.jpg|The next coins were those of [[Kidarite]] Hun kings, starting with [[Kirada]] ([[File:Gupta ashoka ki.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|14px]] ''Ki-ra-da'' under the king's left arm), who ruled circa 350 CE.<ref name="EE" /><ref name="Cribb101" />
</gallery>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] Ruler|years={{Circa|335}}-350 CE<ref name="KKSK2" />|before=[[Shaka I]]|after=[[Gupta Empire]]/ [[Kidarites]] ([[Kirada]])}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kushans}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=Boris Abramovich |last3=Zamir Safi |first3=M. H. |title=Eastern Kushans, Kidarines in Gandhara and Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites |year=1996 |pages=163–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA163}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803193854/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/kushan6.html Coins of late Kushan emperors]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kushan emperors]]
[[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Vassal rulers of the Gupta Empire]]

{{Asia-royal-stub}}

Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor

2026-03-13T22:28:19Z

AryaInIND: updated details

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{for|7th Menteri Besar of Kedah|Sanusi Junid}}
{{Malay name|Muhammad Sanusi|Md Nor|note=on}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Amat Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Seri]] [[Hajji|Haji]]
| name = Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|SPMK (Kedah)|AMK|MLA (Kedah)}}
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|محمد سنوسي مد نور}}}}
| native_name_lang = ms
| image = Sanusi Md Nor.jpg
| caption = Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor in September 2025

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|08|04|df=yes}}<ref name="sinarharian.com.my">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/83937/EDISI/Utara/Muhammad-Sanusi-pemimpin-mesra-mudah-didekati|title=Muhammad Sanusi pemimpin mesra, mudah didekati|date=17 May 2020|website=Sinarharian}}</ref>
| birth_place = Kampung Sungai Pauh, [[Sik District|Sik]], [[Kedah]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name="'Sebiji telur belah lapan'">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/05/694687/sebiji-telur-belah-lapan|title='Sebiji telur belah lapan'|date=31 May 2020|website=Berita Harian}}</ref>
| citizenship = Malaysian

| order1 = 14th
| office1 = Menteri Besar of Kedah
| monarch1 = [[Sallehuddin of Kedah|Sallehuddin]]
| term_start1 = 17 May 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mukhriz Mahathir]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]]

| office2 = State [[Leader of the Opposition]] of [[Kedah]]
| term_start2 = 4 July 2018
| term_end2 = 17 May 2020
| monarch2 = Sallehuddin
| 1blankname2 = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata2 = Mukhriz Mahathir
| predecessor2 = [[Amiruddin Hamzah]]
| successor2 = [[Phahrolrazi Mohd Zawawi]]
| constituency2 = Jeneri

| constituency_AM3 = [[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]]
| assembly3 = Kedah State Legislative
| term_start3 = 9 May 2018
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Mahadzir Abdul Hamid]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| successor3 =
| majority3 = 2,455 ([[2018 Kedah state election|2018]]) 16,050 ([[2023 Kedah state election|2023]])

| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)
| otherparty = [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{small|(2008–2015)}} [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (GS) {{small|(2016–2020)}} [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) {{small|(2020–present)}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Science Malaysia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = {{marriage|Jusmalailani Jusoh|14 February 1999}} {{marriage|Che Intan Subri|2024}}
| children = 5
| residence = [[Seri Mentaloon]], [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]]<ref name="Tengku Zafrul kunjungi MB Kedah">{{Cite web|title=Tengku Zafrul kunjungi MB Kedah|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2023/02/932278/tengku-zafrul-kunjungi-mb-kedah|access-date= |website=Bernama}}</ref>
| profession =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Malaysia]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Supreme Head of Malaysia.svg}} [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]
| branch = {{flagicon image|Naval_Ensign_of_Malaysia.svg}} [[Royal Malaysian Navy]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Territorial Army Regiment.gif}} [[Rejimen Askar Wataniah|Territorial Army Regiment]]
| serviceyears = 1995–1997<ref group="note">Underwent training as [[Reserve Officer Training Unit|reserve officer]] during his studies at [[Universiti Sains Malaysia|USM]].</ref> 2021–present<ref group="note">Awarded as an [[Malaysian military ranks|honorary one-star general]] by [[Royal Malaysian Navy|TLDM]].</ref>
| rank = [[File:Malaysia-Navy-OF-1.svg|30px]] [[Malaysian military ranks|Sub Lieutenant]] [[File:Malaysia-Navy-OF-6_New.svg|30px]] [[Malaysian military ranks|First Admiral]]<ref group="note">[[Titular and honorary rank|Honorary rank]].</ref>
| battles =
| unit = [[Reserve Officer Training Unit]]
| awards =
}}

'''Muhammad Sanusi bin Md Nor''' ({{langx|ms-Arab|محمد سنوسي بن مد نور|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}; {{IPA|ms|muhammad sanusi}}; born 4 August 1974<ref name="sinarharian.com.my"/>) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 14th [[Menteri Besar of Kedah]] since May 2020<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2020 |title=Menteri Besar baharu Kedah angkat sumpah esok |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/menteri-besar-baharu-kedah-angkat-sumpah-esok-243250 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> and Member of the [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]] since May 2018. He was the [[Opposition (Malaysia)#State Legislative Assemblies|Leader of the Opposition]] of the state from July 2018 to May 2020.

His tenure as Menteri Besar of Kedah has been characterised by a series of political gaffes and scandals, as well as strained relationships with the federal government and other state governments in Malaysia. A member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), he has been perceived as one of the key figures in the "[[Green Wave (Malaysia)|Green Wave]]" phenomena.

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Sanusi was born in Kampung Sungai Pauh, [[Sik District|Sik]], [[Kedah]], [[Malaysia]]<ref name="'Sebiji telur belah lapan'">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/05/694687/sebiji-telur-belah-lapan|title='Sebiji telur belah lapan'|date=31 May 2020|website=Berita Harian}}</ref> and he is the seventh child among 13 siblings from the marriage of Md Nor Taib (born 1942) and Meriam Ahmad (1949–15 August 2024).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor |url=http://pru.sinarharian.com.my/calon/2448/muhammad-sanusi-md-nor |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=PRU @ Sinar Harian}}</ref> He came from a poor family.

Muhammad Sanusi received his primary education at Sekolah Rendah Batu 5, Sik and later his secondary education at [[SMS Sultan Mohamad Jiwa|Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Mohamad Jiwa]], [[Sungai Petani]], Kedah, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sik, [[Sik District|Sik]], Kedah and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Derma, [[Kangar]], Perlis. He was sacked from school twice, once from [[SMS Sultan Mohamad Jiwa|Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Mohamad Jiwa]]. The second sacking was at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sik, because of his bad behaviour and his parents being unable to settle the payment for his school's annual fee. He tend to get bullied from his schoolmates due to his poor background. He continued his education to [[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] in Penang after having completed his [[Malaysian Higher School Certificate]] (STPM) at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Derma. He received his [[Bachelor of Political Science]] in [[Social Science]] from [[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] (USM), [[Gelugor]], Penang.<ref name=":1" /> During his university years, he underwent the training as [[Royal Malaysian Navy|navy]] [[Reserve Officer Training Unit|reserve officer cadet]] and commissioned in 1997.

==Early career==
Muhammad Sanusi began his career as an education officer for Persatuan Pengguna Pulau Pinang (CAP) (1998–2002), executive secretary for Institut Pemikiran dan Kepimpinan Melayu (IMPAK) (2002–2004) and assessment executive for Jurunilai Bersekutu (M) Sdn Bhd (2004–2008). He also served as board member for Syarikat Air Darul Aman (SADA) since 2010 until 2013.

==Political career==
{{Conservatism in Malaysia|People}}
During his political career, Muhammad Sanusi served as PAS election director, chairman of PASRelief, central director-general of PAS Security (since 2017), PAS divisional commissioner of Sik, Kedah (since 2015), Kedah PAS deputy commissioner (since 2015), Political Secretary to 10th Menteri Besar of Kedah YAB Tan Sri Dato' Seri Diraja Ustaz Haji [[Azizan Abdul Razak]] (2008 to 2013). He also served as election director of PN since 2023.

Muhammad Sanusi won the highest number of votes in the Central Working Committee (AJK) members election with 1,098 votes in the [[2023 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election|PAS party election 2023]].

== Menteri Besar of Kedah ==
{{main|The Greater Kedah 2050}}
Muhammad Sanusi served as 14th Menteri Besar of Kedah since 2020. On 17 May 2020, [[Mukhriz Mahathir]] resigned as Menteri Besar of Kedah mentioning he couldn't hold on to majority among his state assemblymen and thus relinquished his position.<ref>news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/05/17/mukhriz-formally-announces-resignation-as-kedah-mb/1866916</ref> Sanusi sworn in before the [[Sultan of Kedah]], [[Sallehuddin of Kedah|Sallehuddin]] on 17 May 2020.

During his tenure as the [[Menteri Besar of Kedah]], he oversees many development and achievement in Kedah, including earned RM68.3 billion in 2021 and RM7.34 billion from investment in 2022; upgraded six Water Treatment Plants ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Loji Rawatan Air'' or ''LRA'') includes LRA Lubuk Buntar, LRA Bukit Selambau, LRA Sungai Limau, LRA Baling, LRA Jenun Baru and LRA Pelubang; 5,417 land title grants have been given to applicants who have been applying for decades;
Kedah Rubber City (KRC) which has been in disrepair for a long time will be developed in the PN era with a total of RM2.2 billion and many more.

== Involvement in navy ==
Muhammad Sanusi became the first politician in Malaysia to receive the military ranks of [[Malaysian military ranks|First Admiral]] in 2021 from the [[Royal Malaysian Navy]] (TLDM).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MB Kedah terima pangkat Laksamana (Kehormat) TLDM |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/04/06/mb-kedah-terima-pangkat-laksamana-kehormat-tldm/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Harakah Daily |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies and issues==
{{Main|Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor controversies}}
Muhammad Sanusi courted many controversies during his term as the [[Menteri Besar of Kedah]] since 2020 that have made him a [[Political polarization|polarizing figure]] in Malaysia. This includes [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth metal]] (REE) deposits, threats to cut [[Penang]]'s water supply, accusations of [[racism]], his comments on the [[Thaipusam]] [[holiday]] in [[Kedah]], a [[COVID-19]] corpse joke, an obscene speech in Penang, accusations of [[revanchism]] in relation to Penang,<ref>{{cite news |date= 6 June 2023|title= The controversy behind Kedah's claim of Penang|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/06/06/the-controversy-behind-kedahs-claim-of-penang/|access-date= 16 July 2023}}</ref> and controversial remarks about the appointment of the [[Menteri Besar of Selangor]] by [[Sultan of Selangor|the state's Sultan]].<ref>{{cite news |date= 15 July 2023|title= 57 reports received against Sanusi over remarks on Selangor sultan, says IGP|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/07/15/57-reports-received-against-sanusi-over-remarks-on-selangor-sultan-says-igp/|access-date= 16 July 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sanusi married his first wife, a school teacher, in February 1999. In 2024, he confirmed that he had taken a second wife, a policewoman.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ya, saya kahwin dengan anggota polis, isteri saya yang pinangkan' - Muhammad Sanusi|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2024/09/1130497/ya-saya-kahwin-dengan-anggota-polis-isteri-saya-yang-pinangkan-muhammad-sanusi|access-date= |website=Harian Metro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sah! Sanusi kahwin pegawai polis isteri kedua|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/sah-sanusi-kahwin-pegawai-polis-isteri-kedua-486461|access-date= |website=Astro Awani}}</ref> He has five children by his first wife.

Sanusi currently resides in [[Seri Mentaloon]], [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]].<ref group="note">The official residence of the [[Menteri Besar of Kedah]].</ref><ref name="Tengku Zafrul kunjungi MB Kedah">{{Cite web|title=Tengku Zafrul kunjungi MB Kedah|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/bisnes/2023/02/932278/tengku-zafrul-kunjungi-mb-kedah|access-date= |website=Bernama}}</ref>

In 2023, he released his own biography book, titled ''Pegunan Perjalanan Hidup: Dinding Sekeping Adik Seorang'', and this book was launched by President of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), [[Abdul Hadi Awang]].<ref name="luminews.my">{{Cite web|title=Kedah MB Datuk Seri Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor doing a book-signing session of his autobiography. |url=https://luminews.my/ms/videos/119281|access-date= |website=Lumi News Malaysia}}</ref><ref name="nst.com.my">{{Cite web|title=Pay us RM100 million, not even Kemuncup grass will be cut in Ulu Muda forest - Sanusi |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/01/1005664/pay-us-rm100-million-not-even-kemuncup-grass-will-be-cut-ulu-muda-forest#:~:text=Nation-,Pay%20us%20RM100%20million%2C%20not%20even%20Kemuncup%20grass%20will%20be,in%20Ulu%20Muda%20forest%20%2D%20Sanusi&text=POKOK%20SENA%3A%20Kedah%20Menteri%20Besar,the%20Ulu%20Muda%20forest%20reserve.|access-date= |website=NST Online}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2008 Kedah state election|2008]]
|N23 [[Belantek (state constituency)|Belantek]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |7,974
|49.20%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''8,226'''
|'''50.70%'''
|16,475
|252
|86.60%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Kedah state election|2018]]
| rowspan=3|'''N24 [[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |'''10,626'''
| rowspan=2|'''46.32%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Mahadzir Abdul Hamid]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |8,171
|35.61%
|rowspan=2|27,641
|rowspan=2|2,455
|rowspan=2|84.70%
|-
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
|[[Mohd Nazri Abu Hassan]] ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
|align="right" |4,146
|18.07%
|-
|[[2023 Kedah state election|2023]]
|bgcolor={{Party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|'''Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor''' ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''21,823'''
|'''79.08%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|Muhamad Khizri Abu Kassim}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |5,773
|20.92%
|27,754
|16,050
|79.08%
|}

== Honours ==
* {{Flag|Kedah}}
** [[File:MY-KED Exalted Order of the Crown of Kedah - Knight Grand Commander (SPMK).svg|50x50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Kedah]] (SPMK) – '''Dato' Seri''' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2021|title=Kedah MB is now 'Datuk Seri'|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/11/741687/kedah-mb-now-datuk-seri|access-date=1 November 2021|website=New Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2021|title=MB Sanusi heads awards list on Kedah Sultan's birthday|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/11/01/kedah-mb-sanusi-heads-awards-list/2017528|access-date=1 November 2021|website=Malay Mail}}</ref>
** [[File:MY-KED Exalted Order of the Crown of Kedah - Member (AMK).svg|50px]] Member of the [[Order of the Crown of Kedah]] (AMK) (2010)<ref name="Carian Penerima">{{cite web|url=https://eservices.kedah.gov.my/epingat/index.php?page=page_wrapper&menuID=150|title=Carian Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|website=eservices.kedah.gov.my}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Book ===
* ''Pegunan Perjalanan Hidup: Dinding Sekeping Adik Seorang'' (2023)<ref name="luminews.my"/><ref name="nst.com.my"/>

== See also ==
* [[Kedah Football Association]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/PAS4N24Jeneri Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor] on Facebook
* [https://twitter.com/SanusiNor Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor] on Twitter

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mukhriz Mahathir]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Besar of the State of Kedah|Chief Minister of Kedah]]|years=2020–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Menteris Besar and Chief Ministers}}

[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kedah]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]

Hindi film music

2026-03-09T15:29:46Z

AryaInIND:

{{short description|Songs featuring in Hindi films}}
{{for|the music genre|Filmi}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Bollywood Playback Singers.jpg|thumb|A group of Bollywood at the Indian Singers' Rights Association (ISRA) meet in 2013. Standing (L to R) [[Kailash Kher]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sowmya Raoh]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Manhar Udhas]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], Sitting (L to R) [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sanjay Tandon]], [[Chitra Singh]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], Mitali Singh.]]
{{Music of India}}

'''Hindi film songs''', more formally known as '''Hindi Geet''' or [[filmi|'''Filmi songs''']] and informally known as '''Bollywood music''', are songs featured in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. Derived from the song-and-dance routines common in [[Indian films]], Bollywood songs, along with dance, are a characteristic motif of [[Hindi cinema]] which gives it enduring popular appeal, cultural value and context.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008">{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sangita |last2=Moorti |first2=Sujata |title=Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C |access-date=22 January 2012 |date=16 June 2008 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 |pages=1–6 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085932/https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindi film songs form a predominant component of [[Indian pop music]], and derive their inspiration from both classical and modern sources.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" /> Hindi film songs are now firmly embedded in North India's popular culture and routinely encountered in North India in marketplaces, shops, during bus and train journeys and numerous other situations.<ref name="Gokulsing2009">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |title=Popular culture in a globalised India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC&pg=PA130 |access-date=22 January 2012 |date=4 February 2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-47666-9 |page=130 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085740/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC&pg=PA130 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though Hindi films routinely contain many songs and some dance routines, they are not musicals in the Western theatrical sense; the music-song-dance aspect is an integral feature of the genre akin to plot, dialogue and other parameters.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />{{rp|2}}

The first song recorded in India by Gauhar Jaan in 1902 and the first Bollywood film ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) were under [[Saregama]], India's oldest music label currently owned by [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saregama.com/static/about-us |title=Evergreen Hindi Songs, Ghazals & Devotional music from Saregama |website=Saregama |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026134007/https://www.saregama.com/static/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Linguistically, Bollywood songs tend to use vernacular [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], mutually intelligible to self-identified speakers of both [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], while modern Bollywood songs also increasingly incorporate elements of [[Hinglish]].<ref name="scienceandmediamuseum">{{cite web |title=Decoding the Bollywood poster |url=https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/ |website=[[National Science and Media Museum]] |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=26 November 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716170038/https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/decoding-the-bollywood-poster/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Urdu poetry]] has had a particularly strong impact on Bollywood songs, where the lyrics draw heavily from Urdu poetry and the [[ghazal]] tradition.<ref name="Dwyer">{{cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-38070-1 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&pg=PA106}}</ref> In addition, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is also occasionally used for Bollywood songs.

The [[Indian Music Industry]] is largely dominated by Bollywood soundtracks, which account for nearly 80% of the country's music revenue. The industry was dominated by [[cassette tapes]] in the 1980s and 1990s, before transitioning to [[online streaming]] in the 2000s (bypassing CD and [[Digital distribution|digital downloads]]). As of 2014, the largest Indian music record label is [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] with up to 35% share of the Indian market, followed by [[Sony Music India]] (the largest foreign-owned label) with up to 25% share, and then [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]] (which has a partnership with Sony).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malvania |first1=Urvi |title=Sony Music eyes numero uno position in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sony-music-eyes-numero-uno-position-in-india-114042100807_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011933/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sony-music-eyes-numero-uno-position-in-india-114042100807_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2017, 216{{nbsp}}million Indians use music streaming services such as YouTube, [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]], [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] and [[JioSaavn]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Spotify's plan to beat Apple: sign the rest of the world |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2b1b317a-f87b-11e8-8b7c-6fa24bd5409c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062717/https://www.ft.com/content/2b1b317a-f87b-11e8-8b7c-6fa24bd5409c |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=bot: unknown |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019 }}</ref> As of 2021, T-Series is the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most subscribed YouTube channel]] with over 170 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Daniyal |title=Here Are The Channels With Most Number of Subscribers On YouTube |url=https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2021/03/here-are-channels-with-most-number-of.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |work=Digital Information World |date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310065732/https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2021/03/here-are-channels-with-most-number-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Hindi film songs are present in Hindi cinema right from the first sound film ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) by [[Ardeshir Irani]] which featured seven songs. This was closely followed by ''Shirheen Farhad'' (1931) by [[Jamshedji Framji Madan]], also by Madan, which had as many as 42 song sequences strung together in the manner of an opera, and later by ''Indra Sabha'' which had as many as 69 song sequences. However, the practice subsided and subsequent films usually featured between six and ten songs in each production.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />{{rp|20}}

Right from the advent of Indian cinema in 1931, musicals with song numbers have been a regular feature in Indian cinema.<ref name="Morcom2007">{{cite book |last=Morcom |first=Anna |title=Hindi film songs and the cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC&pg=PA208 |access-date=22 January 2012 |date=30 November 2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-5198-7 |pages=1–24 |chapter=The cinematic study of Hindi film songs}}</ref> In 1934 Hindi film songs began to be recorded on gramophones and later, played on radio channels, giving rise to a new form of mass entertainment in India which was responsive to popular demand.<ref name="Morcom2007" /> Within the first few years itself, Hindi cinema had produced a variety of films which easily categorised into genres such as "historicals", "mythologicals", "devotional, "fantasy" etc. but each having songs embedded in them such that it is incorrect to classify them as "musicals".<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />

The Hindi song was such an integral features of Hindi mainstream cinema, besides other characteristics, that post-independence alternative cinema, of which the [[Satyajit Ray filmography|films]] of [[Satyajit Ray]] are an example, discarded the song and dance motif in its effort to stand apart from mainstream cinema.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />

The Hindi film song now began to make its presence felt as a predominating characteristic in the culture of the nation and began to assume roles beyond the limited purview of cinema. In multi-cultural India, as per film historian Partha Chatterjee, "the Hindi film song cut through all the language barriers in India, to engage in lively communication with the nation where more than twenty languages are spoken and ... scores of dialects exist".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gopal|first1=Sangita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&q=Bollywood%2520music|title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance|last2=Moorti|first2=Sujata|date=2008|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7|language=en|page=14|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085853/https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&q=Bollywood%2520music#v=onepage&q=Bollywood%2520music&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Bollywood music has drawn its inspiration from numerous traditional sources such as ''[[Ramleela]]'', ''[[nautanki]]'', ''[[tamasha]]'' and [[Parsi theatre]], as well as from the West, Pakistan, and other Indic musical subcultures.<ref name="MehtaPandharipande2010">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Rini Bhattacharya |last2=Pandharipande |first2=Rajeshwari |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgZTUn00crMC&pg=PA176 |access-date=22 January 2012 |date=15 January 2010 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-833-0 |page=36}}</ref>

For over five decades, these songs formed the staple of popular music in South Asia and along with Hindi films, was an important cultural export to most countries around Asia and wherever the Indian diaspora had spread. The spread was galvanised by the advent of cheap plastic tape cassettes which were produced in the millions until the industry crashed in 2000.<ref name="Morcom2007" /> Even today Hindi film songs are available on radio, on television, as live music by performers, and on media, both old and new such as cassette tapes, compact disks and DVDs and are easily available, both legally and illegally, on the internet.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />

== Style and format ==
The various use of languages in Bollywood songs can be complex. Most use variations of Hindi and Urdu, with some songs also including other languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]], and it is not uncommon to hear the use of English words in songs from modern Hindi movies. Besides Hindi, several other Indian languages have also been used including [[Braj]], [[Avadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].

In a film, music, both in itself and accompanied with dance, has been used for many purposes including "heightening a situation, accentuating a mood, commenting on theme and action, providing relief and serving as interior monologue."<ref name="MehtaPandharipande2010" />

In a modern globalisation standpoint, Bollywood music has many non-Indian influences, especially from the West.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sangita |title=Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-5644-8}}</ref> Many Hindi film music composers learned and mimicked Hollywood's style of matching music to scene atmospheres into their own film songs, the result being Bollywood music. These songs can be considered a combination of Western influences and Hindi music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcom |first=Anna |year=2001 |title=An Understanding between Bollywood and Hollywood? The Meaning of Hollywood-Style Music in Hindi Films |journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–84 |doi=10.1080/09681220108567310 |jstor=3060772 |s2cid=194048350}}</ref>

== Production ==
Songs in Bollywood movies are deliberately crafted with lyrics often written by distinguished poets or ''literati'' (often different from those who write the film script), and these lyrics are often then set to music, carefully choreographed to match the dance routine or script of the film. They are then sung by professional playback singers and lip-synched by the actors. Bollywood cinema is unique in that the majority of songs are seen to be sung by the characters themselves rather than being played in the background.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. F. I. |date=2022-05-19 |title=What Is Bollywood? Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.nfi.edu/what-is-bollywood/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=NFI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330084509/https://www.nfi.edu/what-is-bollywood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although protagonists sing often, villains in films do not sing because music and the arts are a sign of humanity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarrazin |first=Natalie |title=Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India (Focus on World Music Series) |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-58545-4}}</ref> In Western cinema, often a composer who specialises in film music is responsible for the bulk of music on the film's soundtrack, and while in some films songs may play an important part (and have direct relationship to the subject of the film), in Bollywood films, the songs often drive large-scale ''production numbers'' featuring elaborate choreography.

The key figure in Bollywood music production and composition is the ''music director''. While in Western films, a "music director" or "music coordinator" is usually responsible for selecting existing recorded music to add to the soundtrack, typically during opening and closing credits, in Bollywood films, the "music director" often has a much broader role encompassing both composing music/songs specifically for the film and (if needed) securing additional (licensed) music. In this sense, a Bollywood music director also plays the role of a composer and music producer.

The ''lyricist'' of Bollywood songs is less likely to be the same composer or music director, as Bollywood films often go to great lengths to include lyrics of special significance and applicability to the film's plot and dialogue, and/or the words of highly regarded poets/lyricists set to music written specifically for such words in the film, as noted above.

Bollywood film songs have been described as eclectic both in instrumentation and style.<ref>Morcom, Anna (2007) ''Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema''. Aldershot: Ashgate.</ref> They often employ foreign instruments and rework existing songs, showing remarkable inventiveness in the reinvention of melodies and instrumental techniques.<ref>[http://arpjournal.com/858/the-cultural-economy-of-sound-reinventing-technology-in-indian-popular-cinema/ Carlo Nardi (July 2011). "The Cultural Economy of Sound: Reinventing Technology in Indian Popular Cinema". ''Journal on the Art of Record Production'', Issue 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615074412/http://arpjournal.com/858/the-cultural-economy-of-sound-reinventing-technology-in-indian-popular-cinema/ |date=15 June 2013 }} {{ISSN|1754-9892}}.</ref>

Bollywood film songs often tend to be accompanied by expensive music videos. Some are among the [[List of most expensive music videos|most expensive music videos]] of all time.<ref name="ucnews">{{cite news |title=Here Are The 12 Most Expensive Songs Ever Made In Bollywood |url=https://www.ucnews.in/news/Here-Are-The-12-Most-Expensive-Songs-Ever-Made-In-Bollywood/1304706038450303.html |work=[[UC News]] |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231043/https://www.ucnews.in/news/Here-Are-The-12-Most-Expensive-Songs-Ever-Made-In-Bollywood/1304706038450303.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most expensive Indian music video is "Party All Night" (for the 2013 film ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''), which cost {{INR|60 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|60|IND|year=2013}} million|long=no}}) to produce.<ref name="Party All Night 60 million">{{cite web |title=Get ready to party all night with Akshay Kumar & Sonakshi Sinha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/get-read-to-party-all-night-with-akshay-kumar-sonakshi-sinha-210242-2013-09-06 |work=India Today |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908150311/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/get-read-to-party-all-night-with-akshay-kumar-%26-sonakshi-sinha/1/308772.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, the most expensive Indian music video was "[[Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya]]" (for the 1960 film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''), which at the time cost more than {{INR|1.5 million}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Warsi |first=Shakil |title=Mughal-E-Azam |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn:9788129113214 |year=2009 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1321-4 |page=57 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826091445/https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn:9788129113214 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:1500000/4.76 round -4}}|long=no}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1966&locations=IN&start=1960 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1960 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022106/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1966&locations=IN&start=1960 |url-status=live }}</ref> equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|0.32|1960}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:3*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}}) round -1}} million}}) adjusted for inflation.

== Genres ==
{{Further|Filmi}}

=== M.P. ===
{{Main|Filmi devotional songs}}

=== Dance ===
{{Main|Hindi dance music}}

Hindi dance music encompasses a wide range of songs predominantly featured in the [[Bollywood]] film industry with a growing worldwide attraction. The music became popular among [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|overseas Indians]] in countries such as South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States and eventually developed a global fan base.<ref>{{cite news |title=Planet Bollywood |url=http://www.thestar.com/article/550760 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014230251/http://www.thestar.com/article/550760 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2012 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=14 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Disco ===
In the [[Indian subcontinent]] of South Asia, [[disco]] peaked in popularity in the early 1980s, when a South Asian disco scene arose, popularised by [[filmi]] Bollywood music, at a time when disco's popularity had declined in North America. The South Asian disco scene was sparked by the success of [[Pakistani pop]] singer [[Nazia Hassan]], working with Indian producer [[Biddu]], with the hit [[Bollywood]] song "[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]" in 1980.<ref name="geeta_ragas">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |publisher=The Original Soundtrack |access-date=3 June 2011 |title=Further thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat' |date=6 April 2010 |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/further-thoughts-on-ten-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902151454/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/further-thoughts-on-ten-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-date=2 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="geeta_disco">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |publisher=The Original Soundtrack |access-date=3 June 2011 |title='Studio 84′: Digging into the History of Disco in India |date=29 August 2010 |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/08/29/studio-84-the-history-of-disco-in-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302083346/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/08/29/studio-84-the-history-of-disco-in-india/ |archive-date=2 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=12 x 12: The 12 best Bollywood disco records |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/12-x-12-the-12-best-bollywood-disco-records/ |work=[[The Vinyl Factory]] |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401135044/https://thevinylfactory.com/features/12-x-12-the-12-best-bollywood-disco-records/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Biddu himself previously had success in the Western world, where he was considered a pioneer, as one of the first successful disco producers in the early 1970s, with hits such as the hugely popular "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]" (1974),<ref name="metro_biddu">{{cite web |title=Biddu |author=James Ellis |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |date=27 October 2009 |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu |access-date=17 April 2011 |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Listener, Volumes 100–101 |work=[[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]] |publisher=BBC |year=1978 |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tRBAQAAIAAJ |access-date=21 June 2011 |quote=Tony Palmer knocked off a film account of someone called Biddu (LWT), who appears to have been mad enough to invent disco music.}}</ref><ref name="shapiro_55">{{cite book |title=Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco |first=Peter |last=Shapiro |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-86547-952-6 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG1jtWGU0S8C&pg=PA55 |access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> before the genre's Western decline at the end of the 1970s led to him shifting his focus to Asia. The success of "Aap Jaisa Koi" in 1980 was followed by Nazia Hassan's ''[[Disco Deewane]]'', a 1981 album produced by Biddu, becoming Asia's best-selling pop album at the time.<ref name="rs-india">{{Cite web|last=Lobo|first=Kenneth|date=30 December 2015|title=EDM Nation: How India Stopped Worrying About the Riff and Fell in Love With the Beat|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/edm-nation/|access-date=11 March 2023|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311152838/https://rollingstoneindia.com/edm-nation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In parallel to the [[Euro disco]] scene at the time, the continued relevance of disco in South Asia and the increasing reliance on synthesizers led to experiments in [[Electronic dance music|electronic disco]], often combined with elements of [[Indian music]].<ref name="geeta_ragas" /> Biddu had already used electronic equipment such as synthesizers in some of his earlier disco work, including "Bionic Boogie" from ''Rain Forest'' (1976),<ref name="bionic_boogie">{{Discogs release|2809569|Biddu Orchestra – Bionic Boogie}}</ref> "Soul Coaxing" (1977),<ref name="soal_coaxing">{{Discogs release|874902|Biddu Orchestra – Soul Coaxing}}</ref> ''Eastern Man'' and ''Futuristic Journey''<ref name="cduniverse">{{cite web |title=Futuristic Journey And Eastern Man CD |url=http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7735242 |publisher=[[CD Universe]] |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025225734/http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7735242 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="discogs_futuristic">{{Discogs master|109852|Biddu Orchestra – Futuristic Journey|type=album}}</ref> (recorded from 1976 to 1977),<ref>{{allMusic|album|r1401917|Futuristic Journey and Eastern Man}}</ref> and "Phantasm" (1979),<ref name="phantasm">{{Discogs release|1923348|Captain Zorro – Phantasm Theme}}</ref> before using synthesizers for his later work with Nazia Hassan, including "Aap Jaisa Koi" (1980), ''Disco Deewane'' (1981) and "[[Star/Boom Boom|Boom Boom]]" (1982).<ref name="rs-india" /> Bollywood disco producers who used electronic equipment such as synthesizers include [[R.D. Burman]], on songs such as "Dhanno Ki Aankhon Mein" (''[[Kitaab]]'', 1977) and "Pyaar Karne Waale" (''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'', 1980);<ref name="rs-india" /> [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], on songs such as "Om Shanti Om" (''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'', 1980);<ref name="pitchfork-bollywood">{{Cite web|date=26 May 2015|title=Disco Goes to Bollywood: A Rough Guide|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/775-disco-goes-to-bollywood-a-rough-guide/|access-date=11 March 2023|website=Pitchfork|language=en-US|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085741/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/775-disco-goes-to-bollywood-a-rough-guide/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Bappi Lahari]], on songs such as "Ramba Ho" (''[[Armaan (1981 film)|Armaan]]'', 1981).<ref name="rs-india" /> They also experimented with [[Minimalist music|minimalist]], [[Hi-NRG|high-tempo]], electronic disco, including Burman's "[[:File:Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka.ogg|Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka]]" (''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'', 1981), which had a "futuristic [[Electro music|electro]] feel", and Lahiri's "[[:File:Disco Dancer - Yaad Aa Raha Hai.ogg|Yaad Aa Raha Hai]]" (''[[Disco Dancer]]'', 1982).<ref name="geeta_ragas" />

Such experiments eventually culminated in the work of [[Charanjit Singh (musician)|Charanjit Singh]], whose 1982 record ''[[Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat]]'' anticipated the sound of [[Acid house|acid]] [[house music]], years before the genre arose in the [[Chicago house]] scene of the late 1980s. Using the [[Roland TR-808]] [[drum machine]], [[TB-303]] [[bass synthesizer]], and [[Jupiter-8]] synthesizer, Singh increased the disco [[tempo]] up to a "[[techno]] wavelength" and made the sounds more minimalistic, while pairing them with "mystical, repetitive, instrumental Indian [[raga]]s", to produce a new sound, which resembled acid house.<ref name="ra_raga">{{cite web |title=Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat |publisher=[[Resident Advisor]] |author=William Rauscher |date=12 May 2010 |url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=7445 |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035759/http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=7445 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="geeta_ragas" /> According to Singh: "There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the [[tabla]]. And I did it. And it turned out good."<ref name="guardian_2011">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house-ten-ragas |title=Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Stuart Aitken |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202015759/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/10/charanjit-singh-acid-house-ten-ragas |url-status=live }}</ref> The first track "[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Raga Bhairavi]]" also had a synthesised voice that says "[[Om Namah Shivaya]]" through a [[vocoder]].<ref name="dayal_thoughts">{{cite web |author=Geeta Dayal |publisher=The Original Soundtrack |access-date=3 June 2011 |title=Thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat' |date=5 April 2010 |url=http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/05/thoughts-on-10-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305185502/http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/2010/04/05/thoughts-on-10-ragas-to-a-disco-beat/ |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Along with experiments in electronic disco, another experimental trend in Indian disco music of the early 1980s was the fusion of disco and [[psychedelic music]]. Due to 1960s [[psychedelic rock]], popularised by [[the Beatles]]' [[raga rock]], borrowing heavily from Indian music, it began exerting a reverse influence and had blended with [[Bollywood music]] by the early 1970s. This led to Bollywood producers exploring a middle-ground between disco and psychedelia in the early 1980s. Producers who experimented with disco-psychedelic fusion included [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], on songs such as "Om Shanti Om" (''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'', 1980), and [[R. D. Burman]], on songs such as "Pyaar Karne Waale" (''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'', 1980),<ref name="pitchfork-bollywood" /> along with the use of synthesizers.<ref name="rs-india" />

=== Ghazal ===
{{Main|Filmi-ghazal}}
{{Further|Ghazal}}

The [[ghazal]] tradition of [[Urdu poetry]] was the basis for early [[Bollywood music]], ever since the first Indian [[talkie]] film, ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931). In turn, [[filmi]] ghazals had roots in earlier Urdu [[Parsi theatre]] of the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. The ghazal was the dominant style of [[Indian film]] music since the 1930s up until the 1960s. By the 1980s, however, ghazals had become marginalised in film music. Reasons for the decline include Urdu ghazal poetry being gradually phased out from the [[Indian education]] system, lyricists targeting urban middle-class audiences, and the influence of Western and [[Latin American music]].<ref name="Kabir">{{cite book |last1=Kabir |first1=Nasreen Munni |last2=Akhtar |first2=Javed |author2-link=Javed Akhtar |title=Talking Films and Songs: Javed Akhtar in conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-909177-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S59MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085923/https://books.google.com/books?id=S59MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT114#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Music directors like [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] composed notable film-[[ghazal]]s extensively for [[Muslim social]]s in the 1960s and the 1970s.<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book |last=Anantharaman |first=Ganesh |title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA9 |date=January 2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306340-7 |page=9}}</ref>

The filmi-ghazal style experienced a revival in the early 1990s, sparked by the success of [[Nadeem–Shravan]]'s ''[[Aashiqui]]'' (1990). It had a big impact on Bollywood music at the time, ushering in ghazal-type romantic music that dominated the early 1990s, with soundtracks such as ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'', ''[[Saajan]]'', ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' and ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''.<ref name="ghazal">{{cite journal |title= |journal=[[India Today]] |year=1994 |page=342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmkpAQAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Living Media]] |quote=In 1990, the super-success of Nadeem-Shravan's ''Aashiqui'' ushered in the era of ghazal-type romantic music as in ''Saajan'', ''Dil'', ''Phool aur Kaante'', ''Deewana''. |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403085934/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmkpAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> A popular ghazal song from ''Aashiqui'' was "[[Dheere Dheere]]", a [[cover version]] of which was later recorded by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in 2015.

=== Qawwali ===
{{Main|Filmi qawwali}}
{{Further|Qawwali}}

It represents a distinct subgenre of [[filmi|film music]], although it is distinct from traditional [[qawwali]], which is devotional [[Sufi music]]. One example of filmi qawwali is the song "[[Parda Hai Parda (song)|Pardah Hai Pardah]]" sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]], and composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], for the Indian film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Citation|title=Shabaab Pe Main, Pardaa Hai Pardaa - शबाब पे मैं, पर्दा है पर्दा|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/shabaab_pe_main_pardaa_hai.htm|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311152839/https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/shabaab_pe_main_pardaa_hai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Within the subgenre of filmi qawwali, there exists a form of qawwali that is infused with modern and [[Western culture|Western]] instruments, usually with [[techno]] beats, called ''techno-qawwali''. An example of techno-qawwali is "[[Kajra Re]]", a filmi song composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]. A newer variation of the techno-qawwali based on the more dance oriented tracks is known as the "club qawwali". More tracks of this nature are being recorded and released.

[[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] have composed filmi qawwalis in the style of traditional qawwali. Examples include "Tere Bin Nahin Jeena" (''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''), "Arziyan" (''[[Delhi 6]]''), "Khwaja Mere Khwaja" (''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''), "Bharde Do Jholi Meri" (''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'')<ref>{{Citation|title=Khwaja Mere Khwaja Dil Me Sama Ja - ख्वाजा मेरे ख्वाजा दिल में समा जा|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/khwaja_mere_khwaja_dil_mein.htm|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311152839/https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/khwaja_mere_khwaja_dil_mein.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Kun Faya Kun" (''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'').

=== Rock ===
{{Main|Indian rock}}
{{Further|Raga rock|Sufi rock}}

Indian musicians began fusing rock with traditional Indian music from the mid-1960s onwards in ''filmi'' songs produced for popular Bollywood films. Some of the more well known early rock songs (including styles such as [[funk rock]], [[pop rock]], [[psychedelic rock]], [[raga rock]], and [[soft rock]]) from Bollywood films include [[Kishore Kumar]]'s "O Saathi Re" in ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978), [[Mohammed Rafi]]'s "[[Jaan Pehechan Ho]]" in ''[[Gumnaam]]'' (1965), and [[Asha Bhosle]] songs such as "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]" in ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (1971), "Ae Naujawan Hai Sab" in ''[[Apradh]]'' (1972), and "Yeh Mera Dil Pyar Ka Diwana" in ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978).

== Unauthorised contrafacta ==
The Pakistani [[Qawwali]] musician [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] had a big impact on Bollywood music, inspiring numerous Indian musicians working in [[Bollywood]], especially during the 1990s. However, there were many instances of Indian music directors [[parody music|plagiarising]] Khan's music [[contrafactum|to produce]] hit filmi songs.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011230173145/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 December 2001 |title=The stilled voice |author=Amit Baruah, R. Padmanabhan |publisher=[[The Hindu]], [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] |date=6 September 1997}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |title=Bioscope: A Frivolous History of Bollywood in Ten Chapters |date=2018 |publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] |isbn=9789351952299 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109190319/https://books.google.com/books?id=_e9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several popular examples include [[Viju Shah]]'s hit song "Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast" in ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994) being plagiarised from Khan's popular Qawwali song "[[Dam Mast Qalandar]]", "Mera Piya Ghar Aya" used in ''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1995), and "Sanoo Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye" in ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' (1997).<ref name="hindu" /> Despite the significant number of hit Bollywood songs plagiarised from his music, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was reportedly tolerant towards the plagiarism.<ref name="Chaudhuri" /><ref name="rediff-khan">{{cite news |title=A rare encounter with Ustad Nusrat Ali Khan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/05nusrat.htm |access-date=23 December 2018 |work=[[Rediff]] |year=1997 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825191457/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/05nusrat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the Bollywood music directors who frequently plagiarised him, [[Anu Malik]], claimed that he loved Khan's music and was actually showing admiration by using his tunes.<ref name="rediff-khan" /> However, Khan was reportedly aggrieved when Malik turned his spiritual "Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo" into "I Love You, I Love You" in ''[[Auzaar]]'' (1997).<ref name="Chaudhuri" /> Khan said "he has taken my devotional song ''Allahu'' and converted it into ''I love you''. He should at least respect my religious songs."<ref name="rediff-khan" />

A number of Bollywood soundtracks also plagiarised [[Guinea]]n singer [[Mory Kanté]], particularly his 1987 album ''Akwaba Beach''. For example, his song "Tama" inspired two Bollywood songs, [[Bappi Lahiri]]'s "Tamma Tamma" in ''[[Thanedaar]]'' (1990) and "Jumma Chumma" in Laxmikant-Pyarelal's soundtrack for ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' (1991), the latter also featuring another song "Ek Doosre Se" which copied his song "Inch Allah".<ref name="srinivasan1">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |title=How Guinean Singer Mory Kanté's Music Was Lifted To Create 'Tamma Tamma Loge' and 'Jumma Chumma De De' |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=16 October 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606090031/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-guinean-singer-mory-kantes-music-was-lifted-to-create-tamma-tamma-loge-and-jumma-chumma-de-de/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> His song "[[Yé ké yé ké]]" was also used as background music in the 1990 Bollywood film ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'', inspired the Bollywood song "Tamma Tamma" in ''Thanedaar'', and was also copied by [[Mani Sharma]]'s song "Pellikala Vachesindhe" in the 1997 [[Telugu film]], ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''.<ref name="srinivasan1" />

== Cultural impact ==
Indian cinema, with its characteristic film music, has not only spread all over Indian society, but also been at the forefront of spreading India's culture around the world.<ref name="GopalMoorti2008" />{{rp|14}} In Britain, Hindi film songs are heard in restaurants and on radio channels dedicated to Asian music. The British dramatist [[Sudha Bhuchar]] converted a Hindi film hit ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' into a hit musical "Fourteen Songs" which was well received by the British audience. Film-maker [[Baz Luhrmann]] acknowledged the influence of Hindi cinema on his production ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' by the inclusion of a number "Hindi Sad Diamonds" based on the filmi song "[[Chamma Chamma]]" which was composed by [[Anu Malik]].<ref name="ConrichTincknell2007">{{cite book |last1=Conrich |first1=Ian |last2=Tincknell |first2=Estella |title=Film's musical moments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZS5vb7nQ_UC&pg=PA206 |access-date=22 January 2012 |date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2345-7 |page=206}}</ref> In Greece the genre of indoprepi sprang from Hindi film music while in Indonesia [[dangdut]] singers like Ellya Khadam, [[Rhoma Irama]] and [[Mansyur S.]], have reworked Hindi songs for Indonesian audiences.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Bettina |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |url=https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa/page/n185 179]–220 |editor=Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti |chapter=Intimate Neighbors: Bollywood, Dangdut Music, and Globalizing Modernities in Indonesia}}</ref> In France, the band [[Les Rita Mitsouko]] used Bollywood influences in their music video for "[[Marc & Robert|Le petit train]]" and French singer [[Pascal of Bollywood]] popularised filmi music by covering songs such as "[[Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pascal of Bollywood |url=http://www.rfimusique.com/musiquefr/articles/060/article_15244.asp |access-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |date=11 November 2004 |language=fr |archive-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411042343/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiquefr/articles/060/article_15244.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In Nigeria bandiri music—a combination of [[Sufism|Sufi]] lyrics and Bollywood-style music—has become popular among [[Hausa people|Hausa]] youth.<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |url=https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 |editor=Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti |page=[https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa/page/n14 8]}}</ref> Hindi film music has also been combined with local styles in the [[Caribbean]] to form "[[chutney music]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |url=https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 |editor=Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti |page=[https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa/page/n40 34]}}</ref>

== Best-selling soundtrack albums ==
{{See also|Indian Music Industry|Indian pop|Pakistani popular music|List of best-selling albums by country}}

=== Top ten ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Soundtrack
! scope="col" | Music director(s)
! scope="col" | Sales
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1|| 1990 || ''[[Aashiqui]]'' || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || 20,000,000+ (didn't count after) ||<ref name="india-today">{{cite journal|title=|journal=[[India Today]]|year=1994|volume=19|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHYZAQAAMAAJ&q=two+crore|publisher=Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115160514/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHYZAQAAMAAJ&q=two+crore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday94">{{cite news |title=Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-31 |access-date=17 July 2013 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 November 1994 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210235428/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| 1995
| ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' || [[Jatin–Lalit]] || 20,000,000 ||<ref name="rediff-kumar">{{cite news |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: How Gulshan Kumar signed his own death warrant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/02sup1.htm |work=[[Rediff]] |date=2 September 1997 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126025220/http://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/02sup1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ganti">{{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA390 |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726091017/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA390 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Saajan (film)|Saajan]]''|| [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || 20,000,000 ||<ref name="saajan">{{cite news|title=Bringing melody back, Nadeem-Shravan churn out hit after hit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19920415-bringing-melody-back-nadeem-shravan-churn-out-hit-after-hit-766153-2013-08-19|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 April 1992|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224215302/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bringing-melody-back-nadeem-shravan-churn-out-hit-after-hit/1/306650.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3||1997 || ''[[Dil Toh Pagal Hai]]'' || [[Uttam Singh]] || 12,500,000 ||<ref name="boi90s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042906/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|4||1994 || ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Kaun]]''|| [[Raamlaxman]] || 12,000,000 ||<ref name="Morcom">{{cite book|last=Morcom|first=Anna|title=Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema|date=2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-56374-1|page=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198}}</ref>
|-
|5||1996 || ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' || [[Nadeem–Shravan]] || 11,000,000 ||<ref name="boi90s" />
|-
| rowspan="6" | 6
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' || [[Shiv–Hari]] || 10,000,000 ||<ref name="indiatoday93">{{cite news|title=Audio tape producers ride crest of Bollywoods music boom, composers become stars|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931130-audio-tape-producers-ride-crest-of-bollywoods-music-boom-composers-become-stars-811853-1993-11-29|work=[[India Today]]|date=30 November 1993|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101062557/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/audio-tape-producers-ride-crest-of-bollywoods-music-boom-composers-become-stars/1/303415.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || [[Raamlaxman]] || 10,000,000 ||<ref name="indiatoday93" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[Baazigar]]''|| [[Anu Malik]] || 10,000,000
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="indiatoday94" />
|-
| ''[[Khalnayak]]'' || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] || 10,000,000
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]'' || [[Nikhil-Vinay]] || 10,000,000 ||<ref name="Outlook">{{cite journal|title=Making Music Like Ne'er Before|journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=13 March 1996|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-music-like-neer-before/200987|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112025355/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-music-like-neer-before/200987|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''|| [[Rajesh Roshan]] || 10,000,000 ||<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Film producers float their own music firms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Film-producers-float-their-own-music-firms/articleshow/43410031.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 November 2011|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716235839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Film-producers-float-their-own-music-firms/articleshow/43410031.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== By decade ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Decade
! scope="col" | Soundtrack
! scope="col" | Sales
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1950s || ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951) || {{N/A}} ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1950–1959|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042835/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|1960s || ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' (1964) || {{N/A}} ||<ref name="boi60s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042951/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970s
| ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973) || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref name="boi70s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970–1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="sholay">{{cite journal |title=Sûrya India |journal=Sûrya India |year=1979 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUvoAAAAMAAJ |publisher=A. Anand. |quote=Six years after the movie was released, 'Sholay' is still going strong. Polydor records has won a platinum disc for the sale of the 'Sholay' record |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806000945/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUvoAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="platinum">{{cite magazine |title=International |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=18 July 1981 |volume=93 |issue=28 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009032352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref name="sholay" /><ref name="platinum" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980s
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989) || {{nts|10,000,000}} ||<ref name="indiatoday93" /><ref name="boi80s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1980–1989|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || {{nts|10,000,000}} ||<ref name="indiatoday93" />
|-
|1990s || ''[[Aashiqui]]'' (1990) || {{nts|20,000,000+ (Didn't count after)}} ||<ref name="india-today" />
|-
|2000s || ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000) || 5,000,000 ||<ref name="Mohabbatein">{{cite news |title=As film music industry struggles, Bollywood goes for rightsizing of copyright price tags |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020401-as-film-music-industry-struggles-bollywood-goes-for-rightsizing-of-copyright-price-tags-795378-2002-04-01 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 April 2002 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170653/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020401-as-film-music-industry-struggles-bollywood-goes-for-rightsizing-of-copyright-price-tags-795378-2002-04-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2010s || ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) || {{nts|760,000}} ||<ref name="puli">{{cite news|title='Komaram Puli' audio creates latest record!|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/exclusivesingle_telugu/%E2%80%98Komaram-Puli%E2%80%99-audio-creates-latest-record!-4-45380.html|work=way2movies|date=16 July 2010|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063221/http://telugu.way2movies.com/exclusivesingle_telugu/%E2%80%98Komaram-Puli%E2%80%99-audio-creates-latest-record!-4-45380.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== By year ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Soundtrack
! scope="col" | Sales
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1960 || ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''
| rowspan="9" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref name="boi60s" />
|-
|1961 || ''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]''
|-
|1962 || ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''
|-
|1963 || ''[[Mere Mehboob]]''
|-
|1964 || ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''
|-
|1965 || ''[[Jab Jab Phool Khile]]''
|-
|1966 || ''[[Teesri Manzil]]''
|-
|1967 || ''[[Upkar]]''
|-
|1969 || ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''
|-
|1970 || ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]''
| rowspan="3" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="boi70s" />
|-
|1971 || ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]''
|-
|1972 || ''[[Pakeezah]]''
|-
|1973 || ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref name="boi70s" /><ref name="sholay" /><ref name="platinum" />
|-
|1974 || ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' || {{n/a}} ||<ref name="boi70s" />
|-
|1975 || ''[[Sholay]]'' || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref name="sholay" /><ref name="platinum" />
|-
|1976 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1976 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| rowspan="4" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="boi70s" />
|-
|1977 || ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]''
|-
|1978 || ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikander]]''
|-
|1979 || ''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]''
|-
|1980 || ''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]'' || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref name="platinum" />
|-
|1981 || ''[[Ek Duje Ke Liye]]'' || {{n/a}} ||<ref name="boi80s" />
|-
|1982 || ''[[Disco Dancer]]''
| {{nts|1,000,000}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri: The golden era of music has ended |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065318/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="platinum" />
|-
|1983 || ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''
| rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="boi80s" />
|-
|1984 || ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]''
|-
|1985 || ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Host of new playback singers in the reckoning |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19871130-host-of-new-playback-singers-in-the-reckoning-799550-1987-11-30 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 November 1987 |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902164050/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19871130-host-of-new-playback-singers-in-the-reckoning-799550-1987-11-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1986 || ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' || {{nts|1,000,000}} ||<ref>[[:File:Faruk Kaiser's Platinum Disc Award for Bhagwan Dada.jpg|Faruk Kaiser's Platinum Disc accolade for ''Bhagwan Dada'']]</ref>
|-
|1987 || ''[[Premaloka]]'' || {{nts|3,800,000}} ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Bahubali audio sold for Rs 3 cr, sets record|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bahubali-audio-sold-for-Rs-3-cr-sets-record/articleshow/47366344.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211005258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bahubali-audio-sold-for-Rs-3-cr-sets-record/articleshow/47366344.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' || {{nts|8,000,000}} ||<ref name="boi80s" /><ref name="filmfare">{{cite news |title=Top 25 films between the years 1985–1994 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/top-25-films-between-the-years-1985-1994_-26676-1.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 February 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110937/https://www.filmfare.com/features/top-25-films-between-the-years-1985-1994_-26676-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tezaab]]'' || {{nts|8,000,000}} ||<ref name="filmfare" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' || {{nts|10,000,000}} ||<ref name="indiatoday93" /><ref name="boi80s" />
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || {{nts|10,000,000}} ||<ref name="indiatoday93" />
|-
|1990 || ''[[Aashiqui]]'' || {{nts|20,000,000+ (didn't count after)}} ||<ref name="india-today" />
|-
|1991 || ''[[Saajan]]''|| {{nts|20,000,000}} ||<ref name="saajan" />
|-
|1992 || ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''|| {{nts|7,500,000}} ||<ref name="indiatoday94" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993
| ''[[Baazigar]]''|| {{nts|10,000,000}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="indiatoday94" />
|-
| ''[[Khalnayak]]'' || {{nts|10,000,000}}
|-
|1994 || ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Kaun]]''|| {{nts|12,000,000}} ||<ref name="Morcom" />
|-
|1995 || ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' || {{nts|20,000,000}} ||<ref name="rediff-kumar" /><ref name="Ganti" />
|-
|1996 ||''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' || {{nts|11,000,000}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="boi90s" />
|-
|1997 || ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' || {{nts|12,500,000}}
|-
|1998 || ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''|| {{nts|{{#expr:8000000+300000}}|}} ||<ref name="boi90s" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McClure |first1=Steve |title=Asian Acts Cross Cultural and National Boundaries |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=8 April 2000 |volume=112 |issue=15 |pages=49, 54 (54) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54 |access-date=26 March 2022 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]] |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326001537/https://books.google.com/books?id=0A4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1999 || ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''|| {{nts|10,000,000}} ||<ref name="timesofindia" />
|-
|2000 || ''[[Mohabbatein]]''|| {{nts|5,000,000}} ||<ref name="timesofindia" />
|-
|2001 || ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''|| 3,500,000 ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |title=As film music industry struggles, Bollywood goes for rightsizing of copyright price tags |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020401-as-film-music-industry-struggles-bollywood-goes-for-rightsizing-of-copyright-price-tags-795378-2002-04-01 |access-date=23 August 2012 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 April 2002 |archive-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034124/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020401-as-film-music-industry-struggles-bollywood-goes-for-rightsizing-of-copyright-price-tags-795378-2002-04-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2002 || ''[[Humraaz]]''||{{nts|2,200,000}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref name="boi00s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042845/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|2003 || ''[[Tere Naam]]''|| {{nts|3,000,000}}
|-
|2004 || ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''|| {{nts|3,000,000}}
|-
|2005 || ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''|| {{nts|2,000,000}}
|-
|2006 || ''[[Dhoom 2 ]]''|| {{nts|2,000,000}}
|-
|2007 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''|| {{nts|2,000,000}}
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' || {{nts|1,900,000}} ||<ref name="boi00s" />
|}

== Album streams ==
{{Further|List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos}}

The following were the most-streamed Bollywood music albums, {{as of|2020|lc=y}}.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Soundtrack
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | YouTube streams {{small|(billions)}}
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[List of Bollywood films of 2017|2017]]
| ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| 1.6
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger Zinda Hai |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/yrf/search?query=Tiger+Zinda+Hai |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]] |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816153123/https://www.youtube.com/user/yrf/search%3Fquery%3DTiger%2BZinda%2BHai |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[List of Bollywood films of 2018|2018]]
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
| [[Nadeem–Shravan]], [[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Rochak Kohli]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Kumaar]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], Danish Sabri
| 1.5
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Satyameva Jayate |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Satyameva+Jayate |via=YouTube |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428203229/https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search%3Fquery%3DSatyameva%2BJayate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
| [[Zack Knight]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Guru Randhawa]]
| [[Zack Knight]], [[Kumaar]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Guru Randhawa]]
| 1.5
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Sonu+Ke+Titu+Ki+Sweety |via=YouTube |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419163050/https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search%3Fquery%3DSonu%2BKe%2BTitu%2BKi%2BSweety |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
| [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Akhil Sachdeva]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Kumaar]], [[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| 1.4
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Badrinath+Ki+Dulhania |via=YouTube |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |access-date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423052150/https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search%3Fquery%3DBadrinath%2BKi%2BDulhania |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ek Haseena Thi Ek Deewana Tha]]''
| [[Nadeem Saifi]]
| [[Nadeem Saifi]], [[Faaiz Anwar]]
| 1.3
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Simmba]]''
| [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Viju Shah]], [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Kumaar]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| 1.6
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Simmba |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Simmba |access-date=11 June 2019 |via=YouTube |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428014819/https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search%3Fquery%3DSimmba |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|1.2
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]
*[[Antakshari]]
* [[Babul (Hindi word)]]
* [[Bhajan]]
* [[Binaca Geetmala]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]]
* [[Filmi]]
** [[Filmi qawwali]]
** [[Filmi-ghazal]]
* [[Filmi devotional songs]]
* [[Hindi dance music]]
* [[Hindi wedding songs]]
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]
* [https://www.whatobuy.in/romantic-songs/ List of Top Bollywood Songs]
* [[Soundtrack album]]
* [https://reportlive.in/8-road-trip-hindi-songs-you-should-consider-once/ Travel Songs]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* ''Behind the curtain: making music in Mumbai's film studios'' by Greg Booth
* ''Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India'' by Peter Manuel
* ''Dhunon ki Yatra-Hindi Filmon ke Sangeetkar 1931–2005'' by [[Pankaj Rag]]
* ''Early Indian Talkies: Voice, Performance and Aura:'' by Madhuja Mukherjee
* ''Echoes from Dharamsala: Music in the Life of a Tibetan Refugee Community'' by Keila Diehl (Tibetan refugees)
* ''Film songs and the cultural synergies of Bollywood in and beyond South Asia'' by Anna Morcom
* ''Hindi film songs and the cinema'' by Anna Morcom
* ''Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora'' by Helen Myers
* ''Pandits in the Movies: Contesting the Identity of Hindustani Classical Music and Musicians in the Hindi Popular Cinema'' by Greg Booth
* ''Religion, gossip, narrative conventions and the construction of meaning in Hindi film songs'' by Greg Booth
* ''The Cultural Economy of Sound: Reinventing Technology in Indian Popular Cinema'' by Carlo Nardi
* ''The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration'' edited by Narayana Jayaram, p. 164 (Trinidad)
* ''World Music Volume 2 Latin and North America Caribbean India Asia and: Latin and North America'',...by Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham (History)

== External links ==
* [https://www.whatobuy.in/old-songs-lyrics-hindi-movies/ Evergreen Top Old Hindi songs List]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}

[[Category:Filmi| ]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi| ]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema|Songs]]

Dulal Roy

2026-03-09T15:10:32Z

AryaInIND: done

{{Short description|Indian theatre director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dulal Roy
| image = Dulal Roy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|04|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_name =
| occupation = theatre actor, director and playwright
| years_active =
| known_for = Theatre
| spouse = Santi Chaya Roy
| domestic_partner =
| children = Madhur Kankana Roy and Sumadhur Roy
| parents = Dr. Tarani Kanta Roy
| website =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for stage direction [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] Natyasurya Phani Sharma Award by the Government of Assam
}}
'''Dulal Roy''' is an Indian theatre actor, director and playwright from [[Assam]]. He received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for stage direction, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] and the Natyasurya Phani Sharma Award by the Government of Assam.

==Biography==
Dulal Roy was born on 1 April 1943, in [[Sorbhog]] in [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], Assam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Stage set for change - Personality |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/stage-set-for-change-personality/cid/1546057 |newspaper=[[Telegraph India]] | date=12 April 2003 | accessdate=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2022 and 2023 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |publisher=Press information bureau, Government of India |page=10}}</ref> He is the son of [[Dr. Tarani Kanta Roy]] who was part of the Medical Corps of the Allied Forces. According to information gathered by the family, he was killed during World War II when the hospital he was attached to was subjected to Japanese aerial bombardment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lost soldier's grave found in Singapore |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/lost-soldiers-grave-found-singapore-2558170}}</ref> His primary education was from [[Cotton Collegiate Government H.S. School]] in [[Guwahati]] and he done his graduation from [[Cotton College, Guwahati]].<ref name=":0" />

His affinity for drama, which began during his school days, intensified during his college years. In his second year of college, he translated [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]]'s play ''Bharate Chai'' into [[Assamese language|Assamese]] under the title ''Janani'' and staged it. Its success led to the formation of a society called the Cotton College Dramatic Society.<ref name=":0" />

Due to his interest in acting, after graduation, Dulal Roy joined the [[National School of Drama]] in [[New Delhi]] and completed diploma in dramatic arts in direction in 1966.<ref name=":0" />

After completing his diploma, Roy returned to Assam with the aim of reviving the theatre scene in Assam, but two years later, in 1968, he joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute, Pune]], to further his understanding of the various facets of audio-visual media, and obtained a diploma in film editing.<ref name=":0" /> During his time working with prominent filmmakers like Tarun Dutta, [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]], [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] and [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], he worked as an assistant editor on films like ''Zafar'', ''[[Buddha Mil Gaya]]'', ''Anand'' and ''Dastak''.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Roy has held many positions such as Executive Board Member of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Member of the Planning and Theatre Committee of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]], Member of the Expert Committee of the [[National School of Drama]], and Member of the Expert Committee of the Young Theatre Worker of the Sangeet Natak Akademi.<ref name=":0" /> Later, he became the Project Director of the Sattriya Kendra, Guwahati a center started by Sangeet Natak Akademi to support [[Sattriya]] and allied traditions, and In-charge of Sangeet Natak Akademi's North East Centre, Guwahati.<ref name="Storyline">{{cite web |title=Dulal Roy on Ankiya Bhaona and the Sattriya tradition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/storyline/article4699229.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="SNA"/>

==Works==
Dulal Roy has directed over 80 plays, written numerous plays for stage, radio, and television, and acted in many plays.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Storyline"/> His play ''Prayosi'' was an independent play based on [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Another notable play is the independent adaptation of [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s Russian satire ''The Reviser''.<ref name=":0" /> Other notable plays include ''Jukti Tarka'', ''Bismriti'', ''Pon Rokshya'', ''Kankalata'', ''Swarthopor Daitya'', ''Karengor Ligiri'', ''Siraj'', ''Andha Yug'', ''Adhe Adhure'', ''Ashad Ka Ek Din'', ''The Lesson'', ''Bhogjora'', ''Hamlet'', ''Sarkari Inspector'' and ''Waiting for Godot''.<ref name="hills">{{cite news |title='Chatak Sanman' To Noted Artists Dulal Roy & Syed Sadullah - The Hills Times |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/chatak-sanman-to-noted-artists-dulal-roy-syed-sadullah |date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="zee">{{cite news |title=Veteran Assamese theatre personality revists his photographers journey |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/veteran-assamese-theatre-personality-revists-his-photographers-journey_1549056.html |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

Roy directed the film ''Aashroy'' in 1979 and also acted in several Assamese films.<ref name="hills"/>

==Awards and honours==
===Awards===
*1973: Best Production and Best Direction awards at the All India Full-Length Drama Competition held in Delhi (for ''Prayosi'').<ref name=":0" />
*1977: Best Production and Best Direction awards at the All India Full-Length Drama Competition held in Delhi<ref name=":0" />
* 1999: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for stage direction<ref name="Storyline"/>
* 2019: Natyasurya Phani Sharma Memorial Award by the Government of Assam<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-24 |title=Arati Das Boiragi, Dulal Roy Chosen For Natasurya Award, 2019 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/arati-das-boiragi-dulal-roy-chosen-for-natasurya-award-2019 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<ref name="SNA"/>
* 2022: Chatak Sanman<ref name="hills"/>
* Chamanlal Memorial Award<ref name="SNA"/>
* Natya Bhaskar Samman<ref name="SNA"/>

===Honors===
A six-day photography exhibition titled ''Indulgence of the Spirit'', was organized in 2015 to honor Dulal Roy's career spanning over 50 years.<ref name="zee"/> The book ''Pratay and Annekhsan: Dulal Royor Sadhana'', released in 2016 as a tribute to him, contains more than hundred articles by his former associates and art critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-02 |title=Book focuses Dulal Roy |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/16803 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Dulal}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Deepak Mukut

2026-03-08T17:40:12Z

AryaInIND: made

{{Short description|Indian film producer and distributor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepak Mukut
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]]
| parents = Kamal Kishore Mukut
| relatives =
| spouse = Krishna Mukut
| alma mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Producer|distributor}}
| years_active =
}}

'''Deepak Mukut''' is an Indian film producer and distributor who works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is the founder of Soham Rockstar Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Dhaakad producer on film flopping at box office, facing massive losses: 'Recovered most of them' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-dhaakad-producer-on-the-film-tanking-at-the-box-office-recovered-maximum-loss-8010081/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and Jhoom Jhoom Media,<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Deepak Mukut acquires official rights of Subodh Lal's book 'Priya Interrupted' |language=en |work=Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/producer-deepak-mukut-acquires-official-rights-of-subodh-lals-book-priya-interrupted |access-date=2023-02-09}}</ref> Deepak is known for producing films that include ''[[Dhaakad]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhaakad producer Deepak Mukut undeterred by film's failure, announces 3 projects |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhaakad-producer-deepak-mukut-undeterred-by-films-failure-announces-3-new-projects/8eb7509c0d43 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]'', [[Thank God (film)|''Thank God'']], ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]],'' and [[Mulk (film)|''Mulk'']] that brought him various awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Dutt: 'धाकड़' के निर्माता की संजय दत्त के साथ खास बैठक, जल्द हो सकता है किसी मेगा प्रोजेक्ट का एलान |language=hi |work=Amar Ujala |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhaakad-producer-deepak-mukut-actor-sanjay-dutt-may-announce-a-mega-project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathaan director Siddharth Anand not collaborating with Mulk producer Deepak Mukut |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-pathaan-director-siddharth-anand-not-collaborating-with-mulk-producer-deepak-mukut-3020100 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Deepa Mukut is the son of the film producer Kamal Mukut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anubhav Sinha's Mulk saw intense love and strong hate. Why Article 15 will be no different |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anubhav-sinha-s-mulk-saw-intense-love-and-strong-hate-why-article-15-will-be-no-different-1553674-2019-06-21}}</ref><ref name="telanganatoday.com2">{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |date=14 July 2022 |title=Deepak Mukut opens up on his journey from a jewelry businessman to a Bollywood producer |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/deepak-mukut-opens-up-on-his-journey-from-a-jewelry-businessman-to-a-bollywood-producer}}</ref> Deepak started his career in jewelry making and moved to [[Hong Kong]].{{fact|date=May 2024}}

He established Soham Rockstar Entertainment in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Handoo |first1=Ritika |date=12 April 2022 |title=Late actress Priya Rajvansh's book rights acquired for biopic, producer shares 'it'll be a love story of a director and a heroine' |language=en |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/late-actress-priya-rajvanshs-book-rights-acquired-for-biopic-producer-shares-itll-be-a-love-story-of-a-director-and-a-heroine-2453071.html}}</ref> He has made more than 15 serials and film-based programs on channels like Star TV, [[Sony]], [[Colors TV|Colors]], [[B4U (TV channel)|B4U]], and [[Disney]].<ref name="telanganatoday.com2" />

In 2016, he produced his first film ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]],'' starring [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Mawra Hocane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mulk producer Deepak Mukut teams up with Inspector Avinash director Neeraj Pathak for multiple films |language=en |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-mulk-producer-deepak-mukut-teams-up-with-director-neeraj-pathak-for-apne-2-chameli-ki-shaadi-2-other-films-2990018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Producer
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|Matka
|{{y}}
|
|-
|Apne 2
|{{y}}
|Starring ''[[Dharmendra]]'', ''[[Sunny Deol]]'', and ''[[Bobby Deol]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Deepak Mukut's Apne 2, The Dharmendra, Sunny & Bobby Deol Starrer Is All Set To Go On Floors In March 2022! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/deepak-mukuts-apne-2-the-dharmendra-sunny-bobby-deol-starrer-is-all-set-to-go-on-floors-in-march-2022/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Faraar
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|-
|[[The Bhootnii]]
|{{y}}
|Starring ''[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]], [[Mouni Roy]], Palak Tiwari''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanjay Dutt to co-produce his next action-drama with 'Dhaakad' producer Deepak Mukut |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-dutt-to-feature-in-an-action-drama-next-and-will-co-produce-with-dhaakad-producer-deepak-mukut/articleshow/94537323.cms |access-date=2023-02-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Sirf Ek Friday
|{{y}}
|Starring Avitesh Shrivastava, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)]], [[Farida Jalal]]
|-
|''Blind Game''
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Priyamani]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2023
|[[Kanjoos Makhichoos]]
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Shweta Tripathi]], [[Piyush Mishra]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Bal Naren]]''
|{{y}}
|Inspired by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] Campaign<ref>{{Cite web |title='मुल्क' के निर्माता को अब भायी स्वच्छता अभियान की कहानी, उत्तर प्रदेश में शुरू करने जा रहे ये फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/mulk-producer-deepak-mukut-going-to-make-film-bal-naren-on-pm-narendra-modi-film-inspired-by-swachh-bharat-abhiyan |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]''
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Thank God, Dhaakad producer Deepak Mukut says controversies affect box office collections: 'These reactions multiply' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/thank-god-dhaakad-producer-says-controversies-affect-box-office-collections-101667524751631.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]''
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Prachi Desai]]
|-
|''[[Dhaakad]]''
|{{y}}
|Starring [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Arjun Rampal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Deepak Mukut on his 'Dhaakad' star: Kangana Ranaut is exceptional and one of the nicest people I've worked with - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-deepak-mukut-on-his-dhaakad-star-kangana-ranaut-is-exceptional-and-one-of-the-nicest-people-ive-worked-with-exclusive/articleshow/88331010.cms? |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Taish]]''
| {{y}}
|
|-
|''[[Makeup]]''
|{{y}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019|| ''Mad''
| {{y}}
|
|-
|''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]''
|{{y}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2018|| ''Genius''
| {{y}}
|Starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Utkarsh Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
|{{y}}
| Award for Best Feature Film and [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Award]] for Best Film (Critics) for the movie
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|
|Presenter & Distributor
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
| {{y}}
| Award for Best Actor in a negative role of the movie
|-
| 2012 || ''Murder''
| {{y}}
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''Florence River to River Indian Film Festival''
|Best Feature Film
| rowspan="6" |''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taneja |first1=Parina |date=17 December 2018 |title=Ranveer Singh wins Best Actor, Alia Bhatt takes home Best Actress trophy; here's complete winners list |language=en |work=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-star-screen-awards-2018-winners-list-ranveer-singh-best-actor-alia-bhatt-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-493480}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards|''Star Screen Award'']]
|Best Film (Critics)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 complete winners list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2018 |title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2018 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-star-screen-awards-2018/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Filmfare Awards]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 {{!}} filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zee Cine Awards]]''
|Best Actress (Viewers Choice)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-13 |title=Zee Cinema To Air Zee Cine Awards 2019 In March |url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/zee-cinema-air-zee-cine-awards-2019-march/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=Zee Cine Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318155611/https://www.zeecineawards.com/zee-cinema-air-zee-cine-awards-2019-march/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mid-Day|''Mid-Day Award'']]
|Iconic Producer and Distributor
|{{won}}
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news |title=Producer Deepak Mukut talks about his love for cinema |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/jun/12/producer-deepak-mukut-talks-about-his-love-for-cinema-2464658.html}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Uttar Pradesh Film Festival & Seminar''
|Awarded by [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7732689}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukut, Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Dhor (caste)

2026-03-08T06:05:54Z

AryaInIND: pg

{{Short description|Dalit caste of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
The '''Dhor,''' also known as '''Kankkaya''' refers to a specific subgroup within the broader [[Chamar]] (leatherworker) caste, primarily located in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and parts of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commissioner |first1=India Census |title=Census of India, 1921: Hyderabad (State) |date=1923 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YLqhGdh-wC&dq=dhor+caste&pg=PA245 |access-date=11 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> They have been referred as separate community and recognized as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] under [[Reservation in India|Indian government policy of affirmative action]].

==Culture and Society==
The Dhor community in Maharashtra follow [[Hinduism]] and [[Lingayat]] sect.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Desai |editor-first1=Shantinath |title=Prateechi - (1992-1993) (Literary Digest Of West Indian Languages) |date=1998 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0442-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXvqkjkFiXcC&dq=dhor+kakkayya+caste&pg=PA130 |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> They also revere Bhakti [[Ravidas|Sant Rohidas]] and [[Shiva]]'s disciple Saint Kakkayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhor Kakkayya Community |url=https://dhorkakkayyasamaj.org/history.php |website=dhorkakkayyasamaj.org |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> The origin of the Dhor lies in the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] caste [[Chambhar]] and in the traditionally Dhor caste associated with leather-related occupations such as tanning raw leather, shoe making, and manufacturing of other leather-related products. To uplift and improve the trading skills of the Dhor Charamkar community, the government of Maharashtra set up Sant Rohidas Leather Industries & Charmakar Development Corporation Ltd. (LIDCOM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sant Rohidas Leather Industries & Charmakar Development Corporation Ltd (LIDCOM) {{!}} Social Justice & Special Assistance Department {{!}} India |url=https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en/organization/sant-rohidas-leather-industries-charmakar-development-corporation-ltd-lidcom/ |access-date=9 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women Empowerment Scheme |url=https://lidcom.in/english-2/women-empowerment-scheme/ |website=Lidcom |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

The members of community has been historical associated with [[leatherwork]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pani |first1=Sarayu |title=The Missing Artisan – and Their Caste – in the Kohlapuri-Prada Conversation |url=https://thewire.in/labour/the-missing-artisan-and-their-caste-in-the-kohlapuri-prada-conversation |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=The Wire |agency=The Wire |publisher=The Wire |ref=Dhor Community |language=en}}</ref> and been placed at the bottom of the caste hierarchy, with historically facing significant [[social discrimination]]. Like many [[Dalit]] communities, the Dhor have endured [[untouchability]], economic [[marginalisation]], and [[social exclusion]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Shweta |title=Untouchability Continues To Plague India's Dalits |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/untouchability-continues-to-plague-indias-dalits |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=Outlook India |agency=Outlook |publisher=Outlook |date=14 August 2024 |ref=“Nahi katate woh baal. Hamne bohot baar poocha (they don’t cut our hair, we asked them many times,” says Tukaram Vhatkar, a young man from Dhor caste, a community of tanners. |language=en}}</ref>

==Demography==
According to the book named India: Caste, Culture, and Traditions, the population of the Dhor caste in Maharashtra and Karnataka is 68,509 and 22,432, (in 1941) respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=B. B. |title=India: Caste, Culture and Traditions |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5125-161-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlVpEQAAQBAJ&dq=dhor+kakkayya+caste&pg=PA364 |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> As per 2011 census of India, they are fifth largest [[List of Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra|Scheduled Caste community in Maharashtra]] with a population of 1,16,287.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Major Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra by Population (Census 2011) {{!}} Commissionerate of Social Welfare {{!}} India |url=https://socialwelfare.maharashtra.gov.in/en/top-10-major-scheduled-castes-in-maharashtra-by-population-census-2011/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Sushilkumar Shinde]] - Former Chief Minister of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |title=From petty thief to cop to Maharashtra's first Dalit CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-petty-thief-to-cop-to-maharashtras-first-dalit-cm-sushilkumar-shinde/articleshow/113186821.cms |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Marathi people]]
*[[Ravidas]]
*[[Chamar]]
*[[Chambhar]]
*[[Ravidassia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:Leatherworking castes]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Maharashtra]]

Akash Kusum

2026-03-07T06:40:46Z

AryaInIND: general fixed article for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Akash Kusum, Up in the Clouds
|image = Akash Kusum (1965) poster.jpg
|caption = poster of Akash Kusum
|director = [[Mrinal Sen]]
|producer = Purbachal Film Productions
|writer = Ashish Barman
|narrator =
|starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
|music = [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]
|cinematography = Sailaja Chatterjee
|editing = [[:en:Gangadhar_Naskar|Gangadhar Naskar]]
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1965}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|budget =
}}

'''''Akash Kusum''''' ({{langx|bn|আকাশ কুসুম}}; {{literally}} "Up in the Clouds") is a 1965 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film directed by noted Indian [[Parallel Cinema|parallel film]] director [[Mrinal Sen]]. The film was loosely remade in Hindi as ''[[Manzil (1979 film)|Manzil]]'' (1979).

==Plot==
It is the story of the longings of a middle-class executive to rise in stature and social acceptability. The young man trying to find a place in the corporate world innocently bluffs a young girl he chances upon. The bluff becomes disastrous for him, and for their relationship.

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Ajay
* [[Aparna Sen]] as Manika
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]

==References==
*[http://mrinalsen.org/akash_kusum.htm On the Mrinal Sen website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090123101207/http://boloji.com/cinema/akashkusum.htm A review]

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0058889}}

{{Mrinal Sen}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 drama films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mrinal Sen]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1960s business films]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1965 Bengali-language films]]

{{1960s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Chhanda Gayen

2026-03-06T15:55:43Z

AryaInIND: post

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer (1979–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chhanda Gayen
| image = Everest Summit Chhanda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gayen at Mt. Everest summit, 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1979|07|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kona, [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|05|20|1979|07|09|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kanchenjunga]]
| occupation = Mountaineer
| known_for = Summiting [[Mount Everest]]
}}
[[File:Mount Everest winner 2013.jpg|thumb|Chhanda Gayen in 2013]]
'''Chhanda Gayen''' ({{langx|bn|ছন্দা গায়েন}}; 9 July 1979 – 20 May 2014)<ref name=obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/everest-climber-chhanda-gayen-2-sherpas-die-on-kanchenjunga-peak/article1-1221931.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522183731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/everest-climber-chhanda-gayen-2-sherpas-die-on-kanchenjunga-peak/article1-1221931.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Woman climber, 2 Sherpas killed on Kanchenjunga |work=Hindustan Times |first=Uptal |last=Parashar |date=22 May 2014 |accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> was an Indian
mountaineer and martial artist. She is best known for being the first, and fastest, Indian to climb two [[eight-thousander]]s, [[Mount Everest]] and [[Lhotse]], in one go, which she did on 18 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 22, 2014|first=Soudhriti|last=Bhabani|title=Woman Everest climber, Chhanda Gayen, goes missing while scaling Kanchenjunga|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/west-bengal-climber-chhanda-gayen-and-sherpas-missing-on-kanchenjunga-193891-2014-05-22|access-date=2021-06-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-23|title=First civilian woman from Bengal to climb Everest missing on Kanchenjunga West|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/first-woman-from-bengal-to-climb-everest-missing-on-kanchenjunga-west-1537259.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 22, 2014|title=Mother clings to hope Chhanda will return|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mother-clings-to-hope-chhanda-will-return/articleshow/35450290.cms|access-date=2021-06-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She completed the traverse from the summit of Mount Everest to the summit of Lhotse in 22 hours.

Born in a Bengali family on 9 July 1979, Gayen was awarded "Sera Avishkar" in Sera Bengali 2013 from [[ABP Ananda]], at the age of 24.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Amrita|title=Fulfilling her father's dream|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121221/jsp/howrah/story_16342330.jsp#.UhRHaRbvxlA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821050333/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121221/jsp/howrah/story_16342330.jsp%23.UhRHaRbvxlA|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2013|accessdate=21 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sikdar|first=Bitan|title=Howrah woman on top of the world|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130519/jsp/bengal/story_16914018.jsp#.UhRIthbvxlA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821050342/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130519/jsp/bengal/story_16914018.jsp%23.UhRIthbvxlA|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2013|accessdate=21 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mount Everest conquered by West Bengal's Chanda Gayen|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mount-everest-conquered-by-west-bengals-chanda-gayen/1117571/|accessdate=21 August 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|year=2013}}</ref><ref>Manik Banerjee. Woman mountaineer, Chanda Gayen from West Bengal climbs Mt. Everest. The Hyderabad Deccan 18 May 2013 {{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Sports-News/Woman-mountaineer-Chanda-Gayen-from-West-Bengal-climbs-Mt.-Everest-38507.html |title=Woman mountaineer, Chanda Gayen from West Bengal climbs Mt. Everest |accessdate=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111052616/http://www.newswala.com/Sports-News/Woman-mountaineer-Chanda-Gayen-from-West-Bengal-climbs-Mt.-Everest-38507.html |archivedate=11 January 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>Mount Everest conquered by West Bengal's Chanda Gayen. Press Trust of India : Kolkata, Sat 18 May 2013 [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mount-everest-conquered-by-west-bengals-chanda-gayen/1117571/]</ref>

==2014 avalanche==
[[File:Negotiating crevasse.JPG|thumb|right|Negotiating crevasse near Khumbu Icefalls]]

On 20 May 2014, she went missing along with two [[sherpas]] in an avalanche while descending from the summit of [[Kanchenjunga]] in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mamata Banerjee heads to Nepal to rescue missing Indian Mountaineer Chhanda Gayen|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/mamata-banerjee-heads-to-nepal-to-rescue-missing-indian-mountaineer-chhanda-gayen/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> All three of them were later declared to have died in the avalanche.<ref name=obit />

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Chhanda Gayen}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gayen, Chhanda}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Bengali sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths in Nepal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:Deaths in avalanches]]
[[Category:Deaths on Kangchenjunga]]
[[Category:History of women in Nepal]]

A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)

2026-03-03T17:59:05Z

AryaInIND: further adjust lead and added references as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = A Aa E Ee
|image = A Aa E Ee Poster.jpg
|director = Srinivasa Reddy
|producer = Boddam Ashok Yadav
|writer =
|starring = [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Sadha]]
|cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
|editing = Gautham Raju
|music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
|studio = Sri Kalpana Arts
|distributor = Sri Kalpana Arts
|released = {{Film date|2009|11|06|df=y}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Telugu
}}
'''''A Aa E Ee''''' (short for ''Athalo Aame Inthalo Eeme'') is a 2009 [[Telugu language]] film directed by Srinivasa Reddy. The film stars [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Sadha]] in lead roles. [[Krishna Bhagawan]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Kovai Sarala]], Kavitha, Hema play prominent supporting roles in the film.
The film was later dubbed into [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Diljale The Burning Heart'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Aa E Ee (2009)|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/A/A_AA_E_EE/A_AA_E_EE_review.html|website=123telugu.com|accessdate=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aaaeee.html | title=A aa e ee (Anthalo aame inthalo eeme) film review - Telugu cinema Review - Srikanth, Meera Jasmin, Sada }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/a-aa-e-ee/movie-review/4035612.cms | title=A aa e ee Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of a aa e ee by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Chandram is an honest man and a devoted husband to Kalyani. His life takes a turn when he discovers that Pregnant Kalyani is suffering from a rare disease and he has to get Rs. 8 lakh for treatment. While gathering the amount, he is compelled to act as husband to Ramya, who is thought dead. However, Ramya comes back alive and now Chandram is caught between both women. What happens from there forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Chandram, a cab driver
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Kalyani
* [[Sadha]] as Ramya
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Chandram's grandmother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Ramya's father
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Ramya's mother
* [[Krishna Bhagawan]] as lawyer
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* [[M S Narayana]] as Pittapuram
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Rajini
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[Giri Babu]] as cab company owner
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Ramya's brother-in-law
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as James Bond 000
* [[Uttej]] as James Bond's assistant
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Police officer
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Police officer
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Gundu Rao
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]] (special appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1=Kasiki Poyanui
| extra1= [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title2 =Mila Mila
| extra2=[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title3=Puppodikanna
| extra3 =[[Udit Narayan]], Pranavi
| title4= Entha Narakam
| extra4= [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], M. M. Srilekha
| title5 =Achchata Muchatha
| extra5 = Karthik, M. M. Srilekha
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3407278}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:A Aa E Ee}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Meow (2021 film)

2026-03-03T09:43:58Z

AryaInIND: put up a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meow
| image = Meow Release Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Soubin Shahir]]
*[[Mamta Mohandas]]
}}
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| cinematography = Ajmal Sabu
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Thomas Thiruvalla Films
| released = {{Film date|2021|12|24|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Meow''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2021|2021]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] film directed by [[Lal Jose]] and written by [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]]. It stars [[Soubin Shahir]] and [[Mamta Mohandas]].<ref>
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mamta-mohandas-is-all-praise-for-her-meow-co-star-soubin-shahir/articleshow/80188867.cms|title=Mamta Mohandas is all praise for her 'Meow' co-star Soubin Shahir - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lal-joses-meow-wraps-uae-schedule/articleshow/80664440.cms|title=Lal Jose's 'Meow' wraps UAE schedule - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lal-joses-directorial-meow-censored-with-u-certificate-gets-release-date/articleshow/87752145.cms|title=Lal Jose's directorial 'Meow' censored with U certificate, gets release date - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/03/soubin-shahir-completes-shooting-for-lal-joses-meow-2258687.html|title=Soubin Shahir completes shooting for Lal Jose's 'Meow'|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 February 2021 }}</ref> The film is about a non-resident Indian businessman named Dasthakir who lives in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He is from [[Aluva]] and hates cats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-first-look-poster-of-lal-joses-meowis-here-news-malayalam-vlceI2abbhjbc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103053800/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-first-look-poster-of-lal-joses-meowis-here-news-malayalam-vlceI2abbhjbc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2021|title=The first look poster of Lal Jose's 'Meow' is here|website=[[Sify]]}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/30/soubin-shahir-lal-joses-meowfirst-look-out-2377428.html|title=Soubin Shahir-Lal Jose's 'Meow' first look out|website=The New Indian Express}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meow-teaser-lal-jose-promises-a-thrilling-family-entertainer/articleshow/87526145.cms|title='Meow' teaser: Lal Jose promises a thrilling family entertainer - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Ras Al Khaimah]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/uae-based-malayalam-film-meow-a-tribute-to-arab-world|title=UAE-based Malayalam film 'Meow' a tribute to Arab world|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Soubin Shahir]] as Dasthakir "Dasthu"/ "Dostoevsky"
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as Sulaikha (Sulu)
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Ustad
*Harisree Yousuf as Chandran
*Cat as Diana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/18/lal-jose-soubin-shahir-film-meow-clears-censors-with-u-2384900.html|title=Lal Jose-Soubin Shahir film Meow clears censors with 'U'|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music by Justin Varghese.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meow-actress-yasminas-touching-birthday-wish-for-lal-jose/articleshow/80235265.cms|title=Meow actress Yasmina's touching birthday wish for Lal Jose|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Anjana|last=George|date=12 January 2021|accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref>
*‘Hijabi’ - Adheef Muhamed (lyrics by [[Suhail Koya]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasan-sings-a-melodious-track-from-meow-film/articleshow/87851596.cms|title=Vineeth Sreenivasan sings a melodious track from 'Meow' film - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "''Meow'' is narrated in a conventional way and if you are fine about that style, this one could be a fine watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/meow-review-a-predictable-family-drama-review-malayalam-vm3fcfebgbjbe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229113537/https://www.sify.com/movies/meow-review-a-predictable-family-drama-review-malayalam-vm3fcfebgbjbe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2021|title=Meow review: A predictable family drama|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Both the script and the direction needed to be tighter to keep the audience interested, particularly when viewers are spoilt for choice on OTT platforms".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/meow/movie-review/88474111.cms|title=Meow Movie Review: The drama drags on and on in this family story|work=The Times of India|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that ''Meow'' is just a random sequence of events in somebody's life that you get to watch, but you don't really get the point of it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meow-review-soubin-wonderful-pointless-family-drama-159134|title=Meow Review: Soubin is wonderful in this pointless family drama|date=24 December 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Meow'' is one of those films that does not hit any highs or lows, and proceeds along at a largely uneventful, even pace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meow-review-this-film-does-not-hit-any-highs-or-lows/article38030352.ece|title='Meow' movie review: This film does not hit any highs or lows|first=S. R.|last=Praveen|date=25 December 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Contrary to the negative reviews, a critic from ''[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]'' praised the film and said that "In short, ''Meow'' is the perfect family entertainer for this [[Christmas]]".<ref>
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/12/23/lal-jose-movie-soubin-shahir-mamta-mohandas-meow-review.html|title=Lal Jose directorial 'Meow' review: A heart warming experience|website=OnManorama}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/meow-review-soubin-shahirs-family-drama-fails-to-impress-with-a-story-thats-been-told-and-retold/bbd5d6df73341|title=Meow review: Soubin Shahir's family drama fails to impress with a story that's been told and retold|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Nenjathai Killathe

2026-03-03T05:23:19Z

AryaInIND: starting the data added tags

{{Short description|1980 film by Mahendran}}
{{otheruses|Nenjathai Killadhe (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nenjathai Killathe poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| writer = Mahendran
| producer = K. Rajagopal Chetty
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]|[[Sarath Babu]]||[[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]]|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = A. Paul Duraisingh
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Devi Films
| released = {{film date|1980|12|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=48}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nenjathai Killathe''''' ({{translation|Don't Pinch the Heart}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. The film stars [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]] and [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]. It focuses on a girl who is torn between the man she loved, and the man she married.

''Nenjathai Killathe'' is the debut film appearance of Suhasini, and the first major role for Mohan in Tamil. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] while the cinematography was handled by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]. The film was shot in [[Bangalore]], mostly around [[Cubbon Park]].

''Nenjathai Killathe'' was released on 12 December 1980, and completed a theatrical run of roughly one year in Madras (now [[Chennai]]). The film won three awards each at the [[28th National Film Awards]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] in 1981.

== Plot ==
Chandrasekhar and Mala are a married couple; their marital life is miserable due to Mala's irrational behaviour. Mala suspects that Chandrasekhar's classmate Ramya and her husband are having an affair since he visits her often. Chandrasekhar learns of Ramya's love for him only after his marriage to Mala. Ramya remains single and they share a platonic relationship, which antagonises Mala.

Chandrasekhar's sister Viji, who lives with him and Mala, is enthusiastic, fun-loving, and lives on her own terms. One day she bumps into Ram, a mechanic with an [[inferiority complex]]. Despite initial conflicts, they slowly become friends.

Pratap, a photographer and distant relative of Chandrasekhar, comes to Chennai from Calcutta and meets Viji. Though Pratap likes Viji, he does not propose to her.

Ram proposes to Viji, who is unsure whether to accept his suit. However, they become closer.

Viji's harmless mischief at home with Mala intensifies when Viji mixes chilli powder in Mala's bath water as punishment for the nuisance Mala creates at home; Mala swears revenge.

Viji accepts Ram's proposal and informs Chandrasekhar, who advises her to reconsider her decision as he feels they are incompatible. However, seeing her persistence, he approves. Ram's parents visit Viji's house to meet Chandrasekhar and take the proposal forward; as he is absent, they meet Mala, who lies to them about an abortion Viji had, as a result of a stray relationship. Shocked, they inform Ram that they have heard this from a doctor, to keep the informer's identity a secret.

Ram confronts Viji and asks her to clarify, saying he would decide the future course of action based on her reply. Angered with Ram's lack of trust in her, she ends her relationship with him. Seeing a depressed Viji, Chandrasekhar advises her to marry Pratap, as he is mature enough for her. Initially reluctant, she eventually agrees and marries Pratap. When Viji is leaving for her new life with Pratap, she is further upset when Mala proudly declares that it was she who derailed her wedding with Ram by misleading his parents.

Post marriage, Viji is unable to accept Pratap as her husband and stays aloof. Pratap too is not demanding and patiently waits for her to become normal. Viji is unable to forget her past, and her indifference affects Pratap's creativity and work.

Ram, in the meantime, has gotten married, and soon moves in with his wife to the same apartment complex as Viji and becomes her neighbour; Viji gets all the more disturbed. Pratap loses his job and plans to relocate to Calcutta. He reserves tickets for Viji as well, but lets her decide if she wants to accompany him.

When Viji is undecided, Ram invites her to his home. He shows her his physically disabled wife, whom he had married to atone for doubting Viji's character. Ram says that despite his wife's disability, he tries to live happily with her and asks Viji why she cannot do so with Pratap, who is more qualified than him, instead of thinking about their past and the grouse of losing the life she dreamt of. Realising her mistake of spoiling her present by living in the past, Viji rushes to meet Pratap at the airport and joins him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Viji<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Chandrasekhar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=48}}
* [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap]] as Pratap<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Ram<ref name="filmcompanion" />
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|V. A. Moorthy]] as the garage owner<ref name="vikatan" />
*Manohar as Keech<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Chintamani<ref name="vikatan" />
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Mala{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=48}}
* [[Samikannu]] as Ram's father
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Mala's father
* Venkatraman as the photographer
* Vanitha as Ramya{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=48}}
* [[Charuhasan]] as Pratap's boss (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] was approached by Devi Films to make a film for their company to which he agreed and he narrated a plot which impressed them and they decided to produce it.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=142}} Once while staying in a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] hotel, Mahendran looked out of his window and saw a woman jogging.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=145}} According to him, "Her concern was just fitness. Would it be the same once she gets married? I wondered." This led to him developing the screenplay of the film that would become ''Nenjathai Killathe''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 December 2013 |title=Flashbacks of a director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216131932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Gaurishankar of Devi Films was impressed by the plot and Mahendran wanted him to produce the film on this story instead of the one they approved earlier to which he agreed.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=146}} The film was produced by Nanjappa Chettiar of Devi Films, photographed by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]], and edited by A. Paul Duraisingam.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=48}} The costume designing was done by Jeyaraj, a reputed artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=5 April 2017 |title=The man who gave faces to Appusamy and Seetha patti |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/illustrator-jeyaraj-speaks-about-his-artistic-journey/article17828278.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728101129/http://www.thehindu.com/society/illustrator-jeyaraj-speaks-about-his-artistic-journey/article17828278.ece |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
For the lead characters, Mahendran wanted to cast new actors, so he invited actors from various cities but none of them satisfied him.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=144}}<ref name="mm" /> [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], then a camera-assistant to Ashok Kumar, was spotted by Mahendran during the filming of his previous venture ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979). During the making of ''Uthiripookkal'', Suhasini used to visit her father [[Charuhasan]], who was a part of the film's cast. Impressed by her speech and behaviour, Mahendran decided to cast her as Viji in ''Nenjathai Killathe''. Initially, Suhasini was reluctant to take up acting as she wanted to become a cinematographer. However, she agreed to do the film after being convinced by her father.<ref name="mm" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Stills |date=31 August 2017 |title=Like father, like daughter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/31/like-father-like-daughter-1650318.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416125021/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/31/like-father-like-daughter-1650318.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=29 May 2013 |title=Man of substance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-of-substance/article4762826.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504015341/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-of-substance/article4762826.ece |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Suhasini, [[Padmini Kolhapure]] was the original choice for Viji, but could not accept the role for some reason.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2019 |title="ஒளிப்பதிவாளரான என்னை நடிகை ஆக்கினார்" – நடிகை சுஹாசினி |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/04/04101821/Cinematographer-made-me-actress--actress-suhasini.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405131437/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/04/04101821/Cinematographer-made-me-actress--actress-suhasini.vpf |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Mahendran chose [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] to play Ram after watching him in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' (1977).{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=152–153}} This was the first time Mohan played a major role in a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 December 2007 |title=Mr. Simple is back |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850200400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231714/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/28/stories/2007122850200400.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He was initially meant to the film's only male lead; however, [[Pratap Pothen]] was later cast as the photographer Pratap.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=14 September 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n453/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322163733/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n453/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=41 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The role was a departure from the psychotic/obsessive roles he was previously known for.<ref name="vikatan" /> The film was shot in [[Bangalore]], mostly around [[Cubbon Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2004 |title=Returning to Kannada |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/08/stories/2004030800440200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231830/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/08/stories/2004030800440200.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=2 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A song where Mohan and Suhasini's characters go jogging in the morning was the first to be shot, it was shot as early as 4:00 am;{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=153}} despite the thick mist and lack of sunlight, Ashok Kumar managed to shoot the scene successfully.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 October 2014 |title=My friend Ashok |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/filmmaker-mahendran-pays-homage-to-cinematographer-ashok-kumar-who-passed-away-this-week/article6533218.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026063921/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/filmmaker-mahendran-pays-homage-to-cinematographer-ashok-kumar-who-passed-away-this-week/article6533218.ece |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=19 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Lyrics were written by [[Gangai Amaran]] and [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nenjathai Killathe (1980) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000535 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233312/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000535 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=2 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhonny – Nenjathai Killaathe Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/jhonny-nenjathai-killaathe-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908072216/https://mossymart.com/product/jhonny-nenjathai-killaathe-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> For the song "Paruvamae" which depicts characters jogging, Ilaiyaraaja created the jogging sound by telling his [[tabla]] player to tap his thigh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elayaraja |first=D. |date=28 October 2025 |title=8 மணி நேர ரெக்கார்டிங்; ஒரு பாடலை பதிவு செய்ய படாத பாடுபட்ட இளையராஜா: கடைசியில் ஹிட் கிடைத்ததா?? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-composer-ilayaraja-said-about-paruvame-song-in-mohan-movie-10599552 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030104217/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-composer-ilayaraja-said-about-paruvame-song-in-mohan-movie-10599552 |archive-date=30 October 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> For the dubbed Telugu version ''Mouna Geetham'', all songs were written by [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Geetham |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5sVDqEDvz0KctfD8Di3lLz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708080657/https://open.spotify.com/album/5sVDqEDvz0KctfD8Di3lLz |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hey Thendralae
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:33
| title2 = Paruvame Puthiya Paadal Paadu
| lyrics2 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Uravenum Pudhiya Vaanil
| lyrics3 = Gangai Amaran
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 5:31
| title4 = Mummy Peru
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| extra4 = S. Janaki, [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
| length4 = 4:32
| total_length = 18:52
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paruvama
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Chelimilo Valapu Ragam
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Naa Ragame
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 4:20
| total_length = 13:41
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nenjathai Killathe'' was released on 12 December 1980.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}} ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' felt the film was another attempt to change the taste of the audience, which should be welcomed and the audience was unable to cope with the speed of change but slowly the gap was reducing.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=50}} Nalini Shastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Mahendran's direction for portraying emotions by staying away from typical cliches of Tamil cinema and also creating strong characters, calling Ashok Kumar's cinematography as poetic while also praising the performances of actors especially Suhasini, Ilaiyaraaja's music but found slow pace as the only negative of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=28 December 1980 |title=நெஞ்சத்தைக் கிள்ளாதே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-28/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322162414/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-28/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film completed a theatrical run of roughly one year in Madras (now [[Chennai]]).{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=142}} Although Suhasini was hesitant, her performance in the film received rave reviews. [[V. Shantaram]], the chairman of the [[28th National Film Awards]], appreciated the opening scene and climax of the film shown in "[[wikt:intercut|intercut]]", which shows Suhasini jogging and rushing to the airport to catch her husband respectively.<ref name="mm" /> It was also screened at the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bibekananda |url=https://archive.org/details/conscienceofrace00rayb |title=Conscience of the race: India's offbeat cinema |last2=Naveen Joshi |last3=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1298-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conscienceofrace00rayb/page/122 122]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
At the 28th National Film Awards, the film won in three categories: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]], [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography (Colour)]] for Ashok Kumar, and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] for S. P. Ramanathan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1981 |title=28th National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=28NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170352/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=28NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=30 July 2013 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> According to Sarath Babu, he was a strong contender for the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] award, but missed "by a whisker".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=5 October 2006 |title=I am a director's actor, says Sarath Babu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/05/stories/2006100517330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055814/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/05/stories/2006100517330200.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=2 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film also won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Second prize)]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Suhasini) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] (Ashok Kumar).{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=50}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 1982 |title=சிறந்த படம் "வறுமையின் நிறம் சிவப்பு" {{!}} தமிழக அரசு பரிசு! |url=https://ibb.co/1rTstp8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511042513/https://ibb.co/1rTstp8 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |location=Bangalore |pages=1 |url-status=usurped |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Ashutosh |date=3 July 2021 |title=20 Best Tamil Romances Of All Time |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/best-romantic-movies-tamil-netflix-amazon-prime-hotstar-youtube-96-pyaar-prema-kaadhal-attakathi-ok-kanmani-muthal-mariyathai-punnagai-mannan-kaadhal-kottai-kadhalukku-mariyadhai-kanda-naal-mudhal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703073122/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/best-romantic-movies-tamil-netflix-amazon-prime-hotstar-youtube-96-pyaar-prema-kaadhal-attakathi-ok-kanmani-muthal-mariyathai-punnagai-mannan-kaadhal-kottai-kadhalukku-mariyadhai-kanda-naal-mudhal/ |archive-date=3 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=17 July 2020 |title=மோகன் ஹீரோவான கதை; சுஹாசினி நடிகையான கதை; மகேந்திரனின் 'நெஞ்சத்தைக் கிள்ளாதே' சுவாரஸ்யங்கள்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/revisiting-director-mahendrans-classic-movie-nenjathai-killathe-nostalgia-series |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324092934/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/revisiting-director-mahendrans-classic-movie-nenjathai-killathe-nostalgia-series |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="mm">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2012 |title=மகேந்திரனின் நெஞ்சத்தைக் கிள்ளாதே: மோகன்- சுகாசினி அறிமுகம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/15174425/mahendran-nenchathai-killathe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519070259/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/15174425/mahendran-nenchathai-killathe.html |archive-date=19 May 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{J. Mahendran}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Kalyana Kalam

2026-03-03T05:17:26Z

AryaInIND: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kalyana Kalam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Robert–Rajasekar]]
| screenplay = Robert–Rajasekar
| story = [[S. Rajasekar]]
| producer = K. R. Kannan
| starring = [[Janagaraj]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
| cinematography = Robert–Rajasekar
| editing = D. Raj
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = KRK Creations
| released = {{Film date|1982|01|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalyana Kalam''''' ({{Translation|Period of marriages}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Robert–Rajasekar]] and produced by K. R. Kannan. The film stars [[Janagaraj]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], with P. S. Venkatachalam, [[K. K. Soundar]], [[S. N. Parvathy]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] and Baby Geetha in supporting roles. It was released on 26 January 1982,<ref>{{Cite web |title=கல்யாணக் காலம் / Kalyana Kalam (1982) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalyana-kalam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006094534/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kalyana-kalam |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=1982 |title=Suhasini fiasco |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1285529497010241536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917043157/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1285529497010241536 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
*P. S. Venkatachalam
*[[K. K. Soundar]]
*[[S. N. Parvathy]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*Baby Geetha as Nithya
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Geetha

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyana Kalam |url=https://gaana.com/album/kalyana-kalam-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724210214/https://gaana.com/album/kalyana-kalam-tamil |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyana Kalam Tamil Film EP VInyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kalyana-kalam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103095246/https://mossymart.com/product/kalyana-kalam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vazhum Samuthayame
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Naanthane Mamavittu
| extra2 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Adhikalaiyil Pani Kattrugal
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Ungal Pathathil Entha Nerathil
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 4:41
| total_length = 18:39
}}

== Reception ==
Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned the film, saying the only positive points were Suhasini's performance and the film's relatively short runtime.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=14 February 1982 |title=கல்யாண காலம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-02-14/page/n61/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231021045051/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-02-14/page/n61/mode/2up? |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert–Rajasekar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tripura Forest Department

2026-03-02T20:12:29Z

AryaInIND: New - done

{{refimprove|date=July 2024}}
{{Short description|Government of Tripura Organisation}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Tripura Forest Department
| native_name_a =
| logo = [[File:Logo of Tripura Forest Department.png|frameless|center|image has rationale=yes]]
| logo_caption = Logo of Tripura Forest Department
| formed =
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]
| headquarters = Aranya Bhawan, Nehru Complex, [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]
| employees =
| minister1_name = Sri [[Animesh Debbarma]]
| minister1_pfo = Ministry of Forest and Wildlife
| chief1_name = Dr Avinash Kanfade, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| chief1_position = [[Indian Forest Service#Principal Chief Conservator of Forests|Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Forest Service Cadre in Tripura {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/indian-forest-service-cadre-tripura |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tripura]]
| website = https://forest.tripura.gov.in/
}}
'''Tripura Forest Department''' is one of the administrative department of [[Government of Tripura]] responsible for [[forestry]], [[protected areas]] and [[wildlife]] management in the state of [[Tripura]], [[India]]. The [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]], Head of Forest Force (HoFF) is the head of the Tripura Forest Department. The Forest Department is organised into 8 district circles and 23 divisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forest of Tripura |url=https://forest.tripura.gov.in/forest-of-tripura.html |publisher=Tripura Forest Department |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

==Geographic divisions==
The Forest Department is responsible for managing an area over {{convert| 6294|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, 59.99% of the {{convert|10491|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.

==See also==
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

==References==
{{India-gov-stub}}{{reflist}}

{{Government departments of Tripura}}
{{State agencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:State forest departments of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Tripura]]
[[Category:State agencies of Tripura]]

Gulaab Gang

2026-03-02T09:33:23Z

AryaInIND: add details to improve readability and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{for-multi|the activists from [[Bundelkhand]]|Gulabi Gang|the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]-winning 2012 documentary film|Gulabi Gang (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulaab Gang
| image = Gulab Gang.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Soumik Sen]]
| writer = Soumik Sen [[Anubhav Sinha]]
| producer =Anubhav Sinha Alumbra Entertainment [[Abhinay Deo]]
| starring = [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Juhi Chawla]]
| narrator = [[Anil Kapoor]]
| cinematography = Alphonse Roy
| editing = Cheragh Todiwala
| music = '''Songs:''' Soumik Sen '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri
| studio = [[Benaras Media Works]]
| distributor = Sahara Movie Studios
| released = {{Film date|2014|03|7|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref name="BOI Report"/>
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}29 crore<ref name="BOI Report">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2201|title=Gulaab Gang - Movie - Worldwide Gross & Budget|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617061054/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2201|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|22.7}} crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulaab Gang Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gulaab-gang/box-office/|access-date=3 September 2024|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Gulaab Gang''''' ({{translation| Rose gang}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-action-drama-in-gulaab-gang-is-many-steps-ahead-of-beta/|title=Madhuri Dixit: Action-drama in 'Gulaab Gang' is many steps ahead of 'Beta'|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517105559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-action-drama-in-gulaab-gang-is-many-steps-ahead-of-beta/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gulaab-gang-2014|title=Gulaab Gang Movie Review & Film Summary (2014)|publisher=[[Roger Ebert]].com|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517105904/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gulaab-gang-2014|url-status=live}}</ref> centered on the struggle of women in India, directed and co-written by Soumik Sen and produced by [[Anubhav Sinha]]. It stars [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] in lead roles, marking the first time that the two female superstars of the 1990s shared screen space together.

''Gulaab Gang'' was released on 7 March 2014, and declared the film a flop on its opening day itself.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311022155/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulaab-gang-producers-to-hc-our-film-has-flopped/article1-1193311.aspx Gulaab Gang flopped and can't lead to defamation anymore, producers tell HC - Hindustan Times]</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics; however, Chawla's performance received widespread critical acclaim, with several critics deeming it "the best performance of the year."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/showbiz/battle-of-the-queen-at-the-box-office-kangna-vs-madhuri-dixit |title=Battle of the 'Queen' at the box office – Kangna vs Madhuri Dixit {{!}} BizAsia Showbiz |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219034120/http://www.media247.co.uk/showbiz/battle-of-the-queen-at-the-box-office-kangna-vs-madhuri-dixit |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At the [[60th Filmfare Awards]], ''Gulaab Gang'' earned Chawla a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the film.

==Plot==
The Gulaab Gang members are activists and vigilantes in Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="GGTOI">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-01/news-interviews/31526358_1_ishqiya-sampat-pal-films|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-01/news-interviews/31526358_1_ishqiya-sampat-pal-films|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Madhuri Dixit gets abusive|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai|date=1 May 2012|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref> They wear pink sarees and take up issues like domestic violence, the dowry system, rape, electricity matters, and education. Their fierce leader, Rajjo ([[Madhuri Dixit]]), locks horns with a conniving and shrewd politician, Sumitra Devi Bagrecha ([[Juhi Chawla]]), who uses people.

Rajjo runs a Gulaab gang in the village of Madhopur, where she teaches little girls their alphabet and grown-up girls how to wield a [[Lathi khela|lathi]]. Her gang is made up of women who wear bright pink. Rajjo's closest friends in the gang are a [[tomboy]] (Divya Jagdale), a woman abandoned by her husband ([[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]), and a [[Kohl (cosmetics)#South Asia|kohl]]-eyed woman ([[Priyanka Bose]]). These ladies go about standing up for the meek and the downtrodden and clashing against villainous husbands, cops, and politicians. The plot gains momentum when Rajjo decides to take part in the local elections against Sumitra Devi. Sumitra does her best to make sure Rajjo is incapacitated during election campaigns by having most of her gang members killed by the henchmen. Towards the end, Rajjo decides to take revenge against Sumitra. During Holi celebrations, when Sumitra conspires to finish off the Gulaab Gang, Rajjo retaliates by chopping off Sumitra Devi's hand as the latter tries to shoot the gang with a machine gun. In the end, Sumitra is arrested and sentenced to life in prison, and Rajjo is also arrested for her violent retribution. However, Rajjo eventually realises her dream of establishing a school for unprivileged girls.

==Cast==
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Rajjo
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Sumitra Devi (Bagrecha)
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Kajri
* Divya Jagdale as Mahi
* [[Priyanka Bose]] as Sandhya
* Lata S Singh as Tarabhai
* Vinitha Menon as Vinita
* Rani Patel as Khushboo
* Ankit Anil Sharma as Sarju
* Tanvi Rao as Fiza
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Arun Shankar
* [[Lilly Singh]] in a guest appearance in the song "Mauj Ki Malhare“

==Production==
"Actually, there were two reasons to cast Juhi Chawla for the film. The very first thing is that it was a creative decision taken by all of us... and we thought it would be great to see two iconic stars Madhuri and Juhi together in the film."
- [[Anubhav Sinha]]

As the film is based on the rural parts of India, many cast members would be portraying de-glamorous roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=fe118435c91d798bd66ef6dd9a9c63e0&nttl=2013011651872|title='Gulab Gang' shooting to start in October|work=banglanews24|date=2 September 2012|access-date=14 February 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003057/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=fe118435c91d798bd66ef6dd9a9c63e0&nttl=2013011651872|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, actress [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was approached to play the lead, but due to a lack of funds filming could not be started.<ref name="HTTabu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Tabu-does-not-want-to-be-part-of-Madhuri-s-gang/Article1-871789.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614142343/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Tabu-does-not-want-to-be-part-of-Madhuri-s-gang/Article1-871789.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2012|title=Tabu does not want to be part of Madhuri's gang?|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Mumbai|date=14 June 2012|access-date=16 February 2013|author=Jain, Priyanka}}</ref> In April 2012, Soumik Sen approached Madhuri Dixit about the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/madhuri-dixit-to-play-gangster-in-gulab-gang/942380/|title=Madhuri Dixit to play gangster in 'Gulab Gang'|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 April 2012|access-date=14 February 2013|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420000608/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/madhuri-dixit-to-play-gangster-in-gulab-gang/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, Dixit officially announced her part in the film through her Facebook page.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Madhuri-Dixit-signs-Anubhav-Sinha-s-next/Article1-846949.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427155357/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Madhuri-Dixit-signs-Anubhav-Sinha-s-next/Article1-846949.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2012|title=Madhuri Dixit signs Anubhav Sinha's next|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Mumbai|date=1 May 2012|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref> Tabu was then approached to play the second lead role, which she in turn declined; the role eventually went to Juhi Chawla, making ''Gulaab Gang'' the first time former rivals<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C11%5C21%5Cstory_21-11-2012_pg9_9 |title='Gulab Gang' makes history with Madhuri, Juhi on board |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121606/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C11%5C21%5Cstory_21-11-2012_pg9_9 |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> Chawla and Dixit have been on screen together.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/kitnayaadmithayc0000chau | url-access=registration | title=Kitnay Aadmi Thay | publisher=Westland | author=Chaudhuri, Diptakirti | year=2012 | page=[https://archive.org/details/kitnayaadmithayc0000chau/page/301 301] | isbn=978-9381626191}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/Happy-Birthday-Madhuri-Dixit/articleshow/13149284.cms | title=Happy Birthday Madhuri Dixit (2 of 5) | newspaper=[[Times of India]] | date=14 May 2012 | access-date=8 March 2013 | archive-date=20 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220210241/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/Happy-Birthday-Madhuri-Dixit/articleshow/13149284.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2012, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Divya Jagdale, and Priyanka Bose signed on to play members of the gang.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Tannishtha-Chatterjee-joins-Madhuri-Dixits-Gulab-Gang/articleshow/17688951.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-20/news-interviews/35933311_1_tannishtha-chatterjee-british-film-brick-lane-gulab-gang|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013|title=Tannishtha Chatterjee joins Madhuri Dixit's 'Gulab Gang'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Jha, Subhash|date=20 December 2012|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

==Filming==
Shooting started in October 2012. Initially, it was reported that the movie was based on [[Sampat Pal Devi]]'s life as head of the [[Gulabi Gang]], but the director refused to confirm the rumor, stating that while he respected her work but the movie was not based on her.<ref>timesofindia.indiatimes.com | 2012-10-08 | gulab gang soumik sen film</ref> The first schedule of the film, involving Dixit, started in December 2012 and wrapped in January 2013. Dixit reported that the first schedule ended with a "high-energy song" choreographed by [[Saroj Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-wraps-up-gulab-gang-schedule_126214.htm|title=Madhuri Dixit wraps up 'Gulab Gang' schedule|date=13 January 2013|access-date=14 February 2013|archive-date=8 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208021902/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-wraps-up-gulab-gang-schedule_126214.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Dixit also trained with martial arts expert Shifu Kanishka Sharma in martial art forms like [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], [[Pekiti-Tirsia Kali]] and Shaolin Chin Na for the movie. In December 2012, Juhi Chawla joined the shoot at [[Kamalistan Studios]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/juhi-chawla-begins-shooting-for-i-gulab-gang-i-306458|title=Juhi Chawla begins shooting for Gulab Gang|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=17 December 2012|access-date=14 February 2013|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032757/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/juhi-chawla-begins-shooting-for-i-gulab-gang-i-306458|url-status=live}}</ref> This was Chawla's first role with the negative shades.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_juhi-chawla-storms-off-from-the-gulab-gang-set_1799450|title=Juhi Chawla storms off from the Gulab Gang set|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=13 February 2013|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=15 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215033033/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_juhi-chawla-storms-off-from-the-gulab-gang-set_1799450|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gulaab Gang
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Soumik Sen]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 January 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/gulaab-gang-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1116223163 |title=Gulaab Gang (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=18 February 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627012249/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/gulaab-gang-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1116223163 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:42
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|oZZUf2uZ-EY|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The first track, titled ''Dheemi Dheemi'', was released as a single on 18 January 2014. On 25 January 2014, the ''Gulaab Gang'' soundtrack was released in [[Varanasi]] when more than 18 thousand people witnessed it. The album has seven tracks composed by [[Soumik Sen]] and Sadhu Sushil Tiwari. The song Gulaabi was released in January 2014 and was a chartbuster. Another song, "Mauj Ki Malaharein," was released on 28 February 2014 and became very popular. It is sung by Sadhu Sushil Tiwari, [[Lilly Singh|Superwoman]] & Chaittali Shrivasttava.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gulaabi
| extra1 = Malabika Brahma & [[Shilpa Rao]]
| lyrics1 = Neha Saraf
| length1 = 5:23
| title2 = Dheemi Dheemi Si
| extra2 = [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]], Malabika Brahma
| lyrics2 = Neha Saraf
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Sharm Laaj
| extra3 = Malabika Brahma, [[Pawni Pandey]]
| lyrics3 = [[Shreya Narayan]]
| length3 = 4:16
| title4 = Ankhiyaan
| extra4 = [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]]
| lyrics4 = Neha Saraf
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Rang Si Hui
| extra5 = [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]]
| lyrics5 = Neha Saraf
| length5 = 4:57
| title6 = Rangi Saari Gulaabi
| extra6 = Snehlata Dixit, [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| lyrics6 = [[Traditional]]
| length6 = 4:03
| title7 = Teri Jai Ho
| extra7 = [[Soumik Sen]]
| lyrics7 = [[Soumik Sen]]
| length7 = 5:25
| title8 = Mauj Ki Malhare
| extra8 = Sadhu Sushil Tiwari, [[Lilly Singh]], Chaittali Shrivasttava
| lyrics8 = Rohit Sharma
| length8 = 5:15
}}

==Controversy==
Days before the movie's release, Sampat Pal Devi, the leader of the original Gulabi Gang, filed a case against the makers of movie, as she felt the filmmakers had no right to make a film on her life without her permission.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulaabi-gang-leader-sampat-pal-files-case-against-madhuri-dixits-gulaab-gang/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032745/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulaabi-gang-leader-sampat-pal-files-case-against-madhuri-dixits-gulaab-gang/ |date=17 November 2015 }} |Indian Express</ref> On 5 March 2014, the [[Delhi High Court]] passed a stay order against the release of the film throughout India stating that the release would cause irreparable loss to Pal's reputation and that "the loss of reputation can not be compensated by monetary terms".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307191405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-high-court-stays-release-of-madhuri-dixits-gulaab-gang/456036-8-66.html Delhi High Court stays release of Madhuri Dixit's 'Gulaab Gang']</ref> The high court lifted the stay one day later.

==Box office==
''Gulaab Gang'' was released on around 1,700 screens. It earned ₹9.31 crore in its first weekend.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Weekend-Box-Office-Collection-Of-GULAAB-GANG-2234 |title=1st Weekend Box Office Collection Of GULAAB GANG |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413072825/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/collection/1st-Weekend-Box-Office-Collection-Of-GULAAB-GANG-2234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140309013253/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gulaabgang/gulaab-gang-rules-box-office-on-day-one/article1-1192568.aspx Gulaab Gang rules box office on day one – Hindustan Times]</ref> The film collected {{INR}} 2.41 crore at the box office its first day, which was considered a poor start given its budget of {{INR}} 25 Crores and screen count of 1,700.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gulaabgang/gulaab-gang-rules-box-office-on-day-one/article1-1192568.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309013253/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gulaabgang/gulaab-gang-rules-box-office-on-day-one/article1-1192568.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2014 |title=Gulaab Gang rules box office on day one |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-23}}</ref>
The producers announced the film a flop.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311022155/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gulaab-gang-producers-to-hc-our-film-has-flopped/article1-1193311.aspx Gulaab Gang flopped and can't lead to defamation anymore, producers tell HC - Hindustan Times]</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| [[60th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Juhi Chawla]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[16th IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[21st Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year
| "Aankhiyaan"
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|gulaab-gang}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Anubhav Sinha}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Soumik Sen]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

Dionysius Soter

2026-02-25T15:02:10Z

AryaInIND: done

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Dionysius Soter
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king
| image = Dyonisos Indo Greek coin.jpg
| caption = Coin of Dionysius Soter
| reign = 65–55 BCE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = c. 86 BCE{{cn|date=September 2022}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 55 BCE
| death_place = [[Kashmir]]{{cn|date=September 2022}}
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion =
}}
'''Dionysius Soter''' ({{langx|grc|Διονύσιος Σωτήρ|Dionysios Sōtēr}}; [[epithet]] means "the Saviour") was an [[Indo-Greek]] king in the area of eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA318 ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'' by William Woodthorpe Tarn p.318]</ref>

==Reign==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
According to [[Osmund Bopearachchi]], he reigned c. 65–55 BCE and inherited the eastern parts of the kingdom of the important late ruler [[Apollodotus II]]. The kings share the same epithet and use the common reverse of fighting [[Pallas Athene]], and it seems plausible that they were closely related, but relationships between the last Indo-Greek kings remain uncertain since the only sources of information are their remaining coins. R. C. Senior dates him approximately ten years later.

Earlier scholars like Professor [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] have dated Dionysius much earlier, between the years 115 and 100 BCE, making him the ruler of the Swat and Dir Valleys and the weak successor of [[Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter|Polyxenus]].

Dionysios was probably pressured by the invasions of the [[Indo-Scythians]], and also had to deal with [[Hippostratus]], a more important king who had inherited the western part of the kingdom of Apollodotus II.

Dionysius' name echoes the Olympic wine-god [[Dionysos]], who according to Greek mythology was also an ancient king of India.

==Coins of Dionysios==
[[File:Dyonisos coin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coins of Dionysius.]]
[[Image:IGM62.jpg|thumb|left|The "boxy" mint mark characteristic of later Indo-Greek kings was first used by Dionysius Soter.]]
Dionysius was the first in the line of late kings who issued only silver drachms, but no tetradrachms, which was likely due to his limited resources. On their obverse is a diademed portrait of the king, with [[Athena]] Alcidemus on the reverse.

He also issued bronzes with Apollo on the reverse and a tripod on the obverse. Both these types were inherited from Apollodotus II. The quality of the portraits is inferior to most earlier kings. According to Bopearachchi, Dionysius inherited only the inferior celators of Apollodotus II, which he associates with mints in eastern Punjab.

===Mint-marks===
One single coin of Dionysius Soter is known to have used the "boxy" mint-mark characteristic of the last Indo-Greek kings, down to [[Apollophanes]], [[Strato II]] and [[Strato III]], who used it exclusively of any other.<ref name="JJ">{{cite journal|last1=Jakobsson|first1=J|title=A Possible New Indo-Greek King Zoilos III, and an Analysis of Realism on Indo-Greek Royal Portraits|journal=Numismatic Chronicle|date=2010}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42678881 JSTOR article]</ref> He is also the first king known to have used this mint-mark, which therefore came to be during his reign.<ref name="JJ"/>

==See also==
* [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques'', Osmund Bopearachchi, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
* ''The Bactrian and Indus-Greeks'', Ahmed Hasan Dani, Lahore Museum.
* ''The Indo-Greeks Revisited and Supplemented'', A.K. Narain, BR Publishing Corporation.

==External links==
*[https://www.academia.edu/36455875/LE_ROI_DIONYSOS_LE_SAUVEUR_par_Roger_COTTEREAU Le Roi Dionysos Le Sauveur]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Apollodotus II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek|Indo-Greek Ruler]] (in [[Punjab region|Eastern Punjab]])|years=65 – 55 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zoilus II]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Asia]]

National Highway 527D (India)

2026-02-23T16:42:04Z

AryaInIND: basic add intro for clarity also and added references

{{Short description|National highway in India}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 527D
|map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 527D|text= Map of National Highway '''527D''' in red}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_km=69
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Piprakothi]][[(Motihari)]]
|destinations=[[Sagauli]] – [[Raxaul]] – [[Motihari]]
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Nepal Border]]
|junction=
|states= Bihar
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=27
|next_route =527D
|next_type=NH
|ahn={{Jct|country=IND|AH|42}}
}}

'''National Highway 527D''' ('''NH 527D''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India.

National Highway 527D was previously known as NH-28A. NH527D is the part of NH27 which is the second largest National Highway in India after NH44.

NH527D connects Nepal to major Indian sea ports as Kolkata and Haldiya Port for the import and export of good to and from various countries.

It starts from Piprakothi East Champaran, Bihar and ends at the India-Nepal border at Raxaul Town. It passes through Motihari (District Headquarter of East Champaran), Sugauli, Ramgarhwa and ends at the India-Nepal border connecting the Indian city of Raxaul to Nepal's bordering town Birgunj.

It intersects State Highway 54 at Chhatauni Chowk, Motihari. It is a two lane highway between Piprakothi to Raxaul having large crowd of vehicles struggling at intersections in cities.

The highway 527D Connects to its junction with NH-27 near where NH227 also connects to Chakia, connecting Narhar, Pakri Bridge, Madhuban, Shivhar, Sitamarhi, Harlakhi, Umgaon, Jaynagar, Laukaha, and Laukahi.

Chakia is the town where NH227A, coming from Ayodhya via Siwan, connects to NH27, NH527D, and NH227F.

NH227F starts from its junction with NH- 227 near Chakia (Chorma chowk) connecting Pakridayal, Dhaka, Phulwaria Ghat and terminating at Bairgania in the state of Bihar near the India-Nepal border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The List of National Highways in the Country |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf |website=Ministry of Road, Transport & Highways}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH27 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Mariyahu Assembly constituency

2026-02-07T20:49:43Z

AryaInIND:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mariyahu
| map_image = 370-Mariyahu.svg
| mla = Dr. [[R.K. Patel]]
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,37,483
| constituency_no = 370
}}
'''Mariyahu''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Mariyahu in the [[Jaunpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Mariyahu is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 370 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mariyahu Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mariyahu.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Virendra Pati
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Malikhan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Brijeshwar Sahai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Malikhan Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Baba Ram Nath
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Malikhan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Raghuvir Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Indal Singh Chauhan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Narendra Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Manik Chand Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Ashok Singh Chauhan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Raju Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Leena Tiwari]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[R.K. Patel|R. K. Patel]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mariyahu<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Dr R.K. Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:76007}}
|percentage = 39.25
|change = {{increase}}6.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sushma Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:74801}}
|percentage = 38.62
|change = {{increase}}12.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anand Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:32783}}
|percentage = 16.93
|change = {{decrease}}3.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1431}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1206}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{decrease}}5.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193664}}
|percentage = 57.38
|change = {{decrease}}1.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] candidate [[Leena Tiwari]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Shraddha Yadav by a margin of 11,350 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mariyahu.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mariyah<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Leena Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:58804}}
|percentage = 32.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shraddha Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:47454}}
|percentage = 26.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bholanath Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:37066}}
|percentage = 20.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Seema Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:21440}}
|percentage = 11.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lal Pratap
|votes = {{formatnum:1690}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1174}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11350}}
|percentage = 6.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180043}}
|percentage = 58.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.60|82.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]

Karnataka Rajyotsava

2026-02-04T21:04:55Z

AryaInIND: refined references after review for accuracy

{{Short description|Karnataka formation day}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Karnataka Rajyostsava <hr/> Kannada Rajyotsava Day<hr/>{{small|Karnataka State Day}}
| image = Mahila Dollu Kunita.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Traditional dance of ''[[Dollu Kunitha]]'' in progress as part of Rajyotsava
| type = local
| longtype = State
| nickname = Kannada Rajyotsava, Karnataka Formation Day
| scheduling = same day each year
| frequency = annual
| observedby = [[Kannadiga]]s in India and overseas<ref name="daiji">[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=39779&n_tit=Dubai%3A+Karnataka+Sangha+Celebrates+Kannada +Rajyotsava Dubai: Karnataka Sangha Celebrates Karnataka Rajyotsava] daijiworld.com</ref>
| date = 1 November
| celebrations = Hoisting of [[Kannada flag]], Processions, Cultural events, [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Awards]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131001152506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-31/bangalore/27947583_1_rajyotsava-award-awards-committee-kannada-and-culture-department Rajyotsava award list soars to 90] ''The Times of India'' 31 October 2008</ref>
| significance = Unification of [[Kannada]]-speaking regions of South India as the [[Karnataka|state of Karnataka]]
| ends = 1 day after the start only in Karnataka State of India
| begins = Every year 1 November
}}
'''Karnataka Rajyotsava''' also known as '''Karnataka State Day''' or '''Kannada Day''' amongst the [[Indian diaspora]], is a [[public holiday]] celebrated annually on 1 November in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It commemorates the merger in 1956 of the [[Kannada]]-speaking regions of southwestern India under the [[States Reorganisation Act]] to form the state in Bangalore.<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html "Kannadigas celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on Nov 1"] news.oneindia.in</ref>

Kannada Rajyotsava is listed as a government holiday in Karnataka<ref name="fesindia">[http://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/ Festivals of India – Rajyotsava Day] www.festivalsofindia.in</ref> and is celebrated by [[Kannadiga]]s across the world.<ref name="daiji" /> It is marked by the announcement and presentation of the honours list for [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Awards]] by the [[government of Karnataka]], the hoisting of the [[Kannada flag|Karnataka flag]] with an address from the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|chief minister]] and [[governor of Karnataka]],<ref name="govern">[https://archive.today/20130125234840/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/ktk-governor-greets-people-ahead-of-rajyotsava-day/876351.html Karnataka Governor greets people ahead of 'Rajyotsava Day'] IBN Live</ref> as well as community festivals, orchestra, [[Kannada]] book releases, and concerts.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130225552/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110260460300.htm ‘Sacrifice of Kannadigas should be remembered'] ''The Hindu''</ref>

==History==
{{main article|Unification of Karnataka}}
[[Aluru Venkata Rao]] was the first person who dreamt of unifying the State as early as 1905 with the [[Unification of Karnataka|''Karnataka Ekikarana'']] movement.<ref name="govern" /> In 1950, [[History of the Republic of India|India became republic]] and different provinces were formed in the country on basis of language spoken in the particular region and this gave birth to the state of Mysore including various places in south India, which the kings earlier ruled.<ref name="fesindia" /> On 1 November 1956, [[Mysore state]], comprising most of the area of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]], was merged with the Kannada-speaking areas of the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] presidencies, as also of the principality of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], to create a unified Kannada-speaking sub-national entity. [[North Karnataka]], [[Malnad]] ([[Kanara|Canara]]), and [[Mysore (region)|old Mysore]] were thus the three regions of the newly formed Mysore state.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The [[Mysore state|newly unified state]] initially retained the name "Mysore", which was that of the erstwhile princely state which formed the core of the new entity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/profile/rajyotsava/|title=Karnataka Rajyotsava|date=29 October 2017|accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref> But the people of North Karnataka did not favour the retention of the name Mysore, as it was closely associated with the erstwhile principality and the southern areas of the new state. In deference to this logic, the state's name was changed to "Karnataka" on 1 November 1973. [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Arasu]] was the Chief Minister of the state when this landmark decision was taken.<ref>Bourah, Maitreyee (2 November 2010) [http://www.dnaindia.com/bengaluru/report_in-the-dark-about-rajyotsava-in-bengaluru_1460925 In the dark about Rajyotsava in Bangalore] ''DNA''</ref> Other people credited for the unification of Karnataka include littérateurs like [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], [[Kuvempu]], [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]], [[A. N. Krishna Rao]], and [[B. M. Srikantaiah]].<ref name="govern" />

==Celebrations of Karnataka Rajyotsava==
[[File:Flag of the Kannada people.svg|thumb|140px|left|The [[Kannada flag]], used as an emblem of Kannada culture]]

Rajyotsava Day is celebrated with great joy and vigour all over Karnataka. The entire state wears a festive look on this day as the red and yellow Kannada flags are hoisted at different strategic locations across the state and the [[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate|Kannada anthem]] ("''Jaya Bharatha Jananiya Tanujate''") is chanted.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-01/bangalore/27962316_1_rajyotsava-kannada-celebrations Rajyotsava celebrations delayed] ''The Times of India'', 1 November 2007</ref> The flag is hoisted at political party offices and several localities even as youth in many areas take out processions on their vehicles.<ref name="hinducult" /> Religion not being a factor, the Rajyotsava is celebrated by Hindus, Muslims,<ref>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Nov222007/district2007112237072.asp Muslim youth celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava in Tumkur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014600/http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Nov222007/district2007112237072.asp |date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> and Christians as well.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=67812&n_tit=bangalore%3A+rajyotsava+celebrates+at+st+francis+xavier+cathedral Bangalore: Rajyotsava Celebrations at St Francis Xavier Cathedral] www.daijiworld.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071115231652/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/03/stories/2005110316950400.htm Christians celebrate Rajyotsava] ''The Hindu'' 3 November 2005</ref>

=== Government procession ===
The [[Government of Karnataka|state government]] asserts the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava awards]] and [[Karnataka Ratna]] on this day, which are awarded to people responsible for outstanding contributions in the development of Karnataka.<ref name="fesindia" /> The [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister of the State]] inaugurates the cultural show which is customarily held at Kanteerava Stadium, Bangalore.<ref name="hinducult">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101231100654/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110265282000.htm The Hindu – Bangalore celebrates State's 55th birthday]</ref> Awards are presented to students who have won medals in various national games.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413043537/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/02/stories/2008110257730100.htm 53rd Kannada Rajyotsava celebrations] ''The Hindu'' 2 November 2008</ref>

The celebrations are marked by multicoloured tableaux carrying the picture of the [[Bhuvaneshwari|Goddess Bhuvaneshwari]] mounted on a decorated vehicle.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125053018/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110261250300.htm Minister Ramdas hoists Kannada flag on Karnataka Rajyotsava] ''The Hindu''</ref> The colourful procession is also accompanied by performances of the folk artists in the fields of drama ([[Bayalata]]), traditional dance ([[Dollu Kunitha]], [[Kamsale]], [[Veeragase]], [[Kolata]]), and classical [[carnatic music]].<ref name="fesindia" />

=== Private establishments ===

[[File:Kannada Rajyotsava.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kannadigas]] decorated their [[Motorcycle]] with the Kannada flags]]

[[File:Kannada Flag Auto.jpg|thumb|left|[[Auto rickshaw]]s and other vehicles are decorated with yellow and red themes signifying the Kannada flag]]

Since 1 November is a public holiday, it is celebrated at commercial establishments on the following days of the week. Kannada flags are prominently hoisted and displayed at almost all office and business establishments across the city of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name="hinducult" /> Being a hub of several [[Software industry|IT companies]],<ref>[http://www.karnataka.com/industry/software/ Information Technology in Karnataka] www.karnataka.com</ref> Bengaluru's major firms like [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[IBM]], [[Thomson Reuters]], [[Wipro]], [[Robert Bosch]], [[SAP Labs#Organization|SAP Labs]],<ref>[http://www.namkannada.com/pages/html/karya.html SAP Labsನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಡ ಹಬ್ಬ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122215/http://www.namkannada.com/pages/html/karya.html |date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Accenture]], [[Alcatel-Lucent]],<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/festivals/general/2009/1210-kannada-rajyotsava-2009-alcatel-lucent.html ಅಲ್ಕಟೆಲ್ ಲ್ಯೂಸೆಂಟ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಡಹಬ್ಬ] kannada.oneindia.in</ref> and [[Infosys]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201164932/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/29/stories/2008112952090300.htm Rajyotsava at Infosys] ''The Hindu'' 29 November 2008</ref> encourage employees to showcase the local favour by holding cultural events. The IT crowd shows their support by wearing Kannada-themed T-shirts to workplaces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/10/2011102520111025004147580714b2590/On-Rajyotsava-say-%E2%80%98Kannada-Baruthe%E2%80%99.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028210931/http://bangaloremirror.com/article/10/2011102520111025004147580714b2590/On-Rajyotsava-say-%E2%80%98Kannada-Baruthe%E2%80%99.html|url-status=dead|title=On Rajyotsava, say 'Kannada Baruthe'|archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> Educational institutions also hold such events at schools along with flag-hoisting and the rendering of ''naadageethe''.<ref>[http://schools.papyrusclubs.com/gis/events/karnataka-rajyotsava Karnataka Rajyotsava at Gopalan International School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430145803/http://schools.papyrusclubs.com/gis/events/karnataka-rajyotsava |date=30 April 2012 }} schools.papyrusclubs.com</ref><ref>Mohan Kumar, BN (2 November 2010) [http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/slideshow_55th-kannada-rajyotsava-celebrations_1461046-4#top 55th Kannada Rajyotsava celebrations] ''DNA''</ref>

=== Non-resident Kannadigas ===
Apart from celebrations in Karnataka, it is also observed in other regions of India with significant Kannadiga population like [[Mumbai]], New Delhi,<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/karnataka-rajyotsava-celebrated-delhi.html Karnataka Rajyotsava celebrated in New Delhi] Yahoo! 1 November 2010</ref> [[Gurgaon]],<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/festivals/rajyotsava/2010/1207-kannada-rajyotsava-gurgaon-delhi-sangha.html ಗುರ್‌ಗಾಂವ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಆಚರಣೆ] (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> and [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.naavi.org/kannada/karyakrama.htm Rajyotsava celebrations conducted in Chennai] www.naavi.org</ref> Overseas Kannada organisations also take part in the festivities by arranging cultural events in countries like the United States,<ref>[http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2010/1202-diwali-kannada-rajyotsava-seattle-america.html ಸಿಯಾಟಲ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ದೀಪಾವಳಿ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406205753/http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2010/1202-diwali-kannada-rajyotsava-seattle-america.html |date=6 April 2012 }} (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> the United Kingdom, Singapore,<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2008/1206-rajyotsava-deepavali-in-singapore.html ಸಿಂಗಪುರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವದ ಸಿಂಗಾರ] (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> UAE,<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=68153&n_tit=Dubai%3A+Kannada+Koota+UAE+to+Celebrate+Kannada+Rajyotsava+on+Nov+13+ "Kannada Koota UAE to Celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on Nov 13"] www.daijiworld.com</ref> Qatar,<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=154643 Doha: Karnataka Sangha Qatar to Celebrate Rajyotsava Day] www.daijiworld.com</ref> Oman,<ref>[http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17170:guru-kiran-night&catid=77:nri-events&Itemid=76 Gurukiran enthrals audience at Rajyotsava celebrations in Muscat] www.coastaldigest.com</ref> South Korea,<ref>[http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2011/1103-kannada-rajyotsava-2011-korea-kannada-koota-aid0037.html ಕೊರಿಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕೂಟದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕರೆಯೋಲೆ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406211030/http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2011/1103-kannada-rajyotsava-2011-korea-kannada-koota-aid0037.html |date=6 April 2012 }} (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> Australia,<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2010/1216-kannada-rajyotsava-adelaide-australia.html ಅಡಿಲೇಡ್ ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರ ಸಂಭ್ರಮದ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ] (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> New Zealand,<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2010/1211-kannada-rajyotsava-auckland-blood-donation.html ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ : ನ್ಯೂಜಿಲೆಂಡ್ ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರಿಂದ ರಕ್ತದಾನ] (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> Scotland,<ref>[http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2010/1122-scottish-karnataka-sangha-rajyotsava.html ಸ್ಕಾಟ್ಲಂಡ್ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸಂಘದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಡಿಂಡಿಮ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406210925/http://kannada.oneindia.in/nri/article/2010/1122-scottish-karnataka-sangha-rajyotsava.html |date=6 April 2012 }} (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> Ireland,<ref>[https://kannada.oneindia.com/nri/article/2010/1119-irishkannadigaru-kannada-festival-2010-dublin.html ಐರಿಶ್ ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರ ಹಬ್ಬ 2010] (in Kannada) kannada.oneindia.in</ref> Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shrigandha.nl/|title=ಶ್ರೀಗಂಧ ಹಾಲೆಂಡ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ಬಳಗ|accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref> and Germany.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Kerala Piravi]], also celebrated on 1 November
*{{Portal inline|Holidays}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state foundation days}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:1956 in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]

Anjadiru

2026-01-31T18:39:13Z

AryaInIND:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjadiru
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = R. Janardhan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Anjathe]]'' by [[Mysskin]]}}
| producer = K Muralidhar
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sundarnath Suvarna
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = [[Sundar C. Babu]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|3|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Anjadiru''''' ({{Translation|Don't fear}}) is a 2009 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by R. Janardhan and starring Prashanth and Muralidhar. It is a remake of the 2008 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Anjathe]]''.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Prashanth as Satyamurthy
* Muralidhar as Krupakara
*[[Shubha Poonja]]
*[[Suman Ranganathan]]
*[[Adi Lokesh]] as Daya
*[[Dwarakish]] as Loki
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Ravi Kale]] as Keerthi
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "A meaningless first half and a brilliant second half with a good script and excellent narration mark the second venture of director Janardhan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/anjadiru/movie-review/4263790.cms|title=Anjadiru Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/anjadiru/movie-review/4263790.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "''Anjadiru'' stands out for its believable characterisation without much of the heroism we seen in most films. But what slows the film at times is Prashant and Muralidhar's incapability to shoulder the scenes effectively. Try ''Anjadiru'' if you are bored of the regular stuff but do not expect a miracle".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anjadiru-fresh-story-stale-actors/articleshow/22195781.cms|title=Anjadiru: Fresh story, stale actors|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062043/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anjadiru-fresh-story-stale-actors/articleshow/22195781.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Anjadhiru'' maybe a remake, but it a well-made one. For those who have not seen the original, it is a great engrossing entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/anjadhiru-is-engrossing/20090313.htm|title=Anjadhiru is engrossing|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215235902/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/anjadhiru-is-engrossing/20090313.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14144204}}

[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

M. K. K. Nair

2026-01-30T09:40:47Z

AryaInIND: put up new stub

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. K. K. Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|9|27|1920|12|29}}
| death_place = [[Ernakulam]], Kerala
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Bureaucrat
| alma mater = [[University of Madras]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = 3
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Meppally Keshava Pillai Krishnankutty Nair''' (29 December 1920 – 27 September 1987), commonly identified as '''M. K. K. Nair''', was an Indian bureaucrat, art connoisseur and [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer from [[Kerala]]. Besides his services in the setting up of [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] and in the development of [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore]], Nair was known for his contributions in promoting fine arts and performing arts such as [[Kathakali]], in the state of [[Kerala]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Panaromic view of FACT Cochin Division.jpg|thumb|235px|FACT Cochin Division]]

M. K. K. Nair was born on 29 December 1920 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref name="I&B Minister trips on Patel-Nehru chronicler">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/page1/iandb-minister-trips-on-patel-nehru-chronicler.html |title=I&B Minister trips on Patel-Nehru chronicler |website=The Pioneer |language=en |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Kesava Pillai and Janaky Amma.<ref name="M.K.K. Nair public profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/M-K-K-Nair/6000000012801325239 |title=M.K.K. Nair public profile |date=2019-03-20 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> After graduating in physics from the [[University of Madras]] in 1939 with first rank, he started his career as a divisional accountant in the civil service of [[Travancore]] where he had the opportunity to work under [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], the then [[Diwan (India)|Diwan]]. Later, he worked as an accountant with the telephone department<ref name="Differences of opinion caused Nehru to look upon Patel as enemy: Nayar book">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/differences-of-opinion-caused-nehru-to-look-upon-patel-as-enemy-nayar-book/1196260/ |title=Differences of opinion caused Nehru to look upon Patel as enemy: Nayar book |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> before moving to [[Secunderabad]] to join the ordnance factory of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] in 1943 as a civilian gazetted officer, one among the first four civilian gazetted officers in the [[British Army]] and served as a planning officer.<ref name="Gained in translation? Patel man's tale">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gained-in-translation-patel-mans-tale-minister-tewari-can-check-communalist-account-when-english-version-of-mkks-book-comes-out-soon/cid/241276 |title=Gained in translation? Patel man's tale |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> He worked at the ordnance factory until 1947 when he quit the job to appear for the [[Indian Administrative Service]] examination to join the service in 1949 which brought him in contact with [[V. P. Menon]], a senior IAS officer and a close associate of [[Sardar Vallabhai Patel]].<ref name="Autobiography of an administrator, also a political chronicle">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/autobiography-of-an-administrator-also-a-political-chronicle/article17681824.ece |title=Autobiography of an administrator, also a political chronicle |date=2017-03-27 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

When the commissioning of [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] was getting delayed, the then Indian Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on advice from [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] who was the [[Minister of Industries and Commerce]] at that time, appointed Nair with the responsibility of commissioning the plant which was accomplished in 1959.<ref name="Gained in translation? Patel man's tale" /> Subsequently, he returned to his home state of Kerala when he was appointed as the chairman and managing director of the [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore]] (FACT) where he stayed until his appointment as a joint secretary in the [[Planning Commission of India]] in 1971.<ref name="Gained in translation? Patel man's tale" />

M. K. K. Nair died on 27 September 1987, at the age of 66, at [[Ernakulam]], succumbing to cancer,<ref name="Differences of opinion caused Nehru to look upon Patel as enemy: Nayar book" /> survived by his wife and their three sons.<ref name="Advani's been misled, now he's misleading us">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/advani-s-been-misled-now-he-s-misleading-us/story-cL4q9DVAen6X4KZp47vV6O.html |title=Advani's been misled, now he's misleading us |date=2013-11-16 |website=hindustantimes.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

== Legacy and honours ==
Nair oversaw the development of Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore into one of the major industrial units in Kerala; it was during his tenure that a new [[Ammonium Sulphate]] plant, FACT Engineering and Design Organisation (FEDO) and FACT Engineering Works (FEW) were set up and the work on the establishment of another production unit in [[Ambalamedu]] was started.<ref name="Evolution - FACT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fact.co.in/ContentPage.aspx?sid=1 |title=Evolution - FACT |date=2019-03-21 |website=fact.co.in |access-date=2019-03-21 |archive-date=11 May 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140511103711/http://www.fact.co.in/ContentPage.aspx?sid=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He developed the FACT community into a self-sufficient one with own schools and hospitals.<ref name="Remembering a visionary, not forgetting his many trials">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/remembering-a-visionary-not-forgetting-his-many-trials/article4264540.ece |title=Remembering a visionary, not forgetting his many trials |last=Pillai |first=R. Ramabhadran |date=2013-01-02 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> He was known to have assisted [[Kathakali]] artists such as [[Kalamandalam Hyderali]], [[Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri]], [[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] and [[Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambisan]] of which Hyderali served as a faculty at the cultural wing of FACT.<ref name="Remembering a visionary, not forgetting his many trials" />

Nair wrote his autobiography, ''Aarodum Paribhavamillathe'' (With Malice Towards None: The Chronicle of an Era), as a weekly article serial in ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'', detailing his experiences during and after his administrative career.<ref name="Autobiography of an administrator, also a political chronicle" /><ref name="MKK Nair - memoirs With No Ill Feeling to Anybody">{{Cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/discussions/131295 |title=MKK Nair - memoirs "With No Ill Feeling to Anybody" |date=2019-03-21 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> The book, while narrating his early administrative days, describes the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad]], code-named ''Operation Polo'' as well as the political differences between [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref name="Advani's been misled, now he's misleading us"/><ref name="'You Are A Total Communalist...'">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/you-are-a-total-communalist/288433 |title='You Are A Total Communalist...' |website=outlookindia.com/ |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> The book was later translated into English by one of his junior colleagues at FACT, Gopakumar M. Nair.<ref name="Nayar2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA355 |title=Story of an Era Told Without Ill-will |last1=Nayar |first1=M K K |translator=Gopakumar M. Nair |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-93-81699-33-1 |pages=355–}}</ref> The book had another English translation, too, under the title, ''The Autobiography of a Bureaucrat'', and the translation was done by Meena Das Narayan, a writer and the niece of M. K. K. Nair.<ref name="Narendra Modi presented with English translation of late Shri MKK Nair's book 'The Autobiography of a Bureaucrat'">{{Cite web |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/narendra-modi-presented-with-english-translation-of-late-shri-mkk-nair%E2%80%99s-book-%E2%80%98the-autobiography-of-a-bureaucrat%E2%80%99-5807 |title=Narendra Modi presented with English translation of late Shri MKK Nair's book 'The Autobiography of a Bureaucrat' |date=2019-03-21 |website=narendramodi.in |access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> His life was chronicled as a television series, ''Smruthi'' which was broadcast on [[Safari TV]] in 2017.<ref name="M K K Nair - Smrithi Promo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thQTcuN2E8E |title=M K K Nair - Smrithi Promo |last=Safari TV |date=2017-01-19 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> The Kerala Management Association has instituted an annual lecture, M. K. K. Nair Memorial lecture in his honour<ref name="M K K Nair Memorial Lecture organised">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/17/m-k-k-nair-memorial-lecture-organised-1926017.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203161838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/17/m-k-k-nair-memorial-lecture-organised-1926017.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |title=M K K Nair Memorial Lecture organised |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> and a community centre in [[Eloor]], the place where he spent the later days of his career, ''MKK Nair Memorial Community Hall'' has been named after him.<ref name="M.K.K. Nair Auditorium - Kochi">{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/111222/M-K-K-Nair-Auditorium |title=M.K.K. Nair Auditorium - Kochi |website=wikimapia.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref><ref name="PageKerala.com :: Kerala Business Directory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pagekerala.com/ |title=PageKerala.com :: Kerala Business Directory |date=2019-03-16 |website=PageKerala.com |language=en |access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> ''M. K. K. Nair Foundation'', an eponymous organization in his name, has instituted an annual award, ''M. K. K. Nair Award'', for recognising excellence in performing arts.<ref name="Jayaraman2007">{{cite book|author=P. Jayaraman|title=Management Icons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXUHFFIGBrgC&pg=PA114|year=2007|publisher=Excel Books India|isbn=978-81-7446-545-0|pages=114–}}</ref>

== CBI case and acquittal ==
In 1974, cases were registered against him by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] alleging abuse of power and corruption.<ref name="Gained in translation? Patel man's tale" /> The trial court exonerated him in 1983 and the appeal court acquitted him in 1987, shortly before his death.<ref name="Remembering a visionary, not forgetting his many trials" /> Years later, [[D. Babu Paul]], a former [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of the [[Government of Kerala]], while delivering the M. K. K. Nayar Memorial lecture, revealed that Nair was being harassed at the behest of a former prime minister of India who happened to come to know about the disparaging comments that Nair had recorded in his personal diary.<ref name="Powerful leader hounded MKK Nayar: Babu Paul">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230517/powerful-leader-hounded-mkk-nayar-babu-paul.html |title=Powerful leader hounded MKK Nayar: Babu Paul |date=2017-05-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2019-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523050002/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230517/powerful-leader-hounded-mkk-nayar-babu-paul.html |archive-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Aarodum Paribhavamillathe'' (DC Book) by M. K. K. Nair
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA355 |title=Story of an Era Told Without Ill-will |author=M. K. K. Nair |translator=Gopakumar M. Nair |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-93-81699-33-1 |pages=355}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
* [[V. J. Kurian]]
* [[Syed Ahmed El Edroos]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thQTcuN2E8E |title=M K K Nair - Smrithi Promo |last=Safari |date=2017-01-19 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-21}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iC8ZQt7niE |title=Autobiography of MKK Nair English version published - Manorama News |last=Manorama News |date=2017-03-25 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-21}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lknlqUBbDRY |title=Manju warrior's speech During MKK Nair Puraskaram ceremony in Kerala Kalamandalam, Thrissur, Kerala |last=indiayathraonline |date=2018-03-30 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-03-21}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, M. K. K.}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]

Violin Vasu

2026-01-27T01:16:04Z

AryaInIND: New

{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Violin Vasu
| image =
| caption = Vasu in 2023
| image_upright = yes
| origin = India
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| years_active = 2000 – present
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| birth_name = D. V. K. Vasudevan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|04|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = [[Violin]]ist, Academician
| website = {{URL|http://www.violinvasu.com/}}
}}

'''Dr. D. V. K. Vasudevan''' (born 10 April 1979), professionally known as '''Violin Vasu''', is an [[Indian classical music]] violinist, academician, researcher and social activist.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Arts@IITH|url=http://ca.iith.ac.in/faculty.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=ca.iith.ac.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|date=2017-08-18|title=Violin with verve|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/violin-with-verve/article19515017.ece|access-date=2020-12-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-09-29|title=His violin ways|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-violin-ways/article3230831.ece|access-date=2020-12-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last=Veronica|first=Shreya|date=2024-03-26|title='I have discovered transformative power of music': Violin Vasu|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Mar/26/i-have-discovered-transformative-power-of-music-violin-vasu|access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
A disciple of [[Padma Shri]] awardee ''Nadasudharnava'' [[Annavarapu Rama Swamy|Annavarapu Ramaswamy]], he represents the sixth generation of the [[Tyagaraja]] ''Sishya Parampara'' (disciplic lineage).
He has performed at international festivals such as ''Namaste France'' (Paris), ''World Wood Festival'' (USA), ''International Film Festival of India'' (Goa), ''Thai Tourism Festival'' (Bangkok), ''Sankat Mochan Festival'' (Varanasi), ''Living Heritage Festival'' (Chowmahalla Palace) and ''Telugu Cultural Festival'' (New Jersey) – and for bodies including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]], Ministry of Culture, Government of India {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.
He serves as a National Jury member for the ''National Kala Utsav'' of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Dr. DVK Vasudevan nominated as a member of the planning group of NCERT |work=University of Hyderabad Herald |date=2024-06-05 |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/dvk-vasudevan-nominated-as-a-member-of-the-planning-group-of-ncert/ |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vasudevan was born in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.
He received initial musical training under Sri V. V. L. Narasimha Rao and advanced tutelage under Dr. Annavarapu Ramaswamy.
During his college years, he participated in the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]], representing Andhra Pradesh in the 1998 Republic Day Parade, as well as the [[National Service Scheme]] and [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]], receiving the ''Rashtrapati Award'' from President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Learning violin made easy!|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/jun/28/learning-violin-made-easy-267097.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Education ==
Vasu earned an M.Sc. in Information Technology from the Institute of Advanced Studies in Education (IASE), Sardarshahar, Rajasthan (2005), and an M.Music from the University of Madras (2015).
He later obtained a Ph.D. in Music from the University of Mysore under Dr. [[Mysore Manjunath]].
He holds the title ''Sangeethalankar'' from the [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal]], diplomas in Carnatic violin and vocal music from P.S. Telugu University, and a TTC in Music from the A.P. Government Technical Board.
He also completed Grade 8 Theory in Western Music from [[Trinity College London]] and cleared the [[National Eligibility Test (India)|UGC NET]] in Music {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.

== Teaching and publications ==
Vasu is a music teacher and was a cultural coordinator at the [[University of Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Subba Rao|first1=Rama|title=Kudos to Violin Vasudevan|url=https://ram963.wordpress.com/2016/08/27/kudos-to-violin-vasudevan/|access-date=2017-09-12|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223091428/https://ram963.wordpress.com/2016/08/27/kudos-to-violin-vasudevan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
and is a visiting faculty member at [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT-Hyderabad]], where he designed a music curriculum adopted by Jawahar Bal Bhavan, a Government of Andhra Pradesh initiative.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jayadev|first1=GAG|title=Music Curriculum Designed by Violin Vasu Adopted by Jawahar Bal Bhavan of AP|url=https://www.iiit.ac.in/files/iiit/olin_Vasudevan___Jawahar_Bal_Bhavan_Jan_2012.pdf|access-date=2017-09-12|archive-date=2013-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007212729/http://www.iiit.ac.in/files/iiit/olin_Vasudevan___Jawahar_Bal_Bhavan_Jan_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He received the ''Outstanding Artistes Research Fellowship'' from the Ministry of Culture {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} and has several scholarly works to his credit, including ''A Study of Violin: A Case Study of Violin Usage in Carnatic Music'' and ''Interpreting Tyagaraja Pancharatna Keerthanas'', a bilingual edition in English and Telugu, that complies [[Pancharatna Kriti|Pancharatna kritis]] with word-for-word translations and with musical notations {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.
His book ''Jeevana Vidya'' explores human values through examples from the life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Asish|title=Books published by DVK Vasudevan|url=http://uohherald.commuoh.in/books-published-by-dvk-vasudevan/|publisher=UoH Herald|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref>
Vasu’s research advocating the inclusion of music in formal education has been highlighted in Indian media and noted by the [[International Music Council]] of [[UNESCO]] {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.

== Music career ==
Vasu trained under violinist Dr. Annavarapu Ramaswami. He co-founded the fusion duo DevanDrone with friend and flutist Dronendra Phani Kumar.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Arunima|title=All-rounder Vasudevan!|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JSC8yMDA4LzAxLzIyI0FyMDI1MDE=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912235142/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JSC8yMDA4LzAxLzIyI0FyMDI1MDE=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2017|publisher=The Times Of India Hyderabad|date=January 22, 2008}}</ref>
They performed at the ''Festival of Living Heritage'' (2008), in which musician [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]] performed a solo show,<ref>{{cite news|title='Festival of Balamurali' at Chowmahalla Palace|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/lsquoFestival-of-Balamuralirsquo-at-Chowmahalla-Palace/article15329049.ece|work=The Hindu|date=November 2008}}</ref> and at ''World Wood Day Music Festival'' (2017, Long Beach, CA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Roots World Wood Day 2017|url=http://www.worldwoodday.org/2017/music?a=223548263|website=worldwoodday.org|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-date=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207014907/http://www.worldwoodday.org/2017/music?a=223548263|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He represented India at [[France–India relations#Namaste France|''Namaste France'']] (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Ashish|title=Violin Vasudevan visits Paris for Namasthe France festival|url=http://uohherald.commuoh.in/violin-vasudevan-visits-paris-for-namasthe-france-festival/|website=UoH Herald|date=November 2, 2016|access-date=October 19, 2017|archive-date=December 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070310/http://uohherald.commuoh.in/violin-vasudevan-visits-paris-for-namasthe-france-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vasu runs [http://gurukulamacademy.in/ Gurukulam], a vocal and violin academy for Carnatic music and has mentored over 15, 000 followers worldwide {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.
Through ''Sabarmati Sangeeth'', he has conducted free value-based music workshops for over 100, 000 children, including juveniles {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.

== Social activities ==
Vasu is the founder of the Sanskriti Foundation, an NGO promoting Indian music, tradition and heritage.
Its initiative ''Sabarmathi Sangeeth'' began in 2006 in association with the Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation, spreading [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s [[bhajan]]s and moral values through music.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Farida|first1=Syeda|title=Spreading Gandhian values in unique way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/spreading-gandhian-values-in-unique-way/article13387725.ece|work=The Hindu|date=January 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Sangeet promotes Mahatma's bhajans|url=http://www.gandhitopia.org/group/mgnd/forum/topics/sabarmati-sangeet-promotes|publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Community Forum|access-date=August 11, 2009|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052957/http://www.gandhitopia.org/group/mgnd/forum/topics/sabarmati-sangeet-promotes|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2010-10-02 |title=Gandhi, Music and School |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2010/Oct/02/gandhi-music-and-school-191724.html |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
It has reached around 25 000 children and was later televised as a 24-episode series in undivided Andhra Pradesh {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.

Through Sanskriti Foundation, he also organizes the annual [[Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival]] (HTAMF)
<ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Venkatesh |date=2023-03-08 |title=7th edition of Thyagaraja Aradhana: The Sanskriti Foundation's music fest to be held in hybrid mode |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/7th-edition-of-thyagaraja-aaradhana-the-sanskriti-foundations-music-fest-to-be-held-in-hybrid-mode/article65207043.ece |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramya |first=Vennapusala |date=2025-02-01 |title=“HTAMF 2025 celebrates Tyagaraja's legacy with soulful music, dance, and storytelling” |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Feb/01/htamf-2025-celebrates-tyagarajas-legacy-with-soulful-music-dance-and-storytelling |access-date=2025-11-04}}</ref>
, publishes ''TARANG'' (a tri-monthly cultural magazine), and hosts organic farming and educational retreat programmes {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/thiruvaiyaru-spirit-takes-over|title=Thiruvaiyaru spirit takes over|date=6 February 2017|work=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/treat-for-carnatic-music-lovers-in-hyderabad|title=Treat for Carnatic music lovers in Hyderabad|date=17 January 2018|website=telanganatoday.com|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Outstanding Artistes Research Fellowship – Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
* ''Samaikya Bharat Gaurav Puraskar'' – Madras Telugu Academy.
* ''International Award for Young People (Gold Standard)'' – Prince Philip, London.
* ''Rashtrapati Award'' – Bharat Scouts and Guides (from Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam).
* ''Award of Professional Excellence'' – Indywood Film Carnival (2017).<ref>{{cite web|title=Indywood Honors Telugu Journalists|url=http://www.indywood.co.in/readblog/51/7|access-date=October 4, 2017}}</ref>
* ''Young Achievers Award'' – Rotary Club {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.
* ''Youth Award'' – Government of Andhra Pradesh {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.
* ''Ugadi Puraskaram'' – SiliconAndhra (USA) {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.


== References ==


{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu, Violin}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]

Bindhyabasini Devi

2026-01-25T16:29:39Z

AryaInIND: enhance article for accuracy and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian folk musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bindhyavasini Devi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 5 January 1920
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = 18 April 2006
| death_place = [[Kankarbagh]], [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Folk musician
| yearsactive =
| known for = Indian folk music
| spouse = Shedeveshvar Chandra Verma
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two sons- (Santosh Kumar Sinha and Sudhir Kumar Sinha) and one daughter- (Pushparani Madhu)
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] Ahilya Bai Award
}}

'''Bindhyavasini Devi''' (died 2006) was an Indian folk musician. She was popularly recognised as Bihar Kokila. She was the founder of ''Vindhya Kala Mandir'', a [[Patna]] based music academy promoting folk music, Vindhya Kala Mandir. The academy is associated with Bhatkhande University, Lucknow for 55 years now which is now run by her daughter-in-law Shobha Sinha, son Sudhir Kumar Sinha.<ref name="Folk singer Bindhyavasini Devi is dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/18/folk-singer-bindhyavasini-devi-is-dead-1145372756.html | title=Folk singer Bindhyavasini Devi is dead | publisher=One India | date=18 April 2006 | access-date=14 June 2015}} {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Nitish condoles Bindhyavasini Devi's death">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060419/310289.html | title=Nitish condoles Bindhyavasini Devi's death | publisher=Web India News | date=19 April 2006 | access-date=14 June 2015 | archive-date=26 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105746/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060419/310289.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was born in [[Muzzafarpur|Muzaffarpur]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] and specialised in [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] folk music.<ref name="Folk singer Bindhyavasini Devi is dead" /> She also sang a popular song, ''Chhote Dulha Ke'', in a movie, ''Vivah Geet''<ref name="Chhote Dulha Ke">{{cite web | url=http://www.saavn.com/p/song/hindi/Hindi-Bibah-Geet/Chhote-Dulha-Ke/JwITBDp9RlQ | title=Chhote Dulha Ke | publisher=Saavn | date=2015 | access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> and many of her songs have been released in CD format.<ref name="Chhote Dulha Ke 2">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chhote-Dulha-Ke/dp/B00LRY8J6U | title=Chhote Dulha Ke 2 | publisher=Inreco - The Indian Record Mfg Co | date=2010 | ASIN=B00LRY8J6U}}</ref><ref name="Palki Charal Awe">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.amazon.de/Palki-Charal-Awe/dp/B00LSQ23T6 | title=Palki Charal Awe | publisher=Inreco - The Indian Record Mfg Co | date=2010 | ASIN=B00LSQ23T6}}</ref><ref name="ITunes">{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/mn/artist/bindhyabasini-devi/322483392 | title=ITunes | publisher=ITunes | date=2015 | access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] awarded her the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] awarded her their annual [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|award]] in 1991<ref name="Folk singer Bindhyabasini Devi is dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/18/folk-singer-bindhyabasini-devi-is-dead-1145372756.html | title=Folk singer Bindhyabasini Devi is dead | publisher=One India | date=18 April 2006 | access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nitish condoles Bindhyavasini Devi's death" /> and followed it up with [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Akademi Fellowship]] in 2006.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Puraskar">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Puraskar |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |date=2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Indian Affairs Annual 2005">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2gZRxXfQesC&q=Bindhya+Basini+Devi&pg=PA46 | title=Indian Affairs Annual 2005 | publisher=Gyan Publishing House | author=Mahendra Gaur | year=2007 | pages=2813 | isbn=9788178354347}}</ref> She received the ''Ahilya Bai Award'' from the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in 1998.<ref name="Folk singer Bindhyavasini Devi is dead" /><ref name="Nitish condoles Bindhyavasini Devi's death" /> Bindhyavasini Devi died at her [[Kankarbagh]] residence on 18 April 2006 at the age of 86.

She was married to Shedeveshvar Chandra Verma, and had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Folk singer Bindhyavasini Devi is dead" /><ref name="Nitish condoles Bindhyavasini Devi's death" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Indian folk music]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Music}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chhote-Dulha-Ke/dp/B00LRY8J6U | title=Chhote Dulha Ke | publisher=Inreco — The Indian Record Mfg Co | date=2010 | ASIN=B00LRY8J6U}}
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.amazon.de/Palki-Charal-Awe/dp/B00LSQ23T6 | title=Palki Charal Awe | publisher=Inreco — The Indian Record Mfg Co | date=2010 | ASIN=B00LSQ23T6}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Bindhyabasini Devi}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1920 births]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Soundararajaperumal temple, Thadikombu

2026-01-24T03:31:56Z

AryaInIND: New - done

{{Infobox temple
| name = Soundararajaperumal Temple
| image = Thadikombu2.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|26|23|N|77|57|14|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| location = [[Thadikombu]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Soundararaja Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Soundaravalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Hindu temple in Dindigul}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

The '''Soundararajaperumal Temple''' is a temple dedicated to Hindu god [[Vishnu]], located in [[Thadikombu]], a village near [[Dindigul]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built by [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] during the 16th century CE. Vishnu is worshipped as Soundararaja Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Soundaravalli.

The temple is known for the Ranga Mandapam, which features rare life size sculptures. The temple has two inscriptions dating from the Nayak period. The temple has a five-tiered ''rajagopuram'' (gateway tower) and enshrined within a granite wall. The complex contains all the shrines and water bodies associated with it. The special features of the temple are a separate shrine for the Hindu deities of love, [[Manmatha]] and [[Rati]].

Soundararaja Perumal is believed to have appeared for the sage Mandukya. The temple observes six daily rituals and three yearly festivals. The chariot festival, [[Brahmotsava|Bramotsavam]] is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Aadi'' (July - August), is the most prominent festival of the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
According to the temple's [[Sthala purana|regional legend]], once, a sage was cursed take the form of a frog (Mandukya) in the place around the temple. He was troubled by a demon, and the frog worshipped Vishnu for rescue. Vishnu was pleased by the devotion and saved the frog by killing the demon. Vishnu chose to stay at the place where he rescued the frog, which went on to become the site of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==History==
[[File:Thadikombu3.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Andal shrine in the temple]]
During the 15th century, [[Dindigul]] was the scene of heavy warfare and people moved in large numbers to Thadikombu.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

The temple is believed to have been built during the rule of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] (1529–1542 CE), the younger brother of [[Krishna Deva Raya]], during the 16th century. The construction supposedly began during the rule of his predecessor, Aliya Rama Raya (1485 – 1565 CE). The outer halls and the sculptures were included during the period of [[Thirumalai Nayak]] (1623–59) in 1629. It is also learnt that a chieftain by name Sundaresan appointed the priests of the temple.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=110–114|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref> It is also believed that a hall being named Sundarapandya, the temple might have existed from the earlier Pandyan era and might have been expanded by the Vijayanagara kings.<ref name=Gopal/>

There are inscriptions from various ruling empires on the contributions made to the maintenance of the temple. A damaged inscription in the temple from the period of Rama Raya is found in the Garuda Mandapa. An inscription in the Sundara Pandya Madapam indicates the conduct of marriage festival of Kallalagar in [[Madurai]]. Other inscription mention that the people of Madurai consider Thadikombu as their northern settlement.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 1133
| height1 = 2910
| width2 = 1339
| height2 = 3264
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Thadikombu6.jpg
| image2 = Thadikombu7.jpg
| foot_notes =
| caption1 =
| footer = Images of the sculptures in the temple tower basement
}}

The temple is located in [[Thadikombu]], a village in the outskirts of [[Dindigul]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple occupies an area of {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and is surrounded by rectangular granite walls on all four sides, with a {{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall [[gopuram|rajagopuram]] (temple tower). All four sides around the temple are paved in such a way to accommodate movement of the temple car during festive occasions. The main entrance of the temple faces the East, and at the entrance of the temple there is a four pillared open hall. The temple has two precincts. The temple is a ''madakovil'', with its plithe constructed in an elevated platform around {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. The parapets in the steps are decorated with curled ''[[yali (mythology)|yali]]s'', the lion-faced Vijayanagara sculptures.<ref name=M/><ref name=Gopal/>

The first precinct also has shrines for his consort, Soundaravalli, [[Andal]], and [[Vishvaksena|Vishvaksenar]]. All the inner shrines face East, leaving the shrine of Vishvaksenar, which faces the south. The [[Dwajasthambam|dvajasthambam]] (flag staff) and a hall are located in axial alignment from the gateway tower to the sanctum. The South-west corner of the second precinct houses the image of [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakratalvar]]. The images of the [[Dasavatara|Dashavatara]], the ten [[avatar]]s of Vishnu, are housed in the Anna Mandapa.<ref name=M/>

The presiding deity is housed in the sanctum in standing posture and has a height of {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}}. [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] and Sridevi are positioned on either side of him. The image of the festive deity is also housed in the sanctum. The Kalyan Mandapa has musical pillars, each of which produce different musical sounds. The same are found in [[Meenakshi Amman temple]], [[Thanumalayan temple]], Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi, Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple and [[Alwarthirunagari Temple|Alvar Tirunagari temple]]. The image of standing [[Gaṇeśa|Ganesha]] holding an [[Elephant goad|elephant-goad]] in his hands, Vishnu Durga, and the [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]] occupying pillars are noteworthy. The fourteen life size images of the Sundarapandiya Mandapa are Vaikunthanatha, [[Narasimha|Stunanarasimha]], [[Mahavishnu]], Chakratalvar, Madanagopala, Manmathan and Rati, [[Vamana|Trivikrama]], [[Nataraja]] and [[Kali]], Aghora [[Virabhadra]], [[Rama]] and [[Kartavirya Arjuna]].<ref name=M/>

The Ranga Mandapam (also called Anna Mandapam) has beautiful architectural representations of various forms of Vishnu. It is located near the Soundaravalli shrine leading to the sanctum. It is believed that similar architectural specimens of the Vijayanagara kingdom is found in [[Alagar Koyil]], [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]], [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam]] and [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore]].<ref name=Gopal>{{cite journal|title=The Raṅga-maṇḍapa of the Tāṭikkompu Temple A Study of an Iconographic Programme of the Vijayanagara Tradition|journal=East and West|volume=46|last=S.|first=Gopalakrishnan|issue=3/4|date=December 1996|jstor=29757285|pages=415–431}}</ref> The composite columns of [[Virabhadra]] holding sword and horn are found be additions of the Vijayanayagara kings during the early 1500s. Similar columns of Virabhadra are found in [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari|Adikesava Perumal Temple]] at Thiruvattaru, [[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]], [[Nellaiappar Temple]] at [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi|Kasi Viswanathar temple]] at [[Tenkasi]], [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameswaram]], [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]], [[Srivaikuntanathan Permual temple]] at [[Srivaikuntam]], [[Tirupperunturai|Avudayarkovil]], [[Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple]] at [[Thirukkurungudi]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India|jstor=20619601|last=Branfoot|first=Crispin |journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|date=1 June 2008|page=186|publisher=College Art Association}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Thadikombu8.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Image of sculpture in the temple]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of the Vaishnava tradition and follows the ''[[Pancharatra|pāñcarātra]] padmasaṃhitā''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Soundararajan and Soundaravalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Soundararaja Perumal Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=806|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

During the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'', the festival deity is taken in procession around the Mada street of the temple. Similar processions are followed during the Tamil month of ''Aadi'' (July–August).{{fact|date=July 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Soundararaja Perumal Temple, Thadikombu}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Nilima Nag

2026-01-22T04:03:45Z

AryaInIND: starting basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Nilima Nag (Mallick)''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nilima Nag (Mallick)(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HARINGHATA (SC)(NADIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1091 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She was a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Haringhata Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Nadia district]]. She won for the first time in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Haringhata profile: TMC's Nilima Nag won in 2016 by over 21,000 votes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-haringhata-profile-tmcs-nilima-nag-won-in-2016-by-over-21000-votes-9410141.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nag is from [[Haringhata]], Nadia district, West Bengal. She married late Samir Kumar Nag. She studied Class 12 at [[Chakdaha College]] and passed the higher secondary board examinations in 1977.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aitc Nilima Nag (mallick) Candidate Haringhata (sc) West-bengal Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2021 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/nilima-nag-(mallick)-aitc-2021-haringhata-93-west-bengal |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nag won from Haringhata Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 94,530 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Ajoy Das of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 21,349 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=West Bengal Election 2022: Haringhata Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/haringhata-1293522428 |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haringhata Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Haringhata Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-haringhata-constituency-93.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=ElectWise.in - West Bengal - 2016 Assembly Elections - Haringhata |url=https://www.electwise.in/election/assembly/west-bengal/2016/constituency/haringhata/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Electwise |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084823/https://www.electwise.in/election/assembly/west-bengal/2016/constituency/haringhata/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She first became an MLA winning the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election representing All India Trinamool Congress. In 2011, she polled 83,366 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Biswajit Pal of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a margin of 13,003 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haringhata Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Asim Kumar Sarkar of BJP Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/haringhata-election-result-2021-live-updates-haringhata-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694961.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Nilima}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Battarahalli

2026-01-14T17:12:30Z

AryaInIND: New

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Battarahalli
| other_name = [[Bhattarahalli]]
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| postal_code = 560049
| coordinates =
}}

'''Battarahalli''' (also spelled '''Bhattarahalli''') is a [[residential]] locality in the eastern part of [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Battarahalli Bangalore Overview |url=https://www.squareyards.com/battarahalli-in-bangalore-overview-1476 |website=SquareYards |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) – Official Website |url=https://www.bbmp.gov.in/ |website=BBMP |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Krishnarajapuram]]
* [[Mahadevapura]]
* [[Whitefield, Bangalore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Bengaluru]]

Prasads Multiplex

2026-01-08T11:06:24Z

AryaInIND: starting some page first draft

{{short description|Cinema in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| image = Imax theater hyderabad.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Prasads IMAX theatre
| location = [[Khairtabad]], IMAX Road, NTR Marg, Near [[NTR Gardens]], [[Necklace Road]], [[Hyderabad]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.412842|78.465879|display=inline,title}}
| address =
| opening_date = 25 July 2003
| closing_date =
| developer = [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Media Corporation Limited]]
| manager =
| owner =
| architect =
| number_of_stores =243
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area =
| parking =
| floors =
| website = [http://www.prasadz.com/ Prasads]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prasads Multiplex''' is an Indian [[Multiplex (movie theatre)|multiplex theater]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prasads-imax-screen-is-back-to-its-glory-with-biggest-screen-in-the-country/articleshow/95737712.cms|title=Prasad's IMAX Screen is back to its glory with biggest screen in the country|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prasads-multiplex-in-hyderabad-readied-with-a-modern-look/articleshow/84880517.cms|title=Prasads Multiplex in Hyderabad readied with a modern look|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 July 2021}}</ref> It was India's third IMAX theatre prior to the theatre's 2014 conversion to Prasads' in-house premium large format, PCX.<ref>{{Cite news|title= CNN Travel |url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/worlds-10-coolest-movie-theaters-355218|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= King of Good times Prasad's Imax|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2332172.ece?|work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deprez |first=Camille |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glGxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Prasads+imax&pg=PA120 |title=Bollywood: Cinéma et mondialisation |date=2019-09-19 |publisher=Presses Universitaires du Septentrion |isbn=978-2-7574-2147-5 |language=fr}}</ref> It is a part of the LV.Prasad Group that has been an integral part of the South Indian film industry for over 7 decades.

== Description ==
The multiplex is a centrally air-conditioned venue with an area of {{cvt|235,000|sqft}}. It has six screens, a food court and a shopping mall covering two levels of the complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=GHMC - Prasad's IMAX |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/hyd/visitplacesnew.asp?status=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219012151/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/hyd/visitplacesnew.asp?status=13 |archive-date=19 December 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |publisher=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakka |first=Sai Bhaskar Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnHLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Prasads+imax&pg=PA28 |title=Hussain Sagar |publisher=Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Prasads Multiplex was launched initially as Prasad IMAX on 25 July 2003 by [[Prasad Studios|LV Prasad Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/you-are-my-classroom-ss-rajamoulis-emotional-note-on-prasad-multiplexs-20-years-8448715.html|title='You Are My Classroom:' SS Rajamouli's Emotional Note On Prasad Multiplex's 20 Years|date=28 July 2023|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/imax-theatre-steaming-ahead/articleshow/17700542.cms|title=IMAX theatre steaming ahead|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/07shop.htm|title=rediff.com: The southern shopping spree|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> The PCX screen number 6 was previously branded as a 3D IMAX 70mm theatre until 2014. It is the biggest in India at {{cvt|64|x|101.6|ft}} in a 630-seat auditorium.<ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hyderabads-prasads-multiplexs-large-screen-gears-up-for-avatar-the-way-of-water/article66262324.ece| title= The renovated large screen at Prasads multiplex, Hyderabad, gears up for James Cameron's 'Avatar: The Way of Water'|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 December 2022 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:prasads2.jpg|Multiplex floor
File:Prasads climbing wall.jpg|Indoor Climbing wall
File:Prasads IMAX gaming section.jpg|Game section
File:Prasada Imax, Hyderabad.jpg|Prasads Imax, Hyderabad
File:Prasads Multiplex.jpg|Night View of Prasads Multiplex from HMDA Grounds
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Entertainment in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:IMAX venues]]
[[Category:Cinemas in India]]

Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis

2026-01-03T22:59:51Z

AryaInIND: New - done

{{Short description|Species of scorpion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis 436613251.jpg
| taxon = Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis
| authority = (Pocock, 1900)
}}

'''''Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis''''' is a [[scorpion]] [[species]] found in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prendini |first=Lorenzo |last2=Loria |first2=Stephanie F. |date=2020-10-14 |title=Systematic Revision of the Asian Forest Scorpions (Heterometrinae Simon, 1879), Revised Suprageneric Classification of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802, and Revalidation of Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-442/issue-1/0003-0090.442.1.1/Systematic-Revision-of-the-Asian-Forest-Scorpions-Heterometrinae-Simon-1879/10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1.full |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=442 |issue=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1 |issn=0003-0090}}</ref> It is mostly found in the [[Western Ghats]], which is a [[biodiversity hotspot]] and a [[World Heritage Site]]. It is an endangered species with [[habitat destruction]] as the reason for its dwindling numbers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2731909 ''Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis'' at NCBI]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3134817}}

[[Category:Fauna of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1900]]
[[Category:Scorpionidae]]

{{scorpion-stub}}

Andrew Clow

2025-12-29T03:19:05Z

AryaInIND: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Sir Andrew Gourlay Clow''', KCSI, CIE (29 April 1890 – 31 December 1957) was a British colonial administrator in India. He was a specialist in labour conditions in India. Clow was member for Communications on the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Viceroy’s Council]] until his appointment as [[Governor of Assam]] from 1942 to 1947, the last British-born governor.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 1958|title=Sir Andrew Clow|page=13|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Andrew Clow was born in Aberdeen. He was the elder son of Rev. W. M. Clow, a minister of the South Church, Aberdeen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=June 9, 1939|title=Aberdonian Knighted: Mr. Gourclay Clow, of I.C.S.|work=[[Aberdeen Journal]]}}</ref> Rev. Clow was also the Principal at the United Free Church College, Glasgow.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=December 18, 1948|title=Two Scots on Gas Council|work=[[Dundee Courier]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
He represented the Indian Government as a delegate at the [[International Labour Conference]]s at Geneva. He was the Deputy Secretary to the Government of India from 1924 to 1927 and Joint Secretary (Industries and Labour) from 1931 to 1935. From 1938 to 1942, he was a member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] responsible for Communications. He was knighted in 1939.<ref name=":0" />

After Indian independence, Clow returned to Britain. At the age of 58, while being the chief of the [[Scottish Gas Board]], he was appointed the member of the new [[Gas Council]].<ref name=":1" /> He was a member of the [[Restrictive Practices Court]] from 1957.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clow, Andrew}}
[[Category:Governors of Assam]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Merchiston Castle School]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish businesspeople]]

Irrigation in India

2025-12-18T09:49:31Z

AryaInIND: fixes

{{short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|Water supply and sanitation in India}}

[[File:Sardar Sarovar Canal with flow.jpg|thumb|right|320px|An irrigation canal in [[Gujarat]]. [[Irrigation]] contributes significantly to the agriculture in India.]]

'''Irrigation in India''' includes a network of major and minor canals from [[List of rivers of India|Indian rivers]], [[groundwater]] [[well]] based systems, tanks, and other [[rainwater harvesting]] projects for agricultural activities. Of these, the groundwater system is the largest.<ref name=ssground/> In 2013–14, only about 36.7% of total agricultural land in [[India]] was reliably irrigated,<ref name=wbirrig/> and the remaining 2/3 of cultivated land in India was dependent on [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]s.<ref name=rain1/> 65% of the [[Groundwater#India|irrigation in India is from groundwater]].<ref name=groundirri1/> Currently{{when|date=December 2020}} about 51% of the agricultural area cultivating food grains is covered by [[irrigation]]. The rest of the area is dependent on rainfall which is usually unreliable and unpredictable.

The [[Government of India|Indian government]] launched a demand side water management plan costing ₹6000 crore or USD854 million across 8,350 water stressed villages of 78 districts in seven states – [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] – over five years from 2021–22 to 2026–27, with the view to harvest rainwater, enhance the water table, and enhance the water recharge rate with village panchayat level water management plans.<ref name=groundirri1>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-launches-rs-6-000-crore-national-groundwater-management-plan-on-atal-bihari-vajpayees-birth-anniv-2154120 PM Launches Rs 6,000 Crore Groundwater Management Plan], NDTV, 25 December 2019.</ref> Most of the canal irrigation is in the canal network of [[Ganges]]-[[Yamuna]] basin mainly in the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh and somewhat in Rajasthan and [[Bihar]], while small local canal networks also exist in the south in [[Tamil Nadu]], Karnataka, and [[Kerala]].<ref name=canals2>Pooja Mondal, [http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/irrigation/canals-irrigation-in-india-with-maps-an-pictures/21102 Canals Irrigation in India (With Maps an Pictures)].</ref> The largest canal in India is [[Indira Gandhi Canal]], which is about {{Convert|650|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=rain1>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/special-report/how-to-solve-the-problems-of-indias-rain-dependent-agricultural-land/articleshow/8845170.cms Economic Times: ''How to solve the problems of India's rain-dependent on agricultural land'']</ref> India has an ambitious [[Indian Rivers Inter-link|river linking national project]] to enhance the coverage of canal irrigation, reduce floods and [[water scarcity|water shortage]].<ref name=nwdagov>[http://nwda.gov.in/ National Water Development Agency] Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India (2014)</ref><ref name=jbsp>Jayanta Bandyopadhyay and Shama Perveen (2003), [http://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38403 The Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Some Questions on the Scientific, Economic and Environmental Dimensions of the Proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203254/http://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38403 |date=14 July 2014 }} IIM Calcutta, IISWBM, Kolkata</ref>

Irrigation in India helps improve [[food security]], reduces dependence on monsoons, improves [[agricultural productivity]] and creates rural job opportunities. Dams used for irrigation projects help produce electricity and transport facilities, as well as provide drinking water supplies to a [[population control|growing population]], [[flood control|control floods]] and prevent droughts.<ref name="nwdagov"/>

==History==
===Ancient India (Prachina Bharat)===
The earliest mentions of irrigation are found in [[Rigveda]] chapters 1.55, 1.85, 1.105, 7.9, 8.69 and 10.101.<ref name=bnpuri>BN Puri, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694262 Irrigation and Agricultural Economy in Ancient India], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 48/49 (1968), pp. 383-390</ref> The Veda mentions only well-style irrigation,<ref name=dhbu>{{cite book | last=Hoiberg | first=Dale | title=Students' Britannica India | url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni02hoib | url-access=registration | publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni02hoib/page/260 260]}}</ref> where ''kupa'' and ''avata'' wells once dug are stated to be always full of water, from which ''varatra'' (rope strap) and ''cakra'' (wheel) pull ''kosa'' (pails) of water. This water was, state the [[Vedas]], led into {{Transliteration|sa|surmi susira}} (broad channels) and from there into ''khanitrima'' (diverting channels) into fields.<ref name=bnpuri/>

Later, the 4th-century BCE Indian scholar [[Pāṇini]], mentions tapping several rivers for irrigation.<ref name=bnpuri/><ref>{{cite book | last=Gopal | first=Lallanji | title=History of agriculture in India, up to c. 1200 A.D | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 | page=762}}</ref> The mentioned rivers include [[Sindhu]], [[Suvastu]], Varnu, Sarayu, Vipas and [[Chenab River|Chandrabhaga]].<ref name=bnpuri/> Buddhist texts from the 3rd century BCE also mention irrigation of crops.<ref name=dhbu/> Texts from the [[Maurya Empire]] era (3rd century BCE) mention that the state raised revenue from charging farmers for irrigation services from rivers.<ref name=bnpuri/><ref name=acqastat14>[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/ind/index.stm India - History of Irrigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712052441/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/ind/index.stm |date=12 July 2016 }} FAO - United Nations (2014)</ref>

[[Patanjali]], in [[Yogasutra]] of about the 4th century CE, explains a technique of yoga by comparing it to "the way a farmer diverts a stream from an irrigation canal for irrigation".<ref>{{cite book | last=White | first=David | title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: a biography | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-691-14377-4 | page=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Patañjali (Transl: Chip Hartranft)| title=The Yoga-Sūtra of Patañjali: a new translation with commentary | publisher=Shambhala Publications | location=Boston | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-59030-023-7 | page=62}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], the Grand Anicut (canal) across the [[Kaveri]] river was implemented in the 3rd century CE, and the basic design is still used today.<ref name=acqastat14/>

===Medieval era===
The most widespread irrigation system in India was undertaken in India in the medieval period by the Sultanate rulers. [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] (1309–1388) built the most extensive canal irrigation system around the Indo-Gangetic doab and the region west of the river Yamuna in the fourteenth century. These canals provided vast resources of water to agricultural lands in northern India as well as vital supplies of water to urban and rural settlements.<ref>Husain Siddiqui, Iqtidar, and Husain Siddiqui, Iqtidar. “Water Works and Irrigation System in India During Pre-Mughal Times.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 29 (1986): 52–78</ref> These irrigation projects were continued by the subsequent rulers of northern India, particularly the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rulers]] till the early eighteenth century. The British built the colonial canal networks on these medieval canal systems.<ref>Smith, R. (1849). Canals of irrigation in the North Western Provinces of India / [by R. Baird Smith]. Calcutta: Calcutta Review, 1-20</ref>

===Colonial era===
[[File:Ganges canal roorkee1860.jpg|thumb|Ganges irrigation canal built during the colonial era, and inaugurated in 1854]]
In 1800, some 800,000 hectares were irrigated in India.<ref name=acqastat14/> The [[Britishers]] by 1940 built significant number of canals and irrigation systems in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]],<ref>Praveen Singh (2003), Colonising the Rivers: Colonial Technology, Irrigation and Flood Control in North Bihar, 1850–1950, Ph.D. thesis (Jawaharlal Nehru University), pp. 198–261</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>for the historiography, see Rohan D’Souza, "Water in British India: the making of a ‘colonial hydrology’." ''History Compass'' (2006) 4#4 pp: 621-628. [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cweh/documents/hcomroh.pdf online]</ref> The [[Ganges Canal]] reached 350 miles from [[Haridwar]] to [[Kanpur]] in Uttar Pradesh. In Assam, a jungle in 1840, by 1900 had 1.62m hectares under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land multiplied by a factor of eight. Historian [[Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet|David Gilmour]] states British colonial government had built irrigation network with Ganges canal and that, "by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab" were in place.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Gilmour|title=The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEzx2zVHXSwC&pg=PA9|year=2007|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page=9}}</ref>

Much of the increase in irrigation during [[British Raj|British colonial era]] was targeted at dedicated poppy and opium farms in India, for exports to China.<ref>Thorner (1962), ‘Deindustrialization’ in India, 1881–1931, In: D. Thorner, and A. Thorner (Editors), Land and Labour in India, {{ISBN|978-8180280214}}</ref><ref name=troy>T. Roy, London School of Economics, ''Globalization, Factor Prices and Poverty in Colonial India'', Australian Economic History Review, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 73-94 (March 2007)</ref><ref>Sarkar (1983), The colonial economy, In: S. Sarkar (Editor) Modern India: 1885–1947, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0333904251}}</ref> Poppy cultivation by the British Raj required reliable, dedicated irrigation system.<ref>{{Google books|ddHUAAAAMAAJ|National and English Review, Volume 6|page=PA480}}, WH Allen & Co, London</ref> Large portions of the eastern and northern regions of India, namely United Provinces, Northwestern Provinces, Oudh, Behar, Bengal and Rewa were irrigated to ensure reliable supply of poppy and opium for China.<ref name=ukparliament1890/> By 1850, the Asian opium trade created nearly 1,000 square kilometers of poppy farms in India in its fertile Ganges plains, which increased to over 200.000 hectares by 1900.<ref name=ukparliament1890>{{Google books|704zAQAAMAAJ|The Parliamentary Debates, Volume 348|page=1058}}, Hansard's, HM Government, Great Britain (14 August 1890), pp. 1054-1061</ref> This diversion of food crop land to cash crop use, state scholars, led to massive famines over the 1850 to 1905 period.<ref name=am1970>Maddison, A. (1970), ''The historical origins of Indian poverty'', PSL Quarterly Review, 23(92), pp. 31-81</ref><ref name=rh97>Richard Hunt (1997), To End Poverty - The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core, Oxford, UK, {{ISBN|978-0952887201}}, pp. 145-148</ref>

Major irrigation canals were built after millions of people died each in a series of major famines in the 19th century in British India.<ref name=acqastat14/><ref name=rh97/> In 1900, British India (including Bangladesh and Pakistan) had about 13 million ha under irrigation. In 1901 the Viceroy, [[Lord Curzon]], appointed a Commission chaired by Sir [[Colin Scott-Moncrieff]] to draw up a comprehensive irrigation plan for India. In 1903 the Commission's report recommended irrigation of an additional 2.6 million hectares.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scott-Moncrieff-Commission |title=Scott-Moncrieff Commission |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |website=www.britannica.com|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scott-Moncrieff |first=Sir Colin Campbell |date=1903 |title=Report of the Indian Irrigation Commission, 1901-1903 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012155910 |location=London |publisher=H. M. Stationery Office}}</ref> By 1947, the irrigated area had increased to about 22 million ha.<ref name=acqastat14/> In Northwestern British India region alone, with the colonial government's effort, 2.2 million hectares of previously barren land was irrigated by the 1940s, most of which is now part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book | author=Jin-Bee Ooi | title=Natural resources in tropical countries | publisher=Singapore University Press | location=Singapore | year=1983 | isbn=978-9971-69-063-2 | page=350}}</ref> [[Arthur Cotton]] led some irrigation canal projects in the Deccan peninsula, and landmarks are named after him in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, much of the added irrigation capacity during the colonial era was provided by groundwater wells and tanks, operated manually.<ref>Edward Balfour, {{Google books|3U0OAAAAQAAJ|The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia}}, pp. 377-380</ref>

==Irrigation trends since 1947==
[[File:India- Hydro-Electric and Irrigation Projects - DPLA - 223247d5708821982960d2439fee1d88.jpg|thumb|right|Hydroelectric/Irrigation projects in India, 1950]]
[[File:Bhakra Main Canal.JPG|thumb|One of the sections of Bhakra Canal system in north India. This canal network irrigates over 4 million hectares of land.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v5930e/v5930e13.htm Himachal Pradesh & Punjab - Bhakra and Gobindsagar] FAO - United Nations</ref>]]
India's irrigation covered crop area was about 22.6 million hectares in 1951, and it increased to a potential of 90 mha at the end of 1995, inclusive of canals and groundwater wells.<ref name=faoii/> However, the potential irrigation relies on reliable supply of electricity for water pumps and maintenance, and the net irrigated land has been considerably short. According to 2001/2002 Agriculture census, only 58.13 million hectares of land was actually irrigated in India.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/ind/index.stm Net Irrigated Area] FAO, United Nations</ref> The total arable land in India is 160 million hectares (395 million acres). According to the World Bank, only about 35% of total agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated in 2010.<ref name=wbirrig>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS/countries Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land)] The World Bank (2013)</ref>

The ultimate sustainable irrigation potential of India has been estimated in 1991 United Nations' FAO report to be 139.5 million hectares, comprising 58.5 mha from major and medium river-fed irrigation canal schemes, 15 mha from minor irrigation canal schemes, and 66 mha from groundwater well fed irrigation.<ref name=faoii>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5082e/y5082e08.htm Irrigation in India] FAO, United Nations</ref>

India's irrigation is mostly groundwater well based. At 39 million hectares (67% of its total irrigation), India has the world's largest groundwater well equipped irrigation system (China with 19 mha is second, USA with 17 mha is third).<ref name=ssground>S. Siebert et al (2010), [http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al816e/al816e00.pdf Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory], Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, pp. 1863–1880</ref>

India has spent {{INR}} 16,590 crore on irrigation development between 1950 and 1985. Between 2000–2005 and 2005–2010, India proposed to invest a sum of {{INR}} 1,03,315 crore ([[Indian rupee|INR]]) and ₹ 2,10,326 crore (INR) on irrigation and flood control in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Apportal/AP%20Govt%20Information/APES%20New/New/10.ELEVENTH_FIVE_YEAR_PLAN_%E2%80%93_A_REVIEW.pdf|title=PDF on 10th 5-Year Plan of India(2002-2007)}}</ref>

==State-wise irrigation data==
Tables below provide the fraction of agricultural area irrigated by state, the agricultural yield per hectare, and the proportion of different irrigation technologies employed.

===Statewise irrigation coverage and productivity===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Agricultural production (million tonnes)
!Percentage of total production
!Productivity (tonnes per hectare)
!Percent of cultivated area under irrigation<ref>{{cite web
| last = Gupta
| first = Dhritman
| title = How UP Beats Maharashtra, Gujarat In Agriculture Productivity
| publisher = India Spend
| date = 2012-08-20
| url = http://www.indiaspend.com/sectors/how-up-beats-maharashtra-gujarat-in-agriculture-productivity
| access-date = 2013-12-27
}}</ref>
|-
||Punjab
|27.3
|11.6
|4.2
|98.1
|-
||Haryana
|15.6
|6.6
|3.3
|87.6
|-
||Andhra Pradesh
|20.4
|8.7
|2.7
|63.9
|-
||Bihar
|12.2
|5.2
|1.7
|63.4
|-
||Tamil Nadu
|7.1
|3.0
|2.2
|63.1
|-
||West Bengal
|16.3
|6.9
|2.4
|48.2
|-
||Gujarat
|6.4
|2.7
|1.5
|44.7
|-
||Madhya Pradesh
|13.9
|5.9
|1.1
|44.5
|-
||Uttarakhand
|1.7
|6.7
|1.7
|42.9
|-
||Orissa
|7.4
|3.1
|1.3
|33.6
|-
||Karnataka
|11.2
|4.8
|1.5
|28.5
|-
||Chhattisgarh
|5.1
|2.2
|1.0
|27.6
|-
||Rajasthan
|16.6
|7.1
|1.2
|26.4
|-
||Maharashtra
|11.4
|4.8
|1.0
|16.8
|-
||Jharkhand
|1.7
|0.7
|1.7
|5.4
|-
||Assam
|4.1
|1.7
|1.5
|4.9
|-
||Other States
|6.3
|2.6
|NA
|NA
|-
||All India
|234.4
|100
|1.9
|48.3
|-
|}

===State-wise irrigation types, capacity and actual===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Total crop area (million hectares)
!Groundwater irrigation crop area (million hectares)
!Canal irrigation crop area (million hectares)
!Total crop area actually irrigated (million hectares)
|-
||Andhra Pradesh
|16.6
|2.5
|2.7
|4.9
|-
||Arunachal Pradesh
|0.4
|
|0.07
|0.05
|-
||Assam
|3.2
|0.13
|0.1
|0.22
|-
||Bihar
|6.4
|2.2
|1.3
|3.5
|-
||Chhattisgarh
|5.1
|0.17
|0.74
|0.85
|-
||Goa
|0.1
|
|0.1
|0.1
|-
||Gujarat
|9.9
|3.1
|0.5
|3.2
|-
||Haryana
|3.6
|1.99
|1.32
|3.26
|-
||Himachal Pradesh
|1.0
|0.02
|0.09
|0.11
|-
||Jammu & Kashmir
|0.9
|0.02
|0.38
|0.37
|-
||Jharkhand
|3.2
|0.11
|0.13
|0.24
|-
||Karnataka
|12.2
|1.43
|1.33
|2.38
|-
||Kerala
|1.5
|0.18
|0.21
|0.39
|-
||Madhya Pradesh
|15.8
|2.74
|1.70
|4.19
|-
||Maharashtra
|19.8
|3.12
|1.03
|3.36
|-
||Manipur
|0.2
|
|0.05
|0.05
|-
||Meghalaya
|0.3
|
|0.06
|0.06
|-
||Mizoram
|0.1
|
|0.01
|0.01
|-
||Nagaland
|1.1
|
|0.1
|0.07
|-
||Odisha
|4.9
|0.17
|1.07
|1.24
|-
||Punjab
|4.0
|3.06
|0.94
|3.96
|-
||Rajasthan
|21.1
|3.98
|1.52
|5.12
|-
||Sikkim
|0.1
|
|0.01
|0.01
|-
||Tamil Nadu
|6.5
|1.61
|1.43
|2.66
|-
||Tripura
|0.3
|0.02
|0.05
|0.07
|-
||Uttar Pradesh
|17.6
|10.64
|4.21
|14.49
|-
||Uttarakhand
|0.8
|0.22
|0.14
|0.35
|-
||West Bengal
|5.5
|2.09
|1.22
|2.98
|-
|style="background:orange;"|All India
|style="background:orange;"|159.6
|style="background:orange;"|39.43
|style="background:orange;"|22.48
|style="background:orange;"|58.13
|-
|}
'''Note:''' The All India total includes land area for Union Territories of India that is not shown in the above table.

== Project classification ==
[[File:Rawla mandi canal.jpg|thumb|An irrigation canal in western [[Rajasthan]]]]

Irrigation Projects in India are classified as follows:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=B. |date=15 February 2020 |title=Irrigation department revamp on cards to boost efficiency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/irrigation-dept-revamp-on-cards-to-boost-efficiency/article30831291.ece |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 August 2016 |title=Irrigation projects in Karnataka poorly executed, says CWC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/irrigation-projects-karnataka-poorly-executed-2082513 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>
# [[Major irrigation project]]s
# Medium irrigation projects
# Minor irrigation projects
# [[Micro-irrigation|Micro-irrigation projects]]

Since 1950, irrigation works were classified on the basis of cost incurred for the projects' implementation, governing and dissemination. However, the [[Planning Commission of India]] adopted the classification of projects on the basis of culturable command area (CCA).

===Minor irrigation projects===

{{Plain image with caption|image=Mamer Minor Irrigation Project Reservoir.jpg|caption=This reservoir of the Mamer Minor Irrigation Project in [[Rajasthan]] is an example of a minor irrigation project.|width=200px|align=right|caption position=bottom}}
'''Minor irrigation project''' is a classification of irrigation projects used in India. A project with a designed to irrigate an area of 2000 hectares or less is classified as a minor irrigation <ref name="Dhawan_irrigation">{{cite journal |last1=Dhawan |first1=B.D. |title=Major and Minor Irrigation Works |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=30 September 1989 |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=A117–A121 |jstor=4395392 }}</ref><ref name="AP-Act">{{cite book |title=The Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Development Corporation Act, 1997 |date=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/1997AP12/}}</ref><ref name="PlanningCommission">{{cite book |title=The impact of Minor Irrigation Projects on Economic Development in Selected Six Tribal Majority Districts of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal |date=2004 |publisher=Planning Commission of India |location=New Delhi |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_mnr.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2019 |access-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819110708/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_mnr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Before the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Fifth Plan (1974–1978)|Fifth Five-Year Plan]], irrigation schemes were classified on the basis of investments needed to implement the scheme.<ref name="Dhawan_irrigation" /> Since the Fifth Five-Year Plan, India has adopted the command area-based system of classification.<ref name="Dhawan_irrigation" />

===Micro irrigation projects===
{{anchor | Micro }}

'''Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)''' of INR 5,000 crore was established "to bring more land area under micro-irrigation as part of its objective to boost agriculture production and farmers income", [[NABARD]] offers low interest rate to state govts "to promote micro-irrigation, which currently has a coverage of only 10 million hectares as against the potential of 70 million hectares." [[Drip irrigation]]is promoted.<ref name=ins1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-important-government-schemes-agriculture-sector-divd-1593413-2019-08-30 10 important government schemes for agriculture sector], India today, 2019-08-30.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy}}
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Animal husbandry in India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Forestry in India]]
* [[Indian rivers interlinking project]]
* [[Roads in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150520021920/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/ind/IND-gmia.pdf Global Map of Irrigation Areas INDIA] (PDF; archived) — Irrigated land data by state and districts of India, FAO-United Nations and University of Bonn, Germany (2013).
*[https://cbip.org/activities_services.html Central Board of Irrigation and Power]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221185738/http://wrmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Water Resources] – Government of India (archived)
*[https://icid-ciid.org/home International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)]

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{India topics}}
{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Asia topic|Agriculture in}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

[[Category:Irrigation in India| ]]
[[Category:Irrigation by country|India]]

Nicolette Bird

2025-12-12T15:05:46Z

AryaInIND: rework references additionally and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1985)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP one source|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nicolette Bird
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1985|08|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Neeko
| occupation = Actress, Model
| yearsactive = 2003–2010
| spouse = Ravi Mehta<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/fashion/weddings/14BIRD.html |title=Nicolette Bird and Ravi Mehta |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2010}}</ref>
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Nicolette Bird''' (born 14 August 1985) is an Indian actress and [[Model (person)|model]] who has had roles in the Bollywood films ''[[Rock On!!]]'', released in 2008, and ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'', released in early 2010. As a model, she has appeared in television commercials and magazine advertisements in India.

== Career ==
Bird has done many ad campaigns and music videos, and was seen in ''Rock On!!'' as Tanya. She was seen in the Amaan and Ayaan Ali Khan music video called "Pathway To The Unknown." She has done ads for Honda Shine, Garnier, Elle 18, Maruti Swift, Doy Care, and has featured in an item song in the Telugu movie ''[[Boss, I Love You]]''. Her next movie was ''Striker'' (2010), a Hindi film in which she played Noori, a conservative Muslim.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''UMI 10 Vol.4'' || || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || White Dancer, Song was Saiyan Dil Mein Aana Re
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Boss, I Love You]]'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Special appearance
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Rock On!!]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=14 best Hindi movies on Amazon Prime for film buffs |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/best-hindi-movies-amazon-prime-1138801 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230130711/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/best-hindi-movies-amazon-prime-1138801 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolette Bird in a Kannada film |url=https://movies.rediff.com/look/2009/apr/29/from-rock-on-to-hodi-maga.htm |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>|| Tanya || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Hatrick Hodi Maga]]'' || Suma || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' || Noorie || Hindi ||
|}

==Personal life==
Bird is a daughter of Edwina Bird and Nicholas Bird of Calcutta. Her father, who is retired, was a jockey in India. Her mother is a consultant in Calcutta for Databazaar.com, an office supply company based in [[Miramar, Florida]].

Nicolette Bird was introduced to her spouse, Ravi Mehta,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Ravi Mehta, Indian-origin hedge fund boss, breaks rental record in UK |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-ravi-mehta-indian-origin-hedge-fund-steadview-capital-management-boss-breaks-rental-record-in-uk-mayfair-london-morgan-stanley-97094 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> by a mutual friend at a Mumbai hotel in February 2008. He was on a business trip and was about to return to the United States. Mehta, who was born in [[Colorado]] and grew up in [[Japan]], went to [[Mumbai]] every couple of months on business; they began seeing each other.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3010199}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bird, Nicolette}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Female models from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research

2025-12-09T04:47:49Z

AryaInIND: quick update

{{Short description|Medical research institutes in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=February 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research
| image_name = National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research logo.jpg
| established = 1975
| type = [[Research]], Autonomous [[Institution]], [[Govt. of India]]
| director = Dr. P. P. Mohanty
| city = Olatpur, [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| postalcode = 754010
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Rural]], Olatpur, 30 km from [[Cuttack]].
| affiliation = [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
| students = 930
| undergrad = 850
| postgrad = 80
| website = [http://www.svnirtar.nic.in/ svnirtar.nic.in]
}}

'''Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SVNIRTAR)''' is an autonomous institute functioning under the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] of [[India]]. It is located in [[Olatapur|Olatpur]], 30 km from [[Cuttack]].

==History==
The institute was conceived to provide manpower to the Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India and was created in the name of Directorate of Artificial Limbs Fitting Center (DALFC) in March 1974 and started functioning at [[Safdarjung Hospital]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://svnirtar.nic.in/?q=node/4#:~:text=It%20was%20felt,Hospital,%20New%20Delhi. |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=svnirtar.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> When the institute was shifted to a rented place in Safdarjung Enclave, its name was changed to Central Institute of Prosthetic and Orthotic Training (CIPOT).

Following the offer of available land at Olatpur by former [[Odisha]] Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]] during former Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to [[Odisha]], Indira suggested [[Balu Sankaran]], Professor Emeritus at St Stephen's Hospital and family surgeon to Indira Gandhi to study the feasibility of starting the Institute in Olatpur. The institute was shifted from New Delhi to Olatpur in November 1975 and started functioning from 3 December 1975 following the recommendations of Balu Sankaran. Subsequently, the institute's name was changed from CIPOT to the National Institute of Prosthetic and Orthotic Training (NIPOT) in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://svnirtar.nic.in/?q=node/4#:~:text=Accordingly%20Dr.%20Sankaran,3rd%20May%201976. |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=svnirtar.nic.in |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Courses and services==
The institute offers Diplomate of National Board (DNB) in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation recognised by the NBEMS, Delhi. It also offers bachelor's degrees in physiotherapy (B.P.T.), Bachelor in Occupational therapy (B.O.T.) and bachelor's degree in Prosthetics and Orthotics (B.P.O.) of {{frac|4|1|2}} years including a 6-month compulsory Internship as per rule of the university/ Rehabilitation Council of India in accredited hospitals, rehabilitation organizations in rural area/district rehabilitation centre, 2 - year master's degree in Occupational therapy (Neurology, Hand Therapy, Developmental Disabilities & Rehabilitation), Physiotherapy (Neurology, Pediatrics, Musculoskeletal Conditions & Rehabilitation), and Master in Prosthetics and Orthotics (MPO). It also conducts short orientation courses, Continuing Medical Education courses for rehabilitation professionals, awareness programmes for the functionaries of government and non-government persons with disabilities and their relatives.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Rehabilitation services==
Patients with locomotor/orthopedic, neurologic, or developmental disabilities due to ailments like poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital deformities, leprosy, burn contracture, paraplegia, hemiplegia, etc., and hearing and speech disabilities are treated, and rehabilitated. People with disabilities requiring artificial limbs and other rehabilitation aids and appliances are provided to prevent the impairment leading to disability and to make them near normal and to carry on their activities for daily living.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The rehabilitation is provided through the following infrastructure:

* 100 bedded hospital.
* Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
* Prosthetic and Orthotic Department
* [[Physiotherapy]] Department
* [[Occupational therapy]] Department
* Two operation theatres for performing corrective and reconstructive surgery
* Microsurgery
* Assessment Clinic consisting of [[Physical rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] specialists and professionals to evaluate the patients
* Radiological and pathological investigation Units
* [[Cerebral Palsy]] Clinic
* Hand Clinic
* [[Speech Therapy]]
* [[Psychological counselling]]
* Vocational counselling, training and guidance
* Workshop for hand [[splint (medicine)|splint]]s
* [[Hydrotherapy]]
* Modern and sophisticated rehabilitation equipment
* Rehabilitation park
* Early Intervention Clinic

==Prosthetics and orthotics==
[[Prosthetics]] and [[orthotics]] science is now one of the world's fastest-growing areas of research and development.{{vague|date=August 2021}}

Prosthetics is the study of prescribing, designing and fitting artificial replacements (may be any part of a normal human body) by biologically feasible materials, they may be internal (e.g., artificial body implants, internal knee joints used in the knee joint replacement surgery, etc.) or external (artificial limbs, aesthetic fingers, etc.). One who is an expert in this science is called a prosthetist and mainly deals with external replacements. A prosthetist deals with mainly amputees (unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral, etc.), or congenital malfunctioning of limbs or even replacing the missing limbs, etc.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Similarly, orthotics is the study of prescribing, designing and fitting supportive devices to any part of the human body with any neuromusculoskeletal disorders and one who is an expert in this science is called an [[orthotist]]. Sometimes splints are referred to as orthosis (the device); they are otherwise used for a short period. Some of the pathologies where orthotists play an important role are all types of paralysis patients (hemiplegics, paraplegics, etraplegivstrieics, quadriplegics, etc.), poliomyelitis, muscular dystrophy, CTEV, Cerebral Palsy, Burn injury, fractures (mainly fractures of cervical vertebrae), diabetic foot, leprosy, Perthe's disease, PID, LBP, vertebral deformities (scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, spondylolisthesis, etc.), phlagiocephalics, any LMN disorders, etc.

Apart from prosthesis and orthosis, a prosthetist and orthotist is the only licensed professional in India to prescribe mobility aids and appliances, i.e., crutch, wheelchair, walker, etc. Their workshops, one is called as the old laboratory which is near about 38 years old and meant for production and the latest is a new laboratory meant only for academics and research which is equipped with the latest pneumatic technology, with a workshop layout by [[Otto Bock HealthCare|Ottobock Healthcare]], Germany.

The following aids and appliances are fabricated by the Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics:

* Endoskeletal prosthesis: endoskeletal below Knee and above-knee prosthesis with a soft cosmetic cover
* Immediate post-operative prosthesis (removable and re-adjustable systems)
* Plastic FO, AFO, KAFO{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=August 2021}}
* Metallic AFO, KAFO and HKAFO{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=August 2021}}
* Co-polymer polypropylene spinal braces
* Aluminum alloy spinal braces
* Wrist-driven, shoulder-driven hand and upper arm splints
* Fracture bracing

==Occupational therapy==

Head of the Department: Dr. Anurupa Senapati (Assistant Professor, Occupational Therapy)

Occupational Therapy is being practiced in India for several decades. Occupational therapists provide services to individuals whose functional abilities are affected due to physical or mental illness, aging process, developmental problems and emotional problems. Occupational therapists use purposeful, goal-oriented activities to achieve their goals which are to help the individual to be functionally independent having satisfactory life.

The following services are available at the Department of [[Occupational Therapy]]:

* Evaluation and management of functional deficits
* General occupational therapy
* Developmental therapy
* [[Behavioral therapy]]
* Hand therapy
* ADL training{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=August 2021}}
* Advice on barrier-free environment
* [[Sensory integration therapy]]
* Aquatic occupational therapy
* Small hand splints (temporary)
* Transfer training and mat activities

==Physiotherapy==
Physiotherapy is the branch of modern treatment that deals with diseases and disorders by physical/natural means. It is not merely the application of physical modalities, but it includes evaluation, assessment, treatment planning and treatment application, re-assessment, modification of treatment programmes and advice to the client.

The Department of Physiotherapy caters services to both out and in patients. Patients are allotted to therapists who evaluate, assess and plan out the treatment and execute the therapy. Difficult and problematic cases are discussed in the departmental meetings and therapeutic measures appropriate for them are given. Suitable "Home exercise programmes" are advised to patients.

The following services are available at the Department of Physiotherapy.

* Electrotherapy – electrical stimulation, interferential therapy, TENS, TECAR Therapy, deep oscillation therapy{{clarify|What do the letters mean?|date=August 2021}}
* Actinotherapy – ultraviolet, infrared radiation, laser etc.
* Heat therapy – paraffin wax bath, moist heat, ultrasound, short wave diathermy, microwave diathermy
* Exercise therapy
* Manual therapy including traction and soft tissue mobilization, manipulation
* Hydrotherapy units and cryotherapy
* Misc- CDG-Gait analyser, KIN KOM-Isokinetic unit, pulsed electromagnetic energy, biofeedback, virtual reality rehabilitation, balance rehab

The Units of the Physiotherapy Dept. follow:-
*Neurorehabilitation
*musculoskeletal-1
*musculoskeletal-2
*musculoskeletal-3
*paediatrics-1
*paediatrics-2
*stroke Rehabilitation unit
The Physiotherapy department has won many national as well as state-level awards for its service.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
Academics - course available - BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy, 4 years and 6 months Duration)
MPT (Master of Physiotherapy, 2 years Duration)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rehabilitation medicine organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Education in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Disability organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Orissa]]

Bhageerathi Murulya

2025-12-04T10:13:21Z

AryaInIND: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Bhagirathi Murulya''' is an Indian politician who was first elected to office in 2023<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kamila |first=Raviprasad |date=13 May 2023 |title=Bhagirathi Murulya becomes first Dalit woman to enter Assembly from coastal Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bhagirathi-murulya-becomes-first-dalit-woman-to-enter-assembly-from-coastal-karnataka/article66847361.ece/ |access-date= |website=THE HINDU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhagirathi Murulya candidate from Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/dakshina-kannada/key-candidates-bhagirathi-murulya |work=[[India TV]] |pages=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhagirathi Murulya |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/bhagirathi-murulya-sullia-candidate-s10a207c008/ |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagirathi Murulya |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/bhagirathi-murulya |website=PRS Legislature research}}</ref><ref name="Three returning MLAs improve victory margin while the BJP’s margin increases in three constituencies of the twin districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three returning MLAs improve victory margin while the BJP’s margin increases in three constituencies of the twin districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-returning-mlas-improve-victory-margin-while-the-bjps-margin-increases-in-three-constituencies-of-the-twin-districts/article66849427.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409134301/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-returning-mlas-improve-victory-margin-while-the-bjps-margin-increases-in-three-constituencies-of-the-twin-districts/article66849427.ece |archivedate=9 April 2025 |accessdate=9 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Sullia Assembly constituency|Sullia constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Sixteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly (ಹದಿನಾರನೇ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಿಧಾನ ಸಭೆ) |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm |access-date= |website=Karnataka Legislature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected Representatives |url=https://dk.nic.in/en/elected-representatives/ |website=Dakshina Kannada district |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Sullia Election Results {{!}} Bhagirathi Murulya of BJP wins |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sullia-election-results-2023-live-updates-bjp-angara-s-aims-for-seventh-consecutive-win-16611471.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=ಮಹಿಳಾ ಮತ್ತು ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ ಸಮಿತಿ ಸದಸ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ಶಾಸಕಿ ಭಾಗೀರಥಿ ಮುರುಳ್ಯ ನೇಮಕ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/2023/aug/12/sullia-mla-bhagirathi-murulya-appointed-member-of-women-and-children-welfare-committee-500188.html |website=[[Kannada Prabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/RoundwiseS10207.htm?ac=207 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> She is a member of the women's and children's welfare committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Sullia MLA Bhagirathi Murulya appointed member of Women and Children Welfare Committee |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/sullia-mla-bhagirathi-murulya-appointed-member-of-women-and-children-welfare-committee |website=Udayavani}}</ref> This seat had previously been held for six terms by [[Angara S.]], before Murulya was selected as a BJP candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=J A |first=Naina |date=12 April 2023 |title=In Dakshina Kannada, BJP fields 3 new faces, denies ticket to 6-time MLA for Karnataka polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/in-dakshina-kannada-bjp-fields-3-new-faces-denies-ticket-to-6-time-mla-for-karnataka-polls-1208788.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP's S Angara announces retirement from politics after being denied ticket |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bjp-s-s-angara-announces-retirement-from-politics-after-being-denied-ticket-123041200521_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=J A |first=Naina |date=14 April 2023 |title=K'taka polls: Angara makes U-turn on retirement; to campaign for BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/ktaka-polls-angara-makes-u-turn-on-retirement-to-campaign-for-bjp-1209724.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=14 April 2023 |title=Karnataka Minister Returns Day After Quitting Politics Over No Ticket |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/karnataka-assembly-elections-2023-karnataka-bjp-minister-returns-day-after-quitting-politics-over-denied-ticket-3948975 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C S |first=Yamini |date=12 April 2023 |title=Karnataka BJP Min announces retirement from politics after being denied ticket |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/karnataka-bjp-min-announces-retirement-from-politics-after-being-denied-ticket-101681296043174.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullia (DV) |first=Daijiworld Media Network |date=14 April 2023 |title=Now, Angara makes U-turn on political 'sanyasa', to campaign for BJP candidate in Sullia |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1070330 |website=Daijiworld}}</ref> Murulya belongs to the [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[Adi Dravida]] community,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ಪಲ್ಲಮಜಲು |first=ಅಕ್ಷಯ್ |date=13 May 2023 |title=Sullia Election 2023 Winner: ಸುಳ್ಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಭರ್ಜರಿ ಗೆಲುವು ಸಾಧಿಸಿದ ಭಾಗೀರಥಿ ಮುರುಳ್ಯ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/sullia-election-2023-winner-bhagirathi-murulya-won-a-landslide-victory-in-sullia-election-news-in-kannada-akp-577755.html |work=TV9 Kannada}}</ref> and she was the poorest candidate to win a seat in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Karnataka election: Valued at Rs 28 lakh, BJP's Bhagirathi Murulya is the poorest candidate to win |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/karnataka-election-valued-at-rs-28-lakh-bjps-bhagirathi-murulya-is-the-poorest-candidate-to-win-2140695 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> Murulya had worked as a tailor and a teacher before becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=govindaraj.s |title=ಟೈಲರ್‌ ವೃತ್ತಿ... ಹೈನುಗಾರಿಕೆ ಉಪವೃತ್ತಿ...ಈಗ ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿ: ಸುಳ್ಯ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಿಂದ ಭಾಗೀರಥಿ ಮುರುಳ್ಯ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/politics/bjp-candidate-bhagirathi-murulya-contest-from-sullia-constituency-gvd-rte49z |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn}}</ref> Murulya took the oath in the name of her family deity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2023 |title=Karnataka MLAs Take Oath In Name Of Family Deity, Political Masters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-mlas-take-oath-in-name-of-family-deity-political-masters/articleshow/100434751.cms |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Murulya, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live:भागीरथी मुरुल्या {{!}} सुलिया निर्वाचन क्षेत्र के परिणाम 2023 |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/karnataka/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/bhagirathi-murulya-10207-1 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Election Candidate |url=https://www.bjp.org/state-election/state-candidate/77231?combine=&page=14 |website=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sullia (SC) Karnataka Election Live Vote Counting |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections/karnataka-sullia-constituency-207.html |work=APB live}}</ref> secured the seventh consecutive victory for her party in Sullia,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ಬಿರಾದಾರ್‌ |first=ಜಯಪ್ರಕಾಶ್‌ |date=27 April 2023 |title=Karnataka Elections 2023 : ಮಾಜಿ ಸಚಿವ ಅಂಗಾರ ಅವರ ಆದರ್ಶಗಳನ್ನು ಮೈಗೂಡುಸುಕೊಳ್ಳುವೆ - ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿ ಭಾಗೀರತಿ ಮುರುಳ್ಯ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/mangaluru/following-the-ideals-of-former-minister-angara-said-bjp-candidate-bhagirathi-murulya/articleshow/99822279.cms |work=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and became the first [[Dalit]] woman from [[Tulu Nadu]] to enter the legislative assembly. Sullia, one of 19 assembly segments in coastal Karnataka, was the only reserved constituency for a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] candidate in the election.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=4 April 2018 |title=Six decades on, Sullia remains a reserved constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/six-decades-sullia-remains-reserved-1928801 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> She defeated her closest rival, Krishnappa from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], by 30,864 votes, and took 57% of the vote share. Murulya had previously served as a member of the councils (panchayat) for [[Dakshina Kannada]] zilla and [[Sullia taluk]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Elected Representatives |url=http://www.sulliatown.mrc.gov.in/en/elected-representatives |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=Sullia Town Panchayat, Government of Karnataka}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murulya, Bhageerathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tulu women politicians]]
[[Category:Tulu politicians]]
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel

2025-11-29T01:07:52Z

AryaInIND: Starting new post...

{{Short description|Annual Indian literary award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
The '''Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel''' is an award given every year by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] (Kerala Literary Academy) to Malayalam writers for writing a [[novel]] of literary merit. It is one of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award#Awards|twelve categories]] of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]].{{hsp}}<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel |date=2019-03-10 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109145935/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 "Literary Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |date=2012-06-18 }}. [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</ref>

==Awardees==
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Year
! Book
! Author
! Image
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Ummachu]]''
| [[Uroob]] (P. C. Kuttikrishnan)
| [[File:Uroob.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]''
| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| [[File:Mt vasudevan nayar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1960
| ''Oru Vazhiyum Kure Nizhalukalum''
| [[Rajalakshmi]]
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Oru Theruvinte Katha]]''
| [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]
| [[File:S. K. Pottekkatt.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Maya (Surendran novel)|Maya]]''
| [[K. Surendran (writer)|K. Surendran]]
| [[File:KS-12.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1963
| ''Nizhalppadukal''
| [[C. Radhakrishnan]]
| [[File:Radhakrishnan 2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1964
| ''Athmavinte Novukal''
| [[Nandanar (author)|Nandanar]] (P. C. Gopalan)
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Enippadikal (novel)|Enippadikal]]''
| [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]
| [[File:Thakazhi 1.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1966
| ''Niramulla Nizhalukal''
| [[Vilasini]] (M. K. Menon)
|
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Verukal]]''
| [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]]
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Ara Nazhika Neram]]''
| [[Parappurath]] (K. E. Mathai)
|
|-
| 1969
| ''Balikkallu''
| [[Unnikrishnan Puthoor]]
|
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Arohanam (novel)|Arohanam]]''
| [[V. K. N.]]
|
|-
| 1971
| ''Thottangal''
| [[Kovilan]] (V. V. Ayyappan)
| [[File:Kovilan.jpeg|80px]]
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Nakshatrangale Kaaval]]''
| [[P. Padmarajan]]
|
|-
| 1973
| ''Ee Lokam Athiloru Manushyan''
| [[M. Mukundan]]
| [[File:M mukundan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Ini Njan Urangatte]]''
| [[P. K. Balakrishnan]]
| [[File:P. K. Balakrishnan.gif|80px]]
|-
| 1975
| ''Ashtapadi''
| [[Perumbadavam Sreedharan]]
| [[File:Perumbadavam Sreedharan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1976
| ''Nizhalurangunna Vazhikal''
| [[P. Valsala]]
| [[File:Pvalsala.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]''
| [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Smarakasilakal]]''
| [[Punathil Kunjabdulla]]
| [[File:Punathil W.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1979
| ''Narmani Pudava''
| [[Sarah Thomas (writer)|Sarah Thomas]]
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Illam''
| [[George Onakkoor]]
| [[File:Dr. George Onakkoor.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1981
| ''Ennappaadam''
| [[N. P. Mohammed]]
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Pandavapuram''
| [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]] (A. Sethumadhavan)
| [[File:Malayalam writer Sethu.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1983
| ''Mahaprasthanam''
| [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]]
| [[File:Madambu.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1984
| ''Orotha''
| [[Kakkanadan]] (G. V. Kakkanadan)
| [[File:Kakkanadan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1985
| ''Abhayarthikal''
| [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] (P. Sachidanandan)
| [[File:Anand p sachidanandan-2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1986
| ''Sruthi Bhangam''
| [[G. Vivekanandan]]
|
|-
| 1987
| ''Nahusha Puranam''
| K. Radhakrishnan
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Ore Deshakkaraya Njangal''
| [[Khalid (writer)|Khalid]]
| [[File:KHALID.png|80px]]
|-
| 1989
| ''Prakriti Niyamam''
| [[C. R. Parameswaran]]
| [[File:C.R._Parameswaran.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Gurusagaram]]''
| [[O. V. Vijayan]]
| [[File:O. V. Vijayan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1991
| ''Parinamam''
| [[M. P. Narayana Pillai]]
|
|-
| 1992
| ''Driksakshi''
| [[Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode]]
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Ohari''
| [[K. L. Mohana Varma]]
| [[File:K.L.Mohana Varma.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1994
| ''Mavelimannan''
| [[K. J. Baby]]
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha]]''
| [[K. P. Ramanunni]]
| [[File:Kp ramanunni 001.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1996
| ''Vridhasadanam''
| [[T. V. Kochubava]]
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Janithakam''
| [[M. Sukumaran]]
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Innalathe Mazha''
| [[N. Mohanan]]
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Kocharethi]]''
| [[Narayan (writer)|Narayan]]
| [[File:Narayan DSW.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Athmavinu Sariyennu Thonnunna Karyangal''
| [[C. V. Balakrishnan]]
| [[File:C.V._Balakrishnan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Aalahayude Penmakkal]]''
| [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sara Joseph]]
| [[File:Sara Joseph - Malayalam Writer and Activist.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2002
| ''Aghorasivam''
| [[U. A. Khader]]
| [[File:U a khader.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2003
| ''Vadakkuninnoru Kudumbavrithantham''
| [[Akbar Kakkattil]]
| [[File:Akbar Kakkattil, Malayalam novelist.png|80px]]
|-
| 2004
| ''Lanthan Batheriyile Luthiniyakal''
| [[N. S. Madhavan]]
| [[File:N S madhavan.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2005
| ''Kannadiyile Mazha''
| [[Jose Panachippuram]]
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Kalapangalkkoru Grihapadam''
| [[Babu Bharadwaj]]
| [[File:Babu Baradhawaj.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2007
| ''Pathira Vankara''
| [[K. Raghunathan]]
|
|-
| 2008
| ''Chavoli''
| [[P. A. Uthaman]]
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Goat Days|Aadujeevitham]]''
| [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]
| [[File:Benyamin 1.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Barsa (novel)|Barsa]]''
| [[Khadija Mumtaz]]
| [[File:Kadeeja mumthaz.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2011]]<ref name=2011award>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article3715418.ece | title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 August 2012 | access-date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>
| ''[[Manushyanu Oru Aamukham]]''
| [[Subhash Chandran]]
| [[File:Novelist Subhash Chandran from Kerala, India.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2012 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2012]]<ref name=2012award>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=137916 "Jayachandran Nair and Santhosh Kumar get Sahithya academy award "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715223147/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=137916 |date=2013-07-15 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</ref>
| ''Andhakaranazhi''
| [[E. Santhosh Kumar]]
| [[File:E. Santhoshkumar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2013]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
| ''[[Aarachaar]]''
| [[K. R. Meera]]
| [[File:KR_Meera_KLF-2016.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[2014 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2014 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202014_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
| ''KTN Kottoor: Ezhuthum Jeevithavum''
| [[T. P. Rajeevan]]
| [[File:TP Rajeevan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/08-08-2016/Award2015.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
| ''Thakshankunnu Swaroopam''
| [[U. K. Kumaran]]
| [[File:Uk kumaran.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/07-01-2018/Award_2016_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
| ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''
| [[T. D. Ramakrishnan]]
| [[File:T._D._Ramakrishnan_at_Pedayangode_2018_(3).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2017 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2017]]<ref name="കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; വി.ജെ.ജയിംസിന്റെ ‘നിരീശ്വരൻ’ മികച്ച നോവൽ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/01/23/kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-nireeswaran-best-novel.html |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; വി.ജെ.ജയിംസിന്റെ 'നിരീശ്വരൻ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |date=2019-01-23 |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>
| ''Nireeshwaran''
| [[V. J. James]]
| [[File:Vj james.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2018 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2018]]
| ''Ushnarashi''
| [[K. V. Mohan Kumar]]
| [[File:K.V._Mohankumar1.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[2019 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2019]]<ref name="kerala sahithya academy award announced">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=kerala sahithya academy award announced കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ 'മീശ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2021/02/15/kerala-sahithya-academy-award-announced.html |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=www.twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| ''[[Meesa|Meesha]]''
| [[S. Hareesh]]
| [[File:S. Hareesh Writer.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2020 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2020]]<ref name="Akademi fellowship for Sethu, Perumbadavam">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-17 |title=Akademi fellowship for Sethu, Perumbadavam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-fellowship-for-sethu-perumbadavam/article35960287.ece |access-date=2021-08-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| ''Adiyala Pretham''
| [[P. F. Mathews]]
| [[File:Mathews at EeMaYau premiere.jpg|80px]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2021 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2021]]<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-vaisakhan-kp-sankaran/article65689827.ece "State Sahitya Akademi fellowships for Vaisakhan, K.P. Sankaran"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</ref>
| ''Kalyaniyennum Dakshayaniyennum Peraya Randu Sthreekalude Katha''
| [[R. Rajasree]]
| [[File:ആർ.രാജശ്രീ.jpg|80px]]
|-
| ''Puttu''
| [[Vinoy Thomas]]
| [[File:Vinoy_Thomas_at_Pedayangode_(2).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2022]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, V Shinilal's 'Sambarkkakranthi' best novel |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
| ''Sambarkkakranthi''
| [[V. Shinilal]]
|
|-
| [[2023 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2023]]<ref name="2023 Award">{{Cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships announced |language= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/26/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>
| ''Zin''
| [[Haritha Savithri]]
| [[File:Haritha Savithry03.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2024 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2024]]<ref name="2024 Award">{{Cite news |title=K.V. Ramakrishnan, Ezhacheri Ramachandran selected for Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kv-ramakrishnan-ezhacheri-ramachandran-selected-for-kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships/article69740893.ece |access-date=23 November 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
| ''Aano''
| [[G. R. Indugopan]]
| [[File:Gr indugopan.jpg|80px]]
|}

==References==
<references />
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Awards established in 1958]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:Fiction awards]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Novel awards]]