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Ashwath Marimuthu

2026-05-03T23:10:08Z

ArtyCraftz: created article...

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Indian name|Ashwath|Marimuthu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwath Marimuthu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[SSN College of Engineering]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssn.edu.in/information-technology-department/alumni/ |title=Notable Alumni of the IT Department |publisher=[[SSN College of Engineering]] |accessdate=25 March 2025}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Ashwath Marimuthu''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the 2020 film ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''. His second Tamil film ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' was released in 2025, and became the second highest-grossing Tamil film of the year.

== Career ==
Ashwath Marimuthu made his directorial debut with the Tamil film [[Oh My Kadavule]] in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Ashwath Marimuthu clarifies if his film with Pradeep Ranganathan was supposed to star Silambarasan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ashwath-marimuthu-clarifies-if-his-film-with-pradeep-ranganathan-was-supposed-to-star-silambarasan-101712916413855.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Starring Ashok Selvan and Rithika Singh, the film was praised for its fresh and innovative storyline.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oh My Kadavule Movie Review: It is this sensitivity that makes Oh My Kadavule refreshing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oh-my-kadavule/movie-review/74104692.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following its success, Ashwath remade the film in Telugu as [[Ori Devuda]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, he announced his next film, ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'', with director-actor [[Pradeep Ranganathan]] in the lead role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-05 |title=Pradeep Ranganathan's next with Ashwath Marimuthu titled 'Dragon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pradeep-ranganathans-next-with-ashwath-marimuthu-titled-dragon/articleshow/109859721.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ashwath and Pradeep share a close friendship that spans over a decade.<ref name=":0" /> Released in 2025, Dragon received widespread critical acclaim and briefly emerged the [[List of Tamil films of 2025|highest-grossing Tamil film of the year]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Ashwath is currently working on his third Tamil feature film, which stars actor [[Silambarasan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/str-49-silambarasan-tr-teams-up-with-ags-entertainment-and-ashwath-marimuthu/article68782159.ece |title='STR 49': Silambarasan TR teams up with AGS Entertainment and Ashwath Marimuthu |date=22 October 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Filmmaking style==
Ashwath Marimuthu has cited ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946) directed by [[Frank Capra]] as a major influence on his approach to storytelling. In a 2025 interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'', he stated that he aims to incorporate the film’s uplifting and inspirational themes into his own work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/ashwath-marimuthu-talks-about-the-high-stakes-of-dragon |title=Director Ashwath Marimuthu Talks About the High Stakes of 'Dragon' |date=20 February 2025 |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |author=Vishal Menon}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Notes
!scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope=row|2020
|''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope=row|2022
|''[[Ori Devuda]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu film]]; remake of ''Oh My Kadavule''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-10-12 |title=Why Venkatesh was godsent for 'Ori Devuda's director Ashwath Marimuthu, whose romance drama stars Vishwak Sen and Mithila Palkar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-venkatesh-was-godsent-for-ori-devudas-director-ashwath-marimuthu/article65992236.ece |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|2025
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|Cameo appearance
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of awards received by Ashwath Marimuthu
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Film
!Category
!Result
|-
|2020
|[[20th Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Director {{Emdash}} Tamil
|''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=11065997}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marimuthu, Ashwath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sudheer Varma (actor)

2026-04-29T23:46:59Z

ArtyCraftz: adding data.

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film actor (1989–2023)}}
{{for|the director|Sudheer Varma}}{{Infobox person
| death_date = 23 January 2023 (aged 34)
| years_active = 2012–2020
}}
'''Sudheer Varma''' (died 23 January 2023) was an Indian Telugu actor who starred in films such as ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' (2013) and ''[[Kundanapu Bomma]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-01-23 |title=Telugu actor Sudheer Varma dies by suicide |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/telugu-actor-sudheer-varma-dies-by-suicide/na20230123215236200200175 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Neeku Naaku Dash Dash]]'' || Nagendra || || rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sudheer Varma's dream comes true {{!}} Telugu Movie News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sudheer-varmas-dream-comes-true/articleshow/46162110.cms | access-date=2025-09-21 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' || Santosh ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Poga'' || Venky ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kundanapu Bomma]]'' || Vasu || Lead
|-
| 2019 || ''Lots of Love (LOL)'' || Srinivas Raju || [[MX Player]] series ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shootout at Alair]]'' || || [[ZEE5]] series ||<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sudheer: Sudheer Varma Kalidindi death news: Tollywood actor Sudheer Varma Kalidindi dies by suicide at 34 {{!}} Visakhapatnam News - The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/actor-sudheer-varma-dies-by-suicide-at-34/articleshow/97266479.cms | access-date=2025-09-21 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:2023 suicides]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Sudheer}}{{India-actor-stub}}

Sinchana D. Gowda

2026-04-27T00:38:30Z

ArtyCraftz: adding info.

{{short description|Indian surfer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sinchana D. Gowda
| image = ಸಿಂಚನ ಡಿ ಗೌಡ.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education =
| occupation = [[Surfing]]
| employer =
| known_for = Second International surfing champion.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Sep 27, 2014|title=Puttur girls shine at international surfing championship |newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/puttur-girls-shine-at-international-surfing-championship/articleshow/43605323.cms|access-date=2021-03-28 |language=en}}</ref>
| height = 5' 8"
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sinchana D. Gowda''' Known as '''Sinchana Gowda''' is an Indian surfer. She won the second position in the international surfing championship held in Chennai in 2014.<ref name="auto"/> Sinchana is one of the top-seeded women surfers of India.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=May 26, 2016|title=Mangaluru to host inaugural surfing event |newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangaluru-to-host-inaugural-surfing-event/articleshow/52453173.cms|access-date=2021-03-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jaideep Shenoy|date=May 27, 2016|title=Three-day India Open of Surfing at Sasihithlu beach starts today |newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/three-day-india-open-of-surfing-at-sasihithlu-beach-starts-today/articleshow/52458855.cms|access-date=2021-03-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ride The Waves: Attend The Covelong Surf Festival In Chennai This Weekend|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/68954/chennai-all-set-to-host-the-6thedition-of-the-covelong-point-surfmusicyoga-festival|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.outlookindia.com|date=23 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-10|title=Mangaluru to host Indian Open of Surfing season-II|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/mangaluru-to-host-indian-open-of-surfing-season-ii-1494412977.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covelong Point Surfing festival in Chennai from tomorrow|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/aug/22/covelong-point-surfing-festival-in-chennai-from-tomorrow-2022809.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-28|title=Indian Open of Surfing: Chennai surfers dominate Day 2|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/613952/indian-open-surfing-chennai-surfers.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Her love to ride on the waves is eternal and nothing stops her from chasing the waters. |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/this-surfing-kid-will-make-it-big-can-one-extend-financial-support-to-fulfill-her-dreamreach |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=BookOfAchievers |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ಮಂಗಳೂರು |first=ಐಸಾಕ್ ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ |date=2016-08-08 |script-title=kn:ಸಮುದ್ರವಿಲ್ಲದ ಊರಿನ ಹುಡುಗಿಯ ಅದ್ಭುತ ಸರ್ಫಿಂಗ್ ಸಾಧನೆ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/mangaluru/meet-sinchana-v-gowda-one-of-the-rising-young-surfer-from-puttur-105862.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=Oneindia |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2, 2016 |author=Deepthi Sanjiv |title=Funds flow in for surfing champ's new race board |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/funds-flow-in-for-surfing-champs-new-race-board/articleshow/55190646.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sportskeeda.com/surfing/chennai-surfers-dominate-day-two-of-the-indian-open-of-surfing-2017 Chennai surfers dominate day two of the Indian Open of Surfing 2017]
* [https://www.hometownlife.com/story/sports/2019/08/07/canton-roller-skating-club-brings-home-seven-medals-nationals/1933127001/ Skatin' Station Roller Skating Club brings home seven medals at national competition]
* [https://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/18578/sinchana-gowda Wor]{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Sinchana D.}} [[Category:Indian surfers]] [[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]] [[Category:Female surfers]] [https://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/18578/sinchana-gowda ld Surf League]

{{Authority control}}

{{Surfing-bio-stub}}
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Madan Lokur

2026-04-23T04:40:50Z

ArtyCraftz: creating new article with sources!

{{Short description|Indian jurist (born 1953)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Bhimrao Lokur
| image = The Judge, Supreme Court of India, Justice Madan B. Lokur delivering the valedictory address, at the 35th National Symposium of Heads of Police Training Institutions, in New Delhi on March 24, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Lokur in 2017
| office = Chairman, UN Internal Justice Council
| term_start = 19 December 2024
| term_end =
| appointer = [[António Guterres]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2012
| term_end1 = 30 December 2018
| nominator1 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 15 November 2011
| term_end2 = 3 June 2012
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| office3 = Chief Justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator3 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| term_start3 = 24 June 2010
| term_end3 = 14 November 2011
| office4 = Judge of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start4 = 19 February 1999
| term_end4 = 23 June 2010
| appointer4 = [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan]]
| nominator4 = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| office5 = [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]
| term_start5 = 14 July 1998
| appointer5 = [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan]]
| term_end5 = 18 February 1999
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1953|12|31}}
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
}}
'''Madan Bhimarao Lokur''' (born 31 December 1953) is an Indian jurist. He is Chairperson, United Nations Internal Justice Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-22 |title=Former Supreme Court judge Madan Lokur to chair UN Internal Justice Council |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-supreme-court-judge-madan-lokur-to-chair-un-internal-justice-council-9738320// |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is also a former chief justice of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] and [[Gauhati High Court]] and judge of the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/justice-madan-lokur-made-non-resident-judge-of-fiji-supreme-court-1526761-2019-05-16|title=Justice Madan Lokur made non–resident judge of Fiji Supreme Court|last=Menon|first=Amarnath K.|date=16 May 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-supreme-court-judge-madan-lokur-sworn-in-as-a-judge-of-fiji-sc/articleshow/70649404.cms|title=Ex-Supreme Court judge Madan Lokur sworn in as a judge of Fiji SC|date=2019-08-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>

== Education ==
Lokur was educated at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School, New Delhi]]. He later attended [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]] for his [[International Standard Classification of Education|ISC]] examinations. For his university studies, Lokur graduated in history from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]] [[Honours degree|with honours]]. He obtained his law degree from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/mblokur.htm|title=Home | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA}}</ref>

==Judgeship==
Lokur was appointed as an additional judge of the Delhi High Court on 19 February 1999, and as a permanent judge on 5 July 1999.

He also functioned as the acting chief justice of the Delhi High Court from 13 February 2010 to 21 May 2010 before being transferred as the chief justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]] from 24 June 2010 to 14 November 2011 and [[High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad]] from 15 November 2011 to 3 June 2012.

He was elevated as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 4 June 2012.<ref name="Justice Lokur's profile at Supreme Court Website">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Madan B. Lokur |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/mblokur.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117214127/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/mblokur.htm |archivedate=17 January 2013 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> He retired as the senior most judge of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 30 December 2018. He is now{{when|date=May 2023}} a judge of the non-resident panel of the Supreme Court of Fiji, and the first former Indian judge to become a judge of a foreign country.

== Notable judgements and decisions ==

=== Minority sub-quota ===
{{Main|Reservation in India}}

In May 2012, [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] Divisional Bench consisting of Chief Justice Madan Lokur and Justice [[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]] struck down the government of India's decision to allocate 4.5% sub-quota (within the 27% [[Other Backward Classes]] quota) for [[minorities]]. The bench held that the sub-quota was based on religion and not on any other intelligible consideration.<ref name="Andhra Pradesh High Court rejects Centre's 4.5% minority sub-quota">{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh High Court rejects Centre's 4.5% minority sub-quota|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/news/31888176_1_muslims-in-educational-institutions-obc-quota-andhra-hc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418224317/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/news/31888176_1_muslims-in-educational-institutions-obc-quota-andhra-hc|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|accessdate=21 February 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Andhra HC strikes down minorities sub-quota">{{cite news|title=Andhra HC strikes down minorities sub-quota|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3464784.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> The court criticised the decision by saying, ''"In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government."''<ref name="HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities">{{cite news | url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946 | title=HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities | date=28 May 2012 | accessdate=28 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529034931/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=763946 | archivedate=29 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Illegal mining scam ===
{{Main|Mining scam in India}}

As the Chief Justice of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], Lokur suspended Special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Judge T Pattabhirama Rao and ordered his prosecution in a [[Mining scam in India|Mining scam case]] relating to the Reddy brothers. The complaint against the judge was that he granted bail to [[G. Janardhana Reddy]] after receiving a bribe.<ref name="Justice Lokur elevated to Supreme Court">{{cite news|title=Justice Lokur elevated to Supreme Court|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/justice-lokur-sworn-in-as-supreme-court-judge_779668.html|accessdate=21 February 2013|newspaper=Zee news|date=4 June 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokur, Madan}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]

Badakere

2026-04-21T12:19:48Z

ArtyCraftz: created new stub

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badakere
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|44|27|N|74|38|55|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,711
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Badakere''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]], India. As of 2011, Badakere has a total population of 1,711 people consisting of 974 male and 156 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 370.96 hecatres with a population density of 4.612 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 69.84% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2011, Badakere has an employment rate of over 31.09%, 87.97% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

In 2019, the Badalkere village was affected by the 2019 Karnataka floods leading to a significant damage to life and property<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=Karnataka rains: House inundated, residents wade in water{{!}} Video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-rains-house-inundated-due-to-heavy-rain-in-udupi-video-101657295788446.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Assam Legislature

2026-04-19T16:28:02Z

ArtyCraftz: created new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Update|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox legislature
| name = Assam Legislature
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| legislature = [[15th Assam Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Assam|Governor of Assam]]
| leader1 = [[Lakshman Prasad Acharya]]
| party1 =
| election1 = 30 July 2024
| leader2_type = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the house]]
| leader2 = [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|21 May 2021]]
| leader3_type = [[Speaker (politics)|Deputy Speaker of the house]]
| leader3 = [[Numal Momin]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|21 May 2021]]
| leader4_type = Leader of the house [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| leader4 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|10 May 2021]]
| leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election5 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|20 May 2021]]
|leader6_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition
|leader6 = Vacant
|party6 =
|election6 = 11 June 2024
| members = '''126'''
| structure1 = File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 2025.svg
|structure1_res = 300
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Assam|Government]] (82) [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (82)''' 
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (63)
*{{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|8}}
*{{Color box|#F3ED13}} [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]] (7)
*{{Color box|#FF6600}} [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]] (3)<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2022|title=BPF to be part of BJP, other ruling parties in Assam assembly, says Himanta Biswa Sarma|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bpf-to-be-part-of-bjp-other-ruling-parties-in-assam-assembly-says-himanta-biswa-sarma-101642943221768.html|access-date=23 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
*{{Color box|#CDCDCD}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2022|title=Assam Congress MLA Sashi Kanta Das who extended support to BJP suspended
|access-date=7 April 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-congress-mla-sashi-kanta-das-who-extended-support-to-bjp-suspended-101641010555121.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Official Opposition]] (27)''' 
'''[[United Opposition Forum|UOF]] (27)'''
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (25)
*{{color box|#FF0000}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)<ref name ="grand alliance">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-congress-initiates-grand-alliance-move-against-bjp-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/article66606515.ece|title = Assam Congress initiates grand alliance move against BJP for 2024 Lok Sabha polls|access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>
*{{Color box|Brown}} [[Raijor Dal|RD]] (1)<ref name="grand alliance"/>
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Other opposition]] (17)'''
*{{Color box|#0A8612}} [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]] (15)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-30|title='AIUDF no longer part of grand alliance': Assam Congress decides ahead of bypolls in state|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/aiudf-no-longer-part-of-grand-alliance-assam-congress-decides-ahead-of-bypolls-in-state-101630340386778.html|access-date=2022-10-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
*{{Color box|#CDCDCD}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|27 March to 6 April 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| session_room = File:Assam Legislative Assembly complex with New Assembly Hall.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Assam Legislative Assembly complex, [[Dispur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]] - 781006.
| website = [https://assambidhansabha.org/ www.assambidhansabha.org]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1937|4|7|p=1|br=1}}<ref>{{cite news|title=A Brief Historical Profile of Assam Legislative Assembly|url=https://assambidhansabha.org/about|access-date=1 April 2022|work=assambidhansabha.org|language=en}}</ref>
}}The '''Assam Legislature''' is the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Assam]]. The Legislature is composed of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] and [[List of governors of Assam|the state's governor]].

It was the unicameral legislature from 1913 to 1935 and then the upper house of the bicameral legislature from 1935 to 1947, when it was disbanded by the [[India]] (Provincial Legislatures) Order, 1947, and the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] became unicameral.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |year=2004 |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |publisher=[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Secretariat]] |pages=207–208 |isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>

On 14 July 2013, [[Assam]] Legislative Assembly passed a resolution for the creation of Legislative Council in the state of Assam with 42 members. The Assam Legislative Council Bill, 2013 was introduced in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 3 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-19 |title=State government mulls creation of Legislative Council of Assam Legislative Assembly - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/top-headlines/state-government-mulls-creation-of-legislative-council-of-assam-legislative-assembly/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Elections in Assam]]
*[[Government of Assam]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:Unicameral legislatures of country subdivisions]]
[[Category:Government of Assam|Legislature]]
[[Category:State legislatures of India]]

{{Assam-stub}}

Enagi Nataraj

2026-04-19T09:18:08Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{Short description|Indian actor }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Enagi Nataraj
| image = Enagi Nataraj.jpg
| caption = Enagi Nataraj
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2012|6|9|54|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hubballi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| father = Enagi Balappa
}}
'''Enagi Nataraj''' was an Indian actor of film, television and stage. He was a son of actor Enagi Balappa.

==Early life==
Nataraj was born to the couple Enagi Balappa and Laxmidevi. He made his first appearance as a child in the play ''Basaveshwara Mahatme''. He was a student of the Rudrakshi Math's hostel in [[Belagavi]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/yenagi-nataraj-passes-away/article3510951.ece|title=Yenagi Nataraj Passes Away|author=|date=10 June 2012|work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date= 26 March 2025}}</ref> Nataraj worked in business for a small period of time before resuming his entertainment career. For more than a decade, he worked for film director [[T. S. Nagabharana]].<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/255845/theatre-personality-enagi-nataraj-no.html|title=Theatre Personality Enagi Nataraj No More|date=10 June 2012|website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date= 26 March 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Serials===
* ''Mahanavami''
* ''Sankranti''
* ''Naku Tanti''
* ''Kinnari''
* ''Idu Entha Lokavayya''

===Plays===
* ''Basaveshwara Mahatme''
* ''Haddu Needida Haadi''
* ''Nata Samrat''
* ''Jagajyoti Basaveshwara''
* ''Burjwa Gentleman''
* ''Policeriddare Echharike''
* ''Oedipus''<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>
* ''[[Macbeth]]''
* ''Miss Sahara''<ref name="webindia123.com">{{dead link|date=March 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20120609/2001210.html|title=Noted Theatre Personality Enagi Nataraj Passes Away| publisher =[[Webindia123]] |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
* ''Tadroopi''
* ''Birudantembara Ganda''
* ''Sambashiva Prahasana''
* ''Naa Tukaram Alla''<ref name="filmibeat.com">{{cite web|author=Ragendra|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/actor-theatre-personality-enagi-nataraj-no-more-065804.html|title=ರಂಗಕರ್ಮಿ ಹಾಗೂ ನಟ ಏಣಗಿ ನಟರಾಜ್ ಕಾಲವಶ|date=9 June 2012|publisher =[[filmibeat.com]]|access-date= 26 March 2025}}</ref>

===Films===
*''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]'' (2001)
*''Sainika'' (2002)<ref name="webindia123.com"/>
*''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]'' (2003)<ref name="filmibeat.com"/>
*''Singaravva Mattu Aramane'' (2003)<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>
*''[[Kanakambari (film)|Kanakambari]]'' (2004)
*''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' (2008)
*''[[Mathe Mungaru]]'' (2010)
*''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'' (2012)
*''Savitri'' (2023)

==Awards and honours==
* He was a recipient of [[Karnataka Nataka Academy]] award.
* He was made as a director after ''Dharwad Rangayana'' was made autonomous.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>

==Final work==
Before his death, Nataraj had a play in progress about [[Kittur Rani Channamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Death==
Nataraj was suffering from liver- and kidney-related problems and he died at a private nursing home in [[Hubballi]] on 9 June 2012 following his illness. He was survived by his wife and two sons.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm12650126|Nataraj Enagi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nataraj, Enagi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]

Ashok Lahoty

2026-04-18T22:39:36Z

ArtyCraftz: created new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician and former Mayor of Jaipur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Lahoty
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|03|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sanganer Assembly constituency|Sanganer]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
| successor1 = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| office2 = Mayor of [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Leena Lahoty
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| education = Ph.D., M.Com in Economics and Finance<ref name=myneta2008>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/rj2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=198 |title=Ashok Lahoty - Affidavit Information |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=myneta2018>{{Cite web |title=Ashok (BJP) – Sanganer (Jaipur) Constituency Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3768 |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| profession = Agriculture
}}

'''Ashok Lahoty''' (born 31 March 1976) is an Indian politician from Rajasthan affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sanganer Assembly constituency|Sanganer]] in the 2018 elections and served until 2023.<ref name=aajtak>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-assembly-election-sanganer-seat-results-2018-576163-2018-12-11 |title=Sanganer Election Result 2018 |website=Aaj Tak |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> Prior to this, he held the position of Mayor of the [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] from 2016 to 2018.<ref name=toi>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/city-mayor-lahoty-steps-down/articleshow/67237833.cms |title=City mayor Lahoty steps down |website=The Times of India |date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.naidunia.com/rajasthan-ashok-lahoti-became-new-mayor-of-jaipur-875506 |title=Ashok Lahoty became new Mayor of Jaipur |website=Nai Dunia |date=21 December 2016 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/picture-news/news-chief-minister-also-congratulated-the-mayor-ashok-lahoti-other-delegations-expressed-gratitude-1-140093-KKN.html |title=CM congratulates Mayor Ashok Lahoty |website=Khas Khabar |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-ashok-lahoti-political-equation-what-are-the-possibilities-nor.html |title=Political prospects for Ashok Lahoty |website=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lahoty was born in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan, to Om Prakash Lahoty and Kamla Devi. He holds a Master of Commerce in Economics and Finance and completed his Ph.D. from the [[University of Rajasthan]] in 2015.<ref name=myneta2008/><ref name=myneta2018/>

==Personal life==
He married Leena Lahoty on 27 April 2001. The couple has two children.

==Political career==
* 1996–1997 - Vice President, Student Union, [[University of Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/jaipur/assembly-15/1238/ashok-lahoty-mla-sanganer |title=Ashok Lahoty - Rajasthan Link Profile |website=RajasthanLink.com |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=rajasthangov/>
* 2000–2001 - President, Student Union, [[University of Rajasthan]]<ref name=rajasthangov/><ref>{{Cite web |title=जानें RU के इन छात्रसंघ अध्यक्षों के बारे में, जो बने राजनीति के दिग्गज खिलाड़ी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-know-about-all-student-president-of-rajasthan-university-1091915.html |website=News18 हिंदी |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
* 2002–2003 - State Vice President, Nehru Yuva Kendra (NRC)
* 2014–2018 - Councillor, [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
* 2016–2018 – Mayor, [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]<ref name=toi /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-rajasthan-bjp-young-face-ashok-lahoti-elected-new-mayor-of-jaipur-928674.html |title=BJP's Ashok Lahoty elected new Mayor of Jaipur |website=News18 Hindi |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>
* 2018–2023 - Member, 15th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=aajtak/>
* 2019– - Member, Home Committee, [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* 2019– - Member, Questions and References Committee

===Party positions===
* State President, [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], Rajasthan <ref name=rajasthangov>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. अशोक लाहोटी – सदस्य, राजस्थान राज्य वित्त आयोग |url=https://sfc.rajasthan.gov.in/writereaddata/FilesManagement/PDF/06092022115855AMmember_profile_ashok_lahoti.pdf |website=राजस्थान राज्य वित्त आयोग |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
* State Spokesperson, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Rajasthan <ref name=rajasthangov/>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election 2018 – Sanganer Constituency <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanganer Assembly Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/sanganer |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=सांगानेर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/sanganer-assembly-result-20055 |website=Aaj Tak |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

! Year / Assembly !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Vote % !! Nearest Rival !! Rival Party !! Rival Votes !! Vote % !! Margin
|-
| 2018 (15th) || [[Sanganer Assembly constituency|Sanganer]] || Ashok Lahoty || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 107,947 || 51.51 || Pushpendra Bhardwaj || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]] || 72,542 || 34.61 || 35,405
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mayors of Jaipur}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahoty, Ashok}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]

Shraddha Musale

2026-04-17T05:58:42Z

ArtyCraftz: adding a stub

{{short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=May 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shraddha Musale
| image = Shraddha musale.jpg
| caption = Shraddha in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| height =
| known_for = Dr. Tarika in the TV series, ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| occupation = Model Actress Businesswomen
| spouse = {{marriage|Deepak Tomar|29 November 2012}}
| relatives = [[Mikhil Musale]] (Brother)
}}

'''Shraddha Musale''' (born 7 January 1984) is an Indian actress, model, entrepreneur, and author known most popularly for her role as Dr. Tarika in the long-running television series ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' .

Musale starred in the 2009 Hindi film ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]'' as Betty and has also portrayed CJ in the show ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''. In 2016, she appeared in an episodic role of [[Khidki]].

==Early life==
Musale is from [[Ahmedabad]]. Although she is not a Gujarati, she understands and speaks the language fluently. In 2002, after passing from her Ahmedabad school, Musale participated in Miss India contest in 2002 with [[Neha Dhupia]], and was her roommate.<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE : Dr. Tarika fame Shraddha Musale from CID visits GSTV studio| date=20 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPkrigcj-lo&t=99s|via=YouTube |quote=1:39 where she gives her biography in Hindi}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Films
! scope="col" |Role
|-
| 2009
| ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
| Betty
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
| Anchor at Award Ceremony
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Show
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 2007–2018; 2025-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]''
| Dr. Tarika
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Malishka
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai]]''
| Mansha
|
|-
|2008–2010
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| CJ
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
| Bhairavi
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
| Joanna
|
|-
|2012
|''[[CID Viruddh Adaalat]]''
|Dr. Tarika
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9532708/ |title="Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai" Episode #1.184 (TV Episode 2012) {{!}} Drama |language=en-US |access-date=2026-02-10 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>
| Dr. Seema
| Episode 184 (Season 4, Episode 61)
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PhGqQpRr6U |title=Gul ने Sindbad को बताई जादू की बात {{!}} Janbaaz Sindbad {{!}} Full Ep - {{!}} Zee TV |date=2018-08-29 |last=Zee TV |access-date=2026-02-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| Gul
| Episode 4
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Khidki]]''<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shraddha-Musale-makes-her-debut-in-horror-with-Khidki/articleshow/55004332.cms
|title=Shraddha Musale makes her debut in horror with Khidki
|work=The Times of India
|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>
| Bhanupriya
| Story 2 - Govinda Govinda (Episode 6 - 11)
|-
| Chudail
|Story 17 - Bhoot Bangal (Episode 84 - 88)
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.easterneye.eu/shraddha-musale-im-top-frame-mind-right-now/ |title=Shraddha Musale: I'm in the top frame of mind right now |work=Garavi Gujarat (Publications) Limited |access-date=2017-09-11 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206151313/https://www.easterneye.eu/shraddha-musale-im-top-frame-mind-right-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Queen Mahanandini, Laachi's mother
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Thinkistan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Author: Editorial |date=2019-05-27 |title=Thinkistan is the beginning of a different journey for me: Shraddha Musale |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/thinkistan-beginning-different-journey-shraddha-musale/2019/05/27 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
| Nina
| [[MX Player]]'s web series
|}

== Personal life ==
She married Deepak Tomar, a businessman from [[Lucknow]] on 29 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shraddha-Musale-enters-wedlock/articleshow/17438653.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707065547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-01/tv/35529949_1_shraddha-musale-saat-pheras-toh |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=Shraddha Musale enters wedlock |date=1 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3550971}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musale, Shraddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Ma'bar Coast

2026-04-15T11:15:50Z

ArtyCraftz: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Coromandel Coast]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

C. G. Master

2026-04-11T12:36:16Z

ArtyCraftz: created the details v1

{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Charles Gilbert Master''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] ({{circa|1833}}{{snd}}9 March 1903) was a British civil servant who served as a member of the executive council of the [[Governor of Madras]] from 1884 to 1889.

== Early life and education ==

Master was born in 1833, the son of an [[Archdeacon of Manchester]]. He completed his education at [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] in 1852–53 and qualified for the Indian civil service.

== Career ==

Master moved to India in 1854 and served as Commissioner of Income Tax from 1860 to 1865 and Revenue Secretary to the Madras government from 1877 to 1882, when he was made Chief Secretary.

Master served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council from 1884 to 1889. He was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1887.

== Death ==

Master died on 9 March 1903.

== References ==

* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/278/mode/2up| title=Dictionary of Indian Biography| last=Buckland| first=C. E.| year=1906| publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co| location=London| pages=279}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Master, Charles Gilbert}}
[[Category:1830s births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]

Ramayanam (1997 film)

2026-04-07T00:05:56Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramayanam
| image = Ramayanam_telugu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = [[M. S. Reddy]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]]
}}
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] [[Smitha Madha]] [[Swathi Kodali]]
| music = '''Songs''': [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]] '''Score''': [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ramayanam]]''|[[Valmiki]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sekhar V. Joseph]]
| editing = B. B. Reddy
| studio = [[Shabdhalaya Theaters]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|04|11|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ramayanam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-completes-25-years-in-telugu-film-industry/articleshow/90791925.cms|access-date=12 April 2022|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Ramayanam''''', also known as '''''Bala Ramayanam''''' ({{translation|Child ''[[Ramayanam]]''}}), is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[mythological film]] directed by [[Gunasekhar]] and produced by [[M. S. Reddy]]. Based on the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', the film features overs 3000 child actors. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as [[Lord Rama]] [[Smitha Madhav]] as [[Sita]] [[Swathi Kodali]] as [[Ravanasura]], won the [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor]].

The film is released on 11 April 1997. It received the [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] and two [[Nandi Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Veteran Telugu film producer MS Reddy dies|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Veteran-Telugu-film-producer-MS-Reddy-dies/Article1-780930.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213203650/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Veteran-Telugu-film-producer-MS-Reddy-dies/Article1-780930.aspx|archive-date=13 December 2011|access-date=2015-03-04|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story deals with lord [[Rama]] and his retaliation against [[Ravana]] for the kidnapping of his wife goddesses [[Sita]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jr. NTR|N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as [[Rama]]
* [[Smitha Madhav]] as [[Sita]]
* Narayanam Nikhil as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Swathi Kodali]] as [[Ravana]]
* Arun Gangadhar as [[Anjaneya]]
* [[Ananda Vardhan|Aanand Vardhan]] as [[Valmiki]] and [[Hanuman|Bala Anjaneya]]
* Aditya Varma as [[Dasharatha]]
* Chiranjeevi as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Manisha Chudamani as [[Kausalya]]
* Vasundhara as [[Kaikeyi]]
* Suma as [[Sumitra]]
* Svetha Rao as [[Urmila]]
* Sunaina as [[Shabari]]
* Sudha Gummadi as [[Sudha]]
}}

==Production==
The film's cast features over 3000 child actors.<ref name=":0" />

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]].

Songs:
# "Adi Subhodaya Vela" - ''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]''
# "Virisi Viriyani Malliyalara" - ''[[K. S. Chithra]]''
# "Sitaramula Kalyanam " - [[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
# "Ramayya Rajavutadanta" - [[Vani Jayaram]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
# "Purajanula Sambaramu" - ''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]''
# "Entha Manchivadivayya" -[[Vani Jayaram]]
# "Andabayani Jantaga" - ''[[K. J. Yesudas]]'', ''[[K. S. Chithra]]''
# "Budi Budi Adigulu"
# "Adigadigo Modalayindi" - ''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]''
Poems:
# "Aa Surya Bhagavanudu" - B. Sai Karthikeya
# "Hari Hari Entha Maata"
# "Vande Sri Raghuvamsa"
# "Gaduvu Lopala"
# "Aagumaagumu Talli"
# "Nanu Talliga "
# "Dharma Samsthapanarthammu"
# "Poulastya Brahmaga" - B. Sai Karthikeya
# "Vinumo Raghava"
# "Ramayanammu" - [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]]
Slokas:
# "Jata Kataha Sambhrama" (from [[Shiva Tandava Stotram]])
# "Kausalya Supraja Rama" (from [[Suprabhatam]]/[[Valmiki Ramayana]]) - [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]]
# "Sri Anjaneyam" (from Anjaneya Dandakam)

==Critical response==
Upon release, the film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Treated like cattle! | language=te | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Apr/18-Apr-1997.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913150458/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Apr/18-Apr-1997.pdf | archive-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote that "The novelty of this movie is that all the characters in the movie are played by children. Director Gunasekhar, with just two movies to his credit, has vindicated the confidence reposed in him by the producer by this spectacular theatrical. He must have needed all his skills to create the visual extravaganza, that the picture is made to be, with a story that has been told by many, many a time. He deserves kudos for his competent handling of the long story into a three-hour movie".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002122/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Reviews }}</ref>

==Awards==
The film received [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] in 1997 for "presenting the classical Indian epic in an entertaining narrative style with child actors playing all legendary characters with ease and nerve." Director [[Gunasekhar]] and producer [[M. S. Reddy]] were presented the award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=45NFA.pdf |title=45th National Film Festival 1998|access-date=2011-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072336/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=45NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011|page=20|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Children's Film - Gold]] - [[M. S. Reddy]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]] - Jr NTR, Swathi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt1125830}}

{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}
{{Gunasekhar}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madhavapeddi Suresh]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{child-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Burmese Indians

2026-04-06T19:20:34Z

ArtyCraftz: created the details basic info

{{Short description|Ethnic community}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Burmese Indians
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| population = '''2,000,000 - 2,500,000''' 4.5% of the Burmese population
| popplace = [[Yangon]], [[Mandalay]], [[Taunggyi]], [[Myitkyina]]
| langs = [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (majority), [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]<ref name="Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).}}</ref><ref name="Meitei">{{Cite web |title=Meitei |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/25 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>), [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| rels = '''Majority:''' [[Hinduism]] {{hlist| '''Minority:''' [[Christianity]] | [[Buddhism]] | [[Islam]] | [[Sanamahism]] | [[Sikhism]] | [[Jainism]] }}
| related_groups =
| related-c = [[Malaysian Indians]], [[Singaporean Indians]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}
[[File:Hindutempleyangon.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Kali Temple, Burma]], a [[Hindu temple]] with [[Dravidian architecture]] in [[Yangon]]]]'''Burmese Indians''' are a group of people of [[India]]n origin who live in [[Myanmar]] (Burma). The term 'Burmese Indian' refers to a broad range of people from [[South Asia]], most notably from present-day countries such as [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. While Indians have lived in Burma for many centuries, most of the ancestors of the current Burmese Indian community emigrated to Burma from the start of British rule in the mid-19th century to the separation of British Burma from [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] in 1937. During colonial times, ethnic Indians formed the backbone of the government and economy serving as soldiers, civil servants, merchants, moneylenders, mobile laborers and dock workers. A series of anti-Indian riots in the 1930s and mass emigration at the onset of the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942 were followed in the 1960s by the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Indians, exacerbated by [[internal conflict in Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Idealization of a Lost Paradise: Narratives of Nostalgia and Traumatic Return among Indian Repatriates from Burma since the 1960s|first=Renaud|last=Egreteau|date=June 2014|journal=Journal of Burma Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=137–180|doi=10.1353/jbs.2014.0002|s2cid=162378961}}</ref>

Burmese Indians today are estimated to account for approximately 5% (about 2.0–2.5 million people) of the population of Burma and are concentrated largely in the two major cities ([[Yangon]] and [[Mandalay]]) and former colonial towns ([[Pyin U Lwin]] and [[Kalaw]]). They wield considerable influence and control over the [[Economy of Myanmar|Burmese economy]] and have a major socio-cultural presence within the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Burmese Indians in contemporary Burma: heritage, influence, and perceptions since 1988|first=Renaud|last=Egreteau|date=1 February 2011|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–54|doi=10.1080/14631369.2010.510869|s2cid=143621311}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/Indian-Migrants-Myanmar.pdf|title=Indian Migrants in Myanmar: Emerging Trends and Challenges|author=Medha Chaturvedi|website=Mea.gov.in|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Amongst the well-known Burmese Indians is [[S. N. Goenka|S N Goenka]], a leading practitioner and teacher of [[vipassanā]] meditation and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], a well-known Bollywood film actress who is also of [[Anglo-Burmese people|Anglo-Burmese]] descent.

== Etymology ==
In the [[Burmese language]], Indians are typically called ''kalar'' ({{Linktext|ကုလား}}, spelt ''kula:''). The origins of the term itself are disputed. The [[Myanmar Language Commission]] officially traces the etymology of the word ''kalar'' to the [[Pali]] term {{IAST|kula}} (ကုလ), which means "noble", "noble race", or "pure. " This term was particularly used for Buddhist people.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Myanmar-English Dictionary|publisher=Myanmar Language Commission|year=1993|isbn=1-881265-47-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Opening a Can of Worms in Burmese Teaching: Tackling Controversial Words in a Language Class|url=http://kennethwongsf.blogspot.com/2017/04/opening-can-of-worms-in-burmese.html|access-date=2020-06-16|language=en}}</ref> [[Folk etymology]] ascribes the origins of this term to a calque of two Burmese words: ကူး+ လာ (lit. "to cross over [from the sea]"), although this etymology has no scholarly basis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Saw|first=Khin Maung|date=2016-01-20|title=(Mis)Interpretations of Burmese Words: In the case of the term Kala (Kula)|url=http://eng.moemaka.net/2016/01/khin-maung-saw-misinterpretations-of-burmese-words-in-the-case-of-the-term-kala-kula/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127223806/http://eng.moemaka.net/2016/01/khin-maung-saw-misinterpretations-of-burmese-words-in-the-case-of-the-term-kala-kula/|archive-date=2016-01-27|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Jayati|title=Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives|last2=Kripalani|first2=Coonoor|date=2015-03-01|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-362-6|pages=114–115|language=en}}</ref> The term ''kalar'' also phonetically resembles the word for "black" in several Indic languages, including [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] (cf. Sanskrit {{IAST|kāla}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-19|title=Let's Talk About Racism {{!}} Movies tell us to use 'kaala' as an all-weather insult|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-movies-tell-us-to-use-kaala-as-an-all-weather-insult/story-eRrj9I0kvsKvVxNy2TRL9I.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The Burmese language term ''kalar'' has been borrowed into a number of regional languages, including [[Shan language|Shan]] (ၵလႃး, ''kala''),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sao Tern Moeng|title=Shan-English Dictionary|publisher=Dunwoody Press|year=1995|isbn=0-931745-92-6}}</ref> Mon (ဂလာ, ''h'lea'')'',''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shorto|first=H.L.|title=Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1962}}</ref> [[S'gaw Karen language|S'gaw Karen]] (''kola''),<ref name=":2" /> and [[Khmer language|Khmer]] (កុឡា, ''kola''). The Khmer term ''kola'' refers to the [[Kula people (Asia)|Kula people]], a diverse community of migrants from present-day [[Shan State]].

The term ''kalar'' has a long history; it is attested in [[Pagan Kingdom]] stone inscriptions dating to the 1100s, and was the name of a prominent 17th century Burmese historian, [[U Kala]].<ref name=":2" /> During the pre-colonial era, Westerners, including those from the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and Europe, were collectively known as ''kalar,'' an [[Exonym and endonym|exonym]] used by Burmese speakers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Myint-U|first=Thant|title=The Hidden History of Burma: Race, Capitalism, and the Crisis of Democracy in the 21st Century|date=2019-11-12|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-1-324-00330-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For instance, ''kalaphyu'' (ကုလားဖြူ, {{Lit|white ''kalar''}}) or ''bayinngyi kalar'' (ဘရင်ဂျီကုလား, {{Lit|[[Franks|Frank]] ''kalar''}}) were used as Burmese exonyms for Europeans.<ref name=":1" /> To this day, the word ''kalar'' features in many Burmese compound words, including ''kalahtaing'' (ကုလားထိုင်, {{Lit|''kalar'' seat}} or 'chair') and ''kala be'' (ကုလားပဲ, {{Lit|''kalar'' bean}} or 'chickpea')"<ref name=":1" /> By 1886, the conventional use of ''kalar'' in reference to a "native of continental India" was documented in dictionaries.<ref name=":0" /> Burma was administered as a part of [[British India]] for the majority of its time under British occupation between 1826 and 1948. Colonial exploitation during [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] engendered nationalist and anti-Indian sentiment among locals, which was reinforced in the use of ''kalar'' as an exonym with negative connotations.<ref name=":0" />

The term ''kalar'' is now considered [[pejorative]] by some members of the Burmese Indian community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the word 'kalar' is a depressing indictment of Myanmar society|url=https://myanmarmix.com/en/articles/how-the-word-kalar-is-a-depressing-indictment-of-myanmar-society|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Myanmar Mix|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, following the [[Rohingya genocide]], the social media company [[Facebook]] added ''kalar'' to its censored words, creating collateral censorship for related words like chair and chickpea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cebu |first=Juan |date=2 June 2017 |title=Facebook Bans Racist Word 'Kalar' in Myanmar, Triggers Collateral Censorship |language=en |website=Global Voices Advox |url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2017/06/02/facebook-bans-racist-word-kalar-in-myanmar-triggers-collateral-censorship/}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Manipuri astrologers and brahmins.jpg|thumb|Brahmins in British Burma, circa 1900]]
===Indian immigration===

Before the British conquest, the Indians in Lower Burma primarily engaged in trade. The small Indian community was located almost wholly in during and preceding eras. After 1852, they migrated to [[Lower Burma]] because of the jobs available in the expanding economy and the new provincial bureaucracy of the [[British Raj]]. Their population rapidly rose from 37,000 in 1871 in Lower Burma to 297,000 in 1901, with 86% being born outside Burma by that year. Most Indians were from [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Bengal Presidency]]. Over 60% in the last decades of the 19th century were from Madras (present [[Chennai]]). 30% were from Bengal in 1881 and 25% in 1901.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Czd7xXIf3MC&pg=PA86|title=The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941|author=Michael Adas|author-link=Michael Adas|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year=2011|page=86|isbn=9780299283537}}</ref>

There were no effective curbs on Indian immigration until the eve of [[World War II]] despite the implementation of the ''Government of Burma Act''. By 1931, there were more than one million Indians in Burma, about 7% of the population, and were mostly concentrated in Lower Burma.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nmc2DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|title=Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)|author=Donald M. Seekins|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2017|page=260|isbn=9781538101834}}</ref> The census of 1931 enumerated 1,017,825 Indians in Burma with 617,521 born in India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MumoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|title=Nepali Diaspora in a Globalised Era|editor=Tanka B. Subba, A.C. Sinha|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2015|isbn=9781317411031}}</ref> Per the census of 1931, the total population of Rangoon was 400,415, of which 212,929 were Indians. They comprised 2.5% of population in [[Upper Burma]] and 10.9% in Lower Burma.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3XSIJqSZkC&pg=PA179|title=South East Asia, Colonial History: High imperialism (1890s-1930s)|editor=Paul H. Kratoska|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2001|page=179|isbn=9780415215428}}</ref>

The majority of Indians arrived in Burma whilst it was part of [[British India]]. Starting with the annexation of Tenasserim and Western Burma after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], a steady stream of Indians moved to Burma as civil servants, engineers, river pilots, soldiers, indentured labourers, and traders.<ref name=my>{{cite book|title=Muslims of Burma - A study of a Minority Group|author= Moshe Yegar|year=1972|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|location= Wiesbaden|pages= 111, 36, 37, 29, 30, 32}}</ref> Following the annexation of [[Upper Burma]] in 1885, numerous infrastructure projects started by the British colonial government and increases in rice cultivation in the delta region caused an unprecedented economic boom in Burma that drew many Indians, particularly from southern India, to the [[Irrawaddy Delta]] region.<ref name="Butkaew">{{citation | first =Samart | last =Butkaew| url =http://www.burmaissues.org/En/Newsletter/BINews2006-02.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928103307/http://www.burmaissues.org/En/Newsletter/BINews2006-02.pdf | url-status =dead | archive-date =2007-09-28 | title =Burmese Indians: The Forgotten Lives| publisher =Burma Issues | date= February 2005 | access-date =2006-07-07}}</ref>

===Anti-Indian sentiments===

After the [[World War I|First World War]], anti-Indian sentiments began to rise<ref>“The Muslims of Burma”, p.32</ref> for a number of reasons. The number of ethnic Indians was growing rapidly (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the [[World War II|Second World War]]<ref name="Encyclopedia of Modern Asia">{{citation | url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/yangon-ema-06/ | title =Encyclopedia of Modern Asia| publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons | date= November 2002 | access-date =2009-09-03}}</ref>). Indians played a prominent role in the British administration and became the target of Burmese nationalists.<ref name=my/> Racial animosity toward Indians because of their skin colour and appearance also played a role. Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the [[Chettiar]] from South India, who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.<ref name=my/><ref name="ms">{{cite book|author=Martin Smith|year=1991|title=Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London, New Jersey|pages=43–44,98,56–57,176|isbn = 978-984-05-1499-1}}</ref>

In May 1930, a British firm of [[stevedore]]s at the port of Rangoon employed Burmese workers in an attempt to break a strike organised by its Indian workers. When, on 26 May, the strike ended and the Indians returned to work, clashes developed between the returning Indian workers and the Burmese workers who had replaced them. The clashes soon escalated into large-scale anti-Indian riots in the city. Over 200 Indians were killed and their bodies flung into the river. Authorities ordered the police to fire upon any assembly of five or more who refused to lay down their arms, under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Within two days the riot spread throughout the country to locations such as [[Pyin U Lwin|Maymyo]].<ref name="Maurice Collis, Trials in Burma">{{Cite book|last=Collis|first=Maurice|publisher=Penguin Books|title=Trials in Burma|place=London|year=1945|isbn=978-0-404-54812-4}}</ref>

===The Second World War and after===
[[File:Indians on 39th Street leaving Rangoon.jpg|thumb|right|Indians on 39th Street, Rangoon, leaving Burma in the wake of the Japanese bombing December 1941]]
At the start of [[World War II]], almost half of Rangoon's (modern-day Yangon) population was [[India]]n,<ref name="Encyclopedia of Modern Asia"/> and about 16% of the population of Burma was ethnically Indian.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/000271624322600112|title=Burma|last=Christian|first=John|journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=226|date=March 1943|pages=120–128|jstor=1024343|s2cid=220854395}}</ref> As a consequence of the Japanese invasion of 1942, half a million members of the Indian community fled Burma overland into [[Assam]], largely on foot. The refugees suffered terribly and thousands died. Some of the Indian community remained in Burma during the war; others returned after the war, although many never did.<ref name="ms"/> After independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as 'resident aliens.' Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burma Citizenship Law|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Commission|date=15 October 1982|access-date=9 October 2009|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b4f71b}}</ref>

After he seized power through a military coup in 1962, General [[Ne Win]] ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma.<ref name="ms"/> Indian-owned businesses as well as Burmese businesses were nationalised due to the so-called "[[Burmese way to Socialism]]". Many Indians returned and were given 175 [[Myanmar kyat|kyat]] for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicity out of [[Burma]].<ref name="irrawaddy-1999">{{cite magazine |date=March 1999 |title=India and Burma: working on their relationship |url=http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170 |magazine=The Irrawaddy |volume=7 |issue=3 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104013119/http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=1170 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Hindu temple procession cart, Yangon.jpg|thumb|A Hindu temple procession in Yangon]]
[[Culture of India|India]] has been [[Buddhism and Hinduism|particularly influential]] in [[Burmese culture]] as the cradle of Buddhism, and ancient [[Hinduism#Main traditions|Hindu traditions]] can still be seen in [[Brahmans]] presiding over important ceremonies such as weddings and ear-piercings but most notably in [[Thingyan]], the Burmese New Year festival.<ref name="sy">{{cite book|author=Shway Yoe (Sir [[James George Scott]]) 1882|title=The Burman - His Life and Notions|publisher=The Norton Library 1963|location=New York|pages=436, 249–251, 348, 450}}</ref> The Burmese poetry tradition of ''[[Tha Myat|niti]]'' (notably the ''[[Dhamma theory|Dhammaniti]]'') also has Indian origins.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Ryuji|last1=Okudaira|first2=Andrew|last2=Huxley|title=A Burmese Tract on Kingship: Political Theory in the 1782 Manuscript of Manugye|publisher=[[School of Oriental and African Studies]]|volume=64|issue=2|year=2001|page=253}}</ref> Traditions of kingship including coronation ceremonies and formal royal titles as well as those of [[Hindu law|lawmaking were also Hindu]] in origin.<ref name="sy"/> Many Burmese dishes and breads came as a result of [[Indian cuisine|Indian influence]], prominently reflected in the Burmese version of Indian [[biryani]].

Burmese Indians came from various groups from different parts of India, including [[Tamils]] (majority) and also minority groups such as [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Bengalis]], Hindustani speakers, [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]s and [[Punjabis]]. Today they form approximately 2% (about 950,000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075741/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Burma|publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency|work=World Factbook | access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> of the population, according to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook 2006]]'', although exact figures do not exist due to uncertainties over census results and methods in [[Myanmar]]. Disaffected young Indians often flee the cities and join ethnic resistance movements. The [[All Burma Muslim Union]], whose members consist largely of [[Islam in Myanmar|Muslim]]s of Indian origin, is routinely labelled by the government as "[[Rohingya conflict|Muslim terrorist insurgents]]". It operates alongside the [[Karen National Union]], which has a militant wing and, despite a swelling of its ranks following anti-Muslim riots in the eighties, remains a very minor force.<ref name="Priestly">{{citation|first=Harry |last=Priestly |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5380 |title=The Outsiders |publisher=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=January 2006 |access-date=2009-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160146/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5380 |archive-date=2012-01-19 }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Buddhism in Burma|Hinduism in Southeast Asia#Burma}}
[[File:Bengali Hindus diaspora gather for Durga Puja festival in Rangoon, c.1941-42.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bengali Hindu diaspora|Bengali Hindus]] gather for [[Durga Puja]] festival in [[Yangon|Rangoon]], c.1941-42]]
[[File:Bengali Sunni Jameh Mosque, Yangon.jpg|thumb|The Bengali Sunni Jameh Mosque, built in the colonial era, is one of many mosques in Yangon.]]

Burmese Indians practise [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Christianity]]. [[Hinduism in Myanmar|Burmese-Indian Hindus]] have good and peaceful relationships with the native Burmese.

Predominantly, Burmese Indians are Hindu. The practice of Hinduism among Burmese Indians is also influenced by Buddhism. In addition of Hindu deities, the Buddha is also worshiped and many Hindu temples in Myanmar house statues of the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25438275|title=Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity|last=Natarajan|first=Swaminathan|date=2014-03-06|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-hindu-community-looks-west|title=Myanmar's Hindu community looks west|last=Han|first=Thi Ri|work=Frontier Myanmar|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en}}</ref>

Burmese Muslims, some of them of mixed blood born of Burmese mothers and some of them with full Burmese blood, ({{lang|my|ဗမာမူစလင်}}); with small numbers of [[Twelver]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Indian minority in Burma: the rise and decline of an immigrant community|last= Chakravarti|first= Nalini Ranjan|year= 1971|publisher= Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations|location= London|isbn= 978-0-19-218194-7|page= [https://archive.org/details/indianminorityin0000chak/page/191 191]|url=https://archive.org/details/indianminorityin0000chak|url-access= registration}}</ref> The Burmese call them ''Zaydabayi''.

The constitution grants limited rights to [[freedom of religion]]; however, some articles in the constitution, as well as other laws and policies, restrict those rights. In practice the government enforced those restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=State Department|first1=USA|title=BURMA 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208430.pdf|website=State.gov|publisher=US Government|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> "Muslims continue to experience the most severe forms of legal, economic, religious, educational, and social restrictions and discrimination".<ref>{{cite web|last1=US GOV|title=USCIRF {{ndash}} Annual Report 2014|url=http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Burma%202014_0.pdf|website=uscrif.gov|publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> The military dictatorship rejects or ignores their requests when they want to build mosques in the country or to go abroad for religious ceremonies.<ref name="Butkaew"/><ref name="Priestly"/> Although there is limited freedom of religion in Burma, Muslims decided not to hold [[Eid al-Adha]] in 2012 due to Rakhine-Rohingya strikes in [[Rakhine State]].

===Languages===
Burmese Indians are from an array of linguistic groups, mostly [[Tamils]] from [[Tamil Nadu]]. There is also significant population of the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] ([[Manipuri people|Manipuris]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meitei |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Meitei, also spelled Meetei or Meithei, also called Manipuri, ...}}</ref><ref name="Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).}}</ref><ref name="Meitei">{{Cite web |title=Meitei |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/25 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>), coming from Myanmar's western neighborhood [[Manipur]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur {{!}} History, Government, Map, Capital, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Manipur |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Other minorities are [[Telugu people|Telugus]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] from the [[Marwar]] region of India's [[Rajasthan]] state as well as [[Bengalis]] hailing from the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] as well as the present-day independent nation of [[Bangladesh]].
Prior to the expulsion of Indians, there were also [[Malayali]]s from [[Kerala]], [[Odia people|Odias]] from [[Odisha]], [[Punjabis]] from the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] who are mostly [[Sikhs]] and two groups of [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], both [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking [[Parsi]]s and [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] proper who are mostly [[Hindus]] or [[Muslims]] by faith hailing from the state of [[Gujarat]].
All can and were able to communicate in [[Burmese language|Burmese]] due to years of assimilation and lack of education in languages other than [[English language|English]]. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the most spoken Indian language in [[Myanmar]]. Other minority [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] are quite frequently used.

==Economic role==

Historically, Burmese Indians have made their livelihoods as merchants, traders, and shopkeepers as well as manual labourers such as coolies, dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw men, pony cart drivers, malis and durwans. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|civil servants]], university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers and doctors. They dominated several types of businesses such as auto parts and electrical goods, ironmongery and hardware, printing and bookbinding, books and stationery, paper and printing ink, tailoring and dry-cleaning, English tuition, and money lending. They traded in textiles, gold and jewellery, where the market was traditionally dominated by Burmese women. The [[Chettiars]] of Burma functioned as moneylenders and have been thought crucial in the growth of agricultural output of Burma during the colonial era.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2007.00232.x|title=The Chettiars in Burma|last1=Turnell|first1=Sean|journal=Australian Economic History Review|volume=48|issue=1|pages=1–25|year=2008|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/blaozechr/v_3a48_3ay_3a2008_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a1-25.htm|last2=Ward|first2=RL|last3=Campbell|first3=BJ|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Today, many Indians live in central Rangoon on both sides of the Su Lei Paya Road and are largely involved in businesses, including restaurants, jewellery shops and money exchanges.

==Notable Burmese Indians and others==

[[File:U Razak.JPG|thumb|U Razak]]
* [[Alan Basil de Lastic]] - (1929–2000) was the fourth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archbishop of Delhi]]. He was born in [[Maymyo]] of mixed Burmese, Irish and French ancestry.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bdelastic|Archbishop Alan Basil de Lastic|21 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Bhanumati Devi]], an [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia]] film and theatre actress who was born in Burma.<ref name=ie>{{cite news |title=Veteran Actor Bhanumati Devi dead |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1408447.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108221522/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1408447.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2013 |work= [[The Indian Express]] |date=2013-01-05 |access-date=2013-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Captain Ohn Kyaw Myint]], martyred after failed attempt of [[coup d'état]]<ref name=RUIA>{{cite book|author=Pathi Ko Ko Lay|title=History of Myanmar Muslims|publisher=Rangoon University Islamic Association}}</ref>
* [[Chakpa Makhao Ngambi]], princess of [[Manipur]] and queen of [[Burma]]
* [[Usha Narayanan|Daw Tint Tint Usha]], the wife of former President of India, [[K. R. Narayanan|K R Narayanan]]
* [[Parshuram Verma]], A social worker and leader for Burma Displaced Persons in India, dedicated his life to the welfare of Burmese Indians who migrated from Myanmar to India, particularly in Bihar, after 1972.
* [[Dr. Nath (Yebaw Tun Maung)|Dr Nath (Tun Maung)]], a communist leader and founding member killed in the 1960s<ref name="ms" />
*[[H. N. Goshal|H N Goshal (Thakin Ba Tin)]], a leader of Communist Party of Burma and founding member from the 1940s to the 1960s, killed in an internal purge in 1967. was an ethnic [[Bengali people|Bengali]].<ref name="ms"/>
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen of Bollywood]], born Helen Jairag Richardson Khan in Rangoon on 14 July 1938, she fled to India during [[World War II]] and became famous for playing the vamp in Indian cinema.
*[[Karim Ghani]] was born in Sodugudi, Ilayangudi, a politician in South-East Asia of Indian origin. Before the Second World War Karim Ghani was a parliamentary secretary in [[Burma]] under Dr [[Ba Maw]].
* [[S. N. Goenka|S N Goenka]], a [[vipassana]] meditation teacher (born 1924)
* Saya Rajan aka Aung Naing, a communist trade union leader captured in the 1950s<ref name="ms"/>
* [[Sultan Mahmud (minister)|Sultan Mahmud]], Minister of Health of [[Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)|Burma]] from 1960 to 1962.
* [[T. S. S. Rajan|T S S Rajan]], an Indian freedom fighter and Minister of Health in [[Madras Presidency]] from 1937 to 1940.
* [[Ko Ni]], prominent Burmese lawyer and an expert on constitutional law, legal advisor to [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] until 2017 when he was assassinated.
* [[U. A. Khader|U A Khader]] (1935–2020) is a noted [[Malayali]] novelist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/11/stories/2008081158940200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815211107/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/11/stories/2008081158940200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2008 |title=U.A. Khader, in his own words - KERALA |date=11 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[U Razak]] (20 January 1898 – 19 July 1947; Arabic: Abdul Razak) Burmese politician
*[[Nalini Joshi]], mathematician

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Myanmar}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Anglo-Burmese]]
* [[Burmese Chinese]]
* [[Burmese community in India]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indian people]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[List of ethnic groups in Burma]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]
* [[Pakistanis in Burma]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
*[[Burma Bazaar]]
* {{portal-inline|Myanmar}}
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Prasenjit K. Basu " Asia Reborn: A Continent Rises from the Ravages of Colonialism and War to a New Dynamism", Publisher: Aleph Book Company
* Gregory, James ''Myanmar: A Neglected Area of Tamil Lexicography.'' University of Cologne.
* [[Pe Maung Tin]] and [[Gordon H Luce|G.H. Luce or Gordon Hannington Luce]], [[Glass Palace Chronicle|The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma]], Rangoon University Press, Rangoon, Burma, January 1960.
* [[Than Tun|Dr Than Tun]] (History Professor, Mandalay University) "Bagan Culture",
* Tamil Studies Abroad, A Symposium edited by Xavier S. Thaninayagam, published by the International Association of Tamil Research, 1968:
* The Chettiars in Burma by Sean Turnell, Economics Department, [[Macquarie University]] [http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/research/2005/chettiar.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090611/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/research/2005/chettiar.pdf |date=16 February 2012 }}.
* The Sikh Regiment in the Second World War, Colonel F. T. Birdwood OBE.
* Myanmar Muslim History, Myanmar Muslim Students Association, Rangoon Arts and Science University. Limited Edition.
* Bertil Lintner, Swedish journalist, expert on Burma, 17th. of April 1988 in the ''Bangkok Post''.
* "Dialogue with a Shan Leader: H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha" - Tiger Yawnghwe or Prince Hso Khan Pha; he is the eldest son of [[Sao Shwe Thaik]], the former [[Saopha]] (Prince) of [[Yawnghwe]] (Nyaung-Shwe) and the first [[President of Burma]] after Burma's independence from British colonial rule. Interview with Dr Tayza, Chief Editor of ''Burma Digest''.
* Dr Than Tun (History Professor, Mandalay University) "The Story of Myanmar Told in Pictures".
* Elizabeth Moore, Myanmar Historical Research Journal 2004.
* D. G. E. Hall, Daniel George Edward Hall, "A History of South East Asia", New York, 1968.
* G. E. Harvey, Geoffrey Eric Harvey, "History of Burma", London 1925.
* D. G. E. Hall, Studies in Dutch Relations with Arakan, Journal of the [[Burma Research Society]], Vol. XXVI, 1936, p. 6. and Mr. R. B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer-Akyab District, vol. A, Rangoon. 1957
* [[Arthur Purves Phayre|A. P. Phayre]], "History of Burma", 1853.
* [[Arthur Purves Phayre|A. P. Phayre]], Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Purves Phayre, Journal of the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]], 1846.
* [[Maurice Collis|M. S. Collis]], Maurice Stewart Collis, Arakan's place in the civilization of the Bay, Journal of the [[Burma Research Society]], 50th Anniversary publications No.2, Rangoon, 1960.

==External links==
* Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/MMIndex.aspx]
* US Department of State, Burma, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2005. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/]
* Amnesty International's report on Burma [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624183203/http://www.amnestyusa.org/annualreport.php?id=ar&yr=2009&c=MMR]
* Burma's Rangoon University 1957, History lecture by Professor Kyaw Thet's YouTube video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0epnuboiO0] In English about Chittiers, Irrawaddy Delta Agriculture and loans.
* History of South East Asia [https://archive.today/20130121001250/http://www.aseanfocus.com/publications/history_myanmar.html]

{{Ethnic groups in Burma}}
{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country]]
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora history]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Burma in World War II]]
[[Category:Burmese people of Indian descent| ]]

World Cricket Championship (mobile game series)

2026-03-31T11:53:33Z

ArtyCraftz: adding new stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{short description|Indian three dimensional mobile cricket video game}}{{Advertisement|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox video game
| title = World Cricket Championship
| image =
| caption =
| developer = Nextwave Multimedia
| publisher = Nextwave Multimedia
| designer =
| released = {{plain list|
*2011 (World Cricket Championship)
*2015 (World Cricket Championship 2)
*2019 (World Cricket Championship Rivals)
*2020 (World Cricket Championship 3)
*TBA (World Cricket Championship 4)
}}
| genre = [[Sports video game|Sports]], [[Cricket]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows PC]], [[Windows Phone]]
}}

'''''World Cricket Championship''' ('''WCC''')'' is a series of [[Video game graphics#3D|3D]] [[cricket]] [[mobile video game|mobile games]] developed by Nextwave Multimedia. As of 2026, the series consists of four released main installments, World Cricket Championship (2011), World Cricket Championship 2 (2015), World Cricket Championship Rivals (2019), World Cricket Championship 3 (2020) and the upcoming World Cricket Championship 4. It is one of the most downloaded cricket game franchises in the world.

== ''WCC'' ==
The first game in the ''World Cricket Championship'' franchise, ''WCC'', was Officially released in 2011.

== ''WCC 2'' ==
''WCC 2'' was officially released in 2015 on Android & iOS and is a sequel to ''WCC''.

later, the game was also made available on the [[Microsoft Store]] for [[Windows Phone]] and [[Windows PC]] devices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aakash |title=World Cricket Championship 2 comes to Windows Phone |url=https://mspoweruser.com/world-cricket-championship-2-comes-to-windows-phone/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=MSPoweruser |date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Gameplay and Features ===
WCC 2 introduced expanded customization and multiplayer features compared to its predecessor. The game includes two commentary language options: Hindi and English.

The title allows player customization, including editing player names, jersey numbers, and facial appearance. Users can also modify team squads prior to matches.

The game features 18 international teams and 42 stadiums. It includes all three primary formats of cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 (T20).

The game also includes a newly launched My Career Mode update which was released in February 2022.

WCC 2 contains 11 tournament types, including:
* National Premier League (modelled on the [[Indian Premier League]] structure)
* Great Auzi Bash (modelled on the [[Big Bash]] structure)
* T20 World Cup
*ODI bilateral series
*[[Asia Cup|Asian Cup]]
The game also introduced live event features such as “Hot Events,” which are based on ongoing international bilateral series.<ref>{{cite news |title=WCC2: Game developed by Chennai-based Nextwave Multimedia wins AatmaNirbhar challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wcc2-game-developed-by-chennai-based-nextwave-multimedia-wins-aatmanirbhar-challenge/articleshow/77759531.cms |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2020}}</ref>

== ''WCC Rivals'' ==
''WCC Rivals'' was launched in 2019 as the third game in the ''WCC'' franchise after ''WCC'' and ''WCC 2''. It was the first fully featured real-time multiplayer cricket game on mobile. On 6 February 2020, ''WCC Rivals'' introduced 2v2 multiplayer, which eventually became the first ever mobile game to feature 2v2 real-time cricket multiplayer.

== ''WCC 3'' ==
''WCC 3'' is the fourth installment of the ''World Cricket Championship'' franchise. The game was announced in November 2019, followed by a beta release in May 2020, and was officially released in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nextwave Multimedia to rollout out World Cricket Championship 3; looks to earn 50% revenue via IAP |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon/nextwave-multimedia-to-rollout-out-world-cricket-championship-3-looks-to-earn-50-revenue-via-iap/2024418/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Financial Express |date=15 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alwani |first1=Rishi |title=Is World Cricket Championship 3 Coming to PC? Here's What Its Developer Has to Say |url=https://in.ign.com/india/158359/news/is-world-cricket-championship-3-coming-to-pc-heres-what-its-developer-has-to-say |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=IGN India |date=30 April 2021 |language=en-in}}</ref>

=== Commentary ===
The game features multilingual commentary from former international cricketers in seven languages:
*English: Matthew Hayden and Isa Guha
*Hindi: Aakash Chopra and Anjum Chopra
*Telugu: Venkatapathy Raju
*Bengali: Deep Dasgupta
*Kannada: Vijay Bharadwaj
*Tamil: Abhinav Mukund
*Urdu: Tariq Saeed<ref>{{cite news |title=World Cricket Championship 3 gets Telugu commentary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/world-cricket-championship-3-gets-telugu-commentary/articleshow/85005677.cms |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alwani |first1=Rishi |title=World Cricket Championship Downloads Hit 160 Million, Gets Telugu Commentary |url=https://in.ign.com/india/163964/news/world-cricket-championship-downloads-hit-160-million-gets-telugu-commentary |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=IGN India |date=4 August 2021 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Shayak |title=World Cricket Championship 3 Updated With Urdu Commentary, Official MPL Team India Jerseys |url=https://news.abplive.com/gaming/world-cricket-championship-3-wcc-update-mp-team-india-jersey-urdu-commentary-tariq-saeed-1538827 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=ABP News |date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Player Health System ===
WCC 3 also introduced a player health system, under which a player’s health decreases by approximately five percent after each match. The system requires squad rotation and workload management to maintain performance levels over extended tournaments.

=== Career Mode ===
WCC 3 features an expanded Career mode, which allows players to create and manage a cricketer across multiple seasons. The mode enables progression from domestic competitions to international tournaments across different formats of the sport. It includes player development systems, statistical tracking, and structured scheduling of tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Cricket Championship 3 Now Available for Android, iOS |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/games/news/world-cricket-championship-3-live-app-store-google-play-android-ios-features-download-2323403 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Gadgets 360 |date=10 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Awasthi |first1=Prashasti |title=World Cricket Championship 3 wins Google Play Best of 2020 award in Users' Choice category |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/world-cricket-championship-3-wins-google-play-best-of-2020-award-in-users-choice-category/article33220762.ece |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=1 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> This feature was also added later to ''WCC 2.''

== ''WCC 4'' ==
''WCC 4'' is the fifth installment of the ''World Cricket Championship'' franchise. The game was officially announced on 23 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=1.....2.....3.........🤐 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=g0TzlxkKVYA |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Nextwave Multimedia's Official YouTube.com Channel) |date=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> A first glimpse teaser of the game was revealed on 10 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫.𝐃𝐨𝐧’𝐭 𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤. |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=sdnIMK2_Tig |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Nextwave Multimedia's Official YouTube.com Channel) |date=10 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Pre-registration for the Android version began on 24 January 2026 via the Google Play Store.<ref>{{cite news |title=Average ends. Extraordinary begins.⚡WCC4 Pre-register Now |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Pla6KEd6Ygo&pp=ygUUbmV4dCB3YXZlIG11bHRpbWVkaWE%3D |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Nextwave Multimedia's Official YouTube.com Channel) |date=26 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World Cricket Championship 4 – Pre-register on Google Play Store |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextwave.wcc4 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=WCC4 - play.google.com) |date=24 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The official logo was unveiled on 26 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Average ends. Extraordinary begins.⚡WCC4 Logo Reveal |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Pla6KEd6Ygo&pp=ygUUbmV4dCB3YXZlIG11bHRpbWVkaWE%3D |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Nextwave Multimedia's Official YouTube.com Channel) |date=26 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Although an official release date has not been announced, the game is expected to launch in 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=WCC4, Scheduled To Be Released, Later this year |url=https://www.winnersalliance.com/world-cricket-championship/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=winnersalliance.com WCC) |date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception and Impact ==

The World Cricket Championship series has achieved significant commercial success in the mobile gaming market, particularly in cricket-playing nations. It is frequently cited among popular mobile cricket gaming franchises due to its realistic gameplay mechanics, multilingual commentary, and regular updates.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Cricket video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in India]]
[[Category:Windows Phone games]]

Malkiat Singh (police officer)

2026-03-29T04:18:05Z

ArtyCraftz: creating the biography needs work

{{short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = Malkiat Singh
| honorific_prefix = [[Director General of Police]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]]
| department = [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
| spouse =
| awards = [[President's Police Medal]]
| service_years = 1977 - 2011
}}
'''Malkiat Singh''', also known as Malkiat Singh Jakhu, is a 1977-batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer who served in the Uttar Pradesh cadre.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ips-promoted-to-dgp/articleshow/7288561.cms | title=IPS promoted to DGP | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/malkiat-singh-appointed-chairman-of-uppsc_692815.html | title=Malkiat Singh appointed chairman of UPPSC | date=12 March 2011 }}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Ravidassia]] family of Village Bal in Jalandhar. He completed his postgraduate degree in political science from DAV College [[Jalandhar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samajweekly.com/my-friend-and-fellow-bootan-mandian-ram-lal-dass-flag-bearer-of-pay-back-to-society/|title=My friend and fellow Bootan Mandian – Ram Lal Dass: Flag-bearer of Pay Back to Society |work=Samaj Weekly|date=5 November 2023}}</ref>

==Professional Life==
Over the decades, within the [[Uttar Pradesh]] State, he held several key positions during his distinguished career, including serving as the [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) and heading the [[Secret police|Intelligence Wing]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/lucknow-nama-2/|title=Lucknow Nama|date=14 March 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> Following his retirement from active police service, the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] appointed him as Chairman of the [[Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission]] (UPPSC).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/uppsc-considering-online-exams-for-jobs/articleshow/12645418.cms | title='UPPSC considering online exams for jobs' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==Awards==
He is a recipient of the [[President's Police Medal]] for distinguished service, which was awarded by the [[President of India]] on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ppm-id08.pdf | title=President's police medal for distinguished service independence day-2008 | website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/new-uppsc-chief-to-do-away-with-online-submission-of-application-forms/articleshow/19417679.cms | title=New UPPSC chief to do away with online submission of application forms | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 April 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kamal Attri]]
*[[B.S. Sandhu]]
*[[Kulwant Kumar Sarangal]]
*[[Shakuntala Jakhu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Malkiat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Fire (1996 film)

2026-03-27T14:04:48Z

ArtyCraftz: improve structure also and updated info

{{about|the Indo-Canadian film|the Pakistani film of the same name|Fire (2002 film)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fire
| image = Fire (1996) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Deepa Mehta]]
| producer = {{hlist|Bobby Bedi|Deepa Mehta}}
| writer = Deepa Mehta
| starring = {{hlist|[[Nandita Das]]|[[Shabana Azmi]]}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Giles Nuttgens]]
| editing = Barry Farrell
| studio = [[Kaleidoscope Entertainment]] Trial by Fire Films
| distributor = [[Zeitgeist Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|09|06|[[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|1998|11|05|India}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/fire-1998-0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207090831/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/fire-1998-0 | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 December 2014 | title=''Fire'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=1 October 1998 | access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
| country = {{hlist|India|Canada}}
| language = English
| budget = $800,000
| gross = $501,533<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Fire | title=''Fire'' (1997) - Financial Information | website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] | access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215101005/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Fire|archive-date=15 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Fire''''' is a 1996 Indo-Canadian [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Deepa Mehta]], starring [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Nandita Das]]. It is the first installment of Mehta's ''[[Elements trilogy]]''; it is succeeded by ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' (1998) and ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005).

The film is loosely based on [[Ismat Chughtai]]'s 1942 story, "[[Lihaaf]]" ("The Quilt").<ref name="GG">{{Cite book | last = Gopinath | first = Gayatri | title = Impossible Desires | year = 2005 | publisher = Duke University press | location = Durham and London | isbn=9780822386537}}</ref> ''Fire'' is one of the first mainstream [[Bollywood]] films to explicitly show homosexual relations, and the first to feature a [[lesbian]] relationship.<ref name=Darren>{{cite book|last1=Darren|first1=Alison|title=Lesbian Film Guide|date=2000|pages=74–75|publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]|location=London|edition=1st|isbn=030433376X|lccn=99043640}}</ref> After its 1998 release in India, activists staged several protests, setting off a flurry of public dialogue around issues such as homosexuality and [[freedom of speech]].<ref name="GG"/>

==Plot==
The film opens with a young Radha sitting in a mustard field with her parents. Her mother tells her a tale of a person who wanted to see the ocean, but Radha says that she does not understand the moral of the story.

The film flashes forward to Sita, a newly married woman on honeymoon with her husband Jatin, who is distant and shows little interest in Sita. Jatin is in a typical joint-family arrangement – he lives with his older brother Ashok, his sister-in-law Radha, his paralysed mother Biji and the family servant Mundu. Ashok and Jatin run a small store that sells food and rents videotapes.

Jatin shows no care for Sita, and she learns that he only agreed to the arranged marriage in order to put an end to Ashok's nagging. Jatin continues to date his modern Chinese girlfriend, and Sita does not rebuke him. The rest of Jatin's home is not rosy either. Biji is immobile and speechless after a stroke, and Sita and Radha must constantly attend to her. Sita spends her days slaving in the hot kitchen, and finds herself lonely and frustrated at night because Jatin is out with his girlfriend. She yearns to break out of this stifling situation.

It is revealed that Radha faces a similar problem. Many years ago, Ashok had come under the influence of Swamiji, a local religious preacher, who teaches that desires are the cause of suffering and must be suppressed. Ashok is completely taken by these monastic teachings and suppresses all his desires. He also donates large sums from the meager store income to treat the Swamiji's [[hydrocele]] condition. Swamiji teaches that sexual contact is permitted only as a means for procreation, and Radha is infertile. Accordingly, Ashok aims to stamp out all his desires and has not slept with Radha for the past thirteen years. He puts Radha through an excruciating ritual in which they lie motionless next to each other whenever he wants to test his resolve. Radha is racked with guilt over her inability to have children and driven to frustration by the ritual.

While the older Radha remains bound by tradition and subdued into silence, the younger Sita refuses to accept her fate. Sita's attitude slowly spills over onto Radha, who becomes slightly more assertive. One evening, shunned by their husbands and driven to desperation by their unfulfilled longings, Radha and Sita seek solace in each other and become lovers. Overjoyed at finding satisfaction in this manner, they continue it in secret. They eventually realise their love for each other and start looking for ways to move out. The pair's daily antics and adventures are witnessed by Biji, who disapproves but is unable to stop them. After some time, Mundu becomes aware of their relationship and he causes Ashok to walk in on Radha and Sita.

Ashok is horrified. He is also shattered when he finds this incident has stoked his own long-dormant desire. Sita decides to pack her belongings and leave the house immediately, while Radha stays behind in order to talk to her husband. The women promise to meet each other later that night. Ashok confronts Radha, who overcomes her subservience and pours out her emotions. Amid this argument, Radha's sari catches fire and Ashok angrily watches her burn without helping. Radha puts out the flames and recalls her mother's advice from when she was young – she can finally see her ocean.

An injured Radha leaves Ashok, moving out in order to join Sita.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Nandita Das]] as Sita
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Radha
** Karishma Jhalani as young Radha
* Ramanjit Kaur as Radha's mother
* [[Dilip Mehta]] as Radha's father
* [[Javed Jaffrey]] as Jatin
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Guide at Taj Mahal
* Kushal Rekhi as Biji
* [[Ranjit Chowdhry]] as Mundu
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Ashok
* Alice Poon as Julie
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] as Swamiji
* Ravinder Happy as Oily man in video shop
* [[Devyani Saltzman]] as Girl in video shop
* Sunil Chabra as Milkman on bicycle
* [[Avijit Dutt]] as Julie's father
* Shasea Bahadur as Julie's brother
* Meher Chand as Goddess Sita
* Bahadur Chand as God Ram
* Puran, Sohan Lal, [[Sadhu Meher|Meher]], Amarjit Chand, and Karahm Chand as 'Ramayan' theatrical troupe members
* [[Kabir Chowdhury]] as Boy in video shop
* Laurence Côte as French tourist at the Taj Mahal
}}

==Production==
The film had a budget of $800,000 and the crew deferred their salaries, worth $450,000.<ref>{{cite book|last=Melnyk |first=George |author-link=George Melnyk |title=One Hundred Years of Canadian Cinema |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000meln |isbn=080203568X|page=178}}</ref>

Mehta stated that the first scene that she imagined was Sita and Jatin's visit to the [[Taj Mahal]] just after their arranged marriage—a sister-in-law was then introduced as that is a common feature she saw in her extended family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keeping the flame alive: What made Deepa Mehta's Fire such a pathbreaking film|last=Nath|first=Dipanita
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/keeping-the-flame-alive-what-made-deepa-mehtas-fire-such-a-pathbreaking-film/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 March 2016|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219164826/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/keeping-the-flame-alive-what-made-deepa-mehtas-fire-such-a-pathbreaking-film/|archive-date=19 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Azmi disclosed in 2025 that the film was originally going to be filmed in Hindi, but just a few days before shooting began, the dialogues were changed to English, as it was felt that "the dialogue didn't ring true". She also stated that the ending of the film was originally a different one but was changed to the released version on the advice of [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite web|title="Young" Farhan Akhtar Suggested To Change The Ending Of Fire, Reveals Shabana Azmi|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/young-farhan-akhtar-suggested-to-change-the-ending-of-fire-reveals-shabana-azmi-8707024|website=[[NDTV]]|date=19 June 2025|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715222820/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/young-farhan-akhtar-suggested-to-change-the-ending-of-fire-reveals-shabana-azmi-8707024|archive-date=15 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

Azmi initially hesitated about starring in the film, because though she liked the script, she was worried it would negatively affect her charity work with disadvantaged women in slums. However, she changed her mind, with the encouragement of her family (especially [[Zoya Akhtar]], as it made her realise the next generation had very different worldviews), as well as her belief that not everybody would react the same, and that therefore it was important to get a conversation started.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shabana Azmi reveals she was hesitant to star in 'Fire' due to its homosexual content|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/shabana-azmi-reveals-she-was-hesitant-to-star-in-fire-due-to-its-homosexual-content-1503361369.html|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=5 November 2024|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207023741/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/shabana-azmi-reveals-she-was-hesitant-to-star-in-fire-due-to-its-homosexual-content-1503361369.html|archive-date=7 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversies and reaction==
{{see also|Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema}}
''Fire'' was passed uncut by India's [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) in May 1998 with a rating of ''Adult'', the only condition being that the name of the character Sita (which is also the name of a significant Hindu [[Sita|goddess]]) be changed to Nita. The board allowed the original name back after more consideration.<ref name="IndiaToday" /><ref name="QueeringIndia"/> The board made their decision based on what it called the importance of the story for Indian women.<ref name=Ross>{{Cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Oliver|title=Same-Sex Desire in Indian Culture: Representations in Literature and Film, 1970-2015|year=2016|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=New York|page=44|isbn=978-1137570758}}</ref> The film was first screened on 13 November 1998 and ran to full houses in 42 theaters in most metropolitan cities throughout India for almost three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dousing the Fire of Free Expression|last=Dhavan|first=Rajeev|date=9 December 1998|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 2 December, more than 200 [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sainiks]] stormed a Cinemax theatre in suburban [[Goregaon]] in [[Mumbai]], smashing glass panes, burning posters and shouting slogans.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web|last=Bearak|first=Barry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/24/world/new-delhi-journal-a-lesbian-idyll-and-the-movie-theaters-surrender.html|title=New Delhi Journal; A Lesbian Idyll, and the Movie Theaters Surrender|date=1998-12-24|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2020-04-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130183857/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/24/world/new-delhi-journal-a-lesbian-idyll-and-the-movie-theaters-surrender.html|archive-date=30 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday"/> They compelled managers to refund tickets to moviegoers. On 3 December, the [[Regal Theatre, New Delhi|Regal theatre]] in [[Delhi]] was similarly stormed. American film critic [[William Arnold (film critic)|William Arnold]], in India doing a feature on the Bollywood Cinema, witnessed the Regal rampage and later reported: "I watched about a dozen [[Shiv Sena]] activists−including three women with canes−threaten the terrified manager, disperse the line of moviegoers, smash ticket booth and display windows, then force their way into the theater, smashing the food counter and terrorizing patrons. Outside, other Shiv Sena tore up the film's posters and billboards and set them ablaze in a bonfire." He added, "Apparently, this opening was particularly offensive to them because the Regal was a sacred site of Hindu supremacy: the spot where, 49 years ago, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s assassins−ex-members of the Shiv Sena's parent organization, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]−met on the fateful morning of the murder in January 1948."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=William |date=January 14, 1999 |title='Fire' Furor Spotlights Indian Dilemma |work=The Seattle Post-Intelligencer |pages=D3|url=https://www.spl.org/online-resources/magazines-and-newspapers|archive-date=|access-date=March 25, 2026}}</ref>

Mina Kulkarni, one of the Delhi protesters, explained the reasoning behind their actions: "If women's physical needs get fulfilled through lesbian acts, the institution of marriage will collapse, reproduction of human beings will stop".<ref name="Ross" /> [[Bajrang Dal]] workers with [[Fighting stick|lathis]] invaded Raj Palace and a few other theatres in Surat, breaking up everything in sight and driving away frightened audiences. Some of the rioters set fire to theatres screening the film.<ref name="Rediff.com 1998">{{cite web | title=Rediff on the NeT: The fire against 'Fire' spreads to Surat | website=[[Rediff]] | date=1998-12-04 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/04fir.htm | access-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215112717/https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/04fir.htm|archive-date=15 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Theatres in Surat and Pune stopped screening the film on the same day. However, when attackers attempted to shut down a screening in [[Calcutta]], ushers and audience fought back and the theatre stayed open.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web | last1 = Jain | first1 = Madhu | last2 = Raval | first2 = Sheela | title = Ire over Fire | newspaper = [[India Today]] | date = 21 December 1998 | url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/21121998/cinema.html | access-date = 2008-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101124074658/http://india-today.com/itoday/21121998/cinema.html | archive-date = 24 November 2010 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="NYT"/> [[Maharashtra]]'s Chief Minister, [[Manohar Joshi]], supported the actions to shut down screenings of ''Fire'': "I congratulate them for what they have done. The film's theme is alien to our culture".<ref name="IndiaToday" />

On 4 December, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] referred the film back to the CBFC for re-examination. The Indian government was criticised for siding with the vandals.<ref name="IndiaToday"/> On 5 December a group of film personalities and free speech activists, including [[Deepa Mehta]], actor [[Dilip Kumar]], and director [[Mahesh Bhatt]], submitted a petition to the Supreme Court asking that a "sense of security" be provided, in addition to basic protection, so that the film could be screened smoothly. The petition referenced articles 14, 19, 21 and 25 of the [[Indian Constitution]], which promise many of the [[fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] like the right to equality, life and liberty, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of conscience, free expression of religious practice and belief, and the right to hold peaceful meetings.<ref name="QueeringIndia">{{Cite book | editor-last = Vanita | editor-first = Ruth | title = Queering India | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 0-415-92950-4|pages=222–233}}</ref> On being asked the reason for discomfort, Kumar said that he had not seen the film and was not much concerned about its content but rather the kind of vandalism that takes place on their cultural life, whenever such issues comes up.<ref name="IndiaToday"/>

On 7 December, activists from 32 organisations, including Campaign for Lesbian Rights (CALERI), protested against the withdrawal of ''Fire'', carrying placards, shouting anti-[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] slogans and crying for the freedom of right to expression.<ref name="QueeringIndia"/> On 12 December about 60 Shiv Sena men stripped down to their underwear and squatted in front of Kumar's house to protest his support of ''Fire''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/233724.stm|title=BBC News {{!}} South Asia {{!}} Indian activists protest in underwear over lesbian film|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2020-04-10|date=12 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215114104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/233724.stm|archive-date=15 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Twenty-two were arrested, and Kumar, as well as others involved in the production of the film, were provided with police security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sainiks-spew-venom-against-dilip-kumar-for-backing-fire/?ref=archive_pg|title=Sainiks spew venom against Dilip Kumar for backing ''Fire''|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917153430/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sainiks-spew-venom-against-dilip-kumar-for-backing-fire/?ref=archive_pg|archive-date=17 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cinemax reopened screenings of ''Fire'' on 18 December, but 100 members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) vandalised posters at the Sundar Theatre in [[Kanpur]] despite the police commissioner's reassurance that protection had been arranged.<ref name="QueeringIndia"/> ''Fire'' was re-released without cuts by the Censor Board on 12 February 1999. Theatre screenings were resumed on 26 February and continued without incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/652E99A7C2BC0A796525693E005C85DB?OpenDocument|website=The Naz Foundation Trust|title=History's Flirtation with Fire|date= 1 August 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201102056/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/652E99A7C2BC0A796525693E005C85DB?OpenDocument|archive-date=1 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Fire'' and lesbian rights in India ===
''Fire'' and the conversation that began around the movie's general reception, both by supporters and detractors, encouraged lesbians and gay rights activists in India to be more vocal about their existence and the erasure of queerness from India's historical heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/film-breaks-silence-of-india-s-lesbians-1193533.html|title=Film breaks silence of India's lesbians|last=Popham|first=Peter|date=20 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164221/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/film-breaks-silence-of-india-s-lesbians-1193533.html|archive-date=16 June 2024|url-status=live|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> The release of this movie corresponded with the beginning of widespread national conversation about lesbian and gay rights. A new lesbian rights group, calling themselves the Campaign for Lesbian Rights (CALERI), formed in response to the backlash. This group held their own peaceful gatherings across India.<ref name=Ross />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Fire: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = blank
| released = 1996
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 46:32
| label = Colosseum Records
| producer = Bobby Bedi
| prev_title = [[Kadhal Desam]]
| prev_year = 1996
| year = 1996
| next_title = [[Mr. Romeo]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

The soundtrack was composed and performed by [[A. R. Rahman]] except for the tracks "Ramayan" and "Allah Hu". "Julie's Theme" and "China Town" were added as bonus tracks and were not used in the movie. A. R. Rahman reused or reworked some of his acclaimed songs from ''[[Bombay (soundtrack)|Bombay]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5do4pDgTWiRSgQuw9veqqU|title=Fire|website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ {{sronly|List of songs in the soundtrack}}
! scope = "col" | Song
! scope = "col" | Notes
|-
| "[[Bombay Theme|Bombay Theme Intro]]" || Instrumental
|-
| "Radha and Sita Love Theme" || Instrumental
|-
| "Sita's Theme" || Instrumental
|-
| "Radha's Theme" || Instrumental
|-
| "[[Bombay (soundtrack)|Antha Arabikkadaloram]]" || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| "Mundus Fantasy Part 1" || Instrumental
|-
| "Mundus Fantasy Part 2" || Instrumental
|-
| "Desire Night" || Instrumental
|-
| "Bangle's Theme" || Instrumental
|-
| "Ramayan" || Instrumental (written by Ramayan Theatrical Group)
|-
| "Allah Hu" || Miraj Ahmed (written by Miraj Ahmed)
|-
| "Radha's Confession" || Instrumental
|-
| "Passion" || Instrumental
|-
| "Bombay Theme Finale Radha's Soul" || Instrumental
|-
| "Julies Theme" || Instrumental
|-
| "China Town" || Instrumental
|}

==Reception==
In the weeks following its release, reviewers praised the film's explicit depiction of a homosexual relationship as "gutsy" and "explosive".<ref>{{cite news|last=Shinde|first=Meenakshi|title=That Burning Feeling|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mullick|first=Swapan|title=Explosive Power of the Woman|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=26 November 1998}}</ref> Following the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] attacks on the film, prominent party members said ''Fire'' had been targeted because it was an "immoral and pornographic" film "against Indian tradition and culture". The lesbian relationship depicted in the film was criticised as "not a part of Indian history or culture".<ref name="QueeringIndia"/> Other politicians of the Hindu right voiced fears that the film would "spoil [Indian] women" and younger generations by teaching "happy wives not to depend on their husbands" and informing the public about "acts of perversion". Speaking on the dangers of ''Fire'', Shiv Sena chief [[Bal Thackeray]] compared lesbianism to "a sort of a social AIDS" which might "spread like an epidemic".<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="QueeringIndia"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Ghosh|first1=Shohini|last2=Kapur|first2=Madhavi Shahani |title=From the frying pan to the Fire|magazine=[[Communalism Combat]]|date=January 1999|access-date=17 September 2025|url=http://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/jan99/sreport1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809225217/http://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/jan99/sreport1.htm|archive-date=9 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, Thackeray claimed that the film was an attack on [[Hinduism]] because the protagonists were named [[Sita]] and [[Radha]], both significant goddesses in Hindu belief, and that he would withdraw his objections to the film if the names were changed to Muslim names.<ref name="QueeringIndia"/>

A statement issued from the Shiv Sena's women's wing said: "If women's physical needs get fulfilled through lesbian acts, the institution of marriage will collapse, reproduction of human beings will stop".<ref name="QueeringIndia"/><ref>{{cite news|last=McGirk|first=Tim|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010626155532/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1998/981221/under_fire1.html|title=Plenty of Smoke Over Fire|publisher=[[Time Asia]]|date=21 December 1998|access-date=13 March 2008|archive-date=26 June 2001|url=https://time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1998/981221/under_fire1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics charged the Shiv Sena of committing "cultural terrorism" and of using the rhetoric of "Indian tradition" to protest images of female independence and suppress freedom of speech:<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Ritu| title=The fire within|website=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-fire-within-5/?ref=archive_pg|date=9 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917152431/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-fire-within-5/?ref=archive_pg|archive-date=17 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> "The justification for [Shiv Sena's] action... demonstrates that Indian 'culture' for the [[Sangh Parivar]] is defined essentially in terms of male control over female sexuality".<ref name="QueeringIndia"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Upadhya|first=Carol|title=Set This House on Fire|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date= 12 December 1998|volume=33|issue=50|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1998/50/commentary/set-house-fire.html}}</ref>

Gay activist [[Ashok Row Kavi]] criticised the Shiv Sena's protests as "gay-bashing" and disputed their claims that lesbianism was "against Indian tradition", indicating that homosexuality is in fact abundantly present in [[Hinduism]] and that the criminalisation of homosexuality in India was a legacy of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] and [[Christianity]]. Pointing to evidence of lesbianism in Indian tradition, he said: "What's wrong in two women having sex? If they think it doesn't happen in the Indian society they should see the sculptures of [[Khajuraho]] or [[Konark]]".<ref name="QueeringIndia"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sena-attacks-theatres-to-douse-fire/?ref=archive_pg|title=Sena attacks theatres to douse Fire|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917153053/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sena-attacks-theatres-to-douse-fire/?ref=archive_pg|archive-date=17 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Madhu Kishwar]], then-editor of ''[[Manushi]]'', wrote a highly critical review of ''Fire'', finding fault with the depiction of the characters in the film as a "mean-spirited caricature of middle-class family life among urban Indians". She claimed that homosexuality was socially accepted in India as long as it remained a private affair, adding that Deepa Mehta "did a disservice to the cause of women... by crudely pushing the Radha-Sita relationship into the lesbian mould", as women would now be unable to form intimate relationships with other women without being branded as lesbians.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kishwar|first=Madhu |title=Naive Outpourings of a Self-Hating Indian: Deepa Mehta's Fire|magazine=[[Manushi]]|date=March 1999}}</ref>

Feminist critics of Mehta's films argue that Mehta's portrayal of women and gender relations is over-simplified. Noted Indian feminist authors Mary E. John and [[Tejaswini Niranjana]] wrote in 1999 that ''Fire'' reduces [[patriarchy]] to the denial and control of female sexuality. The authors make the point that the film traps itself in its own rendering of patriarchy:
<blockquote>
Control of female sexuality is surely one of the ''ideological'' planks on which patriarchy rests. But by taking this idea literally, the film imprisons itself in the very ideology it seeks to fight, its own version of authentic reality being nothing but a mirror image of patriarchal discourse. ''Fire'' ends up arguing that the successful assertion of sexual choice is not only a necessary but also a sufficient condition—indeed, the sole criterion—for the emancipation of women. Thus the patriarchal ideology of 'control' is first reduced to pure denial – as though such control did not also involve the production and amplification of sexuality – and is later simply inverted to produce the film's own vision of women's liberation as free sexual 'choice'.
{{pb}}
Whatever subversive potential ''Fire'' might have had (as a film that makes visible the 'naturalised' hegemony of [[heterosexuality]] in contemporary culture, for example) is nullified by its largely [[masculinist]] assumption that men should not neglect the sexual needs of their wives, lest they turn lesbian.
</blockquote>
The authors additionally argue that viewers must ask tough questions from films such as ''Fire'' that place themselves in the realm of "alternative" cinema and aim to occupy not only aesthetic, but also political space.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=John|first1=Mary E|last2=Niranjana|first2=
Tejaswini|title=Mirror Politics: 'Fire', Hindutva and Indian Culture|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date= 6 March 1999|volume=34|issue=10–11|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1999/10-11/commentary/mirror-politics-fire-hindutva-and-indian-culture.html}}</ref>

Mehta expressed frustration in interviews that the film was consistently described as a lesbian film. She said "lesbianism is just another aspect of the film... ''Fire'' is not a film about lesbians", but rather about "the choices we make in life".<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Suparn|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/oct/24deep.htm|title=An interview with Deepa Mehta|website=[[Rediff]]|date=24 October 1997|access-date=10 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531154226/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/oct/24deep.htm|archive-date=31 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Manisha|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/F44A47D309536C5C6525694000620188?OpenDocument|title=In the line of fire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105128/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/F44A47D309536C5C6525694000620188?OpenDocument|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead|date=13 December 1998|access-date=17 September 2025|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Shohini Ghosh]] wrote a 2010 monograph about the film and the public response to it, titled ''[[Fire: A Queer Film Classic]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheehan |first=Nik |date=2012-02-01 |title=In Review: Queer Film Classic Series |url=https://povmagazine.com/queer-film-classic-series/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[Documentary Organization of Canada|POV Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyda |first=James |date=2014 |title=Review of QUEER FILM CLASSICS FILM BOOK SERIES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jfilmvideo.66.2.0048 |journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]] |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=49 |doi=10.5406/jfilmvideo.66.2.0048 |issn=0742-4671}}</ref>

===North America===
The film did not attract any particular attention outside India, including in Canada, despite being co-produced there; an article in ''[[The Toronto Star]]'' mentioned how it did not attract any attention at its initial premiere at the [[Toronto Film Festival]]. However, the film managed to attract a small but significant amount of audience in the United States, due largely due to a rave review in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and an interview with Mehta by ''[[The New York Times]]''. The film consequently managed to have some screeings in some countries in Europe like France and Germany.<ref name="Toro970912">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-mehta-movie-finally-cat/183580141/|date=September 12, 1997|page=D11|first=Sid|last=Adilman|title=Mehta movie finally catching Fire: Controversial drama has been getting rave reviews in the U.S.|newspaper=The Toronto Star|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=October 24, 2025}}</ref> Ruth Vanita touched on the topic of the niche interest in the film overseas, stating that the film had deep and distinct Indian elements, such as the joint family structure and the mechanisms of arranged marriages, which meant that non-Indian audiences could only understand the film on a relatively shallower level.<ref name="QueeringIndia"/>

==See also==
* ''[[The Journey (2004 film)|The Journey]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' (2019)
* [[List of LGBT films directed by women]]
* [[Homosexuality in India]]
* [[Freedom of expression in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0116308|Fire}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1095795-fire|Fire}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Fire}}

{{Deepa Mehta}}
{{LGBT in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fire (1996 Film)}}
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:1996 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Canadians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Canadian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Canadian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Canadian independent films]]
[[Category:Canadian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deepa Mehta]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Lesbian-related films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:1990s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
[[Category:1996 English-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Canadian films]]
[[Category:Art works that caused riots]]
[[Category:English-language erotic drama films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic drama films]]

Carry on Jatta 2

2026-03-19T16:24:51Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{short description|2018 Indian film by Smeep Kang}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Carry On Jatta 2
| native_name =
| image = Carry On Jatta 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Smeep Kang]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Manmord Sidhu]]
* Atul Bhalla
* Amit Bhalla
}}
| screenplay = Vaibhav Suman Shreya Srivastava
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Binnu Dhillon]] [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] [[B.N. Sharma]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[Upasana Singh]] [[Jyotii Sethi]]
| music = Jay K (Jassi Katyal) Gurmeet Singh [[Sukhe Musical Doctorz]]
| cinematography = Maneesh Chandra Bhatt
| editing = Rohit Dhiman
| studio = White Hill Studios A&A Advisors
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|6|1}}
| budget = ₹8-12 Crore
| gross = ₹57.67 Crore
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''''Carry On Jatta 2''''' is a 2018 Indian Punjabi comedy film directed by [[Smeep Kang]]. The film is a sequel to the ''[[Carry On Jatta]] (2012)''. The film stars [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in lead roles with [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[B.N. Sharma]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] and [[Upasana Singh]] and [[Jyotii Sethi]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/carry-on-jatta-2-first-look-is-high-on-bling-as-gippy-grewal-returns/story-DMHJuHfNIuBPQOy2qRGfiO.html|title=Carry On Jatta 2 first look is high on bling as Gippy Grewal returns|date=2018-04-16|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011141335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/carry-on-jatta-2-first-look-is-high-on-bling-as-gippy-grewal-returns/story-DMHJuHfNIuBPQOy2qRGfiO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 1 June 2018 and turned out to be a commercial success accompanied by critical acclaim. It broke several records at the box office including the worldwide opening weekend record (earning ₹20.71 million), opening day and opening weekend records in various countries except the overseas record of all time collection of [[Chaar Sahibzaade]]. Collecting {{INRConvert|562.7|m}} worldwide in its theatrical run makes it second [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|highest grossing Punjabi films of all time]].

==Plot==
Jass is an orphan guy living on rent in the house of Advocate Dhillon and his son Goldie Dhillon. The only dream of Jass is to go to Canada but he doesn't meet the eligibility as he failed in education. So, the only way to go to Canada is to marry any NRI girl in Canada. Coincidentally, his friend Honey works as a mediator in a marriage agency. Jass asks him to find any NRI girl for him. Jass and Honey go to an NRI marriage, where the people are NRIs. In the marriage, Jass meets Meet, an NRI girl, and he falls in love with her. He stalks Meet, learns that Meet is also an orphan and she had spent her whole life alone so she wants to marry a boy who has a large family. So, Jass makes a plan with Honey to trick Meet believing that Jass has a large family and he loves her a lot. Soon, Meet requests Jass to take her to meet his family with her uncle. But Jass refuses since he does not have any family. On the other hand, Meet's uncle starts searching for grooms for Meet. Her uncle and Honey had met before so they asked him to find any groom for her and Honey asks Meet to marry Jass. Jass hatches a new plan of showing that Advocate Dhillon is his father and showing Dhillon that Meet is Goldie's wife but this creates a lot of confusion and problems. After marrying Meet, Jass started asking her to go to Canada but she refuses as she thinks that it is cruel to abandon Jass's family. So, Jass makes another plan so that Meet could hate his family and should take him to Canada. It required much time but this plan works and Jass ran away with Meet but Goldie's uncle Tony saw them and informs Advocate Dhillon who thought Jass is running with his daughter-in-law (Goldie's wife) so he starts following them with his house servant who meets them on the way. Then Tony sees them running and he thinks Advocate loves her and running away. Finally, the confusion is cleared in the drama played by Honey.

==Cast==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Jass
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Meet
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Honey
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Goldy Dhillon
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] as Advocate Dhillon
* [[Jyotii Sethi]] as Daljeet Bansal
* [[B.N. Sharma]] as Billu Bansal
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Tony
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Channo

==Reception==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}

===Box office===

====India====
On its first day ''Carry On Jatta 2'' grossed ₹3.61 crores in India making a record for best opening of Punjabi film in [[India]](₹3.05 crores from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & ₹56 lakh from other states).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3980|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Creates History in Punjabi Film Industry|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-veere-di-wedding-beats-padman-punjabi-film-carry-jatta-2-creates-history-770820|title=Carry On Jatta 2 box office collection|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=2 June 2018 }}</ref> On second day film grossed ₹4.26 crores from India making the domestic total of ₹7.87 crores. On the opening weekend, the film grossed ₹13.15 Crores from domestic box office.<ref name=":1" />

{|style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:80%; margin-left:1.5em;" class="wikitable"
|+Box Office Records set by ''Carry On Jatta – 2'' upon its release{{refn|name=:1|group=N|All records are for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films.<ref name=":1" />}}
|-
! Record item !! Record detail
|-
| Highest grossing Punjabi film || ₹56.27 crore
|-
| Highest grossing Punjabi film in India || ₹41 crore
|-
| Opening weekend for Punjabi film worldwide || ₹20.71 crore
|-
| Opening weekend for Punjabi film in India || ₹13.15 crore
|-
| Opening day India || ₹3.61 crore
|-
| Opening day East Punjab || ₹3.05 crore
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:50%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Territories
! Gross revenue
! Opening Weekend
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]]
| {{INR|40 crore|link=yes}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4059|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes Records by a Distance - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-02}}</ref>(US${{To USD|410|IND|round=yes}} million)
| {{INR|13.15 crore}} (US${{To USD|131.5|IND|round=yes}} million)
|-
! Overseas
| {{INR|16.9 crore}}(US${{To USD|200|IND|round=yes}} million)
| {{INR|7.5 crore}} (US${{To USD|75|IND|round=yes}} million)
|-
| [[United States]]
| {{US$|603,930|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sanju-collects-approx-7-mil-usd-rs-48-07-cr-in-overseas/|title=Sanju collects approx. 7 mil. USD [Rs. 48.07 cr.] in overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2018-07-02|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-02|language=en-US}}</ref>({{INR|4.16 crore}})
|{{US$|176,179}} ({{INR|1.19 crore}})
|-
| [[Canada]]
| {{US$|916,529|link=no}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sanju-collects-approx-15-26-mil-usd-rs-104-76-cr-in-overseas/|title=Sanju collects approx. 15.26 mil. USD [Rs. 104.76 cr.] in overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2018-07-09|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-02|language=en-US}}</ref>({{INR|6.3 crore}})
| {{US$|237,280}} ({{INR|1.6 crore}})
|-
| [[United Kingdom]]
| [[Pound sterling|£]]220,775<ref name=":0" />({{INR|2.02 crore}})
| £97,159 ({{INR|87 lacs}})
|-
| [[Australia]]
| {{US$|476,000|link=no}}({{INR|3.24 crore}})
| [[Australian dollar|$A]] 327,736 ({{INR|1.68 crore}})
|-
| [[New Zealand]]
| {{INRConvert|86.24|l}}
| [[New Zealand dollar|$NZ]] 94,502 ({{INR|44.34 lacs}})
|-
| [[Germany]]
| {{INRConvert|21|l}}
| {{€|7,504|link=yes}} ({{INR|5.88 lacs}})
|}
{{clear}}

===Critical reception===

''[[The Times of India]] ''- rated the movie as 4 out of 5 stars summarizing "Overall, the film is a complete family package, with humour engaging audiences all through its two and half hours."<ref>{{cite news|title=CARRY ON JATTA 2 MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/carry-on-jatta-2/movie-review/64415915.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa from the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars saying "The jokes never stop, even when their dalliance with logic reaches a breaking point. And when you are not laughing at a joke, you are watching a song with camera focusing on Sonam Bajwa’s luminous charms<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta 2 movie review: This sequel comes armed with more jokes, more songs
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/carry-on-jatta-2-movie-review-this-sequel-comes-armed-with-more-jokes-more-songs/story-SPbAQmmpGNP9Ze83IqyAJP.html|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Jasmine Singh of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' lauded the creativity of the movie, giving it 4 out of 5 stars and termed it as a movie that stood on its own.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta 2 movie review: This jatt, truly carries on
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/movie-review-carry-on-jatta-2/598515.html|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = ''Carry On Jatta 2''
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jay K (Jassi Katyal) Gurmeet Singh [[Sukhe Musical Doctorz]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|4|18}}
| recorded = 2017–18
| venue =
| studio = [[White Hill Studios]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:26
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| label = [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Track listing===

{| class="wikitable"
! Track !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Lyrics !! Music
|-
| 01
| Carry On Jatta 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gippy-grewal-shares-first-song-from-carry-on-jatta-2-watch-video/story-Hg0VvdN9tB2tOK9cBPEOmI.html|title=Gippy Grewal shares first song from Carry On Jatta 2, watch video|date=2018-04-18|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Gippy Grewal]]
| [[Happy Raikoti]]
| Jay K (Jassi Katyal)
|-
| 02
| "Gabru"
| Gippy Grewal, [[Shipra Goyal]]
| Happy Raikoti
| Jay K (Jassi Katyal)
|-
| 03
| "Kikli"
| Gippy Grewal, Sudesh Kumari
| Happy Raikoti
| Jay K (Jassi Katyal)
|-
| 04
| "Kurta Chadra"
|Gippy Grewal, [[Mannat Noor]]
| Happy Raikoti
| Gurmeet Singh
|-
| 05
| "Bhangra Pa Laiye"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/carry-on-jatta-2-second-song-bhangra-pa-laiye-is-the-next-party-anthem/articleshow/64075196.cms|title='Carry On Jatta 2' second song: 'Bhangra Pa Laiye' is the next party anthem |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
| Gippy Grewal, [[Mannat Noor]]
| Happy Raikoti
| Gurmeet Singh
|-
| 06
| "DJ Wala"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/carry-on-jatta-2-song-dj-wala-to-be-out-tomorrow/articleshow/64124280.cms|title='Carry On Jatta 2' song 'DJ Wala' to be out on Tuesday |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
| Gippy Grewal
| [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| [[Sukhe Musical Doctorz]]
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="20" |[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center;" | 16 March 2019
| Best Film
|Carry On Jatta 2
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Gippy Grewal]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[Smeep Kang]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogues
| Naresh Kathooria
| {{Won}}
|}

==Sequel==
''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]'' a sequel with [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in lead roles and [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[B.N. Sharma]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] in supporting roles will be releasing on 29 June 2023.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8206708}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurmeet Singh]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy films]]

Research Design and Standards Organisation

2026-03-14T18:16:57Z

ArtyCraftz: updated formatting for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Indian Railways organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Research Design & Standards Organisation
| logo = Research_Design_and_Standards_Organisation_Logo.png
| type = [[Organization]]
| industry = [[Research and Development]]
| foundation = {{Start date and years ago|1957}}
| dissolved =
| hq_location_city = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| locations = 
| area_served = India
| products =
| services =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| parent = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] through [[Railway Board (India)]]
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{URL|https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}
The '''Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO)''' is the [[R&D|research and development]] and railway [[Specification (technical standard)|technical specification]] development organisation under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of the [[Government of India]], which functions as a technical adviser and consultant to the [[Railway Board (India)|Railway Board]], the Zonal Railways, the Railway Production Units, [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]], [[RailTel]] and [[Ircon International]] in respect of design and standardization of railway equipment and problems related to railway construction, operations and maintenance.<ref name="r1">Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.217–28</ref><ref name="yearbook">{{cite book |title=India Yearbook 2007 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1423-4 |page=819 |author=compiled and edited by Research, Reference and Training Division. |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="Wadhwa">{{cite journal | last = Wadhwa | first = Gopal Krishan | date = September 2003 | title = An Overview of the R&D Center of Indian Railways | journal = Japan Railway & Transport Review | volume = 36 | issue = September | pages = 26–28 | url = http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr36/pdf/f26_wad.pdf | access-date = 29 June 2007 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324160428/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr36/pdf/f26_wad.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==History==
To enforce standardization and coordination between various railway systems in British India, the Indian Railway Conference Association (IRCA) was set up in 1902. It was followed by the establishment of the Central Standards Office (CSO) in 1930, for the preparation of designs, standards, and specifications. However, till India's independence in 1947, most of the design and manufacture of railway equipment was entrusted to foreign consultants. After independence, a new organisation called Railway Testing and Research Centre (RTRC) was set up in 1952 at Lucknow, for undertaking the intensive investigation of railway problems, providing basic criteria and new concepts for design purposes, for testing prototypes and generally assisting in finding solutions for specific problems. In 1957, the Central Standards Office (CSO) and the Railway Testing and Research Centre (RTRC) were integrated into a single unit named Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) under the Ministry of Railways with its headquarters at Manak Nagar, [[Lucknow]].<ref name=r1/> The status of RDSO was changed from an "Attached Office" to a "Zonal Railway" on 1 January 2003, to give it greater flexibility and a boost to the research and development activities.<ref name=salient>{{cite web
|title=Salient Features of Indian Railways
|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.html
|access-date=12 May 2007
|publisher=Indian Railways
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430005127/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.html
|archive-date=30 April 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/publication_section.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - publication_section |access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>

==Organisation==
RDSO is headed by the Director-General, who is equivalent to the general manager of a Zonal Railway. The present Director General is Sanjeev Bhutani <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,14 |title=Welcome to Rdso |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028174040/http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Director-General is assisted by an Additional Director General and 23 Sr. Executive Directors and Executive Directors, who are in charge of the 27 directorates: Bridges and Structures, the Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology (CAMTECH), Carriage, Geotechnical Engineering, Testing, Track Design, Medical, EMU & Power Supply, Engine Development, Finance & Accounts, Telecommunication, Quality Assurance, Personnel, Works, Psycho-Technical, Research, Signal, Wagon Design, Electric Locomotive, Stores, Track Machines & Monitoring, Traction Installation, Energy Management, Traffic, Metallurgical & Chemical, Motive Power and Library & Publications. All the directorates except Defence Research are located in [[Lucknow]].

==Projects==
Trail run of the world's first double-decker cargo liner train, which can haul passengers as well as cargo at 180kmph.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Karvi |date=2023-07-31 |title=RCF introduces double-decker cargo liner: Passenger and cargo transport combined! |url=https://www.logisticsinsider.in/rcf-introduces-double-decker-cargo-liner-passenger-and-cargo-transport-combined/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Logistics Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Railways to introduce freight-cum-passenger trains to boost cargo ops |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/railways-to-introduce-freight-cum-passenger-trains-to-boost-cargo-ops-125012001225_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217091701/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/railways-to-introduce-freight-cum-passenger-trains-to-boost-cargo-ops-125012001225_1.html |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

Trail run of world's first triple-stack container train.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5H8pSxzTsA | title=RDSO triple stack container trials on WDFC_DFCCIL | website=[[YouTube]] | date=10 March 2022 }}</ref>

Design and specification of 12,000 hp [[Indian locomotive class WAG-11|WAG-11]] [[electric]] locomotive.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/worlds-first-12000-hp-converted-electric-locomotive-rolls-out/67431945 | title=World's first 12,000 HP converted electric locomotive rolls out - ET EnergyWorld }}</ref>

Design and specification of [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Vande Bharat]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,1093,7169 | title=Welcome to Rdso }}</ref>

Design and development of dual purpose [[Double Decker Express]] for cargo as well as passenger.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://curlytales.com/in-a-first-rcf-kapurthalas-double-decker-rail-coach-with-passengers-on-top-and-cargo-below-coming-next-month/ | title=In a First, RCF Kapurthala's Double-Decker Rail Coach with Passengers on Top and Cargo Below Coming Next Month | date=30 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A first: Double-decker coach to ferry passengers and cargo |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/a-first-double-decker-coach-to-ferry-passengers-and-cargo-529895 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Design and specification of [[Indian locomotive class WDAP-5|WDAP-5]]

Design and specification of [[Uday Express|Utkrisht Double Decker]]

Development of design & specification of [[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]]

Development of [[Double Decker Express]]

Design of [[Indian locomotive class WAGC3/WAG-10|WAGC3]] locomotive

Development of a new crashworthy design of 4500 HP WDG4 locomotive incorporating new technology to improve [[dynamic braking]] and attain significant fuel savings.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Development of Drivers’ Vigilance Telemetric Control System, which directly measures and analyses variations in biometric parameters to determine the state of alertness of the driver.

Development of [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]].

Development of Computer-Aided Drivers Aptitude test equipment for screening high-speed train drivers for Rajdhani/Shatabdi Express trains to evaluate their reaction time, form perception, vigilance, and speed anticipation.

Assessment of residual fatigue life of critical railway components like rail, rail weld, wheels, cylinder head, OHE mast, catenary wire, contact wire, wagon components, low components, etc., to formulate remedial actions.

Modification of the specification of the Electric Lifting Barrier to improve its strength and reliability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Amarpal |date= |title=Ludhiana: Railways goes for electric lifting barriers at level crossings |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-railways-goes-for-electric-lifting-barriers-at-level-crossings/story-kY2sd5I4mVSNOLsmzf8usN.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Design and development of modern fault-tolerant, fail-safe, maintainer-friendly [[Electronic interlocking|Electronic Interlocking]] system.

Development of a 4500 HP Hotel Load Locomotive to provide a clean and noise-free power supply to coaches from the locomotive to eliminate the existing generator car of Garib Rath express trains.

Field trials were conducted for electric locomotive hauling Rajdhani/Shatabdi express trains with the Head On Generation (HOG) system to provide a clean and noise-free power supply to the end coaches.

Development of WiMAX technology to provide internet access to the passengers in running trains.

Design and Development of Ballastless Track with the indigenous fastening system (BLT-IFS).

Design and Development of Rail Free Fastening (RFF) for Girder Bridges.

Reduction in de-stressing temperature in LWR with the use of wider and heavier sleepers.

Carrying Long Welded Rails through Points and Crossings.

Laying of Long Welded Rails in a sharp curve of less than 440 m radius.

Design and development of 25T Axle load bogie for different wagons.

==Major achievements==

* Design and development of a high-toe-load fastening system, ERC mark-V
* Development of pre-stressed concrete sleeper and allied components along with Source development.
* Development of newly designed Double Decker Coaches in Indian Railways.
* Development of improved AT welding technology with the Single Shot crucible, auto-thimble, and 3-piece mould.
* Design and development of the first Emission Test Car (ETC) to test diesel locomotive emissions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/newsindian-railways-launches-first-mobile-vehicle-to-test-locomotive-emissions/|title=Indian Railways launches first mobile vehicle to test locomotive emissions|date=7 February 2012|website=Railway Technology|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>
* Design and development of a wider and Heavier sleeper fit for a 25-tonne axle load
* Development of a protocol for laying long welded rails through points and crossing using welded CMS frogs.
* Development of Head on Generation(HOG), which taps overhead supply lines and distributes power to the train coaches, an alternative to End on Generation(EOG).

==See also==
*[[Automotive Industry Standards]]
*[[TSDSI]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/ RDSO website]
* [http://www.mbphenix.com/pre-engineered-buildings.asp RDSO Provider] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630115115/http://mbphenix.com/pre-engineered-buildings.asp |date=30 June 2013 }}
{{Indian Railways}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Railway companies of India]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1903]]
[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Transport research organizations]]
[[Category:Engineering research institutes]]

Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple

2026-03-13T09:09:08Z

ArtyCraftz: added lead also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple
| image = kuttankulangara.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates =
| native_name = (കുട്ടന്‍കുളങ്ങര അമ്പലം)
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district =
| location = [[Kuttankulangara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Sri Krishna]] (സന്താനഗോപാല മൂര്‍ത്തി), a deity which prospers human life with baby (സന്താനം)
| festivals= The Utsavam (ഉത്സവം) is celebrated during January–February (മകര മാസം). There is a ritual called [[Pannivetta]] (പന്നി വേട്ട). A model pig is made and a hunter shoots it down at the base of the banyan tree (ആല്‍ത്തറ).
| architecture = [[Kerala]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity= The other deities in the temple are Ganesha (ഗണപതി), Devi (ദേവി), and Serpent God.(നാഗരാജാവ്)
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple''' is located in [[Punkunnam]], [[Thrissur district]] of Kerala, [[south India]] and is considered to be over 300 years old.<ref name= "Sri Krishna Temple">{{Cite web |title=Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple|url=https://aroundus.com/p/7817352-kuttankulangara-sri-krishna-temple|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref> It is located in the [[Kuttankulangara]] ward of [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]. It is 500 meters away from Punkunnam Railway station.<ref name="Sri Krishna Temple"/> A ritual called Vishnu is practiced there where arrangements of offerings are given to the [[Lord Krisha]]. It is believed to blessings for the year ahead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuttankulangara Sree Mahavishnu Temple Thrissur|url=https://templesofkerala.org/thrissur/kuttamkulangaramahavishnutemplevallissery.html|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Punkunnam Siva Temple]]
*[[Poonkunnam Seetha Ramaswamy Temple]]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

{{coord|10.53729|N|76.20700|E|type:landmark_source:enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan

2026-03-13T08:42:49Z

ArtyCraftz: creating location

{{short description| Hindu temple dedicated to Radha Krishna in Vrindavan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shri Radha Vallabh Temple
|native_name=Shri Radha Vallabhlalji Temple
|image=File:Radhavallabhlalj.jpg
|caption=Central deity of Radha Vallabh Temple
|deity=[[Radha Krishna]] (Radha Vallabh)
|tradition=[[Radha vallabh sampradaya]]
|festival=[[Radhashtami]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], Hitotsav
|district=[[Mathura]]
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|creator=Sundardas Bhatnagar
|year_completed=1585 A.D
|location=[[Vrindavan]]
|coordinates={{coord|27.5812|77.6920|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|map_type=India Uttar Pradesh
|website=https://www.radhavallabhmandir.com/index.php
|country=[[India]]}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Shri Radha Vallabh Temple''', also called '''Shri Radha Vallabhlal ji Temple''' is a historic temple in the city of [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shinde|first1=Kiran A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YggBEAAAQBAJ&dq=radha+vallabh+temple&pg=PA60|title=Religious Tourism and the Environment|last2=Olsen|first2=Daniel H.|date=2020-09-30|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-78924-160-0|language=en}}</ref> The temple belongs to [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]] and was constructed in 16th century under the guidance of Vrindavan saint [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu|Hith Harivansha Mahaprabhu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Radha Vallabh Mandir – Brijwale|url=https://www.brijwale.com/radha-vallabh-mandir/|access-date=2021-09-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400859894.176/html|chapter=Chapter 7. Cross-Cultural Dynamics of Mystical Emotions in Vrindaban|date=2014-07-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5989-4|language=en|doi=10.1515/9781400859894.176|title=The Hare Krishnas in India|pages=176–198}}</ref>

The central deity of the temple is [[Krishna]] who is worshiped under the name of '''Shri Radha Vallabh''' which means the consort of [[Radha]]. Alongside Krishna, a crown is placed which signifies the presence of goddess Radha.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
[[File:Radha Vallabhlal.jpg|thumb|Inside premises of Radha Vallabh temple, Vrindavan]]
Old Radhavallabh Temple, presently known as ''Hith Mandir'' in Vrindavan, was constructed in 1585 A.D by Sundardas Bhatnagar, a disciple of Vanachandra, the son of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]. At that time, Sundardas Bhatnagar of [[Deoband]] was employed by Abdul Rahim Khankhana, the chief head at Akbar's court. Through Abdul Rahim Khankhana, Sundardas Bhatnagar not only got the Royal permission to use [[Sandstone|red sandstone]] for the construction of temple, which was used only for construction of imperial buildings, royal palaces and forts at that time but also received monetary grant for this temple from [[Akbar]]. Descendants of Sundardas Bhatnagar at Deoband still have the temple documents with them.

It is said that [[Man Singh I|King Maan Singh]] first decided to construct this temple. But on hearing a legend that whosoever construct this temple would die within a year, he backed out. Though later the legend did come true. Sundardas Bhatnagar who constructed the temple died within a year, soon after the construction of the temple was complete.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Radhavallabh Sampradaya and Sect {{!}} Glories of Radhavallabh Temple|url=https://www.radhavallabh.com/history.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.radhavallabh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Richard David|date=2020-10-01|title=Dreams, songs and letters: Sectarian networks and musical archives in eighteenth-century North India|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464620948723|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=583–604|doi=10.1177/0019464620948723|s2cid=225124146|issn=0019-4646|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Banke bihari (467).JPG|thumb|Radha Vallabhlal idol]]
According to popular legend, the deity Radhavallabh was never made by any sculptor. The deity was given to a devotee named Atmadev by [[Shiva]] himself because of his arduous devotion and prayers.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] lived 31 years in place called Devavan. In the 32nd year of his age, he left for [[Vrindavan]]. On his way to Vrindavan, he was ordered by goddess Radha herself to marry the daughters of Atmadev and took the idol of Radha Vallabhji to Vrindavan with them. As ordered, Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu married the daughters of Atmadev and Atmadev gifted the idol of Radhavallabh ji to his daughters and Harivansh Mahaprabhu on their marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-03|title=Shri Radhavallabh Mandir History, Images, Timing, Vrindavan Temples|url=https://shrimathuraji.com/shri-radhavallabh-mandir-history-temple-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Shri Mathura Ji|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Shri Radha Vallabh Temple was situated near Gotam Nagar on the cliff near [[Bankey Bihari Temple|Bankey Bihari temple]]. The stands out due to its striking architecture and magnificence decor. Constructed in 1585, the Radha Vallabh temple is one of the oldest and long-living temples, majestically built using red sandstones at a time when they were used for building only high palaces, imperial buildings and royal forts. The wall of the temple is 10 feet thick and are pierced in 2 stages.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Festivals ==
The Radha Vallabh temple is famous for its colorful and vibrant festivals. The major festivals of the temple are<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Radhavallabh Mandir - Varshik Utsav|url=https://www.radhavallabhmandir.com/varshik-utsav.php|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.radhavallabhmandir.com|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074900/https://www.radhavallabhmandir.com/varshik-utsav.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> -

* '''Hitotsav''' - It is a 11 days long festival commemorating the founder of [[Radha-vallabha]] tradition, [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]].
* '''[[Radhashtami]]''' - It is a 9 days long grand festival which celebrated the birth anniversary of Goddess [[Radha]], the guru (mentor) of Radha-vallabha tradition.
* '''[[Krishna Janmashtami]]''' - The festival celebrates the birth anniversary of [[Krishna]], the consort of Radha.
* '''Vyahlu Utsav''' - This festival celebrates the wedding ceremony of [[Radha Krishna]]. This festival is locally known as Byahovala of the Lord and is also called Manoratha. The temple is flocked with devotees on such ceremony and becomes the center of prime attraction for such different rituals.<ref name=":0" />

The other annual festivals of the temple include - [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Jhulan Purnima|Jhulan Utsav]], Phool Banglas (Floral Archades), Sanjhi Utsav and Patotsava.

== Timings ==
The time zone ([[UTC+05:30]]) observed through India by the priest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Radhavallabh Vrindavan Temple Mathura (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Aarti, Location & Phone) - Mathura Tourism 2021|url=https://mathuratourism.in/sri-radhavallabh-vrindavan-temple-mathura|access-date=2021-09-02|website=mathuratourism.in|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074218/https://mathuratourism.in/sri-radhavallabh-vrindavan-temple-mathura|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Morning''' - 05:00 am to 12:00 pm.

'''Evening''' - 06:00 pm to 09:00 pm.

== Nearby attractions ==

* [[Bankey Bihari Temple]]
* [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]
* [[Radha Raman Temple]]
* [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar temple, Vrindavan]]
* [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]
*
*

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Hinduism|India}}}}
* [[Hinduism in India]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra circle]]
* [[Radha Kund]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Kusum Sarovar]]
* [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]]
* [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu|Hith Harivansha Mahaprabhu]]
* [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.radhavallabhmandir.com/index.php Radha Vallabh official]

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]

A. Senapathi Gounder

2026-03-09T14:33:13Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1916–1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Senapathi Gounder
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1962
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Madras|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[C. Rajagopalachari]] [[K. Kamaraj]]
| constituency = [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = Parvathi Anjuman
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = K. Kamaraj [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
| constituency1 = [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
| predecessor1 = Karuthappa Gounder
| successor1 = N. Gounder
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1971
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[C. N. Annadurai]] [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
| predecessor2 = K. S. Nataraja Gounder
| successor2 = [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start3 = 1980
| term_end3 = 1992
| primeminister3 = [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] [[V. P. Singh]] [[Chandra Shekhar]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| constituency3 = [[Palani Lok Sabha constituency|Palani]]
| predecessor3 = [[C. Subramaniam]]
| successor3 = [[P. Kumarasamy]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|02|25|1916|09|09|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress (I)]]{{efn|In 1980 election}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]{{efn|In 1952 election}}
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
}}

'''A. Senapathi Gounder'''{{efn|also spelt A. Sanapathi Gounder, A. Senapathy Gounder}} (9 September 1916 – 25 February 1992) was an Indian politician, former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Madras State|Madras]].

He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for four consecutive terms from [[Palani Lok Sabha constituency]] as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]], [[1984 Indian general election|1984]], [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] and [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] general elections, his last term ending with his death. He was also elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram constituency]] in [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]] and [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]], and from [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram constituency]] in [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]], and from [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam constituency]] in [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007003737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{8th Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}
{{9th Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}
{{10th Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gounder, A. Senapathi}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]

Venkatagiri mandal

2026-03-09T13:37:59Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venkatagiri mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]]
| subdivision_type4 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name4 = [[Venkatagiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| mapframe = yes
| area_total_km2 = 171.10
| population_total = 79588
| population_urban =
| population_rural =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|57|10|N|79|34|40|E}}
}}

'''Venkatagiri mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].

== History ==
Venkatagiri mandal used to be a part of [[Nellore district]] and was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boda |first=Tharun |date=2019-05-27 |title=Andhra Pradesh in the grip of sweltering weather as temperatures inch close to 47°C |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-in-a-grip-of-sweltering-weather-as-temperatures-inch-close-to-47-degrees/article27261161.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Venkatagiri mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|93.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|5.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.37}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.15}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Venkatagiri mandal had a total population of 79,588 with 39,776 male population and 39,812 female population with a density of {{Pop density|79588|171.10|km2|prec=0}}. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 17,571 and 6,214 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 69.59% with 77.3% among males and 61.95% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=20-22,38-39 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Venkatagiri mandal is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=50–51,390 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Venkatagiri mandal is a part of [[Venkatagiri (Assembly constituency)|Venkatagiri Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal had 60,838 eligible voters with 29,814 male voters and 31,024 female voters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Rengaswamy Ramesh

2026-03-08T05:36:08Z

ArtyCraftz: creating new info...

{{short description|Indian climatologist (1956–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rengaswamy Ramesh
| image = Prof. Ramesh Rengaswamy.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2018|4|2}}
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Climatology]] | [[Oceanography]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]] [[Physical Research Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] |[[Physical Research Laboratory]] | [[Gujarat University]] | [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| [[Kunchithapadam Gopalan]] | [[Devendra Lal]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Paleo-climatic and paleo-oceanographic studies
| awards = {{ublist | 1973 All India Bengali Literary Conference Medal | Jagirdar of Arni Gold Medal | Professor P. E. Subrahmanya Ayyar Gold Medal | 1987 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 1998 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2006 [[TWAS Prize]] | [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Rengaswamy Ramesh''' (1956–2018) was an Indian [[climatologist]], [[oceanographer]], a former Prof. Satish Dhawan Professor at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]]<ref name="Faculty Details PRL">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~rramesh/ |title=Faculty Details PRL |date=2016 |publisher=Physical Research Laboratory}}</ref> and a senior professor at the [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]], Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niser.ac.in/seps/page/faculty|title=Faculty {{!}} School of Earth and Planetary Sciences|website=www.niser.ac.in|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> He was known for paleo-climatic and paleo-oceanographic studies <ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=261 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P01-1300 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramesh,_Prof._Rengaswamy |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as of [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/ramesh-rengaswamy |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1998.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:University of Madras Entrance Arch at Chepauk Campus.JPG|thumb|235px|left|University of Madras]]
R. Ramesh, born on 2 June 1956 in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], did his graduate studies in physics (1976) at the [[University of Madras]] and completed his master's degree at the same university in 1978.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Enrolling for his doctoral studies under the supervision of [[Kunchithapadam Gopalan]] of [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), he secured a PhD from [[Gujarat University]] in 1984 and did his post doctoral studies at his mentor's laboratory during 1985–86. He joined the Planetary and Geosciences Division of PRL as a research associate in 1987 and has served the institution in such various capacities as a Scientist-Grade D (1987–94), Reader (1994–98), Associate Professor (1999–2001), Professor (2002–07) and Senior Professor (since 2008)<ref name="Senior Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewMemberRecord&memberID=13898 |title=Senior Professor |date=2016 |publisher=International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange}}</ref> and holds the position of a Foundation for GLocal Science Initiatives (FGSI) Outstanding Scientist.<ref name="Research Council">{{Cite web |url=http://ngri.org.in/rccommittee.html |title=Research Council |date=2016 |publisher=National Geophysical Research Institute}}</ref> In between, he had a short stint at [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] during 1992–93 as a visiting research associate, working under the guidance of [[Devendra Lal]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He died on 2 April 2018, at the age of 61.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Legacy ==
Ramesh is known to have contributed to the reconstruction studies of paleo-climatic and paleo-oceanographic conditions of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He is credited, along with S. K. Bhattacharya and [[Kunchithapadam Gopalan]], with the establishment of a Stable Isotope laboratory for the first time in India.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> At the laboratory, he applied stable isotope methodology to study tree-rings, corals, peat deposits, speleothems, lake sediments and marine sediments and his studies assisted in widening the knowledge of the monsoons for the past 35 [[kiloannum]]. He developed equations for the calculation of past temperatures and rainfall using stable isotope ratios and prepared high resolution documentation of the monsoon changes during the [[Holocene epoch]]. His studies have been detailed in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ramesh=3ARengaswamy=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]] and [[Google Scholar]], two online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 208<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rengaswamy_Ramesh |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> and 267 of them respectively.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=THrIBuAAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> He was one of the lead authors of the book, ''Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis'',<ref name="Change2014-1">{{cite book|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4gaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA383|date=24 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|pages=383–}}</ref> a 1552-page compilation of reports of the Working Group I of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], published by Cambridge University Press in 2014.<ref name="Change2014-2">{{cite book|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4gaBQAAQBAJ|date=24 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05799-9}}</ref> He has mentored 15 scholars in their doctoral studies who were also trained by him in [[stable isotope]] methodology.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is the project director of the National Program on Palaeoclimate studies of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]-Geosphere Biosphere Programme (GBP) and sits in the Research Council of the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] as an external member.<ref name="Research Council" />

== Awards and honors ==
Ramesh, a National Merit Certificate holder of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education and Social Welfare]] in 1972, received the All India Bengali Literary Conference Medal in 1973.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He was selected for the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Fellowship in 1976 for his project on ''The Life and Work of Professor Sir C. V. Raman''<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Fellowship |date=2016 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund}}</ref> and the Young Scientist Medal of the Indian National Science Academy reached him in 1987.<ref name="Young Scientist Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=Young Scientist Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1998.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as its fellow in 1996<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and the other two major Indian science academies, the Indian National Science Academy and the National Academy of Sciences, India followed suit in 2001 and 2002 respectively.<ref name="NASI fellows" /> He received the [[TWAS Prize]] in 2006;<ref name="2006 TWAS Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/recipients-twas-awards-and-prizes |title=2006 TWAS Prize |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> TWAS honored him again in 2007 with an elected fellowship.<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> The [[Indian Space Research Organization]] awarded him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016.<ref name="TWAS fellow" />

The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] listed Ramesh as one of the scientists who contributed to reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the [[2007 Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Faculty Details PRL" /> He is also a recipient of the Jagirdar of Arni Gold Medal and the Professor P. E. Subrahmanya Ayyar Gold Medal.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The list of award orations and plenary speeches delivered by Ramesh includes the 2011 K. R. Ramanathan lecture of the [[Indian Geophysical Union]]<ref name="K. R. Ramanathan lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igu.in/lectures.htm |title=K. R. Ramanathan lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Geophysical Union}}</ref> and the address on ''Oceanic nitrogen cycling: new results based on isotopic tracers'' of 2013 held at the K.R. Ramanathan Auditorium of the Physical Research Laboratory.<ref name="Oceanic nitrogen cycling: new results based on isotopic tracers">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~dnoff/colloqia/Prof.%20R.%20Ramesh_23.pdf |title=Oceanic nitrogen cycling: new results based on isotopic tracers |last= R. Ramesh |date=3 September 2013 |publisher=Physical Research Laboratory}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Sheela Kusumgar, D. P. Agrawal, R. D. Deshpande, Rengaswamy Ramesh, Chhemendra Sharma, M. G. Yadava |title=A Comparative Study of Monsoonal and Non-Monsoonal Himalayan Lakes, India |journal=Radiocarbon |date=January 1995 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200030630|bibcode=1995Radcb..37..191K |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tiwari, M., Ramesh, R., Bhushan, R., Somayajulu, B. L. K., Jull, A. J. T., Burr, G. S. |title=Paleoproductivity variations in the equatorial Arabian Sea: Implications for East African and Indian summer rainfalls and the el NIÑO frequency |journal=Radiocarbon |date=2006 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200035360|bibcode=2006Radcb..48...17T |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Murugan, M. |author2=Mukund, V. |author3=Ramesh, R. |author4=Hiremath, M. B. |author5=Josephrajkumar, A. |author6=Shetty, P. K. |title=Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, Southern Western Ghats, India |journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences |date=2008 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=31–39}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Laskar, A. H. |author2=Sharma, N. |author3=Ramesh, R. |author4=Jani, R. A. |author5=Yadava, M. G. |title=Paleoclimate and paleovegetation of Lower Narmada Basin, Gujarat, Western India, inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes |journal=Quaternary International |date=2010 |volume=227 |issue=2 |pages=183–189 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.05.020|bibcode=2010QuInt.227..183L }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Tiwari, Manish |author2=Singh, Ashutosh K. |author3=Ramesh, Rengaswamy |title=High-resolution monsoon records since last glacial maximum: a comparison of marine and terrestrial paleoarchives from South Asia |journal=Journal of Geological Research |date=2011 |volume=2011 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2011/765248|doi-access=free }}
* Lekshmy, P.R; Midhun, M; Ramesh Rengaswamy (2014). "18O depletion in monsoon rain relates to large scale organized convection rather than the amount of rainfall". ''Scientific Reports.'' [[Doi:10.1038/srep05661|<abbr>doi</abbr>:10.1038/srep05661]]

== See also ==
* [[Mass spectrometry]]
* [[Mathematical modeling]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|50em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Rengaswamy Ramesh |title=Sun-Climate relationship in the past |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/ihy/school/Ramesh_PRL.pdf |journal= |publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics |location=Bengaluru}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Rengaswamy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian geophysicists]]
[[Category:Indian oceanographers]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

Weighing scale

2026-03-05T23:00:50Z

ArtyCraftz: cleanup

{{Short description|Instrument to measure the weight of an object}}
{{Other uses|Scale (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Balance à tabac 1850.JPG|thumb|Balance scale set, with weights]]
[[File:Fruit scales.jpg|thumb|Scales used to measure the weight of fruit in a supermarket]]
[[File:Weighing_scale-inTokyo-2022Aug18.webm|thumb|Weighing scale in use in [[Tokyo]]]]
[[File:Digi-keukenweegschaal1284.JPG|thumb|right|Digital kitchen scale, a [[strain gauge]] scale]]
[[File:משקל תינוק.jpg|thumb|Weighing scale for a baby includes a ruler for height measurement]]
A '''scale''' or '''balance''' is a device used to measure [[weight]] or [[mass]]. These are also known as '''mass scales''', '''weight scales''', '''mass balances''', '''massometers''', and '''weight balances'''.

The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distances from a [[Lever|fulcrum]]. One plate holds an object of unknown [[mass]] (or [[weight]]), while objects of known mass or weight, called ''[[Weight (object)|weights]]'', are added to the other plate until [[mechanical equilibrium]] is achieved and the plates level off, which happens when the masses on the two plates are equal. The perfect scale rests at neutral. A [[spring scale]] will make use of a [[spring (device)|spring]] of known [[stiffness]] to determine mass (or weight). Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's stiffness (or [[spring constant]]). The heavier the object, the more the spring stretches, as described in [[Hooke's law]]. Other types of scales making use of different physical principles also exist.

Some scales can be [[calibrate]]d to read in units of force (weight) such as [[newton (unit)|newtons]] instead of units of mass such as [[kilogram]]s. Scales and balances are widely used in commerce, as many products are sold and packaged by mass.

==Pan balance==
===History===
[[File:El pesado del corazón en el Papiro de Hunefer.jpg|thumb|The Ancient Egyptian ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' depicts a scene in which a scribe's heart is weighed against the [[Maat|feather of truth]].]]
The balance scale is such a simple device that its usage likely far predates the evidence. What has allowed archaeologists to link artifacts to weighing scales are the stones for determining absolute mass. The balance scale itself was probably used to determine relative mass long before absolute mass.<ref name="averyweigh-tronix1947"/>

The oldest attested evidence for the existence of weighing scales dates to the [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]], with [[Deben (unit)]] balance weights, from the reign of [[Sneferu]] (c. 2600 BC) excavated, though earlier usage has been proposed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahmstorf |first=Lorenz |title=In Search of the Earliest Balance Weights, Scales and Weighing Systems from the East Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/1864503}}</ref> Carved stones bearing marks denoting mass and the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for gold have been discovered, which suggests that Egyptian merchants had been using an established system of mass measurement to catalog gold shipments or gold mine yields. Although no actual scales from this era have survived, many sets of weighing stones as well as murals depicting the use of balance scales suggest widespread usage.<ref name="jstor44" />

Examples, dating {{circa|2400–1800 BC}}, have also been found in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus River valley]]. Uniform, polished stone cubes discovered in early settlements were probably used as mass-setting stones in balance scales. Although the cubes bear no markings, their masses are multiples of a common denominator. The cubes are made of many different kinds of stones with varying densities. Clearly their mass, not their size or other characteristics, was a factor in sculpting these cubes.<ref name="jstor44">{{cite journal|author=Petruso, Karl M|title=Early Weights and Weighing in Egypt and the Indus Valley |journal=M Bulletin |volume=79|year=1981|pages=44–51|jstor=4171634}}</ref>

In China, the earliest weighing balance excavated was from a tomb of the [[state of Chu]] of the Chinese [[Warring States period]] dating back to the 3rd to 4th century BC in Mount Zuojiagong near [[Changsha]], Hunan. The balance was made of wood and used bronze masses.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present (History of Mechanism and Machine Science) |last1=Rossi |first1=Cesare |last2=Russo |first2=Flavio |last3=Russo |first3=Ferruccio |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-481-2252-3 |publication-date=May 11, 2009 |page=21|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery |last= Yan |first=Hong-Sen |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |publication-date=November 18, 2007 |pages=53–54}}</ref>

Variations on the balance scale, including devices like the cheap and inaccurate ''bismar'' (unequal-armed scales),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isasc.org/Tutorial/Scale-Types.html |title=ISASC |publisher=ISASC |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref> began to see common usage by c. 400 BC by many small merchants and their customers. A plethora of scale varieties each boasting advantages and improvements over one another appear throughout recorded history, with such great inventors as Leonardo da Vinci lending a personal hand in their development.<ref name="averyweigh-tronix2">{{cite web|url=http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/main.aspx?p=1.1.3.4 |title=The History of Weighing |publisher=Averyweigh-tronix.com |date=2012-03-02 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302145347/http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/main.aspx?p=1.1.3.4 |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}</ref>

Even with all the advances in weighing scale design and development, all scales until the seventeenth century AD were variations on the balance scale. The standardization of the weights used – and ensuring traders used the correct weights – was a considerable preoccupation of governments throughout this time.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Archaeological site of Akrotiri - Museum of prehistoric Thera - Santorini - weighing dishes - 01.jpg|Weighing dishes from the island of [[Thera]], [[Minoan civilization]], 2000–1500 BC
File:Lionweights-BM.JPG|[[Assyrian lion weights]] (8th century BC) in the [[British Museum]]
File:Weegschaal (unster) met 2 gewichten in brons, 50 tot 200 NC, vindplaats- Onbekend, collectie Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren, GRM 48.jpg|Roman [[steelyard balance]] with two bronze weights, 50–200 AD, [[Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren]], Belgium
File:Meister der Jahângîr-Memoiren 001.jpg|Emperor [[Jahangir]] (reigned 1605–1627) weighing his son [[Shah Jahan]] on a weighing scale by artist [[Manohar Das|Manohar]] (AD 1615, Mughal dynasty, India)
</gallery>
The original form of a balance consisted of a beam with a fulcrum at its center. For highest accuracy, the fulcrum would consist of a sharp V-shaped pivot seated in a shallower V-shaped bearing. To determine the mass of the object, a combination of reference masses was hung on one end of the beam while the object of unknown mass was hung on the other end (see [[balance (ability)|balance]] and [[steelyard balance]]). For high precision work, such as empirical chemistry, the center beam balance is still one of the most accurate technologies available, and is commonly used for calibrating test masses.

However, bronze fragments discovered in central Germany and Italy had been used during the [[Bronze Age]] as an early form of currency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ialongo |first1=Nicola |last2=Lago |first2=Giancarlo |title=A small change revolution. Weight systems and the emergence of the first Pan-European money |journal= Journal of Archaeological Science|year=2021 |volume=129 |article-number=105379 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2021.105379 |bibcode=2021JArSc.129j5379I |doi-access=free |hdl=11573/1547061 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In the same time period, merchants had used standard weights of equivalent value between 8 and 10.5 grams from Great Britain to Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ialongo |first1=Nicola |last2=Hermann |first2=Raphael |last3=Rahmstorf |first3=Lorenz |title=Bronze Age weight systems as a measure of market integration in Western Eurasia |journal=PNAS |year=2021 |volume=118 |issue=27 |article-number=e2105873118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2105873118 |pmid=34183401 |pmc=8271817 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11805873I |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Mechanical balances===
[[File:Alte Dezimalwaage.JPG|thumb|Old decimal balance]]
The '''balance''' (also '''balance scale''', '''beam balance''' and '''laboratory balance''') was the first mass measuring instrument invented.<ref name="averyweigh-tronix1947">{{cite web|url=http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/download.aspx?did=6249 |title=Download – A Short History to Weighing: AWTX Museum Book |publisher=Averyweigh-tronix.com |access-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302145357/http://www.averyweigh-tronix.com/download.aspx?did=6249 |archive-date=March 2, 2012 }}</ref> In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal [[lever]] with arms of equal length{{spaced ndash}}the [[Beam (structure)|beam]] or [[Tron (Scotland)|tron]] {{spaced ndash}}and a weighing pan<ref>Or "scale", "scalepan" or the obsolete "basin" ([https://books.google.com/books?id=FuAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1069&dq=bason+balance+scale&lr= ''A Practical Dictionary of the English and German Languages'' (1869), p. 1069]).</ref> suspended from each arm (hence the plural name "''scales''{{-"}} for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to [[Mechanical equilibrium|equilibrium]] as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. A [[decimal balance]] uses the lever in which the arm for weights is 10 times longer than the arm for weighted objects, so that much lighter weights may be used to weigh heavy object.<ref>''McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms''</ref> Similarly a [[centesimal balance]] uses arms in ratio 1:100.
[[File:Balance Scale Working Principle.svg|thumb|left|For a simple pan balance to be in equilibrium, the fulcrum must be offset from the lever arm. When this is the case, the higher arm gains a mechanical advantage over the lower because its horizontal separation from the fulcrum is greater.]]
[[File:Odważniki 2, ubt.jpeg|thumb|left|Two 10-[[Gram|decagram]] masses]]
[[File:Gewichtendoos B.jpg|thumb|left|Masses of 50, 20, 1, 2, 5 and 10 grams]]

Unlike spring-based scales, balances are used for the precision measurement of mass as their accuracy is not affected by variations in the local gravitational field. (On Earth, for example, these can amount to ±0.5% between locations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodgeman |first=Charles, Ed. |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th Ed. |publisher=Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. |year=1961 |location=Cleveland, USA }} pp. 3480–3485.</ref>) A change in the strength of the gravitational field caused by moving the balance does not change the measured mass, because the [[Moment (physics)|moments of force]] on either side of the center balanced beam are affected equally. A center beam balance will render an accurate measurement of mass at any location experiencing a constant gravity or acceleration.

Very [[Accuracy and precision|precise]] measurements are achieved by ensuring that the balance's [[fulcrum (mechanics)|fulcrum]] is essentially [[friction]]-free (a [[knife]] edge is the traditional solution), by attaching a [[wikt:pointer|pointer]] to the beam which [[Amplifier|amplifies]] any [[Absolute deviation|deviation]] from a balance position; and finally by using the [[lever]] principle, which allows [[fraction (mathematics)|fractional]] masses to be applied by [[Motion (physics)|movement]] of a small mass along the measuring arm of the beam, as described above. For greatest accuracy, there needs to be an allowance for the [[buoyancy]] in air, whose effect depends on the densities of the masses involved.

[[File:Balance scales in China 02.jpg|thumb|Aluminum, mass-produced balance scale ([[steelyard balance]]) sold and used throughout China: the scale can be inverted and held by the larger ring beneath the user's right hand to produce greater leverage for heavier loads ([[Hainan]], [[China]], 2011)]]
[[File:Kubanino sur stratpesilo (Vieno).jpg|thumb|upright|Woman on a public weighing scale, [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 2016]]

To reduce the need for large reference masses, an off-center beam can be used. A balance with an off-center beam can be almost as accurate as a scale with a center beam, but the off-center beam requires special reference masses and cannot be intrinsically checked for accuracy by simply swapping the contents of the pans as a center-beam balance can. To reduce the need for small graduated reference masses, a sliding weight called a poise can be installed so that it can be positioned along a calibrated scale. A poise adds further intricacies to the calibration procedure, since the exact mass of the poise must be adjusted to the exact lever ratio of the beam.

For greater convenience in placing large and awkward loads, a platform can be ''floated'' on a cantilever beam system which brings the proportional force to a ''noseiron'' bearing; this pulls on a ''stilyard rod'' to transmit the reduced force to a conveniently sized beam.

One still sees this design in portable beam balances of 500 kg capacity which are commonly used in harsh environments without electricity, as well as in the lighter duty mechanical bathroom scale (which actually uses a spring scale, internally). The additional pivots and bearings all reduce the accuracy and complicate calibration; the float system must be corrected for corner errors before the span is corrected by adjusting the balance beam and poise. 

====Roberval balance====
{{main|Roberval balance}}
[[File:Balance scale IMGP9755.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Roberval balance]]. The pivots of the parallelogram understructure makes it insensitive to load positioning away from center, so improves its accuracy, and ease of use. ]]
In 1669 the Frenchman [[Gilles Personne de Roberval]] presented a new kind of balance scale to the French Academy of Sciences. This scale consisted of a pair of vertical columns separated by a pair of equal-length arms and pivoting in the center of each arm from a central vertical column, creating a parallelogram. From the side of each vertical column a peg extended. To the amazement of observers, no matter where Roberval hung two equal weight along the peg, the scale still balanced. In this sense, the scale was revolutionary: it evolved into the more-commonly encountered form consisting of two pans placed on vertical column located above the fulcrum and the parallelogram below them. The advantage of the Roberval design is that no matter where equal weights are placed in the pans, the scale will still balance.

Further developments have included a [https://www.besslerwheel.com/forum/download.php?id=14967&order=user_id&sid=e055c056e43d2d7da87d910766c9ff39 "gear balance"] in which the parallelogram is replaced by any odd number of interlocking gears greater than one, with alternating gears of the same size and with the central gear fixed to a stand and the outside gears fixed to pans, as well as the "sprocket gear balance" consisting of a bicycle-type chain looped around an odd number of [[sprocket]]s with the central one fixed and the outermost two free to pivot and attached to a pan.

Because it has more moving joints which add friction, the Roberval balance is consistently less accurate than the traditional beam balance, but for many purposes this is compensated for by its usability.

====Torsion balance====
[[File:DRX-3.jpg|thumb|Torsion balance scale made by Torbal]]
The torsion balance is one of the most mechanically accurate of analog balances. Pharmacy schools still teach how to use torsion balances in the U.S. It utilizes pans like a traditional balance that lie on top of a mechanical chamber which bases measurements on the amount of twisting of a wire or fiber inside the chamber. The scale must still use a calibration weight to compare against, and can weigh objects greater than 120 mg and come within a margin of error +/- 7 mg. Many microbalances and ultra-microbalances that weigh fractional gram values are torsion balances. A common fiber type is quartz crystal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grainger.com/know-how/equipment-information/kh-laboratory-balance-scale-types-care-terms |title = Types of Balances and Scales, Common Terms & Care - Grainger KnowHow}}</ref>

===Electronic devices===


====Microbalance====
{{main|Microbalance}}
A [[microbalance]] (also called an ultramicrobalance, or nanobalance) is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of the mass of objects of relatively small mass: on the order of a million parts of a gram and below.

====Analytical balance====
{{main|Analytical balance}}
[[File:Balance-NaCl-1mol.jpg|thumb|upright|Analytical balance]]
An '''analytical balance''' is a class of balance designed to measure small [[mass]] in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 [[milligram|mg]] or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that [[dust]] does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield. The use of a mechanically [[vented balance safety enclosure]], which has uniquely designed acrylic airfoils, allows a smooth turbulence-free airflow that prevents balance fluctuation and the measure of mass down to 1 μg without fluctuations or loss of product. Also, the sample must be at [[room temperature]] to prevent natural [[convection]] from forming air currents inside the enclosure from causing an error in reading. Single-pan mechanical substitution balances maintain consistent response throughout the useful capacity, which is achieved by maintaining a constant load on the balance beam and thus the fulcrum by subtracting mass on the same side of the beam to which the sample is added.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than using actual masses. As such they must have calibration adjustments made to compensate for gravitational differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aandd.jp/support/materials/product_training1_balances.pdf |title=A&D training material|publisher=Sandd.jp |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref> They use an electromagnet to generate a force to counter the sample being measured and output the result by measuring the force needed to achieve balance. Such a measurement device is called an electromagnetic force restoration sensor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.sensorsmag.com/articles/0602/27/main.shtml |title=Sensors Mag |publisher=Archives.sensorsmag.com |access-date=2014-02-26 |archive-date=2014-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053450/http://archives.sensorsmag.com/articles/0602/27/main.shtml }}</ref>

====Pendulum balance scales====
Pendulum type scales do not use springs. These designs use pendulums and operate as a balance that is unaffected by differences in gravity. An example of application of this design are scales made by the Toledo Scale Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/findingaids1/MSS-153.pdf |title=Finding Aid: The Toledo Scale Collection |publisher=Utoledo.edu |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>

====Programmable scales====
A programmable scale has a [[programmable logic controller]] in it, allowing it to be programmed for various applications such as batching, labeling, filling (with check weight function), [[truck scale]]s, and more.

Another important function is counting, e. g. used to count small parts in larger quantities during the annual stock taking. Counting scales (which can also do just weighing) can range from mg to tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Industrial rental scales - Counting scales from 0,006 g to 6 t |url=https://mietwaagen.shop/industrial-scale-rental-hire/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |language=de-DE |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406073057/https://mietwaagen.shop/industrial-scale-rental-hire/ }}</ref>

===Symbolism===


[[File:Statue of Justice, Central Criminal Court, London, UK - 20030311.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|"Lady Justice" holding a 2-pan balance beam scale, and a sword: Statue of Justice, Central Criminal Court, London, UK]]
The [[Scales of Justice (symbol)|scales]] (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance) are one of the traditional symbols of [[justice]], as wielded by statues of [[Lady Justice]]. This corresponds to the use in a metaphor of matters being "held in the balance". It has its origins in ancient Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Andrew |date=2023-04-13 |title=The History of Weighing Scales: From Ancient Times to Modern Day |url=https://www.mws.ltd.uk/the-history-of-weighing-scales/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=MWS Weighing Solutions |language=en-US}}</ref>

Scales also are widely used as a symbol of finance, commerce, or trade, in which they have played a traditional, vital role since ancient times. For instance, balance scales are depicted in the seal of the [[U.S. Department of the Treasury]] and the [[Federal Trade Commission]].

<gallery>
Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.svg|Seal of the U.S. Department of the Treasury
Seal of the United States Federal Trade Commission.svg|Seal of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission
</gallery>

Scales are also the symbol for the astrological sign [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]].

Scales (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance in a state of equal balance) are the traditional symbol of [[Pyrrhonism]] indicating the equal balance of arguments used in inducing [[epoche]].<ref>Sarah Bakewell, ''How to Live: Or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer'' 2011 p 127 {{ISBN|1590514831}}</ref>

==Force-measuring (weight) scales==
===History===
[[File:A Simple Balance.jpg|thumb|upright|A simple balance from the 19th century]]
Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring mass, the earliest design for such a device dates to 1770 and credits Richard Salter, an early scale-maker.<ref name="jstor44"/> Spring scales came into wide usage in the United Kingdom after 1840 when R. W. Winfield developed the candlestick scale for weighing letters and packages, required after the introduction of the [[Uniform Penny Post]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brass |first=Brian|year=2006|title=Candlesticks, Part 1 |journal=Equilibrium |issue=1|pages=3099–3109|url=http://www.isasc.org/Equilibrium/Back_Issues/2006-1.pdf|access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref> Postal workers could work more quickly with spring scales than balance scales because they could be read instantaneously and did not have to be carefully balanced with each measurement.

By the 1940s, various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make readings more accurate.<ref name="jstor44"/><ref name="averyweigh-tronix2"/> [[Load cell]]s – transducers that convert force to an electrical signal – have their beginnings as early as the late nineteenth century, but it was not until the late twentieth century that their widespread usage became economically and technologically viable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omega.com/prodinfo/loadcells.html |title=Load Cells |publisher=Omega.com |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref>

===Mechanical scales===
A mechanical scale or balance is used to describe a weighing device that is used to measure the mass, force [[exertion]], tension, and resistance of an object without the need of a power supply. Types of mechanical scales include [[decimal balance]]s, [[spring scale]]s, hanging scales, [[triple beam balance]]s, and [[force gauge]]s.

====Spring scales====
{{main|Spring scale}}
A [[spring scale]] measures mass by reporting the distance that a [[spring (device)|spring]] deflects under a load. This contrasts to a ''balance'', which compares the [[torque]] on the arm due to a sample weight to the [[torque]] on the arm due to a standard reference mass using a horizontal [[lever]]. Spring scales measure [[force]], which is the [[tension (physics)|tension]] [[force]] of constraint acting on an object, opposing the local [[gravity|force of gravity.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inscale-scales.co.uk/blog/guide-to-choosing-best-mechanical-scale/|title=A Guide to Choosing the Best Mechanical Scale – Inscale|website=Inscale Scales|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203111/https://www.inscale-scales.co.uk/blog/guide-to-choosing-best-mechanical-scale/|archive-date=2017-12-06|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> They are usually [[Calibration|calibrated]] so that measured force translates to mass at earth's gravity. The object to be weighed can be simply hung from the spring or set on a pivot and bearing platform.
[[File:Bilancia Dayton scale. Blokha.jpg|thumb|Bilancia Dayton Scale, manufactured approx before 1940.]]
In a spring scale, the spring either stretches (as in a hanging scale in the produce department of a [[grocery store]]) or compresses (as in a simple bathroom scale). By [[Hooke's law]], every spring has a proportionality constant that relates how hard it is pulled to how far it stretches. Weighing scales use a [[spring (device)|spring]] with a known spring constant (see [[Hooke's law]]) and measure the displacement of the spring by any variety of mechanisms to produce an estimate of the [[gravity|gravitational]] force applied by the object.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-02-law.html|title=What is Hooke's Law?|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> Rack and [[pinion]] mechanisms are often used to convert the linear spring motion to a dial reading.

Spring scales have two sources of error that balances do not: the measured mass varies with the strength of the local gravitational force (by as much as 0.5% at different locations on Earth), and the elasticity of the measurement spring can vary slightly with temperature. With proper manufacturing and setup, however, spring scales can be rated as legal for commerce. To remove the temperature error, a commerce-legal spring scale must either have temperature-compensated springs or be used at a fairly constant temperature. To eliminate the effect of gravity variations, a commerce-legal spring scale must be calibrated where it is used.

====Hydraulic or pneumatic scale====
It is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use hydraulic force to sense mass. The test force is applied to a piston or diaphragm and transmitted through hydraulic lines to a dial indicator based on a [[pressure gauge|Bourdon tube]] or electronic sensor.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=California Department of Food and Agriculture Division of Measurement Standards|title=A brief history of weights and measures|url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/dms/trainingmodules/Module_07.pdf}}</ref>

===Domestic weighing scales===
[[File:Feet on scale.jpg|thumb|right|A mechanical bathroom scale. Pressure on the internal springs rotates a disc displaying the user's weight in pounds.]]
Electronic digital scales display weight as a number, usually on a [[liquid crystal display]] (LCD). They are versatile because they may perform calculations on the measurement and transmit it to other digital devices. On a digital scale, the force of the weight causes a spring to deform, and the amount of deformation is measured by one or more [[transducer]]s called [[strain gauge]]s. A strain gauge is a [[electrical conductor|conductor]] whose [[electrical resistance]] changes when its length changes. Strain gauges have limited capacity and larger digital scales may use a [[hydraulic]] transducer called a [[load cell]] instead. A voltage is applied to the device, and the weight causes the current through it to change. The current is converted to a digital number by an [[analog-to-digital converter]], translated by digital logic to the correct units, and displayed on the display. Usually, the device is run by a [[microprocessor]] chip.

====Digital bathroom scale====
A digital bathroom scale is a scale on the floor which a person stands on. The weight is shown on a digital display. The digital electronics may do more than just display weight, it may calculate body fat, [[body mass index|BMI]], lean mass, muscle mass, and water ratio. Some modern bathroom scales are wirelessly or cellularly connected and have features like smartphone integration, cloud storage, and fitness tracking. They are usually powered by a button cell, or battery of AA or AAA size.

====Digital kitchen scale====
Digital kitchen scales are used for weighing food in a kitchen during cooking. These are usually lightweight and compact.

====Strain gauge scale====
In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a beam supporting the unknown mass is measured using a [[strain gauge]], which is a length-sensitive [[electrical resistance]]. The capacity of such devices is only limited by the resistance of the beam to deflection. The results from several supporting locations may be added electronically, so this technique is suitable for determining the mass of very heavy objects, such as trucks and rail cars, and is used in a modern [[weighbridge]].

====Supermarket and other retail scale====
These scales are used in the modern [[bakery]], [[grocery]], [[delicatessen]], [[seafood]], [[meat]], [[produce]] and other perishable goods departments. Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts, mark mass and count, unit price, total price and in some cases [[Tare weight|tare]]. Some modern supermarket scales print an [[RFID]] tag that can be used to track the item for tampering or returns. In most cases, these types of scales have a sealed calibration so that the reading on the display is correct and cannot be tampered with. In the US, the scales are certified by the [[National Type Evaluation Program]] (NTEP), in South Africa by the [[South African Bureau of Standards]], in Australia, they are certified by the [[National Measurement Institute, Australia|National Measurement Institute (NMI)]] and in the UK by the [[International Organization of Legal Metrology]].

=== Industrial weighing scale ===
An industrial weighing scale is a device that measures the weight or mass of objects in various industries. It can range from small bench scales to large weighbridges, and it can have different features and capacities. Industrial weighing scales are used for quality control, inventory management, and trade purposes.

There are many kinds of industrial weighing scales that are used for different purposes and applications. Some of the common types are:

[[Truck scale|Weighbridges]] : A large scale that can weigh trucks, lorries, containers, and other heavy-duty vehicles. They are used in industries like manufacturing, shipping, mining, agriculture, etc.

Container Stacker Scale : A [https://www.hirsglobal.com/portfolio/container-stacker-scale/ container stacker scale] is a specialized weighing system designed for accurately measuring the weight of shipping containers. It is typically integrated into the equipment used for loading and unloading containers, such as container handlers or stacker cranes. Container stacker scales provide real-time weight measurements, allowing logistics professionals to ensure that each container is loaded within the specified weight limits. Container stacker scales are used in industries like ports, shipping, and logistics

Forklift scale : A forklift scale is a weighing system that is built into a forklift truck. It allows for the weighing of loads while they are being lifted and transported by the forklift. This eliminates the need for separate weighing operations and reduces the time and labor required for material handling operations. Forklift scales are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, logistics, and shipping.

Material Handler Scale : A Material Handler Scale is a weighing system that is integrated into a material handler machine, such as a grapple or a magnet. It allows for the accurate and efficient weighing of materials while they are being moved, unloaded, or loaded. A Material Handler Scale can be used in various industries, such as scrap, recycling, waste, and port and harbor. A Material Handler Scale can also transfer the weighing information to a cloud service or an ERP system for real-time monitoring and management of material flow.

A pallet jack scale is a device that combines a pallet jack and a weighing scale. It allows you to weigh and move pallets at the same time, saving time and labor. Pallet jack scales are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, logistics, and shipping.

Crane Scale : A crane scale is a device that measures the weight or mass of objects that are suspended from a crane. It has a hook at the bottom and a large display that allows distant viewing. Crane scales are used for various industrial applications, such as manufacturing, shipping, mining, recycling, and more

Wheel Loader Scale : A wheel loader scale is a system that measures the weight of the materials lifted by a wheel loader, a type of heavy machinery used for moving large amounts of earth, sand, gravel, or other materials. A wheel loader scale can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of loading operations, as well as the inventory management and safety of the industries that use them. A wheel loader scale typically consists of a hydraulic sensor, a display unit, and a data management system. The hydraulic sensor is installed in the wheel loader and detects the pressure changes caused by the load. The display unit shows the weight information to the operator and allows them to set target loads, select products and customers, and export data. The data management system can store, analyze, and transmit the weight data to other devices or platforms.

===Testing and certification===
{{See also|Verification and validation}}
[[File:Inspected scale 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Scales used for trade purposes in the [[United States]], as this scale at the checkout in a [[cafeteria]], are inspected for accuracy by the [[FDACS|FDACS's Bureau of Weights and Measures]].]]

Most countries regulate the design and servicing of scales used for commerce. For example, in the European Union weighing instruments are subject to 2014/31/EU and 2014/32/EU directives. A conformity assessment procedure is carried out before placing the instrument on the market, andv the instruments are verified after a given period of time in member states of the European Union. This has tended to cause scale technology to lag behind other technologies because expensive regulatory hurdles are involved in introducing new designs. Nevertheless, there has been{{When|date=September 2015}} a trend to "digital load cells" which are actually strain-gauge cells with dedicated analog converters and networking built into the cell itself. Such designs have reduced the service problems inherent with combining and transmitting a number of 20 millivolt signals in hostile environments.

Government regulation generally requires periodic inspections by licensed technicians, using masses whose calibration is traceable to an approved laboratory. Scales intended for non-trade use, such as those used in bathrooms, doctor's offices, kitchens (portion control), and price estimation (but not official price determination) may be produced, but must by law be labelled "Not Legal for Trade" to ensure that they are not re-purposed in a way that jeopardizes commercial interest. In the United States, the document describing how scales must be designed, installed, and used for commercial purposes is [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] ''Handbook 44''. Legal For Trade (LFT) certification usually approve the readability by testing repeatability of measurements to ensure a maximum margin of error of 10%.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Because gravity varies by over 0.5% over the surface of the earth, the [[Units of weight|distinction between force due to gravity and mass]] is relevant for accurate calibration of scales for commercial purposes. Usually, the goal is to measure the [[mass]] of the sample rather than its force due to gravity at that particular location.

Traditional mechanical balance-beam scales intrinsically measured mass. But ordinary electronic scales intrinsically measure the [[gravitational force]] between the sample and the earth, i.e. the [[weight]] of the sample, which varies with location. So such a scale has to be re-calibrated after installation, for that specific location, in order to obtain an accurate indication of mass.

====Sources of error====
Some of the sources of [[errors and residuals in statistics|error]] in weighing are:
* [[Buoyancy]] – Objects in air develop a buoyancy force that is directly proportional to the volume of air displaced. The difference in density of air due to [[barometric pressure]] and temperature creates errors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andrew.ucsd.edu/co2qc/handbook/sop21.pdf |title=Applying air buoyancy corrections |publisher=Andrew.ucsd.edu |date=September 29, 1997 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907221014/http://andrew.ucsd.edu/co2qc/handbook/sop21.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2006 }}</ref>
* Error in the mass of reference weight
* Air gusts, even small ones, which push the scale up or down
* [[Friction]] in the moving components that causes the scale to reach equilibrium at a different configuration than a frictionless equilibrium should occur.
* Settling airborne dust contributing to the weight
* Mis-calibration over time, due to drift in the circuit's accuracy, or temperature change
* Mis-aligned mechanical components due to [[thermal expansion]] or contraction of components
* [[Magnetic fields]] acting on ferrous components
* Forces from [[electrostatic field]]s, for example, from feet shuffled on carpets on a dry day
* Chemical reactivity between air and the substance being weighed (or the balance itself, in the form of [[corrosion]])
* [[Condensation]] of atmospheric water on cold items
* [[Evaporation]] of water from wet items
* [[Convection]] of air from hot or cold items
* Gravitational differences for a scale which measures force, but not for a balance.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/upload/nbs93-4.pdf |title=Practical Uncertainty Limits to the Mass Determination of a Piston-Gage Weight |journal=Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=565–571 |date=1988 |access-date=2014-02-26|doi=10.6028/jres.093.149 |last1=Davis |first1=R.S. |last2=Welch |first2=B.E. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Vibration and seismic disturbances

==Hybrid spring and balance scales==
[[File:Elastica arm scale.jpg|thumb|A prototype of an elastic arm scale measuring a mass]]

===Elastic arm scale===
In 2014 a concept of hybrid scale was introduced, the elastically deformable arm scale,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ing.unitn.it/~bigoni/paper/elastic_scale_bosi_misseroni_dalcorso_bigoni.pdf|doi=10.1098/rspa.2014.0232|pmid=25197248|pmc=4123770|title=An elastica arm scale|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=470|issue=2169|article-number=20140232|year=2014|last1=Bosi|first1=F.|last2=Misseroni|first2=D.|last3=Dal Corso|first3=F.|last4=Bigoni|first4=D.|bibcode=2014RSPSA.47040232B|arxiv=1509.06713|archive-date=2020-10-03|access-date=2014-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003031940/http://www.ing.unitn.it/~bigoni/paper/elastic_scale_bosi_misseroni_dalcorso_bigoni.pdf}}</ref> which is a combination between a spring scale and a beam balance, exploiting simultaneously both principles of equilibrium and deformation. In this scale, the rigid arms of a classical beam balance (for example a [[Steelyard balance|steelyard]]) are replaced with a flexible elastic rod in an inclined frictionless sliding sleeve. The rod can reach a unique sliding equilibrium when two vertical dead loads (or masses) are applied at its edges. Equilibrium, which would be impossible with rigid arms, is guaranteed because [[Configurational mechanics|configurational forces]] develop at the two edges of the sleeve as a consequence of both the free sliding condition and the nonlinear [[kinematics]] of the elastic rod. This mass measuring device can also work without a [[counterweight]].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ampere balance]]
* [[Apparent weight]]
* [[Auncel]]
* [[Combination weigher]]
* Digital [[spoon scale]]
* [[Digital Weight Indicator]]
* [[Evans balance]]
* [[Faraday balance]]
* [[Gouy balance]]
* [[Kibble balance]], also known as a Watt balance
* [[Mass versus weight]]
* [[Multihead weigher]]
* [[Nutrition scale]]
* [[On-board scale]], an on-vehicle [[truck scale]]
* [[Themis]]
* [[Weigh house]] - historic public building for the weighing of goods
* [[Weigh lock]] - for weighing canal barges
* [[Weigh station]], a checkpoint to inspect vehicular weights, usually equipped with a [[truck scale]] (weigh bridge)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Weighing scales}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Weighing Machines|volume=28|pages=468–477 |first=Wilfrid |last=Airy}} This a comprehensive review of the history and contemporaneous state of weighing machines.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Balance|volume=3|pages=234–235}}
* [[National Conference on Weights and Measures]], NIST Handbook 44, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111202231112/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-03.cfm Specifications, Tolerances, And Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices]'', 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050823020313/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/a_balance.html Analytical Balance article at ChemLab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050823020313/https://www.scorpiamedimart.com/search?q=354/A relivant dual weighing scale for babies and adults]
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3141 "The Precious Necklace Regarding Weigh Scales"] is an 18th-century manuscript by [[Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti]] about the "design and operation" of scales

{{Measuring and alignment tools}}{{Kitchen tools}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weighing Scale}}
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian technology]]
[[Category:Professional symbols]]
[[Category:Weighing instruments]]

Pattina Pravesam

2026-03-04T04:48:41Z

ArtyCraftz: small cleaned up content per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1977 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pattina Pravesam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{Based on|''Pattina Pravesam'' (play)|[[Visu]]}}
| producer = R. Venkataraman
| starring = {{ubl|[[Delhi Ganesh]]|[[Jai Ganesh]]|[[Sivachandran]]|[[Sarath Babu]]}}
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Premalaya Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|9|9}}
| runtime = 126–146 minutes{{efn|While the runtime is given as 146 minutes in the 1978 book ''Indian Films'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=pattina+pravesam |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1978 |pages=133}}{{cbignore}}</ref> it is given as 126 minutes at the [[Complete Index to World Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattina Pravesam |url=http://citwf.com/film264971.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323074312/http://citwf.com/film264971.htm |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |website=[[Complete Index to World Film]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pattina Pravesam''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|t|t|i|n|ə|ˈ|p|r|ə|v|eɪ|s|əm}} {{translation|Entering a City}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ&q=pattina+pravesam |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |publisher=Flicks Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-313-29284-2 |pages=24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. It is based on the play of the same name, written by [[Visu]] and staged the same year. The film stars [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Sivachandran]] and [[Sarath Babu]], all making their cinematic acting debuts. It was released on 9 September 1977. The plot's similarities to the 1964 film ''[[Birds of Exile]]'' (''Gurbet Kuslari'' in Turkish) have been noted.<ref name="Vijayakumar">{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=22 February 2010 |title=NAGARAME NANNI 1967 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250860400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704173608/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250860400.htm |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2021}}

A village family consisting of a widow, her four sons and daughter, are lured into living in a city. Each member goes through their own troubles in the city and on being completely disillusioned with city life, the family returns to their village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=Ram Awatar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw9lAAAAMAAJ&q=pattina+pravesam |title=Modern Indian Films on Rural Background: Social and Political Perspectives With Survey Study |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |year=1991 |isbn=9788171691012 |pages=332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213053653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw9lAAAAMAAJ&q=pattina+pravesam&dq=pattina+pravesam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI5sLGlqDZAhWH6Y8KHceKDncQ6AEIMjAD |archive-date=13 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Murugan
* [[Jai Ganesh]] as Saravanan
* [[Sivachandran]] as Kumaran
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Innocent Dhandapani
* [[Sarath Babu]]
* Meera<ref name="FilmWorld" />
* Swarna<ref name="FilmWorld" />

== Production ==
''Pattina Pravesam'' was written and directed by [[K. Balachander]], and based on the play of the same name which was written by [[Visu]] and staged in 1977,<ref name="TCRC" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=13 August 2016 |title=After 500 films, he's 72 and not out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/13/after-500-films-hes-72-and-not-out-1508747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/13/After-500-films-hes-72-and-not-out-1508747.html |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> by Stage Creations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 October 2016 |title=It is a 'golden' milestone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/It-is-a-%E2%80%98golden%E2%80%99-milestone/article16076731.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316104400/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/It-is-a-%E2%80%98golden%E2%80%99-milestone/article16076731.ece |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film adaptation was produced by R. Venkataraman under Premalaya Films,<ref name="TCRC" /> and marked the cinematic acting debuts of [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Sivachandran]] and [[Sarath Babu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[S. V. Subbaiah]] was originally cast in the role Ganesh portrayed in the play, but Ganesh ultimately reprised his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arun |first=V. |date=21 August 2010 |title='Acting was an accident' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lsquoActing-was-an-accident/article16139955.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105040054/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lsquoActing-was-an-accident/article16139955.ece |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=6 July 2010 |title=When simplicity took centrestage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/When-simplicity-took-centrestage/article16188051.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213053653/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/When-simplicity-took-centrestage/article16188051.ece |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]], who played a character named "Innocent Dhandapani" in the play, also reprised his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=S. |date=27 March 2014 |title=Soaring kite |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/soaring-kite/article5839127.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213053050/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/soaring-kite/article5839127.ece |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattina Pravesam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M.S.Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pattina-pravesam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102172218/https://mossymart.com/product/pattina-pravesam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattina Pravesam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pattina-pravesam/vEtbp0PjL,Q_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811061254/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pattina-pravesam/vEtbp0PjL,Q_ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Vaan Nila" was well received and attained cult status.<ref name="TCRC" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dharmathin Kannaikkatti
| extra1 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Thanthanaane
| extra2 = M. S. Viswanathan
| length2 = 1:21
| title3 = Vaan Nila Nila
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 5:48
| title4 = Vaan Nila Nila
| note4 = [[Pathos]]
| extra4 = L. R. Anjali
| length4 = 1:05
| title5 = Vaangadi Chittukkala
| extra5 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length5 = 3:25
| total_length = 19:49
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pattina Pravesam'' was released on 9 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 September 2020 |title=கே.பாலசந்தர், எம்.எஸ்.வி., கண்ணதாசன், வயலின்... எஸ்.பி.பி.யின் 'வான் நிலா நிலா அல்ல உன் வாலிபம் நிலா' – இந்த நிலா பாடலுக்கு 43 வயது |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576583-vaan-nila-nila-alla-spb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607075121/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576583-vaan-nila-nila-alla-spb.html |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave the film a rating of 52 out of 100.<ref name="TCRC" /> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the performances of the cast, dialogues, direction and cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=25 September 1977 |title=பட்டினப்பிரவேசம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_85/3.jp2/full/1000,1359/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250510150538/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_85/3.jp2/full/1000,1359/0/default.jpg |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=Tamil |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> It was later selected for screening at the Tashkent Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1982 |title=Films selected for Tashkent Film Festival Direct |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SA3AAAAIAAJ&q=pasi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107234833/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SA3AAAAIAAJ&q=pasi |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=9 April 2024 |magazine=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |publisher=Council of States, Secretariat |page=133 |volume=123}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="FilmWorld">{{Cite magazine |year=1978 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T.M. |title=On the Tamil Screen |magazine=Film World |volume=14}}</ref>
<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=12 April 2016 |title=Pattinapravesam : From Stage to Celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2016/04/12/pattinapravesam-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185111/https://tcrcindia.com/2016/04/12/pattinapravesam-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kanoon (1994 film)

2026-03-04T00:03:12Z

ArtyCraftz: minor refined references based on references also and fixed typos

{{short description|1994 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Sushma Shiromani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanoon
| image = Kanoon_(1994_film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sushma Shiromani]]
| producer = Sushma Shiromani
| writer = Sushma Shiromani Ranveer Pushp
| story =
| starring = [[Ajay Devgan]] [[Urmila Matondkar]]
| music = [[Raamlaxman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Shiromani Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|04|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kanoon''''' ({{translation|The law}}) is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language film directed and produced by [[Sushma Shiromani]] under her own production Shiromani Chitra and starring [[Ajay Devgan]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kanoon/movieshow/61260627.cms|title=Kanoon Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3148|title=Kanoon - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-nanda-and-manmohan-desai-got-engaged-but-he-died-before-the-wedding-101646142312231.html | title=When Nanda and Manmohan Desai got engaged but he died before the wedding | date=March 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vishal returns from police training to find most of his family — father Dharmadhikari Singh ([[Alok Nath]]), mother, and elder brother Pankaj ([[Arun Govil]]), who was also a police officer — murdered by Raja Thakur ([[Gulshan Grover]]). Only his sister-in-law ([[Reema Lagoo]]) and nephew are alive.

This is the same Raja Thakur who harboured ill will against the family, and it all started when Dharmadhikari, as a judge, sentenced his father to death.

Things only escalate after Thakur and his brothers' paths cross with those of Dharmadhikari and Pankaj.

However, Thakur finds an ally in a crooked advocate named Dhananjay ([[Prem Chopra]]), who not only gets the Thakur siblings out of their legal troubles but also gets his identical twin killed to benefit them.

Vishal is eventually blamed for the murder of Police Commissioner Kiran Shroff ([[Kiran Kumar]])'s son, who was also allied with the Thakurs.

Dhananjay, by now a judge, convicts and imprisons Vishal after the public prosecutor makes it appear that Vishal killed the man over a dispute because the latter was pimping out his own sister Shalu, who happens to be Vishal's love.

Vishal uses the same subterfuge Thakur used to get out of jail temporarily without leaving behind any evidence, and kills one of Thakur's brothers.

In the end, Thakur is about to kill Vishal's sister-in-law and nephew, having captured the commissioner, when Vishal arrives and kills him and his henchmen. Vishal also gets Dhananjay to confess in court how he helped Thakur carry out his reign of terror, for which he is arrested and faces legal action as well as criminal proceedings.

== Cast ==
*[[Ajay Devgn]] as Vishal Singh
*[[Urmila Matondkar]] as Shalu
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Police Commissioner Kiran Shroff
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Advocate Dhananjay
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Raja Thakur
*[[Alok Nath]] as Judge Dharmadhikari Singh
*Asha Sharma as Mrs. Dharmadhikari Singh
*[[Arun Govil]] as Pankaj Singh
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Mrs. Pankaj Singh
*[[Ajay Nagrath]] as Ravi
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Jailor
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Lakhiya
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Chaturvedi
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Public Prosecutor
*[[Bharat Kapoor]] as Inspector Desai

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack is available on Tips Music. Background Score is by Shyam-Surender. The lyricists are [[Maya Govind]], [[Faaiz Anwar]] and Rani Malik.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Mere Dil Pe Kiye Hai"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Mere Dil Pe Kiye Hai Jo Tune" (Duet)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Balma Arzi Meri"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Tujhe Lift Car Mein"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| "Jack And Jill Went"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Kumar Sanu
|-
| "Kya Khata Hai Meri"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Kumar Sanu
|-
| "Main Bani Hoon Sirf"
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== References ==
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Humanitarian aid

2026-03-02T16:02:36Z

ArtyCraftz: expand lead

{{Short description|Material or logistical assistance for people in need}}
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{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Distribution of BP-5 Emergency food packages in Goma - from Flickr 2995064256.jpg|thumb|A [[UNICEF]] worker is distributing [[BP-5 Compact Food|high-calorie food]] during an emergency situation in [[Goma]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], in 2008.]]
'''Humanitarian aid''' is material and [[Humanitarian Logistics|logistic]] assistance, usually in the short-term, to people in need. Among the people in need are the [[homelessness|homeless]], [[refugee]]s, and victims of [[natural disaster]]s, wars, and famines. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate [[suffering]], and maintain [[human dignity]].

While often used interchangeably, humanitarian aid and [[humanitarian assistance]] are distinct concepts. Humanitarian aid generally refers to the provision of immediate, short-term relief in crisis situations, such as food, water, shelter, and medical care. Humanitarian assistance, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of activities, including longer-term support for recovery, rehabilitation, and capacity building. Humanitarian aid is distinct from [[development aid]], which seeks to address underlying [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] factors.

Humanitarian aid can come from either local or [[international community|international communities]] through [[international non-governmental organization]]s (INGOs). In reaching out to international communities, the [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unocha.org/|title=OCHA|website=unocha.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319224511/https://www.unocha.org/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> of the [[United Nations]] (UN) is responsible for coordination responses to emergencies. It taps to the various members of [[Inter-Agency Standing Committee]], whose members are responsible for providing emergency relief. The four UN entities that have primary roles in delivering humanitarian aid are [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), the [[United Nations Refugee Agency]] (UNHCR), the [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/|title=Deliver Humanitarian Aid|website=un.org|date=7 December 2014|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319143649/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>[[File:US Navy 100125-N-6266K-238 A Red Cross worker picks up a humanitarian box to give to an earthquake survivor in Port-au-Prince.jpg|thumb|Humanitarian aid being distributed in Haiti]]According to the ''[[Global Humanitarian Overview]]'' of OCHA, nearly 300 million people need humanitarian assistance and [[Humanitarian protection|protection]] in 2024, or 1 out of 27 people worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Global Humanitarian Overview 2024 {{!}} Humanitarian Action |url=https://humanitarianaction.info/document/global-humanitarian-overview-2024 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=humanitarianaction.info |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the estimated global humanitarian response requirements amount to approximately US$46.4 billion, targeting around 188 million of the most vulnerable people in 69 countries.<ref name=":0" /> The three major drivers of humanitarian needs worldwide are conflicts, climate-related disasters, and economic factors.

== Types ==

=== Food aid ===
Food aid is a type of aid whereby food that is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster. Food aid can be provided by importing food from the donor, buying food locally, or providing cash.

The welfare impacts of any food aid-induced changes in [[food prices]] are decidedly mixed, underscoring the reality that it is impossible to generate only positive intended effects from an international aid program.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Although food aid constitutes a significant part of humanitarian assistance, evidence also suggests that it can initiate or amplify violent conflicts in the recipient countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koppenberg |first1=Maximilian |last2=Mishra |first2=Ashok K. |last3=Hirsch |first3=Stefan |date=2023-11-01 |title=Food aid and violent conflict: A review and Empiricist's companion |journal=Food Policy |volume=121 |article-number=102542 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102542 |issn=0306-9192 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Changed consumption patterns ====
Food aid that is relatively inappropriate to local uses can distort consumption patterns. Food aid is usually exported from [[temperate climate]] zones and is often different than the staple crops grown in recipient countries, which usually have a [[tropical climate]]. The logic of food export inherently entails some effort to change consumers' preferences, to introduce recipients to new foods and thereby stimulate demand for foods with which recipients were previously unfamiliar or which otherwise represent only a small portion of their diet.<ref name=":3" />

Massive shipments of wheat and rice into the [[Sahel|West African Sahel]] during the food crises of the mid-1970s and mid-1980s were widely believed to stimulate a shift in consumer demand from indigenous coarse grains – [[millet]] and [[sorghum]] – to western crops such as [[wheat]]. During the 2000 drought in northern [[Kenya]], the price of [[changaa]] (a locally distilled alcohol) fell significantly and consumption seems to have increased as a result. This was a result of grain food aid inflows increasing the availability of low-cost inputs to the informal distilling industry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=Christopher Brendan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0ebgfiiMn0C |title=Food Aid After Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role |last2=Maxwell |first2=Daniel G. |date=2005 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415701259 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Natural resource overexploitation ====
Recent research suggests that patterns of food aid distribution may inadvertently affect the natural environment, by changing consumption patterns and by inducing locational change in [[grazing]] and other activities. A pair of studies in Northern Kenya found that food aid distribution seems to induce greater spatial concentration of [[livestock]] around distribution points, causing localized [[rangeland]] degradation, and that food aid provided as whole grain requires more cooking, and thus more fuelwood is consumed, stimulating local [[deforestation]].<ref>McPeak J.G. (2003a) Analyzing and assessing localized degradation of the commons. Land Economics, 78(4): 515-536.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McPeak |first=John G. |url=http://crsps.net/resource/fuelwood-gathering-and-use-in-northern-kenya-implications-for-food-aid-and-local-environments/|journal=Global Livestock CRSP, University of California- Davis |title=Fuelwood Gathering and Use in Northern Kenya: Implications for Food Aid and Local Environments |date=May 2003 |language=en-US |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Medical humanitarian aid ===
[[File:Development assistance allocated to health causes, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Global medical aid by cause (2017, [[OWID]])]]
There are different kinds of medical humanitarian aid, including: providing medical supplies and equipment; sending professionals to an affected region; and long-term training for local medical staff. Such aid emerged when international organizations stepped in to respond to the need of national governments for global support and partnership to address natural disasters, wars, and other crises that impact people's health.<ref name="Buse-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Buse |first1=Kent |last2=Tanaka |first2=Sonja |date=2011-08-01 |title=Global Public-Private Health Partnerships: lessons learned from ten years of experience and evaluation |journal=International Dental Journal |series=Live.Learn.Laugh. A Unique Global Public-Private Partnership to Improve Oral Health |language=en |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=2–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00034.x |issn=0020-6539 |pmc=9374971 |pmid=21770935}}</ref> Often, a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government's approach to the unfolding domestic conflict. In such cases, humanitarian aid organizations have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation.<ref name="Buse-2011" />

==== Limitations ====
Humanitarian medical aid as a sector possesses several limitations. First, multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem. Rather than collaborating to address a given situation, organizations frequently interact as competitors, which creates bottlenecks for treatment and supplies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Matthew |last2=Miao |first2=Jingru |date=April 2017 |title=Moral Entanglement and the Ethics of Closing Humanitarian Medical Aid Projects |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |language=en |volume=32 |issue=S1 |pages=S47–S48 |doi=10.1017/S1049023X17001376 |s2cid=157630210 |issn=1049-023X|doi-access=free }}</ref> A second limitation is how humanitarian organizations are focused on a specific disaster or epidemic, without a plan for whatever might come next; international organizations frequently enter a region, provide short term aid, and then exit without ensuring local capacity to maintain or sustain this medical care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fourie |first=Carina |date=2018-05-15 |title=The trouble with inequalities in global health partnerships |url=http://www.medanthrotheory.org/article/view/4856 |journal=Medicine Anthropology Theory |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.17157/mat.5.2.525 |s2cid=139190114 |issn=2405-691X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Finally, humanitarian medical aid assumes a biomedical approach which does not always account for the alternative beliefs and practices about health and well-being in the affected regions.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Khalikova |first=Venera |date=2021-06-17 |title=Medical pluralism |url=https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/medical-pluralism |encyclopedia=[[Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology]] |doi=10.29164/21medplural |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> This problem is rarely explored as most studies conducted are done from the lens of the donor or Westernized humanitarian organization rather than the recipient country's perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jammihal |first1=Ravindra |last2=Ralte |first2=Harry |last3=Roy |first3=Nobhojit |date=February 2009 |title=Humanitarian Medical Aid to Developing Nations: A Recipient Country's Perspective |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/listing?q=Recipient+Country%27s+Perspective&searchWithinIds=5827EB647E0D2120933D43CC884BF7EA&fts=yes |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |volume=24 |issue=S1}}</ref> Discovering ways of encouraging locals to embrace bio-medicinal approaches while simultaneously respecting a given people's culture and beliefs remains a major challenge for humanitarian aid organizations; in particular as organizations constantly enter new regions as crises occur. However, understanding how to provide aid cohesively with existing regional approaches is necessary in securing the local peoples' acceptance of the humanitarian aid's work.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== Funding sources ==
[[File:United Nations Headquarters, Geneva.jpg|thumb|United Nations]]{{Main|Central Emergency Response Fund}}
Aid is funded by [[donation]]s from individuals, corporations, governments and other organizations. The funding and delivery of humanitarian aid is increasingly international, making it much faster, more responsive, and more effective in coping to major emergencies affecting large numbers of people (e.g. see [[Central Emergency Response Fund]]). The United Nations [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) coordinates the international humanitarian response to a crisis or emergency pursuant to Resolution 46/182 of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. The need for aid is ever-increasing and has long outstripped the financial resources available.<ref name="D+C">{{cite news |author=Hendrik Slusarenka |date=20 May 2018 |title=Aid in itself is not enough |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/transformative-emergency-aid-takes-account-long-term-social-justice |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=D+C, development and cooperation}}</ref>

The Central Emergency Response Fund was created at the 2005 Central Emergency Response Fund at the United Nations General Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/united-nations-central-emergency-response-fund-cerf-122672 |website=Devex}}</ref>

== Delivery of humanitarian aid ==
[[File:HfN-Lkw.jpg|thumb|Truck for delivery of aid from Western to Eastern Europe]]

=== Methods of delivery ===
[[File:World Food Programme in Liberia 002.jpg|thumb|World Food Programme distributing food in Liberia]]
Humanitarian aid spans a wide range of activities, including providing food aid, shelter, education, healthcare or [[Humanitarian protection|protection]]. The majority of aid is provided in the form of in-kind goods or assistance, with cash and vouchers constituting only 6% of total humanitarian spending.<ref name="ODI">[High Level Panel on Humanitarian Cash Transfers {{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org/publications/9876-cash-transfers-humanitarian-vouchers-aid-emergencies |title=Doing cash differently: How cash transfers can transform humanitarian aid |access-date=2015-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194910/http://www.odi.org/publications/9876-cash-transfers-humanitarian-vouchers-aid-emergencies |archive-date=23 September 2015 }} Doing cash differently: how cash transfers can transform humanitarian aid]</ref> However, evidence has shown how cash transfers can be better for recipients as it gives them choice and control, they can be more cost-efficient and better for local markets and economies.<ref name="ODI" />

It is important to note that humanitarian aid is not only delivered through aid workers sent by bilateral, multilateral or intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations. Actors like the affected people themselves, civil society, local informal first-responders, civil society, the diaspora, businesses, local governments, military, local and international non-governmental organizations all play a crucial role in a timely delivery of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leaving no one behind : humanitarian effectiveness in the age of the sustainable development goals|others=Easton, Matthew,, United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,, Collaborative for Development Action., CDA Collaborative Learning Projects.|isbn=9789211320442|location=[New York?]|oclc=946161611|year = 2016}}</ref>

How aid is delivered can affect the quality and quantity of aid. Often in disaster situations, international aid agencies work in hand with local agencies. There can be different arrangements on the role these agencies play, and such arrangement affects the quality of hard and soft aid delivered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=J. Vernon|last2=Lee|first2=Yong Suk|year=2015|title=Organization of Disaster Aid Delivery|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/doi10.1086-681277.html|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=63|issue=4|pages=617–664|doi=10.1086/681277|s2cid=14147459}}</ref>

=== Humanitarian access ===
{{Main|Humanitarian access}}

Securing access to humanitarian aid in post-disasters, conflicts, and complex emergencies is a major concern for humanitarian actors. To win assent for interventions, aid agencies often espouse the [[Humanitarian principles|principles]] of humanitarian [[Humanitarian principles#Impartiality|impartiality]] and [[Humanitarian principles#Neutrality|neutrality]]. However, gaining secure access often involves negotiation and the practice of humanitarian diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/7782-humanitarianism-an-overview|title = Humanitarianism: An Overview}}</ref> In the arena of negotiations, humanitarian diplomacy is ostensibly used by humanitarian actors to try to persuade decision makers and leaders to act, at all times and in all circumstances, in the interest of vulnerable people and with full respect for fundamental [[humanitarian principles]].<ref name="cmi.no">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/6536-humanitarian-diplomacy-a-new-research-agenda|title=Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Research Agenda|journal=CMI Brief|year=2018|volume=2018|last1=Lauri|first1=Antonio De|issue=4 }}</ref> However, humanitarian diplomacy is also used by state actors as part of their foreign policy.<ref name="cmi.no" />

=== United Nations' response ===
The UN implements a multifaceted approach to assist migrants and refugees throughout their relocation process.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Eduardo|last2=UNHCR|last3=Refugees|first3=IOM Joint Special Representative for|last4=Venezuela|first4=Migrants from|last5=RMRP 2022|first5="Foreword" to the|title=RMRP 2022 – FOR REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS FROM VENEZUELA|url=https://rmrp.r4v.info/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=RMRP 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> This includes children's integration into the local education system, food security, and access to health services.<ref name="UNHCR-2020">{{Cite web|first=|date=2020|title=UNHCR Global Report 2020|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2020/pdf/GR2020_English_Full_lowres.pdf|access-date=2021-12-16|website=[[UNHCR]]}}</ref> The approach also encompasses humanitarian transportation, the goal of which is to ensure migrants and refugees retain access to basic goods and services and the labour market.<ref name="auto" /> Basic needs, including access to shelter, clean water, and child protection, are supplemented by the UN's efforts to facilitate social integration and legal regularization for displaced individuals.<ref name="UNHCR-2020" />

=== Use of technology and data ===
Since the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 Haiti Earthquake]], the institutional and operational focus of humanitarian aid has been on leveraging technology to enhance humanitarian action, ensuring that more formal relationships are established, and improving the interaction between formal humanitarian organizations such as the United Nations (UN) [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) and informal volunteer and technological communities known as [[Digital Humanitarian Network|digital humanitarians]].<ref name="Sandvik-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Sandvik |first=Kristin |date=December 2014 |title=Humanitarian Technology: A Critical Research Agenda |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281204255 |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |volume=96 |issue=893 |pages=219–242 |doi=10.1017/S1816383114000344 |s2cid=55335271 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The recent rise in [[Big data|Big Data]], high-resolution [[satellite imagery]] and new platforms powered by advanced computing have already prompted the development of [[crisis mapping]] to help humanitarian organizations make sense of the vast volume and velocity of information generated during disasters. For example, [[crowdsourcing]] maps (such as [[OpenStreetMap]]) and social media messages in [[Twitter]] were used during the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 Haiti Earthquake]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] to trace leads of missing people, infrastructure damages and raise new alerts for emergencies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meier |first=Patrick |title=Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response |publisher=CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4987-2652-8 |location=E-Book}}</ref>

=== Gender and humanitarian aid ===
Even prior to a [[humanitarian crisis]], gender differences exist. Women have limited access to [[Wage labour|paid work]], are at risk of [[child marriage]], and are more exposed to [[Violence against women|Gender based violence]], such as rape and domestic abuse.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |title=Women, Vulnerability and Humanitarian Emergencies |last1=Aolain |first1=Ni |last2=D |first2=Fionnuala |date=2010-05-19 |ssrn=1611818}}</ref> [[War|Conflict]] and [[natural disaster]]s exacerbate women's vulnerabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mazurana |first1=Dyan |last2=Benelli |first2=Prisca |last3=Walker |first3=Peter |date=2013 |title=How sex- and age-disaggregated data and gender and generational analyses can improve humanitarian response |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/disa.12013 |journal=Disasters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=s1 |pages=S68–S82 |doi=10.1111/disa.12013 |issn=1467-7717 |pmid=23905768|bibcode=2013Disas..37...68M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> When delivering humanitarian aid, it is thus important for humanitarian actors, such as the United Nations, to include challenges specific to women in their humanitarian response. The [[Inter-Agency Standing Committee]] provides guidelines for humanitarian actors on how be inclusive of gender as a factor when delivering humanitarian aid. It recommends agencies to collect data disaggregated by sex and age to better understand which group of the population is in need of what type of aid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=The Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action |url=https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2018-iasc_gender_handbook_for_humanitarian_action_eng_0.pdf |website=IASC}}</ref> In recent years, the United Nations have been using sex and age disaggregated data more and more, consulting with gender specialists. In the assessment phase, several [[UN agencies]] meet to compile data and work on a humanitarian response plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humanitarian Response Plan {{!}} HumanitarianResponse |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/nigeria/humanitarian-response-plan#:~:text=The%20Humanitarian%20Response%20Plan%20(HRP,needs%20of%20the%20affected%20population. |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=www.humanitarianresponse.info}}</ref> Throughout the plans. women specific challenges are listed and sex and age disaggregated data are used so when they deliver aid to a country facing a humanitarian crisis, girls and women can have access to the appropriate aid they need.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Recent approaches to gender-responsive humanitarian action include peer learning programmes such as those developed by The Geneva Learning Foundation, which have been described in practitioner-led publications<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.59350/j3twk-d9x53|title=Gender in emergencies: a new peer learning programme from The Geneva Learning Foundation|author=Reda Sadki|date=2025|website=Learning to make a difference|doi=10.59350/j3twk-d9x53 |access-date=2025-10-26|doi-access=free}}</ref> and independently evaluated within the context of CARE International’s Gender in emergencies methodology.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/when-time-won-t-wait-care-s-rapid-gender-analysis-approach-external-evaluation-august|title=When Time Won't Wait: CARE's Rapid Gender Analysis Approach External Evaluation|author=Sarah Gillingham and Josie Huxtable|date=2020|publisher=CARE International|location=Geneva, Switzerland|access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

== Problematic aspects ==
{{See also|Aid#Criticism}}

=== Economic distortions due to food aid ===
Some of the unintended effects of food aid include labor and production [[disincentive]]s, changes in recipients' food consumption patterns and natural resources use patterns, distortion of social safety nets, distortion of [[NGO]] operational activities, price changes, and trade displacement. These issues arise from targeting inefficacy and poor timing of aid programs. Food aid can harm producers by driving down prices of local products, whereas the producers are not themselves beneficiaries of food aid. Unintentional harm occurs when food aid arrives or is purchased at the wrong time, when food aid distribution is not well-targeted to food-insecure households, and when the local market is relatively poorly integrated with broader national, regional and global markets.

Food aid can drive down local or national [[food prices]] in at least three ways.

# First, [[Monetization of U.S. in-kind food aid|monetization]] of food aid can flood the market, increasing [[Supply and demand|supply]]. In order to be granted the right to monetize, operational agencies must demonstrate that the recipient country has adequate storage facilities and that the monetized [[commodity]] will not result in a substantial disincentive in either domestic agriculture or domestic marketing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ralyea |first=B. |title=P.L. 480 Title II Cooperating Sponsor Monetization Manual |author2=Food Aid Management Monetization Working Group |year=1999}}</ref>
# Second, households receiving aid may decrease demand for the [[commodity]] received or for locally produced [[Substitute good|substitutes]] or, if they produce substitutes or the commodity received, they may sell more of it. This can be most easily understood by dividing a population in a food aid recipient area into subpopulations based on two criteria: whether or not they receive food aid (recipients vs. non-recipients) and whether they are net sellers or net buyers of food. Because the price they receive for their output is lower, however, net sellers are unambiguously worse off if they do not receive food aid or some other form of compensatory transfer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite report |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/289062/files/a-ag301t.pdf |title=Food Aid's Intended and Unintended Consequences |last=Barrett |first=Christopher B. |date=1 March 2006 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1142286 |location=Rochester, NY |language=en |ssrn=1142286 |s2cid=19628562}}</ref>
# Finally, recipients may sell food aid to purchase other necessities or [[Complement (economics)|complements]], driving down prices of the food aid commodity and its substitutes, but also increasing demand for complements. Most recipient economies are not robust and food aid inflows can cause large price decreases, decreasing producer profits, limiting producers' abilities to pay off debts and thereby diminishing both capacity and incentives to invest in improving agricultural productivity. However, food aid distributed directly or through FFW programs to households in northern [[Kenya]] during the lean season can foster increased purchase of agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, [[fertilizer]] and hired labor, thereby increasing [[agricultural productivity]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=Christopher B. |date=January 2001 |title=Does Food Aid Stabilize Food Availability? |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/14757/files/wp9901.pdf |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=335–349 |doi=10.1086/452505 |issn=0013-0079 |s2cid=224787897 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1813/57993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bezuneh |first1=Mesfin |last2=Deaton |first2=Brady J. |last3=Norton |first3=George W. |date=1 February 1988 |title=Food Aid Impacts in Rural Kenya |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/278104/files/aaea-1986-065.pdf |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=181–191 |doi=10.2307/1241988 |issn=0002-9092 |jstor=1241988}}</ref> Labor distortion can arise when [[National Food For Work Programme|Food-For-Work (FFW) Programs]] are more attractive than work on recipients' own farms/businesses, either because the FFW pays immediately, or because the household considers the payoffs to the FFW project to be higher than the returns to labor on its own plots. Food aid programs hence take productive inputs away from local private production, creating a distortion due to substitution effects, rather than income effects.<ref name=":3" />

Beyond labor [[Disincentive|disincentive effects]], food aid can have the unintended consequence of discouraging household-level production. Poor timing of aid and FFW wages that are above market rates cause negative dependency by diverting labor from local private uses, particularly if FFW obligations decrease labor on a household's own enterprises during a critical part of the production cycle. This type of disincentive impacts not only food aid recipients but also producers who sell to areas receiving food aid flows.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Tony |url=https://archive.org/details/againstgraindile0000jack |title=Against the grain: the dilemma of project food aid |last2=Eade |first2=Deborah |date=1982 |publisher=OXFAM |isbn=9780855980634 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Laurie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skW5AAAAIAAJ |title=Feeding dependency, starving democracy: USAID policies in Haiti |last2=International |first2=Grassroots |date=1997 |publisher=Grassroots International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lappé |first1=Frances Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ3mswEACAAJ |title=Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity |last2=Collins |first2=Joseph |last3=Fowler |first3=Cary |date=1979 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=9780345251503 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Molla |first=Md Gyasuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPw9AAAAYAAJ |title=Politics of food aid: case of Bangladesh |date=1990 |publisher=Academic Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salisbury |first=L.N. |title=Enhancing Development Sustainability and Eliminating Food Aid Dependency: Lessons from the World Food Programme |publisher=Cornell University |year=1992 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>

FFW programs are often used to counter a perceived dependency syndrome associated with freely distributed food.<ref name=":3" /> However, poorly designed FFW programs may cause more risk of harming local production than the benefits of free food distribution. In structurally weak economies, FFW program design is not as simple as determining the appropriate wage rate. Empirical evidence<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Christopher B. |last2=Clay |first2=Daniel C. |date=1 June 2003 |title=Self-Targeting Accuracy in the Presence of Imperfect Factor Markets: Evidence from Food-for-Work in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Development Studies |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=152–180 |doi=10.1080/00220380412331333189 |s2cid=216142208 |ssrn=1847703}}</ref> from rural [[Ethiopia]] shows that higher-income households had excess labor and thus lower (not higher as expected) value of time, and therefore allocated this labor to FFW schemes in which poorer households could not afford to participate due to labor scarcity. Similarly, FFW programs in [[Cambodia]] have shown to be an additional, not alternative, source of employment and that the very poor rarely participate due to labor constraints.<ref name=":4" />

=== Increasing existing conflicts ===
In addition to post-conflict settings, a large portion of aid is often directed at countries currently undergoing conflicts.<ref name="Berman">{{Cite web |last1=Berman |first1=Eli |last2=Felter |first2=Joe |last3=Shapiro |first3=Jacob |last4=Troland |first4=Erin |date=26 May 2013 |title=Effective aid in conflict zones |url=http://voxeu.org/article/effective-aid-conflict-zones#fn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523064917/http://voxeu.org/article/effective-aid-conflict-zones#fn |archive-date=23 May 2017 |website=VoxEU.org}}</ref> However, the effectiveness of humanitarian aid, particularly food aid, in conflict-prone regions has been criticized in recent years. There have been accounts of humanitarian aid being not only inefficacious but actually fuelling conflicts in the recipient countries.<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666">{{Cite journal |last1=Nunn |first1=Nathan |last2=Qian |first2=Nancy |date=2014 |title=US Food Aid and Civil Conflict |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/30410811/faidconf_20130806_final_0.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1630–1666 |doi=10.1257/aer.104.6.1630 |s2cid=12935268}}</ref> Aid stealing is one of the prime ways in which conflict is promoted by humanitarian aid. Aid can be seized by armed groups, and even if it does reach the intended recipients, "it is difficult to exclude local members of a local militia group from being direct recipients if they are also malnourished and qualify to receive aid."<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666" />

Furthermore, analyzing the relationship between conflict and food aid, recent research shows that the United States food aid promoted civil conflict in recipient countries on average. An increase in United States' wheat aid increased the duration of armed civil conflicts in recipient countries, and ethnic polarization heightened this effect.<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666" /> However, since academic research on aid and conflict focuses on the role of aid in post-conflict settings, the aforementioned finding is difficult to contextualize. Nevertheless, research on Iraq shows that "small-scale [projects], local aid spending ... reduces conflict by creating incentives for average citizens to support the government in subtle ways."<ref name="Berman" /> Similarly, another study also shows that aid flows can "reduce conflict because increasing aid revenues can relax government budget constraints, which can [in return] increase military spending and deter opposing groups from engaging in conflict."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qian |first=Nancy |date=18 August 2014 |title=Making Progress on Foreign Aid |journal=Annual Review of Economics |volume=3}}</ref> Thus, the impact of humanitarian aid on conflict may vary depending upon the type and mode in which aid is received, and, ''inter alia,'' the local socio-economic, cultural, historical, geographical and political conditions in the recipient countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==== Increasing conflict duration ====
[[International aid agencies|International aid organizations]] identify theft by armed forces on the ground as a primary unintended consequence through which food aid and other types of humanitarian aid promote conflict. Food aid usually has to be transported across large geographic territories and during the transportation it becomes a target for armed forces, especially in countries where the ruling government has limited control outside of the capital. Accounts from [[Somalia]] in the early 1990s indicate that between 20 and 80 percent of all food aid was stolen, looted, or confiscated.<ref name=":02">Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. "US Food Aid and Civil Conflict". ''American Economic Review'', vol. 104, no. 6, 2014, pp. 1630–1666., doi:10.1257/aer.104.6.1630.</ref> In the former [[Yugoslavia]], the [[UN refugee agency|UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)]] lost up to 30 percent of the total value of aid to Serbian armed forces. On top of that 30 percent, bribes were given to [[Croatia]]n forces to pass their roadblocks in order to reach [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Polman |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNdZnPXsKN4C |title=The Crisis Caravan: What's Wrong with Humanitarian Aid? |date=14 September 2010 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9781429955768 |pages=96–104 |language=en}}</ref>

The value of the stolen or lost provisions can exceed the value of the food aid alone since convoy vehicles and telecommunication equipment are also stolen. MSF Holland, international aid organization operating in [[Chad]] and [[Darfur]], underscored the strategic importance of these goods, stating that these "vehicles and communications equipment have a value beyond their monetary worth for armed actors, increasing their capacity to wage war"<ref name=":12" />

A famous instance of humanitarian aid unintentionally helping rebel groups occurred during the Nigeria-Biafra civil war in the late 1960s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofhumanity00barn |title=Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0801461095 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofhumanity00barn/page/133 133]–147 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> where the rebel leader [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Odumegwu Ojukwu]] only allowed aid to enter the region of [[Biafra]] if it was shipped on his planes. These shipments of humanitarian aid helped the rebel leader to circumvent the siege on Biafra placed by the Nigerian government. These stolen shipments of humanitarian aid caused the Biafran civil war to last years longer than it would have without the aid, claim experts.<ref name=":12" />

The most well-known instances of aid being seized by local warlords in recent years come from [[Somalia]], where food aid is funneled to the Shabab, a Somali militant group that controls much of Southern Somalia. Moreover, reports reveal that Somali contractors for aid agencies have formed a cartel and act as important power brokers, arming opposition groups with the profits made from the stolen aid"<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2010 |title=Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1853 (2008) (S/2010/91) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/report-monitoring-group-somalia-pursuant-security-council-resolution-1853-2008 |access-date=28 May 2018 |work=United Nations Security Council |language=en}}</ref>

[[Rwanda]]n government appropriation of food aid in the early 1990s was so problematic that aid shipments were canceled multiple times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uvin |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=co01kZctL5sC |title=Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda |date=1998 |publisher=Kumarian Press |isbn=9781565490833 |page=90 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Zimbabwe]] in 2003, [[Human Rights Watch]] documented examples of residents being forced to display [[ZANU–PF|ZANU-PF]] Party membership cards before being given government food aid.<ref>Thurow, Roger, and Scott Kilman. 2009. Enough: Why the World's Poorest Starve in an Age of Plenty. New York: PublicAffairs. (pp.206)</ref> In eastern [[Zaire]], leaders of the [[Hema people|Hema]] ethnic group allowed the arrival of international aid organizations only upon agreement not give aid to the Lendu (opposition of Hema). Humanitarian aid workers have acknowledged the threat of stolen aid and have developed strategies for minimizing the amount of theft en route. However, aid can fuel conflict even if successfully delivered to the intended population as the recipient populations often include members of [[rebel groups]] or [[militia groups]], or aid is "taxed" by such groups.

Academic research emphatically demonstrates that on average food aid promotes civil conflict. Namely, increase in [[US aid|US food aid]] leads to an increase in the incidence of armed civil conflict in the recipient country.<ref name=":02" /> Another correlation demonstrated is food aid prolonging existing conflicts, specifically among countries with a recent history of civil conflict. However, this does not find an effect on conflict in countries without a recent history of civil conflict.<ref name=":02" /> Moreover, different types of international aid other than food which is easily stolen during its delivery, namely technical assistance and cash transfers, can have different effects on civil conflict.

[[Community-driven development|Community-driven development (CDD) programs]] have become one of the most popular tools for delivering development aid. In 2012, the [[World Bank]] supported 400 CDD programs in 94 countries, valued at US$30 billion.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/967431468161087566/What-have-been-the-impacts-of-World-Bank-Community-Driven-Development-Programs-CDD-impact-evaluation-review-and-operational-and-research-implications |title=What have been the impacts of World Bank Community-Driven Development Programs? CDD impact evaluation review and operational and research implications |last=Susan |first=Wong |date=1 March 2012 |pages=1–93 |language=en}}</ref> Academic research scrutinizes the effect of community-driven development programs on civil conflict.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Crost |first1=Benjamin |last2=Felter |first2=Joseph |last3=Johnston |first3=Patrick |date=June 2014 |title=Aid Under Fire: Development Projects and Civil Conflict |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1856 |citeseerx=10.1.1.269.7048 |doi=10.1257/aer.104.6.1833 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref> The [[Philippines]]' flagship development program [[Kalahi-CIDSS|KALAHI-CIDSS]] is concluded to have led to an increase in violent conflict in the country. After the program's initiation, some municipalities experienced a statistically significant large increase in casualties, as compared to other municipalities who were not part of the CDD. as a result, casualties suffered by government forces from insurgent-initiated attacks increased significantly.

These results are consistent with other examples of humanitarian aid exacerbating civil conflict.<ref name=":2" /> One explanation is that insurgents attempt to sabotage CDD programs for political reasons – successful implementation of a government-supported project could weaken the insurgents' position. Related findings<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/455111467989984735/Winning-hearts-and-minds-through-development-evidence-from-a-field-experiment-in-Afghanistan |title=Winning hearts and minds through development ? evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan |last1=Beath |first1=Andrew |last2=Christia |first2=Fotini |date=1 July 2012 |pages=1–33 |language=en |last3=Enikolopov |first3=Ruben |author-link2=Fotini Christia}}</ref> of Beath, Christia, and Enikolopov further demonstrate that a successful community-driven development program increased support for the government in Afghanistan by exacerbating conflict in the short term, revealing an unintended consequence of the aid.

=== Waste and corruption in humanitarian aid ===
Waste and corruption are hard to quantify, in part because they are often taboo subjects, but they appear to be significant in humanitarian aid. For example, it has been estimated that over $8.75  billion was lost to waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement in the [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief effort.<ref name="ODI2">Sarah Bailey (2008) [https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3268.pdf Need and greed: corruption risks, perceptions and prevention in humanitarian assistance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626055317/http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3268.pdf |date=26 June 2015 }} Overseas Development Institute</ref> [[Non-governmental organizations]] have in recent years made great efforts to increase participation, accountability and transparency in dealing with aid, yet humanitarian assistance remains a poorly understood process to those meant to be receiving it—much greater investment needs to be made into researching and investing in relevant and effective accountability systems.<ref name="ODI2" />

However, there is no clear consensus on the trade-offs between speed and control, especially in emergency situations when the humanitarian imperative of saving lives and alleviating suffering may conflict with the time and resources required to minimise corruption risks.<ref name="ODI2" /> Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have highlighted the need to tackle corruption with, but not limited to, the following methods:<ref name="ODI2" />

# Resist the pressure to spend aid rapidly.
# Continue to invest in audit capacity, beyond simple paper trails;
# Establish and verify the effectiveness of complaints mechanisms, paying close attention to local power structures, security and cultural factors hindering complaints;
# Clearly explain the processes during the targeting and registration stages, highlighting points such as the fact that people should not make payments to be included, photocopy and read aloud any lists prepared by leaders or committees.

=== Abuse of power by aid workers ===
{{Main|Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response}}

Reports of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response have been reported following humanitarian interventions in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2002,<ref>{{cite web |title=SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND EXPLOITATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF REFUGEE CHILDREN IN LIBERIA, GUINEA AND SIERRA LEONE |url=https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/international-development/2002-Report-of-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-Save-the-Children.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184132/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/international-development/2002-Report-of-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-Save-the-Children.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> in Central African Republic<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mwanyika |first=Elijah Mwasi |date=2021-02-25 |title=Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Intervention Forces in Central African Republic |url=https://ajernet.net/article/view/14 |url-status=dead |journal=African Journal of Empirical Research |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=63–78 |doi=10.51867/ajer.v2i1.14 |issn=2709-2607 |s2cid=233976377 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119030308/https://ajernet.net/article/view/14 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |last2=Holland |first2=Hereward |date=2021-09-29 |title=WHO employees took part in Congo sex abuse during Ebola crisis, report says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-heartbroken-by-congo-sex-abuse-probe-findings-2021-09-28/ |access-date=2021-11-19 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

A 2021 report on the Racial Equity Index indicated that just under two-thirds of aid workers had experienced racism, and 98% of survey respondents had witnessed it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delahunty |first=Stephen |title=Almost two-thirds of aid workers have experienced racism, research indicates |url=https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/article/1733490 |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=www.thirdsector.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contrary practice ===
Countries or war parties that prevent humanitarian relief are generally under unanimous criticism.<ref name="icrc">ICRC IHL dababase: [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule55 Rule 55. Access for Humanitarian Relief to Civilians in Need] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915145142/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule55|date=15 September 2021}}</ref> Such was the case for the [[Derg]] regime, preventing relief to the population of Tigray in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/25869403|title=Ethiopia : a country study | WorldCat.org|website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> and the prevention of relief aid in the [[Tigray War]] of 2020–2021 by the [[Abiy Ahmed Ali]] regime of [[Ethiopia]] was again widely condemned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-aid-chief-travel-ethiopia-diplomatic-push-tigray-2021-07-29/|title=U.S. aid chief to travel to Ethiopia in diplomatic push on Tigray|first=Daphne|last=Psaledakis|newspaper=Reuters |date=30 July 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/57929853|title=Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Why it's hard getting aid into the region|work=BBC News |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

===Humanitarian aid in conflict zones===
{{excerpt|Humanitarian aid in conflict zones}}

== Aid workers ==
[[File:UNICEF pallets 02.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[UNICEF]] humanitarian aid, ready for deploying]]
[[File:Wanda Maria Blenska.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wanda Błeńska]], [[Poland|Polish]] [[leprosy]] expert and [[missionary]] who successfully developed the [[Buluba Hospital]] in [[Uganda]]]]

Aid workers are people who are distributed internationally to do humanitarian aid work.

=== Composition ===
[[File:US Navy 071204-M-1226J-016 Bangladeshi Citizens, offload food rations from a Marine CH-46E assigned to Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) 166 (REIN), 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bangladesh]]i citizens offload food rations from a [[US Marine Corps|US Marine]] [[CH-46E]] helicopter of [[11th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] after [[Tropical Cyclone Sidr]] in 2007.]]

The total number of humanitarian aid workers around the world has been calculated by [[ALNAP]], a network of agencies working in the Humanitarian System, as 210,800 in 2008. This is made up of roughly 50% from NGOs, 25% from the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement and 25% from the UN system.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/alnap-sohs-final.pdf |title=State of the Humanitarian System report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214081952/http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/alnap-sohs-final.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |website= ALNAP|year= 2010|page= 18}}</ref> In 2010, it was reported that the humanitarian fieldworker population increased by approximately 6% per year over the previous 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5825.pdf|title= The State of the Humanitarian System|website= ALNAP|year= 2010|access-date= 28 September 2020|archive-date= 2 February 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210202164955/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5825.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Psychological issues ===
Aid workers are exposed to tough conditions and have to be flexible, resilient, and responsible in an environment that humans are not psychologically supposed to deal with, in such severe conditions that trauma is common. In recent years, a number of concerns have been raised about the mental health of aid workers.<ref name="News Report on Aid Workers">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13942088|title=Health – The university course giving aid to aid workers|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13942088|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aid Workers Lacking Psychological Support">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/250765.stm|title= Health – Aid workers lack psychological support|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021226223523/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/250765.stm|archive-date=26 December 2002}}</ref>

The most prevalent issue faced by humanitarian aid workers is [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). Adjustment to normal life again can be a problem, with feelings such as [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] being caused by the simple knowledge that international aid workers can leave a crisis zone, whilst nationals cannot.

A 2015 survey conducted by ''[[The Guardian]]'', with aid workers of the Global Development Professionals Network, revealed that 79 percent experienced mental health issues.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Guardian'' research suggests mental health crisis among aid workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/23/guardian-research-suggests-mental-health-crisis-among-aid-workers|work=The Guardian|access-date=27 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052615/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/23/guardian-research-suggests-mental-health-crisis-among-aid-workers|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

===Attacks===
{{excerpt|Attacks on humanitarian workers}}

== Standards ==
[[File:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|thumb|An American soldier gives a young Pakistani girl a drink of water as they are airlifted from [[Muzaffarabad]] to [[Islamabad]] following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]].]]The humanitarian community has initiated a number of interagency initiatives to improve accountability, quality and performance in humanitarian action. Four of the most widely known initiatives are, ALNAP, the [[CHS Alliance]], the [[Sphere Project]] and the [[Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability]] (CHS). Representatives of these initiatives began meeting together on a regular basis in 2003 in order to share common issues and harmonise activities where possible.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-15|title=HAP and People In Aid merge to become CHS Alliance|url=https://www.elrha.org/news/hap-and-people-in-aid-merge-to-become-chs-alliance/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Elrha|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Sphere Project ===

The [[Sphere Project]] handbook, ''Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response,'' which was produced by a coalition of leading non-governmental humanitarian agencies, lists the following principles of humanitarian action:{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* The right to life with dignity
* The distinction between combatant and non-combatants
* The principle of [[non-refoulement]]

=== Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability ===
[[File:CHS.png|thumb|Logo of the Core Humanitarian Standard]]
Another humanitarian standard used is the [[Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability]] (CHS). It was approved by the CHS Technical Advisory Group in 2014, and has since been endorsed by many humanitarian actors such as "the Boards of the [[Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International|Humanitarian Accountability Partnership]] (HAP), People in Aid and the [[Sphere Project]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions – CHS|website=corehumanitarianstandard.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802030255/https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions|url-status=dead}}</ref> It comprises nine core standards, which are complemented by detailed guidelines and indicators.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

While some critics were questioning whether the sector will truly benefit from the implementation of yet another humanitarian standard, others have praised it for its simplicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/jun/11/core-humanitarian-standard-do-ngos-need-another-set-of-standards|title=Core Humanitarian Standard: do NGOs need another set of standards?|last=Purvis|first=Katherine|date=2015-06-11|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> Most notably, it has replaced the core standards of the Sphere Handbook<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sphereproject.org/news/new-online-course-on-the--core-humanitarian-standard/?keywords=replaced|title=The Sphere Project {{!}} New online course on the Core Humanitarian Standard {{!}} News|website=sphereproject.org|date=19 May 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> and it is regularly referred to and supported by officials from the United Nations, the EU, various NGOs and institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/the-standard/statements-of-support|title=Statements of support – CHS|website=corehumanitarianstandard.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802013659/https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/the-standard/statements-of-support|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|Henry Dunant]]
The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century. Early campaigns include British aid to distressed populations on the continent and in Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Götz |first1=Norbert |year=2014 |title=Rationales of Humanitarianism: The Case of British Relief to Germany, 1805–1815 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-23457 |journal=Journal of Modern European History |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=186–199 |doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_186 |s2cid=143227029}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Götz |first1=Norbert |year=2014 |title=The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars |journal=International History Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=519–539 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2014.918559 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and the international relief campaigns during the Great Irish Famine in the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinealy |first1=Christine |title=Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Götz |first1=Norbert |title=Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief |last2=Brewis |first2=Georgina |last3=Werther |first3=Steffen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-108-65590-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108655903 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1854, when the Crimean War began<ref name="ReferenceA">Hosein Karimi, Negin Masoudi Alavi. Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Jun;4(2)</ref> [[Florence Nightingale]] and her team of 38 nurses arrived to Barracks Hospital of Scutari where there were thousands of sick and wounded soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceB">Joseph H. Choate. What Florence Nightingale Did for Mankind. Am J Nurs. 1911 Feb;11(5):346–57.</ref> Nightingale and her team watched as the understaffed military hospitals struggled to maintain hygienic conditions and meet the needs of patients.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Ten times more soldiers were dying of disease than from battle wounds.<ref name="ReferenceC">Elizabeth Fee, Mary E. Garofalo. Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War.</ref> Typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery were common in the army hospitals.<ref name="ReferenceC" /> Nightingale and her team established a kitchen, laundry and increased hygiene. More nurses arrived to aid in the efforts and the General Hospital at Scutari was able to care for 6,000 patients.<ref name="ReferenceB" />
Nightingale's contributions still influence humanitarian aid efforts. This is especially true in regard to Nightingale's use of statistics and measures of mortality and morbidity. Nightingale used principles of new science and statistics to measure progress and plan for her hospital.<ref name="ReferenceC" /> She kept records of the number and cause of deaths in order to continuously improve the conditions in hospitals.<ref name="ReferenceD">Understanding Uncertainty. Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War.</ref> Her findings were that in every 1,000 soldiers, 600 were dying of communicable and infectious diseases.<ref name="ReferenceE">Hosein Karimi, Negin Masoudi Alavi. Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Jun;4(2).</ref> She worked to improve hygiene, nutrition and clean water and decreased the mortality rate from 60% to 42% to 2.2%.<ref name="ReferenceE" /> All of these improvements are pillars of modern humanitarian intervention. Once she returned to Great Britain she campaigned for the founding of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.<ref name="ReferenceD" /> She advocated for the use of statistics and coxcombs to portray the needs of those in conflict settings.<ref name="ReferenceD" /><ref>Forsythe, David. The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 15.</ref>

[[File:Battaglia di Solferino (Henry Dunant).jpg|thumb|Henry Dunant at [[Solferino]]]]
The most well-known origin story of formalized humanitarian aid is that of [[Henry Dunant|Henri Dunant]], a Swiss businessman and social activist, who upon seeing the sheer destruction and inhumane abandonment of wounded soldiers from [[Battle of Solferino|the Battle of Solferino]] in June 1859, canceled his plans and began a relief response.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haug |first=Hans |title=The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement |url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-2116-03.pdf |access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> Despite little to no experience as a medical physician, Dunant worked alongside local volunteers to assist the wounded soldiers from all warring parties, including Austrian, Italian and French casualties, in any way he could including the provision of food, water, and medical supplies. His graphic account of the immense suffering he witnessed, written in his book ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'', became a foundational text to modern [[humanitarianism]].<ref>Barnett, Michael, and Weiss, Thomas. Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics. (New York: Cornell University Press, 2008), 101.</ref>
[[File:Souvenir de Solferino henri Dunant 1862.jpg|thumb|Cover of the original edition of ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'' (1862)]]
''A Memory of Solferino'' changed the world in a way that no one, let alone Dunant, could have foreseen nor truly appreciated at the time. To start, Dunant was able to profoundly stir the emotions of his readers by bringing the battle and suffering into their homes, equipping them to understand the current barbaric state of war and treatment of soldiers after they were injured or killed; in of themselves these accounts altered the course of history.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1306.</ref> Beyond this, in his two-week experience attending to the wounded soldiers of all nationalities, Dunant inadvertently established the vital conceptual pillars of what would later become the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] and [[Humanitarian law|International Humanitarian Law]]: impartiality and neutrality.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1303</ref> Dunant took these ideas and came up with two more ingenious concepts that would profoundly alter the practice of war; first Dunant envisioned a creation of permanent volunteer relief societies, much like the ad hoc relief group he coordinated in Solferino, to assist wounded soldiers; next Dunant began an effort to call for the adoption of a treaty which would guarantee the protection of wounded soldiers and any who attempted to come to their aid.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1300</ref>

After publishing his foundational text in 1862, progress came quickly for Dunant and his efforts to create a permanent relief society and International Humanitarian Law. The embryonic formation of the International Committee of the Red Cross had begun to take shape in 1863 when the private Geneva Society of Public Welfare created a permanent sub-committee called "The International Committee for Aid to Wounded in Situations of War". Composed of five Geneva citizens, this committee endorsed Dunant's vision to legally neutralize medical personnel responding to wounded soldiers.<ref>Forsythe, David. The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17.</ref><ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1311</ref> The constitutive conference of this committee in October 1863 created the statutory foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross in their resolutions regarding national societies, caring for the wounded, their symbol, and most importantly the indispensable neutrality of ambulances, hospitals, medical personnel and the wounded themselves.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1320.</ref> Beyond this, in order to solidify humanitarian practice, the Geneva Society of Public Welfare hosted a convention between 8 and 22 August 1864 at the Geneva Town Hall with 16 diverse States present, including many governments of Europe, the Ottoman Empire, the United States of America (USA), Brazil and Mexico.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1323.</ref> This diplomatic conference was exceptional, not due to the number or status of its attendees but rather because of its very raison d'être. Unlike many diplomatic conferences before it, this conference's purpose was not to reach a settlement after a conflict nor to mediate between opposing interests; indeed this conference was to lay down rules for the future of conflict with aims to protect medical services and those wounded in battle.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1324</ref>
[[File:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|Original [[Geneva Conventions]]]]
The first of the renowned [[First Geneva Convention|Geneva Conventions]] was signed on 22 August 1864; never before in history has a treaty so greatly impacted how warring parties engage with one another.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1325</ref> The basic tenents of the convention outlined the neutrality of medical services, including hospitals, ambulances, and related personnel, the requirement to care for and protect the sick and wounded during the conflict and something of particular symbolic importance to the International Committee of the Red Cross: the Red Cross emblem.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013):1325</ref> For the first time in contemporary history, it was acknowledged by a representative selection of states that war had limits. The significance only grew with time in the revision and adaptation of the Geneva Convention in 1906, 1929 and 1949; additionally, supplementary treaties granted protection to hospital ships, prisoners of war and most importantly to civilians in wartime.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013):1326</ref>

The International Committee of the Red Cross exists to this day as the guardian of International Humanitarian Law and as one of the largest providers of humanitarian aid in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-28 |title=Who we are |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are |access-date=2020-01-27 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>

=== Late 19th century ===
[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A contemporary print showing the distribution of relief in [[Bellary]], [[Madras Presidency]]. From ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' (1877).]]
Internationally organized humanitarian aid efforts continued to be launched for the rest of the century, often with ever-greater logistical acumen and experience. In 1876, after a drought led to cascading crop failures across Northern China, a [[Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879|famine]] broke out that lasted several years—during its course as many as 10 million people may have died from hunger and disease.<ref>{{cite web |last=Edgerton-Tarpley |first=Kathryn |title=Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron |url=http://www.ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f.0271/tears_from_iron/tfi_essay.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518091754/http://www.ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f.0271/tears_from_iron/tfi_essay.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref> British missionary [[Timothy Richard]] first called international attention to the famine in [[Shandong]] in the summer of 1876 and appealed to the foreign community in [[Shanghai]] for money to help the victims. The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was soon established, with those participating including diplomats, businessmen, as well as Christian missionaries, Catholic and Protestant alike.<ref>Janku, Andrea (2001) "The North-China Famine of 1876–1879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event." In: ''Measuring Historical Heat: Event, Performance, and Impact in China and the West. Symposium in Honour of Rudolf G. Wagner on His 60th Birthday''. Heidelberg, 3–4 November, pp. 127–134</ref> An international network was set up to solicit donations, ultimately bringing in 204,000 silver [[taels]], the equivalent of $7–10 million if valued at 2012 silver prices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=China Famine Relief Fund. Shanghai Committee |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023248796 |title=The great famine : [Report of the Committee of the China Famine Relief Fund] |date=1879 |publisher= American Presbyterian Mission Press|location=Shanghai, China |others=Cornell University Library}}</ref>

Simultaneously in India, another campaign was launched in response to the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]]. Retrospectively, authorities from across the administrative and colonial structures of the [[British Raj]] and [[princely states]] have been to various degrees blamed for the shocking severity of the famine, with critiques revolving around their laissez-faire attitude and the resulting lack of any adequate policy to address the mass death and suffering across the subcontinent, though meaningful relief measures began to be introduced towards the famine's end. Privately, a famine relief fund was set up in the United Kingdom, raising £426,000 within its first few months of operation.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Early 20th century ===
Intertwined with and informed efforts related to the profound destruction and disruption caused by World War I, including that of the Red Cross and Red Crescent organization, the [[Russian famine of 1921–1922]], taking place in a country already immensely burdened with systemic agriculture and logistical struggles—then ravaged by successive periods of industrial war, blockade, bad harvests, the Russian Revolution, its resulting political restructuring and social upheaval, and then the insurgency and [[war communism]] of the Russian Civil War that followed. In the nascent [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] allowed his personal friend and acclaimed thinker [[Maxim Gorky]] to pen an open letter to the international community asking for relief for the Russian people. Despite the ongoing ideological, material, and military conflicts levied by both the new socialist state and the capitalist international community towards one another, efforts to aid the starving population of Soviet Russia were intensive, deliberate, and effective. American efforts, led in large part future president [[Herbert Hoover]], as well as those by the International Committee for Russian Relief joined extant humanitarian organizations in delivering food and medicine to Russia over the course of 1921 and 1922, at some points feeding over 10 millions Russians every day. With the United States left relatively untouched by World War I, its intensive private and public efforts in Russia constituted a clear expression of its new paramount soft power on the international stage, with power projection from European states having been either totally destroyed or severely limited in scope in the years following the conflict.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== Post World War II and Cold War era 1940s–1960s ==
In the aftermath of [[World War II]], Western nations led massive relief and reconstruction efforts. The [[Marshall Plan]] 1948–1951, a U.S. funded program to rebuild war torn European economies, came to be recognized as a '''“'''great humanitarian effort'''”''', institutionalizing foreign aid as a key policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> At the same time, Western Allies undertook operations like the Berlin Airlift 1948–1949 to supply 2.5 million blockaded residents of West Berlin with food and fuel, this unprecedented airlift delivered over 2.3 million tons of supplies and is often cited as one of the largest humanitarian aid missions in history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> In the 1950s, Western countries also responded to refugee crises in [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet bloc]] states. After the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Revolution]], some 200,000 Hungarians fled to Austria and Yugoslavia, Western governments and militaries provided relief supplies and resettlement for tens of thousands. A U.S. European Command airlift Operation Safe Haven flew in hundreds of tons of Red Cross aid and eventually transported about 30,000 Hungarian refugees for resettlement in the United States.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=65 Years Ago: Providing a Safe Harbor |url=https://www.eucom.mil/article/41614/65-years-ago-providing-a-safe-harbor |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.eucom.mil |language=en}}</ref> Western Europe, Canada, and other nations similarly opened their doors to the Hungarian refugees, an experience that helped shape modern refugee assistance mechanisms<ref name="auto1"/>

=== 1980s ===

[[File:Opbushel.jpg|thumb|[[RAF]] [[C-130]] airdropping food during 1985 famine]]

Early attempts were in private hands and were limited in their financial and organizational capabilities. It was only in the 1980s, that global news coverage and celebrity endorsement were mobilized to galvanize large-scale government-led famine (and other forms of) relief in response to disasters around the world. The [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|1983–85 famine in Ethiopia]] caused upwards of 1 million deaths and was documented by a [[BBC]] news crew, with [[Michael Buerk]] describing "a biblical famine in the 20th Century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth".<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title=How a Report on Ethiopia's 'Biblical Famine' Changed the World |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-report-ethiopias-biblical-famine-changed-world-n232126 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

[[Live Aid]], a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by [[Bob Geldof]] induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web |title=In 1984 Eritrea was part of Ethiopia, where some of the song's proceeds were spent |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/d6750ff7c1236f1e21669b2af53797c3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622020815/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/d6750ff7c1236f1e21669b2af53797c3.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=2009-05-08}}</ref>

=== 2000s ===
{{Main|Humanitarian Cluster System}}

A 2004 reform initiative by [[Jan Egeland]], resulted in the creation of the Humanitarian Cluster System, designed to improve coordination between humanitarian agencies working on the same issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stoddard |first1=Abby |last2=Harmer |first2=Adele |last3=Haver |first3=Katherine |last4=Salomons |first4=Dirk |last5=Wheeler |first5=Victoria |date=November 2007 |title=Cluster Approach Evaluation |url=https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/erd-3641-full.pdf |website=[[ALNAP]]}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===

==== World Humanitarian Summit ====
{{Main|World Humanitarian Summit}}
[[File:Ban Ki-moon February 2016.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon]]
The first global summit on humanitarian diplomacy was held in 2016 in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rousseau |first1=Elise |url=https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/humanitarian-diplomacy/17367926 |title=Humanitarian diplomacy |last2=Sommo Pende |first2=Achille |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020}}</ref> An initiative of United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], the World Humanitarian Summit included participants from governments, civil society organizations, private organizations, and groups affected by humanitarian need. Issues that were discussed included: preventing and ending conflict, managing crises, and aid financing.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Attendees at the summit agreed a series of reforms on aid spending called the [[Grand Bargain (humanitarian reform)|Grand Bargain]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Ben |date=2016-05-24 |title=Is the Grand Bargain a Big Deal? |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2016/05/24/grand-bargain-big-deal |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en}}</ref> including a commitment to spend 25% of aid funds directly through local and national humanitarian aid organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=Ellen |last2=Ager |first2=Alastair |date=2021 |title=Localisation in the Context of UK Government Engagement With the Humanitarian Reform Agenda |journal=Frontiers in Political Science |volume=3 |pages=114 |article-number=687063 |doi=10.3389/fpos.2021.687063 |issn=2673-3145 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Main|Localisation (humanitarian practice)}}

'''COVID-19 Pandemic'''

Following the outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, approximately 216 million individuals required humanitarian aid across 69 countries. Many efforts and reforms of humanitarian assistance were made following the pandemic to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Humanitarian financing in the context of the Covid-19 (coronavirus) pandemic |url=https://devinit.org/resources/global-humanitarian-assistance-report-2020/foreword/ |website=Development initiatives}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
In 2020, there was an exponential increase in humanitarian needs, with 235 million people, or 1 in 33 individuals globally, requiring humanitarian assistance and protection by the year's end. A report documented an 85% increase in humanitarian aid during 2020 then the year before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=Global Annual Results Report 2020: Humanitarian Action {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/reports/global-annual-results-2020-humanitarian-action |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Church asylum]]
* [[Emergency management]]
* [[Humanitarian corridor]]
* [[Humanitarian education]]
* [[Humanitarian protection]]
* [[Humanitarian Response Index]]
* [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]]
* [[World Humanitarian Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108655903|doi-access=free|last1=Götz|last2=Brewis|last3=Werther|first1=Norbert|first2=Georgina|first3=Steffen|isbn=978-1-108-65590-3}}
* {{Cite book|author=James, Eric |date=2008|title= Managing Humanitarian Relief: An Operational Guide for NGOs. Rugby: Practical Action|publisher=Practical Action/Intermediate Technology |isbn=978-1-853-39669-4}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Minear, Larry
|title=The Humanitarian Enterprise: Dilemmas and Discoveries
|publisher=Kumarian Press
|location=West Hartford, CT
|year=2002
|isbn=1-56549-149-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Waters, Tony |date=2001|title= Bureaucratizing the Good Samaritan: The Limitations of Humanitarian Relief Operations| location= Boulder|publisher= Westview Press|isbn=978-0-813-36790-3}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|collapsible=true|d=Q826745|c=Category:Humanitarian aid|voy=no|species=no}}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2019}}

* [[doi:10.1093/isq/sqac009|The Humanitarian Organisations Dataset (HOD)]]: 2,505 organizations active in the humanitarian sector
* {{cite web| url=http://www.alnap.org/ |title=Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance|website=alnap.org}}
* {{cite web|url=https://community.apan.org/apcn//|title=APCN (Africa Partner Country Network)|website=apan.org}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cedat.org/ |title=CE-DAT: The Complex Emergency Database |website=cedat.org}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/64zahh.htm|title=The Code of Conduct: humanitarian principles in practice|date=20 September 2004|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.medecinsdumonde.org |title=Doctors of the World|website=medecinsdumonde.org}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.emdat.be|title= EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database|website=emdat.be}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/|title=The New Humanitarian|website=thenewhumanitarian.org}}
* {{cite web| url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/protection-interview-011209.htm |title=Protection work during armed conflict and other situations of violence: professional standards|date=December 2009|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.cdham.org |title=The Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine|website=CDHAM.org}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/hpg|title=The ODI Humanitarian Policy Group|website=odi.org.uk|access-date=7 March 2006|archive-date=8 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208085750/http://www.odi.org.uk/HPG/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.reliefweb.int |title=UN ReliefWeb|website=reliefweb.int}}

=== Critiques of humanitarian aid ===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/169.html |title=A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis |first1=David |last1=Rieff |author-link1=David Rieff |first2=Joanne J. |last2=Myers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330184742/http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/169.html |archive-date=30 March 2007}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Charity}}
{{Humanitarian Aid|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Humanitarian aid| ]]
[[Category:Civil affairs]]
[[Category:Government aid programs]]
[[Category:Philanthropy]]
[[Category:Charity]]
[[Category:Emergency management]]

Dāna

2026-02-27T09:36:54Z

ArtyCraftz: quick refine intro after review and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Concept of charity in Indian religions}}
[[File:Mandodari based on Raja Ravi Varma's painting (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is any form of giving.]]
[[File:Ajaan Geoff Almsround.jpg|alt=Buddhist Dana|thumb|In Buddhist culture, {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} (donation) is any relinquishing of ownership to a recipient without expecting anything in return.]]
[[File:343-The-Buddha-on-Alms-Round-Original.jpg|alt=Dana|thumb|The Buddha and a monk are shown in a relief from [[Borobudur]], Indonesia, making an alms round.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.photodharma.net/Indonesia/04-Jataka-Level-1-Top/04-Jataka-Level-1-Top-4.htm | title=Jātaka, the Buddha's Past Birth-Stories, Level 1 Balustrade, Top, at Borobudur }}</ref> ]]
'''{{IAST|Dāna}}''' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|दानम्}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Dāna}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=Danam, Dānam: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/danam |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Wisdom Library |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] word that connotes the virtue of [[generosity]], [[charity (practice)|charity]] or giving of [[alms]], in Indian religions and philosophies.<ref>{{cite book|first=William Owen|last=Cole|year=1991|title=Moral Issues in Six Religions|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=978-0435302993|pages=104–105}}</ref>{{r|ckc|pages=634–661}}

In [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]], {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} is the practice of cultivating generosity. It can take the form of giving to an individual in distress or need,<ref name=ganguli311/> or of philanthropic public projects that empower and help many.<ref name=ganguli/>

{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is an ancient practice in Indian traditions, tracing back to [[Vedic]] traditions.<ref name="shahsoulful">{{cite book | last1=Shah | first1=Shashank | last2=Ramamoorthy | first2=V.E. | title=Soulful Corporations: A Values-Based Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility | publisher=Springer | year=2013 | isbn=978-81-322-1274-4 | page=125|quote=The concept of Daana (charity) dates back to the Vedic period. The Rig Veda enjoins charity as a duty and responsibility of every citizen.}}</ref><ref name=birunihind/>

==Hinduism==
{{Hinduism}}
{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|दानम्}}) means giving, often in the context of donation and charity.<ref name=sedict>{{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dAna&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0|url-status=dead|title=Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary: दान|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214071820/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dAna&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |archive-date=2014-12-14 |publisher=University of Koeln, Germany}}</ref> In other contexts, such as rituals, it can simply refer to the act of giving something.<ref name=sedict/> {{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is related to and mentioned in ancient texts along with concepts of {{transliteration|sa|Paropakāra}} ({{lang|sa|परोपकारः}}) which means benevolent deed, helping others;<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=paropakAra&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0|title=Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary: परोपकार|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427203642/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=paropakAra&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |archive-date=2015-04-27|publisher=University of Koeln, Germany}}
|2={{cite book | last1=Marujo | first1=Helena Águeda | last2=Neto | first2=Luis Miguel | title=Positive Nations and Communities | publisher=Springer | date=16 August 2013 | isbn=978-94-007-6868-0 | page=82}}
}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Dakshinā}} ({{lang|sa|दक्षिणा}}) which means fee one can afford;<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dakSiNA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0|title=Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary: दक्षिणा|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427213425/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dakSiNA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |archive-date=2015-04-27|publisher=University of Koeln, Germany}}
|2={{cite book | last=Lochtefeld | first=James G. | title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism | volume=A–M|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 | page=169}}
}}</ref> and {{transliteration|sa|Bhikshā}} ({{lang|sa|भिक्षा}}), which means alms.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dakSiNA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0|title=Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary: bhikSA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427213425/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dakSiNA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 |archive-date=2015-04-27|publisher=University of Koeln, Germany}}
|2={{cite book | last1=Gomez | first1=Alberto Garcia | last2=Garcia | first2=Alberto | last3=Miranda | first3=Gonzalo | title=Religious Perspectives on Human Vulnerability in Bioethics | publisher=Springer | year= 2014 | isbn=978-94-017-8735-2 | pages=170–171}}
}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is defined in traditional texts as any action of relinquishing the ownership of what one considered or identified as one's own, and investing the same in a recipient without expecting anything in return.<ref name=kandm3>{{cite book | editor-last1=Rao | editor-first1=K. Ramakrishna | editor-last2=Paranjpe | editor-first2=A. C. | editor-last3=Dalal | editor-first3=Ajit K. | title=Handbook of Indian Psychology | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-7596-602-4 | pages=361–382|author-last1=Krishnan |author-first1=Lilavati|author-last2=Manoj|author-first2=V.R.|chapter=Giving as a theme in the Indian psychology of values}}</ref>

While {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} is typically given to one person or family, Hinduism also discusses charity or giving aimed at public benefit, sometimes called {{transliteration|sa|utsarga}}. This aims at larger projects such as building a rest house, school, drinking water or irrigation well, planting trees, or building a care facility, among others.<ref name=Agarwal>{{cite book | last=Agarwal | first=Sanjay | title=Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India | publisher=AccountAid India | date=2010 | isbn=978-81-910854-0-2}}</ref>{{rp|54–62}}

===Dāna in Hindu texts===
The ''[[Rigveda]]'' has the earliest discussion of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} in the [[Vedas]].<ref name=rhdana>{{cite journal|first=R.|last=Hindery|title=Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions|journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=2|number=1|page=105}}</ref> The ''Rigveda'' relates it to {{transliteration|sa|satya}} "truth" and in another hymn points to the guilt one feels from not giving to those in need.<ref name=rhdana/> It uses {{transliteration|sa|da}}, the root of word {{transliteration|sa|dāna}}, in its hymns to refer to the act of giving to those in distress. [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]], for example, translates Book 10, Hymn 117 of the Rig veda as follows:
{{Blockquote|
<poem>The Gods have not ordained hunger to be our death: even to the well-fed man comes death in varied shape,
The riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds none to comfort him,
The man with food in store who, when the needy comes in miserable case begging for bread to eat,
Hardens his heart against him, when of old finds not one to comfort him.

Bounteous is he who gives unto the beggar who comes to him in want of food, and the feeble,
Success attends him in the shout of battle. He makes a friend of him in future troubles,
No friend is he who to his friend and comrade who comes imploring food, will offer nothing.

Let the rich satisfy the poor implorer, and bend his eye upon a longer pathway,
Riches come now to one, now to another, and like the wheels of cars are ever rolling,
The foolish man wins food with fruitless labour: that food – I speak the truth – shall be his ruin,
He feeds no trusty friend, no man to love him. All guilt is he who eats with no partaker.
</poem>
|[[Rigveda]], X.117|<ref name=rthg>[[s:The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 117|The Rig Veda]], Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T. H. Griffith (Translator)</ref>}}

The [[Upanishads]] composed before {{BCE|500}} present some of the earliest Upanishadic discussion of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}}. [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]], in verse 5.2.3, states that three characteristics of a good, developed person are self-restraint ({{transliteration|sa|damah}}), compassion or love for all sentient life ({{transliteration|sa|daya}}), and charity ({{transliteration|sa|dāna}}).<ref name=kane/>
{{blockquote|तदेतत्त्रयँ शिक्षेद् दमं दानं दयामिति<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/brinew-proofed_sa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214104135/http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/brinew-proofed_sa.html|archive-date=2014-12-14|title=॥ बृहदारण्यकोपनिषत् ॥|work=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref> 
Learn three cardinal virtues — [[Temperance (virtue)|self restraint]], charity and [[Compassion#Hinduism|compassion]] for all life.|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, V.ii.3|<ref name=kane/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n843/mode/2up|title=Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|year=1950 |translator-first=Swami|translator-last=Madhavananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|page=816|postscript=. For discussion: pages 814–821.}}</ref>}}
[[Chandogya Upanishad]], Book III, similarly, states that a virtuous life requires: {{transliteration|sa|[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]}} (asceticism), {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} (charity), {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} (straightforwardness), {{transliteration|sa|[[ahimsa]]}} (non-injury to all sentinent beings) and {{transliteration|sa|satyavacana}} (truthfulness).<ref name=kane>{{cite book|first=Pandurang Vaman|last=Kane|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n61/mode/2up|chapter=Samanya Dharma|title=History of Dharmasastra|year=1941 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|location=Poona|volume=2, Part 1|page=5}}</ref>

''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' describes the right and wrong forms of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} in verses 17.20 through 17.22.<ref name=ckc>{{cite book | last=Chapple | first=Christopher Key | title=The Bhagavad Gita | publisher=SUNY Press | date=19 March 2009 | isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0}}</ref>{{rp|653–655}} It defines {{transliteration|sa|sāttvikam}} (good, enlightened, pure) charity, in verse 17.20, as that given without expectation of return, at the proper time and place, and to a worthy person. It defines {{transliteration|sa|rajas}} (passion, ego driven, active) charity, in verse 17.21, as that given with the expectation of some return, or with a desire for fruits and results, or grudgingly. It defines {{transliteration|sa|tamas}} (ignorant, dark, destructive) charity, in verse 17.22, as that given with contempt, to unworthy person(s), at a wrong place and time. In Book 17, Bhadwad Gita suggests steadiness in {{transliteration|sa|sattvikam dāna}}, or the good form of charity is better; and that {{transliteration|sa|tamas}} should be avoided.{{r|ckc|pages=634–661}} These three psychological categories are referred to as the {{transliteration|sa|[[guṇa]]}}s in Hindu philosophy.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bernard | first=Theos | title=Hindu Philosophy | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | date=1999 | isbn=978-81-208-1373-1 | pages=92–94}}</ref>

The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the Hindu Epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', in Chapter 91, states that a person must first acquire wealth by honest means, then embark on charity; be hospitable to those who come to him; never inflict pain on any living being; and share a portion with others whatever he consumes.<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=M.N.|translator-last=Dutt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n143/mode/2up|chapter=XCI: Sambhava Parva|title=Adi Parva |year=1895 | page=132|publisher=Calcutta, Printed by H.C. Dass }}</ref>{{rp|3–4}} In Chapter 87 of ''Adi Parva'', it calls sweet speech and refusal to use harsh words or wrong others even if you have been wronged, as a form of charity. In the ''[[Vana Parva]]'', Chapter 194, the Mahabharata recommends that one must, "conquer the mean by charity, the untruthful by truth, the wicked by forgiveness, and dishonesty by honesty".<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=M.N.|translator-last=Dutt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n737/mode/2up|title=Vana Parva|chapter=CXCIV: Markandeya Samasya Parva|year=1895 |page=291|publisher=Calcutta, Printed by H.C. Dass }}</ref>{{rp|6}} ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' in Chapter 58, recommends public projects as a form of dāna.<ref name=ganguli>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri08royp/page/306/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Mahabharata|chapter=Anusasana Parva|at=LVIII|translator-last=Ganguli|translator-first=Kisari Mohan|year=1893|location=Calcutta|publisher=Bharata Press}}</ref> It discusses the building of drinking water tanks for people and cattle as a noble form of giving, as well as giving of lamps for lighting dark public spaces.<ref name=ganguli/> In later sections of Chapter 58, it describes planting public orchards, with trees that give fruits to strangers and shade to travelers, as meritorious acts of benevolent charity.<ref name=ganguli/> In Chapter 59 of Book 13 of the ''Mahabharata'', [[Yudhishthira]] and Bhishma discuss the best and lasting gifts between people:

{{blockquote|An assurance unto all creatures with love and affection and abstention from every kind of injury, acts of kindness and favor done to a person in distress, whatever gifts are made without the giver's ever thinking of them as gifts made by him, constitute, O chief of Bharata's race, the highest and best of gifts ({{transliteration|sa|dāna}}).|The Mahabharata, XIII.59<ref name=ganguli311>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri08royp/page/310/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Mahabharata|chapter=Anusasana Parva|at=LIX|translator-last=Ganguli|translator-first=Kisari Mohan|year=1893|location=Calcutta|publisher=Bharata Press|quote=अभयं सर्वभूतेभ्यॊ वयसने चाप्य अनुग्रहम यच चाभिलषितं दद्यात तृषितायाभियाचते दत्तं मन्येत यद दत्त्वा तद '''दानं''' शरेष्ठम उच्यते दत्तं दातारम अन्वेति यद '''दानं''' भरतर्षभ}}</ref>}}

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' discusses when {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} is proper and when it is improper. In Book 8, Chapter 19, verse 36 it states that charity is inappropriate if it endangers and cripples modest livelihood of one's biological dependents or of one’s own. Charity from surplus income above that required for modest living is recommended in the [[Puranas]].{{r|Agarwal|page=43}}

Hindu texts exist in many Indian languages. For example, the ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]'', written between {{BCE|200}} and {{CE|400}}, is one of the most cherished classics on Hinduism written in a South Indian language. It discusses charity, dedicating Chapter 23 of Book 1 on Virtues to it.<ref name=tirukkural/> ''Tirukkuṛaḷ'' suggests charity is necessary for a virtuous life and happiness. In it, [[Thiruvalluvar]] states in Chapter 23: "Giving to the poor is true charity, all other giving expects some return"; "Great, indeed, is the power to endure hunger. Greater still is the power to relieve other's hunger"; "Giving alms is a great reward in itself to one who gives".<ref name=tirukkural>{{cite book|title=Tirukkuṛaḷ|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24915/page/n6/mode/1up|author-link=Thiruvalluvar|author=Tiruvaḷḷuvar|translator-last=Dikshitar|translator-first=V.R. Ramachandra|year=1944}}</ref>{{rp|47}} In Chapter 101, he states: "Believing wealth is everything, yet giving away nothing, is a miserable state of mind"; "Vast wealth can be a curse to one who neither enjoys it nor gives to the worthy".{{r|tirukkural|page=205}} Like the Mahabharata, Tirukkuṛaḷ also extends the concept of charity to deeds (body), words (speech) and thoughts (mind). It states that a brightly beaming smile, the kindly light of loving eye, and saying pleasant words with sincere heart is a form of charity that every human being should strive to give.{{r|tirukkural|page=21}}

==={{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} in rituals===
{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is also used to refer to [[ritual]]s. For example, in a [[Hindu wedding]], {{transliteration|sa|Dānakanyādāna}} ({{lang|sa|कन्यादान}}) refers to the ritual where a father gives his daughter's hand in marriage to the groom, after asking the groom to promise that he will never fail in his pursuit of [[dharma]] (moral and lawful life), [[artha]] (wealth) and [[kama]] (love). The groom promises to the bride's father, and repeats his promise three times in presence of all gathered as witness.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book | last=Prabhu | first=Pandharinath H. | title=Hindu Social Organization | publisher=Popular Prakashan | date=1991 | isbn=978-81-7154-206-2 | pages=164–165}}
|2={{cite book|last=Kane|first=P.V.|year=1974|title=History of Dharmasastra: Ancient and Medieval Civil Law in India|volume=2|issue=1 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|pages=531–538}}
}}</ref>

Other types of charity includes donating means of economic activity and food source. For example, {{transliteration|sa|godāna}} (donation of a cow),<ref>{{cite book|last=Padma|first=Eṃ. Bi|year=1993|title=The Position of Women in Mediaeval Karnataka|location=Prasaranga|publisher=University of Mysore Press|page=164}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|bhudāna}} ({{lang|sa|भूदानम्}}) (donation of land), and {{transliteration|sa|vidyādāna}} or {{transliteration|sa|[[jnana|jñānadāna]]}} ({{lang|sa|विद्यादानम्}}, {{lang|sa|ज्ञानदानम्}}): Sharing knowledge and teaching skills, {{transliteration|sa|aushadhādāna}} ({{lang|sa|औषधदानम्}}): Charity of care for the sick and diseased, {{transliteration|sa|abhayadāna}} ({{lang|sa|अभयदानम्}}): giving freedom from fear (asylum, protection to someone facing imminent injury), and {{transliteration|sa|anna dāna}} ({{lang|sa|अन्नादानम्}}): Giving food to the poor, needy and all visitors.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dubois | first=Abbe J.A. | translator-last=Beauchamp| translator-first=Henry K.| title=Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies | publisher=Cosimo, Inc. | date=1906 | pages=223, 483–495|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumannerscust1906dubo/page/482/mode/2up}}</ref>

===The effect of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}}===
Charity is held as a noble deed in Hinduism, to be done without expectation of any return from those who receive the charity.<ref name=kandm3/> Some texts reason, referring to the nature of social life, that charity is a form of good karma that affects one's future circumstances and environment, and that good charitable deeds lead to good future life because of the [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity principle]].<ref name=kandm3/>
{{Blockquote|
<poem>Living creatures get influenced through {{transliteration|sa|dānam}},
Enemies lose hostility through {{transliteration|sa|dānam}},
A stranger may become a loved one through {{transliteration|sa|dānam}},
Vices are killed by {{transliteration|sa|dānam}}.</poem>
|A Hindu Proverb|{{r|kandm3|pages=365–366}}}}

Other Hindu texts, such as ''Vyasa Samhita'', state that reciprocity may be innate in human nature and social functions but {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} is a virtue in itself, as doing good lifts the nature of one who gives.<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=Manmatha Nath|translator-last=Dutt|title=The Dharam Shastra: Hindu Religious Codes|date=1979|orig-date=1906|volume=3|publisher=Cosmo Publishers|location=New Delhi|pages=526–533|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46055/page/n34/mode/1up?q=reciprocity}}</ref> The texts do not recommend charity to unworthy recipients or where charity may harm or encourage injury to or by the recipient. {{transliteration|sa|Dāna}}, thus, is a [[dharma|dharmic]] act, requires an idealistic-normative approach, and has spiritual and philosophical context.<ref name=kandm3/> The donor's intent and responsibility for diligence about the effect of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} on the recipient is as important as the {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} itself. While the donor should not expect anything in return with {{transliteration|sa|dāna}}, the donor is expected to make an effort to determine the character of the recipient, and the likely return to the recipient and to the society.<ref name=kandm3/> Some medieval era authors state that {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} is best done with {{transliteration|sa|shraddha}} (faith), which is defined as being in good will, cheerful, welcoming the recipient of the charity and giving without {{transliteration|sa|anasuya}} (finding faults in the recipient).{{r|bilimoriadaana|pages=196–197}} These scholars of Hinduism, states Kohler,{{Specify|reason=who is Kohler? what makes Kohler an authority?|date=July 2023}} suggest that charity is most effective when it is done with delight, a sense of "unquestioning hospitality", where the {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} ignores the short term weaknesses as well as the circumstances of the recipient and takes a long term view.<ref name=bilimoriadaana>{{cite book|first=Maria|last=Heim|editor-first1=P.|editor-last1=Bilimoria|editor-last2=Prabhu|editor-first2=J.|editor-last3=Sharma|editor-first3=R.|year=2007|chapter=Dana as a Moral Category|title=Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges|volume=1|isbn=978-0754633013}}</ref>{{rp|196–197}}

===In historical record===
[[Xuanzang]], the Chinese pilgrim to India, describes many {{transliteration|sa|Punya-śālās}} (houses of goodness, merit, charity) in his {{CE|7th-century}} memoir.<ref name=Beal1968/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Tan Chung|year=1970|title=Ancient Indian Life Through Chinese Eyes|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=32|pages=137–149|jstor=44141059}}</ref> He mentions these Punyasalas and Dharmasalas in Takka (Punjab) and other north Indian places such as near the Deva temples of [[Haridwar]] at the mouth of river Ganges and eight Deva temples in Mulasthanapura. These, recorded Xuanzang, served the poor and the unfortunate, providing them food, clothing and medicine, also welcoming travelers and the destitute. So common were these, he wrote, that "travelers [like him] were never badly off."<ref name=Beal1968>{{cite book|author=Hiuen Tsiang|translator-first=Samuel|translator-last=Beal|date=1906|title=Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World|orig-date=629|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.34983/page/n271/mode/2up 165–166] (Vol. 1), [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.34983/page/n304/mode/1up 198] (Vol. 1), [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6122/page/n295/mode/2up 274–275] (Vol. 2)}}</ref>

[[Al-Biruni]], the Persian historian, who visited and lived in India for 16 years from about {{CE|1017}}, mentions the practice of charity and almsgiving among Hindus as he observed during his stay. He wrote, "It is obligatory with them (Hindus) every day to give alms as much as possible."<ref name=birunihind>{{cite book|last=Bīrūnī|first=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad|title=Alberuni's India|volume=2|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_002/pages/ldpd_5949073_002_00000157.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left= |chapter=LXVII: On Alms, and how a man must spend what he earns|location=London|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trübner & Co.|date=1910|pages=149–150}}</ref>

{{blockquote|After the taxes, there are different opinions on how to spend their income. Some destine one-ninth of it for alms.<ref>Al Biruni states that another one-ninth is put into savings/reserve, one-ninth in investment/trade for profits</ref> Others divide this income (after taxes) into four portions. One fourth is destined for common expenses, the second for liberal works of a noble mind, the third for alms, and the fourth for being kept in reserve.| Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Tarikh Al-Hind, {{CE|11th century}}<ref name="birunihind"/> }}

''Satram''s, called ''[[Choultry]]'', ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamsala]]'', or ''Chathram''s in parts of India, have been one expression of Hindu charity. Satrams are shelters (rest houses) for travelers and the poor, with many serving water and free food. These were usually established along the roads connecting major [[Hindu temple]] sites in [[South Asia]] as well as near major temples.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book | last=Kumari | first=Koutha Nirmala | title=History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Northern Book Centre | date=1998 | isbn=978-81-7211-085-7 | page=128}}
|2={{cite book | last=Neelima | first=Kota | title=Tirupati | date=2012 | isbn=978-81-8400-198-3 | pages=50–52| publisher=Random House Publishers India }}
|3={{cite book | last=Reddy | first=Prabhavati C. | title=Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India | publisher=Routledge Hindu Studies | date=2014 | isbn=978-0-415-65997-0 | page=190}}
|4={{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/sanctuaries-of-times-past/article487938.ece|title=Sanctuaries of times past|work=The Hindu|date=June 27, 2010|first=Pradeep|last=Chakravarthy}}
}}</ref>

[[Hindu temple]]s served as charitable institutions. [[Burton Stein]]<ref name=burste/> states that South Indian temples collected donations (''melvarum'') from devotees, during the [[Chola dynasty]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] periods in {{CE|the 1st millennium through the first half of the 2nd millennium}}.<ref>{{cite book | last=Aiyangar | first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami | title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History | publisher=Asian Educational Services | date=2004 | isbn=978-81-206-1850-3 | pages=158–164}}</ref> These {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} were then used to feed people in distress as well as fund public projects such as irrigation and land reclamation.<ref name=burste>{{cite journal|first=Burton|last=Stein|author-link=Burton Stein|title=The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=19|date=February 1960|issue=2 |pages=163–76|doi=10.2307/2943547 |jstor=2943547 |s2cid=162283012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Burton|last=Stein|author-link=Burton Stein|date=February 4, 1961|title=The state, the temple and agriculture development|journal=The Economic Weekly Annual|pages=179–187}}</ref>

===Hindu treatises on dāna===
''[[Mitākṣarā]]'' by [[Vijñāneśvara]] is an 11th-century canonical discussion and commentary on dāna, composed under the patronage of [[Chalukya dynasty]].<ref name=Heim2004>{{cite book | last=Heim | first=Maria | title=Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain | publisher=Psychology Press | date=1 June 2004 | isbn=978-0-203-50226-6 | page=}}</ref>{{rp|6}} The discussion about charity is included in its thesis on ''ācāra'' (moral conduct).

Major Sanskrit treatises that discuss ethics, methods and rationale for charity and alms giving in Hinduism include, states Maria Heim,{{r|Heim2004|pages=4–5}} the 12th-century ''Dāna Kānda'' "Book of Giving" by Laksmidhara of [[Kannauj]], the 12th-century ''Dāna Sāgara'' "Sea of Giving" by Ballālasena of [[Bengal]], and the 14th-century sub-book ''Dānakhanda'' in ''Caturvargacintamani'' "The Gem of the Four Aims of Human Life" by Hemadiri of Devagiri (modern [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra]]). The first two are few hundred page treatises each, while the third is over a thousand-page compendium on charity, from a region that is now part of modern-day eastern [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]; the text influenced Hindus of Deccan region and South India from 14th to 19th centuries.{{r|Heim2004|pages=4–5}}

==Buddhism==
{{See also|Merit (Buddhism)}}
[[File:Three monks chanting in Lhasa, 1993.jpg|thumb|250px|Three [[bhikkhu|monks]] chanting in [[Lhasa]], Tibet. 1993.]]
[[File:SuleDonation.webm|thumb|250px|Donating in [[Sule Pagoda]] ([[Yangon]])]]
{{transliteration|pi|Dāna}} as a formal religious act is directed by the Buddhist laity specifically to a monastic or spiritually-developed person.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67674-8 |edition=2. |location=Cambridge |pages=267}}</ref> In Buddhist thought, it has the effect of purifying and transforming the mind of the giver.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhism|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|page=186|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Harvey|isbn=0826453503|date=2001|chapter=The structure of Buddhist ethical teaching|first=Stewart|last=McFarlane}}</ref>

Generosity developed through giving leads to experience of material wealth and possibly being reborn in happy states. In the [[Pāli Canon]]'s ''[[Dighajanu Sutta]]'', generosity (denoted there by the Pāli word {{transliteration|pi|cāga}}, which can be synonymous with {{transliteration|pi|dāna}}) is identified as one of the four traits conditioning happiness and wealth in the next life. Conversely, lack of giving leads to unhappy states and poverty.

{{transliteration|pi|Dāna}} leads to one of the {{transliteration|pi|[[pāramitā]]s}} or "perfections", the {{transliteration|pi|dānapāramitā}}. This can be characterized by unattached and unconditional generosity, giving and letting go.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Six Perfections (Paramitas) in Buddhism: The Qualities of an Enlightened One |url=https://enlightenmentthangka.com/blogs/thangka/the-six-perfections-the-qualities-of-an-enlightened-one |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=Enlightenment Thangka}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Buddhists believe that giving without seeking anything in return leads to greater spiritual wealth. Moreover, it reduces the acquisitive impulses that ultimately lead to continued [[dukkha|suffering]]<ref>{{cite book |author= Tsong-kha-pa |author-link= Je Tsongkhapa |translator= the Lamrim Chenmo Translation Committee|editor-first=Guy|editor-last=Newland |editor-first2=Joshua|editor-last2=Cutler |title= The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment, Volume II |year=2002|publisher= Snow Lion |location= Canada |isbn= 1-55939-168-5 |pages=236, 238}}</ref> from [[egotism]].

{{transliteration|pi|Dāna}}, or generosity, can be given in both material or immaterial ways. Spiritual giving—or the gift of noble teachings, known as {{transliteration|pi|dhamma-dāna}}, is said by the Buddha to surpass all other gifts. This type of generosity includes those who elucidate the Buddha’s teachings, such as monks who preach sermons or recite from the [[Tripiṭaka]], teachers of meditation, unqualified persons who encourage others to keep precepts, or helping support teachers of meditation. The most common form of giving is in material gifts such as food, money, robes, and medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dana: The Practice of Giving|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/various/wheel367.html|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Access to Insight|editor=Bikkhu Bodhi|year=1995}}</ref>

==Jainism==
{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is described as a virtue and [[duty]] in Jainism, just as it is in Buddhist texts and Hindu texts like ''Mitaksara'' and ''Vahni Purana''.{{r|Heim2004|pages=47–49}} It is considered an act of compassion, and must be done with no desire for material gain.<ref name="thomaswatts">{{cite book | editor-last=Odekon | editor-first=Mehmet | last=Watts|first=Thomas D.|chapter=Charity|title=Encyclopedia of World Poverty | publisher=SAGE | date=2006 | isbn=978-1-4129-1807-7 | page=143}}</ref> Four types of ''dāna'' are discussed in the texts of Jainism: {{transliteration|sa|Ahara-dana}} (donation of food), {{transliteration|sa|Ausadha-dana}} (donation of medicine), {{transliteration|sa|Jnana-dana}} (donation of knowledge) and {{transliteration|sa|Abhaya-dana}} (giving of protection or freedom from fear, asylum to someone under threat).<ref name="thomaswatts" /> {{transliteration|sa|Dāna}} is one of ten means to gain positive karma in the soteriological theories of Jainism. Medieval era texts of Jainism dedicate a substantial portion of their discussions to the need and virtue of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}}.{{r|bilimoriadaana|pages=193–205}} For example,''Yashastilaka'''s book VIII section 43 is dedicated to the concept of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} in Jainism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |orig-year=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 |page=82}}</ref>

The practice of ''dāna'' is most commonly seen when lay people give alms to the monastic community. In Jainism, monks and nuns are not supposed to be involved in the process of making food and they also cannot purchase food since they cannot possess money. Therefore, ''dāna'' is important for the sustenance of the Jain monastic community. The lay donor also benefits from the act of ''dāna'' because "''dāna'' is accepted as being a means of gaining merit and improving the quality of [their] destiny."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |edition=2nd |series=Library of religious beliefs and practices |location=London; New York |pages=174}}</ref>

==Sikhism==
{{expand section|date=June 2015}}
{{transliteration|sa|Dāna}}, called {{transliteration|pa|[[Vand Chhako]]}}, is considered one of three duties of Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=Sikh Beliefs|date=2009-09-24|website=BBC Religions}}</ref> The duty entails sharing part of one's earnings with others, by giving to charity and caring for others. Examples of {{transliteration|sa|dāna}} in Sikhism include [[selfless service]] and {{transliteration|pa|[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]}}.<ref>{{cite book | last=Fleming | first=Marianne | title=Thinking about God and Morality | publisher=Heinemann | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-435-30700-4 | page=45}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|[[Alms]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Buddhist ethics]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Buddhist economics]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Charity (practice)]]}}
* [[Dhutanga]]
* {{annotated link|[[Dīghajāṇu Sutta]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Economic anthropology]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Gift economy]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Merit (Buddhism)]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Niyama]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Offering (Buddhism)]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Pāramī]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Philanthropy]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Tulabhara]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Vessantara Jātaka]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Virtue]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Tithe]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Yavanarajya inscription]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Zidqa]]}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|url=https://www.ubs.com/content/dam/ubs/global/wealth_management/philanthropy_valuesbased_investments/indian-philanthrophy.pdf|title=Revealing Indian Philanthropy|editor-first1=Mathieu|editor-last1=Cantegreil|editor-first2=Dweep|editor-last2=Chanana|editor-first3=Ruth|editor-last3=Kattumuri|publisher=Alliance Publishing Trust|year=2013|isbn=9781907376191|access-date=2023-07-05|archive-date=2023-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705153545/https://www.ubs.com/content/dam/ubs/global/wealth_management/philanthropy_valuesbased_investments/indian-philanthrophy.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | last=Nath | first=Vijay | title=Dāna, Gift System in Ancient India, c. 600 B.C.–c. A.D. 300: a socio-economic perspective | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|location=New Delhi | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-215-0054-8}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eprints.qut.edu.au/49998/1/49998.pdf|first=K.A.N.|last=Singh|title=Current Status of Philanthropy in India|date=September 2002}}



{{Buddhism topics}}
{{LayBuddhistPractices2}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Charity}}
{{Virtues}}

[[Category:Alms in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Alms in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Buddhist ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain ethics]]
[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]
[[Category:Relational ethics]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Wholesome factors in Buddhism]]

Pamed Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T02:52:28Z

ArtyCraftz: creating info...

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pamed Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh #India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|18|19|N|80|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1985
| area_km2 = 262.12
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Kirandul]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pamed Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Chattisgarh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Description ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|262.12|km2}} and was declared as a protected area in 1985.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bijapur.gov.in/en/sanctuary-national-park/|title=Pamet Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The protected area consists of a mixture of moist and dry [[tropical deciduous forest]]s. Major fauna include [[sambar deer]], [[gaur]], [[barking deer]], [[sloth bear]], [[wild boar]], [[Indian jackal]], [[striped hyena]], and [[Indian wild buffalo]]. Major avifauna include [[darter]]s, [[wood pecker]]s, [[Indian peafowl]], [[jungle fowl]], [[green pigeon]]s, [[quail]]s, and [[parrot]]s.<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1985]]

Wamanrao Muranjan Madhyamik Vidyalaya & Junior College of Science & Commerce

2026-02-22T18:23:41Z

ArtyCraftz: adding a bio

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup press release |date=February 2014}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Wamanrao Muranjan Madhyamik Vidyalaya & Junior College of Science & Commerce
| other_name = WMJC / WMMV / वा.मु.मा.वि
| location = Sharadanilayam Complex, Neelamnagar Phase II
| address = Near Fire Brigade Station,
| region = [[Mulund|Mulund East]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| province = [[Maharashtra|MH]]
| county = India
| postal_code = 400081
| image = Wmjc1.jpg
| caption = Wamanrao Muranjan Madhyamic Vidyalaya & Junior College
| motto = विद्या विनयेन शोभते
| motto_translation = Knowledge embellishes modestly
| type = School - Government aided, Junior College - Unaided
| established = 1955
| founder = Raosaheb Balaram Dnyandeo Thakur Vidyamandir
| headmaster = Mr. Jagannath B. Chaskar
| gender = Co-educational
| lower_age = 5
| upper_age = 18
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]]
| hours_in_day = 10 (2 sessions)
| campus = 1
| campus_type = Concrete building, playground
| accreditation = SSC and HSC (Maharashtra Board) & I C S E Board
| website = http://www.sharadanilayam.org/
}}

'''Wamanrao Muranjan Madhyamik Vidyalaya & Junior College''' is a co-educational day school in [[Mulund]] East, [[Mumbai]], located near city boundary. It takes 20 minutes to reach the college from Mulund station. With origins from 1955, it was one of the most prestigious [[Marathi language|Marathi]] medium schools in the eastern suburbs of Mumbai. Presently, there are five different schools with a mix of private and government-aided status. The alumni consists of a number University rank holders, scholars, artists and activists. In spite of it being a Marathi medium school, a considerable number of alumni have gone abroad for studies and work, mainly in the US, UK and the Middle East.

== History ==
''Wamarao'' is a group of schools operated by the parent institute ''Raosaheb Balaram Nyandev Thakur Vidyamandir'' (रावसाहेब बाळाराम ठाकूर विद्यामंदिर) [[Charitable trust|trust]] registered in 1957. It started with a [[Montessori education|Montessori]] school called '''Bal Vikas Mandir''' (बालविकास मंदिर) and a primary school called '''Lokmanya Prathamik Vidyalaya''' (लोकमान्य प्राथमिक विद्यालय) ) where the medium of instruction was in [[Marathi language]]. Both the schools were located opposite [[Mulund railway station]] on [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokamanya Tilak]] Road. The secondary school started in the 60's when philanthropist Wamanrao Muranjan donated land for construction near [[Mulund railway station]] on [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|Gokhale]] Road. Due to limited classrooms in both the buildings the schools operated in two sessions, morning session from 7.30 am to 12.20 pm and afternoon session from 12.40 pm to 5.30 pm.

For nearly 30 years the school was one of the top schools in Mumbai suburban area and was a staggeringly [[selective school]]. Being equivalent to [[grammar school]]s it focused a great deal on the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]]. Although tradition has long lapsed, the students of the school were known for being eloquent Marathi speakers. Since its inception every year the school has produced a number of merit rank holder at the 10th standard ([[Secondary School Certificate]]) [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|Maharashtra board examination.]]

During its [[Golden jubilee|golden anniversary]] in the year 2004, the school moved to a new building called ''Shardanilayam Sankul'' meaning 'the complex of the goddess of knowledge, was built near ''Gavanpada'' [[Fire department|Fire Brigade]]. As both primary and secondary schools had moved to the new building, the trust started an English medium school. The primary section of the '''Vidya Prabhodhini English School''' began in 2004 at the Lokmanya Tilak Road building and the secondary section started in 2009 at the Gokhle Road building. This not only ensured the use of existing properties for academic purpose but also fulfilled the increasing demand of English Medium Schools in the area.

Wamanrao Muranjan Junior College of Science and Commerce (11th to 12th Standard) started its first academic session in 2008. In 2015 a public school named Daffodil Public School opened at Gokhle Road building which is based on [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]] curriculum.

All of its schools have constantly been producing good results in both academics and extracurricular activities. The diversity of its student body has been a unique factor. Every year the institutes celebrate various religious and cultural festivals.

== Details new school building ==

* 51 Class Rooms {{convert|550|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. Each
* 1 Library {{convert|1326|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 5 Laboratories {{convert|1326|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. Each
* 1 Computer Lab {{convert|800|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 4 Teacher's Rooms {{convert|365|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. Each
* 1 Hall {{convert|5400|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 1 Courtyard {{convert|4000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 1 Playground {{convert|25000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 1 Entrance Foyer {{convert|1100|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.
* 4 Stair Cases

== Academics ==
Along with theoretical textbook knowledge, the school focuses on giving practical expertise on all subjects to its students.
It has 5 laboratories of each department each of area {{convert|1326|sqft|m2}} used by both school and college students. The laboratories are equipped with excellent apparatus and other accessories required for conducting experiments in an ideal manner. For students in technical field, the college has started electronics vocational branch and has labs enriched by the recent additions of modern equipment in Electronics etc. as required by the new syllabus. The school has a library with a diverse collection of books, periodicals and audio-visual CDs. The overall result of the first batch of HSC (12th standard board exam). Science was 86.20% and for commerce, it was 74.57% with the percentage increasing.

== Extra-Curricular ==
The school provides a number of extra-curricular programs. The Gymkhana concentrates on a number of Indoor and Outdoor games and such other activities as the Fine Arts in participating in the Youth Festival. The debating Union provides an opportunity for the students to participate in various debating and elocution competitions. A Gymnasium is available for students. It is well set up with modern equipment and is at the disposal of the students for enrichment of their physical culture. The Gymnasium also two tables for playing table tennis and two carrom boards. The school did not have its own playground for sports day and it used to be carried out on Railway Protection Forces ground. In the new the building the school has a large playground where students can play all kind of other games.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]], Indian art director and production designer of Indian cinema who turned to film and television production.

== Arjun Military Academy ==
From the year 2008 under Major Gawand's guidance, Arjun Military Academy began courses. Initially, it was only for 6th & 7th class students but now 8th class students are also enrolled. Total strength of the academy has been around 96 students per year. Classes are carried out only on the Sunday Morning between 7 and 10. Daily exercise, Parade, marching, Rescue techniques, first-aid, Rappelling, River crossing, trekking is the scope of the course. The Team stood first in Kasber Academy's Parade and has achieved many other honours.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite news
| title = Nine Mulund students in SSC merit list
| url = http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2003/jun/57252.htm
| newspaper = Mid-Day
| date = 28 June 2003 }}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.sharadanilayam.org/}}

{{coord|19.17395|72.9674|display=title}}

[[Category:1955 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1955]]
[[Category:Mulund]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]

St. Joseph's Convent Senior Secondary School, Ratlam

2026-02-21T09:20:53Z

ArtyCraftz: adding new article.

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
{{notability|Organizations|date=March 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's Convent Senior Secondary School
| image = Saint_Joseph_Ratlam_Symbol.jpg
| motto = ''Virtue Alone Ennobles''
| established = 1956
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (1030022)
| address = Mitra Niwas Road, Ratlam-457001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| principal = Sister Nidhi
| grades = Nursery–XII
| language = English
| enrollment = 3600<ref name="about us"/>
| website = {{URL|www.sjcratlam.com}}
}}
'''St. Joseph's Convent Senior Secondary School''' is a co-educational secondary school located in [[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].
It is affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].<ref name="affiliation">[http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/userview.aspx Report] cbseaff.nic.in {{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> The school covers primary (I to V) and secondary (VI to XII), of which the students can eventually prepare for the [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination]].

==History==
The school was founded on 24 July 1956 by the Indian Province of the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]] of Chambéry and administered by its branch congregation in Ratlam. Bishop Simon of Indore wanted to open a co-ed school in Ratlam to give children in the area a proper education. The parish hall was used for the school and three students attended commencement. Mary Agnes served as the first animator (leader) and Philomena as the first principal.<ref name="about us">{{cite web|url=http://www.sjcratlam.com/school-aboutus.aspx|title=St. Joseph's Convent Sr Sec School – About Us |author=|date=|website=www.sjcratlam.com|accessdate=24 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.sjcratlam.com}}

{{Coord|23|19|44.5836|N|75|2|57.3036|E|type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Schools in Madhya Pradesh]]

Satyendra Dubey

2026-02-11T07:13:55Z

ArtyCraftz: slightly cleaned up citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian murder victim}}
{{Tone|date=May 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satyendra Dubey
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1973|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|11|27|1973|11|27}}
| death_place = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
| death_cause = Assassination
| known_for = Killed for exposing corruption in [[NHAI]] project {{dubious|date=May 2012}}
| education = B. Tech (Civil 1994), M. Tech (Civil 1996)
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]] [[Banaras Hindu University]] (now [[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU]])
| employer = [[Govt. of India]]
| organization = [[Indian Engineering Services|IES]], Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
| notable_works = Exposed corruption in Government system{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
| occupation = Project Director
}}

'''Satyendra Dubey''' (27 November 1973 – 27 November 2003) was an [[Indian Engineering Service]] (IES) officer. He was the Project Director in the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) at [[Kodarma|Koderma]], [[Jharkhand]]. He was assassinated in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], allegedly for his [[anti-corruption]] related actions in the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway construction project.

==Early life==
Satyendra Dubey, the son of Bageshwari Dubey and Phulamati Devi, was born in the village of [[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]], near Pratappur Sugar Factory in the [[Siwan District|Siwan]] district of Bihar, [[India]]. The family of seven children, five girls and two boys, subsisted on a small piece of land, and Bageshwari also held a low-paying clerical position in a nearby sugar mill. Until the age of 15, he studied at the [https://schools.org.in/siwan/10161800702/ganga-box-kanodia-high-school-shahpur.html Ganga Box Kanodiya High School] in Shahpur and then joined junior college at [[Allahabad]], about three hundred kilometers away. Satyendra was the topper of the state in 10th and 12th board exams. He gained admission to the Civil Engineering Department of [[IIT Kanpur]] in 1990 and graduated in 1994. He would subsequently complete his M. Tech (Civil Engg.) from the Institute of Technology, [[Banaras Hindu University]] (now [[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU]]) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Training & Placement Cell, IIT (BHU) Varanasi|url=http://www.iitbhu.ac.in/tpo/info/why-at-iit-bhu-varanasi/#!/view/#adv-alumni/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626143624/http://iitbhu.ac.in/tpo/info/why-at-iit-bhu-varanasi/#!/view/|archivedate=26 June 2015|accessdate=6 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Professional life==
After his masters, Satyendra joined the [[Indian Engineering Service]] (IES) and in July 2002, went on deputation to the [[National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI). Dubey became the Project Director at [[Koderma]], Jharkhand, responsible for managing a part of the [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]-[[Barachatti]] section of [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 2]] (The Grand Trunk Road).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNMUM166750|publisher=DNA Syndication|title=DNA Syndication article}}</ref> This highway was part of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Corridor Project, the Prime Minister's initiative, which aimed to connect many of the country's major cities by four-lane limited-access highways totaling 14,000 km, at an overall cost more than US$10 billion. During this period, Dubey got the contractor of the project to suspend three of his engineers after exposing serious financial irregularities. At one point, he had the contractor rebuild six kilometers of under-quality road, a huge loss for the [[Mafia Raj#Contractor mafias|road contract mafia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=6 yrs on, 3 petty thieves convicted for murder of NHAI whistleblower|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-yrs-on-3-petty-thieves-convicted-for-murder-of-NHAI-whistleblower/articleshow/5714023.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-23/india/28138630_1_pinku-ravidas-mantu-kumar-dhananjay-dubey|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2010}}</ref>

==Murder and aftermath==
On 27 November 2003, his 30th birthday, Dubey was returning from a wedding in [[Varanasi]] and called his driver to meet him at the station. He reached Gaya railway station at three in the morning and found that the car was not able to come because of a battery malfunction. It appears that at this point, Dubey decided to take a rickshaw home. When he didn’t reach home, his driver went to look for him and found him dead by the side of the road in the suburb of A.P. Colony. He had been shot. The news ignited tremendous public hue and cry. The matter was raised in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], and the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] shifted the onus of investigation from the [[Bihar Police]] (who might themselves be implicated) to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI.]]<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3306075.stm "Veejaypee demands murder enquiry"] BBC 10 December 2003</ref>

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] registered a case against unknown persons under 120-B (criminal conspiracy) and 302 (murder) of Indian Penal Code and various provision under the Arms Act on 14 December 2003.

===The investigation===
In early investigations, the CBI interrogated the rickshaw puller Pradeep Kumar, who was caught using Dubey's stolen cell phone. The mobile phone had been switched off for about a fortnight after the murder, but then Kumar called his 'second wife' in Kolkata, following which the CBI traced the rickshaw puller to his slum in Gaya. Although Kumar had a criminal history in similar cases of robbery, it appears he was released after interrogation, and could not be traced a month later. Two other suspects, Sheonath Sah and Mukendra Paswan, were questioned by the CBI. They were found dead from poisoning on 1 February 2004, within 25 hours of the CBI questioning. Sah's father lodged an FIR against the CBI with the Bihar Police, but [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI Director]] [[Uma Shankar Mishra|Uma Shanker Mishra]] called their deaths a suicide in a press meeting a few days later.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3451537.stm "Suicides in Indian Murder Case"] BBC 2 February 2004</ref>
The CBI later arrested four persons, Uday Mallah, Mantu Kumar, Tutu Kumar and Babloo, all belonging to Katari village of Gaya on 6 June 2004. On 13 June, the CBI arrested another accused Sarvan Paswan.<ref>[http://www.cbi.gov.in/pressreleases/PRelease2004/pr14jun04.htm press release] CBI 14 June 2004</ref> In conclusion of its investigations, CBI arraigned four persons on 3 September 2004. Based on testimony by Pradeep Kumar, who was his rickshaw puller, the event was presented as an attempted robbery. Because Satyendra put up a fight about giving up his briefcase, he was shot. The person accused of actually shooting Dubey with a country-made pistol was Mantu Kumar, son of Lachhu Singh, of Village Katari, Gaya district. Accomplices with him included Uday Kumar, Pinku Ravidas and Shravan Kumar.

Mantu Kumar was arrested near his home in Panchayatee Khada in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. He had apparently been living in Gaya town and working as a rickshaw puller. On 19 September 2005, while the case was being heard in [[Patna]], Bihar in the court of Addl. Session Judge, J M Sharma, Mantu Kumar escaped from the court premises, leading to widespread allegations of police complicity.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} While Mantu was being held at the high security Beur Jail, the invigilation can be lax during such court appearances, and it is a common tactic of the mafia to organise a few policemen to make it possible for the criminal to escape.{{speculation inline|date=February 2026}} It was felt that the escape was engineered by higher-ups who may have executed the murder through Mantu Kumar.{{original research inline|date=May 2012}} The CBI announced a cash reward of ₹1,00,000 for apprehending Mantu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbi.gov.in/seekinfo/s_dubey_case.php|title=Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)|publisher=|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

===CBI Report and Conviction of accused===
It is possible that Dubey may have been the victim of a simple robbery during which Mantu Kumar shot him, as alleged in the case filed by CBI.{{original research inline|date=May 2012}} However, given the death and disappearance of several witnesses and the startling escape of the prime accused, there is widespread speculation that vested interests may have engaged the criminals who actually pulled the trigger.{{speculation inline|date=February 2026}} As for the GQ project, the Supreme Court is currently overlooking investigations into the corruption charges initially raised by the Dubey letter. Several officials have been indicted, and a technical team is overseeing the actual construction. Also, as of September 2005, news reports indicated that the law ministry was about to introduce legislation to protect whistleblowers. Meanwhile, on 10 February 2006, a 600-meter stretch of the GQ highway connecting [[Kolkata]] to [[Chennai]] subsided into the ground, opening up a ten-meter gorge near [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], West Bengal.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=87604 GQ: Howrah highway stretch caves in"]. ''Indian Express'', 10 February 2006</ref> This stretch had been executed as a joint venture between two Malaysian firms RBM and Pati, who had been awarded the contract after global tendering.

More than six years after the murder, on 22 March 2010, a Patna Court convicted three accused Mantu Kumar, Udai Kumar and Pinku Ravidas for murdering Dubey.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/three-convicted-in-satyendra-dubey-murder-case/594068/1 "Three convicted in Satyendra Dubey murder case"]. ''Indian Express'', 22 March 2010</ref> The court convicted accused Mantu Kumar under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 302 (Murder) and 394 (Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery), and section 27 (A) of the Arms Act for possessing an unlicensed weapon. The other two accused were convicted under Section 302/34 (Murder committed in furtherance of common intention) and 394 IPC.

==Legacy==
=== Awards and Fellowships dedicated to Satyendra Dubey ===
Dubey's murder drew several protests in India and abroad, especially by the media. Student and Alumni bodies of IITs took the lead in raising this issue. ''S. K. Dubey Foundation for Fight Against Corruption'' was founded in the US by Ashutosh Aman (IIT Kanpur, Satyendra's batchmate) and Atal Bansal (IIT Kanpur) to systematically fight against corruption. [[IIT Kanpur]] instituted an annual award in his name, ''Satyendra K Dubey Memorial Award'', to be given to an IIT alumnus for displaying the highest professional integrity in upholding human values.<ref>[http://www.iitmadras.org/news/2005/sep29B/ announcement of Satyendra K Dubey Memorial Award], IIT Madras {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104085303/http://www.iitmadras.org/news/2005/sep29B/ |date=4 January 2006 }}</ref>

The ''[[Indian Express]]'' also announced a fellowship in the name of Dubey.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=41738 "Express announces Dubey fellowship at IIT Kanpur"]. ''Indian Express'' 24 February 2004</ref>

Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Non-governmental organisation from [[Lucknow]] has been awarding the Satyendra Dubey award for civil services in reverence to his contributions to the cause of fighting corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhadas4media.com/article-comment/2577-2012-02-15-05-22-58.html|title=सीबी सिंह, नौशाद अली, कौशल, विशाल के बारे में सूचनाएं|author=B4M Reporter|work=Bhadas4media|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Awards given to Satyendra Dubey ===
*''Whistleblower of the year'' award from the London-based [[Index on Censorship]],<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=43550 "Dubey gets global award, his family waits for justice"].
*''Indian Express'' 23 March 2004</ref>
*The [[Transparency International]]'s ''Annual integrity award''.
*The ''Service Excellence award'' from the India Management Association.<ref>[http://www.satyamevajayate.info/sequel.html Satyama jayate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719053542/http://www.satyamevajayate.info/sequel.html |date=19 July 2006 }}</ref>
*He was nominated for the [[Indian honours system|Padma awards]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1303-nominations-received-for-Padma-Awards-2011/articleshow/7336736.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418145959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/india/28374921_1_nominations-padma-awards-nishank |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-04-18 |title=1,303 nominations received for Padma Awards 2011|date=2011-01-21|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2015-01-06}}</ref>

== In popular media ==
*On 26 November 2007 [[NDTV]] aired a documentary by Minnie Vaid on Satyendra Dubey, produced by Ashutosh Aman on behalf of the S K Dubey Foundation.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Can you hear the whistle blow?
| author = Mini Vaid
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/243659.html
| date = 27 November 2007
| accessdate = 27 November 2007
}}</ref>

*Indian musician [[Rabbi Shergill]] has dedicated one stanza in his song titled 'Bilqis (Jinhe Naaz Hai)' from album [[Avengi Ja Nahin]] to Satyendra Dubey. This song is a dedication to all those who [[died in vain]] or while supporting some cause (anti-corruption).
*Indian crime television series, [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]], dedicated their hundredth episode to Satyendra Dubey on 7 April 2012.
*His story was highlighted in the final episode of [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]].
*Also his story was shown in [[Savdhaan India]] of [[Life OK]] channel.

==See also==
* [[Shanmughan Manjunath]]: An [[IIM Lucknow]] graduate and [[Indian Oil|Indian Oil Corporation]] employee, Manjunath was murdered by the oil mafia in 2005 when he tried to check petrol adulteration in Lakhimpur Kheri, [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Narendra Kumar (police officer)|Narendra Kumar]] was an IPS officer murdered by alleged members of mining mafia in Rajasthan
* Whistleblower [[J. N. Jayashree]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122051026/http://www.skdubeyfoundation.org/index.php |date=22 January 2008 |title=S. K. Dubey Foundation website }}
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/full_coverage.php?coverage_id=33 "Speak Up Gun Down" coverage of Satyendra Dubey] – ''[[The Indian Express]]''
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/dubey.htm Rediff.com's "Truth Silenced" pages on Satyendra Dubey]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060722040105/http://www.flesl.net/SecondSeriesStories/SatyendraDubey.html Biography of Satyendra Kumar Dubey]}}
* [http://www.cbi.gov.in/seekinfo/s_dubey_case.php CBI notice of reward for Mantu Kumar]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=36601 Remembering Satyendra Dubey]
* [https://crimepatroldastak.blogspot.com/2011/12/civil-engineer-satyaprakash-chaubey.html Crime Patrol Dastak: Civil engineer Satyendra Dubey murder case]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Satyendra}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Corruption in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian whistleblowers]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:2003 murders in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Jharkhand]]

Dharampuri

2026-02-08T13:36:53Z

ArtyCraftz: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharampuri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.17|N|75.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 139
| population_total = 16363
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 454449
| registration_plate = MP-11
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Dharampuri''' is a town and headquarters of a [[tehsil]] in [[Dhar district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is situated on banks of river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. It is a place of some historical and archaeological interest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206907/page/n585|title=Western States (Malwa) Gazetteer|last=Luard|first=C.E.|publisher=British India Press|year=1908|series=The Central India State Gazetteer Series|volume=5A|location=Byculla|pages=500}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dharampuri is located at {{Coord|22.17|N|75.35|E|}},<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dharampuri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Dharampuri]</ref> on the north bank of the Narmada River. It has an average elevation of 139 metres (456 feet).

==History==

Of historical importance is a [[Vakpati Munja#974–975 Dharampuri copper plates|copper-plate charter]] issued in V.S. 1031 (975 A.D.) by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja]], which were reportedly dug out by a farmer in his field at Dharampuri.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |pages=10–14 }}</ref> It records the gift of tax-free land to a Brahmin philosopher named Vasantacharya, son of Pandita Dhanika, who had migrated from [[Ahichchhatra|Ahicchatra]] to [[Malwa]]. The continued religious importance of the town into the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Sultanate period]] is attested by the Tal Masjid, which preserves an inscription recording its construction by Shaikh Idrak in 910 H. (1504-05 A.D.).<ref>Hasan, Zafar (1912). "[http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.141396/203444 The inscriptions of Dhar and Mandu]", ''Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica, 1909-10'' (Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing), p. 24</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dharampuri had a population of 13,229. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Dharampuri has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70% and, female literacy is 53%. In Dharampuri, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Important places ==

=== Bilwamriteshwar Mahadev Temple ===
It is situated on island between two streams of river Narmada. It is believed that Maharishi Dadhichi used to worship Lord Shiva here. It is said that this temple is of Ramayan Era. On Mahashivratri large crowd gather here to worship Lord Shiva. The Lord is locally known as Jagirdar Sarkar also. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bent Bilwamrateswar Mahadev Mandir, Dharampuri {{!}} District Dhar, Government Of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://dhar.nic.in/en/bent-bilwamrateswar-mahadev-mandir-dharampuri/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhar district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-stub}}

Arnold Kemball

2026-02-06T05:48:47Z

ArtyCraftz: created info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|name = Sir Arnold Kemball
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|KCSI|JP|DL}}
|image = Arnold Burrowes Kemball.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1820|11|18|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1908|09|21|1820|11|18|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[London]]
|other_names =
|known_for =
|occupation = [[British Army]] officer, [[Consul (representative)|consul]], [[Resident (title)|Resident]], [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political officer]]
}}
[[File:Arnold Burrowes Kemball, Vanity Fair, 1878-06-08.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' caricature of 1878]]
[[General officer|General]] '''Sir Arnold Burrowes Kemball''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|KCSI|JP|DL}} (18 November 1820, [[Mumbai|Bombay]] – 21 September 1908, London) was a [[British Army]] officer who took part in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Afghan War]], the [[Anglo-Persian War|Persian War]], the [[Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-1877)|Serbian-Ottoman War]] and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], and was British representative in the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] at [[Baghdad]].

==Early life==
Kemball was born in Bombay, the son of Vero Shaw Kemball, Bombay [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|Surgeon-General]], and was one of five brothers. He was educated at [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] in [[Surrey]], England.<ref name=Geni>[http://www.geni.com/people/Arnold-Kemball/6000000015545684266 "Kemball, Sir Arnold Burrowes"]; Geni.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref><ref name=Low>[[Charles Rathbone Low|Low, Charles Rathbone]] (1877); [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi9qOyXkl3UC&pg=PA376 ''History of the Indian Navy. (1613-1863)''] p. 376; reprinted BiblioBazaar, 2009. {{ISBN|111391999X}}</ref><ref name=IndiaList>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 ''The India list and India Office list 1905'']; pp.140, 162, 537, Great Britain. India Office.</ref> In December 1837 he returned to Bombay and joined the [[Bombay Presidency]]'s [[Royal Indian Artillery|Artillery]] as a second lieutenant.<ref name=Parbury>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA201 ''Parbury's Oriental Herald and Colonial Intelligencer''], volume 2, p. 201, (1838); reprinted BiblioBazaar, 2010. {{ISBN|1143651316}}</ref>

==First Afghan War and Persian War==
During the First Afghan War (1839–1842) Kemball served with the Bombay [[Horse artillery#19th century zenith|Horse Artillery]] under [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|Sir John Keane]], saw action at the [[Battle of Ghazni]] on 23 July 1839, the [[Battle of Kabul (1842)|capture of Kabul]] that followed, and the defeat of the Afghans at [[Battle of Kabul (1842)#British "retreat"|Khelat-i-Ghilzai]] during the subsequent British retreat to India. From 1842 to 1878 Kemball continued his military career in the Persian Gulf.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=IndiaList/><ref name=Dod>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-a9AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA378 ''Dod's peerage, baronetage, and knightage of Great Britain and Ireland''], volume 30, p. 378, (1870); reprinted 2011. {{ISBN|1247198863}}</ref>

He took up military duties in the 1856–1857 Persian War, for which he gained honours and was mentioned in the dispatches of [[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]]. In 1857 the general orders of [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], [[Governor-General of India]] commended Kemball's role in the offensive against [[Ahwaz]], thanking him for his services "afforded on every occasion of difficulty and danger, and especially in the brilliant expedition against Ahwaz". [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]] gave Kemball "unqualified approbation and hearty thanks". Kemball was awarded a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB) for the Persian campaign and was awarded the KCSI in May 1866.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=IndiaList/><ref name=Dod/><ref name=Hart>Hart, H. G. (Colonel) (1869); [https://books.google.com/books?id=xe8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103 ''The New Army List; The Bank, Standing, and Various Services Regimental Officer in the Army Serving on Full Pay, Including the Royal Marines and Indian'']; p.92m, reprinted Lightning Source UK (2012). {{ISBN|1150821124}}. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

==Diplomatic service==

Kemball became [[Resident (title)|Assistant Resident]] for the British Government at [[Bushehr]] in 1842, Resident in 1852, and in February 1851 was promoted to captain.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=IndiaList/><ref name=Dod/>

He was the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] for [[Hejaz|Turkish Arabia]] in 1847, between 1849 and 1851, and in 1855, and during that time mediated and signed off a Perpetual Treaty of Peace between chiefs of the Arabian Coast.<ref name=Hertslet>[[Lewis Hertslet|Hertslet, Lewis]] (1856); [https://books.google.com/books?id=D-06AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1006 ''A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions and Reciprocal Regulations between Great Britain and Foreign Powers''], volume 9, pp.1005, 1006</ref><ref name=Thomas>Thomas, Robert Hughes (1856); [https://books.google.com/books?id=0h8PAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA88 ''Historical and other information connected with place in the Persian Gulf'']; pp.88, 89. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

In 1859 Kemball became acting [[Consul (representative)|Consul General]] at Baghdad. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1860, and to full colonel in 1863.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=Dod/> In 1873 he was appointed official attendant to the [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Shah of Persia]] on his visit to England.<ref name=Low/>

Kemball was the British delegate at the 1875–76 British–Turkish–Persian–Russian boundary commission to determine the Turkish–Persian frontier. He later became the commission's president. In 1876 he served as British [[Military attaché|military commissioner]] accompanying [[Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha|Abdul-Kerim]] and his Turkish army in the 1876–77 Serbian–Ottoman War.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=IndiaList/> During the 1876–1877 [[Constantinople Conference]] to provide political reform in Ottoman territories, Kemball acted as interpreter between Britain's [[Secretary of State for India]] and Ambassador Plenipotentiary to the conference, the [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] and the Sultan, [[Abdul Hamid II]].<ref name=SydneyMail01>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Vh1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TZMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7119,7343006&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "The Marquis of Salisbury"]; ''[[The Sydney Mail]]'' 27 June 1885. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

==Russo-Turkish War==

In the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War Kemball resumed his role as a British military commissioner with the Turkish Army, advising on, and inspecting, aspects of Turkish battle-readiness.<ref name=Dubuque>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CZdCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OasMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2975,5984486&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "The Russians Nearing the Balkans – Fighting in Bulgaria"]; ''Dubuque Herald'', 14 July 1877. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> During the 16 June 1877 battle at Zaidakan, Kemble and a Captain Norman were [[Reconnaissance|reconnoitering]] and observing hostilities on horseback. After the battle, they were confronted by a band of [[Cossacks#Russian Cossacks|Russian Cossacks]]. Kemble decided to escape the situation, and he and Norman were chased by the Cossacks over twenty-five miles, with contemporary reports stating that a shell had exploded between them, wounding Norman in the arm, and that Kemble could have been shot in the head. They outran the Cossacks, and when at the [[Aras River]] swam across it to reach the Turkish camp.<ref name=Geni/><ref name=Low/><ref name=IndiaList/><ref name=SydneyMail02>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lEoQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MZMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6734,198190&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "Sir Arnold and Captain Norman chased by Cossacks"]; ''The Sydney Mail'', p.6, 5 January 1878. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref><ref name=Argus>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GRA18770828.2.14 "The Battle of Zeidikan"]; ''Grey River Argus'', p.2, volume 21, issue 2821, 28 August 1877, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref><ref name=Timaru>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=THD18770926.2.12 "The Ottoman War and Telegraph Offices"]; ''[[Timaru Herald]]'', volume 27, issue 1843, 26 September 1877, p.4. National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

Of Kemble's role in the Russo-Turkish War, ''[[The Times]]'' correspondent with Abdul-Kerim's army wrote:{{blockquote|The position occupied by Sir Arnold Kemball is one of great importance, requiring much tact and discretion, a thorough knowledge of Oriental character, coupled with a keen appreciation of military difficulties. I doubt if there is another officer in Her Majesty's Army qualified to hold the post. A soldier by training and profession, yet a diplomatist from a thirteen years' experience as Consul-General at Bagdad, Sir Arnold possesses all the qualifications for his present responsible appointment. He possesses a thorough knowledge of Persian, Arabic, and Turkish, and can converse or correspond with equal fluency in either of these languages, while from his intimate knowledge of the customs of the people, he is able to gain their confidence. Sir Arnold is well content to sleep on the hill side, wrapped in a Turkish officer's coat, to share the greasy and innutritious food found in Turkish camps, to stand by the side of Turkish troops under a fire that our younger soldiers of Abyssinia and Ashantee do not dream of. It needs the constitution of a strong man to stand a ride of 259 miles in five consecutive days, with changes of temperature from snow-clad hills 9,000 feet above sea level to the dry and dusty plains of the Passin River. It needs a man with manly vigour to ride all day and write all night ; it needs a General with something more than his country's reputation at heart to travel about, occupying the position Sir Arnold Kemball does occupy here, unattended by an Aide-de-Camp, often accompanied only by a single Mahomedan horse-keeper, trusting to luck for his food and to the cold hill-side for his bed. By all this, by his simple unaffected manner, his unostentatious style of living, his warm sympathy for the Turkish soldiers, his severe condemnation of the conduct of many of their own officials, his indomitable energy and perseverance, his cheery spirits, and his gallant bearing on the field of battle, Sir Arnold has knitted to himself all with whom he has been thrown into contact, and while upholding in a pre-eminent degree the character of the British soldier, has never in the slightest degree given the Turkish officers reason to believe that his mission was to help them, or in any way to compromise the neutral position of our Government.<ref name=Low/>}}

At the end of the War Kemble was awarded the KCB, promoted to general, and accompanied [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|Lord Lyons]] in negotiations at the [[Congress of Berlin|Berlin Congress]].<ref name=Buckland>Buckland, Charles Edward (1905); [https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/232/mode/2up ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'']; pp.232, 233, reprinted Haskell House Publishers Inc. (1982). {{ISBN|0838302777}}</ref><ref name=DailyWitness01>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cvgvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ay0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2230,831755&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "The Eastern Question"]; ''Montreal Daily Witness'', 22 March 1878. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

==Civilian life==
In 1868 Kemball married Anna Fanny Shaw, daughter of A. N. Shaw (died 25 February 1916).<ref name=Dod/><ref name=Shaw>Shaw, Charles John; ''A History of Clan Shaw'', [[The History Press|Phillimore & Co Ltd]] (1983), p. 86. {{ISBN|0850333857}}</ref> Their only child was Wynford Rose Kemball (died 16 May 1926), who married [[Bentley Lyonel John Tollemache, 3rd Baron Tollemache|Bentley Tollemache, 3rd Baron Tollemache]] in 1902.<ref name=Cracroft>[http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/tollemache1876.htm?zoom_highlight=Bentley+Lyonel+John+Tollemache+3rd+Baron+Tollemache+JP+DL "Bentley Lyonel John [Tollemache], 3rd Baron Tollemache, JP DL"]; Cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

Between 1879 and 1886 Kemball became the [[Property management|Commissioner]] of the Sutherland Estates of the [[George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 3rd Duke of Sutherland|3rd Duke of Sutherland]]; the estate was the largest in Britain and included most of the county of [[Sutherland]].<ref name=Napier>[http://napier-sutherland.blogspot.co.uk/2011/02/golspie-sutherland-8-october-1883.html "Golspie, Sutherland, 8 October 1883 - Arnold Kemball and Joseph Peacock"]; Napier Commission in Sutherland. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref><ref name=Tindley>Tindley, Annie [http://www.search.sutherlandcollection.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?resource=1366 "Sutherland in Context"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903140024/http://www.search.sutherlandcollection.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?resource=1366 |date=3 September 2014 }}; The Sutherland Collection. Retrieved 24 June 2012</ref> During his tenure as commissioner he was involved with a dispute concerning [[gold prospecting|gold digging]]. In 1869 gold had been found in the [[Strath of Kildonan]] resulting in an influx of outside prospectors and the establishment of a company for exploitation; the financial returns were not favourable and digging was abandoned. However, in 1886, following a downturn in the local economy, villagers and [[Croft (land)|crofters]] petitioned the Duke though Commissioner Kemball for permission to continue searching for gold; permission was not given, and the estate threatened government action if it carried-on. Following further unauthorised digging the estate took steps to stop it.<ref name=Napier/><ref name=Herald>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GGZEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=97EMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3241,5657687&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "The Sutherland Gold Fields"]; ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]]'', 6 March 1888. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> Before the problem was resolved the turmoil surrounding unconstrained and persistent gold digging by locals had caused Kemball to resign as estate commissioner, and [[Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland|Lord Stafford]], the local Sutherland parliamentary representative, to resign.<ref name=Otago1>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NOT18860724.2.20 "General News"]; ''North Otago Times'', p. 4, volume 21, issue 6110, 24 July 1886, National Library of New Zealand Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=H.M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |pages=470–72 |ol=23336661M }}

==External links==
*[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WH18771130.2.17.1 "Operations in Asia Minor"]; ''Wanganui Herald'', p. 2, volume 12, issue 30821, 30 November 1877, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012
*[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dq00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0X0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1849,3618834&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "Midnight Despatches - London March 20"]; ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Montreal Gazette]]'', 21 March 1878, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012
*[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8tMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ywDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2696,1260999&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "The Daily Witness"]; ''Montreal Daily Witness'', 4 September 1877, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012
*[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=TC18761111.2.12 "English News"]; ''Colonist'', p. 3, volume 19, issue 2152, 11 November 1876, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012
*[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DOcQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cpEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6993,2724852&dq=arnold-kemball&hl=en "Raising the Siege of Kars"]; ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 12 September 1877. Retrieved 25 June 2012
*[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WC18771218.2.9 "Alleged Cruelties by Turks in Asia"]; ''[[Wanganui Chronicle]]'', p. 2, volume 20, issue 3548, 18 December 1877, National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2012

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kemball, General Sir Arnold Burrowes}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:Bombay Artillery officers]]
[[Category:British diplomats]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]

Parli Vaijnath

2026-02-05T08:51:25Z

ArtyCraftz:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parli Vaijnath
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Parli Vaijnath Town in AP W IMG 7922.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.85|N|76.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Parli Vaijnath Municipal Council
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Dhananjay Munde]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 461
| population_total = 90975
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Parlikar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 431 515
| registration_plate = MH-44
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
[[File:Parli Vaijnath Temple in AP W IMG 7914.jpg|thumb|255px|A view of Parli Vaijnath Temple]]
'''Parli Vaijnath''' is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Beed district]] in the [[Indian state]] of Maharashtra. Parli is Second largest city in terms of size and population in Bid district. It is the headquarters of the Parli taluka of Beed district.

==About==
Parli is in Beed district identified by [[Shri Vaijnath Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myoksha.com/parli-vaijnath-temple/|title= Parli Vaijnath Temple|date= 15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shaivam.org/siddhanta/sp/spjyoti_vaidyanath.htm |title=Parali Vaidhyanath JyotirLinga Temple (परळी वैजनाथ ज्योतिर्लिंग मंदिर)- History, photos and shloka of Parali Vaidyanath in Maharashtra |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115022/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/sp/spjyoti_vaidyanath.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/Jyotirlings/parli-vaijnath.html|title = Parli Vaijnath Jyotirlingas Ambejogai|date = 8 September 2018|access-date = 12 July 2016|archive-date = 27 September 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160927211908/http://www.maharashtradarshan.in/Jyotirlings/parli-vaijnath.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Vaijnath temple and [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited]] [[Parli Thermal Power Station]]. Other major industries include Vaijnath Sugar Factory,The India Cements Ltd and Ghawalkar Engine,Transmission and Motor Repair and Overhaul Facility.
The Head office of Vaidyanath Co-Operative Bank is located in Parli. One of the biggest fair in Maharashtra takes place here on Mahashivratri. Parli is the largest taluka place in Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

==According to Ancient Scriptures==
It is said that [[Savitri and Satyavan]] lived here, and the famous incident of Savitri taking back her beloved husband's life from [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamraj]] took place here, around the Narayan Mountain. By this claim it can be inferred that Parali was once part of the [[Madra Kingdom]], whose king was Ashvapati, the father of Savitri.

The young [[Markandeya|Sage Markandeya]] is also believed to have got the boon to live here in Parli Vaijnath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parali Vaidhyanath JyotirLinga Temple (परळी वैजनाथ ज्योतिर्लिंग मंदिर)- History, photos and shloka of Parali Vaidyanath in Maharashtra |url=https://shaivam.org/to-practise/12-jyotirlingas-5-sri-vaidhyanath-temple-in-parali/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref> By this claim, since Markandeya had lived contemporarily to [[Mahabharata]] events, even have interacted with King [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishtira]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=MahabharataOnline.com |title=Mahabharata Vana Parva - Translation By KM Ganguly {{!}} Mahabharata Stories, Summary and Characters from Mahabharata |url=https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_03291.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250114142412/https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_03291.php |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.mahabharataonline.com |language=en}}</ref> it can be understood that the Shivlinga of Vaijnath is at least of that time period and much possibly even before.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shaivam.org/to-practise/12-jyotirlingas-5-sri-vaidhyanath-temple-in-parali | title=Parali Vaidhyanath JyotirLinga Temple (परळी वैजनाथ ज्योतिर्लिंग मंदिर)- History, photos and shloka of Parali Vaidyanath in Maharashtra }}</ref>

==Religious and tourist attractions<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beed.gov.in/en/tourism/tourist-places/ | title=Tourist Places | District Beed, Government of Maharashtra | India }}</ref>==
[[Shri Vaijnath Temple|Shri.Vaidyanath Mandir Parali]]. The History of Parli Vaijnath Temple says that Rani [[Ahilyadevi Holkar]] renovated the Parli Vaijnath Temple in the 1706 AD.

At about 25 kilometres from Parali Vaijnath is [[Ambajogai|Ambejogai]].

Aadishakti Mata [[Yogeshwari]] Devi Mandir, [[Ambajogai]]. She is the Kulswamini/[[Kuldevi]] of most [[Chitpavan Brahmins]].

First Poet [[Mukundraj|Shri Mukundraj]], Ambajogai. Mukundraj maharaj was one of the earliest [[Marathi language|Marathi]] literary poet. There is a [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi (Monument)]] of Mukundraj Maharaj at Ambajogai, 5 KM away from Yogeshwari Temple.

==Demographics==
As of 2011,<ref>{{Cite web| title=District census handbook - Bid | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2727_PART_B_DCHB_BID.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113101740/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2727_PART_B_DCHB_BID.pdf | archive-date=2016-11-13}}</ref> has population of 90,975. Male constitute 52% females at 48%. Parli has an average literacy rate of 67.68% higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 60%. In Parli, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Transport==
[[Parli Vaijnath railway station]] is a small railway station in [[Beed district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Its code is PRLI. It serves Parli city. The station consists of 3 platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/parli-vaijnath-prli/2275| title=PRLI/Parli Vaijnath| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

Parli Vaijnath is well connected to [[Nagpur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Latur]], [[Barshi]], [[Manmad]], [[Sangli]], [[Kakinada]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Khammam]], [[Warangal]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], [[Parbhani]], [[Purna]], [[Nanded]], [[Vikarabad]], [[Zaheerabad]], [[Bidar]], [[Raichur]], [[Guntakal]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nashik]], [[Bengaluru]], and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="indianrailways">{{cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=6998&did=1453186101928FDBFD48B0DADB843C6AAED969195C9C8.web103 |title=South Central Railway | Trains Diverted / Short Terminated due to Derailment of Goods Train |publisher=scr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2016-03-21}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ahmednagar-beed-line-takes-off-with-rs-177-crore-work-orders-2106154 |title=Ahmednagar-Beed line takes off with Rs 177 crore work orders | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=20 July 2015|publisher=dnaindia.com|access-date=2016-03-21}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/search/ahmednagar-beed-parli-vaijnath-railway-line |title=ahmednagar beed parli vaijnath railway line : latest news, information, pictures, articles |publisher=post.jagran.com |access-date=2016-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406045545/http://post.jagran.com/search/ahmednagar-beed-parli-vaijnath-railway-line |archive-date= 6 April 2016 }}</ref>

The most common mode of transport within the city is auto-rickshaws. Cab services like Ola, Uber, etc. are not available.

== Political leaders ==
*[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] was an Indian politician from Maharashtra. A popular Leader in Maharashtra called a Lokneta. He was a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Union Minister for Rural and Panchayati Raj in Narendra Modi's Cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Gopinath Munde remembered on 8th death anniversary |url=https://theprint.in/india/gopinath-munde-remembered-on-8th-death-anniversary/982163/ |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date= 3 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Pankaja Munde]], also known by her married name Pankaja Munde-Palwe, is an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra and National Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Maharashtra MLC polls: MVA urges legislators to gather in Mumbai from June 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-mlc-polls-mva-urges-legislators-to-gather-in-mumbai-from-june-18/article65533682.ece |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 18 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Pritam Munde|Dr. Pritam Gopinath Munde]] is a doctor and Indian politician who is the current Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from Beed from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2014, she won with a margin of 6,96,321 votes - the highest ever in India's electoral history.
*[[Dhananjay Munde|Dhananjay Panditrao Munde]] is an Indian politician,from [[Nationalist Congress Party]] who is currently a member of the Nationalist Congress Party, and was appointed cabinet minister in Uddhav Thackeray's Maharashtra State.

== Notable people ==


*[[Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik]] (1913–2009), architect<ref name=ZZZ>दैनिक प्रभात - उपासना व्यायामामुळे जीवन सुखद. Retrieved 18 January 2004. {{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parli}}
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parli Birds of Parli]
*[http://www.mahagenco.in Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901065411/http://www.mahagenco.in/ |date=1 September 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160111212531/http://parlicity.com/ Unofficial website of Parli Vaijanath]
*[https://parlivaijnath.com/ underdevelopment website of Parli Vaijanath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125171331/http://www.parlivaijnath.com/ |date=25 January 2020 }}
*[https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_03291.php/ Yudhishthira asks Markandeya whether there has ever been a woman whose devotion matched Draupadi's, Markandeya replies by relating the story of Savitri and Satyavan]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Beed district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Margaret Alva

2026-02-03T06:30:09Z

ArtyCraftz: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1942)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Margaret Alva
| image = The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Programme for the media persons accredited to the press gallery of Lok Sabha, in New Delhi on July 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Alva in 2006
| birth_name = Margaret Nazareth
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = Lawyer
| order1 = 23rd
| office1 = Governor of Gujarat
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| term_start1 = 7 July 2014
| term_end1 = 15 July 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Kamla Beniwal]]
| successor1 = [[Om Prakash Kohli]]
| order2 = 19th
| office2 = Governor of Rajasthan
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Ashok Gehlot]] [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| term_start2 = 12 May 2012
| term_end2 = 5 August 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| successor2 = [[Ram Naik]] (Additional Charge)
| order3 = 4th
| office3 = Governor of Uttarakhand
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = {{bulleted list| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] | [[B. C. Khanduri]] | [[Vijay Bahuguna]]}}
| term_start3 = 6 August 2009
| term_end3 = 14 May 2012
| predecessor3 = [[Banwari Lal Joshi]]
| successor3 = [[Aziz Qureshi]]
| order = 17th
| office = Governor of Goa
| term_start = 12 July 2014
| term_end = 5 August 2014
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| predecessor = [[Bharat Vir Wanchoo]]
| successor = [[Om Prakash Kohli]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]]
| predecessor4 = [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
| successor4 = [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
| term4 = 6 October 1999 — 16 May 2004
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term9 = 25 July 1974–25 July 1998
| constituency9 = [[Karnataka]]
| office7 = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State, Parliamentary Affairs]]
| term7 = 25 July 1984 – 25 July 1985
| primeminister7 = [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| term8 = 25 July 1993 – 25 July 1996
| primeminister8 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| term5 = 26 June 1991 – 26 May 1996
| office6 = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| primeminister6 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| term6 = 26 May 1985 – 26 May 1989
| alma_mater = Mount Carmel College (B.A.), University Law College, Bangalore (LL.B.)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Niranjan Alva|1964|2018|end=died}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/niranjan-thomas-alva-passes-away-118040700451_1.html|title=Niranjan Thomas Alva passes away|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 April 2018|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
| children = 4, including [[Niret Alva]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relations = {{ubl|
* [[Violet Alva]] (mother-in-law)
* [[Joachim Alva]] (father-in-law)
* [[Anuja Chauhan]] (daughter-in-law)}}
}}

'''Margaret Nazareth Alva''' (born 14 April 1942) is an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th [[Governor of Goa]], 23rd [[Governor of Gujarat]], 19th [[Governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]] and 4th [[Governor of Uttarakhand]] at various times between 2009 and 2014. She has formerly served as the Cabinet Minister. She took over in Rajasthan from the Punjab governor, [[Shivraj Patil]], who had been holding an additional charge of that state. Before being appointed governor, she was a senior figure in the [[Indian National Congress]] and was Joint Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]]. Her mother-in-law, [[Violet Alva]], was Second [[Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]] in 1960s.

On 17 July 2022, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] along with some other non-UPA opposition parties nominated her for the post of [[Vice President of India]] in the [[2022 Indian vice presidential election|2022 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Ex-union minister Margaret Alva is Opposition's vice presidential candidate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/margaret-alva-opposition-vice-president-candidate-8035019/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> But she was defeated by her opponent [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] by a margin of 346 votes on 6 August 2022.

== Early life ==
Margaret Nazareth Alva was born Margaret de Nazareth on 14 April 1942,<ref name="mem" /> to a [[Mangalorean Catholic]] family at [[Mangalore]], in [[Karnataka]]. She obtained a BA degree from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]] and a law degree from [[University Law College, Bangalore|Government Law College]] in the same city.<ref name="secretariat">{{cite book |title=Women in Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=1999 |isbn=9780850925692 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_7kSP6mH7QC&pg=PA75 |pages=75–77}}</ref> She was a keen and appreciated debater during her time at college and had some involvement in students' movements.<ref name="vittal">{{cite book |title=Reflections: Experiences of a Bureaucrat's Wife |first=Gita |last=Vittal |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=9788171884711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgYRwrtyPAIC&pg=PA68 |pages=68–69}}</ref>

Alva combined her work as an advocate with involvement in welfare organisations, eventually becoming president of the [[Young Women's Christian Association]]. One of her early involvements was with the Karuna [[non-governmental organisation]], which she founded and which was focused on issues relating to women and children.<ref name="secretariat" /><ref name="rajgovt" />

On 24 May 1964 she married Niranjan Thomas Alva, whom she had met while they were both students at Government Law College.<ref name="vittal" /> The couple had one daughter and three sons, the oldest being [[Niret Alva]].<ref name="bi">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/miditech-moves-on/190046/|title=Miditech moves on|date=29 September 2004|work=Business Standard}}</ref> Niranjan Alva ran a successful export business, which gave his wife a [[Economic security|financial security]] that proved beneficial in her later [[career]].<ref name="secretariat" />

== Politics ==
=== Beginnings ===
Alva's decision to enter politics in 1969 was influenced by her husband's parents, [[Joachim Alva]] and [[Violet Alva]], both of whom had served [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] representing the Indian National Congress. She has acknowledged this encouragement, saying that "I never had to face any family constraints on my political activities" and she has also said that the death of Violet in 1969 provided the impetus. She aligned herself with the [[Congress (Indira)]] faction led by [[Indira Gandhi]] and worked for its state unit in Karnataka.<ref name="secretariat" /><ref name="vittal" /> She served as Joint Secretary of the All India Congress Committee between 1975 and 1977 and as General Secretary of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee between 1978 and 1980.<ref name="mem">{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/a.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952 – 2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha website}}</ref>

=== Rajya Sabha ===
In April 1974, Alva was elected to the Rajya Sabha as a representative of Congress. She served a six-year term and was then re-elected for three more six-year terms, in 1980, 1986, and 1992. During her time in the Rajya Sabha, she was its vice-chairman (1983–85) and also served terms as [[Union Minister of State]] in the ministries for Parliamentary Affairs (1984–85) and for Youth and Sports and Women and Child Development, an arm of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]. She also served on various House committees, which garnered her a considerable degree of procedural expertise,<ref name="secretariat" /> and was briefly Minister for Science and Technology.<ref name="rajgovt">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Governor of Rajasthan: Smt. Margaret Alva |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |url=http://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/SitePages/governer.aspx |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225010406/http://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/SitePages/governer.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In her HRD role, between 1985 and 1989,<ref name="rajass" /> Alva oversaw the [[Rajiv Gandhi]]-led government's 28-point plan intended to improve the rights and involvement of women and children. In addition, she made proposals for various development corporations for women, only some of which materialised, and also campaigned for a greater prominence of [[women in government]] and in her party's official posts. Her 1989 proposal that 33 per cent of seats in [[panchayat raj]] (local government) elections should be reserved for women became law in 1993 and, according to Laura Jenkins, "marked a further shift from the former abhorrence of reservations as a nationally divisive policy". She continued her efforts to improve the lot of women during her period as Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions and Parliamentary Affairs (1991 and 1993-96<ref name="rajass" />), where she tried to increase the number of female officeholders in various ministries and government organisations, such as the [[Union Public Service Commission]] and the judiciary.<ref name="secretariat" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Complicating Categories: Gender, Class, Race and Ethnicity |editor1-first=Eileen |editor1-last=Boris |editor2-first=Angelique |editor2-last=Janssens |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780521786416 |first=Laura Dudley |last=Jenkins |chapter=Competing Inequalities: The Struggle Over Reserved Legislative Seats for Women in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWPGs-KXry4C&pg=PA66 |page=66}}</ref>

Alva has also been involved with women's issues and related matters such as population growth on the international stage, notably through various [[United Nations]] bodies and in writings.<ref name="secretariat" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Planetary Interest |editor-first=Kennedy |editor-last=Graham |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781135358204 |first=Margaret |last=Alva |chapter=India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g9Rqa8WXzsC&pg=PT12 |pages=12, 208}}</ref>

=== Lok Sabha ===
Alva was elected to the [[13th Lok Sabha]] as a [[Member of Parliament]] in 1999 for the [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada constituency]], serving a five-year term.<ref name="rajass">{{cite web |title=Governor of Rajasthan |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/MargaretAlva.htm |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> She lost a subsequent re-election attempt in the 2004.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=Margaret Alva to be Uttarakhand governor|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Margaret-Alva-to-be-Uttarakhand-governor/videoshow/4322547.cms|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094125/http://www.timesnow.tv/Margaret-Alva-to-be-Uttarakhand-governor/videoshow/4322547.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2004 and 2009, she served as General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee and was an advisor to the Bureau of Parliamentary Studies & Training, a government body that works with newly elected parliamentary representatives at both national and state level.<ref name="rajgovt" />

=== Governorships ===
In November 2008, Alva said that Congress seats for the elections in Karnataka were open to bidders rather than subject to meritocratic appointment. Congress denied her claims and a meeting with the party president, [[Sonia Gandhi]] resulted in Alva resigning or being removed from her numerous official responsibilities in the party.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=262855:Cong%20cuts%20Alva%20down%20to%20size&catid=36:india&from_page=search |title=Cong cuts Alva down to size |publisher=The Statesman |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=20 January 2010 }}</ref> Subsequently, Alva patched up her differences with Congress leadership. She has declined to go into details of the 2008 controversy even as her resignation letter continues to be a subject of media speculation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/margaret-alva-governor-of-rajasthan-ashok-gehlot-rajasthan-170748-2013-07-17 |title=My book will reveal why I quit the AICC: Rajasthan Governor Margaret Alva |work=[[India Today]]|publisher=Living Media India Limited |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>

On 6 August 2009, Alva became the first female [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]. Although she said then that she was enthusiastic about the challenges facing the nascent state, she found herself sidelined outside national politics and frustrated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] state government. She remained in the post until May 2012, at which time she was appointed [[Governor of Rajasthan]], which was a more important region in political terms. Of her time in Uttarakhand, Alva said that "The quietude allowed me to recharge my batteries and even spare some time for working on my biography". The autobiography is not expected to appear until after her retirement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alva sworn in Uttarakhand Governor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/07/stories/2009080757450500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227205011/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/07/stories/2009080757450500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2014 |date=7 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wanchoo for Goa, Alva for Rajasthan |work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120429/jsp/nation/story_15432107.jsp#.UwSFm5itxII |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219104349/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120429/jsp/nation/story_15432107.jsp%23.UwSFm5itxII |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |date=29 April 2009 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eventful stint that lent charm to Governor's post |first=Neena |last=Sharma |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120511/dplus.htm |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

The move to Rajasthan relieved Shivraj Patil, the [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], of his temporary adjunct responsibility for that state which had arisen due to the death of the incumbent governor, [[Prabha Rau]], in April 2010;<ref>{{cite news |title=Margaret Alva sworn in as Rajasthan Governor |agency=Press Trust of India |date=12 May 2012 |work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/margaret-alva-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-governor-112051200090_1.html |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> on 7 August 2014 she was dismissed by the President of India on the advice of the [[Narendra Modi]] ministry.

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=2022 Indian vice presidential election}}
{{#section:2022 Indian vice presidential election|Results}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Governor of Gujarat}}
{{Governors of Uttarakhand}}
{{Governors of Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alva, Margaret}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Governors of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Governors of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2018]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian vice-presidential candidates]]

The Battle for Sanskrit

2026-01-30T08:08:35Z

ArtyCraftz: adding entry.

{{short description|2016 book by Rajiv Malhotra}}
{{Infobox book
|name = The Battle for Sanskrit: Is Sanskrit Political or Sacred, Oppressive or Liberating, Dead or Alive?
|author = [[Rajiv Malhotra]]
|language = English
|country = India
|genre =
|publisher = HarperCollins India
|isbn = 978-93-5177-538-6
|isbn_note = (Hardcover)
|title_orig =
|translator =
|image =Battle_for_Sanskrit_cover.jpg
|image_size = 
|caption =Cover of the book The Battle for Sanskrit
|illustrator =
|cover_artist =
|series =
|subject = [[Sheldon Pollock]]
|pub_date = 2016
|English_pub_date =
|media_type =
|pages = 488
|oclc =
|website = http://thebattleforsanskrit.com
}}

'''''The Battle for Sanskrit: Is Sanskrit Political or Sacred, Oppressive or Liberating, Dead or Alive?''''' is a 2016 book written by [[Rajiv Malhotra]] which criticizes the academic discipline of Indology, as practiced by Western scholars and particularly [[Sheldon Pollock]].

Malhotra criticizes the hegemony of "Western" approaches in studying India esp. Sanskrit texts and frames a rebuttal from within the traditions of ''[[Tarka sastra]]''.<ref name="Debroy">{{cite magazine |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |author-link=Bibek Debroy |date=26 February 2016 |title=Home Alone |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/home-alone |magazine=OPEN Magazine}}</ref> Lamenting the increasing hold of Western thoughtschools even among Indian indologists, historians, and journalists, he urges for the mainstreaming of "traditional indigenous" approaches.<ref name="Debroy" /> In a review, [[Bibek Debroy]] commended Malhotra for exhorting the need of alternative paradigms in Indology notwithstanding the polemics against Pollock.<ref name="Debroy" />

The book found support in the Hindu Right; it was cited in a [[2016 petition to remove Pollock from Murty Classical Library|petition]] urging for the removal of Sheldon Pollock from the editorship of the [[Murty Classical Library of India]].<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Rajiv |date=20 January 2016 |title=Why the battle for Sanskrit needs to be joined |agency=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/column-why-the-battle-for-sanskrit-needs-to-be-joined/20160120.htm}}</ref><ref>Nikita Puri, [http://wap.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/project-interrupted-116031101266_1.html Murty Classical Library: Project interrupted], Business Standard, 12 March 2016. See also [http://thebattleforsanskrit.com/interview-journalist/ the full input of Rajiv Malhotra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324135321/http://thebattleforsanskrit.com/interview-journalist/ |date=2016-03-24 }} to the journalist.</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Breaking India]]''
* ''[[Invading the Sacred]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* McComas Taylor, [https://asaa.asn.au/tigers-vs-goats-rajiv-malhotras-battle-for/ Tigers vs goats: Rajiv Malhotra’s battle for Sanskrit], Asian Currents, Asian Studies Association of Australia, 14 August 2015.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle for Sanskrit}}
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:2016 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]
[[Category:Hinduism studies books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Philosophy books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]

Priyanka Jarkiholi

2026-01-27T09:17:53Z

ArtyCraftz: creating info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priyanka Jarkiholi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Belagavi, [[Karnataka]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Annasaheb Jolle]]
| constituency = [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]
| alma_mater =
| image =
| education = MBA
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi''' (born 16 April 1997) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a first-time MP from [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi Lok Sabha Constituency]] of Belagavi District. She represents [[Indian National Congress]]. She won the [[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi, Indian National Congress Representative for Chikkodi, Karnataka, she is youngest politician in India - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/karnataka/chikkodi/candidateshow/priyanka-satish-jarkiholi-2054 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She is the second youngest woman MP in India in 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bahadurdesai |first=B. Rishikesh |date=2024-06-05 |title=Priyanka Jarkiholi is the youngest tribal woman to win from an unreserved seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/priyanka-jarkiholi-is-the-youngest-tribal-woman-to-win-from-an-unreserved-seat/article68251091.ece |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Daughter of Congress leader and Member of Legislative Assembly Satish Jarkiholi, Priyanka is from [[Adivasi]] Tribal community in Yamakanmardi village of [[Chikkodi]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bahadurdesai |first=B. Rishikesh |date=2024-05-05 |title=Priyanka Jarkiholi sees an urgent need for more women participating in politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/priyanka-jarkiholi-sees-an-urgent-need-for-more-women-participating-in-politics/article68143189.ece |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She runs her own business. She completed her Master of Business Administarion in 2021 from [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]], Belagavi, Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHIKKODI(KARNATAKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=4024 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Priyanka made her political debut winning the [[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka]] from [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi Lok Sabha Constituency]] in [[Belagavi district|Belgaum district]]. She defeated [[Annasaheb Shankar Jolle]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 90,834 votes. She polled a vote share of 51.21 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikkodi lok sabha election results 2024: Chikkodi Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/chikkodi-constituency-result-10501 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

She is the first tribal woman in Karnataka to win an unreserved seat. She is also the second youngest to be elected to the parliament.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priyanka, Jarkiholi}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Karnataka politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Ustad Bade Inayat Hussain Khan

2026-01-22T23:57:25Z

ArtyCraftz: adding entry.

'''Ustad Bade Inayat Ali Khan''' (1837–1923) was a classical Indian vocalist who belonged to the famous [[Gwalior Gharana]]. He was the son of Haddu Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/search?q=Hassu%20Khan%20Haddu%20Khan|title=Haddu Khan|website=Oxfordreference.com|accessdate=2017-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2012/06/5376 |title=KNOW YOUR GHARANAS: The Gwalior Gharana | Hard News |website=Hardnewsmedia.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-23 |archive-date=2017-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916154419/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2012/06/5376 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=24|website=Swarganga.org|title=Haddu Khan|accessdate=2017-03-23|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230605/https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=24|url-status=dead}}</ref> who was the maternal grandson of Nathan Pir Bakhsh, the founder of Gwalior Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://meetapandit.com/tree.html |title=Meeta Pandit - Hindustani Vocal Music Virtuoso |access-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231215915/http://meetapandit.com/tree.html |archive-date=2015-12-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="importantindia1">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.importantindia.com/1118/gwalior-gharana-of-classical-music/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804022232/http://www.importantindia.com/1118/gwalior-gharana-of-classical-music/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |title=Gwalior Gharana of Classical Music |publisher=Important India |date=2013-08-05 |accessdate=2017-03-23}}</ref> He was the first person to introduce Bol Bant in [[Khayal]] Gayki. His [[Khayal]] Gayki is used in all the Gharanas. Haddu Khan's son Bade Inayat Ali Khan (1852–1922) was a singer who expanded the Gwalior style from the methodical form it followed to the emotional style that he preferred.

The most significant changes in the [[parampara]] came from around the late 18th century onward during the Chandra Gupta phase of [[Indian nationalism|Indian Nationalism]], following the migration of Nathan Khan Peer Baksh from [[Lucknow]] to Gwalior. His grandsons, Haddu Khan and Hassu Khan, evolved the genre of khayal into its present structure and popularised it. Haddu Khan’s son, Inayat Hussain Khan was the first to introduced Bol Bant in Khayal Gayki.

Gwalior gharana of Indian classical music is easily the doyen amongst Khayal gharanas.<ref name="importantindia1"/>

His son Ustad [[Qurban Hussain Khan]] continued his legacy and received the title of Raj Gayak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/special-place-for-qawwali-in-hyderabad/article3271428.ece |title=Special place for qawwali in Hyderabad - ANDHRA PRADESH |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2012-04-02 |accessdate=2017-03-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.swaratarang.com/gharana.html |title=indian classical music gharana, gwalior gharana gayaki, ashtanga pradhan gayaki, hindustani classical khayal singing |website=Swaratarang.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-23}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]

Kherkatta Dam

2026-01-22T15:36:33Z

ArtyCraftz: new.

{{short description|Dam in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kherkatta Dam
| image = Kherkatta dam.jpg
| image_caption = Floodgates of Kherkatta Dam
| location_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|20|9|17.25|N|80|38|32.21|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| dam_crosses = [[Kotri River]]
| location =
| dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill
| dam_length = {{Convert|610|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began = 1966
| opening = 1981
| cost = {{INRConvert|5.46|c}} in 1964
| owner =
| res_name = Paralkot Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|6550000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
}}
'''Kherkatta Dam''' is a medium irrigation project built across the [[Kotri River]], about {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Kapsi]] in the [[Kanker district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It is the largest dam of the district and gets its name from the neighbouring village of Kherkatta. The lake that the dam forms behind it is officially known as the '''Paralkot Reservoir''', which extends in a northwest direction and partially into the [[Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district]]. The distance of the dam is approximately {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Pakhanjur]], {{Convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Manpur, Chhattisgarh|Manpur]] and {{Convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media Publications |first=News 18 |date=14 August 2022 |title=News 18 Referring the dam name as Kherkatta Dam |url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/news18-mp-chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-dinbhar/jashpur-news-part-of-kherkatta-dam-submerged-water-leaking-due-to-submergence-kherkatta-dam-4468617.html |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=News !8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Media |date=4 June 2022 |title=Chief minister referring the dam as Kherkatta Dam |url=https://olddpr.cgstate.gov.in/post/1654357616/Raipur_:_Agriculture_College_to_be_open_in_Pakhanjur,_Bande_gets_the_status_of_a_tehsil |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Chhattisgarh Jansampark |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406033449/https://olddpr.cgstate.gov.in/post/1654357616/Raipur_:_Agriculture_College_to_be_open_in_Pakhanjur,_Bande_gets_the_status_of_a_tehsil |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The construction of the dam began in 1966 and was completed in 1981 by the [[Dandakaranya Development Authority]], over a period of 15 years. The total cost of construction was estimated at {{INRConvert|5.46|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Project|title=significance in Dandakaranya|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150860/Dandakaranya-Development-Authority|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Part of Mahanadi River which becomes Kotri river |first=List of Dams |date=28 November 2020 |title=Kherkatta Dam is built on Matholi stream of Khotri river of Mahanadi |url=https://www.uvtutorial1010.com/2020/11/important-interesting-fact-of.html |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Uvtutorial1010}}</ref> It was handed over to the state government in the year 1986 and placed under the [[Kapsi]] Water Resource Subdivision for its upkeep and maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Without Maintenance |first=Damaged |date=5 May 2019 |title=Kherkatta Dam needs repair |url=https://bhumkalsamachar.com/?p=2270 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Bhumkalsamachar}}</ref>

== Construction details ==
The length of the dam is {{Convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the height above the lowest foundation is {{Convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and the highest [[flood]] level is {{Convert|291.23|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Spread over an area of {{convert|1300|acre}}, its gross storage volume is {{Convert|6550000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and designed max. irrigation area is {{convert|24011.23|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publications |first=Report |date=4 September 2019 |title=Kherkatta Dam Pariyojna |url=https://www.joharcg.com/kanker/kherkatta-dam-pakhanjur/ |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Joharcg}}</ref>

== Benefits ==
The Kherkatta dam<ref>{{Cite web |last=of CG |first=Exams |title=Question on Kherkatta Dam |url=https://harishmanik.com/chhattisgarh-geography-quiz-and-mcq/ |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=harishmanik|date=5 January 2022 }}</ref> was built in hopes of benefiting the locals with better [[irrigation]] and cultivation systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life saving |first=for farmers |date=30 May 2021 |title=Saviors for farmers |url=https://morelifechanger.in/land-of-energy-for-pakhanjore/ |access-date=30 May 2021 |website=More life changer}}</ref> The reservoir consists of two major gates which release water every couple of years through its [[canals]]. The artificial lake is used to store water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Britannica Article|title=Works|url=http://www.enwiki.net/wiki/eb/15514/|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225181913/http://www.enwiki.net/wiki/eb/15514/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Local water supply
* Distant water supply, if water is sent to cities via aqueducts
* Local source of [[fishing]] & [[boating]]
* [[Wildlife]] [[habitat]]
* Increased water pressure for those living in the valley
* Power generation
* Irrigation
* [[Flood]] water control

== Ichthyofaunal diversity ==
The survey for Ichthyofaunal diversity study in the Paralkot Reservoir of [[Kanker District]] was mainly focused on Ichthyofaunal diversity. 25 [[Species]] of [[fishes]] belonging to 5 orders 11 family and 20 genera was recorded during the study. [[Cyprinidae]] were most dominant group represent by 12 species, [[Siluridae]] with 2 species, [[Ophiocephalidae]] with 2 species, [[Bagridae]] 1 species, [[Mestacemballidae]] with 2 species, [[Saccobranchidae]] 1 species, [[Claridae]] 1 species, [[Centropomidae]] 1 species, [[Notopteridae]] 1 species, [[Gobiidae]] 1 species and [[Cichlidae]] 1 species. This was the first ever study on the fish diversity of reservoir and would help in explore the fish [[fauna]] of Kherkatta dam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Biolife Journal|title=Ichthyofaunal Diversity of the Pakhanjore Dam|url=http://biolifejournal.com/335%20SUNIL%20MONDAL%20644-648.pdf|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

== Low utilization of developed water resources ==
The actual utilization as compared with the designed potential is very poor, about 69%. The reason could be the low rainfall or the low maintenance of the canal system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Low Utilisation of Kherkatta Dam|title=Water Resources|pages=9|url=http://www.enviscecb.org/Envis%20data%20sheet/WaterRes_SOE_Chhatisgarh.pdf|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In May 2023, a food inspector from Pakhanjur ordered workers at the dam to drain over 2 million litres of water. The government official ordered the water to be drained after he accidentally dropped his phone into the [[waste weir]] of the dam while taking a selfie.

Footage of the official sitting under an umbrella as water was pumped out of the reservoir was uploaded to social media. After the video went viral, the food inspector, the SDO of the [[Kapsi]] water resource subdivision and a sub-engineer were suspended from their positions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=बस्तर |first=अशोक नायडू |title=Chhattisgarh: जलाशय से 21 लाख लीटर पानी निकालने का मामला, जल संसाधन विभाग के SDO निलंबित |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/water-waste-official-who-gave-nod-to-drain-weir-to-retrieve-mobile-phone-suspended-in-chhattisgarh-ann-2421177 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=ABP News |date=31 May 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1964]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:Kanker district]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Rock Street Journal

2026-01-06T07:41:44Z

ArtyCraftz: creating new post

{{Short description|Monthly magazine covering the rock scene in India and South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Magazine
| title = Rock Street Journal
| image_file = Rock Street Journal (front cover).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = ''Rock Street Journal'', September - October| editor = [[Amit Saigal]]
| editor_title =
| frequency = Monthly
| circulation = 1, 42,000<ref name="btoday">[http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/btoday/20060604/features2.html Niche is in] by Pallavi Srivastava, ''[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]'' 4 June 2006.</ref>
| category = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| company = Entertainment Media Services Pvt. Ltd.
| publisher = [[Amit Saigal]]
| firstdate = January 1993
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = [http://www.rsjonline.com/ www.rsjonline.com]
}}

'''''Rock Street Journal''''' or '''''RSJ''''' is a monthly [[magazine]] covering the [[Indian rock|rock]] scene in [[India]] and [[South Asia]]. It was started in January 1993 in [[Allahabad]] by [[Amit Saigal]] and [[Shena Gamat Saigal]] after they noted the lack of a support system for Indian rock musicians. The magazine has grown in popularity ever since and is now published from [[Delhi]]. It organizes the yearly [[Great Indian Rock|Great Indian Rock Festival]] (GIR) to promote original music of new and upcoming rock bands in India.

==History==
Amit Saigal and Sam Eric Lal used to perform in a band called Impact in the 1980s. They realized that there was no support system in place for new and upcoming rock musicians and bands in India. They only had [[culfest|college fests]] as platforms. According to Sam, "The community was large and strong but very fragmented at the same time. When we thought about this, we decided to come up with RSJ which would provide news about rock music anywhere in the country."<ref name=telegraph>[https://archive.today/20130204011111/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041120/asp/weekend/story_4006646.asp Rocking to a new beat] by Arundhati Basu, ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 20 November 2004.</ref> It began as an informal newsletter for bands and grew to become a magazine and events company that nurtured the scene. It sponsored college fests, coaxed pubs into hosting bands on certain nights, and organized its own rock festival.<ref> [https://norient.com/shomi-gupta/needling-nostalgia-then-and-now-delhis-independent-music-scene?special=347 ''Needling Nostalgia: The Then and Now in Delhi's Independent Music Scene''] by Shomi Gupta, [https://norient.com Norient] 29 September 2023.</ref> And thus ''RSJ'' was born to bring a sense of community among these struggling musicians, the first issue published from Allahabad in January 1993. It was initially planned as subscription-only magazine. Amit promoted the magazine in college festivals but only sold a handful of subscriptions at that time.<ref name=merinews>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=123253&category=Arts&catID=6 Interview: Face-to-face with Amit Saigal] by Sandipta Sengupta, ''merinews.com'', 20 July 2006.</ref> The magazine has grown substantially since then, and has a circulation of 1, 42,000 copies per issue.<ref name="btoday" />

==Features==
''RSJ'' regularly covers professional and college festival concerts throughout India. It also publishes reviews of new music albums, new bands, old bands and everything that falls under the gamut of the Indian and the international rock scene, they also publish reviews of Indian Bands along with extensive reviews and interviews of International bands. Its website has an extensive database of over a thousand rock bands and musicians hailing from the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[desi]] rock bands from elsewhere in the world. The website also contains the official forums frequented by thousands of Indian rock fans. Between 2004 and 2007, a thread called the "Deadman show" was the most visited and read thread in the forum. Currently boasting of a registered database of over 40,000.
Over the years RSJ changed the overall approach to the content and now covers an array of varied music and concerts. The magazine also regularly does free CD releases every month.
The latest initiative however is the Breaking Boundaries Split EP series which features music from across the globe and renowned bands. The first edition featured Textures, New Way Home and Indian metal legends [[Bhayanak Maut]], Scribe and Undying Inc. The second edition is rumored to feature bands like Tesseract, Fell Silent and hardcore band Norris from Canada.
<ref name=bandlands>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsjonline.com/Bandlands/Band.asp |title=Welcome to RSJ Online |access-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217041926/http://www.rsjonline.com/Bandlands/Band.asp |archive-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Concerts and music festivals==
RSJ organizes the Great Indian Rock Festival each year showcasing the best among upcoming talent in [[rock and roll]] in the Indian subcontinent. The first GIR was in 1997 in [[Kolkata]]. It is usually held in Delhi in the month of February, in the 11th year of GIR; Norway's biggest Black Metal Act Enslaved were headlining. In addition, ''RSJ'' has organized several other concerts including the Concert for Tibet in 2003 in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], and the Brotherhood of Rock in [[Shillong]].
RSJ has also conceptualised and executed events like the Pubrockfest and RocktoberFest which are now regular events in Delhi, however the PubrockFest went national this year going to 7 cities and with over 30 gigs in all. This year the Pubrockfest is bigger going to 20 cities with 60 gigs and also features two international artistes from Australia and Canada respectively.
2007 also saw the inception of a new festival called LiveAlive - Experience Jazz, Blues and Beyond, this festival focused on music like jazz, blues and other experimental music.
Every year in November, Jazz fans in Delhi get a treat in the form of The Jazz [[Utsav]] which is organised by Capital Jazz in association with Rock Street Journal, the Jazz Utsav features some of the biggest acts in Jazz from across the globe.
Over the years the number of festivals have grown and the key festivals that RSJ does are
1. Great Indian Rock
2. Live Alive
3. Pubrockfest
4. Rocktoberfest
5. Global Groove
6. Jazz Utsav

==See also==
*[[Indian rock]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rsjonline.com Official website]

[[Category:1993 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Indian rock music]]
[[Category:Music magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1993]]
[[Category:Mass media in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]

Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Institute and Research Centre

2026-01-02T23:36:16Z

ArtyCraftz: cleanup formatting as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Institute
| name = Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Institute and Research Centre
| native_name =
| image_name = Rccbknlogo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| tagline =
| established =
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| provost =
| chancellor =
| dean =
| head_label =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Bikaner]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| fightsong =
| footnotes =
| address = Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, 334003
| publictransit =
| coor =
| logo =
}}
'''Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Institute and Research Centre''' is a cancer research institute in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spmcbkn.com/cen_tulsi.html |title=Sardar Patel Medical College. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010044/http://www.spmcbkn.com/cen_tulsi.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the 13th [[Regional Cancer Centre]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |title=Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Official Website. 'Regional Cancer Centres in the Country'. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107212439/http://www.kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf WHO India.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005109/http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Acharya Tulsi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|28.011557|N|73.3252444|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Health in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bikaner]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

Alberto de Noronha

2026-01-02T13:12:57Z

ArtyCraftz: expanded intro also

{{short description|Indian writer (1920–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Alberto de Noronha''' (3 October 1920 – 19 October 2006)<ref>''[[The Navhind Times]]'', http://www.navhindtimes.in/, accessed from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141513/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/gulf-goans/conversations/topics/11088].</ref> was a [[Goa]]n writer and translator.

Noronha's career was as a school teacher, then as a government official; he retired as a Deputy Director of the Department of Statistics in Goa.<ref>Isabel de Santa Rita Vas, 'Obituary for Alberto de Noronha', ''The Goan Forum'', http://www.colaco.net/, accessed from http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/gulf-goans@yahoogroups.com/5212105.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084310/http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/gulf-goans@yahoogroups.com/5212105.html |date=4 March 2016 }}.</ref>

He translated a collection of short stories written in Marathi, Konkani and English under the title ''Onde o Moruoni Canta: Contos Goeses'' (Panjim, Goa: Third Millennium, 2003). It includes stories by [[Damodar Mauzo]], [[Olivinho Gomes]], [[Uday Bhembré]], [[Laxmanrao Sardessai]], [[Armando Menezes]] and [[Victor Rangel-Ribeiro]], amongst others.

He wrote ''The Third Culture: Some Aspects of the Indo-Portuguese Cultural Encounter'' (Panjim: Third Millennium, 2006).<ref>Alberto de Noronha, ''The Third Culture: Some Aspects of the Indo-Portuguese Cultural Encounter'' (Panjim: Third Millennium, 2006), accessed from http://lib.leeds.ac.uk/record=b3045165.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alberto de Noronha}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Ahmedabad Defenders

2025-12-25T18:01:10Z

ArtyCraftz: created info...

{{Short description|Indian volleyball team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
| clubname = Ahmedabad Defenders
| colour1 = white
| colour2 = #F39C12
| short name =
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Ahmedabad_Defenders_Official_logo.png|300px]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018}}
| dissolved =
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owner = Bonhomie Sports
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = {{flagicon|Serbia}} Dragan Mihailovic
| captain = {{flagicon|India}} Muthusamy Appavu
| league = [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| season = [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
| position = {{Gold1}} Champions
| website =
| pattern_b1 = _thingoldstripes
| pattern_ra1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 = _gold_stripes_adidas
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _thingoldstripes
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| leftarm2 = _2 gold stripes on cuff
| body2 = 000000
| rightarm2 = _2 gold stripes on cuff
| shorts2 =
}}

'''Ahmedabad Defenders''' is a men's [[volleyball]] team from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] playing in the [[Prime Volleyball League]] in India.<ref name="AD PVL Preview NIE" /> The team was founded in 2018 and owned by Bonhomie Sports. The team had participated in the only season of the dissolved [[Pro Volleyball League]], before it switched to Prime Volleyball League in 2021.<ref name="AD Pro VL" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-03-05 |title=PVL 2023 Final, HIGHLIGHTS: Ahmedabad Defenders wins title, beats Bengaluru Torpedoes 3-2 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/ahmedabad-defenders-vs-bengaluru-torpedoes-live-score-final-prime-volleyball-league-pvl-2023-highlights-streaming-info/article66583855.ece |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Honors==
=== Domestic ===
* '''[[Prime Volleyball League]]'''
::'''Winners (1):''' [[File:Gold medal with cup.svg|18px]] [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
::Runners-up (1): [[File:Silver medal with cup.svg|18px]] [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]

=== International ===
*'''[[FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship|FIVB Club World Championship]]'''
::Sixth place (1): [[2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship|2023]]

==Team==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan=6 | Team roster 2024<ref name="AD Prime VL" />
|-
!style=" text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#F39C12"|No.
!style=" text-align:center; width:16em; color:white; background-color:#F39C12"|Name
!style=" text-align:center; width:9em; color:white; background-color:#F39C12"|Position
|-
| {{sort|1|1}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Raunak kuthe
||Universal
|-
| {{sort|02|2}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Tamilvanan Srikanth ||Libero
|-
| {{sort|03|3}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} T. Ragul ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|04|4}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Aswath Pandiyaraj ||Setter
|-
| {{sort|06|6}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} Max Senica ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|07|7}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Shon John ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|09|9}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Santhosh S. ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|10|10}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Nandhagopal Subramaniam ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|11|11}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Parth Patel ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|13|13}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Harsh Chaudhary ||Universal
|-
| {{sort|14|14}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} L. M. Manoj ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|16|16}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Muthusamy Appavu [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]<ref name="AD captain SS" /> ||Setter
|-
| {{sort|18|18}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} T. N. Muhammed Iqbal||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|20|20}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|BLR}} Ilya Burau||Blocker
|-
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:55%;"
|-
! style=" text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#F39C12"| Position
! style=" text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#F39C12"| Name
|-
|Owner|| Bonhomie Sports
|-
|Head coach|| {{flagicon|SRB}} Dragan Mihailovic<ref name="AD coaches N18" />
|-
|Assistant coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} Sajad Hussain Malik
|-
|Team manager|| {{flagicon|IND}} Siddarth Sabapathy
|-
|}

==League results==

{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} '''Champion'''  {{Color box|silver|border=darkgray}} Runner-up

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"
!style="width=200; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080" colspan=2|League
!style="width=200; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080"|Position
!style="width=60; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080"|Teams
!style="width=60; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080"|Matches
!style="width=60; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080"|Win
!style="width=60; color:#FFFFFF; background-color:#000080"|Lose
|-
|rowspan=1|Pro Volleyball League
||[[2019 Pro Volleyball League|2019]]|| |6th|| | 6 || |5|| |0|| |5
|-
|rowspan=5|Prime Volleyball League
|-bgcolor=silver
||[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]|| |Runner-up|| | 7 || |8|| |6|| |2
|-bgcolor=gold
||[[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]|| |'''Champion'''||8||9||7||2
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="AD PVL Preview NIE">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=India to host its first-ever Prime Volleyball League in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/feb/02/hawks-allset-to-rock-2414107.html |archive-date= |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AD Pro VL">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ahmedabad Defenders {{!}} Pro Volleyball League Team |url=http://provolleyball.in/Team/ahmedabad-defenders |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher=www.provolleyball.in}}</ref>

<ref name="AD Prime VL">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ahmedabad Defenders {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/squads/ahmedabad-defenders-69|archive-date= |access-date= |publisher=www.primevolleyballleague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="AD captain SS">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Prime Volleyball League: Ahmedabad Defenders announces Muthusamy Appavu as captain |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-ahmedabad-defenders-announces-muthusamy-appavu-as-captain/article38352650.ece |archive-date= |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AD coaches N18">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title='Focussing on Players' Physical Fitness ahead of Prime Volleyball League': Ahmedabad Defenders' Head Coaches |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/focussing-on-players-physical-fitness-ahead-of-prime-volleyball-league-ahmedabad-defenders-head-coaches-4714766.html |archive-date= |access-date=30 January 2022 |publisher=[[News 18]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/squads/ahmedabad-defenders-69 Ahmedabad Defenders - Team Profile]
* [https://volleybox.net/ahmedabad-defenders-t6817/ Team profile] at ''Volleybox.net''
* [https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/prime-volleyball-league-2023/teams/5779/players/ Team profile] at ''Volleyballworld.com''

{{Prime Volleyball League}}
[[Category:Prime Volleyball League teams]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:Men's volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sport in Ahmedabad]]

ISRO metro station

2025-12-14T21:15:11Z

ArtyCraftz: new.

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = ISRO
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = ISRO metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = LRDE Layout, Doddanekundi
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560037
| coordinates = {{coord|12.96900|77.70115|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = ISRO '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Marathahalli|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Doddanekundi|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''ISRO''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro serves mainly the Doddanekundi area, which comprises the '''ISRO''' Assembly Integration & Testing Centre in South Bengaluru and the [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]], which leads towards [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]] in the north and [[Bellandur]] in the south. This metro station is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the ISRO metro station, part of the 8.377 km Reach 2A – Package 2 (Kodibeesanahalli - Krishnarajapura) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, Shankaranarayana Constructions '''(SNC)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

== Station layout ==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = ISRO track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Doddanekundi}} **
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Marathahalli}} **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Marathahalli metro station|Marathahalli]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}}** '''Next Station:''' [[Doddanekundi metro station|Doddanekundi]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |'''''** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Music of Jammu and Kashmir

2025-11-27T08:00:16Z

ArtyCraftz: basic add layout per sources and updated info

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Music of India}}
'''Music of Jammu and Kashmir''' reflects a rich musical heritage and cultural legacy of the [[India]]n-administered [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Two different regions of Jammu and Kashmir consists the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] and [[Kashmir Valley]]. Music of Kashmir and Chenab Valley has influences of [[Music of Central Asia|Central Asian music]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2017:common-cultural-links-between-kashmir-a-central-asia&catid=27:heritage&Itemid=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103405/http://www.kashmirobserver.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2017:common-cultural-links-between-kashmir-a-central-asia&catid=27:heritage&Itemid=56|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-24|title=Common Cultural Links Between Kashmir & Central Asia|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> while music from Jammu region is similar to that of other regions of [[North India]].

== Kashmir ==
===Sufiana Kalam (Kashmiri classical)===
[[Sufi]]ana Kalam is the [[List of classical and art music traditions|classical music]] of Kashmir, which uses its own maqams, and is accompanied by the [[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]], the Kashmiri [[Kamancheh|saz]], the [[Santoor]], the {{Transliteration|ks|[[wasool]]}} and the [[tabla|dokra]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The dance based on the ''sofiyiana kalam'' is the ''hafiz nagma''.<ref name="kashmir_music"/>

===Chakri===
Chakri is one of the most popular types of traditional music played in Jammu & Kashmir. Chakri is a responsorial song form with instrumental parts, and it is played with instruments like the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], the [[rubab (instrument)|rubab]], the [[sarangi]], the [[Ghatam]] which is popularly known as Noet <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/op-ed/clay-musical-instruments-of-kashmir/ | title=Clay musical instruments of Kashmir | date=16 January 2019 }}</ref> In [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the [[geger]], the tumbaknaer and the [[chimta]]. It is performed in folk and religious spheres, by the Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Pandits.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|isbn=9780824049461|last1=Nettl|first1=Bruno|last2=Arnold|first2=Alison|last3=Stone|first3=Ruth M.|last4=Porter|first4=James|last5=Rice|first5=Timothy|last6=Olsen|first6=Dale Alan|last7=Miller|first7=Terry E.|last8=Kaeppler|first8=Adrienne Lois|last9=Sheehy|first9=Daniel Edward|last10=Koskoff|first10=Ellen|last11=Williams|first11=Sean|last12=Love|first12=Jacob Wainwright|last13=Goertzen|first13=Chris|last14=Danielson|first14=Virginia|last15=Marcus|first15=Scott Lloyd|last16=Reynolds|first16=Dwight|last17=Provine|first17=Robert C.|last18=Tokumaru|first18=Yoshihiko|last19=Witzleben|first19=John Lawrence|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> Chakri was also used to tell stories like fairy tales or famous love stories such as ''Yousuf-Zulaikha'', ''Laila-Majnun'', etc. Chakri ends with the ''rouf'', though ''rouf'' is a dance form but few ending notes of Chakri which are played differently and on fast notes is also called Rouf.<ref name="kashmir_music">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmironline.net/kashmir_music.asp|title=Kashmir Music Download, Free Kashmir Music, Kashmir mp3 Songs, Kashmiri Songs Free Download, Download Mobile Ringtones, Singtones in kashmir, Latest Kashmir Music Download, Kashmir Songs, Santoor, Chakri, Sufiana|author=Mohammad Saleem Mir (Salsoftin Networks)|date=23 January 2017}}</ref> It is a very important part of the [[Henna Night]] (Ma'enzi raat) during weddings.

===Henzae===
Henzae is a traditional and ancient form of singing which is practiced by [[Kashmiri Pandits]] at their festivals. It appears to have archaic features that suggest it is the oldest form of Kashmiri folk singing.<ref>[http://www.koausa.org/KoshSam/Henzae.html P.N. Pushp, Henzae: A Folk Genre Viewed Afresh]</ref>

===Rouf or Wanwun===
{{main|Wanvun}}
Rouf is a traditional dance form usually performed by women on certain important occasions like marriage and other functions and also in cultural activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |title=Folk Dances of Kashmir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513013523/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
</ref>
[[File:Rouf Dance.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri girls performing Rouf Dance in Delhi]]

===List of traditional music instruments of Jammu and Kashmir===

*[[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]]: The rabab, or rubab, is about three and a half feet long and has three strings. It is made of mulberry wood, while goat’s intestinal skin is used to make the strings. So, it is believed to bear someone’s soul and hence called Rabab. It came to the valley from [[Afghanistan]]. It creates soothing music and is an important part of Kashmir’s music culture.
*[[Santoor]]: The santoor is an important accompaniment for Kashmiri folk and Sufiyana music. This instrument is trapezoidal in shape with 12 wires and 12 knobs on the sides.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianationfirst.in/art-culture-jammu-kashmir/famous-traditional-music-instruments-of-jammu-and-kashmir/ | title=List of Famous Traditional Music Instruments of Jammu and Kashmir | date=15 December 2021 }}</ref>
*''Saz-e-Kashmir'': It is a stringed instrument, round in shape, decorated using ivory, and played with a bow. It is similar to the violin; creates a soothing sound, and hasn’t undergone major changes since its origin.

[[File:Tumbaknaar.jpg|thumb|Tumbaknaer]]
*''Tumbaknaer'': It is believed to have originated in [[Iran]] or [[Central Asia]], from where it came to Kashmir and became an important part of the traditional music of this region. ''Tumbaknaer'' is a drum made out of baked clay with its base made from sheep skin. It is played during celebrations, mainly by women. It is said to have been in use since the medieval ages.
*''Nout'': This traditional musical instrument is a rounded earthen pot with an opening. Nouts used in music are mostly of brass or copper. It is most commonly played during weddings.
*[[Daf]]: It is a musical instrument consisting of a round frame with pairs of metal jingles attached to it and a translucent head made of plastic or goat skin. It is mostly played by women in weddings. It is of [[Iran]]ian origin.
*[[Sitar]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://brighterkashmir.com/musical-heritage | title=Musical Heritage }}</ref> Usually played by folk artists, the Kashmiri Sitar has a long body and 7 strings, and it is smaller in size than other Indian sitars.
*[[Kashmiri sarang]]: Similar to the sarangi, though smaller in size, this musical instrument of Jammu and Kashmir is of mulberry or teakwood, hollow from inside and creates soothing, pleasant music. It is used by the folk musicians in Kashmir.
*[[Surnai]]: This Kashmiri musical instrument is a wooden pipe around 18 inches in length with 7 outlet holes and one blowing hole and a bell-shaped outlet. There are two types of flutes found in the traditional music of Jammu and Kashmir. One is hollow from inside, has 7 holes for the 7 musical notes, and is played using two hands. The other type called Pi-Pi in Kashmiri, has 7 holes for the 7 swaras but does not have a blowing hole.
*[[Geger]]: It is a percussion instrument used as an accompaniment in the traditional music of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a brass or metal vessel on which sounds are created with the use of fingers or rings on fingers. It is often played in Chakri songs.
*[[Dokra]]: Also called Wasul or Dolke, was a percussion instrument used as an accompaniment in traditional Kashmiri music. Today, the tabla has taken its place. Tabla consists of two hand drums made of hollowed wood, metal or clay, where one drum is used to create treble and tonal sounds and the other is used to create bass.
*[[Nagara (drum)|Nagada]]: It is similar to Dhol and said to be a form of the ancient instrument Dundubhi. Sound is created by striking the nagada with a piece of wood. In Kashmir, this musical instrument is played at weddings and festivals.
*[[Shankh]]: It is an ancient Indian instrument which is used to add a religious element to ceremonies and festivals. In Kashmir, the shankh is played at [[Hindu]] weddings and at temples. It has been mentioned in the Vedas and the [[Bhagwat Gita]].
*[[Swarnai]]: Known as Shahnai in Kashmiri music, it is wooden with nine holes and through a square near its mouth, air is blown to create sound. Swarnai music is melodious and the playing of this musical instrument is considered auspicious. Hindus as well as Muslims play this instrument at weddings and festivals.
*Khasya: At religious gatherings and weddings, two Khasya are played by striking them with each other.
*[[Thaluz]]: This traditional musical instrument is a part of the folk culture of Kashmir. It is mainly played at temples during prayers and kirtans.
*Nai [[Flute]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ikashmir.net/musicofkashmir/3.html | title=The Traditional Music of Kashmir by Dr. Sunita Dhar }}</ref>
<nowiki>:</nowiki> In Kashmiri language, the normal meaning of ‘Nai’ is related to flute. In Kashmiri folk music, the prevalence of Nai is older than two thousand years as we get its description in Nilamata Purana.
"Punyahved shabdin vansi venurvenaya sut magadh shabden tatha vandisvanenc"
Nilamata Purana described banshi as well as venu and in the modern era even the Kashmiri artists, especially of Anantnag, are proficient in playing two types of flutes.

1. The first type of flute is empty from inside and there are seven holes for seven musical notes. While playing it, fingers of both the hands are used. This type of flute is more prevalent in the folk life.

2. The second type of flute is also called 'Pi-Pi' in Kashmiri language. This type of flute is made of walnut’s wood. Even this flute has seven holes but the hole from where the air is blown is absent, but its adjacent hole is put into the mouth and blown. The player sees the seven holes clearly. This instrument is used more conveniently and the player does not get tired soon. This type of flute is more famous in Kashmir.

===Ladishah===
{{main|Ladishah}}
Ladishah is one of the most important parts of the Kashmiri music tradition. Ladishah is a sarcastic form of singing. The songs are sung resonating to the present social and political conditions and are utterly humorous. The singers move from village to village performing generally during the harvesting period. The songs are composed on the spot on issues relating to that village, be it cultural, social or political. The songs reflect the truth and that sometimes makes the song a bit hard to digest, but they are totally entertaining.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/jammukashmir/music-dance.html|title=Famous Kashmiri Music And Dance of Jammu And Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturenorthindia.com/jk/instruments.htm |title=Music Instruments, Jammu Kashmir, NZCC |access-date=2009-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010221215252/http://www.culturenorthindia.com/jk/instruments.htm |archive-date=21 February 2001 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ikashmir.net/musicofkashmir/preface.html|title=The Traditional Music of Kashmir by Dr. Sunita Dhar}}</ref>

===Hindustani classical===
Music and musical instruments find mention in the earliest texts like the Nilmatapurana and [[Rajatarangini]] by [[Kalhana]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The very fact that it was a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]], [[Abhinavagupta]] (the great philosopher), who wrote a commentary called [[Abhinavabharati]] on Bharata's ''Natyashatra'' shows how much importance was given to music in the ancient times. A favorite traditional instrument is the [[santoor]] (Shat-tantri-veena), a hundred string percussion instrument which is played by the goddess [[Saraswati|Sharada]] (the goddess of learning and art in ancient Kashmir).

Notable [[santoor]] players from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] include [[Shivkumar Sharma]], from Jammu, and [[Bhajan Sopori]] from the Kashmir Valley. {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Jammu region==
Music in Jammu division is diverse with essence of both mountains and plains. Musical instruments of Jammu include flute, ektara, dafla, sarangi, Chang, narsingha, kansiya etc.

Traditional music includes:

# Karkan: Songs in praise of martyrs and gurus.
# Baran: Songs of valour and sacrifice
# Bhaints: Devotional Songs in praise of Goddesses
# Bishanpate: Songs in praise of Vishnu or incarnations of Vishnu.
# Kirtan: Devotional Songs of God.
# Bihai: Songs sung when a boy child is born
# Badhai: These are sung in occasions of special ceremonies
# Ghodi:These are sung when bride's groom wear SEHARA.
# Suhag: They are sung by women in Bride's house during Feras.
# Barah Mah: These Songs are the most beautiful one which describe the beauty of 12 months of the year. The themes of World famous BASOHLI PAINTINGS of Jammu are based on these Songs.
# Lohri geet: These are sung by children when they ask for lohri from elders. They bid adieu to winters. Apart from this there are Gojri Songs which are sung by the Gujjar Bakarwal community. In these songs they describe their hardships of leaving their homes and moving from hills to plains in winters and back to hills in summers. They are in their own local Gojri language. Songs of Jammu division are mix of Dogri Lok geet, Punjabi Geet, Pahadi geet, Bhadarwahi geet and Gojri Geet. Such is the diversity of Jammu division with sugar coated languages and beautiful music of nature.

==See also==
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]
* [[Culture of Kashmir]]
* [[Outline of Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085545/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/culture/music.htm Official Site]
{{India topics}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Music of India]]

Shafiqur Rahman Nadwi

2025-11-02T02:41:08Z

ArtyCraftz: adding new data.

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1942–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = Islam
|honorific_prefix = Mawlāna
|name = Shafiqur Rahman Nadwi
|birth_date = 9 June 1942
|birth_place = Sant Pur, Nautan Block, [[West Champaran district]], Bihar, India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|06|24|1942|06|09}}
|death_place = [[Lucknow]], India
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
|main_interests = Arabic literature, Urdu literature, Fiqh
|notable_works = ''Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar''
|resting_place = Daliganj graveyard, Lucknow
| teachers = {{bullet list|[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]|[[Manzoor Nomani]]|[[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]]|[[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]]}}
}}
'''Shafiqur Rahman Nadwi''' (1942–2002), also written as '''Shafiq-ur-Rahman Nadwi''', was an Indian Islamic scholar and a writer of Arabic and Urdu. He was an alumni and professor of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] and the author of the famous book of Fiqh in Arabic, ''Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar''. He also served as the office-in-charge of the [[madrasa]]s affiliated with Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, which numbered 150 at the time.

== Early life and education ==
Shafiqur Rehman Nadwi was born on 9 June 1942, to Manzoor Hasan Siddiqui in Sant Pur, Nautan Block, [[West Champaran District]], in the Indian state of Bihar.<ref name=:"Rabey"></ref><ref name=:"Tariq">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Tariq Shafiq|title=Matā' e Zikr o Fikr|publisher=Mashhood Enterprises|location=[[Lucknow]]|year=2021|edition=1st|page=353|language=ur}}</ref>

He received his early education in madrasas near his homeland, including Madrasa Islamia of [[Bettiah]],<ref name=:"Rabey"></ref> from where he enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow, on 10 June 1956, and graduated from there in February 1962.<ref name=:"Rabey"></ref><ref name=:"Tariq"></ref>

His teachers included Muḥammad Ishaq Sandelwi, [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]], [[Manzoor Nomani]], Abdul Hafiz Balyawi, [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]], and [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]].<ref name=:"Tariq"></ref>

During his student days,<ref name=:"Na'eem">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Muhammad Naeem Siddiqui|title=Bazm e Dānishwarān|publisher=Dar al-Fahīm Publications|location=[[Maunath Bhanjan]], Uttar Pradesh|year=2021|edition=1st|page=222|language=ur}}</ref> in 1959, under the supervision of Rabey Hasani Nadwi,<ref name=":Ahmed">{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Farid Uddin|date=2019|title=Arabic Journalism in India: its growth and development|url=https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf|journal=The Echo|volume=8|issue=1|pages=311|issn=2278-5264|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044358/https://www.thecho.in/files/34.-Dr.-Farid-Uddin-Ahmed-15-07-19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |year=2014 |location=India |pages=180 |language=ar |hdl=10603/30548 |degree=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nadwi |first=Sarwar Alam |title=Development Of Arabic Journalism In India After Independence |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |degree=PhD |year=2000 |location=India |pages=204–205 |language=ar |hdl=10603/57825 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024641/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57825 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=P |first=Jubailiya |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |title=Darul Uloom Nadwathul Ulama its Contributions to the Development of Arabic Language and Literature: an analytical study |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Calicut]] |year=2020 |location=India |pages=193 |language=ar |degree=PhD |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126025358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |url-status=live |hdl=10603/306944 }}</ref> an Arabic fortnightly magazine, ''[[Al-Raid]]'', was published by the students' Arabic club, ''[[An Nadi al Arabi]]'' of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama,<ref name=:"Na'eem"></ref><ref name=:"Sa'eed">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi|author-link=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi|title=Islami Saqafat Aur Nadwatul Ulama|trans-title=Islamic culture and Nadwatul Ulama|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/islami-saqafat-aur-nadvatul-ulma-saidur-rahman-al-azmi-nadvi-ebooks|publisher=Jamiyat-ul-Hilal Al-Ahmad|location=[[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar|year=2010|edition=1st|page=106|language=ur}}</ref> which was edited by him.<ref name=:"Na'eem"></ref> But in October 1960, with issue 8/7 in its second year, his name appeared on the front page for the first time as editor-in-chief.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=205}}

== Career ==
Shafiqur Rahman started his teaching career in April 1962 at Madrasa Islah al-Muslimeen [[Pathar Ki Masjid]], [[Patna]], after graduating from Nadwa. After two years, on the suggestion of Abul Irfan Khan Nadwi, the working principal of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, he was appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in February 1964. He returned to his homeland after serving one year as a teacher and spent seven to eight years as a trader and journalist. In 1972, he became rector of Rifahul Muslimeen in Rampur Kesaria, [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]], Bihar. In 1974, on the advice of his teacher Rabey Hasani Nadwi, he was returned to Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama and served there as a teacher until his death.<ref name=:"Tariq"></ref><ref name=:"Zakariya">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Sayed Ahmad Zakariya Ghori|title=Muqaddamāt al-Imām Abi al-Hasan al-Nadwi|trans-title=The Forewords of Imam Abul Hasan Nadwi|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/download/WAQ110839s/01_110839s.pdf|publisher=Dar Ibn Kathīr|location=[[Damascus]]|year=2010|edition=1st|page=389|language=ar}}</ref><ref name=:"Shams"></ref>

He also served as the office-in-charge of 150 affiliated madrasas of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramadan Yousuf|first1=Muhammad Khair|title=Tatimmat al-A'lām: Wafiyyāt 1396–1435 Hijri, 1976–2013 Īsawi|trans-title=Continuation of "Al-A'lām": Deaths 1396–1435 AH, 1976–2013 AD|date=2016|edition=4th|publisher=Dar al-Wifaq|location=[[Aden]], Yemen|volume=4|page=144|chapter=Shafiqur Rahman Nadwi|language=ar}}</ref><ref name=:"Ba'th"></ref><ref name=:"Shams"></ref> all activities in this regard were carried out based on his report and recommendations, and he also visited these affiliated madrasas.<ref name=:"Shams"></ref>

On [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]'s order,{{sfn|Nadvi|Nadwi|2002|p=94}}<ref name=:"Salman">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Salman Husaini|author-link=Salman Nadwi|title=Hamara Nisab-e-Ta'līm Kiya Ho?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFedAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Jamia Syed Ahmad Shaheed|location=Katoli, [[Malihabad]], Lucknow|year=2004|edition=1st|page=185|language=ur}}</ref> he wrote the book ''Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Shams Tabrez|title=Tarīkh e Nadwatul Ulama|trans-title=History of Nadwatul Ulama |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-nadwat-ul-ulama-part-002-shams-tabrez-khan-ebooks-1|volume=2|publisher=Daftar e Nizāmat Nadwatul Ulama|location=Lucknow|date=1984|edition=1st|page=452|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=:"Ali">{{cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Abul Hasan Hasani|author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi|title=[[Karwan-e-Zindagi]]|chapter=Injidhāb-o-munāsabat ke Khusoosi Asbāb|chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/kaarwan-e-zindagi-abul-hasan-ali-nadvi-ebooks|publisher=Maktaba-e-Islam|location=[[Gwynne Road]], Lucknow|date=August 1983|edition=1st|page=225|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=": Thaqāfat"></ref> which is a curriculum featured in universities throughout the country and overseas,<ref name=:"Rabey"></ref><ref name=:"Tariq"></ref><ref name="Bedar">{{Cite book |last=Bedar|first=Abid Raza|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/arabi-islami-madaris-ka-nisab-o-nizam-e-taleem-aur-asri-taqaze-unknown-author-ebooks |title=Hindustan Ke Deeni Madāris (Kul Hind Survey)|trans-title=Islamic Saminaries of India (All India Survey)|publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]]|volume=2|year= 1995 |location=Patna|page=119|language=ur}}</ref> including Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama<ref name=:"Ali"></ref><ref name=:"Rabey">{{cite book|title=Yaadon Ke Chirāgh|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/yaadon-ke-charagh-mohammad-rabe-hasani-nadvi-ebooks|volume=1|last1=Nadwi|first1=Muhammad Rabey Hasani|publisher=Maktaba as-Shabāb al-'Ilmiyyah|year=2012|edition=1st|location=Lucknow|pages=297–301|author1-link=Rabey Hasani Nadwi|last2=Nadwi|first2=Mahmood Hasan Hasani|last3=Nadwi|first3=Muhammad Mustaqeem Muhtasham Bhatkali|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=:"Fiqh">{{cite book|last=India|first=Islamic Fiqh Academy|author-link=Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|title=نحوَ تفعيلِ الإفتاءِ والقضاءِ في العصر الحاضر|trans-title=Towards activating fatwa and judiciary in the present era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfVHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A&pg=PA104|publisher=Dar al-Kotob Al-ʿilmīyah|location=[[Beirut]], Lebanon|year=2017|edition=1st|page=104|isbn=978-2-7451-7302-7|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="Qamr">{{Cite book |last=Qamruddin|first=Dr.|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hindustan-ki-deeni-darsgahen-dr-qamaruddin-ebooks|title=Hindustan Ke Deeni Madāris (Kul Hind Survey)|trans-title=Islamic Saminaries of India (All India Survey)|publisher=Humdard Education Society |edition=1st|date= June 1996 |location=New Delhi|page=111|language=ur}}</ref> and all of its branches.<ref name=:"Shams"></ref> Apart from that, his articles have been published both in India and overseas.<ref name=": Thaqāfat">{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 2005|editor-last=ar-Rahman |editor-first=Rizwan|translator=Abu Muhammad|title=اللغة العربية وآدابها في ولاية بيهار: محمد حبيب الرحمن|trans-title =Arabic language and literature in Bihar: Muhammad Habibur Rahman|url=https://archive.alsharekh.org/Articles/336/22036/500180 |journal=Quarterly Thaqāfat-ul-Hind|language=ar |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |page=172 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121045050/https://archive.alsharekh.org/Articles/336/22036/500180 |url-status=live }}</ref>

His son Tariq Shafiq Nadwi, President of Urdu Department, Islamia College, [[Gorakhpur]], has written an analytical commentary on his five-year activities in the monthly ''Zikr o Fikr'', New Delhi, titled ''Matā'-e-Zikr-o-Fikr''.<ref name=:"sadr">{{cite web|last1=Nadwi|first1=Muhammad Sadre Alam|title=Matā' e Zikr o Fikr Ek Mutāla'a|trans-title=Matā' e Zikr o Fikr: A Study|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/149506|website=Baseerat Online|date=30 June 2021|access-date=21 January 2024|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=:"intekhab">{{cite web|last1=Nadwi|first1=Muhammad Intekhab|title=Matā' e Zikr o Fikr (An Overview)|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/141239|website=Baseerat Online|date=23 March 2021|access-date=21 January 2024|language=ur}}</ref>

He was also among those scholars who considered it right to establish a [[TV station]] with the sole purpose of defending Islam and Islamic teachings and propagating the message of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Academy (India) |first=Islamic Fiqh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rx9LDwAAQBAJ&dq=shafiqur+rahman+nadwi&pg=PA40 |title=Use of Internet and other modern communication systems for religious purposes |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-7451-6261-8 |location=Beirut, Lebanon |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Shafiqur Rahman died on 24 June 2002 ([[Rabi' al-Thani]] 12, 1423 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]])<ref name=:"Ba'th">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Nadvi|editor1-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi|editor2-last=Nadwi|editor2-first=Wazeh Rashid Hasani|editor1-link=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi|editor2-link=Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi|title=فضيلة الأستاذ شفيق الرحمن الندوي في ذمة الله تعالى|trans-title=Sheikh Shafiqur Rahman Nadwi has passed away|url=https://archive.org/details/sept-oct-2002|journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]]|date=September–October 2002| volume=47 |issue=10 |publisher=Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|location=Lucknow|pages=93–95|language=ar}}</ref> at dawn due to cardiac arrest. The funeral prayer was led by [[Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi]] in the premises of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow and he was buried in the Daliganj graveyard. His wife and five children survived him, along with two sons, Tariq Shafiq Nadwi and Khalid Shafiq Nadwi.<ref name=:"Shams">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Nadwi|editor1-first=Shamsul Haque|title=The demise of Maulana Shafiqur Rehman Nadwi, a professor of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|url=https://archive.org/details/july-2002-1|journal=[[Tameer-e-Hayat]]|date=10 July 2002| volume=39 |issue=17 |publisher=Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|location=Lucknow|pages=5–6, 28|language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Abāẓah|first1=Nizār|last2=al-Māliḥ|first2=Muḥammad Riyāḍ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvgtAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A |title=Itmām al-Aʻlām: dhayl li-kitāb al-Aʻlām li-Khayr al-Dīn al-Ziriklī|publisher=Dar Sader Publishers|volume=2|year= 2003 |edition=2nd|location=[[Beirut]], Lebanon|page=79|isbn=978-1-59239-570-5 |language=ar}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from West Champaran district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]

Mahadeva of Devagiri

2025-10-10T17:38:45Z

ArtyCraftz: creating the post v1!

{{Short description|Seuna emperor from 1261 to 1270}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mahadeva
| title =
| succession = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava king]]
| reign = {{circa|21 August 1261|May/June 1270}}
| dynasty = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]]
| coronation = {{circa|21 August 1261}}
| predecessor = [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]]
| successor = [[Ammana]]
| spouse = Vaijayi
| issue = [[Ammana]]
| father = Jaitugi II (son of [[Simhana]])
| reg-type1 = [[Pradhan|Sarvadhikarin]]
| regent1 = {{plain list|
*Tapparasa
*[[Hemadpant|Hemadri]]}}
| image = Yadavas of Devagiri. Mahadeva. 1261-1270.jpg
| caption = Yadavas of Devagiri, coinage of king Mahadeva (1261-1270). Central lotus blossom, two sri, elephant, conch, and “Mahadeva” in Devanagari above sword right punchmarks.
}}
'''Mahadeva''' ([[IAST]]: Mahā-deva, r. c. 1261-1270 CE) was a ruler of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of [[Deccan]] region in India. He succeeded his brother [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] on the throne.

Mahadeva defeated the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Shilaharas of Kolhapur]], and suppressed a rebellion by his Kadamba feudatories. He invaded the neighbouring kingdoms, but was forced to retreat by the [[Kakatiya]] queen [[Rudrama Devi|Rudrama]] and the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vira Narasimha II|Narasimha II]]. The Yadava records also credit him with other military successes, but these claims may be exaggerated.

== Early life ==

Mahadeva was a younger brother of his predecessor [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}} Their father Jaitugi II seems to have died before their grandfather [[Simhana]], because of which Krishna succeeded Simhana.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

Mahadeva assisted his brother in the administration,{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}} as attested by an inscription as well as the text ''Vedanta-kalpataru''.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=149}} During Krishna's reign, Mahadeva was designated as the heir apparent (''yuvaraja'') since at least 1250, probably because Krishna's son [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] had not been born, or was not old enough to hold the title of ''yuvaraja'' at the time of his ascension. At the time of Krishna's death, Ramachandra seems to have been a minor, and therefore, Mahadeva became the new king.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}

The last inscription from Krishna's reign is dated May 1261. The first record from Mahadeva's reign is a copper-plate inscription dated 21 August 1261, which records a grant made on the occasion of his coronation. Mahadeva must have ascended the throne sometime in August 1261, if not on 21 August.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=149}}

== Wars ==

=== Shilaharas of Thane ===

Mahadeva's grandfather [[Simhana]] had subjugated the [[Shilahara#Kolhapur branch|Shilaharas of Kolhapur]] around 1215. The kings of another [[Shilahara#North Konkan (Thane branch)|Shilahara branch]] continued to rule as Yadava feudatories with their capital at [[Thane]]. However, these Shilahara rulers occasionally fought with the Yadavas to assert their independence, and such a conflict took place early in Mahadeva's reign.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=150}}

According to the Yadava court poet [[Hemadri]], Mahadeva sent an army including a strong [[war elephant|elephant force]] against the Shilahara ruler [[Someshvara (Shilahara dynasty)|Someshvara]]. After being defeated on the land, Someshvara boarded his ships, but Mahadeva's navy pursued him, and Someshvara drowned in the sea. Hemadri states that Someshvara preferred drowning to capture, because he believed that "the fire burning under the ocean would be less oppressive than the wrath of Mahadeva".{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}}

It is not clear if Mahadeva's conquest put an end to the Shilahara branch of Thane, and resulted in the annexation of their territory to the Yadava kingdom. A fragmentary 1266 inscription names ''[[Maharajadhiraja]] Konkana-chakravarti'' Jaitugi-deva as the ruler of Konkan, and lists Mainayaka and Chandra-prabhu among his ministers. These two ministers also ` Someshvara, and the title ''Konkana-chakravarti'' was used by the Shilhara titles. According to one theory, Jaitugi was a son or relative of Someshvara, and had managed to re-establish the Shlihara power. However, the name Jaitugi was borne by earlier members of the Yadava dynasty. This, coupled with the title ''Maharajadhiraja'', suggests that Jaitugi may have been a Yadava prince who governed the annexed territory with assistance of the former Shilahara ministers.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}}

=== Kakatiyas ===

The Kakatiya kingdom, located to the east of the Yadava kingdom, suffered from chaos after the death of the Kakatiya king [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapati]] in 1261-1262. Queen [[Rudrama Devi|Rudrama]], the successor of Ganapati, faced rebellions from feudatories.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=546}} Taking advantage of this situation, Mahadeva invaded the Kakatiya kingdom.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

According to the Yadava court poet Hemadri, the Yadava army defeated the Kakatiya forces, and captured several [[war elephant|elephants]]. Hemadri also states that Mahadeva advanced up to the Kakatiya capital, but did not conquer it because his enemy was a woman. The veracity of this claim is doubtful.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} Other records suggest that the Kakatiyas repulsed the Yadava invasion. The ''Pratapa-charita'' states that Rudrama's forces defeated Mahadeva's army, and pursued it till the Yadava capital Devagiri. A fragmentary [[Kannada]] language inscription also states that the Kakatiya general Bhairava defeated the Yadava army, which may be a reference to his repulsion of Mahadeva's invasion. A coin of Mahadeva bears the Kakatiya emblem [[varaha]] with the Yadava symbols; this varaha may have been stuck on Mahadeva's coins to mark the Kakatiya victory.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=150}}

=== Hoysalas ===

By the 1260s, the southern Hoysala kingdom had been divided into two parts, and its northern part was ruled by [[Vira Narasimha II|Narasimha II]]. Around 1266, Mahadeva invaded Narasimha's kingdom,{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} and the existence of Yadava inscriptions in the Hoysala territory (such as the [[Chitradurga district]]) indicate Yadava influence there.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=150}} The invasion was ultimately unsuccessful, and Mahadeva was forced to retreat. Two Hoysala inscriptions state that Mahadeva underestimated Narasimha's power, and entered the battlefield on his elephant in grandiose style; however, he was defeated and fled away on his horse at night.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

=== Kadambas ===

The Kadamba feudatories of the Yadavas rebelled against Mahadeva, probably encouraged by his defeat against the Hoysalas. Mahadeva's general Balige-deva suppressed the rebellion in c. 1268.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

=== Vaghelas ===

The Paithan inscription of the Yadavas states that Mahadeva defeated the northern [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Visala-deva. Mahadeva ascended the throne in 1261, and Visala died in 1262. Therefore, either Mahadeva defeated Visala immediately after his ascension,{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|pp=150-151}} or this may a reference to a military campaign conducted during Krishna's reign, in which Mahadeva participated as the heir apparent.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

=== Other campaigns ===

According to the Harihara inscription, fearing Mahadeva, the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] "entered anthills", and the [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]]s "losing shame, fled away". These achievements of Mahadeva seem to be purely imaginary. Hemadri claims that Mahadeva's northern neighbours - the [[Paramara dynasty|Malavas]] - made a boy their king, because they knew that Mahadeva would not attack a minor. However, the real reason for Mahadeva not attacking their kingdom was probably his preoccupation with campaigns against his southern neighbours.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}

== Administration ==

Mahadeva's prime minister (''Sarvadhikarin'') was ''Maharaja'' Tapparasa, who held this post until 1275.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}} His other officers and subordinates included:

* [[Hemadri]], a noted author and builder, held the position of ''Shri-karanadhipa'' in Mahadeva's court;{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=151}} he was the superintendent of the secretariat and the elephant corps; he composed ''Vrata-khanda'' during Mahadeva's reign{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=548}}
* Chatta-raja and Kucha-raja, Brahmin brothers who administered the [[Nolambavadi]] (area around modern [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]) from their headquarters at [[Belur, Karnataka]]{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=547-548}}
* Deva-raja, an officer in the southern provinces{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=547}}
* Mai-deva, a feudatory who administered the [[Kolhapur]] region{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=548}}

Mahadeva's queen Vaijayi is credited with building the Vaijanatha temple at [[Paithan]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=151}}

== Last days ==

The last known date of Mahadeva is May–June 1270; he died soon after. He was succeeded by his son [[Ammana]], but his nephew [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] forcefully dethroned Ammana and became the new king in 1271.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=548}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ5 |oclc=59001459 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Seuna (Yadava) dynasty}}

[[Category:Seuna (Yadava) kings]]

Anuj Sharma (singer)

2025-08-01T06:17:30Z

ArtyCraftz: created a biography...

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{About|the playback singer|the actor and MLA|Anuj Sharma (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anuj Sharma
| image = Anuj Sharma (Bollywood Singer).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Rehan, India|Rehan]], Himachal Pradesh, India
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Filmi]], Himachali
| occupation = Singer, Actor, Music director
| associated_acts = [[Bbrt Sharma]]
| years_active = 1996–present
}}
'''Anuj Sharma''' is an Indian playback singer from the town of [[Rehan, India|Rehan]], Himachal Pradesh. He predominantly works in Bollywood films and Himachali folk songs.

Sharma had begun his career while recording a Himachali Folk album in late 1996. Since then he has recorded more than 40 albums of Himachali folk songs for a number of recording companies. He was among the final three in ''[[Indian Idol (season 2)|Indian Idol]]'', [[India]]'s version of ''[[Pop Idol]]''. Since ''Indian Idol'', he has delivered a variety of critically acclaimed live performances in India and abroad. He had also received awards from a number of organisations.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==''Indian Idol''==

Anuj Sharma is an Indian singer who was the Runner up in the second season of ''[[Indian Idol]]''. Sharma had a passion for singing since childhood. His rise to fame is attributed to his performances in the ''Indian Idol''.

The judges for the Second season were [[Anu Malik]], [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Farah Khan]]. The Second season was hosted by [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] and [[Mini Mathur]]. The second season aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 21 November 2005 to 22 April 2006. The winner was [[Sandeep Acharya]]. His first solo album ''[[Khwaab]]'' was released by Universal Music on 25 February 2010.

==Education==
Sharma was born in [[Rehan, India]]. He attended the Government Senior Secondary School Rehan for primary and secondary level education. He joined Wajir Ram Sing Government College Dehri as a music student, where he started learning basic music. Sharma was a good singer in childhood and won the best singer award in an inter-college competition at Himachal Pradesh University during his first year in college. He became famous in Himachal Pradesh with some Himachali folk albums during his bachelor's degree in music. After finishing his bachelor's degree, Sharma took his Masters in music at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, where he continued to win competitions. He also recorded more Himachali folk albums. He also took a Diploma of Music Recordist at Media Mates in Delhi after his university studies.

==Career==
Sharma used to sing for his friends and relatives in his childhood days but his true musical learning was when he took his bachelor's degree. He soon became involved with some professionals which resulted in his first folk album ''Rat Payee Gume De Naale''' with T-Series in 1996. Sharma released more than 20 albums within the next three to five years and started working with "All India Radio" Shimla where he sang number of times.

Following his Bachelor in Music degree, Sharma joined Guru Nanak Dev University for Master of Music and won a number of prizes in inter-university and within university competitions. After completion of his Masters in 2000, he joined as a lecturer in music at the same college from which he had graduated. He worked there for three years before moving to New Delhi where he did diploma in Music Recording. He was interviewed during his music recording course, on Radiocity 91 FM, where he show his talent of remixing. After finishing his diploma, Sharma set up his own studio and started arranging music for some Himachali Songs and sang in the first Himachali feature film (''Fulmu Ranju'').

Sharma appeared in the ''Indian Idol 2'' competition and reached the last 28 singing "Tuje Dil Main Basa to Loon par Payar Jaroori Hai" in the Piano Round to reach the last 12. He lost in that round but the judges brought him back because of his performance in the Gala Round. This time, he moved up to number 3 before exiting. For the last three and half years after his ''Indian Idol'' fame, Sharma has become an icon for Himachalis.

==Album==

*''[[Khwaab]]'' Released by *''[[Universal Music]]''
*''[[Jaaniya]]'' (Album Version)
*''[[Keh do]]'' (Album Version)
*''[[Zahir karon]]'' (Album Version)
*''[[Rabba yaar Di]]'' (Album Version)
*''Yaar Bina (Album Version)''
*''[[Jaaniya]]'' (Revisited) (Remix version)
*''[[Khwaab]]'' (Revisited) (Remix version
*''[[Tera Mitha Mitha Hasna]]'' and Sabke Sath Hain Bhole is Released By *''[[R Music]]'' 2020

==Playback==

*''[[Missing on a Weekend]]'' "Kuch hone wala hai"
*''Aisi Deewangi'' (upcoming movie)

===Film song===
*''[[Missing on a weekend]]'' (2016) – "Kuch Hone Wala Hai"

== New albums ==
*''[[Tera Mitha Mitha Hasna]] and SABKE SATH HAIN BHOLE In jan 2020.''

== Discography==
Sharma sang for ''Fulmu Ranjhu'', a regional feature film released by Divya Himachal TV Production, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh.

A few of Sharma's folk albums:
*''Rasliyan Dharan'' album and video released by Catrack Music Company
*''Raat Payi Gume De Nale'' released by T-Series
*''Apu Chala Nokiriya'' released by T-Series
*''Baba Kuthu Basda'' released by T-Series
*''Darshan Pana De'' released by T-Series
*''Mere Ghar Ram Ayenge'' Bhakti sangeet album released by GMC
*''Neelima Kangre Di'' album and video released by GMC
*''Tera Mitha – Mitha Hasna'' album and video released by Mazie Audio Company
*''Kand Pardesi'' released by SHAM MUSIC COMPANY
*''Chail Gorian Hathan Di Mehandi'' released by Tridev Music Company
*''Himachali Blast'' album and video released by GMC

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://himachaldastak.com/breaking/himachal-singer-anuj-sharma-in-bollywood-94995.html
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915234221/http://www.indianidol.sifymax.com/ Official Indian Idol Website]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082909/http://himachal.us/2007/05/09/anuj-sharma-interview/1973/videos/yashrazz Anuj's Interview]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410133501/http://himachal.tv/anuj.htm ANUJ Himachal TV]
*[http://bp2.blogger.com/_56sZvf4Fa3A/RkB1agkOpoI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LoYQ0C--PjU/s1600-h/anuj+with+CM+of+himachal+pradesh.JPG Anuj with Ex Chief Minister Raja VirBhadra Singh of Himachal Pradesh]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100227184337/http://himachal.us/2010/02/23/himachal-anuj-sharma-all-set-to-release-khwaab-on-3rd-march/18761/media/music/disha Anuj Sharma all set to release KHWAAB on 3 March]}}
*[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/indian-idol-fame-anuj-sharma-looks-forward-becoming-successful-playback-singer-141109 Indian Idol fame Anuj Sharma looks forward to becoming a successful playback singer], Telly Chakkar, 9 November 2014

{| id="toc" style="margin: auto; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"
|-----
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;" align="center" |

'''[[Indian Idol (season 2)]]'''
|-----
| align="center" | [[Sandeep Acharya]] | [[N. C. Karunya]] | Anuj Sharma | Amey Date | [[Antara Mitra]] | [[Meenal Jain]]
Ravi Tripathi | [[Panna Gill]] | [[Monali Thakur]] | [[Neha Kakkar]] | [[Yashashree Bhave]] | Sagar Sawarkar
|}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anuj}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Idol participants]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Musicians from Himachal Pradesh]]

Joy Alappatt

2025-06-05T08:01:38Z

ArtyCraftz: stub.

{{short description|Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop (b. 1956)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = John Alappatt {{Script/Mdnh|ܝܘܚܢܢ ܐܠܦܬ}}
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|Eparch of St. Thomas of Chicago]]
| image = BishopJoy.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago]]
| see =
| appointed = July 3, 2022
| enthroned = October 1, 2022
| retired =
| predecessor = [[Jacob Angadiath]]
| successor =
| other_post = 
| ordination = December 31, 1981
| ordained_by = [[James Pazhayattil]]
| consecration = September 27, 2014
| consecrated_by = [[George Alencherry]], [[Jacob Angadiath]] and Pauly Kannookadan
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|9|27}}
| birth_place = Parappukara, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|Auxiliary Eparch of St. Thomas of Chicago]] (2014-2022) [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Sidi Brahim|Bencenna]] (2014-2022)
| religion =
| motto = Joyfully for your souls
| birth_name = John Alappatt
}}

{{Infobox bishopstyles
| name= Joy Alappatt
| dipstyle=
[[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| offstyle=[[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| relstyle=[[Eparch]]
| image = Joy_alappat_motto.jpeg
| image_size = 200px
}}

Mar '''John "Joy" Alappatt''' (born September 27, 1956) is an [[India]]n-born [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in the [[United States]]. He serves as the [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|eparch]] of [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chicago|St. Thomas Eparchy of Chicago]] since 2022.

He served as the [[auxiliary bishop]] of the same eparchy from 2014–2022.

==Biography==

=== Early life and ministry ===
John Joy Alappatt was born in Parappukara, [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He studied for the priesthood at St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary in Vadavathoor, and was ordained a priest for the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]] in India on December 31, 1981, by Bishop James Pazhayattil. Alappatt continued his studies at St. Joseph's Pontifical Institute in [[Aluva]] an at the Adheva University in Wattair.<ref name=cna>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/30143/new-auxiliary-bishop-for-us-syro-malabar-eparchy-named|title=New auxiliary bishop for US Syro-Malabar eparchy named|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=2014-12-10|last=|first=}}</ref> He was then engaged in pastoral work in Chalkudy, Mala, the cathedral in [[Irinjalakuda]], and as a chaplain in [[Chennai]]. In 1993 he was transferred to the United States where he served as a chaplain at the [[Georgetown University Medical Center]] where he also completed his clinical pastoral education program. Alappatt also served in pastoral assignments in [[New Milford, New Jersey|New Milford]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and [[Garfield, New Jersey|Garfield]], [[New Jersey]] and as the vicar at the [[Mar Thoma Shleeha Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral (Bellwood, Illinois)|Mar Thoma Shleeha Cathedral]] in [[Bellwood, Illinois]].<ref name=cna/>

=== Auxiliary Bishop ===
[[Pope Francis]] named Alappatt as the [[Titular Bishop|titular bishop]] of ''Bencenna'' and the Auxiliary Bishop of the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Chicago on July 24, 2014.<ref name=gcatholic>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/bishops-1.htm|title=Bishops who are not Ordinaries of Sees|publisher=Giga Catholic|accessdate=2014-12-10|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116225742/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/bishops-1.htm|archivedate=2014-11-16}}</ref> He was ordained a bishop by [[George Alencherry]], the [[Major Archbishop|major archbishop]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]], on September 27, 2014. The principal co-consecrators were [[Jacob Angadiath]] of Chicago and [[Pauly Kannookadan]] of Irinjalakuda.<ref name=hierarchy>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balappat.html|title=Bishop John "Joy" Alappat|publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy|accessdate=2014-12-10|last=|first=}}</ref>

=== Eparch ===
On July 3, 2022, Pope Francis accepted Bishop Jacob Angadiath's resignation, and named Alappatt as successor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resignations and Appointments |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/07/03/220703b.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>

Alappatt was installed at the [[Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral (Bellwood, Illinois)|Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Bellwood, Illinois]] by head of the Syro-Malabar Church [[George Alencherry]], [[Jacob Angadiath]], and [[Stephen Chirappanath]] in the presence of [[Christophe Pierre]], apostolic nuncio to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episcopal Installation of Bishop Joy Alappatt |url=https://smchicago.org/episcopal-installation-of-bishop-joy-alappatt/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Mar Thoma Sleeha Cathedral |language=en-US}}</ref>

On July 20, 2024, Mar Joy Alappatt celebrated the Holy Qurbana at the [[10th National Eucharistic Congress (United States)|10th National Eucharistic Congress]] with [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia]] Archbishop [[Borys Gudziak]] in front of a crowd of 25,000 people including Papal Delegate Cardinal [[Luis Antonio Tagle]] and Apostolic Nuncio Cardinal [[Christophe Pierre]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands discover 'beautiful diversity' around the Eucharist at congress's Eastern liturgies |url=https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/thousands-discover-beautiful-diversity-around-the-eucharist-at-congresss-eastern-liturgies |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Detroit Catholic |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Illinois}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.stthomasdiocese.org/ Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago Official Site]

==Episcopal succession==
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|Eparch of St. Thomas of Chicago]]
|before= [[Jacob Angadiath]]
|after= Incumbent
|years= 2022-Present}}
{{s-end}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy|state=expanded}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alappat, Joy}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:Indian-American Syro-Malabar Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops in the United States]]