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BEHINDD

2023-10-09T08:24:22Z

ArunAdhikari007: Draft creation

{{Short description|Malayalam feature film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| name = BEHINDD
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ml|ബിഹൈൻഡ്ഡ്}}
| director = Amhan Raphy
| producer = Shija Jinu
| writer = Shija Jinu
| studio = Paavakkutty Creations
| starring = Jinu E Thomas [[Sonia Agarwal]] [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
| music = Murali Appadath Sunny Madhavan Arif Ansar
| cinematography = Sandeep Shankar T Shameer Muhammed
| editing = Vysak Rajan
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}

'''''BEHINDD''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2023|2023]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Suspense Thriller]] directed by Amhan Raphy and written by Shija Jinu. The film stars Jinu E Thomas and [[Sonia Agarwal]] in the lead role.

==Plot==
The plot of the film revolves around a mother ([[Sonia Agarwal]]) who loves her daughter as much as her life and how she tries to overcome the frightening experiences she has to face in a particular situation.

After hit films like [[Kaadhal Kondein]], [[7G Rainbow Colony]], [[Madhurey]], [[Pudhupettai]] [[Vaanam]] and [[Kovil (film)]], Behindd is Sonia Aggarwal’s strong comeback.

== Cast ==
* [[Jinu E Thomas]] as Tom
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Liya
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]] as Neena
* [[Noby Marcose]] as Sui
* Amhan Raphy as Vyshak
* V K Baiju as Tom's Father James
* Sunil Sugatha as Thattu
* Sinoj Varghese as Suresh Sir
* Sivadasan Marampally as Ramayya
* Ambili Sunil as Ilavarasy
* Kannan Sagar as Supermarket Manager
* Jenson Alappat as Pachcha

==Soundtrack==

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Aarariraro
| extra1 = Durga Viswanath
| music1 = Sunny Madhavan
| lyrics1 = Shija Jinu
| length1 = 3:00
| title2 = Arariraro Sad
| extra2 = [[Sudeep Kumar]] Shija Jinu
| music2 = Sunny Madhavan
| lyrics2 = Shija Jinu
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Parayathe Peythennullil
| extra3 =
| music3 = Arif Ansar
| lyrics3 = Arif Ansar
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Merisetti Nelli Kallu
| extra4 = Murali Appadath
| music4 = Murali Appadath
| lyrics4 = Imran Khan
| length4 = 2:30}}

== References ==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.postsen.com/lifestyle/1066401.html</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/behindd-look-poster-with-sonia-aggarwal-showcases-thriller-element/articleshow/104163125.cms?from=mdr</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sonia-agarwal-jinu-thomas-in-behindd-movie-first-look-poster-released-1.8867457</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/behindd-movie-motion-poster-out-1203746</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-etvbharat-com.translate.goog/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/movie/behindd-movie-motion-poster-released-starring-sonia-agarwal/kerala20230916132232892892837?_x_tr_sl=ml&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/behindd-malayalam-movie-motion-poster-vvk-s12br8</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/horror-suspense-thriller-behind-the-motion-poster-has-been-released-159453</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nanaonline.in/news/behind---first-look---poster/</ref>

{{reflist}}

[[:Category:2023 films]] [[:Category:List of Malayalam films of 2023]]

Kumar Dharmasena

2023-09-28T07:07:00Z

ArunAdhikari007: Clarified content

{{Short description|Sri Lankan cricketer and umpire}}
{{Use Sri Lankan English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| honorific_prefix = [[Deshabandu]]
| name = Kumar Dharmasena
| image = Kumar Dharmasena umpiring.png
| caption = Dharmasena umpiring in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]
| fullname = Handunnettige Deepthi Priyantha Kumara Dharmasena
| nickname = Unanduwa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|4|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| heightm = 1.72
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = [[All-rounder]], [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 1993–2004
| country = Sri Lanka
| testdebutdate = 6 September
| testdebutyear = 1993
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 59
| lasttestdate = 8 March
| lasttestyear = 2004
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 24 August
| odidebutyear = 1994
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 82
| lastodidate = 25 February
| lastodiyear = 2004
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 66

| club1 = [[Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club]]
| year1 = 1988–2006
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Nondescripts Cricket Club]]
| year2 = 1992
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Moratuwa Cricket Club]]
| year3 = 1994
| clubnumber3 =

| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 79
| umptestdebutyr = 2010
| umptestlastyr = 2023
| odisumpired = 118
| umpodidebutyr = 2009
| umpodilastyr = 2022
| t20isumpired = 42
| umpt20idebutyr = 2009
| umpt20ilastyr = 2022
| wodisumpired = 1
| umpwodidebutyr = 2008
| umpwodilastyr =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 31
| runs1 = 868
| bat avg1 = 19.72
| 100s/50s1 = 0/3
| top score1 = 62[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6,939
| wickets1 = 69
| bowl avg1 = 42.31
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/72
| catches/stumpings1 = 14/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 141
| runs2 = 1,222
| bat avg2 = 22.62
| 100s/50s2 = 0/4
| top score2 = 69[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 7,009
| wickets2 = 138
| bowl avg2 = 36.21
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/37
| catches/stumpings2 = 34/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 155
| runs3 = 6,550
| bat avg3 = 36.18
| 100s/50s3 = 9/37
| top score3 = 157
| deliveries3 = 25,549
| wickets3 = 495
| bowl avg3 = 20.77
| fivefor3 = 30
| tenfor3 = 5
| best bowling3 = 7/30
| catches/stumpings3 = 78/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 206
| runs4 = 2,281
| bat avg4 = 26.21
| 100s/50s4 = 0/9
| top score4 = 94[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 9,747
| wickets4 = 234
| bowl avg4 = 28.62
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/14
| catches/stumpings4 = 50/–

| date = 24 April 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/48469.html Cricinfo
}}

[[Deshabandu]] '''Handunnettige Deepthi Priyantha Kumar Dharmasena''' (born 24 April 1971) is a Sri Lankan [[cricket]] [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] and former international cricketer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/657430 |title=International cricketers turned umpires |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] and the first and only person to participate in an ICC Cricket World Cup final both as a player and an umpire, as he was a member of the Sri Lankan side that won the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm [[off break]] bowler.

== Playing career ==
Dharmasena was born in Colombo on 24 April 1971.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile">{{cite web|author=Austin, Charlie|title=Kumar Dharmasena|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/48469.html|access-date=16 December 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> He started his cricketing career as a teenager at [[Nalanda College Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|title=Kumara Dharmasena now a planter of 'liquid gold'|url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2020/10/25/sports/kumara-dharmasena-now-planter-%E2%80%98liquid-gold%E2%80%99|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Sunday Observer|language=en}}</ref> His first foray into international cricket was in 1994 against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]].<ref name="Cricinfo-profile" />

His obscure action made him perfect for bowling in one-day matches, yet Dharmasena also proved a useful batsman, especially after he was investigated in 1998 by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] for overstretching his bowling action to illegal proportions. Having been cleared in July 2000, he played for the one-day team on several occasions since, but rarely played Test cricket.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile" />

Dharmasena was the 59th Sri Lankan cricketer to receive a Test cap (Sri Lanka v South Africa at Colombo Sinhalese Sports Club 1993).

Kumar Dharmasena has the record for playing the most number of ODI innings before being dismissed for a duck (72 innings).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/284081.html|title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Most innings before first duck {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|newspaper=Cricinfo|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

He along with [[Dulip Liyanage]] set the record for the highest 8th wicket runstand for Sri Lanka in ODI cricket (91).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=8;type=team|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} Sri Lanka {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Highest partnerships by wicket {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64556.html|title=Only ODI: West Indies v Sri Lanka at Port of Spain, Jun 6, 1997 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

==Move to umpiring==
Following his retirement from playing in November 2006, Dharmasena announced plans to become a competitive umpire, as he wished to remain "close to the game which I love so dearly".<ref name="umpireannounce">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/267959.html | title=Kumar Dharmasena to pursue umpiring career | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=15 November 2006 | access-date=16 December 2012 | author=Thawfeeq, Sa'adi}}</ref> Prior to his retirement, he had already umpired several domestic matches in the Sara Trophy, the major first-class cricket tournament in Sri Lanka.<ref name="umpireannounce"/> He umpired his first international match in 2009, overseeing the [[one-day international]] between India and Sri Lanka at the Rangiri International Stadium in [[Dambulla]]:<ref>{{cite book | title=[[Wisden Cricketer's Almanack]] | publisher=John Wisden & Co | year=2010 | location=London | pages=1333 | chapter=Sri Lanka v. India, 2008–09 | isbn=978-1-4081-24642}}</ref> he remains the youngest ever Sri Lankan to umpire any international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |title=Match Officials – Emirates Elite Panel of Umpires |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=16 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216100710/http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |archive-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He umpired at the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], and was appointed to the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] later that year.<ref name="Cricinfo-profile"/> Dharmasena was named the Umpire of the Year at the [[2012 ICC Awards]], for which he received the David Shepherd Trophy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/582366.html | title=Kumar Dharmasena voted Umpire of the Year | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=15 September 2012 | access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>

He was selected as one of the twenty umpires to stand in matches during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |title=ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |publisher=ICC Cricket |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330201852/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref> and umpired in [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|the final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656495.html |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, Final: Australia v New Zealand at Melbourne, Mar 29, 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> In doing so he became the first to play in and to umpire World Cup finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/cricket-world-cup-kumar-dharmasena-first-to-play-and-umpire-in-final-20150327-1m9mne.html|title=Cricket World Cup: Kumar Dharmasena first to play and umpire in final|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|author=Jesse Hogan|date=28 March 2015|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> He stood in the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final]] of the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="2016T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951373.html |title=World T20, Final: England v West Indies at Kolkata, Apr 3, 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

Kumar Dharmasena has worked as an umpire in 18 matches of ICC World T20, the most by any umpire from Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_umpire.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Records {{!}} World T20 {{!}} Most matches as an umpire {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|newspaper=Cricinfo|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>

In January 2019, he won the David Shepherd Trophy for the ICC Umpire of the Year at the 2018 [[ICC Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/980940 |title=Finch, Macleod, Pant and Williamson named for ICC Player Awards |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198051 |title=Match officials for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1182149.html |title=Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, he was named as one of the two on-field umpires for the second semi-final match, between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1266863 |title=Officials appointed for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup semi-finals |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Later the same month, he was also named as one of the two on-field umpires for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup Final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27174119/kumar-dharmasena-umpire-final-jason-roy-controversy |title=Kumar Dharmasena to umpire final despite Jason Roy controversy |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> England won the match in a Super Over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jul/14/england-new-zealand-cricket-world-cup-final-match-report-super-over|title=England win Cricket World Cup after super-over drama against New Zealand |website=amp.theguardian.com|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> He admitted an error at a critical moment in the match, but said he did not regret it. Had the right decision been made, England would have required 4 runs instead of 3 to win off the last 2 balls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/kumar-dharmasena-admits-his-error-in-world-cup-2019-final-overthrow-controversy-doesnt-regret-decision-7029611.html|title=Kumar Dharmasena admits 'error' in World Cup 2019 final overthrow controversy, doesn't regret decision|date=21 July 2019|agency=Agence France-Presse |website=Firstpost|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

He also umpired the final match of the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] between Pakistan and England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These 2 umpires to assume on-field duties in Pakistan vs England T20 World Cup 2022 Final - Check |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/pak-vs-eng-t20-world-cup-2022-final-marais-erasmus-and-kumar-dharmasena-to-assume-on-field-duties-confirms-icc-2534244.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

==Records==
* Dharmasena is the only person to have played in a Final of the [[Cricket World Cup]] as well as officiated in the final of the World Cup. He had played in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup Final]] and featured as an on-field umpire twice in [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|2015]] and [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|2019]] World Cup finals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumar Dharmasena First to Play and Umpire in World Cup Final {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/kumar-dharmasena-first-to-play-and-umpire-in-world-cup-final-1502948 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=48469}}

{{ICC Umpire of the Year}}
{{Elite Panel of ICC Umpires}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Sri Lanka squads
|bg=blue
|fg=#FFCC00
|bordercolor=#FFCC00
|list1=
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1997 Asia Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmasena, Kumar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Basnahira North cricketers]]
[[Category:Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo]]
[[Category:North Central Province cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Cricket Combined XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Deshabandu]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Colombo]]

Pawan Monga

2023-09-16T09:49:28Z

ArunAdhikari007: Page developed.

{{Short description|Indian Politician born 1978}}

{{Use dmy dates}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pawan Monga
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = July 16, 1978
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Businessman]], [[Politician]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| citizenship = {{IND}}
}}
'''Pawan Monga'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politician Pawan Monga pays tribute to Arun Jaitley on his second death anniversary |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/politician-pawan-monga-pays-tribute-to-arun-jaitley-on-his-secon.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Pawan Monga, Delhi BJP's Member who is gaining recognition for his exceptional work during Pandemic |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/meet-pawan-monga-delhi-bjps-member-who-is-gaining-recognition-for-his-exceptional-work-during-pandemic/cid/1826762 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> (born July 16, 1978) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[businessman]] and [[politician]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekta Mission's Singer Sitaron Ki Khoj 2015Photos - Delhi-Events-The Times of India Photogallery |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/Rajdhani-Ratan-2015-award/morphshow/48679650.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>. He has been an executive member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Jewel of Indian politics – Pawan Monga |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/real-jewel-of-indian-politics-pawan-monga-23187519 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> in [[Delhi]] and has held the position of President of Ekta Mission,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਲਾਇਨਜ਼ ਕਲੱਬ ਨੇ ਪਵਨ ਮੌਂਗਾ ਨੂੰ ਕੀਤਾ ਸਨਮਾਨਿਤ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/faridkot-the-line-club-honored-pawan-monga-8920556.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Punjabi Jagran |language=pa}}</ref> a charitable organization dedicated to humanitarian causes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Finance and Defense Minister Arun Jaitley recently released the 15th souvenir with Pawan Monga and Sanjay Malik in Delhi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/finance-and-defense-minister-arun-jaitley-recently-released-the-15th-souvenir-with-pawan-monga-and-sanjay-malik-in-delhi/articleshow/44878040.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Monga emerges as a saviour for mankind amidst pandemic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/pawan-monga-emerges-as-a-saviour-for-mankind-amidst-pandemic-101629204027475.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thank you Pawan Monga for saving Delhi in tough times |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-thank-you-pawan-monga-for-saving-delhi-in-tough-times-2906744 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Instagram|id=pawanmongabjp}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Humanitarians]]
[[Category:Philanthropists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kutti

2023-09-14T15:44:31Z

ArunAdhikari007: Just published a comprehensive guide.

'''Kutti''' may refer to:

*[[Dhakaiya Kutti]], a Bengali dialect
*[[Kutti pi]], a dish from Anglo-Indian cuisine
*[[Kutti Pisasu]], Indian film
*[[Kutti Puli]], Indian Tamil-language film
*[[Kutti Revathi]], Indian lyricist, poet, activist and doctor
*[[Kutti Story]], Indian Tamil-language song
*[[Trevian Kutti]], American publicist and lobbyist

{{disambiguation}}

Antoni de Montserrat

2023-09-06T18:10:07Z

ArunAdhikari007: Antoni de Montserrat

{{Under construction}}

{{Infobox person
|image=Antonio montserrat.jpg
}}
'''Antoni de Montserrat''' ( [[Vic]], [[1536]] – Salsette, [[India]], [[1600]] ) was a Catalan Jesuit trained in [[Portugal]] who in [[1574]] was assigned to the mission of the Portuguese colony of [[Goa]], in India, from where he would travel for the most part of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]] . This traveler and scholar recorded his travels in four manuscripts, of which only two are preserved, the ''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'', in Latin, and ''Relaçam do Equebar, rei dos mogoras'', in Portuguese, referring to his stay in the court of the [[Mughal dynasty|great mogul]].<ref name="sge.org 2015 c138">{{cite web |title=Sociedad Geográfica Española: Antoni de Montserrat. En la última frontera |url=http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126074311/http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html |archive-date=2015-11-26 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=sge.org |language=es}}</ref>

Son of a noble family from Osona, he studied in [[Barcelona]], where he came into contact with [[Ignatius of Loyola|Saint Ignatius of Loyola]] . Fascinated by the life of missionaries, he entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[1558]], being sent to Portugal, where he was ordained a priest in [[1561]] . He studied at the [[University of Coimbra]] and, in [[Lisbon]], where he was prefect of Sant Roc, founder of the convent of the orphans of Santa Marta, vice-rector of the college of Sant Antoni and preceptor of King Sebastian I of Portugal .<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Missió a l’Himalaia | website=LA MIRA | date=2019-07-13 | url=https://www.lamira.cat/persones/1213/missio-a-lhimalaia | language=ca | access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref>

== Embassy to the court of the great Mughal Akbar ==
In [[1574]], at the age of 38, he saw his dream of becoming a missionary fulfilled when he was sent, with 40 other Jesuits, to the mission of the Portuguese colony of Goa, in India. Five years later he was entrusted with the mission of joining the embassy that had to appear at the court of the Mughal king, [[Akbar]], with the specific task of recording everything that happened during the trip. The presence of the priests had been expressly requested by the king himself, a fact that the Portuguese Jesuits misinterpreted as his desire to embrace the Christian faith, something which, in no case, was contemplated by the monarch. In this way, on [[December 13]], [[1579]], Antoni de Montserrat, together with fellow Jesuits [[Rodolfo Acquaviva]] and [[Francisco Henríquez]] - a Persian convert who acted as an interpreter - as well as an ambassador from Akbar, left the colony Portuguese from Daman to the capital of the [[Mughal Empire]] .

The arrival of the group in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], the new capital founded by [[Akbar]], took place on [[March 4]], [[1580]] and there they remained for a year dedicated to religious dialogues and debates, encouraged by the king himself, with representatives of other religions such as Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] . Montserrat took advantage of her stay to instruct herself in the [[Persian language]] and ended up gaining Akbar's trust, as evidenced by the fact that he appointed him tutor to his son Murad.<ref name=":0" />

After a year, a revolt broke out in the north led by a half-brother of the king, who had the support of some Afghan chieftains. At Akbar's request, Montserrat joined the military expedition and accompanied him throughout the campaign, which lasted throughout [[1581]] . This trip allowed the Jesuit to make contact with a large part of the territories of the Empire, being able to visit [[Delhi]], the [[Himalayas]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the foothills of Tibet to [[Afghanistan]] . The end of the conflict coincided with the return of the embassy to Goa, once the Jesuits ascertained the monarch's unwillingness to convert to Christianity. In this way, in September [[1582]] they arrived in the Portuguese colony where, for six years, Montserrat worked on her notes with the intention of achieving a more complex and detailed work. The ''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'' incorporated a map of the Himalayas considered a jewel of universal cartography, which describes much of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tibet, for which Montserrat has been considered the author of the first map of the ceiling of the world <ref name="VilaWeb 2021 w720">{{cite web |title=De quan els catalans descobrien terra ignota |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/de-quan-els-catalans-descobrien-terra-ignota/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=VilaWeb |language=ca}}</ref>

== Captivity in Yemen ==
In [[1588]] Antoni de Montserrat received a direct order from the Hispanic king, [[Philip II of Spain|Felipe II]], to go to [[Ethiopia]] in order to support the missionaries displaced there and explore the possibility of bringing Ethiopian Christianity closer to the Church of Rome . On February 2, [[1589]], Montserrat and his companion [[Pedro Páez]] set sail from Goa disguised as [[Armenians|Armenian]] merchants. The trip was cut short when in Dhufar ( [[Yemen]] ) they were betrayed by the commander who was supposed to take them to Ethiopia, who handed them over to the head of the city, who, in turn, sent them to [[Haymin]], a city in the interior where there was the residence of the [[sultan]] of Hadhramaut . After four months locked up in the prison of this city, they were sent to [[Sana'a]], seat of the Turkish governor of Yemen, where they remained until [[1595]], the year in which they were transferred to the port of [[Mokka]], on the [[Red Sea]], where they had of serving in the galleys for a few months until Montserrat fell seriously ill and was imprisoned in the city prison.

Finally, a year later, these two Jesuits were returned to Goa, after the payment of a ransom of 1,000 ducats. The health of both was very precarious after almost seven years of captivity and, although Páez was able to recover, Antoni de Montserrat died in Salsette, near Goa, where there was a famous Jesuit convent, in March 1600 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casa de Asia en Barcelona|year=2005|title=«Programa Antoni de Montserrat 2005».|url=http://www.casaasia.es/pdf/1606041139191087378759579.pdf|journal=Convocatoria pública de CA.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Study of his works ==
Modern science discovered Antoni de Montserrat at the beginning of the XX century In [[1906]] Henry Hosten, a Jesuit of the [[British Raj]] specializing in the history of Christianity in India, rediscovered the "Mongolicæ Legationis Commentarius" and published it in [[1914]] . The work aroused great interest in the Indologists of the time.

After being remembered for a time in the annotations of the work on the reign of Akbar and the art of the time, Antoni de Montserrat gained fame among us in the XX century thanks to the popular edition of his works translated from [[Latin]] into Catalan and Spanish by the Orientalist from Barcelona Josep Lluís Alay . The growing fame of the Catalan traveler has led to a series of television programs and publications on religion in Catalonia, in addition to a scholarship in the science and culture of Asia that perpetuates his name.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Complementary bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=127702|title=Ambaixador a la cort del Gran Mogol: viatges d'un jesuïta català del segle XVI a l'Índia, Pakistan, Afganistan i Himàlaia|last=Montserrat|first=Antoni de|publisher=Pagès editors|isbn=978-84-7935-916-4}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/commentary-of-father-monserrate-sj-on-his-journey-to-the-court-of-akbar/oclc/2872814|title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar.|last=Monserrate|first=Antonio|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|isbn=978-81-206-0807-8|location=London; Bombay [etc|language=English}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|title=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8|location=Frankfurt am Main}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=Father A. Monserrate's Account of Akbar (26th Nov. 1582)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=Father A. Monserrate, S.J. on Salsete, Chorão, Divar and the Molucas (1579)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=The Jesuits at Agra in 1635-1637|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Beveridge|first=H.|title=Notes on Father Monserrate's Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius. (1915/16)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Martí Escayol|first=Maria Antònia|title=Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456520903|journal=Word, image, text : studies in literary and visual culture|location=New Delhi|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=978-81-250-3735-4}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033547110|title=Akbar e i gesuiti : missionari cristiani alla corte del Gran Moghul|last=Martini|first=Youri|isbn=978-88-6124-691-1|location=Trapani}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.asasve.es/img/web/gencat06_02_reyakbar.pdf Antoni de Montserrat, ambassador in the court of King Akbar.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222082008/http://www.asasve.es/img/web/gencat06_02_reyakbar.pdf}}
* [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/00364064422614284232268/209413_0013.pdf Soler, Isabel The last immensity.]

[[Category:Missionaries]]
[[Category:1536 births]]
[[Category:1600 deaths]]

Fotedar

2023-07-14T20:56:04Z

ArunAdhikari007: Added a new release to the collection.

{{Short description|Kashmiri kram}}
{{Use Indian English}}

'''Fotedar''' or '''Fotadar''' is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] clan, kram and surname native to the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2005 |author=[[Walter Roper Lawrence|Lawrence, Walter Roper]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304 |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |title=The Valley of Kashmir |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, '''Fotadar''', Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-1630-1 |page=304 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, '''Fotadar''', Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=9781482899450 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Bansi Pandit|Pandit, Bansi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |page=101 |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 }}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Makhan Lal Fotedar]] (1932–2017), Indian politician
* [[Shiv Narayan Fotedar]] (1904–1976), Indian politician

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{surname}}
{{Kashmirifamalies}}

[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Champa P Shetty

2023-07-13T16:38:15Z

ArunAdhikari007: Created an influential manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Champa Shetty]]

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United Nations Parliamentary Assembly

2022-02-21T08:03:58Z

ArunAdhikari007: Published a valuable reference.

{{short description|Proposed addition to the United Nations System}}
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{{Infobox United Nations
| image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg
| image_size = 120px
| name = {{native name|ar|الجمعية البرلمانية للأمم المتحدة|italics=off}} {{native name|zh|联合国议会大会|italics=off}} {{native name|fr|Assemblée parlementaire des Nations Unies}} {{native name|ru|Парламентская Ассамблея Организации Объединённых Наций}} {{native name|es|Asamblea Parlamentaria de las Naciones Unidas}}
| map = Uno_unpalogo.svg
| map_caption = [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly|CEUNPA]]-supported emblem of a UNPA, depicting a [[hemicycle]]
| type = Proposed Organ of the United Nations
| abbreviation = UNPA
| leader_title = Head
| leader_name =
| status = Proposed
| formation =
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A '''United Nations Parliamentary Assembly''' ('''UNPA''') is a proposed addition to the [[United Nations System]] that would allow for greater participation and voice for members of parliament. The idea was raised at the founding of the [[League of Nations]] in the 1920s and again following the end of World War II in 1945, but remained dormant throughout the [[Cold War]]. The [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly|Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]] (CUNPA) was formed in 2007 by [[Committee for a Democratic UN|Democracy Without Borders]]<ref>Democracy Without Borders. https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/</ref> (formerly Committee for a Democratic U.N.) to coordinate pro-UNPA efforts, which as of June 2017 has received the support of over 1,600 [[member of parliament|members of parliament]] from over 100 countries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/4027/the-committee-for-a-democratic-u-n-is-now-democracy-without-borders/|title=The Committee for a Democratic U.N. is now Democracy Without Borders|work=Democracy Without Borders|access-date=2017-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>CUNPA, Supporters: http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/ Retrieved 2 February 2020</ref> The [[Commission on Global Security, Justice and Governance]], chaired by former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]] and former Nigerian Foreign Minister [[Ibrahim Gambari]], has called for the creation of a United Nations Parliamentary Network "to raise greater awareness and participation by strengthening the voices of legislators in global institutions."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/06/16/united-nations-climate-change-peacekeeping-security-council-column/71258730/|title=World losing battle against terror, climate change & cyberattacks: Albright|author1=Albright, Madeleine K. |author2=Gambari, Ibrahim A. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> The commission proposes that this Network "would be similar in initial composition to the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund and the [[Parliamentary Conference on the World Trade Organization]]".<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.globalsecurityjusticegovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Commission-on-Global-Security-Justice-Governance-Letter.pdf|page=86|chapter=Overcoming the UN’s Democratic Deficit Through a UN Parliamentary Network|title=Confronting the Crisis of Global Governance|publisher=Commission on Global Security, Justice & Governance|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305221415/http://www.globalsecurityjusticegovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Commission-on-Global-Security-Justice-Governance-Letter.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> In July 2018, the [[European Parliament]] adopted a recommendation to the [[European Council]] endorsing a proposal for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deplano |first=Rossana |title=The parliament of the world? Reflections on the proposal to establish a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/parliament-of-the-world-reflections-on-the-proposal-to-establish-a-united-nations-parliamentary-assembly/003837A24B5EA3EE4435D6B25DF19C0C |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=577–599 |doi=10.1017/S0922156520000151 |s2cid=213679550 |issn=0922-1565}}</ref>

Supporters have set forth possible UNPA implementations, including promulgation of a new treaty; creation of a UNPA as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly; and evolution of a UNPA from the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] or another [[non-governmental organization]]. Several proposals for apportionment of votes have been raised to address disparities in population and economic power of UN members. CUNPA advocates initially giving the UNPA advisory powers and gradually increasing its authority over the UN system. In 2018, CUNPA's co-founders [[Jo Leinen]] and [[Andreas Bummel]] published a 420-page book on the history, current relevance and future implementation of the idea titled "A World Parliament: Governance and Democracy in the 21st Century".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/world-parliament-book/|title=A World Parliament by Jo Leinen and Andreas Bummel}}</ref>

== History ==
Proposals for a parliamentary assembly in the global organization of nations date back to at least the 1920s, when [[League of Nations]] founders considered (and rejected) plans to include a people's assembly as part of the league's structure.<ref>McCarthy, Bill (March 2005). [https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue3/0305p34.html Democracy in the United Nations], [[UN Chronicle]], p. 34. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> League and UN founding documents include few mechanisms for direct participation by citizens or legislators, aside from [[Article 71 of the UN Charter|Article 71]] provision allowing [[ECOSOC]] to grant [[consultative status]] to certain organizations, and the [[Chapter XVIII of the UN Charter|Chapter XVIII]] and [[Chapter XIX of the UN Charter|XIX]] requirements that ratification and amendments be approved by member states "in accordance with their respective constitutional processes" which typically involve legislative and/or public input.<ref>[[s:Charter of the United Nations#Chapter XVIII - Amendments|Charter of the United Nations, Chapter XVIII]]. [[Wikisource]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> In 1945, a people's world assembly was proposed by British politician [[Ernest Bevin]], who said in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] that "There should be a study of a house directly elected by the people of the world to whom the nations are accountable."<ref>Zipp, Susan J. (2007). [http://www.empowertheun.org/thepeoplesmovement.html The People's Movement 2007: The Voices of the People in Global Decision-Making] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121162751/http://www.empowertheun.org/thepeoplesmovement.html }}, Citizens for a United Nations People's Assembly. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

On 16 October 1945, before the [[UN Charter]] had even entered into force, retired [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Justice]] [[Owen J. Roberts]] and former New Hampshire Governor [[Robert P. Bass]] held a conference in [[Dublin, New Hampshire]], which passed the Dublin Declaration. It stated that the UN Charter was inadequate to preserve peace and proposed the transformation of the [[UN General Assembly]] into a [[world government|world legislature]], opining, "Such a government should be based upon a constitution under which all peoples and nations will participate upon a basis of balanced representation which will take account of natural and industrial resources and other factors as well as population. It cannot be based on treaties...in which the states...act and vote as states".<ref>Declaration of the Dublin, N.H., Conference (16 October 1945). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ymc-HHltNMC&dq=dublin+%22world+federalist%22&pg=PA539 World Federalist Declarations]. ''The Politics of World Federation'', by Joseph Preston Baratta (2004). Preager Publishers. p. 540. {{ISBN|0-275-98068-5}}. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> It called for "limited but definite and adequate power for the prevention of war."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govrecords.org/sdoc107-3-authority-and-rules-of-senate-committees.html|title=S.Doc.107-3 AUTHORITY AND RULES OF SENATE COMMITTEES, 2001-2002|website=www.govrecords.org}}</ref> [[Grenville Clark]] and other participants in the Dublin conference went on to become active in the [[United World Federalists]] (UWF) and the global [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy|World Federalist Movement]].<ref>Clifford, J. Garry (2007). [http://members.fortunecity.com/hobeika/unitarians/clark_grenville.html Grenville Clark] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929084744/http://members.fortunecity.com/hobeika/unitarians/clark_grenville.html }}. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> UWF enjoyed some success in the postwar period, as 23 state legislatures passed bills supporting the organization's goals, but [[McCarthyism]] prompted many prominent members to resign lest [[Senator Joseph McCarthy]] ruin their careers.<ref>[http://www.globalsolutions.org/publications/60_years_global_solutions 60 Years of Global Solutions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512153253/http://www.globalsolutions.org/publications/60_years_global_solutions }}, [[Citizens for Global Solutions]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007</ref> In the United States, [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] came to be associated with communism.<ref>Bigman, Stanley K. (1950). "The 'New Internationalism' Under Attack". ''The Public Opinion Quarterly'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer, 1950), pp. 235–61.</ref>

In the post-[[Cold War]] era, several factors contributed to a more favourable environment for UNPA proposals.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/docs96/wfmoct96.htm World Federalist Movement Text on NGOs and Democratization of the UN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212203215/http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/docs96/wfmoct96.htm }}, [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy]], October 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> A [[Trilateral Commission]] report notes that the shift from a world led by the two rival Soviet- and U.S.-led blocs meant a general diffusion of power. Growth of economic interdependence, proliferation of transnational actors, nationalism in weak states, spread of technology, and increasing numbers of issues (such as global environmental problems and [[weapons of mass destruction]] containment) that are both domestic and international generated stronger incentive to develop international cooperation than ever before.<ref>Nye, Joseph S. (1991) [http://www.jcie.or.jp/books/abstracts/G/cooperation.html Global Cooperation after the Cold War: A Reassessment of Trilateralism], The Triangle Papers: 41. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Democracy in general had spread; in 2003, [[Freedom House]] counted 121 electoral democracies, compared to 66 in 1987<ref>Emmerson, Donald K. (29 January 2003). [http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/politics/2003/0129democracy.htm Global Spread of Democracy Poses New Challenge for the US], [[YaleGlobal]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007</ref> and 30 in 1975 (although by the mid-2000s, the trend appeared to have stagnated).<ref>Grier, Peter (21 November 2007). [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1121/p01s02-usgn.html Global spread of democracy stalled]. [[The Christian Science Monitor]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> The rapidly integrating European Union, a unique supranational body whose European Parliament was gradually growing in power, provided an example to the world of how a multi-nation parliament can evolve and function.<ref>Levi, Lucio. [http://www.wfm.org/site/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=128 Globalization and a World Parliament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221212654/http://www.wfm.org/site/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=128 }}, [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> The [[World Trade Organization]] and similar organizations generated great concern as they seemed to be gaining more influence and control over trade disputes, yet were not accountable to the people;<ref name="CrossPartyCoalition">Watson, Graham (26 September 2007). [http://www.grahamwatsonmep.org/news/000423/the_case_for_global_democracy_cross_party_coalition_of_meps_calls_for_a_un_parliamentary_assembly.html The Case for Global Democracy: Cross Party Coalition of MEPs calls for a UN Parliamentary Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016220546/http://www.grahamwatsonmep.org/news/000423/the_case_for_global_democracy_cross_party_coalition_of_meps_calls_for_a_un_parliamentary_assembly.html }}. Graham Watson MEP. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] argued, "We must insist that international trade organizations be open to public scrutiny instead of mysterious, secret things subject to wild criticism."<ref>Clinton, William (19 January 1999). [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/01/19/sotu.transcript/ Clinton's State of the Union speech]. [[CNN]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> A "[[new diplomacy]]" seemed to be taking shape in which [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] and governments cooperated to create new global institutions such as the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>Pace, William R. (17 July 1998) [https://www.un.org/icc/speeches/n717wfm.htm Statement of World Federalist Movement on behalf of the Coalition for an International Criminal Court]. [[United Nations]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Chairman Harold C. Pachios of [[Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios]] noted:<ref>Pachios, Harold C. (4 December 2002) [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/adcompd/rls/15804.htm The New Diplomacy], Remarks to Wellesley College. [[US Department of State]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>
{{cquote|From the time governments were organized until very recently, diplomacy involved conveying a message to another government, usually delivered by a government official–an ambassador–to a representative of a foreign government, and the response of foreign government officials. The interrelationship of countries was generally governed by these exchanges of messages between governments, and these exchanges were customarily secret. The information revolution which occurred in the last half of the 20th century, particularly in the last decade of the 20th century, dramatically changed all of that. Now it is ordinary citizens of countries who more often than not govern the relations among nations.}}

In early 1993, the [[House of Commons of Canada]] Standing Committee on External Affairs and International Trade presented a report stating, "By way of building the public and political constituency for the United Nations, the Committee recommends that Canada support the development of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly."<ref>[http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/canada-report.pdf 8th Report of the Standing Committee on External Affairs and International Trade] (PDF), House of Commons, [[Parliament of Canada]], Spring 1993, chaired by Hon. [[Jon Bosley]], 1993. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203191023/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/canada-report.pdf}}</ref> The [[Campaign for a Democratic United Nations]] (CAMDUN), the [[International Network for a United Nations Second Assembly]] (INFUSA), and the Global People's Assembly Movement (GPAM), began circulating UNPA proposals around 1995, and other organizations, such as [[One World Trust]], began publishing analyses of how to proceed in the current political situation.<ref>Berthoin, Georges & Luff, Peter (2007). [http://www.globalpolicy.org/reform/docs00/0204owtreform.pdf The Reform of the United Nations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118061405/http://www.globalpolicy.org/reform/docs00/0204owtreform.pdf }} (PDF). [[One World Trust]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref><ref name="TakingDemocracyGlobal"/><ref>[http://www.camdun-online.gn.apc.org/options.html Main Options for a UN Peoples' Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620054918/http://www.camdun-online.gn.apc.org/options.html }}, Campaign for a Democratic United Nations, 1995. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> On 8 February 2005, on the initiative of the Committee for a Democratic UN (today Democracy Without Borders), 108 Swiss Parliamentarians signed an open letter to the Secretary-General calling for the establishment of just such a body.<ref>[http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/swiss-open-letter-annan-2005.pdf Establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the UN] (PDF), [[Committee for a Democratic United Nations]], 8 February 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203191026/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/swiss-open-letter-annan-2005.pdf}}</ref> On 14 May 2005, the Congress of the [[Liberal International]] issued a resolution stating that "the Liberal International calls on the member states of the United Nations to enter into deliberations on the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations."<ref>[http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/LI-Resolution-UNPA2005.pdf Strengthening citizens representation on international level through an UN Parliamentary Assembly] (PDF), Resolution adopted by the 53. Congress of the Liberal International on 14 May 2005 in Sofia. [[Committee for a Democratic UN|KDUN]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203191029/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/LI-Resolution-UNPA2005.pdf }}</ref> On 9 June 2005, the [[European Parliament]] issued a resolution that contained an item stating that Europarl "calls for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) within the UN System, which would increase the democratic profile and internal democratic process of the organisation and allow [[world civil society]] to be directly associated in the [[decision-making process]]; states that the Parliamentary Assembly should be vested with genuine rights of information, participation and control, and should be able to adopt recommendations directed at the UN General Assembly; [...]"<ref>[https://archive.today/20081223145416/http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0237+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=X European Parliament resolution on the reform of the United Nations], Strasbourg, 9 June 2005. Europarl. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> In 2006, [[Citizens for a United Nations People's Assembly]] circulated a petition to UN [[Secretary-General]] Kofi Annan to "convene a High Level Panel to determine the steps required for the establishment of a Peoples' Parliamentary Assembly within the United Nations Organization"<ref>[http://www.empowertheun.org/ Empower the United Nations with the voice of the people!] Citizens for a United Nations People's Assembly, 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

In April 2007, international NGOs launched the [[Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly|International Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]], the principal current movement for the establishment of a UNPA.<ref name="UNPA Campaign"/> Its secretariat is led by [[Democracy Without Borders]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/about/|title=About the campaign|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Over 150 civil society groups and nearly 1,500 parliamentarians from all over the world are taking part in the Campaign.<ref>CEUNPA (2017). [http://en.unpacampaign.org/support/ Appeal Support]. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</ref> As of June 2017, CUNPA's appeal was endorsed by thousands of signatories from over 150 countries, among them hundreds of parliamentarians, civil society leaders, leading academics and distinguished individuals such as former UN Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], the President of the Pan-African Parliament, [[Gertrude Mongella]], Academy Award winner [[Emma Thompson]], SF-author Sir [[Arthur C. Clarke]] and [[Edgar Mitchell]], former NASA astronaut and sixth human being to walk on the moon.<ref>[http://en.unpacampaign.org/appeal/ Appeal for the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations]. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</ref> On 25 September 2007, the statement by H.E. Mr. [[José Sócrates]], [[Prime Minister of Portugal]], on [[President of the European Council|behalf of the European Union]], at the United Nations 62nd Session of the General Assembly, General Debate, stated, "We remain committed to the reform of its main bodies in order to enhance the Organization's representativity, transparency and effectiveness."<ref>Sócrates, José (25 September 2007). [http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7338_en.htm EU Presidency Statement – United Nations 62nd General Assembly: General Debate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018160005/http://europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7338_en.htm }}, European Union, at the United Nations 62nd Session of the General Assembly. 25 September 2007. [[European Union]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> On 24 October 2007, the [[Pan African Parliament]] unanimously adopted a resolution calling for the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations, noting, "in contrast to regional international bodies such as the [[African Union]], the European Union, the Council of Europe, or [[Mercosur]], the United Nations and its
specialized organizations is one of the last international fora lacking an integrated and institutionalized Parliamentary Assembly."<ref>[http://www.openpr.com/news/31259/Pan-African-Parliament-calls-for-UN-Parliamentary-Assembly.html Pan-African Parliament calls for UN Parliamentary Assembly]. Committee for a Democratic United Nations. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref><ref name="PanAfrican">Pan African Parliament (October 2007). [http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/PAP_UNPA.pdf A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227110505/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/PAP_UNPA.pdf }}. 8th Ordinary Session of the Pan-African Parliament, Midrand, South Africa, October 2007, Committee on Cooperation, International Relations and Conflict Resolution, Motion introduced by Mokshanand Sunil DOWARKASING (Mauritius), Adopted by the house on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> So far, four international conferences of CUNPA have taken place.<ref name="UNPA Campaign">[http://en.unpacampaign.org/meetings/index.php Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]. Retrieved 12 December 2011.</ref>

One of the most influential and well-known pro-UN organizations, [[UNA-USA]] has been on both sides of the issue. In 2003, UNA-USA's executive director of policy studies, Jeffrey Laurenti, wrote an article, "An Idea Whose Time Has Not Come", arguing that there were important unresolved issues of inclusivity, authority, and efficiency with the UNPA.<ref name="Laurenti">Laurenti, Jeffrey (May 2003). [http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=474395 UN Reform: Is a World Parliamentary Assembly needed? An Idea Whose Time Has Not Come.] United Nations Association of the United States of America. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005236/http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=474395 }}</ref> UNA's position seemed to reverse in November 2006, when the 38th plenary session of the [[World Federation of United Nations Associations]] issued a resolution stating that it "Supports the establishment of a United Nations parliamentary Assembly as a consultative body within the United Nations system as a voice of the citizens; Calls upon the governments of the United Nations member states, parliamentarians and civil society representatives to jointly examine possible steps and options to create a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly."<ref>[http://www.wfuna.org/news/plenary_assembly/pa38_resolutions.cfm#UN_Parliamentary PA38 Resolutions: Outcomes of the 38th Plenary Assembly.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153623/http://www.wfuna.org/news/plenary_assembly/pa38_resolutions.cfm }} [[World Federation of United Nations Associations]], November 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 20px; margin-top: 0px;"
|+Major regional parliaments and parliamentary assemblies
|----
|- bgcolor="#ececec" valign=top
|'''Name'''
|align=center|'''1st session'''
|align=center|'''Direct el.'''
|align=center|'''N.'''
|----
|[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]
|align=right|1949
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|
|----
|[[European Parliament]]
|align=right|1952
|align=right|1979
|align=center|
|----
|[[Assembly of WEU]]
|align=right|1955
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|
|----
|[[NATO Parliamentary Assembly]]
|align=right|1955
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=8 |title=NATO PA - History |access-date=2015-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219231232/http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=8 |archive-date=19 December 2015 }}</ref>
|----
|[[Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE]]
|align=right|1992
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|<ref>[http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0710/An_election_in_Copenhagen.html An election in Copenhagen] politico.com</ref>
|----
|[[Arab Parliament]]
|align=right|2001
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|
|----
|[[Pan African Parliament]]
|align=right|2004
|align=right|N/A
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.au.int/en/organs/pap|title=Pan-African Parliament - African Union|website=www.au.int}}</ref>
|----
|[[Mercosur Parliament]]
|align=right|2007
|align=right|{{0}}N/A
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mercosul suspende a eleição direta dos deputados de seu Parlamento|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/04/16/internacional/1555374301_791741.html|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=El País Brasil|language=pt}}</ref>
|----
|}

According to Stefan Marschall, the post-World War II years, particularly the 1980s and 1990s, saw tremendous growth in [[International parliament|parliamentary assemblies]], with more than 40 established since 1949. About 42% of the world's parliamentary assemblies are formally affiliated with an [[intergovernmental organization]]; 32% are informally affiliated; and 26% are unaffiliated. The spread in parliamentary assemblies was spurred by acceptance of [[parliamentarism]] as a means of legitimizing decisions; initiatives for intergovernmental cooperation reaching a point at which stronger parliamentary backing was needed; and regional integration. However, many global organizations, such as the UN and WTO, still lack a parliamentary assembly and "have been heavily criticized for what is supposed to be an institutional deficit."<ref>Marschall, Stefan (13 June 2007). [http://www.swp-berlin.org/de/common/get_document.php?asset_id=4299 European Parliaments in Transnational Organisations: Parliamentary Cooperation Beyond the European Union]. [[Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211153959/http://www.swp-berlin.org/de/common/get_document.php?asset_id=4299 }}</ref>

On 9 February 2010, a resolution of an international conference of sitting and former judges of the supreme courts of over 30 countries that took place in Lucknow, India, called for a revision of the United Nations Charter and for the establishment of a world parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.unpacampaign.org/news/473.php|title= Chief Justices of Global South call for world parliament|author= The Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA)|publisher= The Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA)|access-date= 23 February 2010|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825185627/http://en.unpacampaign.org/news/473.php|archive-date= 25 August 2010}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[East African Legislative Assembly]] passed a resolution supporting the establishment of a UNPA, and urged the [[East African Community]] to take the initiative to promote the development of a common African position in support of the envisaged Parliamentary Assembly. The resolution, which argued that a UNPA would improve the UN's transparency, accountability and effectiveness, was proposed by [[Mike Sebalu]] and supported by [[Makongoro Nyerere]], [[Frederic Ngenzebuhoro]], [[Adam Kimbisa]], [[Dan Kidega]], [[Nusura Tiperu]], and [[Abubakar Zein Abubakar]].<ref>Nkwame, Marc EAC Supports Formation of UN Parliamentary Assembly.. Africa News Service. (02/01/2013)</ref>

In July 2018, the [[European Parliament]] adopted a recommendation to the [[European Council]] endorsing a proposal for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts adopted - Thursday, 5 July 2018 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-07-05_EN.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Implementation ==
Five options for creating a UN Parliamentary Assembly have been proposed in various assessments. [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], the [[United Nations Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order]] summarizes several options as:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time for a global United Nations Parliamentary Assembly – UN Independent Expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2013/10/time-global-united-nations-parliamentary-assembly-un-independent-expert |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

=== Amending the UN Charter ===
[[Amendments to the UN Charter|Amending the UN Charter]], possibly through a Charter Review Conference under [[Article 109 of the UN Charter]], is a commonly cited possibility, including by [[Louis Sohn]] and [[Grenville Clark]] in their 1958 book ''[[World Peace Through World Law]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060820023730/http://www.one-world-now.com/Blueprint.html Blueprint For an Article 109 Charter Review Conference], [[One World Now]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref><ref>Clark, Grenville & Sohn, Louis B. (1958). ''World Peace Through World Law''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> According to Pat Orvis of the [[Foreign Policy Association]], this path is difficult because it requires ratification by two-thirds of UN members, including all five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]].<ref>Orvis, Pat (29 January 2004). [http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2489/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=United%20Nations%20Reform%20and%20Article%20109 United Nations Reform and Article 109] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609110150/http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2489/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=United%20Nations%20Reform%20and%20Article%20109 }}. [[Foreign Policy Association]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> There have been only five amendments to the UN Charter since 1945, and none of them were done through the Article 109 process.<ref>[[UNHCR]]. [http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/UNcharter.pdf Introductory Note]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102348/http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/UNcharter.pdf }}</ref>

=== Establishing the UNPA as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly ===
The [[World Federalist Movement-Canada]] asserts that the [[UN General Assembly|General Assembly]] has authority to establish the UNPA as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly under [[Article 22 of the UN Charter]].<ref>World Federalists Canada (1996). [http://www.worldfederalistscanada.org/0896unpa.html Canadian Support for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly Under the New Foreign Affairs Minister], Briefing Paper No. 30, [[World Federalists Canada]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229011523/http://www.worldfederalistscanada.org/0896unpa.html}}</ref> [[Erskine Childers (UN)|Erskine Childers]] and [[Brian Urquhart|Sir Brian Urquhart]] endorsed this approach in their 1994 book, ''Renewing the United Nations System''. The Committee for a Democratic UN recommended the establishment of UNPA by Article 22 or a transformation of the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] in its report, ''Developing International Democracy'', authored by [[Andreas Bummel]], co-founder and director of the UNPA campaign.<ref>Bummel, Andreas (May 2005). [http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-paper.pdf Developing International Democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404074214/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-paper.pdf }} (PDF). Committee for a Democratic UN. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> In 2006, the [[Council of Europe]] passed a resolution noting, "A decisive step towards the development of a UN parliamentary dimension could be the establishment of an experimental parliamentary committee with consultative functions for General Assembly committees."<ref>[http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta06/ERES1476.htm Resolution 1476 (2006): Parliamentary dimension of the United Nations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922232323/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta06%2FERES1476.htm }}. [[Council of Europe]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

=== Nongovernmental organization of democratically elected legislators. ===
[[Parliamentarians for Global Action]], however, have suggested a non-governmental organization of democratically elected legislators, which they claim would have the advantage of not requiring the cooperation of (sometimes dictatorial) national governments or world parliamentary organizations with dictatorial members, so only democratic legislators, parliaments and countries would be represented.<ref>[http://www.pgaction.org/membership/eligibility-criteria.html PGA Membership Rules], [[Parliamentarians for Global Action]], 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.pgaction.org/about_memb.asp |title=Parliamentarians for Global Action |access-date=2007-10-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217005351/http://www.pgaction.org/about_memb.asp |archive-date=17 December 2007 }}</ref> Dieter Heinrich critiqued this approach by saying, "If it did succeed on any scale, it would divert resources from pressuring governments on thousands of specific issues, which citizens are good at, into the operation of a pan-global institutional structure, which citizens' groups are ill equipped to do...And the resulting assembly would always be of doubtful legitimacy (who does it really represent?) and of unlikely value as an evolutionary starting point for a real world parliament."<ref name="Heinrich">Heinrich, Dieter (October 1992). [http://www.kdun.org/resources/2010heinrich_en.pdf The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly] (PDF). [[CEUNPA]]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111127051158/http://www.kdun.org/resources/2010heinrich_en.pdf original] on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</ref>

=== Stand-alone treaty ===
Andrew Strauss of the [[One World Trust]], has put forward establishing a new, stand-alone treaty, which he claims would require as few as 20 or 30 economically and geographically diverse countries to establish a UNPA,<ref name="TakingDemocracyGlobal" /><ref>[http://www.parlementmondial.com/en/publication1.htm A World Parliament: How?], [[Committee for a World Parliament]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222943/http://www.parlementmondial.com/en/publication1.htm}}</ref> which could expand as more countries ratified the treaty. Strauss notes that this is the method by which most international bodies, such the [[World Health Organization]], [[International Labour Organization]], and [[International Criminal Court]], were founded.<ref name="TakingDemocracyGlobal">Strauss, Andrew (2007). [http://www.oneworldtrust.org/documents/taking%20democracy%20global.pdf Taking Democracy Global: Assessing the Benefits and Challenges of a Global Parliamentary Assembly] (PDF), [[One World Trust]], 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203191008/http://www.oneworldtrust.org/documents/taking%20democracy%20global.pdf }}</ref> José Enrique Alvarez, Professor of International Law at [[New York University School of Law]] suggests this route would begin via a conference of [[plenipotentiaries]] to draft the treaty which would then need to be [[Ratification|ratified]] by each individual countries.<ref name="Alvarez">Alvarez, Jose E. [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bciclr/25_2/03_TXT.htm The New Treaty Makers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221171658/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bciclr/25_2/03_TXT.htm }}, [[Boston College Law School]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

=== Use and/or transform the Inter-Parliamentary Union ===
The [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) is a body which was granted [[observer status]] in 2002.<ref name="Civicus" /> The IPU's Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliament adopted a resolution stating, "We would greatly welcome more substantive interaction and coordination with the United Nations, and call upon the world body to resort more frequently to the political and technical expertise which the IPU together with its Member Parliaments can provide."<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/strct-e/un.htm Cooperation with the United Nations], [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]], 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Moreover, a 2005 article by IPU Secretary-General [[Anders B. Johnsson]] stated that, "It makes little practical or political sense to set up a separate parliamentary assembly alongside the existing governmental General Assembly."<ref>Johnsson, Anders B. (March 2005) [https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue3/0305p44.html World Conference of Speakers of Parliaments], [[UN Chronicle]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> The [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] has at times supported a reformed IPU as a substitute for a UNPA, saying, "The Union had the necessary experience, and further bureaucracy should be avoided."<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/news-e/19-3.htm Bridging the democracy gap in international relations: A stronger role for parliaments], Second World Conference of Speakers of Parliaments, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 9 September 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Many national parliaments, however, are currently not members of the IPU.<ref>Inter-Parliamentary Union. [http://www.ipu.org/english/membshp.htm Members of the Union]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

== Powers ==
[[File:UN meeting on environment at General Assembly.jpg|thumb|Following the example of many national parliaments, the UN General Assembly would likely function at first as the unelected [[upper house]] of a bicameral UN system.]]
The CUNPA proposes that the UNPA begin as a consultative body whose powers could be augmented as it evolved into a directly elected assembly: "Step by step, it should be provided with genuine rights of information, participation and control vis-à-vis the UN and the organizations of the UN system."<ref>CEUNPA (2006). [http://en.unpacampaign.org/appeal/index.php Appeal for the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations]. [[CEUNPA]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> An article in the ''[[Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal]]'' notes that precedents for this idea include the [[British Parliament]], [[French Estates-General]], [[U.S. Congress]], and the [[European Parliament]], which are all systems in which, over time, power shifted to directly elected officials: "In the past, fledgling democracy has always had to compromise with the realities of power and evolve step-by-step, where possible. This is often accomplished in the form of a 'non-democratic' additional house in the parliamentary structure. Thus, in Britain, the necessity of compromise of the 'common people' with the powers and interests of the armed and titled nobility necessitated a bicameral system incorporating the [[House of Lords]], as well as the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]. The French Estates-General included similar power blocs as 'estates' or functional separate houses, and the United States Senate reflected a necessary compromise of the interests of less populous states hesitant to subject themselves to 'democratic inundation' by the more populous states."<ref name="Asian">Sheppard, Robert (2000). [http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/pdfs/04-sheppard.pdf Towards a U.N. World Parliament: U.N. Reform for the Progressive Evolution of an Elective and Accountable Democratic Parliamentary Process in U.N. Governance in the New Millennium]. Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227110500/http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/pdfs/04-sheppard.pdf }}</ref>

[[World federalism|World federalists]] often point out that a democratic union of peoples, rather than governments, is suggested by the opening words of the [[Preamble to the United Nations Charter]], "We the peoples ..."<ref>Leinen, Jo. (25 June 2005). [http://www.dwfed.org/pp_european_federalist.htm Leading European Federalist Calls for U.N. People's Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726125156/http://www.dwfed.org/pp_european_federalist.htm }}. [[Democratic World Federalists]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> This sentiment was expressed by [[Theo van Boven]], who said, "A more democratic United Nations as envisaged by the campaign for a UN Parliament will strengthen the legitimacy of We the peoples of the United Nations in whose name the UN Charter was proclaimed."<ref name="Selected"/> According to the Committee for a Democratic UN, "The UNPA concept is the first step towards a democratic world parliament".<ref>[http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/projects/unpa/index.php For a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121085530/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/projects/unpa/index.php }}, [[Democracy Without Borders|Committee for a Democratic UN]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> World federalists typically view an empowered democratic assembly as a means of preventing war by providing everyone a peaceful means of pursuing their political objectives.<ref>[http://www.the-new-world-parliament.org/overview/ The Development of Global Governance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091018/http://www.the-new-world-parliament.org/overview/ }}, [[2020 Vision Campaign|2020 Vision]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> [[Walter Cronkite]], for instance, said, "Within the next few years, we must change the basic structure of our global community from the present anarchic system of war and ever more destructive weaponry to a new system governed by a democratic UN federation."<ref>Cronkite, Walter (19 October 1999), speech given upon receiving the [[Norman Cousins]] [[Global Governance]] Award.</ref>

But there is some opposition to the idea of an empowered global parliament. A 2007 [[BBC]] poll of approximately 12,000 respondents asked, "How likely would you be to support a Global Parliament, where votes are based on country population sizes, and the global parliament is able to make binding policies?" Of those polled, 19.1% responded "Very unlikely–it is a bad idea"; 14.9% responded "Quite unlikely–but it might work"; 23.1% said "Quite likely–but with reservations"; and 14.4% said "Very likely–it is a good idea". The poll was broken out by country, and the U.S. and Australia showed the strongest opposition.<ref>[[BBC]] (10 August 2007). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/08_10_07_democracy.pdf In Fact BBC Democracy] (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Potential challenge to the UNPA are political organizations such as the [[U.S. Constitution Party]],<ref>[http://www.constitutionparty.com/party_platform.php#Foreign%20Policy National Sovereignty], [[U.S. Constitution Party]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> and politicians such as [[United States Republican presidential candidates, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential candidate]] [[Ron Paul]], which favour [[withdrawal from the United Nations]] and other multilateral organizations altogether due to [[sovereignty]] concerns.<ref>Paul, Ron (20 March 2003.) [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul82.html Time to Renounce the United Nations?], LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> [[Canadian Action Party]] leader [[Connie Fogal]] also opposes the UNPA, saying, "It is very revealing to see the [[New Democratic Party of Canada|NDP]] and the [[Green Party of Canada|Greens]] as part of and promoting this...Further, the European assembly has proven to be a rubber stamping mechanism of bureaucratic decisions. This is not democracy."<ref>[http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/50196.pdf Campaign for UN People's Assembly is a ruse to impose an unaccountable Oligarchy] (PDF), [[Exchange Magazine]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> In addition, a [[Civicus]] article warns, "With an unexpected backlash against [[civil society]] in the offing (despite the good efforts of the [[UN General Assembly President]], [[Jan Eliasson]], to reverse the trend), citizen participation at the UN is diminishing quickly. It would be safe to assume that Member States as a whole are not in the mood to consider a Parliamentary Assembly at this time."<ref name="Civicus">Garcia-Delgado, Vincente (22 February 2006). [http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/ngo-un/access/2006/0222assembly.htm Charting New Ways of Participation: Is it Time for a Parliamentary Assembly at the UN?], [[Civicus]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

Herbert W. Briggs points out that while a UNPA could be established as a UNGA subsidiary body without any changes to [[international law]], granting it the power to pass binding legislation would require UN Charter amendment or a new treaty. The UNGA plays a role in admitting, suspending and expelling UN members, approving the budget, and electing members to other UN bodies, but its powers as set forth in [[Chapter IV of the UN Charter]] are mostly advisory in nature. These include the power to "discuss," "make recommendations," "consider," "call the attention of the Security Council to situations," "initiate studies," "receive...reports," etc., as well as "establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions." The Charter contains no provision allowing the UNGA to delegate any powers it does not itself possess. And while [[Article 25 of the UN Charter|Article 25]] states, "The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council," there is no requirement that members abide by the recommendations of the UNGA.<ref>Briggs, Herbert W. (1947). "The United Nations and International Legislation". ''The American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 41, No. 2 (Apr. 1947), pp. 433–35.</ref> On the other hand, Article 13(1)(a) of the Charter tasks the UNGA with "encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification."

According to [[Oscar Schachter]], there is some question as to whether the traditional international lawmaking process of state-by-state treaty ratification is adequate today: "The traditional case-by-case process of [[customary law]] cannot meet the necessity for common action to deal with the numerous problems raised by technological developments, demographic and environmental impacts, changing attitudes as to social justice, or the many requirements of international business. While all of these matters can be dealt with by multilateral treaties, the treaty processes are often complicated and slow, whereas UN resolutions can be more readily attained."<ref>Schachter, Oscar. "The UN Legal Order: An Overview", ''The United Nations and International Law'', Joyner, Christopher C. (ed.)</ref> The [[Law of the Sea]] is an example of an agreement that has been ratified by the majority of the world's countries for decades and still has not been passed in the U.S. (although the [[Cato Institute]] views the delay as a good thing).<ref>Bandow, Doug (2004). "[http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=2567 Sink the Law of the Sea Treaty]", ''Weekly Standard'', week of 15 March 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> [[George Monbiot]] argues, "The absence of an international legislature undermines the authority of an international judiciary (such as the proposed criminal court). Judges presiding over the war-crimes tribunals at [[the Hague]] and in [[Arusha]] have been forced, in effect, to make up the law as they go along."<ref>Monbiot, George (February 2002). "[http://www.newint.org/issue342/planet.htm A Parliament for the Planet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181653/http://www.newint.org/issue342/planet.htm }}". ''[[New Internationalist]]''. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

Proposals to give the UNGA legislative power–including the "[[binding triad]]" idea which would have made UNGA resolutions binding if passed by countries constituting a supermajority of the world's states, population, and economic production–have made little headway.<ref>The Center for War/Peace Studies. [http://www.cwps.org/bt.html The Binding Triad System for Global Decision-Making] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204045915/http://cwps.org/bt.html }}. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> According to Heinrich, once the UNPA is established, it will be easier to gather support for empowering it. The assembly's own members can be expected to play a major role in pushing for its evolution by seeking a UN Charter amendment to make it a "principal organ" in parallel with the General Assembly. With their political know-how, their access to the highest levels of their national governments, and their credibility with the
world public and the media, the politicians in the UN Parliamentary Assembly can be expected to become a strong and persistent political force for organizing the assembly's eventual transformation.<ref name="Heinrich"/>

== Legitimacy and accountability ==
Proponents claim that one of the main purposes for the creation of a UNPA is enhancing UN accountability and legitimacy. The [[United Nations System]] spent more than [[USD|$]]1.8 billion of public money in 2005<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/reg-budget/asses05.htm Regular Budget Assessment & Payments: 2005], [[Global Policy Forum]], 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> and its own auditors have pointed out that it lacks adequate internal controls to protect against waste, fraud and mismanagement.<ref>United Nations (22 February 2006.) [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8645.doc.htm Peacekeeping procurement audit found mismanagement, risk of financial loss]. [[United Nations Department of Public Information]], New York. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Strauss asserts that by holding hearings, issuing reports, and passing resolutions, the UNPA could exercise oversight over other UN bodies.<ref name="TakingDemocracyGlobal"/> In a September 2007 press release, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Graham Watson]] expressed his hope that "in an era where the UN's mandate has grown exponentially the UNPA would act as a watch-dog on its activities, monitoring its decision-making deadlines, its accountability and transparency".<ref name="CrossPartyCoalition"/> London Mayor [[Ken Livingstone]] promised that, "a more democratic United Nations as envisaged by this campaign will strengthen the accountability and legitimacy of the UN."<ref name="Selected">Livingstone, Ken & van Boven, Theo. [http://www.kdun.org/testimonials/ Selected testimonies about KDUN and its projects] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219102814/http://www.kdun.org/testimonials/ }}, [[CEUNPA]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> The Pan African Parliament's resolution mirrored this sentiment: "If democratization is a major means to legitimize and improve national governance, it is also the most reliable way to legitimize and improve international organization, making it more open and responsive by increasing participation."<ref name="PanAfrican"/>

Former [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senator]] [[Douglas Roche]], [[Order of Canada|O.C.]], argues in his book ''The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly'' that an indirectly elected UNPA consisting of delegates appointed by national parliaments creates additional [[checks and balances]] by providing for oversight by a parliamentary body that would be independent of member nations' executive branches. It would open up the global policymaking process to a larger group of elected officials by shifting some power from the relatively small executive branches of countries to the larger legislative branches. According to Roche, [[globalization]] has tended to increase the power of the [[executive branch]] while marginalizing the [[legislative branch]]; for instance, [[U.S. President]]s since [[George H. W. Bush]] have been given [[wikt:fast track|fast track]] authority to negotiate trade agreements, subject to a "yea or nay" scrutiny by the [[U.S. Congress]] on the negotiated deal.<ref name="RocheCase">Roche, Douglas (May 2003). [http://www.wfm.org/site/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=130 The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221212700/http://www.wfm.org/site/index.php?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=130 }} (PDF). [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> A [[Property and Environment Research Center]] report argues that changes in the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] are another example of how [[international regulation]] removes checks and balances between the branches of government: "The OECD was created by a [[Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|1961 treaty]], ratified by the U.S. Senate, to help achieve economic growth. In April 1998, a ministerial meeting reinterpreted the treaty, adding social and environmental considerations to the economic ones. The United States executive branch agreed to the changes, but the Senate had no opportunity to debate this treaty, even though it was significantly different from the 1961 treaty. The executive branch had essentially negotiated a new deal without Senate approval."<ref>Anderson, Terry L. & Grewell, J. Bishop (2000). [http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps20.pdf The Greening of Foreign Policy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009130023/http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps20.pdf }}. Policy Study No. 20. [[Property and Environment Research Center]].</ref> World Federalist Canada Briefing Paper No. 30, however, suggests that UNPA proposals may spark opposition from the executive branches that stand to lose power: "Experience has shown that civil servants and diplomats working in national foreign ministries are less likely to support or see the need for a UNPA. They view the UN as a forum for discussion among sovereign states; whatever action the UN takes is a result of bargaining and compromise among member states".<ref>[http://www.worldfederalistscanada.org/0896unpa.html Canadian Support for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly Under the New Foreign Affairs Minister], Briefing Paper No. 30, ''World Federalists Canada'', February 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229011523/http://www.worldfederalistscanada.org/0896unpa.html }}</ref>

[[File:Tiananmen Square Visit.jpg|thumb|The composition of the Chinese [[National People's Congress]] (seated at the [[Great Hall of the People]], shown here) is controlled by the ruling [[Chinese Communist Party]].]]A significant practical obstacle to a completely democratically elected and representative UNPA is that, in contrast to the situation in which the European Parliament functions, a significant number of UN members, including populous countries such as China are not electoral democracies.<ref>Freedom House (2007). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007 Map of Freedom 2007], [[Freedom House]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> In the past, bodies such as the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] were criticized for being dominated by abusive regimes.<ref>Buhrer, Jean-Claude (July 2003). [http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=7620 UN Commission on Human rights loses all credibility: Wheeling and dealing, incompetence and "non-action". Reporters Without Borders calls for drastic overhaul of how the commission works] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034044/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=7620 }}. [[Reporters Without Borders]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> If UNPA representatives were to be drawn from member nations' parliaments, it could create legitimacy concerns since some national legislatures are regarded as a [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] for the rulers' decrees.<ref>Associated Press (12 April 2007.) [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,265455,00.html North Korea's Rubber-Stamp Legislature Replaces Prime Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321084300/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,265455,00.html }}. [[Fox News]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Some global parliament proponents, such as Prof. [[Lucio Levi]], propose starting a federation limited to democracies: "Though the democratization of states all over the world hasn’t been completed, this does not preclude starting the democratization of the UN. Six Western European countries founded the European Community, starting its democratization without waiting for the democratization of the institutions of all the European states."<ref>Levi, Lucio (September 2001). [http://www.dwfed.org/pp_levi.htm Globalization, International Democracy, and a World Parliament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816003509/http://www.dwfed.org/pp_levi.htm }}. [[Democratic World Federalists]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> UNA-USA's Jeff Laurenti notes the problems associated with excluding undemocratic countries from membership: "It is one thing to deny membership to a few small "rogue" dictatorships. It is quite another to exclude China, the vast majority of Arab countries, and two-thirds of Africa, and imagine that the resulting body can have a formal consultative or oversight role with United Nations agencies, be part of UN-sponsored negotiations on multilateral conventions (the real work of international legislating), or pass on the resolutions of UN political bodies."<ref name="Laurenti"/>

UNPA proponents frequently counter by pointing out that most of the world's countries are democratic.<ref name="RocheCase"/>

== Funding ==
Heinrich argues, "It is essential that the salary and travel costs of UN parliamentarians should be paid by the institution of the UN Parliamentary Assembly from its own budget (which would be part of the UN budget), and not by the national governments individually. This is both to assure the independence of the UNPA politicians in their service to the UN and to assure equality of participation."<ref name="Heinrich"/> [[Chapter IV of the UN Charter#Article 17|Article 17 of the UN Charter]] stipulates, "The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly." Thus, unless funded by private donors (as the land for [[UN headquarters]] was in 1946),<ref>A View on Cities (2007). [http://www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/unitednations.htm United Nations Headquarters]. [[A View on Cities]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> presumably the UNPA would be funded like the rest of the UN system, with larger economies such as the U.S. paying larger shares of the contributions. This disparity might be offset by weighting members' votes according to their [[gross national product]] or their contributions to the UN system.<ref name="Asian"/> A ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' article notes, "Another point of opposition would involve the notion of adding bureaucracy and complexity to the UN. Estimated cost of the new outfit runs $140 million to $280 million a year."<ref>Yaffe, Barbara (16 October 2007). [http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=fd9e2e32-f51b-47f5-a795-a03903503773&p=2 Sharing UN power with the people is a timely idea, but won't happen easily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110100024/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=fd9e2e32-f51b-47f5-a795-a03903503773&p=2 }}, ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

A 1993 [[Parliamentarians for Global Action]] survey showed that a strong majority of parliamentary respondents thought that the public would support the idea of a UN Parliamentary Assembly, but they were less sure the public would be prepared to finance it. The analysis pointed out, "The possibility of a greater financial burden to support an enlarged UN is unlikely to evoke support unless it can be demonstrated that the return on investment is significant. Citizens are often known to express lofty globalist sentiments when questioned on general principles, and to surrender them when costs or trade offs are concerned."<ref>[http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/a-united-nations-parliamentary-assembly-0 A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly: Analysis and Parliamentarian Opinion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221122653/http://www.radioradicale.it/exagora/a-united-nations-parliamentary-assembly-0 }}, [[Radio Radicale]], September 1993. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> A 1995 [[United Nations University]] report claimed, "it is difficult to see how the Parliamentary Assembly would be able to pay for the salaries and travel of what could be over 1,000 representatives; this proposal could increase the duplication and waste that already exist within multilateral bodies."<ref>Knight, Andy W. (1995). [http://www.unu.edu/unupress/un21-report.html Envisioning the United Nations in the Twenty-first Century]. [[United Nations University]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

== Direct election vs. appointment by national parliaments ==
A UNPA might begin as an [[inter-parliamentary institution]]–an assembly of parliamentarians from their respective countries' legislatures–and then change to a directly elected body. This would be similar to the evolution of the European Parliament. Beginning with the European Common Assembly's founding in 1952, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] were appointed by each of the Member States' national parliaments; in 1979, direct election was instituted.<ref>Lehmann, Wilhelm (January 2007). [http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/1_3_1_en.htm The European Parliament: historical background] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220022921/http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/1_3_1_en.htm }}, [[Europarl]], January 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Canadian diplomat and politician [[Douglas Roche]], in his book ''The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly'', analyses the tradeoffs between the two choices.<ref name="RocheCase" /> Roche explains that a UNPA based on existing parliamentarians may be easier to establish, because it avoids several hurdles, such as decisions on electoral cycles, a universally acceptable electoral body, legitimacy of elections, and so on: "A body comprising national parliamentarians has the 'stamp of approval' built-in. National parliamentarians can claim electoral legitimacy in their own right. Admittedly, the credibility of domestic franchised can be called into question, but the trend toward democracy has been strengthening rapidly."<ref name="RocheCase" />

National parliamentarians also generally have staff and money, which could ease the funding issues associated with forming a new world parliamentary assembly. Delegates to a directly elected UNPA, on the other hand, would have more time to devote to the global assembly, since its members would not be occupied with duties relating to their membership in their national legislature.<ref name=RocheCase/> Heinrich points out strategic advantages of an indirectly elected UNPA: "Another advantage to basing representation in a UN Parliamentary Assembly on national parliaments is that it may engage parliamentarians as allies in the cause of getting the assembly established, and, later, helping to build the political will for its evolution. The experience of being a UN parliamentarian will galvanize many of these politicians into going home as advocates for the UN, including the need for strengthening and democratizing the UN Parliamentary Assembly itself."<ref name="Heinrich"/>

Heinrich also notes the possibility that national parliaments could appoint citizen representatives to the UNPA, similarly to how the [[U.S. Electoral College]] officially selects the president. This would be a stopgap solution until direct election became possible. Yet it would still ensure that citizens would be electing citizens (albeit indirectly), rather than the executive appointing officials, to the UNPA.<ref name="Heinrich"/>

== Apportionment of votes ==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 20px; margin-top: 5px; text-align:right;"
|- bgcolor="#ececec" valign=top
|align=left |'''System'''
|align=center|'''Brazil'''
|align=center|'''Indon.'''
|align=center|'''U.S.'''
|align=center|'''India'''
|align=center|'''China'''
|----
|align=left|[[Schwartzberg's weighted voting]]
|1.91%
|1.38%
|9.07%
|5.96%
|7.67%
|----
|align=left|Provisional People's Assembly method
|2.22% 
|{{efn-lr|Due to "Partially free" status.}}1.71% 
|6.15% 
|5.64% 
|{{efn-lr|Due to "Not free" status.}}3.25% 
|----
|align=left|One person, one vote
|2.78% 
|3.50% 
|4.36% 
|17.35% 
|18.58% 
|----
|align=left|[[Penrose method]]
|1.84%
|2.05%
|2.34%
|4.60%
|4.89%
|----
|align=left|Weighting by [[nominal GDP]] 
|3.04%
|1.15%
|22.45%
|2.65%
|13.40%
|----
|align=left|One state, one vote
|{{0}}0.52%
|{{0}}0.52%
|{{0}}0.52%
|{{0}}0.52%
|{{0}}0.52%
|----
|}
[[File:UNPA Allocation.png|right|515px|thumb|Proportion of the total vote allocated to 5 countries under different voting systems]]
A global parliamentary assembly could be structured to give populous states greater influence. The [[one state, one vote]] rule of the UN General Assembly gives small states a disproportionate amount of influence over the UN system in respect to their population. In ''Entitlement quotients as a vehicle for United Nations reform'', [[University of Minnesota]] professor emeritus [[Joseph E. Schwartzberg]] notes, "The sixty-four least populous members–enough to block a two-thirds majority vote–comprise less than one percent of the world's total population, and in theory, the 127 least populous members, accounting for barely eight percent of humanity, are enough to provide the two-thirds majority needed to pass a substantive resolution."<ref>Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1 January 2003). [http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-2566894_ITM Entitlement quotients as a vehicle for United Nations reform.(reforming United Nations so it can better fulfill its mission)], Global Governance. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> He continues this point in his essay, ''Overcoming Practical Difficulties in Creating a World Parliamentary Assembly'':<ref>Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (May 2003). Overcoming Practical Difficulties in Creating a World Parliamentary Assembly. [http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-reader-2003.pdf A Reader on Second Assembly & Parliamentary Proposals] (PDF). Mendlovitz, Saul H. & Walker, Barbara. (Ed.) Center for UN Reform Education. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201140454/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-reader-2003.pdf }}</ref>
{{cquote|the disparities in populations among members of the UN are so much greater than those of units represented in any national legislature as to make a second house analogous to the [[US Senate]] an impractical recommendation. To comprehend this point, note that [[California]], the most populous state in the United States, has 69 times the population of [[Wyoming]] the least populous state, whereas [the People's Republic of China], the most populous member of the UN, has more than 100,000 times the population of [[Nauru]] or [[Tuvalu]], the two least populous members (each with barely more 10,000 inhabitants). While California has 52 seats in the [[US House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], compared to Wyoming’s one, both have two seats in the Senate. But who would argue that Nauru should have as much power ... as China?}}

There are several alternate proposals for apportionment of votes among member nations:

[[Schwartzberg's weighted voting]] formula takes into account population (the democratic/demographic principle), contribution to the UN budget (the economic principle), and share of the total membership. The idea of weighting countries' votes according to their financial contribution to the organization is not unprecedented, as the [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]] and other [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods]] institutions use this method.<ref>World Bank (2007). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/wbgroupbrochure-en07.pdf Who Runs the World Bank?]. World Bank Group: Working for a World Free of Poverty. [[World Bank]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

The [[Provisional People's Assembly]]'s methodology gives each nation Population Seats based on a calculation that combines the [[Penrose method]], which takes the [[square root]] of the millions of inhabitants of each country, Economic Seats equal to its portion of the world's total [[gross domestic product]], and classification as Free, Partially Free, or Unfree by [[Freedom House]].<ref>[http://www.peoplesassembly.org/pa1/Main.aspx?doc=Methodology Methodology for Calculating Seats], [[Provisional People's Assembly]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006091210/http://www.peoplesassembly.org/pa1/Main.aspx?doc=Methodology}}</ref>

Under [[one person, one vote]], each country's number of votes is directly proportional to its population. This would be similar to how [[U.S. state]]s are represented in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. In ''The Future of Sovereignty – Rethinking a Key Concept of International Relations'', Hasenclever et al. sum up the advantages and disadvantages of this system: "In a strict meaning of democracy based on individuals as subjects, every person's vote would have to have exactly the same weight. None of the known proposals, however, supports such a strict interpretation, because the inequality among the states' voting powers would be extreme with only four countries [sic] – China, India, the United States and the former USSR – disposing of an absolute majority."<ref>Hasenclever, Andreas; Mayer, Peter; Rittberger, Volker; Schimmelfennig, Frank; & Schrade, Christina (1996). [https://uni-tuebingen.de/uni/spi/taps/tap26.htm The Future of Sovereignty – Rethinking a Key Concept of International Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220201251/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/spi/taps/tap26.htm }}. [[University of Tübingen]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref>

== Election standards ==
A directly elected UNPA might have common election standards if it follows the example of European Parliament (EP). The [[Elections in the European Union|European Parliament has adopted]] certain minimum requirements, such as [[proportional representation]], that each member country must abide by to be represented.<ref>Lehmann, Wilhelm (January 2007). [http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/1_3_4_en.htm 1.3.4. The European Parliament: electoral procedures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220022939/http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/1_3_4_en.htm }}, [[Europa (web portal)]]. Retrieved 7 December 2007.</ref> Schwartzberg proposes a professional [[Election management body|election commission]] "to ensure that assembly elections are carried out, to the maximum extent, on a level playing field".<ref>Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2003) [http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-reader-2003.pdf Overcoming Practical Difficulties in Creating a WPA] (PDF). A Reader on Second Assembly & Parliamentary Proposals, Center for UN Reform Education. Retrieved 7 December 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201140454/http://www.uno-komitee.de/en/documents/unpa-reader-2003.pdf }}</ref> Under Schwartzberg's proposal, the commission would have several powers, including the authority to establish rules of fairness, determine in advance whether fairness criteria were being met, and foreclose polling where those criteria were not met. He proposes criteria that an election must meet to be considered valid, such as minimum participation rates that initially could be set as low as 20%, and gradually increased.

== See also ==
* [[Community of Democracies]]
* [[Global citizenship]]
* [[Global governance]]
* [[Cosmopolitan democracy]]
* [[Supranational union]]
* [[List of countries by population]]
* [[List of indices of freedom]]
* [[Reform of the United Nations]]
* [[World Federalism]]
* [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy]]

== References ==
{{notelist-lr}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.unpacampaign.org/ Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly]
* Andreas Bummel. (2016). "Toward Global Political Integration: Time for a World Parliamentary Assembly." [https://greattransition.org/publication/toward-global-political-integration Great Transition Initiative].

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[[Category:United Nations Parliamentary Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Supranational unions]]
[[Category:World government]]
[[Category:Public policy proposals]]