https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ArshelinaBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T12:47:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Chennai&diff=503471INS Chennai2026-05-05T16:58:23Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Third Kolkata class Stealth guided missile destroyer of the Indian Navy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}{{italic title|string=Chennai}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
| image = INS Chennai (D65) at sea.jpg<br />
| image_caption = ''Chennai'' (D65) at sea.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| country = India<br />
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br />
| name = ''Chennai''<br />
| namesake = [[Chennai]]<br />
| owner = <br />
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]<br />
| registry = <br />
| route = <br />
| ordered = <br />
| awarded = <br />
| builder = [[Mazagon Dock Limited]]<br />
| original_cost = <br />
| yard_number = <br />
| way_number = <br />
| laid_down = February 2006<br />
| launched = 1 April 2010<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 3rd indigenous naval destroyer launched|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/antony-navy-destroyer-antony-on-navy-335869.html|work=CNN-News18|date=1 April 2010}}</ref><br />
| sponsor = <br />
| christened = <br />
| completed = 12 November 2015<br />
| acquired = <br />
| commissioned = 21 Nov 2016<ref name="press release INS Chennai joins Navy">{{cite press release |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/guided-missile-destroyer-ins-chennai-joins-indian-navy |title=Guided Missile Destroyer INS Chennai Joins the Indian Navy |publisher=Indian Navy |date=21 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Largest-ever-Made-in-India-warship-INS-Chennai-commissioned/articleshow/55537416.cms |title=Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned |work=The Times of India|date=21 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Project 15A to end with commissioning of INS Chennai on Monday|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/project-15a-to-end-with-commissioning-of-ins-chennai-on-monday-116111801172_1.html|access-date=18 November 2016|work=Business Standard|date=18 November 2016}}</ref><br />
| recommissioned = <br />
| decommissioned = <br />
| maiden_voyage = <br />
| in_service = <br />
| out_of_service = <br />
| renamed = <br />
| reclassified = <br />
| refit = <br />
| struck = <br />
| reinstated = <br />
| homeport = <br />
| identification = <br />
| motto = ''Shatro Sanharaka'' ("Vanquisher of Enemies")<ref>{{cite news|title=Indigenous INS Chennai will be commissioned on Monday|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7364-indigenous-ins-chennai-will-be-commissioned-monday|access-date=22 November 2016|work=The Sunday Guardian Live|date=22 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201409/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7364-indigenous-ins-chennai-will-be-commissioned-monday|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| nickname = <br />
| honors = <br />
| honours = <br />
| captured = <br />
| fate = <br />
| status = In active service<br />
| notes = <br />
| badge = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| header_caption = <br />
| class = <br />
| type = [[Guided-missile destroyer]]<br />
| tonnage = <br />
| displacement = {{convert|7400|t|abbr=on}} full load<ref name="hindujul14">{{cite news|title=Navy gets its largest destroyer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-gets-its-largest-destroyer/article6205050.ece|date=13 July 2014|access-date=15 July 2014|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303141734/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-gets-its-largest-destroyer/article6205050.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="INS Kolkata class">{{cite web|title=INS Kolkata|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ins-kolkata|website=indiannavy.nic.in|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=28 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616202823/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ins-kolkata|archive-date=16 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5MkSmXxRXU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/s5MkSmXxRXU| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=INS Kolkata: embarquement immédiat|publisher=l'express|access-date=2 September 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
| length = {{convert|163|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<br />
| beam = {{convert|17.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<br />
| draught = {{convert|6.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<br />
| power = <br />
| propulsion = * [[Combined gas and gas]] system: 4 × [[Zorya-Mashproekt]] [https://www.linquip.com/device/4048/marine-gas-turbine-ugt16000r-dt59 DT-59 reversible gas turbines] producing 16.55MW each<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Huma|title=INS Kochi turbocharged|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/ins-kochi-turbocharged/145742/|work=The Financial Express|date=5 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123920/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/ins-kochi-turbocharged/145742/|archive-date=4 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="jni-18aug14">{{cite news|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=India commissions first-of-class destroyer Kolkata|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42106/india-commissions-first-of-class-destroyer-kolkata|work=IHS Jane's Navy International|date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821013002/http://www.janes.com/article/42106/india-commissions-first-of-class-destroyer-kolkata|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| speed = {{convert|30|kn|km/h|lk=in}}<br />
| range = {{convert|6000|nmi|km|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|18|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
| endurance = <br />
| test_depth = <br />
| boats = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| troops = <br />
| complement = <br />
300 (50 officers + 250 sailors)<br />
| sensors = *'''Radar :-'''<br />
*[[Israeli Aircraft Industries|IAI]] [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[S-band]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] multi-function radar<ref name=sp8j14>{{cite news|title=Country's most potent indigenous warship joins service this month|url=http://spsnavalforces.com/exclusive/?id=18&h=Country-s-most-potent-indigenous-warship-joins-service-this-month|access-date=8 June 2014|publisher=SP's Naval Forces|date=8 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171744/http://spsnavalforces.com/exclusive/?id=18&h=Country-s-most-potent-indigenous-warship-joins-service-this-month|archive-date=21 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
* [[Thales Group|Thales]] LW-08 D-band air search radar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/naval_Press_Release_Bharat_Electronics_awards_LW08/ |title=Bharat Electronics Ltd. awards LW08 contract to Thales |publisher=Thalesgroup.com |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727113416/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/naval_Press_Release_Bharat_Electronics_awards_LW08/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* Garpun Bal (3TS-25E) radar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvWia6Jpwek&t=153s&ab_channel=IndianNavy|title=Virtual tour of INS Kolkata (Hindi)|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
*'''Sonar :-'''<br />
* [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] HUMSA-NG bow sonar<br />
* [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] Nagin active towed array sonar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Class Destroyer INS Chennai will be commissioned on Monday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-class-destroyer-ins-chennai-manohar-parikkar-352990-2016-11-20 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
*'''Combat Suite :-'''<br />
* [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] EMCCA Mk4 combat management system<ref name=sp8j14/><br />
| EW = * [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] Ellora [[electronic support measures]]<ref name="ndtv-29sep15">{{cite web|last1=Som|first1=Vishnu|title=Inside India's New and Deadliest Warship|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/inside-indias-new-and-deadliest-warship-1224090|website=NDTV|access-date=23 November 2017|date=29 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718032359/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/inside-indias-new-and-deadliest-warship-1224090|archive-date=18 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
*'''Decoys :-'''<br />
*4 × [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] decoy launchers<br />
*2 × [[Maareech ATDS|Maareech]] [[Torpedo defence|torpedo-countermeasure]] systems<ref name="ndtv-29sep15"/><br />
| armament = *'''Anti-air warfare :-'''<br />
*4 × 8-cell [[Vertical launching system|VLS]], for a total of 32 [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s<br />
*'''Anti-surface warfare :-'''<br />
*2 × 8-cell VLS, for 16 [[BrahMos]] [[anti-ship missile]]s <br />
*'''Anti-submarine warfare :-'''<br />
*4 × {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s <br />
*2 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine rocket launchers]]<br />
*'''Guns :-'''<br />
*1 × [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]]<br />
*4 x [[AK-630]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]<br />
| armour = <br />
| armor = <br />
| aircraft = 2 × [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] or [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopters<br />
| aircraft_facilities = Dual Enclosed [[hangar]]<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''INS ''Chennai'' (D65)''' is the third and last ship of the {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|0}} [[stealth ship|stealth]] [[guided missile destroyer]]s of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="navaltechnology">{{cite web|title=Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers, India|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/Kolkata-class-guided-missile-destroyers/|publisher=Naval Technology|access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> She was constructed by the [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL) at [[Mumbai]]. On 17 April 2017, INS Chennai was dedicated to the city of [[Chennai]] in the presence of then [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami|K. Palaniswamy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Naval ship dedicated to Chennai city|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/naval-ship-dedicated-to-chennai-city/articleshow/58223417.cms|work=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=17 April 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
INS Chennai has on her seal a Bull symbolising the [[Jallikattu]] festival celebrated in [[Tamil Nadu]] from where the ship associates its heritage.<br />
<br />
==Construction==<br />
She was [[Keel laying|laid down]] in February 2006, and was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 2 April 2010 by the then [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[A. K. Antony|AK Antony]]'s wife Elizabeth Antony at a function in [[Mumbai]], and was commissioned on 21 November 2016 by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name="press release INS Chennai joins Navy"/><ref name="ssbinterviewtips">{{cite web|title=Warship INS Chennai commissioned by Indian Navy|url=http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/warship-ins-chennai-commissioned-by-indian-navy/631|publisher=SSB Interview Tips|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071131/http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/warship-ins-chennai-commissioned-by-indian-navy/631|url-status=dead}}</ref> INS ''Chennai'' is the first naval ship named after [[Chennai]], capital city of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="pib">{{cite web|title=Project 15-A destroyer, INS Kochi To be launched on 18 Sep 2009|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52673|publisher=PIB|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[C. R. Praveen Nair]] was the [[ship commissioning|commissioning]] [[commanding officer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Capt Praveen Nair commands INS Chennai; many desi systems on board |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/western-naval-command-1.1521872 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=en |date=21 November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Features==<br />
The India-designed ship is designed to have state of the art weapons and sensors, stealth features, an advanced action information system, a comprehensive auxiliary control system, world class modular living spaces, sophisticated power distribution system and a host of other advanced features. These ships integrate many new features and involve design changes that ensure a far more advanced weapons platforms compared to the earlier Project 15 ships.<br />
<br />
The ship's air defence capability, designed to counter the threat of enemy aircraft and [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship cruise missile]]s, revolve around the vertical launch, long range [[surface-to-air missile]] system, co-developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].<br />
<br />
Four [[AK-630]] rapid-fire guns will provide the ship with close-in-defence capability while an MR gun will enable her to provide effective naval gunfire support.<br />
<br />
India-developed twin tube torpedo launchers and rocket launchers will add punch to the ship's anti-submarine capability.<br />
<br />
INS ''Chennai'' is designed to carry the supersonic [[BrahMos]] surface-to-surface missile system. The system enables the ship to engage shore-based and naval surface targets at long range making it a lethal platform for strike against enemy targets.<br />
<br />
==Service History ==<br />
INS Chennai, along with [[INS Sunayna]] was sent to the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Gulf of Oman]] in June 2019 to protect Indian shipping interests amid tensions in the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-warships-sent-strategic-gulf-waters-navy-184136054.html|title=India warships sent to strategic Gulf waters: Navy}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cooperative Engagement Capability===<br />
On 15 May 2019, INS Chennai along with [[INS Kochi]] participated in the maiden [[Cooperative Engagement Capability|cooperative engagement firing]] through the employment of the full Joint Taskforce Coordination (JTC) mode which implements the [[Barak 8|MRSAM / Barak 8]] 'Cooperative Engagement' operating mode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1572157&RegID=3&LID=1|title = Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defense-update.com/20190517_indian-navy-demonstrates-mrsam-cooperative-engagement-capability.html|title=Indian Navy Demonstrates 'MRSAM 'Cooperative Engagement' Capability|date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/05/indian-navy-completes-mrsam-first-cooperative-engagement-firing-test/|title=Indian Navy completes MRSAM first cooperative engagement firing test|date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/88673/indian-navy-demonstrates-co-operative-engagement-firing-capability|title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news}}</ref> The maiden tests of indigenous Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rockets were conducted on INS Chennai on April 3, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Vijainder K. |date=2025-07-09 |title=Big Leap For Indian Navy's Anti-Submarine Capability; DRDO Tests Extended Range Anti-Sub Rocket |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-navy-set-to-boost-its-asw-capability-with-erasr/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Operation Sankalp: 2023-24 anti-piracy patrols ===<br />
{{main|Operation Sankalp}}<br />
Against the backdrop of the increasing attacks on commercial ships transiting the [[Red Sea]], the [[Gulf of Aden]], and the [[Arabian Sea]] by the end of 2023, the Indian Navy stated on December 31, 2023, that it had substantially enhanced [[Maritime patrol|maritime surveillance]] efforts in Central and North Arabian Sea by deploying the [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] [[Maritime patrol aircraft|MPA]] and the [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|SeaGuardian]] drones.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-12-31 |title=Attacks on ships: Indian Navy enhances surveillance in Arabian Sea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/attacks-on-ships-indian-navy-enhances-surveillance-in-arabian-sea/article67693168.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following attacks on two merchant vessels, MV Ruen and MV Chem Pluto, anti piracy patrols were enhanced with a naval task force. MV Ruen was hijacked (later rescued by ''[[INS Kolkata]]''), while [[2023 attack on the Chem Pluto|MV Chem Pluto]] sustained drone hits and made it into Indian waters. The Indian Navy deployed a large flotilla of [[destroyer]]s to safeguard international security including [[INS Kolkata]], [[INS Kochi]], [[INS Mormugao (D67)|INS Mormugao]], INS Chennai and [[INS Visakhapatnam (D66)|INS Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy deploys warships and surveillance aircraft to enhance maritime security - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Dec/31/indian-navy-deploys-warships-and-surveillance-aircraft-to-enhance-maritime-security-2646544.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=6 December 2023 }}</ref> The [[INS Kolkata]] is deployed in the [[Red Sea]], [[INS Kochi]] is deployed by the south of [[Yemen|Yemen's]] [[Socotra|Socotra Island]], [[INS Mormugao (D67)|INS Mormugao]] is in the west Arabian Sea with INS Chennai in the central Arabian Sea. INS Visakhapatnam was also moved to patrol the north Arabian Sea.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/><br />
<br />
On 4 January 2024, the cargo vessel MV Lila Norfolk sailing from Port Du Aco in [[Brazil]] and bound for Khalifa Bin Salman in [[Bahrain]] was hijacked by pirates 460 nautical miles east off Somalia. It had sent a message indicating boarding by around five to six unknown armed personnel. Of the 21 crew members, 15 were Indian and the other 6 hailed from the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-05 |title=Indian Navy thwarts hijack attempt, rescues 21 crew members, including 15 Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-thwarts-hijack-attempt-rescues-21-crew-members-including-15-indians/articleshow/106582431.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> INS Chennai was deployed to render assistance while a [[maritime patrol aircraft]] overflew the vessel the next morning and established contact with the vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=INS Chennai moving towards hijacked vessel off Somalia coast; 15 Indians aboard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/liberianflagged-ship-hijacked-off-somalia-coast-15-indian-crew-members-aboard-101704431475777.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=Navy sends INS Chennai to assist vessel hijacked in Arabian Sea, 15 Indians aboard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-ins-chennai-vessel-hijacked-arabian-sea-15-indians-9096189/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-01-05 |title=Indian Navy responds to hijack attempt of a Liberian-flagged vessel in Arabian Sea, deploys INS Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-responds-to-hijack-attempt-of-a-liberian-flagged-vessel-in-arabian-sea-deploys-ins-chennai/article67708913.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, after providing warnings, the [[MARCOS]] commandos from the INS Chennai boarded the ship to rescue all crew members. The pirates had abandoned ship prior to the boarding.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/indian-navy-commandos-board-hijacked-ship-clear-it-of-hijackers/20240105.htm | title=Indian Navy commandos board hijacked ship, rescue all 21 on board }}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a lengthy patrol, ''Chennai'' returned to the [[Chennai Port|Port of Chennai]] on February 16 to participate in exercise [[Milan (naval exercise)|MILAN 2024]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=INS Chennai to visit Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ins-chennai-to-visit-chennai/articleshow/107660423.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Warship returns from Somalia to Chennai port after anti-piracy ops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/warship-ins-chennai-returns-from-somalia-to-chennai-port-after-anti-piracy-ops/articleshow/107767972.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== IFR-2026 ===<br />
INS ''Chennai'' participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at Visakapatanam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to steal the show in IFR 2026 in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-to-steal-the-show-in-ifr-2026-in-vizag/articleshow/128355649.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|width=160 | height=170<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) with JMSDF JS Kaga during JIMEX2020.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' (D65) with JMSDF [[JS Kaga]] during JIMEX 2020.<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) with JS Ikazuchi (DD-107) during JIMEX 2020.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' (D65) with JS Ikazuchi (DD-107) during JIMEX 2020.<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) fires its weapons during Malabar 2020.jpg<br />
|INS Chennai (D65) fires its weapons during Malabar 2020.<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) with JS Ikazuchi during JIMEX 2020.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' (D65) with JS Ikazuchi during JIMEX 2020.<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) with JS Ikazuchi during JIMEX2020.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' (D65) with JS Ikazuchi.<br />
|File:INS Chennai (D65) with JS Ikazuchi during JIMEX 2020 top view.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' (D65) with JS ''Ikazuchi'' during JIMEX 2020 - Top view.<br />
|File:INS Chennai steams alongside the USS Princeton (CG 59) in the North Arabian Sea during Malabar 2020.jpg<br />
|INS ''Chennai'' steams alongside the {{USS|Princeton|CG-59}} in the North [[Arabian Sea]] during Malabar 2020 exercise.<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*{{INS|Kolkata|D63|6}} - Sister ship and first of the class.<br />
*{{INS|Kochi}} - Sister ship and second of the class.<br />
*{{ship|HMIS|Madras|J237}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Destroyers_of_the_Indian_Navy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai}}<br />
[[Category:Kolkata-class destroyers]]<br />
[[Category:Destroyers of the Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:Ships built in India]]<br />
[[Category:2010 ships]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Kolkata_rape_and_murder&diff=4832362024 Kolkata rape and murder2026-05-05T13:55:40Z<p>Arshelina: New new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assault and rape incident in India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox event<br />
| title = 2024 Kolkata rape and murder<br />
| image = File:Protestors involved in protest march for R.G. Kar Hospital Rape and Murder 2024 at Kolkata 08.jpg<br />
| caption = Protestors at a makeshift memorial before a protest march in Kolkata<br />
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|08|09}}<br />
| time = <!-- If known --><br />
| place = [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]], Belgachia, [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.60399|88.37893|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
| also known as = <br />
| type = Rape and murder<br />
| cause = <br />
| participants = <br />
| reported deaths = 1<br />
| reported injuries = <!-- If there were injuries to others --><br />
| arrests = 3<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2024<br />
|title=RG Kar doctor death: Post mortem confirms sexual assault, 1 arrested; doctors association threatens shutdown unless… |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rg-kar-doctor-death-post-mortem-confirms-sexual-assault-1-arrested-doctors-association-threatens-shutdown-unless-11723280698455.html |url-status=live |work=[[livemint]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811165118/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rg-kar-doctor-death-post-mortem-confirms-sexual-assault-1-arrested-doctors-association-threatens-shutdown-unless-11723280698455.html |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ravik |date=15 September 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/rg-kar-ex-principal-sandip-ghosh-arrested-by-cbi-in-kolkata-rape-murder-case-9567965/ |title=CBI arrests R G Kar ex-principal, cop over 'tampering' of evidence, 'delay in FIR' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915005639/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/rg-kar-ex-principal-sandip-ghosh-arrested-by-cbi-in-kolkata-rape-murder-case-9567965/ |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cbi-arrests-former-rg-kar-principal-kolkata-police-sho-in-rape-murder-case-of-trainee-doctor20240914230317/ |title=CBI arrests former RG Kar principal, Kolkata Police SHO in rape-murder case of trainee doctor |date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915005701/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cbi-arrests-former-rg-kar-principal-kolkata-police-sho-in-rape-murder-case-of-trainee-doctor20240914230317/ |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| accused = <br />
| convicted = Sanjay Roy<br />
| charges = Rape and murder<br />
| outcome = Convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment<br />
| website = <!-- If there is an official website or news link --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 9 August 2024, a 31-year-old female [[Medical education in India#Postgraduate Education|postgraduate resident physician]]<ref name="Independent-1608">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Alisha |title=Kolkata rape and murder case live: Doctors call for nationwide strike as protests swell |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-protests-strike-rg-kar-latest-news-b2597201.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=Independent |date=16 August 2024}}</ref> at [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India, was raped and murdered in a college building. Her body was found in a seminar room on campus. On 10 August 2024, a 33-year-old male [[Police community support officer#India|civic volunteer]], named Sanjay Roy working for [[Kolkata Police]] was arrested under suspicion of committing the crime.<ref>{{cite web |last1=K |first1=Sayantani |title=Kolkata doctor rape case: Sanjoy Roy to plead 'not guilty', calls CBI's polygraph questions on murder 'invalid' |work=mint |date=2 September 2024 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-case-sanjoy-roy-to-plead-not-guilty-calls-cbis-polygraph-questions-on-murder-invalid-11725268538942.html |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata doctor death: who is Sanjay Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-death-who-is-sanjay-roy-civic-volunteer-arrested-in-rg-kar-hospital-rape-murder-case/articleshow/112440685.cms |access-date=23 September 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Three days later, the [[Calcutta High Court]] transferred the investigation to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) stating that the Kolkata Police's investigation did not inspire confidence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Srinjoy |title=High court transfers probe to CBI |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/breaking-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-calcutta-high-court-transfers-probe-to-cbi-says-state-polices-investigation-did-not-inspire-public-confidence-266615?infinitescroll=1 |website=Livelaw |date=13 August 2024 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Saikat Kumar |date=14 August 2024 |title=Why Kolkata Doctor's Rape-Murder Case Went To CBI: Court's Tough Remarks |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-why-kolkata-doctors-rape-murder-case-went-to-cbi-courts-tough-remarks-6333533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085340/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-why-kolkata-doctors-rape-murder-case-went-to-cbi-courts-tough-remarks-6333533 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The junior doctors in West Bengal undertook a strike action for 42 days demanding a thorough probe of the incident and adequate security at hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Bengal doctors threaten fresh protests over hospital violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/west-bengal-resident-doctors-threaten-fresh-stir-over-violence-at-state-run-hospital/article68698413.ece |work=The HIndu |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> The incident amplified debate about the safety of women and doctors in India, and has sparked significant outrage, and nationwide and international protests.<ref name="india today-2024">{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Suryagni |last2=Roy |first2=Anirban Sinha |date=9 August 2024 |title=Woman trainee doctor found dead in seminar hall of Kolkata hospital |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/west-bengal-trainee-doctor-dead-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-2579796-2024-08-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814005923/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/west-bengal-trainee-doctor-dead-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-2579796-2024-08-09 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="deccan herald">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: All you need to know |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-all-you-need-to-know-3148176#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813225053/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-all-you-need-to-know-3148176#6 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankaran |first=Vishwam |date=2024-08-17 |title=One million doctors go on strike in India after junior medic's rape and murder |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-protest-b2597760.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Independent |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821142244/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-protest-b2597760.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incident ==<br />
On the night of 8 August 2024, the victim had dinner with her colleagues and retired in a seminar hall after a 36-hour shift in the hospital. At about 9:30&nbsp;[[Indian Standard Time|IST]] the following morning, her body was discovered in the seminar hall in a semi-nude state with her eyes, mouth, and genitals bleeding. She was later declared dead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape and murder: What happened on the night of incident |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-timeline-of-events-west-bengal-kg-kar-hospital-2581236-2024-08-12 |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815143941/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-timeline-of-events-west-bengal-kg-kar-hospital-2581236-2024-08-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> College authorities initially informed her family that she had committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: Step-by-step unfolding of events from fateful night at RG Kar to SC hearing today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-step-by-step-unfolding-of-events-from-fateful-night-at-rg-kar-to-sc-hearing-today-442623-2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Business Today |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823095428/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-step-by-step-unfolding-of-events-from-fateful-night-at-rg-kar-to-sc-hearing-today-442623-2024-08-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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An [[autopsy]] was conducted on 9 August and, after its completion, an unnatural death case was registered.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case Live Updates: Supreme Court's Tough Questions For Bengal On Kolkata Rape-Killing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-cbi-submits-status-report-supreme-court-hearing-to-begin-shortly-6391042 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822110358/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-cbi-submits-status-report-supreme-court-hearing-to-begin-shortly-6391042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Never seen in 30 years: Supreme Court blasts Kolkata police probe in rape case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-supreme-court-kolkata-police-investigation-blasts-hearing-delay-case-registration-2586245-2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=India Today |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113440/https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-supreme-court-kolkata-police-investigation-blasts-hearing-delay-case-registration-2586245-2024-08-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Investigation ==<br />
=== Autopsy report ===<br />
An autopsy revealed that the victim had been raped and [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] before being killed via [[Strangling|strangulation]]. The report, spanning four pages, also noted deep wounds in her genital tract, lips, left leg, right hand, ring finger, neck, and face. The report revealed that the scratch marks on the woman's face were likely caused by the culprit's fingernails. According to the report, pressure was applied to her mouth and throat, and she was strangled, resulting in a fracture of the [[thyroid cartilage]]. The report also noted bleeding from her eyes, mouth, and genitals, with the injuries in her genital area attributed to "perverted sexuality" and "genital torture". The exact cause of the injuries to her eyes remains undetermined.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saha |first1=Rajesh |last2=Roy |first2=Suryagni |date=13 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor's autopsy reveals she was throttled to death, genital torture |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rg-kar-hospital-rape-murder-case-post-mortem-report-handed-over-victim-doctors-family-2581264-2024-08-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814011926/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rg-kar-hospital-rape-murder-case-post-mortem-report-handed-over-victim-doctors-family-2581264-2024-08-13 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="livemint">{{cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata rape and murder: Parents suspect gang rape, claim 150 mg of semen found in victim's body |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-and-murder-parents-suspect-gang-rape-claims-150-mg-of-semen-found-in-victims-body-11723639420123.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815162045/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-and-murder-parents-suspect-gang-rape-claims-150-mg-of-semen-found-in-victims-body-11723639420123.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Livemint}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reported that the postmortem autopsy also revealed that around "150 mg" of semen was found in the vaginal swab.<ref name="BI">{{cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: 150 mg of semen found in doctor's body, doctors say it could be gang rape |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-case-150-mg-of-semen-found-in-doctors-body-doctors-say-it-could-be-gang-rape-441513-2024-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815232351/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-case-150-mg-of-semen-found-in-doctors-body-doctors-say-it-could-be-gang-rape-441513-2024-08-14 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite web |last1=Yengkhom |first1=Sumati |last2=Chakrabarty |first2=Sanjib |date=15 August 2024 |title=150 mg semen in Kolkata doctor's body: 'It's not rocket science to suspect involvement of more than one person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ima-team-vows-to-stand-by-victims-family-for-justice/articleshow/112536204.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815094243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ima-team-vows-to-stand-by-victims-family-for-justice/articleshow/112536204.cms |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This finding, along with the extent of injuries, led the doctors who assessed the autopsy report and the victim's parents to suggest the victim may have been subjected to [[gang rape]].<ref name="livemint" /><ref name="BI" /> However, the [[Kolkata Police]] has dismissed these claims as rumours, stating that it is impossible to distinguish semen from multiple individuals with the naked eye during an autopsy.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder: Post-mortem report highlights brutal assault, confirms multiple injuries, signs of struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-post-mortem-report-highlights-brutal-assault-confirms-multiple-injuries-signs-of-struggle/articleshow/112484225.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815215206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-post-mortem-report-highlights-brutal-assault-confirms-multiple-injuries-signs-of-struggle/articleshow/112484225.cms |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=a police officer said, "It is impossible to distinguish semen from three individuals with the naked eye during an autopsy."}}</ref> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation has not so far revealed any signs of occurrence of a gang rape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Exclusive: CBI probe suggests Kolkata doctor was not gang-raped, say sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-2586170-2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=India Today |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822191815/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exclusive-2586170-2024-08-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a clarification of the report's data, it was stated that the "151&nbsp;g" (not mg) relates to the total weight of the genitalia sample collected from the body, not exclusively to semen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor's rape-murder: Autopsy report reveals horrific details of injuries on victim's body, most on face and neck |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-doctors-rape-murder-autopsy-report-reveals-horrific-details-of-injuries-on-victims-body-most-on-face-and-neck-3157440 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rg-kar-trainee-doctor-rape-murder-junior-doctors-demanded-autopsy-hospital-reveals-cbi-2608235-2024-09-29 |title=Kolkata doctors demanded rape victim's autopsy at RG Kar Hospital: Sources|date=29 September 2024 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><br />
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=== Arrests ===<br />
Following an investigation, the police arrested a suspect, a civic volunteer Sanjay Roy with the Kolkata Police disaster management force who had been posted at the police outpost near the medical college.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2024 |title=Timeline: 2024 RG Kar Medical College and Hospital rape and murder |url=https://www.orissapost.com/timeline-2024-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-rape-and-murder/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=OrissaPOST |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113442/https://www.orissapost.com/timeline-2024-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-rape-and-murder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An anonymous police source speaking to the Hindustan Times described Roy as a womaniser<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata rape-murder: 'Womaniser' accused married 4 times, watched 'disturbing, violent' porn |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-womaniser-accused-married-4-times-watched-disturbing-violent-porn-101723513487782.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=13 August 2024}}</ref> and estranged family members described him as a domestic abuser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrabana |first1=Chatterjee |title=Kolkata rape and murder case: Prime accused Sanjay Roy had a violent and abusive past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sanjay-roy-prime-accused-in-the-kolkata-rape-and-murder-case-had-a-violent-and-abusive-past/article68555238.ece |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=The HIndu |date=23 August 2024}}</ref> According to the Kolkata Police, he initially confessed to the crime.<ref name="n942">{{cite web | last=Dhar | first=Aniruddha | title=Kolkata doctor's rape: CBI asked Sanjay Roy 10 questions in polygraph test. His U-turn when grilled for RG Kar murder | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-09-07 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-asked-sanjay-roy-10-questions-in-polygraph-test-sanjoy-roy-kolkata-doctors-rape-murder-rg-kar-hospital-101725700784708.html | access-date=2024-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ravik |last2=Mitra |first2=Atri |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor's rape-murder: Accused's wife complained of assault twice, police took no action |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/doctor-rape-murder-accused-wife-assault-police-no-action-9514033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085340/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/doctor-rape-murder-accused-wife-assault-police-no-action-9514033/ |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="deccan herald" /> A psycho-analysis test of the accused in the case was conducted by the Delhi's [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL) on the request of the CBI. The officers told [[Press Trust of India|PTI]] that "he showed no remorse and was unflustered while narrating the incident".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata rape-murder: Accused Sanjay Roy has 'animal-like instincts', unflustered while detailing crime |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/08/22/kolkata-rape-murder-accused-sanjay-roy-has-animal-like-instincts-unflustered-while-detailing-crime.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=The Week |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823052556/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/08/22/kolkata-rape-murder-accused-sanjay-roy-has-animal-like-instincts-unflustered-while-detailing-crime.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Kolkata rape-murder: Accused's psychoanalytic profiling reveals he is a 'pervert', says CBI |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-murder-accuseds-psychoanalytic-profiling-reveals-he-is-a-pervert-says-cbi/3590555/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Financialexpress |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823100003/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-murder-accuseds-psychoanalytic-profiling-reveals-he-is-a-pervert-says-cbi/3590555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was sent to 14-day [[judicial custody]] on 23 August.<br />
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A special CBI court had granted permission to the agency to conduct a [[Polygraph|polygraph test]] on the accused as well as the ex-principal of the college.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Kolkata rape-murder: Accused sent to 14 days jail, CBI gets polygraph test nod |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-sanjoy-roy-judicial-custody-2586817-2024-08-23 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=India Today |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823095428/https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-sanjoy-roy-judicial-custody-2586817-2024-08-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape and Murder Case Live: Protests at RG Kar Hospital, Supreme Court, CBI Probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-news-live-rg-kar-hospital-sanjay-roy-sandip-ghosh-tmc-supreme-court-doctor-protests-west-bengal-mamata-banerje-cbi-investigation/liveblog/112773791.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The polygraph of the accused revealed several inconsistencies with regard to his narration of the events of the night of the crime. The CBI raided the house of [[Sandip Ghosh]] and former medical superintendent and college vice-principal, Sanjay Vashisth, on 25 August and seized several documents. It also filed an [[First information report|FIR]] against them over financial irregularities and corruption at the hospital. Later, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) also launched an investigation over the financial irregularities by the hospital administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case Live Updates: CBI names RG Kar Hospital ex-principal Sandip Ghosh in corruption FIR, slaps non-bailable sections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-rg-kar-doctor-rape-murder-case-corruption-cbi-protest-live-updates-9533406/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826052438/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-rg-kar-doctor-rape-murder-case-corruption-cbi-protest-live-updates-9533406/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 14 September 2024, Sandip Ghosh, the former principal of the college, and Abhijit Mondal, the Station House Officer (SHO) of Tala Police Station, were detained.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/rg-kar-rape-and-murder-case-now-sandip-ghosh-and-tala-ps-oc-abhijit-mondal-has-has-been-arrested-in-rape-and-murder-case-1092847-2024-09-14 |title=এবার ধর্ষণ ও খুনের মামলায় গ্রেফতার সন্দীপ ঘোষ, ধৃত টালা থানার প্রাক্তন ওসি |date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915011621/https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/rg-kar-rape-and-murder-case-now-sandip-ghosh-and-tala-ps-oc-abhijit-mondal-has-has-been-arrested-in-rape-and-murder-case-1092847-2024-09-14 |archive-date= 15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন সংবাদদাতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/sandip-ghosh-arrested-by-cbi-in-rg-kar-medical-college-doctor-rape-and-murder-case-dgtl/cid/1545796 |title='প্রমাণ লোপাট': ধর্ষণ-খুন মামলাতেও সন্দীপ ঘোষকে গ্রেফতার করল সিবিআই, টালার ওসি-ও ধৃত |date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915011631/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/sandip-ghosh-arrested-by-cbi-in-rg-kar-medical-college-doctor-rape-and-murder-case-dgtl |archive-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ghosh is accused of complicity in the delay of filing the First Information Report (FIR) and mishandling key evidence in the case. His arrest marks the second time he's been taken into custody—he had earlier been arrested for unrelated financial irregularities at the hospital. Meanwhile, Mondal has been accused of [[tampering with evidence]] and misleading the investigation team.<ref>{{cite news |last=SOM |first=MOYURIE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/cbi-arrests-police-officer-rg-kar-principal-in-kolkata-rape-and-murder-case/article68643255.ece |title=CBI arrests ex-R.G. Kar principal Sandip Ghosh, police officer in Kolkata rape and murder case |date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915013306/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/cbi-arrests-police-officer-rg-kar-principal-in-kolkata-rape-and-murder-case/article68643255.ece |archive-date=15 September 2024|access-date=15 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/sandip-ghosh-and-tala-ps-oc-abhijit-mondal-arrested-by-cbi-in-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-579676 |title=Sandip Ghosh and Tala PS O.C Abhijit Mondal arrested by CBI in RG Kar rape & murder case |date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915013325/https://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/sandip-ghosh-and-tala-ps-oc-abhijit-mondal-arrested-by-cbi-in-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-579676 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=MillenniumPost |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Bhavatosh |date=15 September 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/cbi-arrests-sandip-ghosh-kolkata-police-sho-in-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-article-113354397 |title=RG Kar Rape-Murder Case: CBI Arrests Sandip Ghosh, Kolkata Police SHO For Destruction Of Evidence, Delay In FIR |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915013408/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/cbi-arrests-sandip-ghosh-kolkata-police-sho-in-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-article-113354397 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Investigation of the college principal ===<br />
[[Sandip Kumar Ghosh]], an [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeon]] and the principal of the college, resigned amid the protests surrounding the incident. He cited an inability to endure the ongoing humiliation from social media criticism and defamatory remarks by politicians. Shortly after his resignation, he was appointed as the principal of [[Calcutta National Medical College]], a move that sparked further outrage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Sweety |date=12 August 2024 |title=RG Kar principal resigns, made head of another prestigious medical college within hours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/dr-sandip-ghosh-quit-principal-kolkata-medical-college-doctor-raped-murdered-9509585/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815134802/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/dr-sandip-ghosh-quit-principal-kolkata-medical-college-doctor-raped-murdered-9509585/ |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 13 August, the Calcutta High Court directed the government and the concerning authorities to place him on extended leave while also criticising his immediate re-appointment.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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On 28 August, the [[Indian Medical Association]] suspended the membership of Ghosh amid allegations of corruption and the ongoing [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) investigations against him. He was the vice-president of the association's Kolkata branch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Under Fire In Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case, Former RG Kar Principal Sandip Ghosh Suspended By IMA |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-ima-suspends-membership-of-former-rg-kar-principal-sandip-ghosh-9030902.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Under Fire In Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case, Former RG Kar Principal Sandip Ghosh Suspended By IMA |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-ima-suspends-membership-of-former-rg-kar-principal-sandip-ghosh-9030902.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829074317/https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-ima-suspends-membership-of-former-rg-kar-principal-sandip-ghosh-9030902.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghosh had been subjected to two polygraph tests over an alleged cover-up of the rape and allegations of financial fraud and irregularities at the college and hospital. On 2 September, the CBI arrested Ghosh, along with his security aide Afsar Ali and vendors Biplav Singha and Suman Hazar, over financial irregularities and fraud during his tenure as the principal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Live Updates: In special Assembly session, Bengal govt to table new anti-rape Bill today; BJP to oppose |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-live-updates-tmc-bjp-bengal-assembly-9545703/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex Principal Of Kolkata Hospital Where Doctor Was Raped-Murdered Arrested |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-principal-of-kolkata-hospital-where-doctor-was-raped-murdered-arrested-6475279 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He, along with the other arrested people, were [[wikt:remand#Verb|remanded]] to eight-day CBI custody by a special court. On 3 September, he was suspended by the West Bengal Health Department.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Kolkata case: West Bengal health department suspends former principal of RG Kar Medical College and Hospital Sandip Ghosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-case-west-bengal-health-department-suspends-former-principal-of-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-sandip-ghosh/articleshow/113033444.cms |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904080643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-case-west-bengal-health-department-suspends-former-principal-of-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-sandip-ghosh/articleshow/113033444.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 September, he was again arrested by the CBI along with a police officer, Abhijit Mondal, for destruction of evidence at the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-14 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: Ex-principal Sandip Ghosh, policeman arrested for destruction of evidence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-arrests-ex-principal-sandip-ghosh-and-a-policeman-in-kolkata-rape-murder-case/articleshow/113354573.cms |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Court proceedings ==<br />
On 13 August 2024, the [[Calcutta High Court]], unsatisfied with the police's handling of the investigation, assigned the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref name=":3" /> They also flagged the possibility of destruction of evidence if the state police continued with their investigation.<ref name=":1"/><br />
<br />
On 18 August, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] took ''[[Sua sponte|suo moto]]'' cognizance of the case. A three-judge bench headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]] heard the matter on 20 August. They criticised the State government and Kolkata police, as well as the college administration, over mishandling of the case and the vandalism which occurred on the night of 14 August. Following the incident and protests, the court constituted a [[National Task Force for Safety of Medical Professionals|national task force]] to ensure workplace safety for doctors and requested the protesting doctors return to their duties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: SC takes suo motu cognisance of incident at RG Kar Medical College Hospital; hearing on August 20 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-sc-takes-suo-motu-cognisance-of-incident-at-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital/articleshow/112607064.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819040103/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-sc-takes-suo-motu-cognisance-of-incident-at-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital/articleshow/112607064.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: What Supreme Court said |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-what-supreme-court-on-said/articleshow/112644152.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820062855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-what-supreme-court-on-said/articleshow/112644152.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape and Murder Case Live Updates: Supreme Court constitutes national task force to work out modalities for safety at workplace for doctors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-case-live-updates-supreme-court-doctors-protest-9523053/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820043648/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-case-live-updates-supreme-court-doctors-protest-9523053/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The court ordered the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] and [[Central Reserve Police Force]] to provide security at the hospital and asked the CBI to submit a status report.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Kolkata Rape-Murder Case: SC Orders CISF, CRPF To Secure Hospital After Mob Attack, Rebukes State Police |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-sc-orders-cisf-crpf-to-secure-hospital-after-mob-attack-rebukes-state-police-9021230.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820090952/https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-sc-orders-cisf-crpf-to-secure-hospital-after-mob-attack-rebukes-state-police-9021230.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the hearing on 22 August, the court heavily criticised the law enforcement for the time delay between the discovery of the body and the registration of a [[first information report]]. It asked the state government to not take any action on the protesting doctors and the civilians and to not undertake any measures to stop peaceful protestors while requesting doctors to resume normal work.<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/> At a hearing on 9 September, judges sought clarification over the precise time of death and the filing of an unnatural death case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Need Clarifications On "Unnatural Death": Supreme Court On Kolkata Horror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/day-after-global-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-case-in-supreme-court-today-6522210 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909063423/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/day-after-global-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-case-in-supreme-court-today-6522210 |url-status=live }}</ref> They asked for a CBI status report by the coming week. Advocate [[Kapil Sibal]], who appeared on behalf of the West Bengal government, informed the court that 23 people had died as a result of the protests by medical fraternity in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Need Clarifications On "Unnatural Death": Supreme Court On Kolkata Horror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/day-after-global-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-case-in-supreme-court-today-6522210 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 September, the Supreme Court asked all the protesting doctors to return to their respective duties by the evening of 10 September. It asked the state government to extend all possible support to the CISF team providing security at the R.G. Kar Hospital and medical college.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-09 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: SC asks protesting doctors to resume work by Sept 10, CBI told to file fresh status report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-sc-asks-protesting-doctors-to-resume-work-by-sept-10-cbi-told-to-file-fresh-status-report/articleshow/113191418.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In line with the longstanding [[Rape shield law#India|rape shield laws of India]], in August 2024, the Supreme Court ordered that the name and photos of the victim be removed from social media and electronic platforms.<ref name="I&B24">{{cite web |title=Letter dt. 13.09.2024 regarding compliance of Hon'ble Supreme Court's Order dated 20.08.2024 passed in WP(C) Diary No. 37158/2024 - Kinnori Ghosh & Anr. Vs. UOI & Ors. |url=https://mib.gov.in/broadcasting/letter-dt-13092024-regarding-compliance-honble-supreme-courts-order-dated-20082024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=Ministry of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> On 17 September 2024, the Supreme Court specifically instructed [[Wikipedia]] to remove the name and photo of the victim.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2024-09-18 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: Wikipedia parent moves to avert confrontation with SC over R.G. Kar victim identity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/wikipedia-parent-moves-to-avert-confrontation-with-sc-over-rg-kar-victim-identity/article68654588.ece |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 September 2024, advocate [[Indira Jaising]] took the charge to represent the doctors from WBJDF in Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-indira-jaising-to-represent-junior-doctors-in-supreme-court-12822796.html|title=Kolkata Rape-Murder Case: Indira Jaising to represent junior doctors in Supreme Court|work=[[MoneyControl]]|date=16 September 2021|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><br />
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On 7 October 2024, CBI filed a preliminary chargesheet against Sanjay Roy, formally charging him of the rape and murder of the victim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kolkata-rape-and-murder-case-cbi-files-chargesheet-against-prime-accused-sanjoy-roy/article68727953.ece |title=Kolkata rape and murder case: CBI files chargesheet against prime accused Sanjoy Roy|work=The Hindu|date=7 October 2024 |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/07/rg-kar-rape-murder-cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-key-accused-sanjay-roy-3|title=RG Kar rape-murder: CBI files charge sheet against key accused Sanjay Roy|date=7 October 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 11 December 2024, the victim's main [[legal counsel]] [[Vrinda Grover]] withdrew from all the case proceedings and announced that she will no longer represent the victim, citing "intervening factors", suggesting a difference of opinion between the victim's family and the lawyer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2024-12-11 |title=Advocate Vrinda Grover withdraws from representing R.G. Kar victim's family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advocate-vrinda-grover-withdraws-from-representing-rg-kar-victims-family/article68974565.ece |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Monalisa |date=13 December 2024 |title=RG Kar rape and murder: Law firm quits case citing 'intervening factors and circumstances' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/rg-kar-rape-and-murder-law-firm-quits-case-citing-intervening-factors-and-circumstances/cid/2070282 |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref><br />
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On 18 January 2025, Roy was convicted for the rape and murder under sections 64, 66, and 103(1) of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2025 |title=Indian police volunteer convicted of rape, murder of a trainee doctor that led to protests |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-rape-kolkata-6f6ef53ade3d7e5eb0142fc7ec5b52e9 |work=AP News}}</ref> He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was fined {{INRConvert|50|k}} on 20 January.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2025 |title=Indian rapist murderer of doctor sentenced to life in prison: judge |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250120-indian-rapist-murderer-of-doctor-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-judge |work=France 24}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Why Kolkata court refused death penalty to RG Kar rape-murder convict Sanjay Roy: 'Not a rarest of rare case' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-kolkata-court-refused-death-penalty-to-rg-kar-rape-murder-convict-sanjay-roy-not-a-rarest-of-rare-case/articleshow/117394753.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Roy maintained his innocence throughout the proceedings and claimed that he had been framed, beaten in prison and forced to sign papers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2025 |title=RG Kar rape-murder: CBI seeks highest penalty for Sanjay Roy; Kolkata court's sentence at 2.45pm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rg-kar-rape-murder-cbi-seeks-highest-penalty-for-sanjoy-roy-kolkata-courts-sentence-at-245pm-101737360039085.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The judge further ordered the state to award a compensation of {{INRConvert|17|l|lk=lakhs}} to the family of the victim as the crime took place at her place of work. Anirban Das, the Additional District and Sessions Judge in Sealdah, noted that this was not one of the rarest of the rare cases and did not award the death penalty to Roy.<ref name="The Times of India"/><br />
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Following the conviction, [[Ratna Debnath|the parents]] of the victim expressed dissatisfaction with the sentencing, stating that he deserved the death penalty, adding that the CBI did not work effectively.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rg-kar-case-live-updates-kolkata-court-accused-sanjay-roy-punishment-sentencing-cbi-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-101737345948282.html|title= RG Kar Rape Murder Case LIVE: Bengal governor demands 'proactive policy' for women safety}}</ref> The doctors and nurses echoed similar sentiments, while Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] expected a death sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/expected-death-sentence-says-mamata-banerjee-on-rg-kar-hospital-verdict-101737380534844.html|title= Expected death sentence, says Mamata Banerjee on RG Kar Hospital verdict}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] IT head [[Amit Malviya]] also criticized life imprisonment given to Roy, adding that verdict must be appealed and that the TMC Government should stop shielding the perpetrators. Malviya also added that the role of Kolkata Commissioner and Chief Minister should be investigated in the destruction of evidence at the crime scene.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/bjp-criticises-life-imprisonment-verdict-for-kolkata-rape-murder-convict-as-travesty-of-justice-3363829|title= BJP criticises life imprisonment verdict for Kolkata rape-murder convict as 'travesty of justice'}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 January 2025, state government gave its nod for the prosecution of Sandip Ghosh by CBI on the corruption case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-nod-for-sandip-ghoshs-cbi-prosecution-in-corruption-case/articleshow/117648151.cms|title=State nod for Sandip Ghosh's CBI prosecution in corruption case|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 March 2025, CBI submitted a report to the Calcutta High Court concluding that the incident was not an instance of gang rape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Som |first=Moyurie |date=2025-03-28 |title=R.G. Kar case not gang rape, says CBI; to continue probe on ‘conspiracy, cover-up, evidence destruction’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/cbi-says-rg-kar-case-not-gang-rape-to-continue-probe-on-conspiracy-cover-up-evidence-destruction/article69386673.ece |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> It also submitted a status report on its ongoing probe on “greater conspiracy to commit this crime and hush up the matter.”<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Protests ==<br />
===Medical fraternity===<br />
[[File:People protesting for justice for the victim 2024 R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital Rape and Murder 03.jpg|thumb|People protesting for justice for the victim in Kolkata]]<br />
The incident was widely covered in the media and triggered outrage across the nation. Within the medical community, student unions and colleagues of the deceased demanded justice and improved security measures on campus.<ref name="deccan herald" /><br />
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In response, the [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) called on [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Minister]] [[J. P. Nadda]] to introduce a special central law aimed at preventing violence against doctors. They also urged that hospitals be designated as safe zones. This appeal followed widespread protests and strikes by resident doctors across the country in response to the crime, which raised serious concerns about the safety of medical staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMA delegation meets Nadda, demands hospitals be declared safe zones |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ima-delegation-meets-nadda-demands-hospitals-be-declared-safe-zones/1735820 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085343/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ima-delegation-meets-nadda-demands-hospitals-be-declared-safe-zones/1735820 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Protesting for justice in Kalyani, for the victim 2024 R. G. Kar Medical College Rape and Murder case 09.jpg|left|thumb|Midnight protest for justice in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]]]<br />
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On 13 August, over 8,000 doctors in the state of [[Maharashtra]] suspended all but emergency services. In New Delhi, junior doctors wearing white coats staged a protest outside major government hospitals. Emergency services stayed suspended on 13 August in almost all the government-run college hospitals in [[Kolkata]]. Similar protests in cities such as [[Lucknow]], and [[Goa]] affected some hospital services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Doctors across India protest rape and murder of medic in Kolkata |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/13/doctors-across-india-protest-rape-and-murder-of-medic-in-kolkata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085325/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/13/doctors-across-india-protest-rape-and-murder-of-medic-in-kolkata |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Hospitals which were the sites of protests included [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS Delhi]], [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], [[Safdarjung Hospital]], [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital|RML Hospital]], [[Calcutta National Medical College]] and Hospital as well as the [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Pragati |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case LIVE Updates: Massive Doctors Protest In Delhi, BJP Alleges Suspects Closely Linked To TMC |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-autopsy-report-countrywide-protests-cbi-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-calcutta-high-court-mamata-banerjee-liveblog-9015061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814033807/https://www.news18.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-autopsy-report-countrywide-protests-cbi-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-calcutta-high-court-mamata-banerjee-liveblog-9015061.html |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
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On 12 August, the [[Federation of Resident Doctors Association]] (FORDA) protested by suspending all elective medical services. Some demonstrations were called off on 13 August after a delegation of the IMA and other groups had met Health Minister J. P. Nadda. However, several resident doctors associations in India, including the Federation of All India Medical Associations (FAIMA) and doctors at AIIMS Delhi, Calcutta National Medical College, Indira Gandhi Medical College Dwarka, R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, RML Hospital, and Safdarjung Hospital have continued protests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Aryan |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: Resident doctors call off strike after meeting JP Nadda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-case-resident-doctors-call-off-strike-jp-nadda-meet-2581827-2024-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085319/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-case-resident-doctors-call-off-strike-jp-nadda-meet-2581827-2024-08-14 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Raju |date=14 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor-rape murder case: FORDA ends strike, AIIMS, other Delhi hospitals to continue protest |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-forda-ends-strike-aiims-other-delhi-hospitals-to-continue-protests-cbi-probe-2024-08-14-946825 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814053327/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-forda-ends-strike-aiims-other-delhi-hospitals-to-continue-protests-cbi-probe-2024-08-14-946825 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> Two days after calling off the strike, FORDA resumed its strike following reports of police violence against protesters and the vandalism during the night of 14–15 August at R.G. Kar Medical College.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punjabi |first=Tanishq |date=15 August 2024 |editor-last=Paul |editor-first=Rohit |title="Pivotal Moment": Key Doctors' Body Resumes Strike 2 Days After Calling It Off |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-kolkata-doctor-rape-rg-kar-attack-rg-kar-hospital-pivotal-moment-key-doctors-body-resumes-strike-2-days-after-calling-it-off-6344532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815162949/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-kolkata-doctor-rape-rg-kar-attack-rg-kar-hospital-pivotal-moment-key-doctors-body-resumes-strike-2-days-after-calling-it-off-6344532 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
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Protests called "Women, [[Reclaim the Night]]" were held in Kolkata and other cities around India on 14 August.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Saikat Kumar |title="Reclaim The Night": Women Seek Justice In Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case, Hold Massive Protests |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-to-protest-doctors-rape-murder-womens-reclaim-night-protest-tonight-6336276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814173749/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-to-protest-doctors-rape-murder-womens-reclaim-night-protest-tonight-6336276 |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata: Massive night protests after doctor's rape and murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmwj4z1xpko |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=BBC |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819040103/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmwj4z1xpko |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=16 August 2024 |title=Indian medics step up strike in protest at doctor's rape and murder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/16/indian-medics-strike-protest-doctor-rape-murder-kolkata |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The goal of the protest has been described as "For Women's independence on the midnight of independence", noting that the protests continued through India's [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] on 15 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Night Is Ours": Bengal Women Plan Midnight Protest Over Doctor Rape-Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-night-is-ours-bengal-womens-midnight-protest-against-doctor-rape-murder-6325879 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819040106/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-night-is-ours-bengal-womens-midnight-protest-against-doctor-rape-murder-6325879 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=15 August 2024 |title=Tens of Thousands of Women Protest on India's Independence Day After Murder of Medic |url=https://time.com/7011373/india-kolkata-rape-reclaim-night-march/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |magazine=TIME |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817184752/https://time.com/7011373/india-kolkata-rape-reclaim-night-march/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 15 August, shortly after midnight, police deployed tear gas and [[baton charge]]d a crowd of demonstrators at R.G. Kar Medical College after a group toppled a barricade and entered the hospital. The individuals threw stones at the hospital premises and vandalised the emergency ward and the area where the victim was found.<ref name="the economic times-2024">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: Uneasy calm in RG Kar Hospital after goons vandalise premises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-uneasy-calm-in-rg-kar-hospital-after-goons-vandalise-premises/articleshow/112539104.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815085328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-uneasy-calm-in-rg-kar-hospital-after-goons-vandalise-premises/articleshow/112539104.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Several policemen and protestors were injured. [[Commissioner of the Kolkata Police|Kolkata Police commissioner]] Vineet Goyal blamed the incident on the "malicious media campaign" against the Kolkata police.<ref name="the economic times-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Chandrajit |title=Vandalism At Kolkata Hospital Where Doctor Was Raped, Tear Gas Fired |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vandalism-at-kolkata-hospital-where-doctor-was-raped-murdered-tear-gas-fired-6339691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815195538/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vandalism-at-kolkata-hospital-where-doctor-was-raped-murdered-tear-gas-fired-6339691 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Kolkata police detained and later arrested 19 persons responsible for the violence and vandalism at the hospital premises on 15 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case Live Updates: 'Absolute failure of state machinery', Calcutta HC on Kolkata RG Kar hospital vandalism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-live-updates-rg-kar-hospital-vandalism-ima-mamata-banerjee-mahua-moitra-sanjoy-roy/liveblog/112555663.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816140940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-live-updates-rg-kar-hospital-vandalism-ima-mamata-banerjee-mahua-moitra-sanjoy-roy/liveblog/112555663.cms |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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The IMA, along with many medical colleges, held a nationwide strike in all hospitals on 17 August in response to the crime as well as the vandalism at the hospital. This resulted in large scale suspension of medical services in government hospitals and various public hospitals across the country. While emergency services remained functional, OPD services and elective surgeries were cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National strike held over India doctor's murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89wgzkdw1vo |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=BBC |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817042413/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89wgzkdw1vo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctors Halt OPD Services Amid Nationwide Strike Over Kolkata Rape Horror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/doctors-begin-24-hour-nationwide-strike-over-kolkata-rape-murder-10-points-6355326 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818062536/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/doctors-begin-24-hour-nationwide-strike-over-kolkata-rape-murder-10-points-6355326 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 18 August, [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]-[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] supporters planned a protest at [[Salt Lake Stadium]] during the [[Kolkata Derby]] of the [[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case Highlights: East Bengal, Mohun Bagan fans come together to protest Kolkata horror at Salt Lake stadium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-medical-college-live-updates-august-18-2024/article68538966.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-medical-college-live-updates-august-18-2024/article68538966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> But citing security concerns, the match was abandoned on the same day and planned to move elsewhere. Following the cancellation of the match, East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohamedan]] fans came together and started protesting on the street near the stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2024 |title=Mohun Bagan-East Bengal derby cancelled, supporters of Kolkata arch rivals to hold joint protest against R G Kar rape-murder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/football-derby-cancelled-kolkata-joint-protest-against-rape-murder-case-9520543/lite/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819040208/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/football-derby-cancelled-kolkata-joint-protest-against-rape-murder-case-9520543/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/20/junior-doctors-in-bengal-continue-to-protest-over-rape-murder-of-medic-health-services-hit-2|title=Junior doctors in Bengal continue to protest over rape-murder of medic, health services hit|date=20 August 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 August 2024|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820051958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/20/junior-doctors-in-bengal-continue-to-protest-over-rape-murder-of-medic-health-services-hit-2|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 22 August, staff at AIIMS Delhi, RML hospital, and other public hospitals across India called off their strike following an appeal from the Supreme Court. However, the doctors in West Bengal continued their strike despite assurances from the court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240822-key-indian-hospital-ends-stike-but-doctor-rape-protests-rage |title=Key Indian hospital ends strike but doctor rape protests rage |date=22 August 2024 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822142457/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240822-key-indian-hospital-ends-stike-but-doctor-rape-protests-rage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Doctors Say Will Continue Protest Despite Supreme Court's Appeal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-doctors-say-will-continue-protest-despite-supreme-courts-appeal-6394866 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823064402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-doctors-say-will-continue-protest-despite-supreme-courts-appeal-6394866 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 27 August, a rally was organized by the Paschim Banga Chhatra Samaj and the opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The protest was called ''Nabanna Abhijan'' (March to Nabanna, the [[Nabanna (building)|West Bengal secretariat]]). As with [[2021 Nabanna Abhijan|previous ''Nabanna Abhijan'']] protests, there were demands for the resignation of Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and demonstrations against her government for failing to ensure the safety and security of its citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Kolkata Nabanna March Live: BJP calls a 12-hour West Bengal bandh tomorrow after protests turn violent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-case-live-rg-kar-hospital-nabanna-march-sanjay-roy-sanjay-ghosh-cbi-investigation-doctor-protests-west-nengal-mmata-banerji/liveblog/112821465.cms |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=All you need to know about Nabbana Abhijan of West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/all-you-need-to-know-about-nabbana-abhijan-of-west-bengal/articleshow/112838591.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Kolkata police termed the march illegal and erected barricades around the building. [[Baton charge|Lathi charge]]s, [[water cannon]]s and [[tear gas]] were used by law enforcement to disperse the crowd after which the protestors resorted to [[Stone throwing|stone pelting]]. Several policemen and protestors were injured during the march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: 'Nabanna Abhijan' turns violent as protesters clash with police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-nabanna-abhiyan-howrah-kolkata-war-zone-protestors-police-9535673/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827105351/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-nabanna-abhiyan-howrah-kolkata-war-zone-protestors-police-9535673/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Nabanna March Live Updates: Student rally turns violent as Kolkata police lathicharge, use tear gas shells to disperse protestors enroute Bengal secretariat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-rape-murder-case-nabanna-abhiyan-live-updates-bjp-protest-tmc-9534951/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The BJP announced a 12-hour statewide [[bandh]] in West Bengal on 28 August after the violence which erupted during the ''Nabanna Abhijan'' rally and the police crackdown against the protestors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Watch: Saffron-clad protester facing water cannon with national flag triggers TMC-BJP showdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/watch-saffron-clad-protester-facing-water-cannon-with-national-flag-triggers-tmc-bjp-showdown-nabanna-abhijan-protest/articleshow/112852725.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828071559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/watch-saffron-clad-protester-facing-water-cannon-with-national-flag-triggers-tmc-bjp-showdown-nabanna-abhijan-protest/articleshow/112852725.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The strike affected rail and road transport services mainly in Kolkata. Violence occurred throughout the day between the workers of the [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC) and the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Bengal Bandh Today Live Updates: BJP's 12-hour protest partially affects life; rail and road blockades at several places |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-bandh-28th-august-live-updates-kolkata-rape-murder-rg-kar-hospital-nabanna-abhijan-bjp-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-sandip-ghosh-sanjay-roy/liveblog/112851085.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Bandh Today After Police Use Tear Gas, Water Canon On Protesters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-bandh-kolkata-rape-murder-case-bjps-bangla-bandh-today-after-police-use-tear-gas-water-canon-on-protesters-demanding-mamata-banerjees-resignati-6433544 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
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On 2 September, junior doctors marched towards [[Lalbazar]] from College Square demanding the resignation of the Kolkata Police Commissioner. Since barricades were put up in front of police headquarters, the doctors sat on the road.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/junior-doctors-march-to-kolkatas-lalbazar-seeking-resignation-of-police-commissioner/article68596470.ece | title=Kolkata rape and murder: Protests shift to Lalbazar and West Bengal Assembly | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Singh | first1=Shiv Sahay | access-date=2 September 2024 | archive-date=2 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902162654/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/junior-doctors-march-to-kolkatas-lalbazar-seeking-resignation-of-police-commissioner/article68596470.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Mostly women came together on road for Reclaim the night movement in kolkata on 4 September 2024 01.jpg|right|thumb|Protesters on the streets for Reclaim the Night movement in Kolkata on 4 September 2024]]<br />
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At midnight on 4 September, thousands of women across West Bengal marched on the road for the "[[Reclaim the Night]]" campaign, in the second such gathering since 14 August.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-reclaim-the-night-protest-thousands-women-west-bengal-demand-justice-2593964-2024-09-05 | title=Bengal turns off lights for 'Reclaim the Night' protest, thousands hit streets | newspaper=India Today | last1=Abbas | first1=Ajmal | access-date=6 September 2024 | archive-date=6 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906115937/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-rape-murder-reclaim-the-night-protest-thousands-women-west-bengal-demand-justice-2593964-2024-09-05 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 1 October, doctors belonging to the West Bengal Junior Doctors’ Front resumed their strike after they had partially lifted it due to the [[2024 West Bengal floods]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/1/doctors-in-indias-kolkata-resume-strike-demand-action-on-safety | title=Doctors in India's Kolkata resume strike, demand action on safety |work=Al Jazeera | access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><br />
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===Celebrities and politicians===<br />
[[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], and [[Alia Bhatt]] were among celebrities who posted on their social media accounts calling for justice for the victim.<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Kusumika |date=16 August 2024 |title=Hrithik Roshan Seeks FIERCE Justice For Kolkata Rape-Murder Victim, Urges For Punishment That |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-seeks-fierce-justice-for-kolkata-rape-murder-victim-urges-for-punishment-that-scares-article-112550802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816014702/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-seeks-fierce-justice-for-kolkata-rape-murder-victim-urges-for-punishment-that-scares-article-112550802 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Times Now News |publisher=Times Now}}</ref> Other celebrities such as [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Mohammed Siraj]] asked for severe punishment to the criminals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly Says 'Punishment Should Be Such That...', When Asked About Kolkata's RG Kar Rape-murder Case |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/sourav-ganguly-says-punishment-should-be-such-that-when-asked-about-kolkatas-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-9019143.html |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=News18 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819040204/https://www.news18.com/cricket/sourav-ganguly-says-punishment-should-be-such-that-when-asked-about-kolkatas-rg-kar-rape-murder-case-9019143.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Sourav Ganguly On Kolkata Rape-Murder Case: 'Punishment Should Be Such That...' |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-on-kolkata-rape-murder-case-demands-strict-punishment-statement-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-1710959 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=ABP |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817143422/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-on-kolkata-rape-murder-case-demands-strict-punishment-statement-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-1710959 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harbhajan Singh]], former cricketer and [[Rajya Sabha]] MP for the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], wrote a letter requesting that the Chief Minister and governor of West Bengal take swift action regarding the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title='With deep anguish... ': Harbhajan Singh pens 'heartfelt plea' to Mamata Banerjee, calls for systematic change |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-former-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-writes-to-cm-mamata-banerjee-requests-swift-action/articleshow/112604356.cms |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-former-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-writes-to-cm-mamata-banerjee-requests-swift-action/articleshow/112604356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/john-abraham-warns-boys-after-kolkata-rape-murder-case-behave-or-i-will-tear-you-apart-2586961-2024-08-23|title=John Abraham on Kolkata rape-murder case: Parents should tell boys to behave|date=23 August 2024 |publisher=India Today|access-date=24 August 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824022431/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/john-abraham-warns-boys-after-kolkata-rape-murder-case-behave-or-i-will-tear-you-apart-2586961-2024-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 August 2024, President [[Droupadi Murmu]] described the incident as horrific.<ref>{{cite web |title="Enough Is Enough": President On Kolkata Horror, Crimes Against Women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-droupadi-murmu-on-kolkata-rape-murder-case-society-needs-honest-unbiased-self-introspection-6436151 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
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===International===<br />
The incident drew international attention, resulting in protests by the Indian community in Australia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor murder-rape case: UK, Germany, Bangladesh and other countries hold protest to show solidarity |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-murder-rape-case-uk-germany-bangladesh-and-other-countries-hold-protest-to-show-solidarity/articleshow/112583853.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817154115/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-murder-rape-case-uk-germany-bangladesh-and-other-countries-hold-protest-to-show-solidarity/articleshow/112583853.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Kolkata RG Kar horror: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Australia join global protests to express solidarity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-rg-kar-horror-pakistan-bangladesh-and-australia-join-global-protests-to-express-solidarity/articleshow/112596017.cms|access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819041133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-rg-kar-horror-pakistan-bangladesh-and-australia-join-global-protests-to-express-solidarity/articleshow/112596017.cms#:~:text=A%20silent%20protest%20was%20held,,%20a%20Sydney-based%20doctor. |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2024 |title=US, UK to Germany, outrage over RG Kar horror spreads in Bengali diaspora huddles, gatherings, protests |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/in-pictures-united-states-of-america-united-kingdom-to-germany-outrage-over-rg-kar-horror-spreads-in-bengali-diaspora-huddles-gatherings-protests-photogallery/cid/2041618 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817144007/https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/in-pictures-united-states-of-america-united-kingdom-to-germany-outrage-over-rg-kar-horror-spreads-in-bengali-diaspora-huddles-gatherings-protests-photogallery/cid/2041618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: From New York City to London, demand for justice blurs borders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-from-new-york-city-to-london-demand-for-justice-blurs-borders/articleshow/112575624.cms |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819041209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-from-new-york-city-to-london-demand-for-justice-blurs-borders/articleshow/112575624.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Fresh protests were held on 8 September by the [[Indian diaspora]] in solidarity with the victim. Demonstrations were held in 130 cities in 25 countries, including the United States, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests Held Across 25 Countries Over Kolkata Doctor's Rape-Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-hospital-protests-across-25-countries-over-130-cities-over-kolkata-rape-murder-case-6520789 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-09 |title=Thousands take to streets in 25 countries: Protests over Kolkata rape-murder erupt across 130 cities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thousands-take-to-streets-in-25-countries-protests-over-kolkata-rape-murder-erupt-across-130-cities/articleshow/113177913.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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A solidarity rally was also held by students of the [[University of Dhaka]] in Bangladesh on 16 August in support of the protests in Kolkata, with the slogan ''Awaaz Tolo Nari'' (Raise Your Voice, Women).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=DU students protest in solidarity with Kolkata's demonstrations |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/354968/du-students-protest-in-solidarity-with-kolkata |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reaction of West Bengal government following incident ==<br />
===Criticism===<br />
The West Bengal government, led by the [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC), has been criticised for lapses regarding the security and safety of women in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title="West Bengal govt not capable, wants to help accused": Congress leaders criticize Mamata Banerjee over trainee doctor's murder |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/west-bengal-govt-not-capable-wants-to-help-accused-congress-leaders-criticize-mamata-banerjee-over-trainee-doctors-murder20240813192442/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013433/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/west-bengal-govt-not-capable-wants-to-help-accused-congress-leaders-criticize-mamata-banerjee-over-trainee-doctors-murder20240813192442/ |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Kolkata Death Case: उपद्रवियों ने RG Kar मेडिकल कॉलेज में की तोड़फोड़, पुलिस पर किया पथराव, रेप-मर्डर पर भारी बवाल |url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-mob-vandalised-crime-scene-during-midnight-protest-bjp-blames-tmc-1919218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816043935/https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-mob-vandalised-crime-scene-during-midnight-protest-bjp-blames-tmc-1919218.html |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=moneycontrol |language=hi}}</ref> The Indian Medical Association and members of the opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] accused the West Bengal government, under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], and state police of being directly accountable for the incident, asserting that the vandalism on the night of 14 August was perpetrated by "TMC goons" in order to destroy evidence related to the case.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2024 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Saikat Kumar |title=Mob Vandalised Kolkata Doctor Rape Murder Case Crime Scene? Cops Respond |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-mob-vandalised-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-crime-scene-cops-respond-6341933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815065553/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-rg-kar-medical-college-mob-vandalised-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-crime-scene-cops-respond-6341933 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Swati |date=15 August 2024 |title=Bengal Government And Vandalism: IMA's Take On The Collapse Of Public Order |url=https://www.newsx.com/national/bengal-government-and-vandalism-imas-take-on-the-collapse-of-public-order/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816014235/https://www.newsx.com/national/bengal-government-and-vandalism-imas-take-on-the-collapse-of-public-order/ |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Newsx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=9 arrested after mob tries to vandalise crime scene at Kolkata's RG Kar Medical College |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-9-arrested-after-mob-tries-to-vandalise-crime-scene-at-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-441651-2024-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815124610/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-9-arrested-after-mob-tries-to-vandalise-crime-scene-at-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-441651-2024-08-15 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref> TMC MP [[Mahua Moitra]] denied any allegations that her party and the Chief Minister were involved in any systematic cover-up, calling such claims "absolutely wrong and incorrect".<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=No cover-up by West Bengal govt: Mahua Moitra slams BJP of calling TMC women MPs "Gungi gudiya" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/no-cover-up-by-west-bengal-govt-mahua-moitra-slams-bjp-of-calling-tmc-women-mps-gungi-gudiya20240815232128/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815195908/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/no-cover-up-by-west-bengal-govt-mahua-moitra-slams-bjp-of-calling-tmc-women-mps-gungi-gudiya20240815232128/ |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=ANI News}}</ref><br />
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===New laws===<br />
The West Bengal government introduced a new bill in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] on 3 September 2024 named the Aparajita Woman and Child Bill (West Bengal Criminal Laws and Amendment), 2024. West Bengal became the first state in India to make an amendment in central laws for crimes of a sexual nature against women and children. The bill was passed unanimously in the assembly and was sent to the Governor [[C. V. Ananda Bose]] and to President [[Droupadi Murmu]] for assent. The bill will amend the application of the recently updated [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|Indian penal code]] in West Bengal. It entailed [[Capital punishment in India|death penalty]] for convicts of rape and other unnatural sexual offences if it resulted in death of the victim or left the victim in a vegetative state. It also provides for a life sentence without parole for those convicted in other cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Bengal anti-rape bill passed amid 'Mamata Banerjee vs BJP' fireworks in assembly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-anti-rape-bill-aparajita-woman-and-child-bill-introduced-mamata-banerjee-bjp-2592722-2024-09-03 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903100343/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-anti-rape-bill-aparajita-woman-and-child-bill-introduced-mamata-banerjee-bjp-2592722-2024-09-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: West Bengal government tables anti-rape Bill, what are provisions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-doctors-rape-murder-west-bengal-government-tables-anti-rape-bill-what-are-provisions/articleshow/113013031.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title='No one talks about ... ': Under fire over Kolkata rape-murder case, Mamata Banerjee hits back at BJP with Unnao, Hathras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-one-talks-about-under-fire-over-kolkata-rape-murder-case-mamata-banerjee-hits-back-at-bjp-with-unnao-hathras/articleshow/113017457.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In addition, a special task force led by a female officer will be created to help accelerate investigations into rape cases, dedicated courts will be created to fast-track these types of cases, penalties will be introduced for unreasonable delays in investigations, and a time limit of 21 days (with a possible 15 day extension) to issue a decision will be instituted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Trisha |date=2024-09-03 |title=West Bengal Assembly in India passes bill mandating life in prison or death penalty for rape convictions |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/west-bengal-assembly-india-passes-bill-mandating-life/story?id=113344652 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906183832/https://abcnews.go.com/International/west-bengal-assembly-india-passes-bill-mandating-life/story?id=113344652 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Legal practitioners have criticsed the bill as an "attempt to exploit 'collective amnesia' and divert criticism over the recent incident."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Amit |title=West Bengal's Aparajita Bill: Exploiting collective amnesia? |date=8 October 2024 |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/west-bengal-bill-exploiting-collective-amnesia |publisher=Bar and Bench |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> The Bill has been {{Weasel inline|text=universally panned|date=January 2025}} as regressive, unconstitutional, and anti-feminist, with the retired Supreme Court Judge Ashok Ganguly terming it "a political gimmick to divert attention from unrest."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chattopadhay |first1=Shruhid |title=Aparajita Bill a political gimmick to divert attention from unrest over RG Kar: Justice Asok Ganguly |date=23 September 2024 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/interviews/aparajita-bill-supreme-court-rg-kar-medical-college-and-hospital-kolkata-mamata-banerjee-trinamool-congress/article68667413.ece |publisher=Frontline |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref><br />
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==Negotiations==<br />
[[West Bengal Junior Doctors' Front|WBJDF]], representative of protesting medical fraternity, ignored the request of the Supreme Court to cease protests by 10 September and staged a sit-in protest at the headquarters of the West Bengal health department, Swasthya Bhavan in the [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] area of Kolkata after which they were invited for talks with the Chief Minister, Mamata Banerjee.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Kolkata Doctor Rape-Murder Case Highlights: 'Ready to resign as CM, want justice for RG Kar victim,' says Mamata as doctors refuse to meet without live telecast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-rg-kar-mamata-banerjee-9561346/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata rape: India doctors defy court order to continue strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6y60v2390o |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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The doctors sought a delegation of 30 members to represent them which was accepted by the state government after an initial request to limit the number to 15. The delegation sought a live telecast of the negotiations which was not agreed by the government due to which the delegation did not attend the meeting with the Chief Minister.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Mamata Banerjee remarked that she was ready to resign and she too, wants justice for the victim. However, the protesting medical fraternity remarked that they did not seek her resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Rape-Murder Highlights: Doctors still hopeful of talks with Mamata as CM reiterates stance on wanting justice |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-west-bengal-cbi-mamata-banerjee-tmc-supreme-court-bjp-protests-cease-work-sanjoy-roy-sandip-ghosh-latest-news-ima-ed-3187300 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
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She announced that the patient welfare committees of all the government hospitals stand dissolved with immediate effect. The doctors said, after a surprise visit by her to their place of protest, they said that they were ready to talks with the government and that their demands are not unjustified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case live updates: 'Will not take action against you… this is not UP,' says Mamata, appeals to protesting doctors to return to work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-live-updates-protests-mamata-rg-kar-9565268/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-14 |title='This is my last attempt to resolve crisis': West Bengal CM Mamata makes surprise visit to protest site of junior doctors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/this-is-my-last-attempt-to-resolve-crisis-west-bengal-cm-mamata-makes-surprise-visit-to-protest-site-of-junior-doctors/articleshow/113345384.cms |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 17 September 2024, after a successful meeting between the chief minister and the delegation of junior doctors, the Kolkata police commissioner Vineet Goyal and a deputy police commissioner were removed from their posts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mondal |first1=Rittick |last2=Saha |first2=Rajesh |title=Mamata Banerjee agrees to doctors' demands, announces removal of Kolkata top cop |date=17 September 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-protesting-doctors-demand-kolkata-police-commissioner-vineet-goyal-to-be-removed-2600968-2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917174208/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-protesting-doctors-demand-kolkata-police-commissioner-vineet-goyal-to-be-removed-2600968-2024-09-17 |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2024-09-18 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He was sacked but transferred to as new Additional Director General of Police in West Bengal State Special Task Force on the same day, replacing Manoj Verma as new commissioner of Kolkata Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-manoj-kumar-verma-replaces-vineet-goyal-as-kolkata-police-commissioner/article68651329.ece|title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: Manoj Kumar Verma takes charge as new Kolkata Police Commissioner|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2024|access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><br />
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==National Task Force==<br />
The '''National Task Force (NTF) for safety of medical professionals at the workplace''' was set up by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the aftermath.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=Alleged rape and murder incident of a trainee doctor in R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata and related issues|work=Supreme Court of India |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2024/37351/37351_2024_1_66_54902_Judgement_20-Aug-2024.pdf|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=RG Kar Hospital Case: Surgeon Vice Admiral R Sarin, Dr D Nageshwar Reddy included in SC's National Task Force |work=Business Today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/rg-kar-hospital-case-sc-to-form-national-task-force-to-work-on-norms-for-doctors-safety-at-workplace-442170-2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> On 20 August 2024, a three-judge bench led by the Supreme Court [[Chief Justice of India]] [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] and including Justice [[J. B. Pardiwala]] and Justice [[Manoj Misra]] constituted a 9-member task force to work out suggestions to improve the safety of medical professionals at the workspace.<ref name="SC1">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=Supreme Court forms task force for safety of medicos |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-national-task-force-doctors-safety-9523280/ |access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Establishment===<br />
On 18 August 2024, the Supreme Court of India took ''[[Sua sponte|suo moto]]'' cognizance of the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=Supreme Court takes suo motu cognizance of Kolkata doctor rape-murder incident, lists case for August 20|work=The Hindu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-suo-motu-cognizance-of-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-incident-9520799/|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> A three-judge Supreme Court bench headed by the Chief Justice of India D. Y. Chandrachud heard the matter on 20 August 2024 and constituted a National Task Force (NTF) to ensure workplace safety for medical professionals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=SC constitutes 10-member task force to formulate protocol for ensuring safety of doctors|work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sc-constitutes-10-member-task-force-to-formulate-protocol-for-ensuring-safety-of-doctors/articleshow/112651176.cms/|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> The NTF was asked by the Supreme Court to submit its interim report within three weeks and the final report within two months.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=India's top court creates safety task force after rape, murder of doctor|work=Aljazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/20/indias-top-court-creates-safety-task-force-after-rape-murder-of-doctor|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Members===<br />
The Supreme Court of India appointed the members of the National Task Force which includes medical professionals in India and the office holders of several Indian medical organisations:<ref name="SC1" /><br />
<br />
* [[Surgeon Vice-Admiral|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Arti Sarin|Aarti Sarin]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]<br />
* Dr. [[D. Nageshwara Reddy|D. Nageshwar Reddy]]: Chairman of the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology and AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad<br />
* Dr. [[M. Srinivas (medical professional)|M. Srinivas]]: Director of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi]]<br />
* Dr. [[M. V. Padma Srivastava]]: Chairperson of Neurology at [[Paras Healthcare|Paras Healthcare, Gurugram]]<br />
* Dr. Pratima Murthy: Director and a senior professor of psychiatry at the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore]]<br />
* Dr. Goverdhan Dutt Puri: Executive Director of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur|All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur]]<br />
* Dr. Saumitra Rawat: Chairperson of the Institute of Surgical Gastroenterology, GI and HPB Onco-Surgery, and Liver Transplantation at [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi]]<br />
* Dr. Anita Saxena: Vice-Chancellor of [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences|Pandit B D Sharma Medical University, Rohtak]]<br />
* Dr. Pallavi Saple: Dean, [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals]], Mumbai<br />
<br />
====Ex-officio members====<br />
* [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India]]<br />
* [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Secretary]]<br />
* Chairperson, [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC)<br />
* President, [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]] (NBEMS)<br />
<br />
===Activities===<br />
The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] contributed logistics and funding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=Memo issued on National Task Force for doctors' safety|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/memo-issued-on-national-task-force-for-doctors-safety/|access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> After 27 August 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Healthcare professionals' safety: NTF holds first meeting; launches portal|work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/healthcare-professionals-safety-ntf-holds-first-meeting-launches-portal-101724763072176.html|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> a portal was created to seek suggestions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Health ministry creates national portal to seek suggestion on safety and working conditions of medical staff|work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/kolkata-rape-health-ministry-national-task-force-safety-working-conditions-medicos-medical-institutions-duty-room-11724761167626.html|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> Suggestions included improved CCTV cameras coverage, access control, and checking up on staff.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=From CCTV cameras in blind spots to limiting access to hospitals, what task force on health workers' safety discussed with states|work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cctv-cameras-blind-spots-health-workers-safety-9537939/|access-date=2024-08-30 }}</ref> [[States and union territories of India|State]] governments were requested to list existing security measures,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=First NTF meet to ensure safety of healthcare workers, launches portal|work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/28/first-ntf-meet-to-ensure-safety-of-healthcare-workers-launches-portal|access-date=2024-09-01 }}</ref> (they run most health facilities) before meeting two NTF members about temporary solutions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=National task force holds first meeting; talks with states today|work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-task-force-holds-first-meeting-talks-with-states-today-9536698/|access-date=2024-09-01 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 27 August, 300-400 suggestions were received.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Received 300-400 suggestions from stakeholders: National Task Force|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-task-force-for-safety-of-healthcare-professionals-meets-to-hold-wider-consultations-with-medical-bodies/article68572474.ece|access-date=2024-08-28 }}</ref> The [[Telangana]] Teaching Government Doctors Association (TTGDA) highlighted infrastructure, staffing, security and administration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=TTGDA writes to National Task Force|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ttgda-writes-to-national-task-force/article68566205.ece|access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh]] Government Doctors' Association (APGDA) sent nine recommendations including a Special Protection Force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Deployment of Special Protection Force first among recommendations sent by Andhra doctors' body to National Task Force |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/deployment-of-special-protection-force-first-among-recommendations-sent-by-andhra-doctors-body-to-national-task-force/article68576175.ece |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
The NTF examines both safety and security.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title="Heads Need To Be Pro-Active": Task Force Member On Doctors' Safety On Duty|work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/heads-need-to-be-pro-active-task-force-member-on-doctors-safety-on-duty-6436362|access-date=2024-08-30 }}</ref> The [[Indian Medical Association]] lobbied for laws including declaring hospitals as safe zones.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=IMA Urges National Task Force For Central Law On Violence Against Doctors, Declares Hospitals As Safe Zones|work=NewsX |url=https://www.newsx.com/national/ima-urges-national-task-force-for-central-law-on-violence-against-doctors-declares-hospitals-as-safe-zones/|access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]<br />
* [[2019 India doctors' strike]]<br />
* [[Aruna Shanbaug case]]<br />
* [[Censorship of Wikipedia]]<br />
* [[Rape in India]]<br />
* {{slink|Violence against healthcare professionals by country|India}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Rape in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata rape and murder incident, 2024}}<br />
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:August 2024 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Kolkata|2024 rape and murder]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]<br />
[[Category:Female murder victims]]<br />
[[Category:Rape in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rape in the 2020s]]<br />
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Medical scandals in India]]<br />
[[Category:School sexual abuse scandals]]<br />
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]<br />
[[Category:2024 scandals]]<br />
[[Category:Censorship of Wikipedia]]<br />
[[Category:Torture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Kolkata]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bir_Tikendrajit_International_Airport&diff=491830Bir Tikendrajit International Airport2026-05-04T19:18:23Z<p>Arshelina: added a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Airport in Manipur, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| nativename-a = <br />
| nativename-r = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location = Tulihal, Imphal, [[Manipur]], [[India]]<br />
| metric-elev = yes<br />
| elevation-m = 774<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|45|36|N|093|53|48|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_label = '''IMF'''<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| metric-rwy = Yes<br />
| name = Bir Tikendrajit International Airport <br />
| image = Imphal airport.jpg<br />
| image-width = 300<br />
| IATA = IMF<br />
| ICAO = VEIM<br />
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner = [[Government of Manipur]]<br />
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| owner-oper = <br />
| city-served = [[Imphal]]<br />
| elevation-f = 2,540<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/imphal|Imphal Airport}}<br />
| r1-number = 04/22<br />
| r1-length-m = 2,746<br />
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 1,406,227 ({{increase}} 10.3%)<br />
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat2-data = 12,385 ({{decrease}} 3.7%)<br />
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat3-data = 6,199 ({{increase}} 38.5%)<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Manipur<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bir Tikendrajit International Airport'''{{efn|"Bir Tikendrajit International Airport" is named after [[Tikendrajit Singh|Bir Tikendrajit]] ([[Meitei language|Meitei name]]: ''Athouba Koirengsana''), a [[Meitei people|Meitei prince]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]]}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renaming of Imphal Int'l Airport evokes reactions; orgs. demand revocation of resolution - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/renaming-of-imphal-intl-airport-evokes-reactions-orgs-demand-revocation-of-resolution/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=Eastern Mirror Nagaland |date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828161507/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/renaming-of-imphal-intl-airport-evokes-reactions-orgs-demand-revocation-of-resolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bir Tikendrajit International Airport Opposition raised against new name |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Aug-28-Expressing-disappointment-at-the-renaming-of-Tulihal-International-Airport-as-Bir-Tikendrajit-International-Airport-the-Indigenous-People-s-Association-of-Kangl.amp.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=The Sangai Express |date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828163302/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Aug-28-Expressing-disappointment-at-the-renaming-of-Tulihal-International-Airport-as-Bir-Tikendrajit-International-Airport-the-Indigenous-People-s-Association-of-Kangl.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[IATA]]: '''IMF,''' [[ICAO]]: '''VEIM'''), also known as '''Imphal Airport''',{{efn|"Imphal International Airport" is the most common name but not the official name of the airport. It is called so because it is located in the [[Imphal]] city of [[Manipur]].}} and formerly known as '''Tulihal International Airport''',{{efn|"Tulihal International Airport" is named after "Ebudhou Tulihal", a [[Sanamahism|Meitei]] guardian deity of the area where the airport is located.}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Imphal]], the capital of [[Manipur]], [[India]], located 7&nbsp;km south from the city centre. It is the second-largest and the third-busiest airport in [[Northeast India]] after [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]] in [[Guwahati]] and [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]] in [[Agartala]]. The airport had functioned as an all-weather Royal Air Force (RAF) base during World War II. It replaced civilian operations from [[Koirengei Airfield]] in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Retd Lt Col M Ranjit Singh |url= https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Koirengei_Airfield_From_airfield_to_a_historical_site_or_a_parking_space_By_M_Ranjit |title= Koirengei Airfield: From airfield to a historical site or a parking space? |website=e-pao.net |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
In June 2019, [[Airport Authority of India|Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) implemented {{INRConvert|3400|c}} projects for the upgrading of various airports in the northeastern region. {{INRConvert|720|c}} will be spent further upgrading of Imphal Airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/agartala-airport-to-be-3rd-international-airport-in-northeast/articleshow/69836963.cms|title=Agartala airport to be 3rd international airport in northeast|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=20 June 2019|date=18 June 2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The project includes a {{INRConvert|600|c}} integrated terminal building and airside infrastructure like new aircraft parking bays (areas at an airport where aircraft can be parked, unloaded, loaded, refuelled, boarded, or maintained) and link taxiways, a new [[Air traffic control|Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower and a control and technical block.<ref name="TH1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kitco-to-set-up-new-terminal-building-at-imphal-airport/article26580342.ece|title=Kitco to set up new terminal building at Imphal airport|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 November 2019|date=19 March 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221083702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kitco-to-set-up-new-terminal-building-at-imphal-airport/article26580342.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The new terminal building will have an area of 28,125 sq.m. to handle 1,200 peak hour passengers (200 international & 1,000 domestic), an apron with four [[aerobridges]] and eight parking bays for [[Airbus A321]] type aircraft, two link taxiways, and an ATC tower.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=4 Bidders for Imphal Airport's New Terminal Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/22/4-bidders-for-imphal-airports-new-terminal-contract/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423033516/https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/22/4-bidders-for-imphal-airports-new-terminal-contract/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Airlines and destinations ==<br />
<!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --><br />
{{Airport-dest-list <br />
<!-- --><br />
|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express Flight Schedule|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/flight-schedule|access-date=22 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522080017/https://www.airindiaexpress.com/flight-schedule|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]| [[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Three new flights connecting Assam, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram launched; check schedule|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/three-new-flights-connecting-assam-arunachal-meghalaya-manipur-mizoram-launched-check-schedule/ar-AA13xvZQ|work=Times Now|date=30 October 2022|access-date=30 October 2022|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030145038/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/three-new-flights-connecting-assam-arunachal-meghalaya-manipur-mizoram-launched-check-schedule/ar-AA13xvZQ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airindia.in/alliance-air.htm|title=Alliance Air Schedule|publisher=[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109041931/http://www.airindia.in/alliance-air.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Alliance Air Flags Off Silchar–Imphal Flight Service: 30 Passengers To Reach Destination In 35 Mins|url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/alliance-air-flags-off-silchar-imphal-flight-service-30-passengers-to-reach-destination-in-35-mins/|work=Barak Bulletin|date=25 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126062917/https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/alliance-air-flags-off-silchar-imphal-flight-service-30-passengers-to-reach-destination-in-35-mins/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tezu Airport|Tezu]]<ref name="Alliance Air inaugurates Tezu-Imphal-Tezu route under the RCS UDAN Scheme on 18th Oct’24">{{cite web|url=https://x.com/ImphalAPD/status/1847236931895365984|title=Alliance Air inaugurates Tezu-Imphal-Tezu route under the RCS UDAN Scheme on 18th Oct'24|work=Twitter|accessdate=19 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/new-flights.html|title=New Flights Information, Status & Schedule &#124; IndiGo|website=www.goindigo.in|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331083931/https://www.goindigo.in/information/new-flights.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]<ref name="Shillong New Flights">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aaishillong/status/1376519517371658242/photo/1|title=Shillong Airport new flights schedule|work=Twitter|accessdate=31 March 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513043809/https://twitter.com/aaishillong/status/1376519517371658242/photo/1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
|{{nowrap|[[Mingalar Aviation Services]]}}|'''Charter:''' [[Mandalay International Airport|Mandalay]]{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
===Busiest flights===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:89%; align=center;"<br />
|+ '''Busiest flights out of Imphal per weekly, as of 20 May 2025.'''<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/imf | title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map }}</ref><br />
|- style="background:darkgrey;"<br />
! |Rank|| |Destinations|| |Frequency (weekly)<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]]<br />
|37<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
||[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<br />
|36<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]]<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Agartala Airport|Agartala]]<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]]<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]]<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Silchar Airport|Silchar]]<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Accidents and incidents ==<br />
* On 16 August 1991, [[Indian Airlines Flight 257]] crashed while on approach to the airport, killing all 69 people on board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910816-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 Advanced VT-EFL Imphal Municipal Airport (IMF)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106192139/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910816-1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Trilingual signboard in the Imphal International Airport (Tulihal International Airport) displaying in Meitei, Hindi and English languages.jpg|A [[trilingual]] signboard in the airport displaying in [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), Hindi and English<br />
File:A Child Care Room in the Imphal International Airport, showing multilingualism of Meitei, Hindi and English.jpg|A Child Care Room in the Imphal International Airport with a signboard in [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] languages, showing official [[multilingualism in India]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Kangla Helipad]] ([[Manung Kangjeibung]])<br />
* [[Kakching#Aerodrome|Kakching Aerodrome]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons-inline}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121009062805/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/imphal_gen.jsp Imphal Airport] at the [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
<br />
{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
{{USAAF 10th Air Force World War II}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:International airports in India]]<br />
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Imphal]]<br />
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Imphal]]<br />
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Hathras_gang_rape_and_murder&diff=4827532020 Hathras gang rape and murder2026-05-02T05:27:16Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Torture, gang rape, and murder incident in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = 2020 Hathras Gang Rape and Murder<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map = {{Location map|India Uttar Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|27.60|N|78.05|E}}}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.60|N|78.05|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|09|14}}<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = <br />
| type = [[Rape]], [[murder]], [[Dragging death|dragging]] and [[strangling]] (with [[dupatta]])<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Dalit girl, victim of brutal gang rape, dies in Delhi hospital">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Uttar Pradesh Dalit girl, victim of brutal gang rape, dies in Delhi hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-girl-gangraped-by-upper-caste-men-in-uttar-pradeshs-hathras-dies-in-delhi-hospital/article32721406.ece |access-date=2 May 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502051119/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-girl-gangraped-by-upper-caste-men-in-uttar-pradeshs-hathras-dies-in-delhi-hospital/article32721406.ece |archive-date=2 May 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref> <br />
| fatalities = 1<br />
| injuries = <br />
| perpetrators = 4<br />
| susperps = <!-- or | susperp = --><br />
| weapons = <br />
| numparts = <br />
| motive = <br />
| inquiry = <br />
| coroner = <br />
| accused = Sandip Thakur, Ramu Thakur, Lavkush Thakur and Ravi Thakur<ref name=timesofindia-29Sep20>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuja |title=Rape survivor moved to Delhi, 'spine damage permanent'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rape-survivor-moved-to-delhi-spine-damage-permanent/articleshow/78375589.cms |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times Now Network (TNN) |date=29 September 2020}}</ref><br />
| convicted = Sandeep Thakur - For culpable homicide (IPC 304)<br />
| verdict = No Rape or Murder Proven<br />
| convictions = 3 accused Ramu Thakur, Lavkush Thakur and Ravi Thakur were released by the court. None of them were present at the crime spot. <br />
<br />
Sandeep Thakur convicted for culpable homicide (IPC 304) and no rape charges (IPC 374) established.<br />
| charges = murder, gang rape<ref name=DNAIndia-29Sep20/> and violations of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]].<ref name=timesofindia-28Sep20/><br />
| litigation = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
On 14 September 2020, a gang-rape of a 19-year-old woman was reported in [[Hathras district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], by four men. She died two weeks later in a [[Delhi]] hospital.<ref name=timesofindia-29Sep20/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hathras gangrape: Dalit woman succumbs to injuries in Delhi; security beefed up outside hospital amid protests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hathras-dalit-gangrape-victim-dies-6629876/ |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Johari|first1=Aarefa|date=30 September 2020|title=In videos: How the Dalit woman raped in Hathras was cremated without letting her family say goodbye|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/article/974529/in-videos-how-the-dalit-woman-raped-in-hathras-was-cremated-without-letting-her-family-say-goodbye|access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="2020 Hathras Gang-Rape-Murder Case: A Timeline">{{cite news |title=2020 Hathras Gang-Rape-Murder Case: A Timeline |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2020-hathras-gang-rape-murder-case-timeline-of-events-3828057 |access-date=2 May 2026 |publisher=NDTV |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502051742/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2020-hathras-gang-rape-murder-case-timeline-of-events-3828057 |archive-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hathras gang-rape case: A look at the timeline as UP court sets 3 accused free">{{cite news |title=Hathras gang-rape case: A look at the timeline as UP court sets 3 accused free |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hathras-gang-rape-case-a-look-at-the-timeline-as-up-court-sets-3-accused-free-11677748908293.html |access-date=2 May 2026 |publisher=Mint |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502052029/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hathras-gang-rape-case-a-look-at-the-timeline-as-up-court-sets-3-accused-free-11677748908293.html |archive-date=2 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Initially, it was reported that one accused had tried to kill her, later in her statement to the magistrate, the victim named four accused as having raped her.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Impunity in Hathras|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/hathras-dalit-woman-gangrape-6654041/|access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> No arrests were made in the first 10 days after the incident took place. After her death, the victim's body was forcefully cremated by the police without the consent of her family, although police claimed consent was obtained prior to cremation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halder |first1=Tanseem |last2=Mishra |first2=Himanshu |title=Hathras horror: Police, victim's family give contradictory accounts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-police-victim-s-family-give-contradictory-accounts-1727098-2020-09-30 |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 September 2020}}</ref><br />
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The case and its subsequent handling received widespread media attention and condemnation from across the country, and was the subject of protests against the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath]] [[government of Uttar Pradesh|government]] by activists and opposition.<ref name=Hindu-01Oct20>{{cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Hathras gang-rape: Opposition parties demand resignation of U.P. Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hathras-gang-rape-opposition-parties-demand-resignation-of-up-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath/article32734523.ece|access-date=2 October 2020| work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The mishandling of the case additionally caused a severe damage to the reputation of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], which faced harsh criticism from the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], lawyers and activists, who took-over the investigation after noticing the misconducts and the botched up investigation committed by the Uttar Pradesh Police.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-police-victim-s-family-give-contradictory-accounts-1727098-2020-09-30|title=Hathras horror: Police, victim's family give contradictory accounts|author=Tanseem Haider Himanshu Mishra |date=30 September 2020 |magazine=India Today|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002185750/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-police-victim-s-family-give-contradictory-accounts-1727098-2020-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Incident==<br />
The incident took place on 14 September 2020, when the victim, a 19-year-old [[Dalit]] woman, went to a farm to collect cattle fodder. According to the victim's dying statement, four men–Sandeep Thakur, Ramu Thakur, Lavkush Thakur and Ravi Thakur–dragged her away by the [[dupatta]] around her neck injuring her [[spinal cord]] in the process. The violence left her paralyzed with a severe spinal cord injury. Her tongue was cut off.{{Contradictory inline|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Another girl, raped and murdered |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/pritish-nandy/another-girl-raped-and-murdered/articleshow/78524751.cms |first1=Pritish |last1=Nandy |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> The perpetrators had tried to strangle the girl as she resisted their rape attempt. She ended up biting her tongue while being strangled.{{Contradictory inline|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kumar Dongare |first1=Akshay|last2=Pandey|first2=Alok|date=September 29, 2020|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|title=UP Woman, Gang-Raped And Tortured 2 Weeks Ago, Dies In Delhi Hospital|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/woman-gang-raped-and-assaulted-in-ups-hathras-two-weeks-ago-dies-in-delhi-hospital-2302445|access-date=2020-10-17|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Her cries were heard by her mother, who came to the spot to find her lying down in the farm. She was at first taken to the Chand Pa police station, where the [[Station house officer]], D. K. Verma, rejected her claims and, according to the family, humiliated them.<ref name=Quint-01Sep20>{{Cite news|last=Nandy|first=Asmita|date=1 October 2020|title='This Is All Drama': Accused's Kin on Hathras Dalit Girl's Assault|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/hathras-ground-report-who-are-the-accused-caste-discrimination|access-date=1 October 2020|work=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2020 |first=Anuja |last=Jaiswal |agency=TNN |title=Hathras rape survivor moved to Safdarjung, damage to spine permanent |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/hathras-rape-survivor-moved-to-safdarjung-damage-to-spine-permanent/articleshow/78370567.cms |access-date=4 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The police registered a complaint six days later, on 20 September.<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=इसे पढ़ लीजिए।|url=|access-date=3 October 2020|website=Twitter|language=hi|number=1307933617843134464|user=dm_hathras|author=DM Hathras|date=21 September 2020}}</ref> The police were able to record the victim's statement on 22 September.<ref name=hindustantimes-01Oct20>{{Cite news |first1=Hemendra |last1=Chaturvedi |first2=Dhrubo |last2=Jyoti |first3=Shiv |last3=Sunny |date=1 October 2020 |title=Hathras case: Cops contradict victim's statement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hathras-case-cops-contradict-victim-s-statement/story-ZZLwQAdckGVk2jZAWcAmyL.html |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In her three recorded statements, she mentioned that she was raped and, when she attempted to resist, strangled.<ref name="3 videos">{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuja |title=Hathras Case Update: In 3 videos, Hathras girl said she was raped, strangled when she resisted {{!}} Agra News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/in-3-videos-hathras-girl-said-she-was-raped-strangled-when-she-resisted/articleshow/78625815.cms |access-date=13 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |publisher=The Time of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
The victim was initially admitted to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh|Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital]] in [[Aligarh]] on 14 September,<ref name=timesofindia-30Sep20>{{cite news |title=Gang-raped & tortured, Dalit teen dies after 15-day battle |first1=Anuja |last1=Jaiswal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gang-raped-tortured-dalit-teen-dies-after-15-day-battle/articleshow/78395616.cms |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2020}}</ref> with her spinal cord severely damaged. She was later moved to the [[Safdarjung Hospital]] in Delhi, after her condition worsened. According to the police, the victim had been strangled with her [[dupatta]]. She died on 29 September 2020.<ref name="BBC-30Sep20">{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020 |title=Rape victim cremated 'without family's consent'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54351744|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=BBC-29Sep20>{{cite news |title=Hathras gang rape: India victim's death sparks outrage |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54335895 |work=BBC News |date=29 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|editor-last=Mishra|editor-first=Arti |date=29 September 2020|title=हाथरस गैंगरेप मामले में दलित युवती की मौत से लोगों में गुस्सा, कह रहे- इंसाफ दो…|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/others/hathras-gangrape-victim-death-people-demand-justice-angry-comments-on-social-media-ripmanishavalmiki-trending-on-social-media-4156213/|access-date=30 September 2020|website=[[india.com]]|language=hi}}</ref><br />
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The mother of the victim said that Sandeep and Lavkush had been harassing her and the victim for months.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hathras gangrape: Accused were harassing her for months, says mother of 19-year-old |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/hathras-gangrape-accused-were-harassing-her-for-months-says-mother-of-19-year-old/story-6MwdIIiEG2x7KHN0BUkQDN.html |date=4 October 2020 |access-date=4 October 2020|work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first1=Shiv |last1=Sunny}}</ref><br />
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The [[autopsy]] registered the cause of death as "injury to the cervical spine by blunt-force trauma". The report mentioned old healed injuries to her private parts,{{unclear inline|date=November 2025}} though the exact age is not mentioned. A scientific officer{{unclear inline|date=November 2025}} had clarified that the injuries of the rape incident could have been healed during the time period of treatment.{{unclear inline|date=November 2025}}<ref name=ndtv-02Oct20>{{Cite news |author-last1=Gunasekar |author-first1=Arvind |author-last2=Singh Sengar |author-first2=Mukesh |editor1-last=Ghosh |editor1-first=Deepshikha |date=2 October 2020 |title=No Rape In Hathras Case, Senior UP Cop Claims, Citing Forensic Report|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hathras-gang-rape-autopsy-report-shows-victim-was-strangled-suffered-cervical-spine-injury-2303696|access-date=3 October 2020|website=[[NDTV]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=thequint-01Oct20>{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=No Rape, Case Twisted to Cause Caste Tension: UP ADG on FSL Report|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/hathras-rape-victim-strangulated-suffered-spinal-injury-autopsy|access-date=1 October 2020|work=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Cremation ==<br />
The victim was forcefully cremated on the night at about 2:30 am <ref name="BBC-30Sep20"/> on 29 September 2020 by [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] without the consent of the victim's family.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Arun|date=30 September 2020|title=In UP Gang-Rape Tragedy, 2.30 am Cremation By Cops, Family Kept Out|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-hathras-rape-victim-cremated-by-cops-family-begged-to-pay-last-respects-2303004|access-date=3 October 2020|website=NDTV}}</ref> It was done without the family's consent and they were locked up in their house.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Hathras Gang Rape Case: परिवार का विरोध, पुलिस ने आधी रात जबरन कराया पीड़िता का अंतिम संस्कार|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/hathras-gang-rape-case-uproar-over-victim-funeral-in-night-women-lying-in-front-of-ambulance-heavy-police-deployment-in-hatras|access-date=30 September 2020|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Hathras Gangrape Case: Police forcibly took away body for cremation, says victim's brother|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/hathras-gang-rape-police-forcibly-took-away-body-for-cremation-says-victims-brother/articleshow/78398208.cms|access-date=3 October 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera-02Oct20>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2020 |title=India Dalit rape victim family 'locked up as police burned body' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/2/hathras-they-locked-us-inside-our-home-and-burnt-her-body |access-date=4 October 2020 |first1=Hanan |last1=Zaffar |first2=Karan |last2=Anand}}</ref> According to reports petrol was used for cremation.<ref name=aljazeera-02Oct20 /> However Prashant Kumar, [[Additional director general of police|ADG]] (law and order), said that the family's consent was obtained.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Analiza |date=30 September 2020 |title=Hathras horror: UP ADG denies claims of forceful cremation, says family's consent was taken |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hathras-gangrape-up-adg-prashant-kumar-denies-claims-of-forceful-cremation-of-victim-says-family-consent-taken-653409 |url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2020|website=[[India TV]]|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004103300/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hathras-gangrape-up-adg-prashant-kumar-denies-claims-of-forceful-cremation-of-victim-says-family-consent-taken-653409 |archive-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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The reports of the forced cremation led the [[Allahabad High Court]] to take [[suo moto]] cognisance. The bench also asked the victim's family, the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police to appear before it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Sanjay |date=1 October 2020|title=Hathras case: Allahabad HC takes suo moto cognizance, seeks report from UP govt, police |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-case-allahabad-hc-seeks-report-from-up-govt-police-1727477-2020-10-01|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> The bench added, "The incidents which took place after the death of the victim on 29.09.2020 leading up to her cremation, have shocked our conscience".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=1 October 2020 |title=Cremation of victim shocked our conscience, says Allahabad High Court |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cremation-of-hathras-rape-victim-shocked-our-conscience-says-allahabad-high-court/article32747271.ece |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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==Police and administration==<br />
When the news broke out initially through social media, Agra Police, Hathras [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]], and UP's Information & Public Relations called it "fake news".<ref>{{cite news |last=Sengar|first=Shweta |date=30 September 2020 |title=Brushing It As Fake News To Cremating In Secrecy, UP Police Sabotaged Hathras Gangrape Case |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/up-police-sabotaged-hathras-gangrape-case-brushing-it-as-fake-news-to-cremating-in-secrecy-524033.html |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[IndiaTimes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|title=फेक न्यूज़ के विरुद्ध कार्यवाई करते हुए अभी तक 105 FIR पंजीकृत कराई गई हैं और विभिन्न जनपदों में 26 लोगों को गिरफ्तार किया गया है।|language=hi|number=1309787064137785345|user=ShishirGoUP|author=Shishir <!-- should we add his designation? -->|date=26 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|title=आज दिनांक 24.09.2020 को जनपद आगरा में 19 वर्षीय दलित युवती के साथ बताई जा रही सामूहिक बलात्कार की घटना न तो किसी भी थाने में पंजीकृत हुई है और न ही आगरा पुलिस के संज्ञान में है। कृपया भ्रामक सूचना न फैलाएं।|url=|access-date=3 October 2020|website=Twitter|language=hi|number=1309022690305601542|user=agrapolice|author=Agra Police|date=24 September 2020}}</ref> Later, a senior UP Police officer claimed that no sperm was found in samples as per forensic report and that some people had "twisted" the incident to stir "caste-based tension." The officer also said that the forensic report revealed that the victim was not raped.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Hathras woman not raped: UP Police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hathras-woman-not-raped-up-police/articleshow/78426901.cms|access-date=3 October 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, Experts have alleged this evidence is unreliable, citing guidelines that state swabs to test for sperm should only be taken if the assault might have occurred in the previous three days. After three to four days, swabs should be taken to test only for semen, not for sperm. Kumar also stated that the forensic report had found "no semen or semen excretion"; a retired officer quoted by the BBC criticized that "Police officers should not jump to conclusions. The presence or absence of semen by itself does not prove rape. We need a lot of other circumstantial and other evidence."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=2020-10-02|title=Hathras case: Are Indian state police trying to discount a woman's story of rape?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54370087|access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref><br />
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Reports indicated that the family faced pressure from the administration. A video emerged in which the [[Hathras]] District Magistrate is seen pressuring the family into changing their statement. He could be heard saying "Don’t ruin your credibility. These media people will leave in a couple of days. Half have already left, the rest will leave in 2{{ndash}}3 days. We are the ones standing with you. Now it depends on you if you want to keep changing your testimony...."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 October 2020|title=Media will be gone, we will remain: DM tells Hathras rape victim's family|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/media-will-be-gone-we-will-remain-dm-tells-hathras-rape-victims-family-896149.html|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><!-- add administration's defence on this --><br />
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On 3 October, the state government suspended five police officers including the Superintendent of Police.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=Hathras gang rape: India police suspended amid public outcry|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/3/police-officers-suspended-in-india-over-gang-rape-investigation |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> The Station House Officer of Chand Pa Police Station D. K. Verma was subsequently transferred for failure to act promptly, refusing to file a report, and humiliating the victim and her family.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|title=Hathras gangrape case: SHO transferred to police lines for failing to 'act promptly'|date=27 September 2020 |magazine=India Today|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180959/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' and others reported that the Uttar Pradesh government employed Concept PR, a Mumbai public relations firm. The PR firm allegedly sent out press releases (on behalf of the government) stating that the Hathras teenager was not raped. The press releases also alluded to a conspiracy to push the state of Uttar Pradesh into caste turmoil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2020 |title=Now, PR agency pushes Adityanath government line that Hathras woman was not raped |work=[[Scroll.in]] |url=https://scroll.in/article/974753/now-pr-agency-pushes-adityanath-government-line-that-hathras-woman-was-not-raped|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yogi Govt Enlists PR Firm to Push 'Hathras Girl Was Not Raped' Story Line With Foreign Media|url=https://thewire.in/government/adityanath-government-hathras-case-rape-pr-firm |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref><br />
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On 4 October, [[Yogi Adityanath]] recommended a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe.<ref name=ndtv-04Oct20>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2020 |title=Yogi Adityanath Recommends CBI Probe In Hathras Rape-Murder Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-recommends-cbi-probe-in-hathras-rape-murder-case-2304757 |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=[[NDTV]] |editor1-first=Debanish |editor1-last=Achom }}</ref> The victim's family was not in favour of the CBI investigation and wanted a judicial probe to be conducted in the case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hathras gang-rape victim's family against CBI probe; SIT records statement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hathras-gang-rape-victim-s-family-against-cbi-probe-sit-records-statement/story-1RdD0AUGNt2GGAdmzzFTiI.html |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 October 2020 |author-first1=Hemendra |author-last1=Chaturvedi |editor1-first=Kanishka |editor1-last=Sarkar}}</ref> However, the CBI began its investigation on 10 October, amid nationwide outrage, after notification from [[Government of India|central government]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2020 |title=CBI takes over probe into Hathras case amid outrage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-issues-notification-for-cbi-to-take-over-hathras-case-6720000/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CBI Takes Over Hathras Probe From UP Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cbi-takes-over-probe-into-hathras-case-from-up-police-2308230 |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=[[NDTV]] |editor1-first=Divyanshu |editor1-last=Dutta Roy |date=10 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Subhash |agency=TNN |title=CBI takes over Hathras rape and murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-takes-over-hathras-rape-and-murder-case/articleshow/78595821.cms |date=11 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Uttar Pradesh government alleged a "deep rooted conspiracy"<ref name=ndtv-05Oct20>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deeshikha |date=5 October 2020|title='Deep Conspiracy In Hathras': UP Police Files 19 Cases Across State|work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hathras-case-deep-conspiracy-in-hathras-up-police-files-19-cases-across-state-2305419|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> and an "international plot" to incite caste based riots in Hathras and defame the Yogi government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=In fresh FIR, Hathras police claims 'international plot' to defame Yogi govt|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hathras-gangrape-case-fir-yogi-adityanath-6703740/|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> Nineteen FIRs have been filed by the Uttar Pradesh police in the aftermath of the alleged gang rape. The charges listed by police on the main FIR include inciting caste based divides, religious discrimination, doctoring electronic evidence, a conspiracy against the state and defamation.<ref name="ndtv-05Oct20"/> Yogi Adityanath had earlier asked his party workers to "expose those who want to incite caste and communal riots".<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=Expose those who want to incite caste riots, says Yogi Adityanath|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/expose-those-who-want-to-incite-caste-riots-says-yogi-adityanath-6703061/|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> UP Police detained 4 men, including a Delhi-based journalist [[Sidheeq Kappan]] under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]], for their alleged link to [[Popular Front of India]] PFI, on Mathura Toll Plaza, while on their way to the village.<ref>{{cite web |last1=News Service |first1=Express |title=Kerala journalist arrested on his way to Hathras, colleagues approach Yogi Adityanath for his release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/06/kerala-journalist-arrested-on-his-way-to-hathras-colleagues-approach-yogi-adityanath-for-his-release-2206529.html |website=New Indian Express |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Journalist and three others, arrested on their way to Hathras, booked for sedition in U.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/malayalam-journalist-3-others-arrested-near-hathras-booked-under-sedition-law/article32791003.ece |website=The Hindu |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hathras case: Kerala journalists' union condemns arrest of reporter alleged to have PFI links |url=https://scroll.in/latest/975037/hathras-case-kerala-journalist-three-others-with-alleged-links-to-pfi-detained-by-up-police |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> The administration alleged that the men were on their way to Hathras for inciting caste and communal violence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 2020 |title=Hathras case: 4 people arrested in Mathura have PFI links, says UP police |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/hathras-case-4-people-arrested-in-mathura-have-pfi-links-says-up-police-2315087.html |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[Zee News]] |language=en |editor1-first=Tanweer |editor1-last=Azam}}</ref><br />
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== Arrests and compensation ==<br />
[[Hathras]] police have arrested the four accused — Sandeep, Ramu, Lavkush and Ravi — on charges of attempt to murder, gang rape<ref name=DNAIndia-29Sep20>{{Cite news|date=29 September 2020|title=19-year-old Dalit teen, gang-raped in UP's Hathras, passes away|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-19-year-old-dalit-teen-gang-raped-in-up-s-hathras-passes-away-2846081 |access-date=30 September 2020|work=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> and violations of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]].<ref name=timesofindia-28Sep20>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuja |date=28 September 2020 |title=Hathras rape survivor critical, moved to Delhi's Safdarjung |work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times Now Network (TNN)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/hathras-rape-survivor-critical-moved-to-delhis-safdarjung-hospital/articleshow/78371174.cms|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> One of the accused, Ravi, and his father had been arrested 15{{ndash}}20 years ago for assaulting the victim's grandfather.<ref name=Quint-01Sep20 /> .No arrest was made in the first 10 days of the incident.<ref name=BBC-29Sep20 /> SSP Vikrant Vir had transferred the SHO of Chandpa police station to police lines for failing to promptly act in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2020|title=Hathras gangrape case: SHO transferred to police lines for failing to 'act promptly'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27 |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> The state government, [[Yogi Adityanath]] and district administration announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|2.5|m|lk=r}} to the victim's family and a junior assistant job for a family member. Apart from this, the family will also be allotted a house in Hathras under a State Urban Development Agency (SUDA) scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Tripathi|first1=Chitra |last2=Srivastava |first2=Shivendra |date=30 September 2020| title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath speaks to father of Hathras gangrape victim, announces Rs 25 lakh compensation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-speaks-to-father-of-hathras-gangrape-victim-announces-rs-25-lakh-compensation-1727065-2020-09-30 |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 2020 |title=Hathras rape case: District administration announces Rs 25 lakh compensation for family of victim |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/sep/29/hathrasrape-case-district-administration-announces-rs-10-lakh-compensation-for-family-of-victim-2203614.html |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref><br />
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== Claims of the accused ==<br />
The main accused, Sandeep Thakur, who is in jail along with the three others, has written a letter to the police in Hathras, claiming that he and the 20-year-old girl were "friends", who "apart from meeting, used to speak on the phone once in a while"; further alleged that her family was against their friendship, and they killed her.<ref name="NDTV Hathras Accused">{{cite news|date=8 October 2020|title=Family Was Against Our Friendship, They Killed Her |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hathras-case-accused-claims-in-letter-family-was-against-our-friendship-they-killed-her-2306891|access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|date=8 October 2020|title=Hathras rape: Main accused claims victim's family opposed their 'friendship', killed her |work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/latest/975283/hathras-rape-main-accused-claims-victims-family-opposed-their-friendship-killed-her|access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref> The UP police has alleged that call records show that the woman's family knew the main accused, Sandeep Thakur.<ref name="auto"/> As per the Call Detail Report released, around 100 phone calls were made from a phone number registered in the name of the girl's brother and the main accused Sandeep Thakur between October 2019 and March 2020.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news|date=6 October 2020|title=100 phone calls were made between Hathras victim's kin and main accused: Call Detail Report|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/06/100-phone-calls-were-made-between-hathras-victims-kin-and-main-accused-call-detail-report-2206674.html/|access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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==Reactions==<br />
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The case and its subsequent handling has received widespread media attention and condemnation from across the country, and was the subject of protests against the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath]] government by activists and opposition.<ref name=Hindu-01Oct20/><br />
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Former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] president [[Rahul Gandhi]] and general secretary [[Priyanka Gandhi]] were accosted and detained by police in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] as they attempted to make their way to the village of the victim on foot after their vehicles had been stopped by officers on the motorway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2020|title=Rahul and Priyanka Gandhi arrested on way to meet Indian rape victim's family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/01/rahul-gandhi-arrested-way-indian-rape-victim-family|work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2020 |title=Stopped on way, Rahul, Priyanka make a point — helped by police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hathras-gangrape-case-rahul-priyanka-gandhi-up-congress-6664087/ |access-date=3 October 2020 |work=[[Indian Express]]|first1=Somya |last1=Lakhani |first2=Jignasa |last2=Sinha}}</ref> [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] national president and former Chief Minister [[Mayawati]] demanded resignation of Chief Minister Yogi stating him as an incapable to protecting Dalits in Uttar Pradesh, she further asserted that he should oversee newly built [[Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]] or join his [[Gorakhnath Math]].<ref name=indianexpress-02Oct20>{{cite news |title=Replace UP CM, send 'incapable' Yogi Adityanath back to Gorakhpur: Mayawati to BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hathras-up-rape-case-mayawati-yogi-adityanath-6663115/ |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |first1=Maulshree |last1=Seth |date=2 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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According to some media reports, a group calling itself "Rashtriya Savarna Parishad" came out in support of the accused.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Apoorva|date=2020-10-04|title=Upper Caste Group, BJP Leader Rally In Support Of Hathras Gang-Rape Accused|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/protestandinjustice/upper-caste-group-demands-justice-for-the-accused-of-hathras-gangrape-case-24138|access-date=2020-10-08|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en}}</ref> The involvement of the police was also implicitly found in various media reports.<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite news|last=Dhar |first=Dipsita |date=1 October 2020|title=Hathras Rape: A Caste Continuum|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-heres-why-caste-matters-when-a-dalit-woman-is-raped/361253|access-date=2 October 2020|website=[[Outlook India]]|quote=The men who raped the 19-year-old girl in Hathras are Rajputs/Thakurs, the one community that owns perhaps the largest share of land in rural India. Why are media houses that were so comfortable reporting the victimhood of a Dalit woman so chary about the immense power that dominant castes still hold on to? [...] We even saw a ‘Rashtriya Savarna Parishad’ come out in support of the rapists—the ‘betas’ of the community who can never do anything wrong. Boys will be boys. And Thakur boys will be Thakur boys.}}</ref> Another media report stated that an outfit called 'National Sawarna Council' visited the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] and filed a memorandum alleging the family of the victim girl to be involved in implication of the innocent people.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 September 2020 |title=Prepare to Be More Shocked! 'Savarna Parishad' Allegedly Comes Out in Support of Hathras Rapists, Says 'Innocents Are Being Framed' |url=https://www.india.com/viral/prepare-to-be-more-shocked-savarna-parishad-allegedly-comes-out-in-support-of-hathras-rapists-says-innocents-are-being-framed-4157468/|access-date=2 October 2020|website=[[india.com]] |editor1-first=Ritu |editor1-last=Singh}}</ref> A day after the police forcefully cremated the body of the rape victim, [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandrashekhar Azad]] the president of [[Bhim Army]] (a [[Dalit]]-rights organisation based in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) was placed under house arrest for staging a protest against the government demanding justice for the victim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-horror-bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-under-house-arrest-in-saharanpur-1727135-2020-10-01 |title=Hathras horror: Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad under house arrest in Saharanpur |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2 October 2020 |date=1 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/plugged-in/primetime/republic-tv-news18-zee-news-see-many-conspiracies-in-hathras-gang-rape-case/517652/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=6 October 2020 |first1=Angana |last1=Chakrabarti |first2=Revathi |last2=Krishnan |title=Republic TV, News18, Zee News see many conspiracies in Hathras gang-rape case |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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On 3 October 2020, [[Indian National Congress]] leaders [[Rahul Gandhi]] and [[Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]] visited the victim's family. This was dismissed by the BJP as a "political stunt".<ref name=ndtv-04Oct20 /><br />
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Delhi chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] demanded the execution of the accused.<ref name=ndtv-04Oct20 /><br />
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On 2 October, BJP IT cell head [[Amit Malviya]] tweeted a video of the 19-year-old victim, which showed her face,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniyal|first=Shoaib|title=Hathras gangrape: By disclosing identity of dead victim, BJP sinks to new low – and violates the law|url=https://scroll.in/article/974886/hathras-gangrape-by-disclosing-identity-of-dead-victim-bjp-sinks-to-new-low-and-violates-the-law|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Scroll.in|date=4 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=No Action Yet On BJP IT Cell Chief Amit Malviya's Hathras Tweet Identifying Victim|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/bjp-amit-malviya-hathras-tweet_in_5f7ab22fc5b64b480ab013bd |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[HuffPost]] India |language=en |first1=Akshita |last1=Jain}}</ref> allegedly in contravention of Section 228A of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. Similarly, Tamil Nadu's BJP IT cell head CTR Nirmal Kumar posted a video of the 19-year-old Dalit woman with insensitive remark, that clearly revealed the identity of the woman, which is in violation of Supreme Court guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Tamil Nadu BJP IT cell head shares video of Hathras victim, makes insensitive remark|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-bjp-it-cell-head-shares-video-hathras-victim-makes-insensitive-remark-134275|access-date=2020-10-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><br />
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On 4 October, Rajveer Singh Pehelwan, an ex-MLA of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), held a rally in support of the accused. Hundreds of people attended the rally, including the family members of the four accused. The meeting was also attended by members of various right-wing outfits like the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Karni Sena]] and [[Bajrang Dal]]. These members were also part of various upper caste outfits including Kshatriya Mahasabha, Rashtriya Savarna Sangathan, etc.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Amil |last2=Sinha |first2=Jignasa |date=5 October 2020 |title=Ex-BJP MLA holds meeting in Hathras to back accused |work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-bjp-mla-holds-meeting-in-hathras-to-back-accused-6703130/|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandy |first=Asmita |date=4 October 2020| title=BJP Leader, Right Wing Outfits Rally in Support of Hathras Accused |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bjp-leader-hindutva-groups-take-out-rallies-in-support-of-thakurs-accused-in-hathras |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hathras Case: At BJP Leader's House, Rally Held in Support of the Accused|url=https://thewire.in/caste/hathras-case-bjp-leader-rajveer-pahalwan-rally-support-accused-thakurs |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |first1=Ismat |last1=Ara |date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 7 October, the ex-BJP MLA and 100 others were booked by the [[Uttar Pradesh Police|UP Police]] for organizing the rally.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/07/ex-bjp-mla-100-others-booked-for-organising-crowd-in-support-of-hathras-gang-rape-accused-2207007.html |title=Ex-BJP MLA, 100 others booked for organising crowd in support of Hathras gang rape accused |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |agency=PTI}}</ref> <br />
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BJP leader, Ranjeet Srivastava, said that the accused are not guilty of a crime. He further asserted that "Such girls are found dead in only some places". They will be found dead in sugarcane, corn and millet fields or in bushes, gutters or forests. Why are they never found dead in paddy or wheat fields?"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title='Must have called boyfriend to the field': BJP leader's shocker on Hathras|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/must-have-called-boyfriend-to-the-field-bjp-leader-s-shocker-on-hathras/story-uH6k0jgGHGJlqwkk4IsmbK.html|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheWire-07Oct20">{{Cite news |title=Hathras: BJP Leader Implies Woman Was Victim of Honour Killing, Says Accused Are Innocent |url=https://thewire.in/politics/hathras-case-bjp-leader-ranjeet-bahadur-srivastava-maligns-character-victim |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=7 October 2020}}</ref> The head of the [[National Commission for Women]] commented this was an unfit statement for any political party leader.<ref name="TheWire-07Oct20" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navya |date=8 October 2020 |title='Women Like Hathras Victim Are Often Found Dead In Fields', BJP Leader Summoned By NCW For Comment |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/bjp-leader-comments-hathras-victim-24202|access-date=12 October 2020 |work=The Logical Indian|language=en}}</ref> Another remark that drew fierce criticism came from BJP MLA, [[Surendra Nath Singh]] that "''[[Sanskara (Hinduism)|Sanskar]]'' should be instilled in girls to prevent incidents of rape".<ref name="NH">{{cite news |title=Hathras case: Why are 'such' girls found dead in cane & millet fields, asks BJP leader Ranjeet Srivastava |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/hathras-case-why-are-such-girls-found-dead-in-cane-and-millet-fields-asks-bjp-leader-ranjeet-srivastava |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |agency=IANS |work=[[National Herald]]}}</ref><br />
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The [[United Nations]] in India expressed concerns over gender based violence. In the statement they mentioned that, "it is essential that authorities ensure the perpetrators are brought to justice speedily and families are empowered to seek timely justice, social support, counselling, healthcare and rehabilitation".<ref name="UN India">{{cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=Hathras, Balrampur reminders of risk of violence disadvantaged women face, says UN|work=ThePrint|publisher=The Print|agency=PTI|url=https://theprint.in/india/hathras-balarampur-reminders-of-risk-of-violence-disadvantaged-women-face-says-un/517215/|access-date=13 October 2020}}</ref><br />
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On 30 September, around 5,000 [[sanitation worker]]s in Agra, who belong to the [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki community]], went on a strike to demand justice for the victim.<ref>{{Cite news|last=A|first=Divya|date=5 October 2020|title=Seeking justice for Hathras victim: Over 5,000 safai karamcharis on strike in Agra|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/seeking-justice-for-hathras-victim-over-5000-safai-karamcharis-on-strike-in-agra-6703077/|access-date=5 October 2020|quote=According to corporation officials, the Valmiki community gave a call for a strike on September 30, after which 5,000 of its members, employed as sweepers, garbage collectors and garbage van drivers refused to report to work across the city.}}</ref> Protestors in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]] demanded the resignation of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on 2 October.<ref name="resignation">{{cite news |title=Hathras gang rape, Hundreds gather at Jantar Mantar, demand Yogi Adityanath's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hathras-gang-rape-hundreds-join-protest-at-jantar-mantar/article32753450.ece |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=2 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> However, the protest in [[India Gate]] on 1 October was rejected under the [[Section 144]] of [[CrPC]].<ref name="Protest">{{cite news |title=Hathras Case: As Protest Planned at India Gate, Section 144 Imposed |url=https://thewire.in/government/hathras-case-as-protest-planned-at-india-gate-section-144-imposed |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=The Wire |date=2 October 2020}}</ref> On 9 October 2020, various dalit organizations called a [[Bandh]] which halted normal life in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news | agency=PTI | title=Bandh call by Dalit groups against Hathras incident hits normal life in parts of Punjab | website=The Hindu | date=2020-10-10 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bandh-call-by-dalit-groups-against-hathras-incident-hits-normal-life-in-parts-of-punjab/article32821206.ece | access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref> [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] workers organized protests against Yogi Adityanath in the different parts of country.<ref>{{cite web | author=Murali | title=BSP demands ouster of Yogi government | work=Mysuru Today | date=2020-10-03 | url=https://citytoday.news/bsp-demands-ouster-of-yogi-government/ | access-date=2020-10-12}}{{bsn|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/01/hathras-dalit-gang-rape-bsp-seeks-capital-punishment-for-accused-2204419.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |title=Hathras Dalit gang rape: BSP seeks capital punishment for accused |date=1 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Doaba shuts over 'atrocities' against Dalits | work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]| date=11 October 2020 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/doaba-shuts-over-‘atrocities’-against-dalits-153967 |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://jobsvacancy.in/bsp-demonstrated-at-collectorate-to-protest-against-atrocities-and-atrocities-on-dalits/ |title=BSP demonstrated at Collectorate to protest against atrocities and atrocities on Dalits |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=jobsvacancy.in}}{{bsn|reason=All news on jobsvacancy.in is generated from a news website RSS feed.|date=October 2020}}</ref> Indian students, professors and scholars staged a protest in [[United Kingdom]] in memory of the victims.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite news |last1=Canton |first1=Naomi |title=Oxford students issue solidarity statement and stage protests condemning UP government in wake of Hathras incident - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/oxford-students-issue-solidarity-statement-and-stage-protests-condemning-up-government-in-wake-of-hathras-incident/articleshow/78541529.cms |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=8 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Protests were staged in the [[United States|United States of America]], particularly in [[Times Square]], [[Headquarters of the United Nations]], [[Michigan]] and [[Philadelphia]], against the Indian government.<ref name="Protests at UN">{{cite news |title=Protests at UN HQ over police apathy in Hathras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/protests-at-un-hq-over-police-apathy-in-hathras/articleshow/78510346.cms |access-date=13 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=6 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[B. R. Ambedkar]] followers in the parts of [[South America]], [[North America]], [[Middle East]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] demanded justice for the victim.<ref name="justice">{{cite news |last1=Basant |first1=Mohanty |title=Students, teachers demand safety and justice for Hathras family |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hathras-rape-case-cry-to-ensure-family-safety/cid/1793976 |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trial==<br />
On 19 December 2020, CBI filed a [[chargesheet]] in a special court in Hathras, invoking gang rape and murder charges along with charges under SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, against the four accused.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hathras-case-cbi-charges-four-with-gang-rape-murder/articleshow/79806505.cms |title=Hathras case: CBI charges four with gang rape, murder |first1=Anuja |last1=Jaiswal |first2=Pathikrit |last2=Chakraborty |date=1 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> CBI also mentioned lapses on part of UP Police that include delay in recording the victim's statement in writing and her subsequent medical examination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/did-up-police-try-to-cover-up-hathras-case-what-cbi-chargesheet-says-2341748|title=Did UP Police Try To Cover Up Hathras Case? What CBI Chargesheet Says|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The CBI reportedly found a record of a total of 115 calls exchanged between the victim and the accused from October 2019 to March 2020.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-case-accused-was-frustrated-after-victim-ignored-him-says-cbi-charge-sheet-1751746-2020-12-21 |title=Hathras case: Accused was frustrated after victim ignored him, says CBI charge sheet|date=21 December 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Verdict===<br />
<br />
On 2 March 2023, the Hathras district court, in its decision, acquitted three of the four accused, Ramu, Luvkush, and Ravi. The fourth, Sandeep, was convicted for the offences of culpable homicide not amounting to murder (IPC Section 304) and provisions under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Act]], but not for rape and murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment along with a fine of ₹50,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/hathras-rape-murder-victim-brother-on-acquittal-verdict#read-more|title='Her Soul Will Never Rest Now': Hathras Victim's Brother After Court Verdict}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/no-confirmation-of-rape-woman-may-have-been-tutored-what-special-st-sc-court-said-in-hathras-case/1417838/|title='No confirmation of rape, woman may have been tutored': What special ST-SC court said in Hathras case}}</ref> The defence and the prosecution have both appealed against the verdict in the [[Allahabad High Court]]. The Uttar Pradesh Police has been criticized by the CBI for inaction and delay in collecting samples as well as other evidence, eventually botching up the investigation, which led to the acquittal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/politics-of-showing-dalits-their-place-hathras-victims-family-slams-acquittals-of-3-thakur-men/1412127/|title='Politics of showing Dalits their place' — Hathras victim's family slams acquittals of 3 Thakur men}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Law}}<br />
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]<br />
* [[2014 Badaun gang rape allegations]]<br />
* [[2017 Unnao rape case]]<br />
* 2020 [[Balrampur gang rape]]<br />
* [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder case]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=Hathras rape case, protests LIVE updates|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hathras-rape-case-protests-live-updates-congress-uttar-pradesh-police-yogi-adityanath-6703353/|access-date=5 October 2020}}<br />
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-hathras-gang-rape-victim-died-in-safdarjung-hospital-3524758.html हाथरस में दलित महिला से गैंगरेप के बाद हैवानों ने काट दी थी जीभ, 15 दिनों के बाद हार गई जिंदगी से जंग]<br />
* [https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uttar-pradesh-news-hathras-gangrape-victim-death-case-priyanka-gandhi-attacks-cm-yogi-adityanath-on-women-safety-bsp-supremo-mayawati-demands-justice-2846101 Hathras Gangrape Victim Death Case: Priyanka Gandhi attacks CM Yogi Adityanath on women safety, Mayawati demands justice]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/hathras-gang-rape-survivor-who-was-battling-for-life-in-delhi-hospital-dies/articleshow/78377695.cms Hathras gang rape survivor who was battling for life in Delhi Hospital dies]<br />
* [https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/gang-assault-victim-in-hathras-dies-in-delhi-safdarjung-hospital-during-treatment Hathras Gangrape: हाथरस में सामूहिक दुष्कर्म की शिकार युवती की मौत, इलाज के दौरान सफदरजंग अस्पताल में दम तोड़ा]<br />
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-19-year-old-woman-from-up-dies-in-delhi-hospital-temp-1726469-2020-09-29 Hathras gangrape case: 19-year-old woman from UP dies in Delhi hospital]<br />
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-police-confessed-to-rape-with-the-woman-case-of-hathras-gangrap-3523612.html हाथरस गैंगरेप प्रकरण : पुलिस ने विवेचना में माना युवती के साथ हुई दरिंदगी, दो पन्नों की रिपोर्ट में लिखी दरिंदगी की दास्तां ]<br />
* [https://www.firstpost.com/india/19-year-old-dalit-girl-in-icu-after-gangrape-assault-in-ups-hathras-one-accused-arrested-8853721.html 19-year-old Dalit girl in ICU after gangrape, assault in UP's Hathras; one accused arrested]<br />
* [https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/09/30/hathras-rape-case-smriti-irani-is-silent-drama-queen-says-mahila-congress.html Hathras rape case: Smriti Irani is ‘silent’, ‘drama queen’ says Mahila Congress]<br />
{{Rape in India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hathras gang rape and murder, 2020}}<br />
[[Category:2020 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hathras|2020 gang rape]]<br />
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]<br />
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2020s]]<br />
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:September 2020 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:September 2020 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Femicide in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandar_Bhan_Brahman&diff=493321Chandar Bhan Brahman2026-04-30T21:48:51Z<p>Arshelina: added a post!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Punjabi poet}}'''Chandar Bhan Brahman''', name also spelt as '''Chandra Bhan''' and '''Chandrabhan''', was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |chapter=Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab |date=2019 |title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca|editor-link=Nile Green |pages=167 |editor-last=Green |editor-first=Nile |chapter-url= |doi-access=free |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9780520972100-009 |isbn=978-0-520-97210-0}}</ref> poet of the [[Persian language]] born in [[Lahore]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. <br />
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== Biography ==<br />
His date of birth is unknown; he probably died in the year 1662–63.{{NoteTag|This is the commonly assumed date. However, Rajeev Kinra cites a document in which Chandar Bhan was honoured at Shah Jahan's burial. This means he must have been alive in 1666. See {{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28646-7 |series=South Asia across the disciplines |location=Oakland, California|p= 58}}}} He belonged to a [[Brahman]] family, and chose "Brahman" as his pen name. His father Dharam Das was a government official in the Mughal service. Brahman served as a secretary (''[[Munshi]]'') to the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658).<ref name=":0">{{cite website |first=Anu|last=Kumar |title=The Brahman in the Mughal Court|website=The Wire |location=India |date=15 November 2016 |url=https://thewire.in/books/the-brahman-in-the-mughal-court |format=PDF|ref={{sfnref|Kumar, The Brahman in the Mughal Court|2016}} |access-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |first=Jagdish Narain|last=Kulshreshtha |title=A critical study of Chandra Bhan Brahman and his work|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |location=Aligarh |year=1976 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144508082.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Kulshreshtha, A critical study of Chandra Bhan Brahman|1976}} |access-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As a poet, Chandar Bhan managed to write very complex metaphors in an otherwise very straightforward language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28646-7 |series=South Asia across the disciplines |location=Oakland, California |p=220}}</ref> Chandar Bhan's pen-name "Brahman" allowed for ingenius wordplay because of the use of "idol" (Persian ''but'', ''sanam'') as a metaphor of the - human or Divine - beloved, and as the lover as "idol worshipper". By his time, the Persian Muslim lover calling himself an idol-worshipper with tongue in cheek (even when he/she meant the love of God) had become a cliché already, but Chandar Bhan added a new twist to it because it was also fact with him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
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Brahman was influenced by and developed a strong respect for [[dervish]]es and [[yogis]]. Mughal emperor Shah Jahan was very impressed by Barahman's knowledge of [[Persian literature]], calligraphy and Persian poetry. Brahman was appointed as court secretary and he was given responsibility for maintaining Shah Jahan's personal diary. He wrote a long essay in four chapters, the ''Chahar Chaman'' ("The Fourfold Flowerbed"), with chapter three containing his memoirs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28646-7 |series=South Asia across the disciplines |location=Oakland, California |p= |pages=170-173}}</ref> Other topics are the daily routine of the emperor, the provinces of India, and philosophical ideas.<ref>His philosophical sketches comprise the fourth "flowerbed". See {{cite book |first= Chandar Bhan |last=Brahman |editor=Yunus Jaffery |date=March 2007 |title=Chahār Chaman |trans-title=The Fourfold Flowerbed |url= |language=Persian |location=New Delhi |publisher=Alhoda / Iranian Centre of Persian Research |isbn=9789644392382 |pp= 181-204}}</ref> He also edited a selection of his letters, the ''Munshi'at-i Barahman'' (Letters of Brahman), which contain letters to the royal family, to nobles (and some [[Sufism|Sufis]]), to poets, letters of recommendation, and letters to his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28646-7 |series=South Asia across the disciplines |location=Oakland, California |pages=174-180}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |first= Chandar Bhan |last=Brahman |editor=S.H. Qasemi and Waqarul Hasan Siddiqi |date= 2005 |title=Munshi'at-e Brahman |trans-title=The Letters of Brahman |url= |language=Persian |location=Rampur |publisher=Rampur Raza Library |isbn=8187113804}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/AhwaalOAasarEChandrabhanBrahmanVaDivanEParsiFarsi/page/n95/mode/2up Ahwaal o Aasar-e Chandrabhan Brahman va Divan e Parsi (Farsi)] - Life and works of Chandar Bhan Brahman and his collected Persian poetry<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:1660s deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
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{{India-poet-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabumon_Abdusamad&diff=531592Sabumon Abdusamad2026-04-30T19:31:40Z<p>Arshelina: Created New Pg!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian actor and television presenter}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sabumon Abdusamad<br />
| image = Sabu-2024.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Sabumon Abdusamad<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kayamkulam, Kerala]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Television presenter]]}}<br />
| years_active = 2000–present<br />
| spouse = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sabumon Abdusamad''', also known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Sabumon''' and '''Sabu''', is an Indian [[actor]] and [[television presenter]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He was the winner of the [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|first season]] of Malayalam ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''.<ref name="BB">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-winner-sabumon-abdusamad-bags-the-trophy/articleshow/66020183.cms |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam winner: Sabumon Abdusamad lifts the trophy - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and early career==<br />
Sabu hails from [[Kayamkulam]], [[Alappuzha]].<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last1=Kumar R. |first1=Manoj |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam winner Sabumon: I'm now a changed man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sabumon-abdusamad-bigg-boss-malayalam-winner-5384473/ |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He holds three graduate degrees, in [[Malayalam]], Journalism and in Law<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/sabu/1000119508| title=Sabu| access-date=5 April 2022| website=[[hotstar.com]]| archive-date=25 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125034356/https://www.hotstar.com/in/sabu/1000119508| url-status=dead}}</ref> respectively from [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. He initially worked in the sales and operations division of [[Lufthansa|Lufthansa Airlines]] in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/malayalam-cinema/article/on-jallikkattu-fame-sabumons-birthday-looking-at-his-work-in-tv-shows-and-malayalam-films/667941| title=On Jallikattu fame Sabumon's birthday, looking at his work in TV shows and Malayalam films| date=15 October 2020| access-date=5 April 2022| website=[[zoomtventertainment.com]]}}</ref> Later, he quit the job to pursue acting.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He is married to Sneha Bhaskaran and has two daughters.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/himas-strategies-against-sabu-have-turned-vulgar-sneha-bhaskaran-wife-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-finalist-sabumon/articleshow/65968804.cms |title=Hima's strategies against Sabu have turned vulgar: Sneha Bhaskaran, wife of Bigg Boss Malayalam finalist Sabumon|last=Nair|first=Radhika|work= Times Of India |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Sabu initially achieved success through the TV show ''Tharikida'', which focused on pranks on unsuspecting people. Due to the success of the show, people started addressing him as Tharikida Sabu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/quick-five-sabumon-the-name-of-the-game/article5557398.ece |title= Quick Five: Sabumon -The name of the game…|last=M|first=Athira|work= The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref> Sabu continued to do television shows, and his role as an interviewer in the TV show ''[[Midukki]]'' was widely appreciated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/30/sabumon-midukki-video-viral-reba-monica-interview.html |title=Throwback: Sabumon video from 'Midukki' is trending!...|work= Manorama Online |access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sabu was the thirteenth contestant in ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|Bigg Boss]]'', a show hosted by Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]].<ref name="IE" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/good-news-superstar-mohanlal-to-host-bigg-boss-malayalam-p7fdth |title=Good news: Superstar Mohanlal to host Bigg Boss Malayalam |last=Barua|first=Richa|work=Asianet Newsable |access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohanlal-bigg-boss-malayalam-contestants-list-asianet-5230422/ |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: These celebrities may enter Mohanlal's show |last=Web Desk|first=Express |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> He lasted the entire duration of the 98-day show and went on to win the title, beating competition from [[Pearle Maaney]], Shiyas Kareem, [[Srinish Aravind]] and [[Aristo Suresh]] in the grand finale in 2018.<ref name="BB" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-grand-finale-live-updates-mohanlal-reveal-name-winner-today-781910 |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam grand finale live updates: Sabumon wins the prestigious title |last=Narayanan |first=Nirmal |work=International Business Times, India Edition |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/malayalam/sabumon-abdusamad-to-gayathri-arun-top-newsmakers-of-2018/videoshow/67229944.cms |title=Sabumon Abdusamad to Gayathri Arun: Top Newsmakers of 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref><br />
As winner, he was also offered a major role in the [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] directed film ''[[Jallikattu]]'', which became [[India's official entry to the Oscars]] for 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/10/01/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-1-sabumon-wins-title.html |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam season 1: Sabumon wins title |date=1 October 2018 |website=theweek.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-jallikattu-is-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars-sabumon-abdusamad-says-the-selection-itself-is-an-honour-for-our-hard-work/articleshow/79409293.cms |title='Jallikattu' is India's official entry to the Oscars: Sabumon Abdusamad says, 'The selection itself is an honour for our hard work' |author=Silpa Rajan |date=25 November 2020 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sabu owns a production company, SAB Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tofler.in/sab-productions-private-limited/company/U74300KL2013PTC034471 |title=SAB PRODUCTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED |work=Tofler.in |access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, he was a panelist in the Mazhavil Manorama television channel comedy reality show ''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri]]'', and followed it up in its second season in 2023.<ref name="Oruchiri">{{cite web|url=https://indiantalents.in/oruchiri-iruchiri-bumper-chiri-show-mazhavil-manorama-contestants-host-timing-start-date/|title=Oruchiri Iruchiri Bumper Chiri Mazhavil Manorama (2021): Contestants, Start Date, Timing, Host|work=indiantalents.in|date=16 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/07/oru-chiri-iru-chiri-bumper-chiri-promo-video-season-2-panelists-avatar.html|title='Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri' panelists in Pandora? Season 2 promo video goes viral|work=onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, he made his Tamil film debut, as villain in the [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Vettaiyan]]''. He was cast after director [[T. J. Gnanavel]] saw his performance in ''Jallikattu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sabumon-on-playing-rajinikanths-villain-in-vettaiyan-when-rajini-sir-stood-up-and-addressed-me-as-sir-i-was-left-speechless/articleshow/113938741.cms |title=Sabumon on playing Rajinikanth's villain in 'Vettaiyan': When Rajini sir stood up and addressed me as 'Sir,' I was left speechless<br />
|author=Radhika Nair |date=4 October 2024 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Program<br />
! Channel<br />
! Role<br />
|-<br />
|2000||''Tharikida<ref name="roll">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Tharikida-sabu-is-on-a-roll-/articleshow/26679479.cms |title= Tharikida sabu is on a roll !|last=Pillai|first=Radhika C|work= Times of India|access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref>''||[[Surya TV]]||Host<br />
|-<br />
|2005||''Attahasam<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/what-is-the-good-word/article3192956.ece |title= What is the good word? |date=20 May 2006 | newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>''||[[Asianet Plus]]||Host<br />
|-<br />
|2013||''[[Midukki]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Guest judge<br />
|-<br />
|2014||''Take It Easy<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mazhavilmanorama.com/shows/non-fiction/take-it-easy.html |title=Take It Easy - Mazhavil Manorama |work= Mazhavil Manorama|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>''||Mazhavil Manorama||Host<br />
|-<br />
|2016||''Just Fun Chumma''||[[Amrita TV]]||Host<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2018||''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Winner<ref name="IE" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|Sell Me The Answer]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-winner-sabumon-abdusamad-is-all-set-for-another-game-show/articleshow/66183193.cms |title=Bigg Boss winner Sabumon Abdusamad is all set for another game show |work= Times of India|access-date=2018-10-15}}</ref>''||Asianet||Guest contestant<br />
|-<br />
|''Comedy Stars<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sabumon-is-the-next-guest-on-comedy-stars/articleshow/66474696.cms |title=Sabumon is the next guest on Comedy Stars |last=UR|first=Arya|work= Times of India|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref>''||Asianet||Guest<br />
|-<br />
|2021–2023||''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Judge<ref name="Oruchiri"/><br />
|-<br />
|2021–2022||''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri|Bumper Chiri Aaghosham]]''||Mazhavil Manorama||Judge<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bumper-chiri-aaghosham-to-have-a-colourful-extravaganza-on-its-50th-episode/articleshow/90814368.cms| title=Bumper Chiri Aaghosham to have a colourful extravaganza on its 50th episode| date=13 April 2022| access-date=5 March 2023| author=ETimes| website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023||''The Next Top Anchor''||Mazhavil Manorama||Judge<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalams-first-ott-reality-show-the-next-top-anchor-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/97972114.cms |title=Malayalam's first OTT reality show, 'The Next Top Anchor' to premiere soon |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
|''The Adventure''<br />
|[[Flowers TV]]<br />
|Host<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/04/22/flowers-tv-the-adventure-game-show-first-episode-out-now.html |title=കാടിനുള്ളിലെ സാഹസികത പകരുന്ന ആവേശം, പൊടിപാറും മത്സരങ്ങൾ; ദി അഡ്വഞ്ചർ ഗെയിം ഷോ ഫ്ളവേഴ്സിൽ |date=22 April 2024 |website=twentyfournews.com |language=Malayalam}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)]]'' || Asianet || Guest<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-6-season-1-winner-sabumon-to-re-enter-as-challenger-in-house-watch-rkn-sd3j6l|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 6: Season 1 winner Sabumon to re-enter as challenger in house; WATCH|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024-2025 || ''Enkile Ennodu Para'' ||Asianet || Host <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/enkile-ennodu-para-new-game-show-on-asianet-sabumon-swetha-menon-slr6c9 | title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില് പുതിയ ഗെയിം ഷോ; 'എങ്കിലേ എന്നോട് പറ' അവതരിപ്പിക്കാന് സാബുവും ശ്വേതയും | date=22 October 2024 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025|| ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 7)]]'' || Asianet || Guest<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-preview-season-1-winner-sabumon-abdusamad-to-enter-the-house-on-a-secret-task/articleshow/124383777.cms|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7 preview: Season 1 winner Sabumon Abdusamad to enter Bigg Boss house on a secret task|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026{{endash}}present <br />
|''[[Comedy Cooks]]'' <br />
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
| Contestant<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Bhavana to Judge ‘Comedy Cooks’; TV and Social Media Stars Join as Contestants|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-to-judge-comedy-cooks-tv-and-social-media-stars-join-as-contestants/articleshow/129976109.cms|access-date=2026-04-03 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''Note: All films are in Malayalam unless specified otherwise noted.''<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! style="width:260px;" | Title<br />
!! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 ||''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' || Bhaskaran ||<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nakshatrakannulla-rajakumaran-avanundoru-rajakumari-review-malayalam-pclutzadechce.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422062242/https://www.sify.com/movies/nakshatrakannulla-rajakumaran-avanundoru-rajakumari-review-malayalam-pclutzadechce.html | url-status=dead | date=24 April 2003| author=Moviebuzz| archive-date=22 April 2022 | title=Nakshatrakannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Kadha]]'' || Raghu ||<ref>{{cite web| title=Tharikida sabu is on a roll !| date=1 December 2013| access-date=19 December 2022| author=Radhika C Pillai| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tharikida-sabu-is-on-a-roll-/articleshow/26679479.cms| website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 ||''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' ||Idivettu Sabu <br />
| <ref name="roll"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2015 ||''[[Karma Cartel]]''|| Luttu <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]''|| Veluchammi <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Acha Dhin]]''|| Michael <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]''|| Podiyadi Martin <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]''|| Binoy <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016 ||''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]''|| Jackson <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Sukumaran <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2017 ||''[[Godzone]]''|| Gounder <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2019 ||''[[Janamaithri]]''|| Police Constable Ashraf <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jallikkattu]]''|| Kuttachan <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thrissur Pooram (2019 film)|Thrissur Pooram]]''|| Shyam Rangan <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020||''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''|| Britto <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''|| Kuttamani <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || Kachamber Das <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Sahadevan <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]'' || Ajithan Vettukuzhi <br />
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/02/24/arjun-ashokan-member-rameshan-9aam-ward-review.html| title='Member Rameshan 9aam ward' movie review: A novice's tryst with politics| author=Ajish Jimmy George| date=24 February 2022| access-date=1 April 2023| website=onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title='Member Rameshan 9am Ward' movie review: A script that fails to inspire| author=S.R. Praveen| url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/a-script-that-fails-to-inspire/article65087144.ece| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302101209/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/a-script-that-fails-to-inspire/article65087144.ece| date=26 February 2022| archive-date=2 March 2022| website=thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adithattu]]'' || <br />
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/adithattu-box-office-collection-see-how-much-shine-tom-chackos-deep-sea-thriller-earned-in-three-days/articleshow/92670857.cms | title='Adithattu' Box Office Collection: See how much Shine Tom Chacko's deep-sea thriller earned in three days - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 July 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Usman's friend <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2023 || [[Djinn (2023 film)|''Djinn'']] || Paul Kattukaran <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iratta]]'' || SCPO Sandeep <br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iratta Movie Review: Joju George's dual act leaves a haunting impression |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/feb/03/iratta-movie-review-joju-georges-dual-act-leaves-a-haunting-impression-39605.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]''|| <br />
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actor-sabumons-mother-passes-away/articleshow/93447089.cms| title=Actor Sabumon's mother passes away| author=ETimes.in| date=9 August 2022| access-date=8 February 2023| website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Praavu]]'' || Kamalasanan <br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Wayfarer Films to present Praavu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/16/dulquer-salmaans-wayfarer-films-to-present-praavu-46667.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' || Jayesh Nair <br />
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/13/first-look-of-kalyani-priyadarshanssesham-mikeil-fathima-out-38747.html| title=First look of Kalyani Priyadarshan's Sesham Mikeil Fathima out| author=Vignesh Madhu| date=13 January 2023| website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Njan Kandatha Sare]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-08 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran-starrer Njan Kandatha Sare gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/08/indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-njan-kandatha-sare-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]'' || Jagannathan ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Amitabh Bachchan reunites with Rajinikanth for 'Vettaiyan' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rajanikanth-amitabh-bachan-movie-vettaiyan-1.9532345 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || Kumaresan || Tamil film<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Kingston (film)|Kingston]]'' || Thomas || Tamil film<ref>{{cite web |author=Raisa Nasreen |date=11 October 2023 |title=Kamal Haasan Launches GV Prakash's Kingston - India's FIRST Sea Horror Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/kamal-haasan-launches-gv-prakashs-kingston-indias-first-sea-horror-film-article-104328253 |website=timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Yogi Babu turns scriptwriter for GV Prakash |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/11/yogi-babu-turns-scriptwriter-for-gv-prakash-48509.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TBA}} <br />
| {{Pending film| Non Violence}} ||<br />
|Tamil film<ref>{{cite web |author=Roopa Radhakrishnan |date=1 June 2024 |title=Simha, Shirish reunite with Ananda Krishnan for a '90s-set action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simha-shirish-reunite-with-ananda-krishnan-for-a-90s-set-action-drama/articleshow/110613064.cms |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TBA}} <br />
| {{pending film| Ananthan Kaadu}} <br />
| || Malayalam- Tamil bilingual<ref name="CE">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-06-09 |title=Arya's next titled Ananthan Kaadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/09/aryas-next-titled-ananthan-kaadu |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TW">{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Ananthan Kaadu: First look of 'Lucifer' and 'Empuraan' writer Murali Gopy's Tamil-Malayalam bilingual with Arya unveiled |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/06/09/ananthan-kaadu-first-look-of-lucifer-and-empuraan-writer-murali-gopy-s-tamil-malayalam-bilingual-with-arya-unveiled.html |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=The Week}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm2465399}}<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|commons-search = <br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = <br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdusamad, Sabumon}}<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) winners]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selakkarichal&diff=533979Selakkarichal2026-04-29T01:47:59Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Selakarichal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Metropolitan<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Coimbatore<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/wicket/page?3|title = Tamil Nadu Police, Govt of Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref><br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Town<br />
| governing_body = Kamanaicken palayam Town<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 5626<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 641658<br />
| area_code = +91-04255<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = TN-39<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Selakarachal''' Gram Panchayat is a panchayat, which is located in [[Kamanaicken Palayam]] of [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]] District in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The panchayat falls under the [[Sulur]] Assembly constituency and the [[Coimbatore]] Lok Sabha constituency. The panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. Out of these, 7 panchayat members are elected. According to the 2011 Census of India, the total population is 6209. Of these, 3100 are women and 3109 are men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sellakkarichal(644384) |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=748614 |accessdate=7 June 2021}}</ref> The village has a presence in wind power generation in India.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Tiruppur district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Coimbatore-geo-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savio_Rodrigues&diff=533674Savio Rodrigues2026-04-17T17:39:06Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian journalist and politician (born 1976)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Savio Rodrigues<br />
| birth_name = Savio Oliver Ignatius Rodrigues <br />
| image = Savio Rodrigues 2024.jpg <br />
| caption = Rodrigues in 2024<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|7|31|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| signature = Savio Rodrigues Greyscale Signature.jpg<br />
| title = {{indented plainlist|<br />
* Founder and [[editor-in-chief]] of ''[[Goa Chronicle]]'' and ''Incubees''<br />
* Founder, [[Managing director|MD]] and [[CEO]] of Kaydence Media Ventures and Kianna Media Ventures}}<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (since 2022)<br />
| otherparty = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] (2014–2014)<br />
* [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br/>(2014–2016)<br />
* [[Indian National Congress]] (2016–2017)<br />
* Independent<br/>(2017–2021)}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Myrtle Rodrigues|2004}} <br />
| children = 2<br />
| years_active = 1996–present<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|writer|entrepreneur|politician}}<br />
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws#India|BA LL.B]])<br />
| website = {{URL|saviorodrigues.com}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox writer<br />
| embed = yes <br />
| period = 2015–present<br />
| genre = <br />
| language = English <br />
| subjects = {{hlist|[[Narendra Modi]]|[[Jesus Christ]]}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Savio Oliver Ignatius Rodrigues''' (born 31 July 1976) is an Indian [[investigative journalist]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colney |first=Kimi |date=2024-11-05 |title=Who is Savio Rodrigues, the journalist obsessed with Lalduhoma’s September 2024 speech? |url=http://eastmojo.com/mizoram/2024/11/05/who-is-savio-rodrigues-the-journalist-obsessed-with-lalduhomas-september-2024-speech/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> writer, entrepreneur, and politician based in [[Velim, Goa]]. He is the founder and [[editor-in-chief]] of ''[[Goa Chronicle]]'', a [[news portal]]. Rodrigues is a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a former [[spokesperson]] for the party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-10-21 |title=Goa: Velim goes 'Vocal for Local' this Diwali |url=https://theprint.in/india/goa-velim-goes-vocal-for-local-this-diwali/1177952/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa BJP Revokes Appointment Of Its Spokespersons, Says New Appointees Soon |url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/goa-bjp-revokes-appointment-of-its-spokespersons-says-new-appointees-soon-3790505 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Savio Oliver Ignatius Rodrigues<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=17 Mar 2014 |title=Lok Sabha polls: Goa Su-raj Party to field Savio Rodrigues in south Goa {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/lok-sabha-polls-goa-su-raj-party-to-field-savio-rodrigues-in-south-goa/articleshow/32173677.cms |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> was born on 31 July<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=31 July 2022 |title=Your prayers are my strength to become a better person everyday to serve India and Humanity. On my birthday if you want to do something for me. Let's together ensure no one person or animal is hungry. If you get a chance today, feed a needy person or animal. Stay blessed. |url=https://twitter.com/PrinceArihan/status/1553595691242590208?t=iwcYiTgKCgK6l0DhhkmErQ&s=19 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> 1976 in [[Bombay]], India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=15 October 2019 |title=Some clowns from the otherwise smart Christian community mooting Savio is from Goa what does he know about Mumbai to interfere in Aarey issue. I was born in Mumbai, lived 10-years in Mumbai. Now what do people in Bangalore and Noida have to do with Save Aarey |url=https://twitter.com/PrinceArihan/status/1183969824763830273?t=68RVPBm7OZurL2lS1MCc5Q&s=19 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> to Ignatius Rosario Rodrigues. He completed the first year of a [[Bachelor of Laws#India|Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Laws]] (B.A LL.B) at the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]], in 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Savio Rodrigues(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- VELIM(SOUTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=164 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He spent most of his younger years studying and living in [[Dubai]], UAE.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=G. C. |date=2021-10-03 |title=Savio Rodrigues - Goa Chronicle |url=https://goachronicle.in/savio-rodrigues/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Rodrigues began his career at the age of 20 in the fields of [[journalism]], communications and entrepreneurship. During his early years he built his career in media, [[environmental sciences]] and technology in India. His business ventures include ''[[Goa Chronicle]]'' , Kaydence Media Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaydence Media Ventures Plans to Raise Rs. 5 Crore for Goa Chronicle.com |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/kaydence-media-ventures-plans-to-raise-rs-5-crore-for-goa-chroniclecom20200826141549/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> ''Incubees'', and Kianna Media Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaydence Media Ventures to launch 'Incubees' in India, Middle East, North Africa, Asia Pacific |url=https://www.wionews.com/business-economy/kmv-to-launch-incubees-in-india-middle-east-n-africa-asia-pacific-238843 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=WION |date=27 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> During its early years, ''[[Goa Chronicle]]'', now owned by Kaydence Media Ventures and a part of [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Network Group]] found itself struggling in the state of [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=iTV Network enters into a strategic partnership with Kaydence Media Ventures |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/itv-network-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-kaydence-media-ventures20210628140416/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai firm launches India's first direct selling news portal 'Qonnect Now' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/dubai-firm-launches-indias-first-direct-selling-news-portal-qonnect-now201802051308280002/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Rodrigues was also a television host of the TV show, ''The Goa Chronicle Show'' (2021) which aired on [[NewsX]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=2021-01-07 |title=Get started in Goa |url=https://incubees.com/get-started-in-goa/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Incubees |language=en-US}}</ref> He was also a columnist for ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-12 |title=Savio Rodrigues |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/savio-rodrigues/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and a panelist on television and web shows hosted in India and globally.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bagaria |first1=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q2azgEACAAJ |title=Modi Stole My Mask: The Truth about India's COVID Crisis |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Savio |date=2021 |publisher=Garuda Prakashan Private Limited |isbn=978-1-942426-55-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Politics (2014–present)===<br />
[[File:Goans for Dabolim only (2014).jpg|thumb|Rodrigues (extreme right) at a public meeting held at [[Margao]] in 2014.]]<br />
Rodrigues joined [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] and was appointed as a party secretary and the youth affairs president. He then unsuccessfully contested the [[2014 Indian general election in Goa|2014 Indian general election]] from the [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa constituency]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Su-raj Party calls for unity of regional forces |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/goa-suraj-party-calls-for-unity-of-regional-forces/62485 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> securing ninth place with 783 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230842/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2 |archive-date=2014-05-23 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=eciresults.nic.in}}</ref> Rodrigues later joined the [[Indian National Congress]] around 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savio Rodrigues is new vice-chairman of Cong minority department |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/savio-rodrigues-is-new-vice-chairman-of-cong-minority-department/amp_articleshow/51556056.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where he served as a senior leader and vice-chairman of the [[Goa Congress]] minority cell. He resigned from the party on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another blow to Congress: Senior Goa leader Savio Rodrigues resigns on Twitter |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-blow-to-congress-senior-goa-leader-savio-rodrigues-resigns-on-twitter-2356170 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 January 2022, Rodrigues joined the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in the presence of Goa unit president, [[Sadanand Tanavade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEOPLE HAVE MISUNDERSTANDING ABOUT PM MODI: SAVIO RODRIGUES |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/people-have-misunderstanding-about-pm-modi-savio-rodrigues/20163.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> He then unsuccessfully contested in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Velim Assembly constituency]] and lost to [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] candidate, [[Cruz Silva]] with a margin of 4,059 votes, securing the sixth place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Rodrigues is married to Myrtle. The couple has two daughters, Kaydence and Kianna.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vATFjwEACAAJ |title=Karmic Ishq |date=2015-07-21 |publisher=Cinnamonteal Design and Publishing |isbn=978-93-85523-03-8 |language=en}}</ref> He currently resides at Baga, [[Velim, Goa|Velim]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Savio – Savio Rodrigues |url=https://saviorodrigues.com/about-savio/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rodrigues practices Christian faith but claims to have "[[Hindu]] roots."<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=18 November 2021 |title=I am a Christian by my faith but Hindu by my roots. That's me. You cannot accept this fact about me, then it is your problem not mine. |url=https://twitter.com/PrinceArihan/status/1461172657701810181?t=u69iwcSRnIoTFoywSxMaCw&s=19 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legal issues==<br />
On 14 April 2011, Rodrigues filed a petition in the [[Bombay High Court]] at [[Panjim]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ban sought on release of 'Dum Maro Dum' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ban-sought-on-release-of-dum-maro-dum-1528964 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> seeking a ban on the release of the 2011 [[Hindi-language]] movie, ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]],'' claiming that it showed the state of [[Goa]] in bad light. He also objected to the constitution of a seven member committee to examine the movie before its released in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Govind Kamat Maad|date=14 Apr 2011 |title=Savio Rodrigues, who has filed a petition in the court seeking a ban on the controversial movie Dum maro dum, has taken objections to the constitution of the seven-member committee by the government to examine the movie before its release. - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/savio-rodrigues-who-has-filed-a-petition-in-the-court-seeking-a-ban-on-the-controversial-movie-dum-maro-dum-has-taken-objections-to-the-constitution-of-the-seven-member-committee-by-the-government-to-examine-the-movie-before-its-release-/articleshow/7984241.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On 19 April, the court dismissed Rodrigues's petition, allowing the film to be released.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Dum Maro Dum PIL dismissed - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dum-maro-dum-pil-dismissed/articleshow/8017088.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Prabhakar |first1=Jyothi }}</ref><br />
<br />
A 2024 article by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' alleged that Rodrigues was a part of an Indian operation to overthrow [[Mohamed Muizzu]], the [[President of Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-30 |first=Gerry |last=Shih |first2=Siddharthya |last2=Roy |title=A plot in paradise and India’s struggle for influence in Asia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/30/maldives-president-muizzu-india-china-influence/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Report links India to anti-Muizzu plot, Maldives ex-prez denies it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/report-links-india-to-anti-muizzu-plot-maldives-ex-prez-denies-it/articleshow/116842941.cms |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=21 July 2015 |title=Karmic Ishq |location=[[Margao, Goa]], India|publisher=Cinnamon Teal Print And Publishing Services |isbn=9789385523038}}<br />
*{{cite book |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Savio |first1=Amit |last1=Bagaria|date=4 June 2021 |title=Modi Stole My Mask: The Truth about India's COVID Crisis |location=[[Gurgaon, Haryana]], India|publisher=Garuda Prakashan Private Limited|isbn=9781942426554}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Savio |date=10 May 2024 |title=The Path to Peace: Conflict Avoidance the Jesus Way |location=[[Velim, Goa]], India|publisher=Kianna Publishers |asin=B0D3XZ3BHB}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{sister project links|d=|s=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|n=no|mw=no|m=no}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Savio}}<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamwa_Ramgarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=505606Jamwa Ramgarh Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:33:26Z<p>Arshelina: adding a entry needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jamwa Ramgarh<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-48-Jamwa Ramgarh.svg<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 48<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| mla = [[Mahendra Pal Meena]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:232217}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jamwa Ramgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Mahendra Pal Meena]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| [[Gopal Meena]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| [[Jagdish Narayan]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Gopal Meena]]<ref name=election2018/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Mahendra Pal Meena]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamwa Ramgarh<ref name="election2023"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Mahendra Pal Meena<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:100041}}<br />
|percentage = 55.67<br />
|change = +13.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Gopal Lal Meena<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:61614}}<br />
|percentage = 34.29<br />
|change = -20.8<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Suman Meena<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13284}}<br />
|percentage = 7.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1438}}<br />
|percentage = 0.8<br />
|change = -0.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:38427}}<br />
|percentage = 21.38<br />
|change = +7.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:179709}}<br />
|percentage = 77.39<br />
|change = -1.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamwa Ramgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Gopal Meena<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:89165}}<br />
|percentage = 55.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Mahendra Pal Meena<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67481}}<br />
|percentage = 41.69<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2195}}<br />
|percentage = 1.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:21684}}<br />
|percentage = 13.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:161867}}<br />
|percentage = 78.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Jaipur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|27.02|76.01|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jaipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baruraj_Assembly_constituency&diff=489945Baruraj Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:17:20Z<p>Arshelina: New post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Baruraj<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 96-Baruraj constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| region = <br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| district = <br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = 278,389<br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
'''Baruraj''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is part of the North Bihar region.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 96 Baruraj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Motipur, Muzaffarpur|Motipur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Chochahin Chhapra and Saraiya [[gram panchayat]]s of Paroo CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Baruraj Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Baruraj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/baruraj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|rowspan="3" |Ramchandra Prasad Shahi<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Sukhdeo Giri<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Ramchandra Prasad Shahi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Jamuna Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Balendra Prasad Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Jamuna Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|rowspan="4" |Shashi Kumar Rai<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|Brij Kishore Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|Shashi Kumar Rai<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|Brij Kishore Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|Nand Kumar Rai<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|rowspan=2 |[[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Baruraj]]<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:96879}}<br />
|percentage = 47.14<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party<br />
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67827}}<br />
|percentage = 33.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Hiralal Khariya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:19935}}<br />
|percentage = 9.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Awadhesh Kumar Gupta<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4857}}<br />
|percentage = 2.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Nasima Khatoon<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2944}}<br />
|percentage = 1.43<br />
|change = {{decrease}}11.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Chetna Dal<br />
|candidate = Vidhalal Sahni<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2035}}<br />
|percentage = 0.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4926}}<br />
|percentage = 2.4<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29052}}<br />
|percentage = 14.14<br />
|change = {{decrease}}10.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:205509}}<br />
|percentage = 73.82<br />
|change = {{increase}}12.7<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = NDA<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Baruraj]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:87407}}<br />
|percentage = 49.47<br />
|change = +9.0<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Nand Kumar Rai]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:43753}}<br />
|percentage = 24.76<br />
|change = -18.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Hiralal Khadia<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:22650}}<br />
|percentage = 12.82<br />
|change = +9.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7304}}<br />
|percentage = 4.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3877}}<br />
|percentage = 2.19<br />
|change = +0.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5160}}<br />
|percentage = 2.92<br />
|change = -1.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:43654}}<br />
|percentage = 24.71<br />
|change = +21.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:176676}}<br />
|percentage = 61.12<br />
|change = +0.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruraj<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Nand Kumar Rai<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:68011}}<br />
|percentage = 43.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:63102}}<br />
|percentage = 40.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Najmul Hoda<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5658}}<br />
|percentage = 3.63<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Vidhalal Sahni<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2967}}<br />
|percentage = 1.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Raghuwar Bhagat<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2319}}<br />
|percentage = 1.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party<br />
|candidate = Hiralal Khadia<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2161}}<br />
|percentage = 1.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2099}}<br />
|percentage = 1.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6208}}<br />
|percentage = 3.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4909}}<br />
|percentage = 3.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:155924}}<br />
|percentage = 60.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2010===<br />
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Brij Kishor Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] won the Baruraj assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Nand Kumar Rai of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0496.htm |title = Bihar - Baruraj |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-07 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Shashi Kumar Rai of JD(U) defeated Brij Kishor Singh of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]]. Brij Kishor Singh of RJD defeated Shashi Kumar Rai of JD(U) in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Shashi Kumar Rai of JD(U) defeated Brij Kishor Singh of RJD in 2000. Shashi Kumar Rai of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Brij Kumar Singh of [[Bihar People’s Party|BPP]] in 1995 and Balendra Prasad Singh, Independent, in 1990. Shashi Kumar Rai of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Jamuna Singh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1985. Jamuna Singh of Congress defeated Shashi Kumar Rai of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) in 1980. Balendra Prasad Singh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] defeated Shashi Kumar Rai, Independent, in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp55.htm |title = 55 - Baruraj Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-02-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161648/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp55.htm |archive-date = 2011-07-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26|15|09|N|85|08|20|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Tirhut Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayant_Malhoutra&diff=505945Jayant Malhoutra2026-04-10T01:07:10Z<p>Arshelina: adding first entry v1...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jayant Kumar Malhoutra<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| term = 1994 – 2000<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|02|22|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|03|17|1936|02|22|df=yes}}<br />
| spouse = Barota Malhoutra<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| party = [[Janata Party]]<br />
| occupation = Politician, Industrialist<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jayant Kumar Malhoutra''' (22 February 1936 – 17 March 2008) was an Indian politician.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Who's Who, Rajya Sabha (1998)|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/larrdis/WhosWho_1998.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129215717/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/larrdis/WhosWho_1998.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2022|website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=OBITUARY REFERENCES (Jayant Kumar Malhoutra), Rajya Sabha|url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/104362?viewItem=browse|website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref> He was an industrialist by profession.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man who had the knack to bring together unlikely partners - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-who-had-the-knack-to-bring-together-unlikely-partners/286620/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1994 from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He also served as national treasurer of [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who, Rajya Sabha (1996)|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/larrdis/WhosWho_1996.pdf|website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref> He was the Leader of the United Parliamentary Group in the Rajya Sabha.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
== Positions held ==<br />
<br />
* 1973–1975 President, Bombay Management Association.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* 1994–2000 Member, Rajya Sabha.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* 1994–1996 Member, Committee of Home Affairs (Parliament).<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Member of Select Committee on Trade Marks Bill (Parliament).<ref name=":1" /><br />
* 1995–1996 Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* 1996–1998 Member, Committee on Industry.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* Member of Committee on External Affairs (Parliament).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940228-jayant-malhoutra-the-rajya-sabha-member-who-loves-to-drop-names-during-conversations-810160-1994-02-28 Jayant Malhoutra: The Rajya Sabha member who loves to drop names during conversations], ''India Today'' (1994)<br />
* [https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/mar/20inter1.htm "There are no defence deals without middlemen" - Jayant Malhoutra], ''Rediff.com'' (2001)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhoutra, Jayant}}<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2008 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]<br />
<br />
{{JP-politician-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbhajan_Singh_ETO&diff=502071Harbhajan Singh ETO2026-04-05T22:25:28Z<p>Arshelina: adding a bio w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = <br />
| native_name = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.--><br />
| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.--><br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Harbhajan Singh ETO in 2022<br />
| order = <br />
| office = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister for Power and Energy]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]<br />
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br>[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
| 2blankname = <br />
| 2namedata = *<br />
| term_start = 19 March 2022<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| office1 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|16 March 2022]]<br />
| term_end1 = <!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --><br />
| constituency1 = [[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]]<br />
| majority1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh Danny]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
<!--Personal data--><br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| salary = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --><br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| website = <br />
| nickname = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Harbhajan Singh ETO''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jandiala Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He became an Excise and Taxation Officer (ETO) in 2012 but he took voluntary retirement from the post of ETO in 2017 and he contested election from Jandiala constituency in 2017. He secured 33912 votes in 2017 and was among the highest vote gatherers in Majha region of Punjab in 2017. In 2022 he won from the same constituency with a margin of almost 25,000+ votes defeating working president and sitting MLA Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala.<ref name="The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann’s cabinet ministers">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |accessdate=7 May 2022 |date=20 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507100844/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |archivedate=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
Singh was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represented the [[Jandiala Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Singh who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]], Singh was given the charge of two departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
# Department of Power<br />
# Department of Public Works<br />
<br />
=== Power minister ===<br />
Fulfilling their election promise of providing free electricity, from 1 July the people in Punjab would get 300 units of free electricity. 73.39 lakh domestic consumers were estimated to benefit from the scheme.<ref name="Free Electricity">{{cite news |title=Beginning today, people in Punjab to get 300 units of free power each month |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/beginning-today-people-in-punjab-to-get-300-units-of-free-power-each-month-408512 |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=1 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==<br />
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], He declared Rs. 1,16,39,694 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 29,00,390 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh(AAP):Constituency- JANDIALA (SC)(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=103 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance == <br />
{{transcluded section|source=Jandiala Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section:Jandiala Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Power]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Vijay Inder Singla]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Public Works]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN MLA box<br />
| state= Punjab<br />
| constituency= Jandiala<br />
| before =Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala (INC)<br />
| after= <br />
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harbhajan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Mann ministry]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arghya_Roy_Pradhan&diff=455995Arghya Roy Pradhan2026-03-29T12:31:34Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|image = <br />
|office1 = Chairman of Changrabandha Development Authority<br />
|term_start1 = 2017<br />
|office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for [[Mekliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mekliganj]]<br />
|term_start2 = 2016<br />
|term_end2 = 2021<br />
|predecessor2 = [[Paresh Chandra Adhikary]]<br />
|successor2 = [[Paresh Chandra Adhikary]]<br />
|office3 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for [[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]]<br />
|term_start3 = 2011<br />
|term_end3 = 2016<br />
|predecessor3 = Alaka Barman<br />
|successor3 = [[Fazal Karim Miah]]<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|5|1|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = <br />
|occupation = [[Politician]] <br />
|children = 1<br />
|relatives = [[Lt Ashoke Roy Pradhan]]<br />
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] <br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|profession = <br />
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
|website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Arghya Roy Pradhan''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Politician]] who currently serves as [[Chairman]] of Changrabandha Development Authority. He is basically from the state of [[West Bengal]]. He is a two term member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1986 | title=West Bengal 2016 ARGHYA ROY PRADHAN (Winner) MEKLIGANJ | work=myneta.info | accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Constituency==<br />
He represented the [[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]] from 2011-2016<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=26 | title=West Bengal 2011 ARGHYA ROY PRADHAN (Winner) TUFANGANJ | work=myneta.info | accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> and [[Mekliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mekliganj]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal/mekliganj-mla-results | title=ARGHYA ROY PRADHAN BILU MEKLIGANJ | work=ndtv.com | accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/mekliganj.html | title=Winner and Runner Up Candidate in Mekliganj assembly constituency | work=elections.in | accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political Party==<br />
Argha was member of Forward Block. He joined Trinamool Congress before 2004 Lok Sabha election with his father Amar Roy Pradhan. He is from the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
His father [[Amar Roy Pradhan]] was an eight time [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[Indian Parliament]] from [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mp-amar-roy-pradhan-dies-113070300734_1.html | title=Former MP Amar Roy Pradhan dies | work=business-standard.com | accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref> His wife Purabi Roy Prodhan is the president of Haldibari town block Trinamool Congress and also councillor of Haldibari Municipality.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Arghya Roy}}<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terah_Panne&diff=540083Terah Panne2026-03-29T07:57:38Z<p>Arshelina: Created Details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Television Series (1985)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image =<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| genre = <!-- Must be reliably sourced --><br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|work|author}} --><br />
| inspired_by = <!-- {{Based on|work|author}} --><br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| director = [[Vikas Desai]]<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| starring = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| judges = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| voices = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| narrated = <br />
| theme_music_composer = Sunil Kaushik<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| endtheme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = <br />
| num_seasons = <!-- Or num_series. Increment when new seasons/series begin. See template documentation for more info. --><br />
| num_episodes = <!-- Value is incremented when new episodes air. See template documentation for more info. --><br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = Vikas Desai and [[Kiran Shantaram]]<br />
| news_editor = <!-- Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show such as Newsnight. --><br />
| location = <!-- Nation the series was primarily filmed in, if different from the nation of origin. --><br />
| cinematography = <br />
| animator = <br />
| editor = <!-- Film editors --><br />
| camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --><br />
| runtime = 30 Minutes<br />
| company = <!-- Production companies only --><br />
| budget = <br />
| network = [[Doordarshan]]<br />
| first_aired = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or |released= {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}}, but not both --><br />
| last_aired = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| related = <!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Terah Panne''''' is an Indian TV series directed by [[Vikas Desai]] in 1985. It was produced by Vikas Desai and [[Kiran Shantaram]]. The main cast of the program are [[Hema Malini]] and Tarun Dhanrajgir. Hema Malini played the role of queen "Padmavati".<ref>{{cite web |title=Hema Malini remembers playing Queen Padmini, 30 years before Deepika Padukone became Padmavati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hema-malini-remembers-playing-queen-padmini-deepika-padukone-became-padmavati-4988187/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=2017-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Malini |first1=Hema |last2=Somaaya |first2=Bhawana |title=Hema Malini: The Authorized Biography |date=2008-02-01 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-048-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnVsBQAAQBAJ&dq=Terah+Panne&pg=PT121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Hema Malini played Rani Padmini |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/when-hema-malini-played-rani-padmini-2067632.html |website=Zee News |language=en |date=2017-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Hema Malini]] <br />
*Tarun Dhanrajgir<br />
*[[Ravindra Mankani]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|4681848|Terah Panne}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian television series]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datta_Meghe&diff=464563Datta Meghe2026-03-28T20:28:07Z<p>Arshelina: slightly enhanced information for clarity also per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1936–2026)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = File:Datta Meghe.jpg<br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| name = Datta Meghe<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Dattatraya Raghobaji Meghe<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|11|11|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Pavnar, [[Wardha district]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|03|22|1936|11|11|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| residence = 135, Pande Layout, Khamla, Nagpur<br />
| party = * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014-2026)<br />
| other_party = *[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]] (2009-2014), (Before 2000)<br />
*[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|25 px]] [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (2000-2008)<br />
| spouse = *Shalinitai Meghe (m.1962)<br />
| children = Mla [[Sameer Meghe]] , Ex-Mlc Sagar Meghe, Arjun Meghe<br />
| website = <br />
| education = B.A. 1963 Nagpur University<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1991<br />
| term_end1 = 1996<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1996<br />
| term_end2 = 1998<br />
| predecessor2 = Tejsingharao Laxmanrao Bhosale<br />
| successor2 = [[Rani Chitralekha Bhonsle]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1998<br />
| term_end3 = 1999<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Vijay Mude]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Prabha Rau]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2009<br />
| term_end4 = 2014<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Ramdas Tadas]]<br />
| office6 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of Opposition<br/>Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start6 = 7 September 1982<br />
| term_end6 = 16 November 1984<br />
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata6 = [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]<br/>[[Vasantdada Patil]]<br />
| predecessor6 = [[G P Pradhan]]<br />
| successor6 = Devidas Karale<br />
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start = (1978–1984), (1984–1990), (1990-1991), (2000<br />
| term_end = 2002)<br />
| constituency = Elected by MLAs<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| constituency5 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start5 = 3 April 2002<br />
| term_end5 = 2 April 2008<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Dattatraya Raghobaji Meghe''' (11 November 1936 – 22 March 2026) was an Indian politician and a leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and former and senior Member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected to Lok Sabha as a member of the Congress Party four times in [[Maharashtra]] state.<br />
<br />
Meghe was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]], representing [[Maharashtra]], from April 2002 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=List of Rajya Sabha members|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=2009-12-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was a member of the Legislative Council of Maharashtra from April 1978 to June 1991 three times and also during 2001–April 2002.<br />
<br />
==The Meghe Group==<br />
Apart from Politics, Datta Meghe established a chain of [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] schools in name of School Of Scholars, a prominent network of 23 branches established with a commitment to excellence in education and spread across Vidharbha in Maharashtra, school is renowned as a top CBSE school in Maharashtra. Serving 23000+ students across 8 locations in Maharashtra, India, managed by the Meghe Group since 1987, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research Deemed to be University, has been active in public life for more than 40 years and various medical colleges Established after 1990, engineering colleges, hospitals, banks, spinning mills, and IT firms in urban and rural areas to provide facilities at affordable rates.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dmietr.edu.in/dmietr/meghe-group | title=About Meghe Group &#124; DMIETR }}</ref><br />
<br />
He also was the [[President (education)|President]] of [[Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering]] (YCCE), situated in Wanadongri, [[Hingna|Hingna SubDivision]], [[Nagpur]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Meghe died on 22 March 2026, at the age of 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2026/03/22/veteran-leader-datta-meghe-passes-away-at-89/ |title=Veteran Leader Datta Meghe Passes Away at 89 |accessdate=22 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204524/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1858 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090728063334/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3539 Profile on Lok Sabha website]<br />
* [https://nelsonhospitals.com/our-inspiration/ Profile On Nelson Hospitals ]<br />
<br />
{{15th LS members from Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghe, Datta}}<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2026 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nagpur district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wardha district]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Student_Union&diff=450773Nepal Student Union2026-03-24T03:37:42Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|College student wing of Nepali Congress Party}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Tone|date=April 2025}}<br />
Symbiosis boarding school}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox organisation<br />
| name = Nepal Students' Union<br />{{lang|Ne|नेपाल विद्यार्थी संघ}}<br />
| image = [[File:NSU-flag.jpg|250px|Logo]]<br />
| size = 260px<br />
| caption = NSU flag<br />
| abbreviation = NSU<br />
| focus = [[Democratic socialism]]<br> Student interests<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1970|4|19|df=y}}<br />
| headquarters = [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]<br />
| founders = Bipin Koirala<br>[[Marshall Julum Shakya]]<br>Sher Bahadur Deuba<br />
| leader_title = President<br />
| leader_name = Dujang Sherpa<br />
| leader_title2 = Spokesperson<br />
| leader_name2 = Adv. Suraj Sejuwal<br />
| leader_title3 = Chief Secretary<br />
| leader_name3 = Bijaya Khakda<br />
| parent_organisation = [[Nepali Congress]]<br />
| affiliation = [[International Union of Socialist Youth]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.nsu.org.np/}}<br />
| leader_title4 = Policy and Research Department Head<br />
| leader_name4 = Narayan Pandey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nepal Students' Union''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''NSU''') is the largest student political wings in [[Nepal]]. The Nepal Student's Union represents the [[Nepali Congress]]. During the autocratic King's rule (''Panchayati Byawastha''), the union played a major role in unifying students to overthrow King's direct rule and establish democracy in the country.<br />
<br />
With wins in central campuses of [[Tribhuvan University]], [[Mid-West University]], [[Pokhara University]], [[Far Western University]] and many impactful colleges NSU currently stands as the largest student organization of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=त्रिवि विश्वविद्यालय क्याम्पसको स्ववियु सभापतिमा जोशी विजयी |url=https://www.prasashan.com/2025/03/31/652809/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=प्रशासन |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The organization was formed during autocratic [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] era. It was formed in April 19 1970. Because of the prohibition and possible interruption from the Panchayat the first meeting was held in [[Swyambhu]] and the second in Chovar. The second day meeting was held in Pashupatinath where the flag, statute and the naming of NSU was discussed. [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]] was the chief guest of the opening ceremony and the convention was financed by [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]. <br />
<br />
The first major student movement was held in 1979 for the sake of [[Students' union|Free Student Union]] and for the restoration of [[Democracy]] in [[Nepal]]. The first president of Nepal student union was Bipin Koirala who was sworn in the post in 1970. In the year 1971, [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] became the second president of the Nepal student union and Bal Bahadur Kc was appointed as an Executive Chairman by BP Koirala(Party President) while [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], a Madheshi face lead NSU during the [[1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum|2036 referendum]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Jayatu Sanskritam.jpg|thumb|One of the leaders of the Jayatu Sanskitam student movement Pandit Ram Prasad Neupane receiving felicitation for his work towards bring democracy in Nepal.]]<br />
<br />
The [[Jayatu Sanskritam]] dissent was considered the most significant and the first student dissents of Nepal. The students from Rajakiya Sanskrit Vidyalaya agitated against the policy of contemporary government. The role of the students was to create awareness among the people and to spread political consciousness as the beginning of democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/jayatu-sanskritam-marked/ |title=Jayatu Sanskritam marked |publisher=myRepublica |accessdate=1 December 2018 |date=15 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The leaders of Jayatu Sanskritam included: <br />
* [[Ram Prasad Neupane]] (from Ramechhap)<br />
* Kashinath Gautam<br />
* Sribhadra Sharma Khanal (from Tanahun)<br />
* Parasuram Pokhrel<br />
* Purna Prasad Brahman<br />
* Kamal Raj Regmi<br />
* [[Rajeshwor Devkota]]<br />
* Gokarna Shastri<br />
* Rajesh Sahani (From Kapilvastu 8 )<br />
* Nageshwar Nagbansi ( From kapilvastu 7 )<br />
* Anil Gaud<br />
<br />
===The development process of student union===<br />
The history of the developing process of student union suggests us that students have been presenting their persuasive nature since 2006. In India, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was agitating against the English government . B.P. Koirala in his very young age of 11 years was also involved in the movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.<br />
<br />
In the age of 15, B.P. Koirala was confined because he was fighting for the emancipation of [[Nepali people|Nepali]] people from Rana Rein. He was the President of [[Congress Socialist Party]] of boys section. And [[Ganesh Man Singh]] was expelled from Durbar High School; [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]] was the Vice President of "Nepal Chatra Sangh", the union of Nepali Students in Banarash.<br />
<br />
Students were the representatives who exploded the revolution against the tyrannical system of Rana rein. In that context, in BS 1997, magh 16, the student leader of [[Tri-Chandra College]], [[Ganga Lal Shrestha]] was killed by hanging on a tree in Shova Bhagawati. So, he is called first martyr of the student union.<br />
<br />
===The Establishment of Nepal Pupil Union (Nepal Chhatra Sangh)===<br />
The ebb and flow of freedom in India had its influence on democracy in Nepal. As a result, the heart of puppet government of Ranas’ started trembling. In spite of the excessive suppression by Rana, a few energetic youths gathered in Kupondole and organized a debating club under the chairperson-ship of Ganesh Bahadur Gurung and the other members of that committee were Basu Rimal, Surendra Raj Sharma, Gobind Lohani, Mrigendra Raj Pandey, Tej Bahadur prasai, Puskarnath Upadhaya, Krishna Babu etc. All the students were being prepared to rebel against the Rana Rein. And the debating club after while changed into Nepal Pupil Union during 2025 BS<br />
<br />
===Nepal National Students Federation===<br />
Nepal N.S.P. is one of the students unions of Nepal established before 2007, Fagun, 7. Later the students who believed on leftist ideology had felt another student association as a result Nepal National Student Federation was born. It became active against the Rana rein.<br />
<br />
===Nepal Youth Party (Nepal Tarun Dal)===<br />
Nepal Youth party was established as a socialist party on 10th Kartik 2010 B.S. The purpose of union or party was to aware the pessimist youths living in different parts of Nepal. The union got the unexpected support and belief from the energetic and politically conscious youths of the then period. The slogan was recited by the youths "Samajbad Jindabad" which was skyscraping all over the country. As a result, in many parts of country the branches of this organization began to be organized. It created a kind of optimism over the youths.<br />
<br />
===The Dissent of Free Student Union===<br />
On the first push in 2017, military event binod jayswal had totally obstructed the all parties except the student unions. The students leaders of Nepal Pupil Union (Nepali Congress Supporters) and Nepal Youth Party were constrained. This badly affected the leaders and cadres of other student unions. This led to other allied parties becoming passive, including the Nepal Sanskrit Student Union. The Nepal National Student Federation and other leftist student unions had been already involved in Panchyati System. In the initial period of Panchayati system, the people could not raise their voice against the Panchyati Suppression, and it had declared the total prohibition over the all student union. In 2017, the students were agitating the movement of King Mahendra. The student leaders were Binod Jayswal, Marshal Julum Shakya and so on.<br />
<br />
===Nepal Pupil and Youth Organization===<br />
The joint organization between Nepal pupil and youth union had a significant role as it was managed by the migrated Nepali Students in [[Darbhanga]] India. They were trying to collect India's support to establish democracy in Nepal. The leaders of the Union were C.K. Prasai, President, Maheshwor Singh, the General Secretary and others are Shiva Chand Jha, Arbinda Thakur and so on.<br />
<br />
===Assembly of Intra High School===<br />
In spite of the excessive obstruction by the Panchayati government, the rebellious students had never left their ethics of revolution. The political parties in which ethics and belief, the students were concerned, were directly or indirectly opposing the Panchayati tyrants. Although the great suppression of that system had badly affected the students movement but the students were never tired agitating them. Even the students of high school level were encouraged to have been participated in the movement of anti-Panchayati system. During the course of this movement, students had taken a risk and they organized an assembly of 22 high school's student in 2019 to aware the people about democracy. The students of college or campus were also agitating the Panchayati government. The assembly is still regarded as one of the historical movement in the entire history of Nepalese politics.<br />
<br />
===The Protest of University Students===<br />
After having the right to organize the union, the first student's Protest was held on 22 Baisakh, 2020. On Baisakh 19, 2020 the then principal of university Surya Bahadur Sakya had punished the students Dambar Biru, the student of English department TU and Shree Bhakta Gobinda Shrestha as a result, the students agitated against his punishment. In the process of that Protest, an action committee was formed under the chairmanship of [[Nava Raj Subedi]].<br />
<br />
===Intra College Students Assembly===<br />
Before 2007 B.S., there was only one college in Nepal which was Tri-Chandra College. In Tri-Chandra College only the arts education was available - those students who were interested to study science in further level had to go to India. After 2007 BS, or after the democracy, there was a mushroom growth of school in Nepal. As a result, average people could get education in Nepal relatively easily. Till the military evidence there were 29 colleges in Nepal, there was not the favorable environment for the uplifting of university education.<br />
<br />
There was lack of furniture, infrastructure, and other facilities although Tribhuvan University had already been established. The first vice chancellor Mr. Subarna Samser Rana had formed the educational activities dynamically to uplift the educational qualities. He had also developed the technical and physical aspect of Tribhuvan University. Due to the military evidence of 2017, the educational activities were obstructed. The students hardly succeeded to organize the student unions to solve the class problems. The students were deprived of organizing the student unions till 2019.<br />
<br />
In spite of many challenges and obstacles the students were able to form the union in 2019 B.S. The first president of the Student Union was Nawaraj Subedi. Subedi not only did works against the students' sprit but also showed his moral support to the Panchayati government. As a result, students got him to quit from the committee and selected [[Daman Nath Dhungana]] as an acting president.<br />
<br />
The election of Tribhuvan University had organized the second union. There are so many unions among the inter colleges of TU in Nepal. The student organizations of intra valley college had decided to have assembly from 25 to 29 Baisakh 2021. The students of Tri-Chandra College had hung the banners at the fence of Rani Pokhari in which ‘Intra College Assembly‘ was written. The assembly was held in Trichandra college at Saraswati Sadan. It was a symbol of students' courage to appear before the tyrannical government.<br />
<br />
===The Preparation of First General Assembly===<br />
There was no change in the exploiting nature of Panchyati tyrannical government over the democratic forces. The students were going to be more energetic and rebellious against it. The government was being fully restless. The victory of the democratic candidates on the election of union in Tribhuvan University was considered as the first attempt of democracy.<br />
<br />
==Ideologies==<br />
<br />
===See also===<br />
*[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]<br />
*[[Bimalendra Nidhi]]<br />
*[[Nepal Tarun Dal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Union, Nepal Student}}<br />
[[Category:Nepali Congress]]<br />
[[Category:Socialism in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1970]]<br />
[[Category:Student wings of political parties in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Students' unions in Nepal]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Pakistan_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948&diff=477431India–Pakistan war of 1947–19482026-03-20T19:21:59Z<p>Arshelina: entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1947–1948 war between India and Pakistan}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948<br />
| partof = the [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts|India–Pakistan wars]], [[Kashmir conflict]] and aftermath of the [[partition of India]]<br />
| image = Pakistani soldiers during the 1947–1948 war.jpg<br />
| caption = Indian troops landing on Srinagar airfield<br />
| notes = Conflict began when [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribesmen and Tanoli from Pakistan invaded the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], prompting the armies of India and Pakistan to get involved shortly afterwards.<br />
| date = 22 October 1947 – 1 January 1949 <br>(1 year and 10 weeks)<br />
| place = [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| result = See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]] section<br />
| territory = One-third of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] controlled by Pakistan. Indian control over remainder.<ref>{{citation |last=Tankel |first=Stephen |title=Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-023803-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1947_48.stm |title=BBC on the 1947–48 war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130232421/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1947_48.stm |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India|India]]}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|1947}} [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]<br />
| commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947–1950).svg}} [[Louis Mountbatten]]<br /> {{flagicon|India}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[Roy Bucher]]<ref name=Dasgupta>{{harvnb|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014}}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[K. M. Cariappa]]<ref name=Dasgupta /><br />{{flagicon|India|army}} [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Subayya Thimayya]]<ref name="Amazing">{{cite book |title=Thimmayya:An Amazing Life |last=Khanduri|first=Chandra B. |year=1969 |publisher=Centre for Armed Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, New Delhi through Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-87966-36-X |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref><Br>[[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Hari Singh]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]<br /> [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Sheikh Abdullah]]}}<br />
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Governor-General of Pakistan (1947-1953).svg}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg}} [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan).svg}} [[Frank Messervy]]<ref name=Dasgupta /><br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan).svg}} [[Douglas Gracey]]<ref name=Dasgupta /><br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Akbar Khan (general, born 1912)|Akbar Khan]]<ref name="Nawaz">{{harvnb|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon image|Flag of Muslim League.svg}} [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]]{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|p=120}}<br /> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Zaman Kiani]]{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|p=120}}<br /> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]]<ref name=Bangash />}}<br />
| strength1 = <br />
| strength2 = <br />
| casualties1 = {{indented plainlist}}<br />
*1,103–1,500 Indian Army personnel killed<ref name="Prasad">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Sri Nandan |last2=Pal |first2=Dharm |title=Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 |url=https://ia801505.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.116302/2015.116302.Operations-In-Jammu-Amp-Kashmir-1947-48.pdf |year=1987 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |page=379 |quotation=During the long campaign, the Indian Army lost 76 officers, 31 JCOs and 996 Other Ranks killed, making a total of 1103. The wounded totalled 3152, including 81 officers and 107 JCOs. Apart from these casualties, it appears that the J & K State Forces lost no less than 1990 officers and men killed, died of wounds, or missing presumed killed. The small RIAF lost a total of 32 officers and men who laid down their lives for the nation during these operations. In this roll of honour, there were no less than 9 officers.}}</ref><ref name="Kargil from Surprise to Victory">{{Cite book |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |last=Malik |first=V. P. |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |year=2010 |isbn=9789350293133 |edition=paperback |page=343}}</ref><ref>"An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir war, 1947–48", by Bharat Kumar, Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India)</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=Kaushik | title=The Oxford Companion to Modern Warfare in India: From the Eighteenth Century to Present Times | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-19-569888-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioUpAQAAIAAJ | access-date=18 May 2022 | page=215 | archive-date=18 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518163641/https://books.google.com/books?id=ioUpAQAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Phillips+Axelrod">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-SUAQAACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Wars|last1=Phillips|first1=Charles|last2=Axelrod|first2=Alan|date=2005|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-2851-1|language=en|page=602 }}</ref><br />
*1,000 Indian soldiers missing<ref name="Phillips+Axelrod"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maj (Retd) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN |url=http://archive.org/details/The1947-48KashmirWarTheWarOfLostOpportunities |title=THE 1947-48 Kashmir War The war of lost opportunities |pages=70 |language=English}}</ref><br />
*1,990 J&K state forces killed or missing<ref name="Prasad"/><br />
*32 RIAF personnel killed<ref name="Prasad"/><br />
*3,154–3,500 Indian troops wounded<wbr><ref name="Phillips+Axelrod"/><ref name="Clodfelter-2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYCwJgAACAAJ|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007, 3d ed.|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal|date=2 July 2008|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|isbn=978-0-7864-3319-3|language=en|page = 638}}</ref><ref name="Kargil from Surprise to Victory" /><ref name="Honor and Glory">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Maj Gen Jagjit |title=With Honour & Glory: Wars fought by India 1947–1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bljFNwAACAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-109-6 |pages=18– }}</ref><ref name=tni>{{cite web |author=Sabir Sha |title=Indian military hysteria since 1947 |newspaper=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-33393-Indian-military-hysteria-since-1947 |date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023543/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-33393-Indian-military-hysteria-since-1947 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* '''Total military casualties:'''<br />
*~7,000–8,000{{Endplainlist}}<br />
| casualties2 = {{Indented plainlist}}<br />
*1,000 Pakistani troops killed<ref name="Phillips+Axelrod"/><ref name="Clodfelter-2008"/><br />
*5,000 tribesmen and Kashmiri rebels killed<wbr/><ref name="Phillips+Axelrod"/><ref name="Clodfelter-2008"/><ref name="Honor and Glory" /><ref name=tni/><ref name="Krishna1998">{{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ashok |title=India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGIkXCsgT2UC&pg=PA160 |year=1998 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-47-9 |pages=160– }}</ref> <br />
*~14,000 wounded<ref name="Honor and Glory" /><br />
* '''Total military casualties:'''<br />
*~20,000{{Endplainlist}}<br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}<br />
| units1 = {{tree list}}<br />
* {{armed forces|India}}<br />
** {{army|India}}<br />
** {{air force|India}}<ref name = iaf1>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Bharat|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10682697|title=An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir War 1947–1948|date=2014|publisher=KW Publishers in association with Centre for Air Power Studies|isbn=978-93-81904-52-7|edition=2nd|location=New Delhi|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113306/https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10682697|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Massey|2005|p=97}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Barua|2005|p=192}}</ref><br />
* [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
| units2 = {{tree list}}<br />
* {{armed forces|Pakistan}}<br />
** {{army|Pakistan}}<br />
** {{air force|Pakistan}} (supply support only)<br />
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.svg}} Pakistani paramilitaries<br />
*** [[Gilgit Scouts]]<ref name=Bangash>{{harvnb|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accessions|2010}}</ref><ref name=Khanna>{{cite book |last=Khanna |first=K. K. |title=Art of Generalship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |date=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-93-9 |page=158 }}</ref><br />
*** [[Kurram Militia]]{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=57}}<br />
*** [[Frontier Corps|Frontier Scouts]]{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=57}}<br />
*** [[Khasadar]]<ref name="(Editor)">{{cite book |editor1=Nicholas Burns |editor2=Jonathon Price |title=American Interests in South Asia: Building a Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENyfHXi9wz0C&pg=PT155 |publisher=Aspen Institute |isbn=978-1-61792-400-2 |pages=155– }}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Muslim League.svg}} [[Muslim League National Guard]]{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=49}}<br />
* {{flagicon|Azad Kashmir}} [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force|Azad Kashmir irregular forces]]<br />
* [[File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg|23px]] [[Furqan Force]]<ref name="Simon Ross Valentine">{{cite book |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-916-7 |page=204 |first=Simon Ross |last=Valentine |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&q=furqan+force&pg=PA204}}</ref><br />
* [[File:Flag of Swat.svg|23px]] [[Swat Levies|Swat Army]]{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=57}}<br />
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Hunza.svg}} [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza state forces]]{{sfn|Brown|2014|p=|loc= Chapter 4 : The Coup D’état (October to November 1947)}}<br />
* {{Flagicon image|Nagar State Flag.png}} [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar state forces]]{{sfn|Brown|2014|p=|loc= Chapter 4 : The Coup D’état (October to November 1947)}}<br />
* {{symbol|Flag of State of Chitral.svg|link=no}} [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral state forces]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Chitral's Role In The Liberation Of Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/24-Nov-2021/chitral-s-role-in-the-liberation-of-gilgit-baltistan |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>{{tree list/end}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948''', also known as the '''first India–Pakistan war''', was a war fought between [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] over the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of the [[India–Pakistan wars]] between the two [[Partition of India|newly independent nations]]. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal ''[[Lascar|lashkar]]'' (militias) from [[Waziristan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114721/http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Pakistan Covert Operations |archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> in an effort to capture [[Kashmir]] and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31,&nbsp;34–35,&nbsp;105}}{{Sfn|Nawaz|2008}}<br />
<br />
[[Hari Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an [[1947 Poonch rebellion|uprising by his Muslim subjects]] in [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]], and lost control in portions of the western districts. On 22 October 1947, Pakistan's [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Frontier tribal militias]] crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take the capital city of [[Srinagar]], but upon reaching [[Baramulla]], they took to plunder and stalled. Maharaja Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing of an [[Instrument of Accession]] to India.<br />
<br />
The war was initially fought by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]{{sfn |Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=80}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA80 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |last=Lyon |first=Peter |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> and by militias from the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|frontier tribal areas]] adjoining the [[North-West Frontier Province]].<ref name=britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 Kashmir] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430073828/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547 |date=30 April 2015 }} in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2011), online edition</ref> Following the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession of the state to India]] on 26 October 1947, Indian troops were airlifted to [[Srinagar]], the state capital. British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India. However, later in 1948, they relented and Pakistan's armies entered the war shortly afterwards.<ref name=britannica /> The fronts solidified gradually along what later came to be known as the [[Line of Control]]. A formal ceasefire was declared effective 1 January 1949.{{sfn|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987|p=371}} Numerous analysts state that the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side obtaining a clear victory. Others, however, state that India emerged victorious as it successfully gained the majority of the contested territory.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Further|History of Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}<br />
Prior to 1815, the area now known as "Jammu and Kashmir" comprised 22 small independent states (16 Hindu and six Muslim) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir (King) of [[Afghanistan]], combined with those of local small rulers. These were collectively referred to as the "Punjab Hill States". These small states, ruled by [[Rajput|Rajput kings]], were variously independent, vassals of the [[Mughal Empire]] since the time of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] or sometimes controlled from [[Kangra State|Kangra state]] in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name="HutchisonVogel1933">{{cite book|last1=Hutchison|first1=J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Jean Philippe|title=History of the Panjab Hill States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uXgQwAACAAJ|year=1933|publisher=Superint., Gov. Print., Punjab}}</ref>{{rp|536}}<br />
<br />
The [[First Anglo-Sikh war]] (1845–46) was fought between the [[Sikh Empire]], which asserted sovereignty over [[Kashmir]], and the [[East India Company]]. In the [[Treaty of Lahore]] of 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the [[Beas River]] and the [[Sutlej River]] and required to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million rupees. Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] ruler [[Gulab Singh]] to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the company. Gulab Singh became the first [[Maharaja]] of the newly formed [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], founding a [[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir|dynasty]] that was to rule the state, the second-largest principality during the [[British Raj]], until India gained its independence in 1947.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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From February 1944 to January 1947, Afghanistan [[Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947|faced a series of tribal revolts]]. These revolts influenced Afghanistan to take a pro-Pakistan stance during the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948. A pro-India stance in this case would necessitate stopping Pashtuns from joining Pakistan's war against India, which was expected to cause a resurgence in rebel activity when the government was hoping to focus on national reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leake |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUulDQAAQBAJ |title=The Defiant Border: The Afghan-Pakistan Borderlands in the Era of Decolonization, 1936–65 |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-12602-2 |page=121 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Partition of India ==<br />
[[File:Partition of India 1947 en.svg|thumb|Partition of India and the movement of refugees]]<br />
[[File:Auchinleck.jpg|thumb|Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck]], Supreme Commander of Indian and Pakistani armed forces]]<br />
{{Main|Partition of India}}<br />
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The years 1946–1947 saw the rise of [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]], demanding a separate state for India's Muslims. The demand took a violent turn on the [[Direct Action Day]] (16 August 1946) and inter-communal violence between Hindus and Muslims became endemic. Consequently, a decision was taken on 3 June 1947 to divide [[British India]] into two separate states, the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] comprising the Muslim majority areas and the [[Dominion of India]] comprising the rest. The two provinces [[Punjab]] and [[Bengal]] with large Muslim-majority areas were to be divided between the two dominions. An estimated 11 million people eventually migrated between the two parts of Punjab, and possibly 1 million perished in the inter-communal violence.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} Jammu and Kashmir, being adjacent to the Punjab province, was directly affected by the happenings in Punjab.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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The original target date for the transfer of power to the new dominions was June 1948. However, fearing the rise of inter-communal violence, the British Viceroy [[Lord Mountbatten]] advanced the date to 15 August 1947. This gave only six weeks to complete all the arrangements for partition.{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|pp=293,&nbsp;320}} Mountbatten's original plan was to stay on as the joint [[Governor-general|Governor General]] for both of the new [[dominion]]s till June 1948. However, this was not accepted by the Pakistani leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. In the event, Mountbatten stayed on as the Governor General of India, whereas Pakistan chose Jinnah as its Governor General.{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|pp=293,&nbsp;329–330}} It was envisaged that the nationalisation of [[British Indian Army|the armed forces]] could not be completed by 15 August{{efn|At the beginning of 1947, all the posts above the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army were held by British officers.{{sfn|Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game|2007|p=324}} Pakistan had only four lieutenant colonels,{{sfn|Barua, Gentlemen of the Raj|2003|p=133}} two of whom were involved in the Kashmir conflict: Akbar Khan and Sher Khan.{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008}} At the beginning of the war, India had about 500 British officers and Pakistan over 1000.{{sfn|Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66|2014|p=43}}}} and hence British officers stayed on after the transfer of power. The service chiefs were appointed by the Dominion governments and were responsible to them. The overall administrative control, but not operational control, was vested with Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck]],{{Efn|Auchinleck was an Indian Army officer since 1903 who had been [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] from 1943}} who was titled the 'Supreme Commander', answerable to a newly formed Joint Defence Council of the two dominions. India appointed General [[Rob Lockhart]] as its Army chief and Pakistan appointed General [[Frank Messervy]].{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|pp=262–265}}<br />
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The presence of the British commanding officers on both sides made the India–Pakistan war of 1947 a strange war. The two commanding officers were in daily telephone contact and adopted mutually defensive positions. The attitude was that "you can hit them so hard but not too hard, otherwise there will be all kinds of repercussions."{{sfn|Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66|2014|pp=54,&nbsp;56}} Both Lockhart and Messervy were replaced in the course of war, and their successors [[Roy Bucher]] and [[Douglas Gracey]] tried to exercise restraint on their respective governments. Bucher was apparently successful in doing so in India, but Gracey yielded and let British officers be used in operational roles on the side of Pakistan. One British officer died in action.{{sfn|Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66|2014|pp=57–58}}<br />
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== Developments in Jammu and Kashmir (August–October 1947) ==<br />
[[File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in military uniform]]<br />
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With the independence of the Dominions, the [[Suzerainty|British Paramountcy]] over the princely states came to an end. The rulers of the states were advised to join one of the two dominions by executing an [[Instrument of Accession]]. [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir, along with his prime minister [[Ram Chandra Kak]], decided not to accede to either dominion. The reasons cited were that the Muslim majority population of the state would not be comfortable with joining India, and that the Hindu and Sikh minorities would become vulnerable if the state joined Pakistan.{{sfn|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=45}}<br />
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In 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a wide range of ethnic and religious communities. The [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir province]] consisting of the [[Kashmir Valley]] and the [[Muzaffarabad district]] had a majority Muslim population (over 90%). The [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]], consisting of five districts, had roughly equal numbers of Hindus and Muslims in the eastern districts ([[Udhampur]], [[Jammu]] and [[Reasi]]), and a Muslim majority in the western districts ([[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] and [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]]). The mountainous [[Ladakh]] district (''wazarat'') in the east had a significant Buddhist presence with a Muslim majority in [[Baltistan]]. The [[Gilgit Agency]] in the north was overwhelmingly Muslim and was directly governed by the British under an agreement with the Maharaja. Shortly before the transfer of power, the British returned the Gilgit Agency to the Maharaja, who appointed a [[Dogras|Dogra]] governor for the district and a British commander for the local forces.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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The predominant political movement in the Kashmir Valley, the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] led by [[Sheikh Abdullah]], believed in secular politics. It was allied with the [[Indian National Congress]] and was believed to favour joining India. On the other hand, the Muslims of the Jammu province supported the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], which was allied to the [[All-India Muslim League]] and favoured joining Pakistan. The Hindus of the Jammu province favoured an outright merger with India.<ref>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=The Question of Accession |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |pages=4–6 |date=November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, The Question of Accession|2010}} |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135717/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 }}</ref> In the midst of all the diverging views, the Maharaja's decision to remain independent was apparently a judicious one.{{sfn|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}}<br />
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=== Operation Gulmarg plan ===<br />
{{Location map+<br />
|Pakistan<br />
|float = right<br />
|width = 250<br />
|caption = Operation Gulmarg locations<br />
|nodiv = 1<br />
|mini = 1<br />
|places =<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=34.36|N |long=73.47|E |label=Muzaffarabad |position=right |link=Muzaffarabad |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=70}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=33.76|N |long=74.09|E |label=Poonch |position=right |link=Poonch (town) |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=70}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=32.98|N |long=74.07|E |label=Bhimber |position=right |link=Bhimber |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=70}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=34.18|N |long=73.24|E |label=Abbottabad |position=left |link=Abbottabad |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=34.75|N |long=72.35|E |label=Swat |position=left |link=Swat (princely state) |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=35.20|N |long=71.88|E |label=Dir |position=left |link=Dir (princely state) |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=35.85|N |long=71.79|E |label=Chitral |position=left |link=Chitral (princely state) |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=32.94|N |long=70.61|E |label=Bannu |position=right |link=Bannu |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=32.29|N |long=69.57|E |label=Wanna |position=right |link=Wanna, Pakistan |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=33.58|N |long=71.42|E |label=Kohat |position=right |link=Kohat |Red=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=33.37|N |long=70.55|E |label=Thall |position=right |link=Thal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=34.01|N |long=71.98|E |label=Nowshera |position=right |link=Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=0}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=35.507284|N |long=73.35631334|E |label=Indus river |position=right |link=Indus River |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=70}}<br />
{{location map~ |Pakistan |lat=31.712541|N |long=74.456148|E |label=Ravi river |position=river |link=Ravi River |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=4 |label_size=70}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani Army prepared a plan called Operation Gulmarg and put it into action as early as 20 August, a few days after Pakistan's independence. The plan was accidentally revealed to an Indian officer, [[Onkar Singh Kalkat|Major O. S. Kalkat]] serving with the [[Bannu Brigade]].{{efn|Major Kalkat was the [[brigade major]] at the [[Bannu Brigade]], who opened a Demi-Official letter marked "Personal/Top Secret" on 20 August 1947 signed by General [[Frank Messervy]], the then Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army. It was addressed to Kalkat's commanding officer Brig. C. P. Murray, who happened to be away at another post. The Pakistani officials suspected Kalkat and placed him under house arrest. He escaped and made his way to New Delhi on 18 October. However, the Indian military authorities and defence minister did not believe his information. He was recalled and debriefed on 24 October after the tribal invasion of Kashmir had started.{{sfn|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987 |p=17}}}} According to the plan, 20 ''lashkars'' (tribal militias), each consisting of 1,000 [[Pashtuns|Pashtun tribesmen]], were to be recruited from among various Pashtun tribes, and armed at the brigade headquarters at [[Bannu]], [[Wanna, Pakistan|Wanna]], [[Peshawar]], [[Kohat]], [[Thal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Thall]] and [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]] by the first week of September. They were expected to reach the launching point of [[Abbottabad]] on 18 October, and cross into Jammu and Kashmir on 22 October. Ten ''lashkars'' were expected to attack the [[Kashmir Valley]] through [[Muzaffarabad]] and another ten ''lashkars'' were expected to join the rebels in [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]] and [[Rawalakot]] with a view to advance to [[Jammu]]. Detailed arrangements for the military leadership and armaments were described in the plan.{{sfn|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987 |pp=17–19}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Kalkat |first=Onkar S. |title=The Far-flung Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWO5AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1983 |pages=40–42}}</ref><br />
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The regimental records show that, by the last week of August, the [[21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)]] (PAVO Cavalry) regiment was briefed about the invasion plan. Colonel Sher Khan, the Director of Military Intelligence, was in charge of the briefing, along with Colonels Akbar Khan and Khanzadah. The Cavalry regiment was tasked with procuring arms and ammunition for the 'freedom fighters' and establishing three wings of the insurgent forces: the South Wing commanded by Major General [[Mohammed Zaman Kiani|Zaman Kiani]], a Central Wing based at Rawalpindi and a North Wing based at Abbottabad. By 1 October, the Cavalry regiment completed the task of arming the insurgent forces. "Throughout the war there was no shortage of small arms, ammunitions, or explosives at any time." The regiment was also told to be on stand by for induction into fighting at an appropriate time.{{sfnp|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|pp=151–153}}{{sfnp|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold|2008|p=59–}}<ref name="Wajahat review">{{citation |last=Amin |first=Agha Humayun |chapter=Memories of a Soldier by Major General Syed Wajahat Hussain (Book Review) |title=Pakistan Military Review, Volume 18 |date=August 2015 |isbn=978-1-5168-5023-5 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |chapter-url=https://www.slideshare.net/AAmin1/pakistan-military-review-volume-18-inside-waziristan |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155722/https://www.slideshare.net/AAmin1/pakistan-military-review-volume-18-inside-waziristan |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Scholars have noted considerable movement of Pashtun tribes during September–October. By 13 September, armed Pashtuns drifted into Lahore and Rawalpindi. The Deputy Commissioner of [[Dera Ismail Khan]] noted a scheme to send tribesmen from [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] to [[Sialkot]], in lorries provided by the Pakistan government. Preparations for attacking Kashmir were also noted in the princely states of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], and [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]. Scholar Robin James Moore states there is "little doubt" that Pashtuns were involved in border raids all along the Punjab border from the [[Indus River|Indus]] to the [[Ravi River|Ravi]].{{sfn|Moore, Making the new Commonwealth|1987|p=49}}<br />
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Pakistani sources deny the existence of any plan called Operation Gulmarg. However, Shuja Nawaz does list 22 Pashtun tribes involved in the invasion of Kashmir on 22 October.{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|p=124–125}}<br />
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=== Rebellion in Poonch ===<br />
[[File:AJ&K Divisions.png|thumb|273x273px|Poonch district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir (in green) along with Muzaffarabad (blue) and Mirpur (yellow) districts in 1947]]<br />
{{Main|1947 Poonch rebellion}}<br />
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Sometime in August 1947, the first signs of trouble broke out in [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], about which diverging views have been received. Poonch was originally an internal ''jagir'' (autonomous principality), governed by an alternative family line of Maharaja Hari Singh. The taxation is said to have been heavy. The Muslims of Poonch had long campaigned for the principality to be absorbed into the Punjab province of British India. In 1938, a notable disturbance occurred for religious reasons, but a settlement was reached.{{sfn|Ankit, The Problem of Poonch|2010|p=8}} During the [[Second World War]], over 60,000 men from Poonch and Mirpur districts enrolled in the British Indian Army. After the war, they were discharged with arms, which is said to have alarmed the Maharaja.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=41}} In June, Poonchis launched a 'No Tax' campaign.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950, By I. Copland.|date=26 April 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-00598-3|pages=143}}</ref> In July, the Maharaja ordered that all the soldiers in the region be disarmed.{{efn|Under the Jammu and Kashmir Arms Act of 1940, the possession of all fire arms was prohibited in the state. The Dogra Rajputs were however exempted in practice.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parashar |first=Parmanand |title=Kashmir and the Freedom Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0fUEZDsvqoC&pg=PA178 |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-514-1 |pages=178–179}}</ref>}} The absence of employment prospects coupled with high taxation drove the Poonchis to rebellion.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=41}} The "gathering head of steam", states scholar Srinath Raghavan, was utilised by the local Muslim Conference led by [[Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]] (Sardar Ibrahim) to further their campaign for accession to Pakistan.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=105}}<br />
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According to state government sources, the rebellious militias gathered in the Naoshera-Islamabad area, attacking the state troops and their supply trucks. A battalion of state troops was dispatched, which cleared the roads and dispersed the militias. By September, order was reestablished.{{sfn|Ankit, The Problem of Poonch|2010|p=9}} The Muslim Conference sources, on the other hand, narrate that hundreds of people were killed in [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] during flag hoisting around 15 August and that the Maharaja unleashed a 'reign of terror' on 24 August. Local Muslims also told Richard Symonds, a British Quaker social worker, that the army fired on crowds, and burnt houses and villages indiscriminately.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=42}} According to the Assistant British High Commissioner in Pakistan, H. S. Stephenson, "the Poonch affair... was greatly exaggerated".{{sfn|Ankit, The Problem of Poonch|2010|p=9}}<br />
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===Operation Datta Khel===<br />
{{main|Operation Datta Khel}}<br />
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Operation Datta Khel was a military operation and coup planned by [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]] along with the [[Gilgit Scouts]], aimed at overthrowing the rule of the [[Dogra dynasty]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]]. The operation was launched shortly after the independence of Pakistan. By 1 November, [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] had been annexed from the Dogra dynasty, and was made part of Pakistan after a brief provisional government.<ref name="Warikoo 2009">{{cite book | last=Warikoo | first=K. | title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-134-03294-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60| page=60}}</ref><br />
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=== Pakistan's preparations, Maharaja's manoeuvring ===<br />
[[File:Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]], Prime Minister of Pakistan]]<br />
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Scholar [[Prem Shankar Jha]] states that the Maharaja had decided, as early as April 1947, that he would accede to India if it was not possible to stay independent.<ref>{{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Response (to the reviews of ''The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947'') |journal=Commonwealth and Comparative Politics |volume=36 |number=1 |date=March 1998 |doi=10.1080/14662049808447762 |pages=113–123}}</ref>{{rp|115}} The rebellion in Poonch possibly unnerved the Maharaja. Accordingly, on 11 August, he dismissed his pro-Pakistan Prime Minister, Ram Chandra Kak, and appointed retired Major [[Janak Singh]] in his place.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7|pages=155}}</ref> On 25 August, he sent an invitation to Justice [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] of the Punjab High Court to come as the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=123}} On the same day, the Muslim Conference wrote to the Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] warning him that "if, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them".{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=103}} This set the ball rolling in Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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Liaquat Ali Khan sent a Punjab politician [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] to explore the possibility of organising a revolt in Kashmir.{{sfn|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013|pp=25–27}} Meanwhile, Pakistan cut off essential supplies to the state, such as petrol, sugar and salt. It also stopped trade in timber and other products, and suspended train services to Jammu.{{sfn|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=50}} Iftikharuddin returned in mid-September to report that the National Conference held strong in the Kashmir Valley and ruled out the possibility of a revolt.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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[[File:Murree Richtone(HDR).jpg|thumb|left|[[Murree]], overlooking Kashmir]]<br />
Meanwhile, Sardar Ibrahim had escaped to West Punjab, along with dozens of rebels, and established a base in [[Murree]]. From there, the rebels attempted to acquire arms and ammunition for the rebellion and smuggle them into Kashmir. Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], one of a handful of high-ranking officers in the Pakistani Army,{{efn|According to scholar [[Christine Fair]], at the time of independence, Pakistan had one major general, two brigadiers, and six colonels, even though the requirements were for 13 major generals, 40 brigadiers, and 52 colonels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-989271-6 |page=58 }}</ref>}} with a keen interest in Kashmir, arrived in Murree, and got enmeshed in these efforts. He arranged 4,000 rifles for the rebellion by diverting them from the Army stores. He also wrote out a draft plan titled ''Armed Revolt inside Kashmir'' and gave it to Mian Iftikharuddin to be passed on to the Pakistan's Prime Minister.{{sfn|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008|loc=Section 4.II}}{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|p=120}}<br />
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On 12 September, the Prime Minister held a meeting with Mian Iftikharuddin, Colonel Akbar Khan and another Punjab politician Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]]. Hayat Khan had a separate plan, involving the [[Muslim League National Guard]] and the militant Pashtun tribes from the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Frontier regions]]. The Prime Minister approved both the plans, and despatched [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]], the head of the Muslim League National Guard, to mobilise the Frontier tribes.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|p=120}}<br />
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[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru 1946.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Prime Minister of India]]<br />
The Maharaja was increasingly driven to the wall with the rebellion in the western districts and the Pakistani blockade. He managed to persuade Justice Mahajan to accept the post of Prime Minister (but not to arrive for another month, for procedural reasons). He sent word to the Indian leaders through Mahajan that he was willing to accede to India but needed more time to implement political reforms. However, it was India's position that it would not accept accession from the Maharaja unless it had the people's support. The Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demanded that Sheikh Abdullah should be released from prison and involved in the state's government. Accession could only be contemplated afterwards. Following further negotiations, Sheikh Abdullah was released on 29 September.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC|year=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-898-4|page=44|quote=Nehru therefore suggested to Patel that the maharaja should 'make friends with the National Conference, 'so that there might be this popular support against Pakistan'. Nehru had hoped that the maharaja could be persuaded to accede to India before any invasion took place and he realised that accession would only be more easily accepted if Abdullah, as a popular leader, were brought into the picture.}}</ref><br />
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Nehru, foreseeing a number of disputes over princely states, formulated a policy that states<br />
{{blockquote|"wherever there is a dispute in regard to any territory, the matter should be decided by a referendum or plebiscite of the people concerned. We shall accept the result of this referendum whatever it may be."{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=49–51}}{{sfn|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=28–29}}}}<br />
The policy was communicated to Liaquat Ali Khan on 1 October at a meeting of the Joint Defence Council. Khan's eyes are said to have "sparkled" at the proposal. However, he made no response.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=49–51}}{{sfn|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=28–29}}<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
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=== Operations in Poonch and Mirpur ===<br />
{{Main|1947 Poonch rebellion}}<br />
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Armed rebellion started in the Poonch district at the beginning of October 1947.<ref name="ul-Hassan">{{citation |last=ul-Hassan |first=Syed Minhaj |title=Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947–48 AD. |journal=FWU Journal of Social Sciences |volume=9 |number=1 |year=2015 |pages=1–7 |url=http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |ref={{sfnref|ul Hassan, Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir|2015}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063114/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Ganguly |title=Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=541 |date=September 1995 |pages=167–178 |publisher=Sage Publications |jstor=1048283 |ref={{sfnref|Ganguly, Wars without End|1995}} |doi=10.1177/0002716295541001012|s2cid=144787951 }}</ref><br />
The fighting elements consisted of "bands of deserters from the State Army, serving soldiers of the Pakistan Army on leave, ex-servicemen, and other volunteers who had risen spontaneously."{{sfn|Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=113}}<br />
The first clash is said to have occurred at [[Thorar]] (near [[Rawalakot]]) on 3–4 October 1947.<ref name="reg history">Regimental History Cell, ''History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Volume 1 (1947–1949)'', Azad Kashmir Regimental Centre, NLC Printers, Rawalpindi,1997</ref><br />
The rebels quickly gained control of almost the entire Poonch district. The State Forces garrison at the [[Poonch (city)|Poonch city]] came under heavy siege.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/00book939526581/page/100 100] |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581/page/100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 |page=143 }}</ref><br />
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In the [[Kotli District|Kotli tehsil]] of the Mirpur district, border posts at Saligram and [[Owen Pattan]] on the Jhelum river were captured by rebels around 8 October. [[Sehnsa]] and [[Throchi]] were lost after some fighting.{{sfn|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015|p=57}}{{sfn|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=162}} State Force records reveal that Muslim officers sent with reinforcements sided with the rebels and murdered the fellow state troops.{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|pp=235–236}}<br />
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Radio communications between the fighting units were operated by the Pakistan Army.{{sfn|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=94}} Even though the Indian Navy intercepted the communications, lacking intelligence in Jammu and Kashmir, it was unable to determine immediately where the fighting was taking place.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |page=19 }}</ref><br />
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== Accession of Kashmir ==<br />
Following the rebellions in the Poonch and Mirpur area<ref name="lamb">Lamb, Alastair (1997), ''Incomplete partition: the genesis of the Kashmir dispute 1947–1948'', Roxford, {{ISBN|0-907129-08-0}}</ref> and the Pakistan-backed{{sfn|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987|p=18}} Pashtun tribal invasion from the [[North-West Frontier Province]],<ref name="snl">{{Cite web|url=http://snl.no/Kashmir-konflikten|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185400/https://snl.no/Kashmir-konflikten|url-status=dead|title=Kashmir-konflikten|first=Gunnar|last=Filseth|date=13 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2015|via=Store norske leksikon}}</ref><ref name="nrk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/kashmir-konflikten-1.461250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618000408/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/verden/1.461250|url-status=dead|title=Kashmir-konflikten|date=2 January 2002|archive-date=18 June 2013|website=NRK}}</ref> the Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. India set the condition that Kashmir must accede to India for it to receive assistance. The Maharaja complied, and the [[Government of India]] recognised the accession of the princely state to India. Indian troops were sent to the state to defend it.{{efn|Accession from Kashmir was requested mainly at the insistence of the Governor General Lord Mountbatten, who was congnizant of the apprehensions of the British military officers on both the sides over the possibility of an inter-dominion war.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=52–53}} In fact, there was a [[Stand Down Order (1947)|Stand Down Order]] already issued by the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers on both the sides should immediately stand down.{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|pp=25–26}} However, Mountbatten's decision has been questioned by Joseph Korbel and biographer Philip Ziegler.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=58–59}}}} The [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] volunteers aided the [[Indian Army]] in its campaign to drive out the Pathan invaders.<ref name="Sayyid Mīr Qāsim">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KNFJKap8YxwC| title = My Life and Times| publisher = Allied Publishers Limited| year = 1992| isbn = 9788170233558| access-date = 15 November 2015| archive-date = 6 February 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113823/https://books.google.com/books?id=KNFJKap8YxwC| url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Pakistan refused to recognise the accession of Kashmir to India, claiming that it was obtained by "fraud and violence."{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=61}} Governor General [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] ordered his Army Chief General Douglas Gracey to move Pakistani troops to Kashmir at once. However, the Indian and Pakistani forces were still under a joint command, and Field Marshal Auchinleck prevailed upon him to withdraw the order. With its accession to India, Kashmir became legally Indian territory, and the British officers could not a play any role in an inter-Dominion war.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=60}}<ref name="Connell1959">{{cite book |last=Connell |first=John |title=Auchinleck: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZYDAAAAMAAJ |year=1959 |publisher=Cassell}}</ref> The Pakistan Army made available arms, ammunition, and supplies to the rebel forces who were dubbed the "Azad Army". Pakistan Army officers "conveniently" on leave and the former officers of the [[Indian National Army]] were recruited to command the forces.<br />
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[[File:Pakistani Convoy heading to liberate kashmir.jpg|thumb|A Pakistan Army convoy advances in Kashmir]]<br />
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In May 1948, the Pakistan Army officially entered the conflict, in theory to defend the Pakistan borders, but it made plans to push towards Jammu and cut the lines of communications of the Indian forces in the Mehndar Valley.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=65–67}} In [[Gilgit]], the force of [[Gilgit Scouts]] under the command of a British officer Major William Brown mutinied and overthrew the governor Ghansara Singh. Brown prevailed on the forces to declare accession to Pakistan.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=63}}<ref name="Brown2014">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=William|title=Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9tBQAAQBAJ|date=30 November 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-2187-3}}</ref> They are also believed to have received assistance from the [[Chitral Scouts]] and the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Bodyguard]] of the state of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], one of the [[princely states of Pakistan]], which had acceded to Pakistan on 6 October 1947.<ref>Martin Axmann, ''Back to the future: the Khanate of Kalat and the genesis of Baluch Nationalism 1915–1955'' (2008), p. 273</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHQMAQAAMAAJ|title=Frontier facets: Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province|last=Tahir|first=M. Athar|year=2007|publisher=National Book Foundation; Lahore|language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Stages of the war ==<br />
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=== Initial invasion ===<br />
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[[File:Pashtun Tribesmen Warriors during the 1st Kashmir War.jpg|thumb|Pashtun warriors from different tribes on their way to Kashmir]]<br />
On 22 October 1947, [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]] entered Kashmir near [[Muzaffarabad]] heading a lashkar of 4,000 tribesmen.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=60}} The Pashtun tribal attack was launched in the Muzaffarabad sector. The state forces stationed in the border regions around [[Muzaffarabad]] and Domel were quickly defeated by tribal forces (Muslim state forces mutinied and joined them) and the way to the capital was open. Among the raiders, there were many active Pakistani Army soldiers disguised as tribals. They were also provided logistical help by the Pakistan Army. Rather than advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants.<ref>Tom Cooper, [http://www.acig.info/CMS/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=159 I Indo-Pakistani War, 1947–1949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104334/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=159 |date=2 October 2016 }}, Air Combat Information Group, 29 October 2003</ref> In the [[Poonch River|Poonch valley]], the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged.<ref>Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History.</ref><br />
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Records indicate that the Pakistani tribals beheaded many Hindu and Sikh civilians in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iqbal |first1=Khuram |title=The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs |date=2015 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-1649-5 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppkpCwAAQBAJ |language=en }}</ref><br />
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=== Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley ===<br />
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After the accession, India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar under the command of Lt. Col. [[Dewan Ranjit Rai]], where they reinforced the princely state forces, established a defence perimeter and defeated the tribal forces on the outskirts of the city. After Khurshid Anwar and some of the tribesmen advanced again, about 1,000 of them reached [[Budgam]] by 3 November, which was within striking distance of the Srinagar airfield. Here they were [[Battle of Badgam|confronted by Indian troops]].{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=156}} <br />
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The Indians managed on holding both the capital and airfield overnight against extreme odds. The successful defence included an outflanking manoeuvre by Indian [[Armored car (military)|armoured cars]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/|title=Defence of Srinagar 1947|work=Indian Defence Review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318174203/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/|archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> during the [[Battle of Shalateng]]. The defeated tribal forces were pursued as far as [[Baramulla]] and [[Uri (India)|Uri]] and these towns, too, were recaptured.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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In the Poonch valley, tribal forces continued to besiege state forces.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
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In [[Gilgit]], the state paramilitary forces, the [[Gilgit Scouts]], under the command of [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]], joined the invading tribal forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state. The tribal forces were also joined by troops from [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], whose ruler, [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]] the Mehtar of Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8N7sAAAAMAAJ|title=Persistence and transformation in the Eastern Hindu Kush: a study of resource management systems in Mehlp Valley, Chitral, North Pakistan|last=Rahman|first=Fazlur|date=1 January 2007|publisher=In Kommission bei Asgard-Verlag|isbn=978-3-537-87668-3|page=32|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wilcox">{{cite book |last=Wilcox |first=Wayne Ayres |title=Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59y9OwAACAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-02589-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Attempted link-up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur ===<br />
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Indian forces ceased pursuit of tribal forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a [[relief column]] southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch. Although the relief column eventually reached Poonch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached [[Kotli]], and evacuated the garrisons of that town and others but were forced to abandon it being too weak to defend it. Meanwhile, Mirpur was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947 with the help of Pakistan's [[PAVO Cavalry]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Effendi |first=Col. M. Y. |title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849–1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 |pages=157–160 }}</ref> This led to the [[1947 Mirpur massacre]] where Hindu women were reportedly abducted by tribal forces and taken into Pakistan. They were sold in the brothels of Rawalpindi. Around 400 women jumped into wells in Mirpur committing suicide to escape from being abducted.<ref>{{cite book |first=Colonel Tej K. |last=Tikoo |chapter=Genesis of Kashmir Problem and how it got Complicated: Events between 1931 and 1947 AD |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and their Exodus |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=New Delhi, Atlanta |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-935501-58-9}}</ref><br />
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=== Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri ===<br />
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The tribal forces attacked and captured [[Jhangar|Jhanger]]. They then attacked [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naoshera]] unsuccessfully, and made a series of unsuccessful attacks on [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. In the south a minor Indian attack secured [[Chhamb|Chamb]]. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br />
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=== Operation Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger ===<br />
The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the tribal forces continued attacking the Uri [[garrison]]. In the north, [[Skardu]] was brought under siege by the Gilgit Scouts.<ref name="Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 CLAW">{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Rohit|title=Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948|url=http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW%20i-10.10.2012.150-178.pdf|website=Centre for Land Warfare Studies|pages=141–142|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020092019/http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW%20i-10.10.2012.150-178.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Indian spring offensive ===<br />
The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The Gilgit scouts made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring [[Leh]] under siege, capturing [[Kargil town|Kargil]] and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br />
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=== Operations Gulab and Eraze ===<br />
{{main|Siege of Skardu}}<br />
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The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais ([[Operation Eraze]]).<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |page=418}}</ref>{{rp|308–324}} They also repelled a counterattack aimed at [[Teetwal]]. In the Jammu region, the forces besieged in Poonch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army was able to defend Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts impeding their advance down the Indus valley towards Leh. In August the [[Chitral Scouts]] and [[Chitral Bodyguard]] under Mata ul-Mulk besieged Skardu and with the help of artillery were able to take Skardu. This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sneAAAAMAAJ|title=In the Line of Duty: A Soldier Remembers|last=Singh|first=Harbakhsh|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788170621065|page=227|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqTjAAAAMAAJ|title=The battles of Zojila, 1948|last=Bloeria|first=Sudhir S.|date=31 December 1997|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=72|isbn=9788124105092|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Operation Bison ===<br />
{{Main|Military operations in Ladakh (1948)}}<br />
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During this time the front began to settle down. The siege of Poonch continued. An unsuccessful attack was launched by [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77 Parachute Brigade]] (Brig Atal) to capture [[Zoji La]] pass. Operation Duck, the earlier epithet for this assault, was renamed as Operation Bison by [[Kodandera Madappa Cariappa|Cariappa]]. [[M5 Stuart|M5 Stuart light tanks]] of [[7th Light Cavalry|7 Cavalry]] were moved in dismantled conditions through Srinagar and winched across bridges while two field companies of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] converted the mule track across Zoji La into a jeep track. The surprise attack on 1 November by the brigade with armour supported by two regiments of [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounder gun-howitzers]] and a regiment of [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer|3.7-inch mountain guns]], forced the pass and pushed the tribal and Pakistani forces back to [[Matayan]] and later [[Dras]]. The brigade linked up on 24 November at [[Kargil town|Kargil]] with Indian troops advancing from [[Leh]] while their opponents eventually withdrew northwards toward [[Skardu]].<ref name="Rescue">{{cite book |title=Operation Rescue:Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1947–49 |last=Sinha |first=Lt. Gen. S.K. |year=1977 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-012-5 |page=174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMwBAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>{{rp|103–127}} The Pakistani attacked the Skardu on 10 February 1948 which was repulsed by the Indian soldiers.<ref name="Ladakh And Kargil">{{cite book|last1=Malhotra|first1=A.|title=Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947–1993|date=2003|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170622963|pages=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWKy6DOTO9YC&q=Sher+Jung+Thapa&pg=PA4}}</ref> Thereafter, the Skardu Garrison was subjected to continuous attacks by the [[Pakistan Army]] for the next three months and each time, their attack was repulsed by the Colonel [[Sher Jung Thapa]] and his men.<ref name="Ladakh And Kargil" /> Thapa held the Skardu with hardly 250 men for whole six long months without any reinforcement and replenishment.<ref name="In a State of Violent Peace: Voices from the Kashmir Valley">{{cite book|last1=Khanna|first1=Meera|title=In a State of Violent Peace: Voices from the Kashmir Valley|date=2015|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=9789351364832|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxTmCQAAQBAJ&q=Thapa+held+the+Skardu+with+hardly+250+men+for+six+long+months&pg=PT65}}</ref> On 14 August, Thapa had to surrender Skardu to the Pakistani Army<ref>{{Cite book|title=In a State of Violent Peace: Voices from the Kashmir Valley|last=Khanna|first=Meera|publisher=HarperCollins Publisher|year=2015|isbn=9789351364832}}</ref> and raiders after a year long siege.{{sfn|Barua|2005|pp=164–165}}<br />
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=== Operation Easy; Poonch link-up ===<br />
{{Main|Military operations in Poonch (1948)}}<br />
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The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors. [[Poonch (city)|Poonch]] was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The [[Zoji La]] pass was forced by using tanks (which had not been thought possible at that altitude) and Dras was recaptured.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br />
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At 23.59 hrs on 1 January 1949, a United Nations-mediated ceasefire came into effect, bring the war to an end.{{sfn|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987|p=371}}<br />
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== Aftermath ==<br />
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[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|right|The [[Line of Control]] between India and Pakistan agreed in the Simla Agreement (UN Map)]]<br />
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The terms of the ceasefire, laid out in a [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan|UN Commission]] resolution on 13 August 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948.|access-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070548/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> were adopted by the commission on 5 January 1949.This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimal forces within the state to preserve law and order. Upon compliance with these conditions, a [[plebiscite]] was to be held to determine the future of the territory. Owing to disagreements over the demilitarisation steps, a plebiscite was never held and the cease-fire line essentially became permanent. Some sources may refer to 5 January as the beginning of the ceasefire.<ref name="e049">{{cite book | last1=Pastor-Castro | first1=R. | last2=Thomas | first2=M. | title=Embassies in Crisis: Studies of Diplomatic Missions in Testing Situations | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in Modern History | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-351-12348-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzX7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144| page=144}}</ref><br />
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Indian losses in the war totalled 1,104 killed and 3,154 wounded;<ref name="Kargil from Surprise to Victory" /> Pakistani, about 6,000 killed and 14,000 wounded.<ref name="Honor and Glory" /><br />
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Numerous analysts state that the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side obtaining a clear victory.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite book|last=Lamb|first=Alastair|author-link=Alastair Lamb|title=Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute 1947–1948|publisher=Roxford Books|year=1997|pages=181, 197|quote= Following their open intervention, of course, the Indian strength on this sector, once established, increased rapidly; but never to such an extent as to threaten to overwhelm the Azad Kashmiri defenders. During the course of 1948 '''a stalemate was reached which has persisted more or less to the present day'''. A front line was stabilised which ran south from the Indian controlled Poonch salient, passed just west of Naoshera (which remained in Indian hands), and reached the old Punjab border (now that of Pakistan) a few miles to the west of the Chenab River. The Jammu & Kashmir State town garrisons to the west of this line were unable to hold out against Azad Kashmiri siege, many falling during the course of November 1947. The extreme south of this sector was really an extension of the Punjab plains; and here fighting could take place on a surprisingly large scale, so that in successive Indo-Pakistani Wars this was to be the scene of great clashes of armour and the use of tactical air power, at times of a magnitude which would have aroused notice in World War II <br/> As 1947 drew to a close, it was already possible to detect a pattern in the Kashmir conflict. The combination of the Azad Kashmiris and the Gilgit Scouts, with varying degrees of assistance both moral and material from Pakistan, had produced the beginnings of a '''stalemate''', and this the cleverer soldiers on both sides appreciated. India now had over 90,000 regular troops in Jammu & Kashmir and '''yet no quick military solution was in sight'''. There would, of course, be much fighting in the future. 1948 saw both the epic struggle for Poonch and, later in the year, the Indian victories at the Zoji La and Kargil which achieved control over the Leh-Srinagar road and not only gave India Possession of the Ladakhi capital but also access to the desolate Tibetan borderlands without which the Sino-Indian conflict of the late 1950s would certainly have assumed a rather different form. By the beginning of 1948, however, astute observers could well have concluded that some kind of partition.}} | {{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-976852-3|pages=49–50|quote=Despite its '''inconclusive ending''', the first Kashmir war had two major results. First, it demonstrated that nonstate actors could enable Pakistan to challenge India in a manner that limited the prospect of direct military confrontation ... Second, the war enhanced Kashmir's importance to Pakistan, extending the dispute well past the time of partition and transforming it into a contest of national resolve with India.}}|{{cite book|last=Margolis|first=Eric|title=War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=0-415-92712-9|pages=121, 157|quote=Meanwhile, in typical tribal fashion, the Pathans delayed their attack on Srinagar and its airfield in order to devote themselves to looting and pillage. This delay allowed India time to mount an air bridge to Srinagar. The Indians used their entire inventory of thirty Dakota military transports to airlift a battalion of Sikhs, blood enemies of the Pathans, to Srinagar’s airfield. A three-thousand-man army brigade was rushed up the terrible roads from the plains to Kashmir. After a month of chaotic fighting, the Pathans and Muslim irregular forces were pushed westward by arriving Indian Army troops. '''Further inconclusive fighting''', which was joined in 1948 by regular Pakistani army units, sputtered on until the United Nations imposed a ceasefire in January 1949 between India and Pakistan.}} | {{Cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz Hassan|last2=Lavoy|first2=Peter R.|last3=Clary|first3=Christopher|editor-last=Lavoy|editor-first=Peter R.|title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|chapter=Pakistan's motivations and calculations for the Kargil conflict|page=71|quote=Kargil was a pivotal battleground during the First Kashmir War. In October 1947, Gilgit Scouts, assisted by Muslim soldiers in the Kashmir state army, mounted a successful coup d'etat in the Northern Areas. The so-called Azad (Free) Forces set up headquarters in the valley town of Astore. The rebels then recruited additional volunteers in the Gilgit and Baltistan regions and moved along the valleys and Indus River while pushing back the Kashmir state army. In February 1948, the "Azad Forces" besieged the garrison in Skardu where non-Muslim civilian and military personnel had taken refuge. In response Pakistan's motivations and calculations for the Kargil In the end, the fighting proved '''inconclusive''', and Pakistani and Indian forces reached a military stalemate in Kashmir. The negotiated Cease-Fire Line was codified in the Karachi Agreement of 1949}} | {{Cite book|last=Fortna|first=Virginia Page|title=Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Duribility of Peace|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-691-11512-2|pages=59–61|quote=The war escalated toward the end of 1948, when Pakistan moved troops up from Lahore to fight in Jammu province, exposing itself to possible attack in the Punjab. However, before the war spread beyond the Kashmir territory, and '''before a conclusive military outcome was reached on the battlefield''', a cease-fire was arranged by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), a five-member body send by the UN to help resolve the conflict.}} | {{cite book|last=Khan|first=Saira|title=Nuclear Weapons and Conflict Transformation: The Case of India-Pakistan|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|series=Asian Security Studies series|year=2009|isbn=978-0-20389176-6|page=91|quote=The first fifteen years of the India-Pakistan conflict witnessed violence of different intensities. Even before institutionalizing their independence, India and Pakistan were locked in a crisis which led to their first war from 1947 to 1949. Pakistan showed no hesitation in starting the war and India reciprocated in kind. Though '''inconclusive''', the war has left a permanent mark on the India-Pakistan conflict.}}|{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Surinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=th6MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Complex Rivalry: The Dynamics of India-Pakistan Conflict |date=6 October 2022 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-22063-2 |language=en|page=91|quote=Later, when the outcome of the First Kashmir War did not favor either side, the resulting stalemate led to a puzzling division of Kashmir between the two adversaries.}} | {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0onSobrkREC&pg=PA194 |title=The International Ambitions of Mao and Nehru: National Efficacy Beliefs and the Making of Foreign Policy |date=29 December 2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-50193-4 |language=en|page=194|quote=Although certain minor operations were possible, India was essentially confronted with a stalemate.}} | {{Cite book |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjaTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-989270-9 |language=en|page=14|quote=Although the war ended in a stalemate with international intervention, Pakistan may have rightly concluded that the strategy of using irregular fighters succeeded.}} | {{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Kyle J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCoNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |title=The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962 |date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-84059-0 |language=en|page=237|quote=In the stalemate that followed the first Indo-Pakistani War...}} | {{Cite book |last=Alagappa |first=Muthiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-m0YnoBdwkC&pg=PA218 |title=The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia |date=2008 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-6086-7 |language=en|page=218|quote=That effort failed, and the ensuing war in 1947{{snd}}48 ended in a military stalemate.}} | {{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz4bJ3ejsisC&pg=PA94 |title=The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect |date=1 March 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-75658-1 |language=en|page=94|quote=In January 1948, with a military stalemate at hand, India referred the Kashmir dispute to the UN.}} | {{Cite book |last1=Chari |first1=P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cSLKn2BoYIC&pg=PA15 |title=Four Crises and a Peace Process: American Engagement in South Asia |last2=Cheema |first2=Pervaiz Iqbal |last3=Cohen |first3=Stephen P. |date=19 March 2009 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-0-8157-1386-9 |language=en|page=15|quote=With British officers present in both armies and the international community urging restraint, the conflict ended in a tactical and strategic stalemate.}} | {{Cite book |last=Sprague |first=Stanley B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Pakistan Since Independence: A History, 1947 to Today |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-8151-1 |language=en|page=29|quote=A stalemate developed, with neither side able to win an overwhelming victory.}} | {{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |language=en|page=185|quote=In the south of J&K, the war situation was essentially a stalemate by 1949.}} | {{Cite book |last=Quackenbush |first=Stephen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9c5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA323 |title=International Conflict: Logic and Evidence |date=12 August 2014 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4522-4098-5 |language=en|page=323|quote=The first Kashmir War between India and Pakistan lasted from October 1947 to January 1949 and ended in a stalemate...}} | {{Cite book |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RtqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |title=The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66 |date=17 June 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-22525-6 |pages=63 |language=en|quote=The outcome was a stalemate in which India's democratic desires and Pakistan's security aims were stymied on the altar of greater concerns}} | {{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Navnita Chadha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h48nhaNzHxEC&pg=PA76 |title=Demystifying Kashmir |date=1 May 2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8157-0859-9 |language=en|quote=The 1947 war ended in a military stalemate|page=76}} | {{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA208 |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |language=en|page=208|quote=With the onset of winter and the consequent problems of maintaining the supply lines, the military situation reached a stalemate.}} | {{citation |last1=Duschinski|first1=Haley|last2=Bhan|first2=Mona|last3=Zia|first3=Ather|editor1-last=Duschinski|editor1-first=Haley|editor2-last=Bhan|editor2-first=Mona|editor3-last=Zia|editor3-first=Ather|editor4-last=Mahmood|editor4-first=Cynthia|title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir|chapter=Introduction "Rebels of the Streets": Violence, Protest, and Freedom in Kashmir|publisher=Pennsylvania University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8122-4978-1|page=2|quote=Since India's independence from British colonial rule and the subsequent partition in 1947, India and Pakistan, both of which claim sovereign control over the region, have found '''four inconclusive wars''' over Kashmir.}}}}</ref> Others, however, state that [[India]] emerged victorious as it successfully gained the majority of the contested territory.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite book | last=Ali | first=A. | title=Pakistan's National Security Approach and Post-Cold War Security: Uneasy Co-existence | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-000-37239-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKsXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 | access-date=22 December 2023 | page=34|quote=In the first Kashmir war, India occupied two-thirds of the disputed territory and Pakistan was clearly defeated during its first war with India.}}|{{cite book |last=Wilcox |first=Wayne Ayres |title=Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59y9OwAACAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-02589-8 |page=66 |quote="The war for states had not only ended in Indian military victory but had given its leaders enormous self-confidence and satisfaction over a job well done."}} | {{cite book<br />
|title=New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24–29<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcqAQAAIAAJ&q=invasion+1965<br />
|year=1999<br />
|publisher=New Zealand. Ministry of Defence<br />
|quote="India won, and gained two-thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965."<br />
}}|{{cite book<br />
|last1=Brozek<br />
|first1=Jason<br />
|title=War bellies: the critical relationship between resolve and domestic audiences<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t34IAQAAMAAJ<br />
|year=2008<br />
|publisher=University of Wisconsin—Madison<br />
|isbn=978-1-109-04475-1<br />
|page=142<br />
|quote="the 1947 First Kashmir (won by India, according to MIDS classification)"<br />
}} | {{cite book<br />
|last1=Hoontrakul<br />
|first1=Pongsak<br />
|title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&q=Indo-Pakistan+war+of+1947+victorious+India+defeated+Pakistan&pg=PA37<br />
|year=2014<br />
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan<br />
|edition=illustrated<br />
|isbn=978-1-137-41235-5<br />
|page=37<br />
|quote="Victor: India, Defeated: Pakistan"<br />
}} | {{cite book | author= [[David H. Kaplan]], Guntram H. Herb| title=Nations and Nationalism [4 volumes]: A Global Historical Overview [4 volumes] | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-85109-908-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 |quote=Pakistan lost all three wars, which is a major source of humiliation for Pakistanis. The first war (1947-1948) was fought over Kashmir, a predominately Muslim region that remained in India when India was portioned into two states. The war failed to secure Pakistan's sovereignty over the region as it left the majority of it under India. | page=1235}}|{{cite book | last=Hughes | first=G. | title=My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics | publisher=Liverpool University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-83764-186-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNXFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 | access-date=22 December 2023|quote=Pakistan has fought and lost four wars with India (1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999) | page=27}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
India gained control of about two-thirds of the Jammu and Kashmir princely state, including the [[Kashmir Valley]], the [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]] and [[Ladakh]]. Pakistan had control of one-third of the state: three western districts later named [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], and the northern areas including the Gilgit district, the Gilgit Agency and the [[Baltistan]] tehsil of the Ladakh district (later renamed Gilgit-Baltistan).<ref name="New Zealand Defence Quarterly">{{cite book<br />
|title=New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24–29<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcqAQAAIAAJ&q=invasion+1965<br />
|year=1999<br />
|publisher=New Zealand. Ministry of Defence<br />
|quote="India won, and gained two-thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965."<br />
}}</ref><ref name="South Asia in World Politics">{{cite book<br />
|last1=Hagerty<br />
|first1=Devin<br />
|title=South Asia in World Politics<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&q=indo+Pakistani+war+of+1947+india+gained+two+third+Kashmir&pg=PA460<br />
|year=2005<br />
|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield<br />
|isbn=978-0-7425-2587-0<br />
|page=460<br />
}}</ref><ref name="The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia">{{cite book<br />
|title=The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit<br />
|url-access=registration<br />
|quote=Indo Pakistani war of 1947: India gained two third Kashmir.<br />
|year=2004<br />
|publisher=Kingfisher<br />
|isbn=978-0-7534-5784-9<br />
|page=[https://archive.org/details/kingfisherhistor00edit/page/460 460]}}</ref><ref name="Raju Thomas">{{cite book<br />
|last1=Thomas<br />
|first1=Raju<br />
|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom |via=archive.org |url-access=registration<br />
|year=1992<br />
|publisher=Westview Press<br />
|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9<br />
|page=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/25 25]<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
India and Pakistan signed the [[Karachi Agreement]] in July 1949 and established a ceasefire line to be supervised by observers. After the termination of the [[UNCIP]], the Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|Resolution 91]] (1951) and established a ''[[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]]'' (UNMOGIP) to observe and report violations of [[ceasefire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmogip/background.shtml |title=UNMOGIP Background |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703115430/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmogip/background.shtml |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Oxford>{{citation |last1=Shucksmith |first1=Christy |last2=White |first2=Nigel D. |chapter=United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) |editor1=Joachim Alexander Koops |editor2=Norrie MacQueen |editor3=Thierry Tardy |editor4=Paul D. Williams |title=The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CTvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-968604-9 |pages=139–}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The resentment over Pakistani defeat in the war resulted in a [[Rawalpindi conspiracy|failed coup]] led by General [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] in 1951 against the government of Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]. Army officers thought the government's acceptance of UN mediation and ceasefire was weak and squandered an opportunity to capture the entirety of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hasan Zaheer |year=1998 |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=xvi, 28–29 |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2009 |title=Rawalpindi conspiracy case, part 1 |work=The Nation |type=Opinion |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/27-Aug-2009/rawalpindi-conspiracy-case |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828024544/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Opinions/Columns/27-Aug-2009/Rawalpindi-conspiracy-case |archive-date=28 August 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Ahmed 2020">{{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=T. | title=Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: The Progressive Episode in South Asia, 1932–56 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-08394-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGsJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT128 | page=128}}</ref><ref name="Shaikh2018">{{cite book | last=Shaikh | first=Farzana | title=Making Sense of Pakistan | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-006206-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x2DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT231 | page=231}}</ref><br />
<br />
After two further wars in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], only minor changes in the ground situation had been effected. After the last war, the two countries reached the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]], converting the cease-fire line into a [[Line of Control]] and disavowing the use of force across it. In 1984, India gained [[Siachen]] after launching a [[Siachen conflict|short military action]].<ref name="Batra 2012">{{cite book | last=Batra | first=A. | title=Regional Economic Integration in South Asia: Trapped in Conflict? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-135-12984-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsXfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76| page=76}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== Military awards ==<br />
<br />
=== Battle honours ===<br />
After the war, a total of number of 11 [[battle honour]]s and one [[theatre honour]] were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable amongst which are:<ref name="Sarbans">{{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757&nbsp;– 1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-115-6 |pages=227–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><br />
{{div col}}<br />
* Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48 (theatre honour)<br />
* Gurais<br />
* Kargil<br />
* Naoshera<br />
* Punch<br />
* Rajouri<br />
* Srinagar<br />
* Teetwal<br />
* Zoji La<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
=== Gallantry awards ===<br />
For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award [[Param Vir Chakra]], and the Pakistani award [[Nishan-E-Haider]]:<br />
<br />
;India<br />
* Major [[Som Nath Sharma]] (Posthumous)<br />
* [[Lance Naik]] [[Karam Singh]]<br />
* [[Second Lieutenant]] [[Rama Raghoba Rane]]<br />
* [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] [[Jadu Nath Singh]] (Posthumous)<br />
* [[Company Havildar Major]] [[CHM Piru Singh|Piru Singh Shekhawat]] (Posthumous)<br />
<br />
;Pakistan<br />
* [[Raja Muhammad Sarwar|Captain Muhammad Sarwar]]<br />
* [[Saif Ali Janjua|Naik Saif Ali Janjua]] (Posthumous)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Siege of Skardu]]<br />
* [[Operation Desert Hawk|Rann of Kuch War]]<br />
* [[Battle of Badgam]]<br />
* [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]]<br />
* [[Sino-Indian War]]<br />
* [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]<br />
* [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br />
* [[Kargil War]]<br />
* [[Mohammad Usman|Brigadier Mohammad Usman]]<br />
* [[Siachen conflict]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite journal |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=5 |url=https://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}} |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012042756/https://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=The Problem of Poonch |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpQh00eGEB0C&pg=PA8 |date=August 2010 |pages=8–49 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The Problem of Poonch|2010}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=October 1947 |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |date=November 2010 |pages=9– |url=https://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-november-2010.html |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, October 1947|2010}} |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222454/https://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-november-2010.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RtqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-22525-6 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War|2016}}}}<br />
** {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Kashmir, 1945–66: From Empire to the Cold War |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370019/ |date=2014 |publisher=University of Southampton |type=phd |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66|2014}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Kuldip Singh |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&pg=PA83 |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0923-6 |ref={{sfnref|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |number=1 |year=2010 |pages=117–143 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497 |ref={{sfnref|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accessions|2010}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U8IUoC_tP0C&pg=PA133 |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97999-7 |pages=133– |ref={{sfnref|Barua, Gentlemen of the Raj|2003}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |year=2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |pages=42– |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Brahma Singh |first=K. |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990}}}}<br />
** {{citation |last=Brahma Singh |first=K. |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=C. |author-link=Chandrashekhar Dasgupta |title=War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEtuAAAAMAAJ |date=2014 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1795-7 |ref={{sfnref|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Effendi |first=Col. M. Y. |title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849–1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 |ref={{sfnref|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-330-39611-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |year=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3 |pages=185– |ref={{sfnref|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hiro, Longest August|2015}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAT3oENcxDgC |year=2008 |publisher=India Research Press |isbn=978-81-87943-52-5 |ref={{sfnref|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold|2008}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |isbn=978-0-09-097150-3 |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |isbn=978-1-4008-7523-8 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW5u9QSxCFwC |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Reginald |title=Azaadi! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkWcmnro4fkC |year=2005 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-469-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Robin James |title=Making the new Commonwealth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_l-AAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-820112-0 |ref={{sfnref|Moore, Making the new Commonwealth|1987}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Sri Nandan |last2=Pal |first2=Dharm |title=Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116302 |year=1987 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |ref={{sfnref|Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir |1987}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819204817/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2019 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |date=May 2008 |journal=India Review |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=115–154 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |issn=1473-6489 |s2cid=155030407}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Shuja |last=Nawaz |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |journal=India Review |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=115–154 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |date=May 2008 |s2cid=155030407 |ref={{sfnref|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |ref={{sfnref|Nawaz, Crossed Swords|2008}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sarila |first=Narendra Singh |title=The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW5FPgAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-1-84529-588-2 |ref={{sfnref|Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game|2007}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=1-86064-898-3 |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}} |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/00book584554548 }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=A Mission in Kashmir |url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/full-text-a-mission-in-kashmir.html |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-08127-1 |ref={{sfnref|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998}}}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
;Major sources:<br />
* {{aut|Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}. ''Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948''. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History.<br />
* {{aut|Lamb, Alastair}}. ''Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990''. (1991). Roxford Books. {{ISBN|0-907129-06-4}}.<br />
* {{aut|Praval, K.C.}} ''The Indian Army After Independence''. (1993). Lancer International, {{ISBN|1-897829-45-0}}<br />
* {{aut|Sen, Maj Gen L.P.}} ''Slender Was The Thread: The Kashmir confrontation 1947–1948.'' (1969). Orient Longmans Ltd, New Delhi.<br />
* {{aut|Vas, Lt Gen. E. A.}} ''Without Baggage: A personal account of the Jammu and Kashmir Operations 1947–1949''. (1987). Natraj Publishers Dehradun. {{ISBN|81-85019-09-6}}.<br />
<br />
;Other sources:<br />
* {{aut|Cohen, Lt Col Maurice}}. ''Thunder over Kashmir''. (1955). Orient Longman Ltd. Hyderabad<br />
* {{aut|Hinds, Brig Gen SR}}. ''Battle of Zoji La''. (1962). Military Digest, New Delhi.<br />
* {{aut|Sandhu, Maj Gen Gurcharan}}. ''The Indian Armour: History Of The Indian Armoured Corps 1941–1971''. (1987). Vision Books Private Limited, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7094-004-4}}.<br />
* {{aut|Singh, Maj K Brahma}}. ''History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (1820–1956)''. (1990). Lancer International New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7062-091-0}}.<br />
* Ayub, Muhammad (2005). ''An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999''. RoseDog Books. {{ISBN|9780805995947}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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[[Category:Wars involving India]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seema_(actress)&diff=457977Seema (actress)2026-03-16T21:58:49Z<p>Arshelina: further reworked page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Seema<br />
| image = Seema at 62nd FF (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Seema in 2015<br />
| birth_name = Shanthakumari Nambiar<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|5|22|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| other_names = Shanthi<br />
| occupation = Film actress<br />
| years_active = 1973–present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[I. V. Sasi]]|1980|2017|end=died}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
'''Shanthakumari Nambiar''', better known by her stage name '''Seema''', is an Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |title=On a comeback trail |first=Shobha |last=Nair |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/29/stories/2005042902790300.htm |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203011714/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/29/stories/2005042902790300.htm |archive-date=3 December 2006 |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Actor [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] gave her the screen name "Seema".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Cinema-is-Sasis-wife-Seema/2013/05/20/article1597433.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613213618/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Cinema-is-Sasis-wife-Seema/2013/05/20/article1597433.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2013 |title=Cinema is Sasi's wife: Seema |first=Shevlin |last=Sebastian |date=20 May 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Seema began her career in Tamil film at the age of 18 as a dancer. She debuted as an actress in director Lisa Baby's ''Nizhale Nee Sakshi'', but this film was shelved. (It was later completed with [[Vidhubala]] as heroine.) Veteran actor [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] rechristened her name as Seema during the filming of ''Nizhale Nee Sakshi''.<br />
<br />
At the age of 21 (1978), Seema starred as the heroine in her first movie in Malayalam titled ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' (''Her Nights''), directed by [[I. V. Sasi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=15535195&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online Latest Malayalam News. Breaking News Events. News Updates from Kerala India |publisher=Manorama Online}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu>{{Cite web |first=P. K. |last=Ajithkumar |date=25 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/architect-of-blockbusters/article4653559.ece |title=Architect of blockbusters |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |access-date=12 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/how-a-toddy-shop-rendezvous-resulted-in-avalude-ravukal.html |title=How a toddy shop rendezvous resulted in Avalude Ravukal |date=6 April 2015 |last=Warrier |first=Sreejith |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917125301/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/how-a-toddy-shop-rendezvous-resulted-in-avalude-ravukal.html |archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> <br />
<br />
She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] in 1984 and in 1985. <br />
<br />
After a few years of inactivity during the 1990s, Seema became active again in 1998 in ''[[Olympiyan Anthony Adam]]''. <br />
<br />
''Vishudha Shanthi'', a biography on her life, was published by [[Didi Damodaran]], in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cinematters |date=2011-01-27 |title=Vishudha Shanthi {{!}} Actress Seema in conversation with Didi |url=https://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2011/01/27/vishudha-shanthi-actress-seema-in-conversation-with-didi/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=OLD MALAYALAM CINEMA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She received the lifetime achievement award at the 59th Idea Filmfare festival at [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |date=8 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710094211/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588512_1_aadukalam-video-pranayam |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
She married director [[I. V. Sasi]] on 28 August 1980 and were together until his death in 2017. The couple have two children, one daughter, Anu and one son, Ani.<br />
<br />
==Partial filmography==<br />
<br />
===Malayalam===<br />
==== 1970s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1972 || ''[[Nrithasala]]'' || Magician's assistant ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Achante Bharya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1977 || ''[[Dheerasameere Yamuna Theere]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nizhale Nee Sakshi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' || In dance scene Rasaleela ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=16 | 1978 || ''[[Vilakkum Velichavum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' || Raji ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urakkam Varaatha Raathrikal]]'' || Kavitha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ee Manohara Theeram]]'' || Cabaret dancer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Soothrakkari]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adavukal Pathinettu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seemanthini (1978 film)|Seemanthini]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eeta]]'' || Sreedevi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Njaan Njaan Maathram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anubhoothikalude Nimisham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padakuthira]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manoradham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Snehathinte Mukhangal]]'' || Radhika ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' || Lisa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthariyankam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=16 | 1979 || ''[[Angakkuri]]'' || Sarala ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manasa Vacha Karmana]]'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' || Stella ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prabhu (film)|Prabhu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manavadharmam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jimmy (1979 film)|Jimmy]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anubhavangale Nanni]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ival Oru Naadody]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pathivritha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vijayanum Veeranum]]'' || Maya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]]'' || Lizy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shudhikalasham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Amrithachumbanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ezhamkadalinakkare]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarpam]]'' || Daisy ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1980s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=24 | 1980 || ''[[Pavizha Mutthu]]'' || Malathy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chandhrahasam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' || Ramani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' || Vilasini ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' || Sindhu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Sakthi]]'' || Revathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivar (1980 film)|Ivar]]'' || Lisa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Meen'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theeram Thedunnavar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chaakara (film)|Chaakara]]'' || Rani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karimpana]]'' || Kamalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adhikaram]]'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Swarga Devatha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anthapooram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dwik Vijayam]]'' || Uma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theenalangal]]'' || Raji ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]'' || Thulasi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pradanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Michael]]'' || Shubha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaantha Valayam]]'' || Mary Hans ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Benz Vasu]]'' || Malathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=17 | 1981 || ''Avatharam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enne Snehikkoo Enne Maathram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sankarsham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hamsa Geetham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sphodanam]]'' || Lalitha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Greeshma Jwala]]'' || Seetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Danda Gopuram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aarathi (film)|Aarathi]]'' || Aarathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaattu Kallan]]'' || Vanaja & Jalaja ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thadavara]]'' || Rema ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaahalam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thushaaram]]'' || Dr. Sindhu Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karimpoocha]]'' || Leena ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sambhavam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Archana Teacher]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Veshangal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' || Ani ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=11| 1982 || ''[[Itha Oru Dhikkari]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Komaram (film)|Komaram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam]]'' || Seema || Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maattuvin Chattangale'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' || Chandrika ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chiriyo Chiri]]'' || Herself || Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raktha Sakshi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Beedi Kunjamma]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' || Vimala ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thadaakam]]'' || Sreedevi/Naseeba ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shaari Alla Saradha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=14 | 1983 || ''[[Mansoru Maha Samudram]]'' || Ranjini ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Mukham Pala Mukham]]'' || Sridevi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Asuran'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kathi (film)|Kathi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nanayam]]'' || Sindhu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iniyengilum]]'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maniyara]]'' || Noorjahan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Madapravinte Katha]]'' || Prabha || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aaroodam]]'' || Neeli ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[America America (1983 film)|America America]]'' || Neena ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deepaaradhana]]'' || Vilasini ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aashrayam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angam (1983 film)|Angam]]'' || Marykkutti ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rugma]]'' || Rugma ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=22 | 1984 || ''[[Nishedhi]]'' || Sheeja ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rakshassu]]'' || Salomy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanamarayathu]]'' || Dr. Elsy George ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirakal]]'' || Saritha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirakkil Alppa Samayam]]'' || Sarala ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Kochu Swapnam]]'' || Sulu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vanitha Police]]'' || Sasikala ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || Mary ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivide Ingane]]'' || Ammini ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Onnanu Nammal]]'' || Nirmala ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lakshmana Rekha (film)|Lakshmana Rekha]]'' || Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' || Thulasi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aksharangal]]'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'' || Ammukutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Inakkily]]'' || Mary ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha]]'' || Gracy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manithali]]'' || Ramlath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Radhayude Kamukan'' || Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Karimbu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kodathy]]'' || Kavitha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandyakkenthinu Sindhooram]]'' || Ambili ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]'' || Devyani ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=13 | 1985 || ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' || Sophie ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janakeeya Kodathi]]'' || Annamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Snehicha Kuttathinu]]'' || Yamuna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]'' || Gouri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gaayathridevi Ente Amma]]'' || Gayathri Devi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idanilangal]]'' || Chinnammu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]'' || Sunandha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aa Neram Alppa Dooram]]'' || Amminikutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki]]'' || Elsy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manya Mahajanangale]]'' || Sainu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saandham Bheekaram]]'' || Bhadra ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mukhya Manthri'' || Sumathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || Shylaja Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=14 | 1986 || ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'' || Parvathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ente Shabdham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ashtabandham]]'' || Ayisha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Surabhi Yaamangal]]'' || Sumithra ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' || Nirmala teacher ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vartha]]'' || Radha Menon [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Koodanayum Kattu]]'' || Radhamani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aavanazhi]]'' || Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ee Kaikalil]]'' || Saritha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akalangalil]]'' || Vasanthi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Njan Kathorthirikkum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chekkeranoru Chilla]]'' || Nandhini ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nilaavinte Naattil]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Orayiram Ormakal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 1987 || ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || Herself || Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || Anna Mathukutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarvakalashala]]'' || Sharadamani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || Dr. Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mizhiyorangalil'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 1988 || ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Radha Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'' || Molykutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padamudra (film)|Padamudra]]'' || Alice ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mukthi]]'' || Radhamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vicharana]]'' || Alice ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rahasyam Parama Rahasyam'' || Uthara ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ayitham]]'' || Pappamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mattoral]]'' || Susheela ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ormayilennum'' || Ramani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Evidence (1988 film)|Evidence]]'' || Alphonsa John Jacob ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1989 || ''Aazhikkoru Muthu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahayanam]]'' || Rajamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ashokante Asathikuttikku'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1990s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Olympian Anthony Adam]]'' || Principal Susamma ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2000s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Sradha]]'' || Nandhini Balachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || Subaidha ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''Udayam'' || Subhadra ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Prajapathi]]'' || Indrani ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Pranayakalam]]'' || Anna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]'' || Chintamani Ammalu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Anwar's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''Thirunakkara Perumal'' || Lakshmikutty/Achamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellathooval]]'' || Lizy James ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2010s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || Surya's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2011 || ''Abhinethri'' || Herself || Archive footage<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || Uppukandam Kunjannamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || Herself ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Paramada Janu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' || Annamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Tharangal'' || Herself || Archive footage<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Herself || Archive footage<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || Mary ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Kinar (film)|Kinar]]'' || High Court judge ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Stand Up (2019 film)|Stand Up]]'' || Dr. Asha ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2020s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Kaduva]]'' || Theruthi Chedathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Pani]]'' || Devaki Amma ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tamil===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1973 || ''Vijaya'' || Uncredited ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1974 || ''[[Petha Manam Pithu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1975 || ''Yarukku Maappillai Yaro'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Avanthan Manithan]]'' || Dancer ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1977 || ''Penn Jenmam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1978 || ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]'' || Shanthi ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 1979 || ''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]'' || Rajee ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''Padhai Marinaal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''Kamasasthiram'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]'' || Rani ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1980 || ''[[Kaali (1980 Tamil film)|Kaali]]'' || Anitha ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Ellam Un Kairasi]]'' || Rani ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1981 || ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' || Malli ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Enga Ooru Kannagi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Sankarlal]]'' || Seetha/Baabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' || Herself/dancer ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || ''Kai Varisai'' || Roopa ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || ''[[Kalyana Agathigal|Kalyana Agthigal]]'' || Valliammal ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || Madhava's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Chamundeeswari's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || Anjali's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || Bala's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Kaalai]]'' || Karuppayi Aatha ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' || Pavithra's grandmother ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || Judge ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Maara]]'' || Paaru's grandmother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' || Minah Kaif ||<br />
|- <br />
|| ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' || Unni's sister-in-law ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Telugu===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1980 || ''[[Kaali (1980 film)|Kaali]]'' || Geetha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ketugudu'' || Shanti ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1981 ||''Samsaram Santhanam'' || Menaka ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]'' || Devudumma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu (1981 film)|Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Andagaadu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Peddintalludu]]'' || Radha ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Kannada===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1986 || ''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[December 31 (film)|December 31]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Kathanayaka]]'' || Inspector Girija ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1987 || ''[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || ''[[Nigooda Rahasya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Jagadeka Veera]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television career==<br />
;TV series<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!Role<br />
!Channel<br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2000||''Jannal (Ammavukku rendula raaghu)''||Avayambal ||[[Raj TV]]||rowspan=1|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2002||''Sneha''|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||rowspan=1|[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2004–2005<br />
|''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''<br />
|Chinna Papa<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|Tamil <br />
|Season 2<br />
|-<br />
|2004||''Jalam''|| ||[[Surya TV]]||rowspan=4|[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2005 - 2006||''Manthrakodi''|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2007||''Thingalum Tharakangalum''|| Balasaraswathi|| [[Amrita TV]]||<br />
|-<br />
|''Muhoortham''||Radha ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2008||''Manjal Magimai''||||[[Kalaignar TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2009–2013<br />
|''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]''<br />
|Naachiyar <br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010–2011||''Alaudinnte Albuthavilakku''||Fathima ||rowspan=2|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2011–2013||''Ammakili''||Dr. Indu||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/malayalam-channels/article2052442.ece |title=Malayalam channels |date=27 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|[[Aaha (TV series)|''Aaha'']]<br />
|<br />
|[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013–2017<br />
|[[Vamsam (TV series)|''Vamsam'']]<br />
|Thangamma / Ponnuthaayi<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013||''Nirakoottu''||Herself ||[[Kairali TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2013–2014||''Ival Yamuna''||Lakshmi ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''<br />
|Chinna Papa (special appearance)<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|Season 3<br />
|-<br />
|2016 ||''Amruthavarshini''|| Saraswathy a.k.a. Sarasu||[[Janam TV]]||[[Malayalam]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2019–2020 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain (soap opera)|Kandukonden Kandukonden]]''|| Anjana Devi ||[[Zee Tamil]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2019 || ''Thamarathumbi''|| Dr.Merlin ||[[Surya TV]]||[[Malayalam]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2021 || ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' || Sundaravalli || [[Zee Tamil]] ||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]''||Padmavathi ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Shows <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!Role<br />
!Channel<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|||''Sangamam'' ||Guest || [[Amrita TV]]||rowspan=5|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
|||''Ennile Njan'' ||Guest || ACV<br />
|-<br />
|2010||'' Rani Maharani''||Participant||rowspan =2|[[Surya TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011||''Vivel Big Break''||[[Judge]]<br />
|-<br />
|2013 ||''Harmony'' || Guest||Asianet News<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|2014|| ''Celebrity Kitchen''||Guest||[[Puthuyugam TV]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Nere Chovve'' || Guest|| Manorama News||rowspan=23|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Comedy Festival'' || Judge|| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br />
|-<br />
|2015||''JB junction'' || Guest|| [[Kairali TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2016||''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'' ||Guest ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Comedy Super Nite'' || Guest||rowspan=3|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] <br />
|-<br />
|''Comedy Utsavam''||Judge<br />
|-<br />
|2016–2017||''Malayali Veetamma''||Judge<br />
|-<br />
|2017|| ''Lal Salam'' ||Guest||[[Amrita TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6|2018||''Comedy Stars season 2''||Judge|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Straight Line'' ||Guest|| [[Kaumudy TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Urvasi Theatres''|| Mentor|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Flowers Top Singer''|| Judge||rowspan=2|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Utsavam Super Star''|| Judge<br />
|-<br />
| '' Vanitha Film Awards''|| Awardee<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2019||''Comedy Stars'' Season 2||Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ennum Seemayude Dhinangal''||Guest||[[Kaumudy TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020||''Comedy Super Show''||Guest||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2021||''Red Carpet''||Mentor||[[Amrita TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Flowers Top Singer'' Season 2||Judge||Flowers TV<br />
|-<br />
|2021–2022||''Comedy Stars'' Season 3||Judge||Asianet<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2022||''Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri''||Special Judge||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Participant||Flowers TV<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0781630}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}<br />
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seema}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratibha_Ray&diff=456441Pratibha Ray2026-03-15T13:00:08Z<p>Arshelina: improve content after review and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Odia writer}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --><br />
| name = Pratibha Ray<br />
| image = Pratibha Ray at World Odia Language Conference.jpg<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| pseudonym =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|01|21}}<br />
| birth_place = Alabol, [[Balikuda]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| resting_place =<br />
| occupation =<br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| citizenship =<br />
| education = M.A. (Education), PhD (Educational Psychology)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.languageinindia.com/july2009/pratibhashortstory.html |title=Language in India |first=Varun |last=Gulati |work=languageinindia.com |year=2009|quote=an M.A. in Education and PhD in Educational Psychology. |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw College]]<br />
| period =<br />
| genre =<br />
| subject =<br />
| movement =<br />
| notableworks = ''Yajnaseni'', ''Shilapadma'' <br />
| parents = Parshuram Das (father)<br> Manorama Devi (mother)<br />
| spouse = Akshaya Chandra Ray<br />
| children = 3<br />
| awards = [[Jnanpith Award]]<br />[[Moortidevi Award]]<br />
| signature =<br />
| signature_alt =<br />
| website = {{URL|http://pratibharay.org/}}<br />
| portaldisp =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pratibha Ray''' (born 21 January 1944) is an Indian academic and writer of [[Odia language|Odia]]-language novels and stories. For her contribution to the Indian literature, Ray received the [[Jnanpith Award]] in 2011. She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-noted-writer-pratibha-ray-nominated-for-padma-bhushan-six-others-from-state-to-get-padma-shri/articleshow/89122937.cms | title=Odisha: Noted writer Pratibha Ray nominated for Padma Bhushan, six others from state to get Padma Shri | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Minati Singha | date=26 January 2022 | access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
She was born on 21 January 1944 in a Vaishnav [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family at Alabol, a remote village in the Balikuda area of [[Jagatsinghpur district]] formerly part of [[Cuttack district]] of [[Odisha]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Writer |url=https://pratibharay.com/about-the-writer/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The Official Website of Oriya Professor,Writer,.... |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/odia-writer-pratibha-ray-named-for-jnanpith-award-125486-2012-12-26 |title=Odia writer Pratibha Ray named for Jnanpith Award : East, News|work=India Today |year=2012 |quote=She was born to a Gandhian teacher on January 21, 1943, at Alabol village. |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
She was the first woman to win the [[Moortidevi Award]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/lr/2007/04/01/stories/2007040100260600.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070430184456/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2007/04/01/stories/2007040100260600.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 30 April 2007 |title=Literary Review / Personality : 'The sky is not the limit' |first=Hariharan |last=Balakrishnan|year=2007 |quote=first woman to win the Jnanpith Moorti Devi Award. |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
Her first novel ''Barsha Basanta Baishakha'' (1974)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=38514 |title=Odisha: Eminent fiction writer Dr Pratibha Ray to receive coveted Jnanpith Award, Oriya Orbit |work=orissadiary.com |year=2012 |quote=her first novel as a novice, titled "Barsha-Basanta-Baishakha" (The Rain, Spring and Summer, 1974) which immediately captured the hearts of Odia readers. |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111071719/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=38514 |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> was a best seller.<br />
<br />
Her search for a "social order based on equality, love, peace and integration", continues, since she first penned at the age of nine. When she wrote for a social order, based on equality without class, caste, religion or sex discriminations, some of her critics branded her as a communist, and some as feminist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atelierdiva.in/Readmore1c4b.html?id=431|title=A literary crusader|last=Panda Mishra|first=Anita|date=May 2013|website=atelierdiva.in}}</ref> But she says: "I am a humanist. Men and women have been created differently for the healthy functioning of society. The specialities women have been endowed with should be nurtured further. As a human being, however, woman is equal to man."<br />
<br />
She continued her writing career even after her marriage and raising a family of three children and husband Akshay Ray who is an engineer. Her post-doctoral research was on ''Tribalism and Criminology of Bondo Highlander'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bondas-a-primitive-tribe-in-odisha-hills-get-their-first-mla/story-mSDlCeBofbXmmasbMN7QdO.html|title=Bondas, a primitive tribe in Odisha hills, get their first MLA|last=Ranjan Sahu|first=Priya|date=May 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sillyfox.in/lifestyle/bonda-tribes-odisha-andhra-pradesh/|title=Primitive Bonda Tribes of Odisha & Andhra Pradesh|date=November 2017|website=sillyfox.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064212/http://sillyfox.in/lifestyle/bonda-tribes-odisha-andhra-pradesh/|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography, Volumen 1 Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography|last=Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2005|isbn=9788183240260|pages=320}}</ref> tribes of Odisha, India.<br />
<br />
She started her professional career as a school teacher, and later she taught in various government colleges in Odisha for thirty years. She has guided doctoral research and has published many research articles. She took voluntary retirement as a Professor of Education from State Government Service and joined as Member, Public Service Commission of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Orissa/shownews.asp?newsid=18292 |title=Odisha: Eminent fiction writer Dr Pratibha Ray to receive coveted Jnanpith Award |first=Saumya |last=Parida |work=indiaeducationdiary.in |year=2012 |quote=She took voluntary retirement as a Professor of Education from State Government Service in 1998 and joined as Member, Public Service Commission of Odisha State |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144254/http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Orissa/shownews.asp?newsid=18292 |archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
She has active interest in social reform<ref>{{Cite web|last=Express News Service|date=24 February 2020|title=Women are Devis and not abala, says writer Pratibha Ray at TNIE Devi Awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2020/feb/24/women-are-devis-and-not-abala-says-writer-pratibha-ray-at-tnie-devi-awards-2107697.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and has fought against social injustice on many occasions. One important incident in her life is protesting against colour (caste/religion) discrimination by the high priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri. She is currently fighting a defamation case lodged by the priests against her for her newspaper article in which she wrote against the undesirable behaviour of the priests, titled "The Colour of Religion is Black" (''Dharmara Ranga Kala'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agencies|date=28 December 2012|title=Writers shaped me, my understanding of situations: Pratibha Ray - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/writers-shaped-me-my-understanding-of-situations-pratibha-ray/1051068/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> She works in the cyclone-affected areas after the Odisha's Super Cyclone of October 1999 and she is working for rehabilitation of the orphans and widows of Cyclone affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novelist and story writer Padmashri Pratibha Ray selected for the Jnanpith Award |url=https://www.eastyawest.com/personality/novelist-and-story-writer-padmashri-pratibha-ray-selected-for-the-jnanpith-award/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.eastyawest.com|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Travel==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}<br />
Ray has travelled extensively inside India to participate in various national literary and educational conferences. She visited five republics of the erstwhile USSR in 1986 in a cultural exchange programme sponsored by ISCUS. She represented India as an Indian writer in the India Fair in Australia, "India Today 94". sponsored by Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi, in 1994. She gave readings and talks on Indian literature and languages in several universities of Australia. She has also visited the US, UK and France on speaking tours, represented India as an Indian writer in the India Festival in Bangladesh in 1996, and attended the 7th International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women in the [[University of Tromsø]], Norway, in June 1999 as an Indian delegate. She visited Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark on a speaking tour in 1999. Visited Zurich, Switzerland, in 2000 to present a paper in the Third European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education.<br />
<br />
==Memberships==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}<br />
She is a member of a number of learned societies. She is connected with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], Central Board of Film Certification, Indian Red Cross Society, India International Centre, National Book Trust of India, Central Academy of Letters etc. She has travelled extensively in India and abroad to participate in various literary and educational conferences. She has won a number of national and state awards for her creative writing.<br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
'''Novels'''<br />
* ''Barsa Basanta Baishakha'', 1974<br />
* ''Aranya'', 1977<br />
* ''Nishiddha Prithivi'', 1978<br />
* ''Parichaya'', 1979<br />
* ''Aparichita'', 1979. (A film was made & won Best Film-Story award from Odisha State Govt., Department of Culture)<br />
* ''Punyatoya'' the story of village girl Meghi, 1979. (Tr. To Hindi)<br />
* ''Meghamedura'', 1980<br />
* ''Ashabari'', 1980<br />
* ''Ayamarambha'', 1981<br />
* ''Nilatrishna'', 1981. (Tr. to Hindi)<br />
* ''Samudrara Swara'', 1982. (Tr. to Hindi)<br />
* ''Shilapadma'', 1983. ([[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award]], 1985; Tr. to Assamese, Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam, Punjabi and English)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-gets-a-taste-of-governors-literary-skills/articleshow/17498153.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126073428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-06/guwahati/35647110_1_konark-temple-assamese-books |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Assam gets a taste of governor's literary skills |year=2012 |quote=Roy's Sahitya Akademi winning novel ' Sheela Padma' |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2012 }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]]'', 1984 ([[Moortidevi Award|Moorti Devi Award]], 1991 and Sarala Award, 1990. Tr. to English, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hungarian)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.oneindia.in/2006/09/22/oriya-writer-pratibha-roy-to-receive-amrita-keerti-award-1158933153.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140730024312/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/09/22/oriya-writer-pratibha-roy-to-receive-amrita-keerti-award-1158933153.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 30 July 2014 |title=Oriya writer Pratibha Roy to receive Amrita Keerti Award – Oneindia News |work=Oneindia |year=2006 |quote=It has been translated into seven languages so far and won for the authoress Bharatiya Jnanpith Trust's Moorti Devi Award and Sarala Award of Orissa in 1990.|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
* ''Dehatita'', 1986<br />
* ''Uttaramarg'', 1988. (Tr. to Hindi & Punjabi)<br />
* ''Adibhumi'' (Tr. to Hindi & English)<br />
* ''Mahamoha'', 1998 (To be published in Hindi, Bengali & Malayalam)<br />
* ''Magnamati'', 2004<br />
* ''Maharani Putra'', 2008<br />
<br />
;Travelogue<br />
* ''Maitripadapara Shakha Prashakha'' (USSR), 1990<br />
* ''Dura Dwividha '' (UK, France), 1999<br />
* ''Aparadhira Sweda'' (Australia), 2000<br />
<br />
;Short Stories<br />
* ''Samanya Kathana'' – 1978<br />
* ''Gangashiuli'' – 1979<br />
* ''Asamapta'' – 1980<br />
* ''Aikatana'' – 1981<br />
* ''Anabana'' – 1983<br />
* ''Hatabaksa'' – 1983<br />
* ''Ghasa O Akasa''<br />
* ''Chandrabhaga O Chandrakala'' – 1984<br />
* ''Shrestha Galpa'' – 1984<br />
* ''Abyakta'' (made into a Telefilm) – 1986<br />
* ''Itibut'' – 1987<br />
* ''Haripatra'' – 1989<br />
* ''Prthak Isvara'' – 1991<br />
* Bhagavanara Desa – 1991<br />
* ''Manushya Swara'' – 1992<br />
* ''Sva-nirvachita SreshthaGalpa'' – 1994<br />
* ''Sashthasati'' – 1996<br />
* ''Moksha'' (made into a Feature Film, that received the Best Regional Film award) – 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2012/pratibha-ray/|title=Pratibha Ray|access-date=28 December 2012|quote=Her story "Moksha" has been made into a film and won the best film award from President of India.|work=samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org}}</ref><br />
* ''Ullaghna'' (Sahitya Akademi Award, 2000) – 1998<br />
* ''Nivedanam Idam'' – 2000<br />
* ''Gandhinka'' – 2002<br />
* ''Jhotipaka Kantha'' – 2006<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
* [[Yajnaseni (play)]] – [[Suman Pokhrel]] has rendered Ray's novel [[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]] as a solo play in [[Nepali language|Nepali]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
* 1985 – Odisha Sahitya Academi Award' for the novel ''Sheelapadma''<br />
* 1990 – 'Sarala Award' for the novel ''Yajnaseni''<br />
* 1991 – '[[Moortidevi Award]]' for the Novel ''Yajnaseni''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=&contentId=13111755&programId=1073750974&tabId=1&contentType=EDITORIAL |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111064421/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=&contentId=13111755&programId=1073750974&tabId=1&contentType=EDITORIAL |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2013 |title=Manorama Online &#124; Odia writer Pratibha Ray selected for Jnanpith award |work=english.manoramaonline.com |year=2012 |quote=Yjnaseni (1985), which won Jnanpith Trust's Moorti Devi Award in 1991 |access-date=28 December 2012 }}</ref><br />
* 2000 – 'Sahitya Akademi Award' for the Short-Story Collection ''Ullaghna''<br />
* 2006 – [[Amrita Keerti Puraskar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amritapuri.org/5593/prathiba-ray.aum|title=Prathiba Ray to receive Amrita Keerthi – Amma, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi|year=2006|access-date=28 December 2012|quote=Smt. Pratibha Ray will be awarded the Ashram's Amrita Keerti Puraskar for her meritorious contributions to the field of Indian literature.|work=amritapuri.org}}</ref><br />
* 2007 – '[[Padma Shri]] Award' in Literature and Education by the Government of India.<br />
* 2011 – '[[Jnanpith Award]]'<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-novelist-and-academician-pratibha-ray-get-2011-jnanpith-award/312656-40-103.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130102001529/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-novelist-and-academician-pratibha-ray-get-2011-jnanpith-award/312656-40-103.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 January 2013 |title=Oriya novelist and academician Pratibha Ray wins 2011 Jnanpith Award|work=ibnlive.in.com |year=2012|quote= it was decided that Ray, 69, will be the winner of the 2011 Jnanapith Award. |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><br />
* 2013 – Odisha Living Legend Award (Literature)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nayak|first1=Anuja|title=OdishaDiary Conferred prestigious Living Legend, Odisha Inc and Youth Inspiration Awards|url=http://eodishasamachar.com/en/odishadiary-conferred-prestigious-living-legend-odisha-inc-and-youth-inspiration-awards/|access-date=28 January 2015|work=OdishaSamachar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224910/http://eodishasamachar.com/en/odishadiary-conferred-prestigious-living-legend-odisha-inc-and-youth-inspiration-awards/|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* 2022 - [[Padma Bhushan]] from Government of India for literature and education<ref>{{Cite web|author=Minati Singha|date=Jan 26, 2022|title=Padma Bhushan For Pratibha Ray {{!}} Bhubaneswar News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/padma-bhushan-for-pratibha-ray/articleshow/89127008.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia]]<br />
* [[Pratibha Satpathy]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Pratibha Ray}}<br />
* http://www.pratibharay.org/<br />
* [http://www.india.gov.in/myindia/Padma%20Awards.pdf Prof. (Smt.) Pratibha Ray receives Padma Shri award in 2007 for Literature and Education, Odisha]<br />
<br />
{{Odia literature}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}<br />
{{Jnanpith_Award}}<br />
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Pratibha}}<br />
[[Category:1943 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jagatsinghpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]<br />
[[Category:Odia short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Odia-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha academics]]<br />
[[Category:Women educators from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from English]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of Suman Pokhrel]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Moortidevi Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka_Grameena_Bank&diff=508643Karnataka Grameena Bank2026-03-11T13:56:01Z<p>Arshelina: adding first details from scratch...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Karnataka Grameena Bank<br />
| logo = Kagb logo.png<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = '''ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್'''<br />
| image = <br />
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]<br />
| traded_as = <br />
| predecessor = *[[Karnataka Gramin Bank]] <br />
* [[Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|05|01}}<br />
| founder = <br />
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| hq_location = <br />
| location_city = [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| area_served = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| key_people = Sri Shrikant M Bhandiwad (Chairman)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakagb.bank.in/organisational-information/boardofdirectors |title=Board of Directors |website=Karnataka Gramin Bank |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref><br />
| industry = [[Financial]]<br />[[Regional Rural Bank]]s<br />
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]]|[[Financial services|Finance and insurance]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s|[[Private banking]]|[[Savings]]|[[Asset management]]|[[Wealth management]]}}<br />
| production = <br />
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}<br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --><br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)<br />
[[Government of Karnataka]] (15%)<br />
[[Canara Bank]] (35%)<br />
| num_locations = 1750 Branches<br />
| num_employees = 8000<br />
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://karnatakagb.bank.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The ''' Karnataka Grameena Bank '''is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Karnataka]] established on 1 May 2025.<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]] and [[Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank]] under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>{{cite news | title='One state-one RRB' to be effective from May 1 after govt approves consolidation of 15 regional rural banks |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html }}</ref> policy of government designed to improve operational efficiency. The two banks have been amalgamated to form the unified Karnataka Grameena Bank. The newly-formed Karnataka Grameena Bank will continue to be government owned, with the [[Government of India|central government]] holding a 50% stake, the [[Government of Karnataka|state government]] 15% and [[Canara Bank]] (sponsor bank) 35%. The bank's services will now be extended across Karnataka, making it the second-largest regional rural rank in India with 1,750 branches and a business turnover of ₹1,04,851 crore.<br />
<br />
It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by Canara Bank.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Karnataka Gramin Bank ===<br />
''Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank'' and ''Kaveri Grameena Bank'' merged with name '''Karnataka Gramin Bank''' w.e.f 01.04.2019 and is sponsored by Canara Bank. The bank had 1122 branches across 22 districts of Karnataka, headquartered in [[Ballary]]. The bank was sponsored by the Canara Bank. Its turnover was ₹66,137 crore.<br />
<br />
==== Pragathi Krishna Grameena Bank ====<br />
On 23 August 2013, Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank, with its Head Office in [[Ballari]], was formed through the amalgamation of two RRBs: Canara Bank sponsored [[Pragathi Gramin Bank]] (headquartered in [[Ballari]]) and the [[State Bank of India]] sponsored [[Krishna Grameena Bank]] (headquartered in [[Kalaburagi]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vinayak|first=A. J.|title=2 RRBs in Karnataka to be amalgamated|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/2-rrbs-in-karnataka-to-be-amalgamated/article26206397.ece|access-date=2025-08-08|newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=7 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The bank was formed as per gazette Notification of [[Government of India]] No. F1/5/2011- RRB (Karnataka) dated 23 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-08-25|title=Two rural banks merged|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/two-rural-banks-merged-343010.html|access-date=2025-08-08|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Karnataka RRBs merged post ministry notification|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karnataka-rrbs-merged-post-ministry-notification/articleshow/1242342.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Kaveri Grameena Bank ====<br />
The Bank was started as Cauvery Grameena bank and served [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]] districts. The bank was renamed as [[Kaveri Grameena Bank]] on 1 November 2012 (sponsored by [[State Bank of Mysore]]) by Amalgamation of Cauvery Kalpatharu Grameena Bank, Chikmagalur Kodagu Grameena Bank and Vishvesvaraya Grameena Bank, sponsored by State Bank of Mysore, [[Corporation Bank]] and [[Vijaya Bank]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Base II disclosure |url=https://sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf |website=sbi.co.in |access-date=8 September 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718122600/https://www.sbi.co.in/documents/17826/34475/1364204943265_BASE_II_DISCLOSURE_311212_ENGLISH.pdf| archive-date=2024-07-18| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The headquarters of Kaveri Grameena Bank was located at [[Vijayanagar, Mysore|Vijayanagar Second Stage]], [[Mysore]], which is now converted as IT Centre of Karnataka Gramin Bank, post merger.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Annual day of Kaveri Grameena Bank today |newspaper=City Today (Mysuru Today) |url=https://citytoday.news/annual-day-of-kaveri-grameena-bank-today/|access-date=2021-10-10|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010112944/https://citytoday.news/annual-day-of-kaveri-grameena-bank-today/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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=== Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank ===<br />
'''Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank''' was an Indian regional rural bank headquartered in [[Dharwad]], India. It was established in 12 September 2005, as a regional rural bank as per Regional Rural Banks Act of 1976. By amalgamation, of the following four RRBs namely Malaprabha Grameena Bank, Bijapur Grameena Bank, Varada Grameena Bank and Netravathi Grameena Banks, as per the recommendations of the [[Narasimham Committee]], under a Government of India notification dated 12 September 2005. All four amalgamated RRBs were sponsored by [[Syndicate Bank]] (now [[Canara Bank]]) and were located in Karnataka. It is under the ownership of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India.<br />
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Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank (KVGB), headquartered in Dharwad, had 629 branches across 9 districts. The bank had a business turnover of ₹38,714 crore.<br />
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Sri. Shreekant M Bhandiwad, Deputy General Manager of Canara Bank, took charge as the Chairman of Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank (KVGB) on April 24, 2023. Prior to his becoming chairman of KVGB, Bhandiwad was head of the Patna circle of Canara Bank. He was the Deputy Managing Director of [[Canfin Homes Ltd.]] for a period of three years.<br />
<br />
== Logo ==<br />
[[File:RRB LOGO new.png|thumb|295x295px|RRB logo used since August 1, 2025]]<br />
The identity boasts symmetry, stability and craftsmanship. <br />
<br />
Key elements include<br />
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*'''''Upward Arrow''''', symbolizing Progress and Growth<br />
*'''''Hands''''', embodying Nurturing and Care <br />
*'''''Flame''''', symbolizing enlightentment and warmth<br />
<br />
<br />
The Regional Rural Bank logo selection process involved a public poll conducted by [[NABARD]] in June 2025 to choose a new, common logo for the amalgamated [[Regional Rural Bank]]s in India, the initiative aimed at creating a unified brand identity for rural banking after the amalgamation of several RRBs. the poll allowed participants to vote on six logo concepts and nine design variations. The initiative was called '''''OneRRBOneLogo''''' reflecting the vision of having a single identity for the RRBs.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Banks}}<br />
* [[Banking in India]]<br />
* [[List of banks in India]]<br />
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]<br />
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]<br />
* [[List of largest banks]]<br />
* [[List of companies of India]]<br />
* [[Make in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://karnatakagb.bank.in/ Official site]<br />
<br />
{{Banking in India}}<br />
{{Canara Bank}}<br />
<br />
{{Banking in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:Canara Bank]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyder_Ali&diff=445709Hyder Ali2026-03-06T18:52:38Z<p>Arshelina: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|First Sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore (c. 1720–1782)}}<br />
{{Other people|King Hyder Ali|Haider Ali (disambiguation){{!}}Haider Ali}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Hyder Ali<br />
| title = Nawab of Mysore<br>Sarvadhikari of Mysore<br>Dalavayi of Mysore<br>Shams-ul-Mulk<br>Amir-ud-Daulah<br />
| image = "Hyder Ali," a steel engraving from the 1790's (with modern hand coloring).jpg<br />
| caption = A 1790's steel engraving of King Hyder Ali<br />
| reign = July 1761<ref name="y654">{{cite web | title=History Of Mysore Vol. 2 | last=Rao | first=C. Hayavadana | website=Internet Archive | date=22 September 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460113/ | access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref> – 7 December 1782<br />
| predecessor = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]<br><small>(as [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]])</small><br />
| successor = [[Tipu Sultan]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Circa}}1720<br />
| birth_place = [[Budikote]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]<br>(present-day [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{Death date|1782|12|7|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=History of Tipu Sultan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|access-date=19 January 2013|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=8187879572|page=21|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144337/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|url-status=live}}</ref> (aged 62)<br />
| death_place = [[Chittoor]], [[Sultanate of Mysore]]<br>(present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])<br />
| burial_place = [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka<br>{{coord|12|24|36|N|76|42|50|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| spouse = Fathima Fakhr-un-Nisa<br />
| full name = <br />
| father = [[Fath Muhammad]]<br />
| mother = Razia Bibi<br />
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last1= H. Davis |first1= Richard |title=Lives of Indian Images | chapter= |year =1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press | location= Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=0-691-00520-6 |page=149 | quote="Both Haidar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan were parvenu Sunni Muslim rulers..."}}</ref><br />
| royal house = [[Mysore]]<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|border=}} [[Hyderabad State]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg|border=}} [[Carnatic Sultanate]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sultanate of Mysore]]<br />
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Army]]<br />
| commands = {{Collapsible list<br />
| [[Dindigul]]<br />
| [[Bangalore]]<br />
| [[Srirangapatna]]<br />
| [[Mysore]]}}<br />
| rank = [[Sultan]]<br>[[Nawab]] (formerly)<br>[[Ispahsalar]] (formerly)<br>[[Naik (military rank)|Nayak]] (formerly)<br>[[Sepoy|Sipahi]] (formerly)<br />
| battles = {{Collapsible list<br />
| [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]<br />
| [[Carnatic Wars]]<br />
| [[Seven Years' War]]<br />
| [[Mysore's campaigns against the states of Malabar (1757)]]<br />
| [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala]]<br />
| [[Maratha–Mysore War]]<br />
| [[Battle of Jadi Hanwati]]<br />
| [[First Anglo-Mysore War]]<br />
| [[Battle of Ooscota]]<br />
| [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]<br />
| [[Mysore invasion of Chirakkal]]<br />
| [[Siege of Nargund (1778)|Siege of Nargund]]<br />
| Siege of Channapatna<br />
| [[Battle of Rattihalli]]<br />
| Capture of Kabbaldurga<br />
}}<br />
| religion = <br />
}}<br />
| succession = [[Kingdom of Mysore#History#Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan|Sultan of Mysore]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hyder Ali''' (''Haidar'alī''; {{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|حيدرعلى}}}}; {{IPA|kn|hɐi̯d̪ɐr ɐliː|lang}} {{c.}} 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the [[Sultan]] and ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in [[southern India]]. He distinguished himself as a soldier, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of [[Dalavayi]] ([[commander-in-chief]]) to [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore as [[Sarvadhikari]] (Chief Minister) by 1761,<ref name="Robson">{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Francis |title=The Life Of Hyder Ally: With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore |date=1786 |publisher=S Hooper, High Holborn |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514522/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> and served as the country's primary military leader in intermittent conflicts against the [[East India Company]] during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second]] [[Anglo–Mysore Wars]].<br />
<br />
He concluded [[Franco-Indian alliances|an alliance]] with the [[Kingdom of France|French]], and used the services of French workmen in raising his artillery and arsenal. His rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time, as much of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was then in turmoil. He left his eldest son, [[Tipu Sultan]], an extensive kingdom bordered by the [[Krishna River]] in the north, the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the east and the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=History of Tipu Sultan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|access-date=19 January 2013|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=8187879572|page=24|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144337/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was known to [[Benjamin Franklin]] for his bravery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ameen |date=2020-08-17 |title=How Tipu Sultan and Haidar Ali inspired America's founding fathers in their quest for freedom |url=https://scroll.in/global/970265/how-tipu-sultan-and-haidar-ali-inspired-americas-founding-fathers-in-their-quest-for-freedom |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ancestry==<br />
According to some historians, Hyder Ali is thought to be of [[Arab]] ancestry.<ref name=nadwi/><ref name=Wink>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+sultan+quraysh&pg=PA209 |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |language=en |page=209 |isbn=9781108417747 |quote=...the renowned Muslim dynasty claimed Quraysh origins, and consequently from the same tribe as the Prophet Muhammad, but was otherwise almost entirely undistinguished and parvenu... |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123030807/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+sultan+quraysh&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to this tradition, his ancestors were [[Nawayath|Nawayath Arab]] from the [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref name=brittle>{{Cite book |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+ancestry+arab&pg=PT16 |title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan |date=9 March 2022 |publisher=Claritas Books |isbn=9781905837878 |language=en |quote=Tipu's ancestry was predominantly Arab, specifically Navayat |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621045137/https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+ancestry+arab&pg=PT16 |url-status=live }}</ref> who arrived in India by sea and later came to South India from [[Delhi]] during the reign of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&dq=tipu+sultan+ancestry&pg=PA1 |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-57-2 |language=en |page=3 |quote=...his ancestors arrived in India through sea, instead of following usual land route through northwest...came to Gulbarga from Delhi with his son Muhammad Ali during the reign of Muhammad Adil Shah. |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313123129/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&dq=tipu+sultan+ancestry&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref> or was settled in [[Punjab]] before moving to South India.<ref name=nadwi>{{Cite book|last1=Nadvi|first1=Muhammad Ilyas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=arab+Punjab|title=Tipu Sultan, A life History|year=2004|language=en|pages=29–30|quote=As per the research conducted by the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Tipu belonged to the Arab race, more particularly the Quraish clan. On the contrary, Mahmood with reference to an English historian, Willex has written that his forefathers had links with Punjab. In this respect, many historians call him Punjabi too.|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708133801/https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=arab+Punjab|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to another school of historians, Hyder Ali was of [[Punjabi Muslim|Punjabi]] descent,<ref name="nadwi" /> and was a Punjabi adventurer in the army of Mysore.{{sfn|Olson|Shadle|1996|loc=p. 773: Hyder Ali was originally a Punjabi adventurer in the army of the Hindu king of Mysore}} As per this tradition, he was descended from a Sufi mystic [[Shaikh Bahlol Daryai|Shah Bahlol]] through Muhammad Ali, the father of [[Fath Muhammad]].{{sfn|Forrest|1970|pp= 9–10}}{{sfn|Mirza|1991|pp= 20–21}} Contemporary [[British Raj]] sources mentioning Hyder Ali describe him as a Punjabi.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|loc=p. 264: The second power was a new force, which in the 1770s was just emerging and beginning to flex its military muscles: the Mysore Sultanate of Haidar Ali and his formidable warrior son, Tipu Sultan. Haidar, who was of Punjabi origin, had risen in the ranks of the Mysore army, where he introduced many of the innovations he had learned from observing French troops at work in the Carnatic Wars}}{{sfn|Moon|1989|loc=p. 137: Haidar Ali, a Punjabi by origin and unable to read or write, had risen from the ranks in the Mysore army to the position of Commander-in-Chief and had then made himself complete master of this Hindu kingdom}}{{sfn|Gott|2022|loc=p. 47: Haidar Ali was an illiterate Punjabi who rose from the ranks of the Mysore army to become its commander}}<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
[[File:Knave_(Hyder_Ali_from_Mysore)_from_Court_Game_of_Geography_MET_DP862917.jpg|thumb|Hyder Ali as a young soldier ([[Sepoy]]).]]<br />
[[File:HyderAli.jpg|thumb|Realistic portrait of Hyder Ali]]<br />
<br />
The exact date of Hyder Ali's birth is not known with certainty. He was born to [[Fath Muhammad]]. Various historical sources provide dates ranging between 1717 and 1722 for his birth.<ref name=B13>Bowring, p. 13</ref> His father, Fath Muhammad, was born in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], and served as a commander of 50 men in the [[bamboo]] [[rocket artillery]] (mainly used for signalling) in the army of the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Carnatic]].<ref name=Narasimha120/> Fath Muhammad eventually entered the service of the [[Wodeyar]] [[Raja]]s of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], where he rose to become a powerful military commander. The Wodeyars awarded him [[Budikote]] as a [[jagir]] (land grant), where he then served as [[Nayak (title)|naik]] (Lord).<ref name=B13/><br />
<br />
Hyder Ali was born in [[Budikote]], modern day [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]; he was [[Fath Muhammad]]'s fifth child, and the second by his third wife Razia Bibi, a sister of [[Sufism|sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] Ibrahim Saheb(Ibrahim saheb had two sons and a daughter Benki Nawab Mir Miran Mohammed Raza Ali Sha Shuttari, Mir Bakshi Nawab Mohammed Gafoor Ali Sha Shuttari and Zainab Begum Saheba) whose ancestors were Arab [[Nawayath]].<ref name=B13/> His early years are not well documented; he entered military service along with his brother Shahbaz after their father died in combat.<ref>Rao Punganuri, p. 1</ref> Although Hyder Ali was from Mysore, his early loyalties were to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], through whom Hyder Ali and his companions became [[Sepoy]]s in the Deccan with partial investiture from the "Great Moghul" of that period{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}. After serving for a number of years under the rulers of [[Arcot]], they came to [[Srirangapatna]], where Hyder's uncle served. He introduced them to Devaraja, the ''[[Dalavayi|dalwai]]'' (chief minister, military leader, and [[Commander-in-chief]]) of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], and Nanjaraja, Devaraja's brother, who also held important ministerial posts including [[sarvadhikari]] .<ref>Brittlebank, p. 18</ref> Hyder and his brother were both given commands in the Mysorean army; Hyder served under Shahbaz, commanding 100 cavalry and 2,000 infantry.<ref name=Rao2>Rao Punganuri, p. 2</ref><br />
<br />
==Rise to power==<br />
[[File:HyderAliDominions1780max.jpg|200px|thumb|The dominions of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Kingdom Of Mysore]] ruled by Hyder Ali, in the year 1780.]]<br />
<br />
===Carnatic Wars===<br />
<br />
In 1748, [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I]], the longtime [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], died. The struggle to succeed him is known as the [[Second Carnatic War]]. On one side was [[Nasir Jung]], the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali, supported by the British, and on the other was [[Chanda Sahib]] and Nasir Jung's nephew [[Muzaffar Jung]], supported by the French, vying to become the Nawab of [[Arcot]]. Both sides were supported by other local leaders.<br />
<br />
Devaraja had started vesting more military authority in his brother, and in 1749 Nanjaraja marched the Mysorean army in support of Nasir Jung. The army went to [[Devanhalli]], where the Mysoreans participated in the Siege of Devanahalli Fort. The fort was held by Muzaffar Jung's forces and the siege was conducted by the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Marquis de Bussy]].<ref>Bowring, p. 23</ref> During the successful eight-month siege, Hyder Ali and his brother distinguished themselves, and were rewarded by Devaraja with enlarged commands.<ref name="Rao2" /><br />
<br />
In the wars against Hyder Ali in 1751 and during the siege of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in 1752, [[Thondaman dynasty|Thondaiman]] sent 400 cavalry and 3000 [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] infantry to [[Tiruchirappalli]] to support the British and the Nawab of Arcot.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Hollow Crown Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom|date=1993 |publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08187-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC&dq=hyder+ali+kallar&pg=PA193}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1755, Hyder Ali commanded 3,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, and was reported to be enriching himself on campaigns by plunder.<ref>Bowring, p. 26</ref> In that year, he was also appointed [[Faujdar]] (military commander) of [[Dindigul]].<ref>Bowring, p. 27</ref> In this position, he first retained French advisers to organise and train his artillery companies. He is also known to have personally served alongside de Bussy, and is believed to have met both [[Muzaffar Jung]] and [[Chanda Shahib]].<ref name=Bri22>Brittlebank, p. 22</ref><br />
<br />
In these early wars he also came to dislike and mistrust [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]. In fact, Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and the Mysorean leaders were long at odds with each other, seeking territorial gains at the other's expense.<ref>Ramaswami, p. 183</ref> Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah had by then formed an alliance with the British, and he was accused by Hyder Ali in later years of effectively preventing him from making any sort of long-lasting alliances or agreements with the British.<ref>Ramaswami, pp. 182,204–209</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout the [[Carnatic Wars]], Hyder Ali and his Mysore battalions served alongside French commanders such as [[Joseph Francois Dupleix]], [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Count de Lally]] and de Bussy; he also assisted [[Chanda Sahib]] on various occasions. Hyder Ali supported the claims of [[Muzaffar Jung]] and later sided with [[Salabat Jung]]{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}.<br />
<br />
===Skills===<br />
Early in his career, Hyder Ali retained, as one of his chief financial assistants, a Brahmin named Khande Rao{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}. Hyder Ali, who was illiterate, was reported to be blessed with a prodigious memory and numerical acumen.<br />
<br />
Hyder Ali could rival or outperform expert accountants with his great arithmetic skills and worked to develop a system, with Rao, that included checks and balances, so that all manner of income, including plunder of physical goods of all types, could be accounted for with little possibility of fraud or embezzlement.<ref name="Wilks, pp. 217–218">Wilks, pp. 217–218</ref><br />
<br />
This financial management may have played a role in Hyder Ali's rise in power.<ref name="Wilks, pp. 217–218"/><br />
<br />
===Control of Srirangapatna===<br />
<br />
In 1757, Hyder Ali was called to Srirangapatna to support Devaraja against threats from Hyderabad and the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]]. Upon his arrival, he found the Mysorean army in disarray and near mutiny over pay. While Devaraja bought his way out of the threats to Srirangapatna, Hyder Ali arranged for the army to be paid and arrested the ringleaders of the mutiny.<ref name=Bow29/><br />
<br />
===Campaigns against Calicut===<br />
{{Main|Mysorean invasion of Malabar|Mysore's campaigns against the states of Malabar (1757)|Mysore invasion of Chirakkal}}<br />
<br />
In 1757, to resist the invasion of the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] – an [[East India Company]] ally at the time, the [[Palakkad]] Raja sought the help of Hyder Ali.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2">{{cite book<br />
| author = K. V. Krishna Iyer<br />
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806<br />
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379<br />
| year = 1938}}</ref> Hyder Ali then led campaigns against the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut (kingdom)|Calicut]] in the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref name=RP5>Rao Punganuri, p.5</ref> In 1766, Hyder Ali defeated the Zamorin of Kozhikode and absorbed Kozhikode into his state.<ref name="KrishnaIyer2"/> The smaller princely states in northern and north-central parts of modern-day state of [[Kerala]] ([[Malabar District|Malabar region]]) including [[Kolathunadu]], [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam]], [[Kadathanadu]], [[Zamorin of Calicut|Kozhikode]], [[Kingdom of Tanur|Tanur]], [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], and [[Palakkad]] were unified under the rulers of Mysore and were made a part of the larger [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="Rai">{{cite book |author=Raghunath Rai |title=History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&pg=PA14 |access-date=18 November 2012 |publisher=FK Publications |isbn=978-8187139690 |pages=14–}}</ref> For his role in these activities, Hyder Ali was rewarded by Devaraja with the [[jaghir]] (regional governorship) of [[Bangalore]].<ref name=Bri19>Brittlebank, p. 19</ref><br />
<br />
===Capture of Bangalore (1758)===<br />
In 1758, Hyder Ali successfully forced the Marathas to lift a siege of Bangalore. Hyder Ali's forces entered the city, thus capturing it.<br />
<br />
By 1759, Hyder Ali was in command of the entire Mysorean army.<ref name=Bow29>Bowring, p. 29</ref><br />
<br />
===Siege of Channapatna (1759)===<br />
In the year 1759, [[Balaji Baji Rao]] launched a military expedition against Bangalore and Channapatna, with Gopal Hari and Anand Rao leading the forces. However, Hyder Ali managed to defeat the much larger Maratha army with a smaller force. As a result, Channapatna and the surrounding districts were incorporated into the Mysore territory.<br />
<br />
===Nawab of Mysore (1759)===<br />
<br />
The young King of Mysore, [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II|Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], rewarded Hyder Ali's performance by granting him the title of ''Fath Hyder Bahadur'' or ''Nawab Hyder Ali Khan''.<ref>Bowring, p. 30</ref><ref name=RP6>Rao Punganuri, p. 6</ref> Hyder Ali is also known to be the first ruler of Mysore to be granted the title of Nawab; thus, it can be said that he was briefly the "Nawab of Mysore" by 1759.<br />
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Because of the ongoing conflicts with the Marathas, the Mysorean treasury was virtually bankrupted, prompting the queen mother to force into exile Nanjaraj, who had assumed the position of dalwai upon his brother's death in 1758.<ref name=RP5/><ref name=Bri19/> Hyder Ali was a beneficiary of this action, rising in influence in the court.<ref name=Bri19/><br />
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===Deposition of Khande Rao===<br />
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In 1760, the queen mother conspired with Khande Rao, who had gone into the raja's service, to oust Hyder Ali. He was precipitously forced out of Seringapatam, leaving his family, including his son [[Tipu Sultan]], under house arrest.<ref name=Bri19/><ref name=RP8>Rao Punganuri, p. 8</ref><br />
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The sudden departure left Hyder Ali with few resources. He may have been fortuitously aided at this time by the faraway [[Third Battle of Panipat]], in which the Marathas suffered a major defeat on 14 January 1761. Because of this loss, the Marathas withdrew forces from Mysore and Hyder Ali's brother-in-law Makdum Ali chased them into Bidnur and Sunda.<ref>[http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html Marathas and the English Company 1707–1818 by Sanderson Beck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084030/http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html%20 |date=25 December 2018 }}. San.beck.org. Retrieved on 4 March 2012.</ref><ref name=Bow32>Bowring, p. 32</ref><br />
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Hyder Ali soon consolidated his strength by placing Mirza Sahib as the commander of Sira, a Sufi Pir Ibrahim Sahib (maternal uncle of Hyder Ali) in [[Bangalore]] and Amin Sahib, his cousin in Basnagar. Soon afterward, Hyder Ali marched alongside Makdum Ali's forces, which numbered about 6,000, along with the 3,000 men from his garrison at [[Bangalore]], toward Seringapatam.<ref name=RP8/><br />
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They clashed with Khande Rao's forces before reaching the capital. Khande Rao, with 11,000 men, won the battle, and Hyder Ali was forced to apply to the exiled Nanjaraj for support. Nanjaraj gave Hyder Ali command of his army and the title of Dalwai.<ref name=Bow32/><ref name=RP9>Rao Punganuri, p. 9</ref><br />
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With this force, Hyder Ali again moved out against Khande Rao. Hyder Ali sent letters appearing to be from Nanjaraj to some of Khande Rao's commanders, confirming their agreement to hand Khande Rao over to Hyder Ali{{Fact|date=October 2024}}. Fearing a conspiracy, Khande Rao fled into Seringapatam.<br />
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After a minor battle against the now-leaderless army, Hyder Ali took over most of its remnants and surrounded Seringapatam.<ref name=Bow33>Bowring, p. 33</ref> The ensuing negotiations left Hyder Ali in nearly complete military control of Mysore. Concessions that he extracted included the surrender of Khande Rao, who Hyder Ali imprisoned in Bangalore.<ref name=RP10>Rao Punganuri, p. 10</ref><br />
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==Ruler of Mysore==<br />
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Hyder Ali became king of Mysore in 1761 after overthrowing the prime minister and making the king, Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, a prisoner in his own palace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyder Ali {{!}} emperor of India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hyder-Ali |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515053136/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hyder-Ali |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Hyder Ali formally styled himself ''[[Sultan]] Hyder Ali Khan'' in his correspondence with the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. Hyder Ali retained his title during the first [[Anglo-Mysore War]] that raged in 1766, and onwards.<br />
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He was very cautious in his diplomacy with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who was, according to an official Mughal ''[[firman]]'', the sovereign of all Muslim-ruled territories in southern India.<ref>Rao Punganuri, p. 47</ref><br />
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The English and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] continued to refer to Hyder Ali and later his son Tipu Sultan as "[[Nawab|nabobs]]".<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Royal seal of Mysore, Islamic Museum, Qatar.JPG|Seal of Mysore.<br />
File:The North Entrance Into The Fort Of Bangalore -with Tipu's flag flying-.jpg|The flag of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] at the entrance into the fort of [[Bangalore]].<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Expansion and alliances===<br />
[[File:Lal bagh gardens1794.jpg|200px|thumb|Lal Bagh Gardens of [[Bangalore]] were originally laid out by Hyder Ali and were modelled on [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and French gardening techniques.]]<br />
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Over the next few years Hyder expanded his territories to the north. Two key acquisitions were [[Sira, India|Sira]], taken from the Marathas, and the kingdom of [[Bednore]], where as a ''[[casus belli]]'' he agreed to support a claimant to its throne against usurpers.<ref>Bowring, p. 34</ref> In 1763 he took its capital, [[Ikkeri]], which included a large treasury.<ref>Bowring, p. 38</ref> He renamed the capital Haidernagar, and began styling himself ''Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur'', a title that had been bestowed on him by [[Salabat Jung]] as reward for his taking of Sira.<ref>Bowring, pp. 34,39</ref> He moved most of his family to Ikkeri, a natural fortress, in the hopes that it would "serve him for a safe refuge".<ref>Brittlebank, pp. 20–21</ref> He assumed the trappings of the ruler of Bednore, began issuing coins, and established a system of weights and measures. He made sure his son Tipu received a quality education, "employing learned tutors" and "appointing a suitable hand of attendants" to see to his upbringing.<ref name=Bri21>Brittlebank, p. 21</ref> He cultivated a suspicion of foreigners, specifically refusing to allow the [[East India Company]] to have a [[resident (title)|resident]] at his court.<ref name=Bri21/> His security, however, was not assured in Bednore: a bout of illness and a widespread conspiracy against him convinced him that it would not make an ideal capital for his domain, and he returned to Mysore.<ref>Bowring, p. 39</ref><br />
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The taking of Bednore included several ports on the Malabar coast, including [[Mangalore]].<ref name=RP13>Rao Punganuri, p. 13</ref> Hyder used these ports to establish a small navy. The documentary record on the navy is fragmentary;<ref name=Sen147>Sen, p. 147</ref> Portuguese records indicate that the fleet was launched sometime between 1763 and 1765.<ref name=Sen149>Sen, p. 149</ref> It was apparently officered by Europeans, and its first admiral was an Englishman;<ref name=Sen149/> by 1768 its admiral was a Mysorean cavalry officer named Ali Bey (or Lutf Ali Beg),<ref>Sen, p. 148</ref> apparently chosen by Hyder because he did not trust the European captains.<ref name=Sen149/><br />
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Hyder had amicable relations with the Christian population in Mangalore, which had long been under Portuguese influence and had a sizeable [[Mangalorean Catholics|Roman Catholic]] population,<ref>Machado, p. 167</ref> and with Christians in general. He had a very close friendship with two [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] clergymen, Bishop Noronha and Fr. Joachim Miranda,<ref>Farias, p. 65</ref> and allowed a Protestant missionary to live at his court.<ref>Silva, p. 99</ref> Hyder's army also included Catholic soldiers, and he allowed Christians to build a church at Seringapatam, where French generals used to offer prayers and priests used to visit. Mangalorean historian A. L. P. D'Souza mentions that Hyder also had Christians in his administration. Pursuant to treaties concluded with the Portuguese, he also allowed Portuguese priests to settle disputes among Christians.<ref>D'Souza, p. 28</ref> However, many Mangaloreans (not just Christians) disliked him for the heavy tax burden he imposed on them.<ref name="dm">{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp<br />
|title= Christianity in Mangalore<br />
|access-date=30 July 2008<br />
|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]|url-status=usurped<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp |archive-date = 22 June 2008}}</ref><br />
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==Hyder Ali attacks the Maratha Confederacy==<br />
{{Main|Maratha–Mysore War|}}<br />
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[[File:Hyder Ali.jpg|thumb|right|Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as the ''head of his army in the war against the British in India''. (French painting)]]<br />
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The Maratha Confederacy had just been routed at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] had been restored in the year 1761.<br />
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The Maratha Empire was very vulnerable and feeble to any attack and the [[Peshwa]]'s power had been almost eliminated in all of Northern India.<br />
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At this point in his life Hyder Ali decided to go to war with the Marathas and put an end to the threat they posed to his power.<br />
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He therefore attacked the Maratha-aligned Rani of Bednore. She had appealed to the [[Nawab of Savanur]] for assistance when Hyder invaded. Hyder consequently threatened the Nawab, attempting to extort tribute from him.<ref>Chitnis, pp. 53–55</ref> Failing in this, he overran that territory, reaching as far as [[Dharwad]], north of the [[Tungabhadra River]].<ref name=Bow41/><br />
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Since Savanur was a tributary of the Marathas, the Peshwa, [[Madhavrao I]], countered with a strong force and defeated Hyder near [[Rattihalli]] and in decisive [[Battle of Jadi Hanwati]] . Following the victory the Marathas restored their power under the reign of Madhavrao Peshwa. The Maratha victory forced Hyder to retreat; he had to abandon Bednore, although he was able to remove its treasures to Seringapatam. Hyder paid 35&nbsp;lakhs rupees in tribute to end the war, and returned most of his gains, although he did retain Sira.<ref name=Bow41>Bowring, p. 41</ref><ref>Rao Punganuri, p. 15</ref><br />
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In 1766 Hyder Ali [[Mysore invasion of Kerala#Invasion by Hyder Ali|returned to the Malabar]], this time at the invitation of the raja of [[Arakkal Kingdom|Cannanore]], who sought independence from the [[Zamorin]], the ruler of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] who held sway over Cannanore. Hyder also claimed a debt of tribute from the Zamorin, who had supported Hyder's opponents in [[Zamorin - Palakkad War (1756–1757)|earlier campaigns]]. After a difficult campaign, Hyder reached Calicut, where the Zamorin, after promising to make payment, failed to deliver. Hyder placed the Zamorin under house arrest and had his finance minister tortured. Fearing similar treatment, the Zamorin set fire to his palace and perished in the flames, ending [[Eradi]] dynastic rule of Calicut.<ref name=Bow44_6/><ref>Lethbridge, p. 94</ref> After establishing control of Calicut, Hyder departed, but was forced to return several months later when the Nairs rebelled against the rule of his lieutenant, Reza Sahib. Hyder's response was harsh: after putting down the rebellion, many rebels were executed, and thousands of others were [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|forcibly relocated]] to the Mysorean highlands.<ref name=Bow44_6>Bowring, pp. 44–46</ref><br />
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[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|thumb|Map of [[India]] in [[1765]] showing Hindu territories allied with the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in ''(yellow)''; and the Muslim territories, which includes Mysore allied to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] in ''(green)''.]]<br />
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Mysore's titular ruler Krishnaraja died in April 1766, while Hyder was in Malabar. Hyder had left orders that Krishnaraja's son [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]] be invested should that happen, and he only later came to formally pay his respects to the new rajah. He took advantage of this opportunity to engage in a sort of house cleaning: the raja's palace was plundered, and its staff reduced to the point where virtually everyone employed there was also a spy for Hyder Ali.<ref>Wilks, p. 294</ref><br />
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==First Anglo-Mysore War==<br />
[[File:Kistnagherry Krishnagiri.jpg|thumb|left|[[Krishnagiri Fort]] was besieged in the first Anglo-Mysore war in 1768, and finally surrendered to the English, who held it briefly]]<br />
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After the [[Battle of Buxar]], the British, led by [[Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar|Hector Monro]], decided to support the Maratha Confederacy against the [[Shah Alam II]], the [[Nawab]]s and Mysore.<br />
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As the power struggle between Mysore and the [[Peshwa]] continued it soon began to involve the British and other European trading companies.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
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Being himself a former ally of the French, Hyder Ali expected the support of the British against the Marathas, but such support never materialized.<br />
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In 1766 Mysore began to become drawn into territorial and diplomatic disputes between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the [[East India Company]], which had by then become the dominant European power on the Eastern Indian coast. The Nizam, seeking to deflect the company from their attempts to gain control of the [[Northern Circars]], made overtures to Hyder Ali to launch an invasion of the [[Carnatic (region)|Carnatic]]. Company representatives also appealed to Hyder Ali, but he rebuffed to them.<ref>Duff, p. 652</ref> The Nizam then ostensibly struck a deal with the Company administration in the [[Madras Presidency]] for their support, but apparently did so with the expectation that when Hyder Ali was prepared for war, the deal with the British would be broken. This diplomatic manoeuvring resulted in the start of the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] in August 1767 when a company outpost at Changama was attacked by a combined Mysore-Hyderabad army under Hyder Ali's command.<ref name=B49/><ref name="Wilks, p. 312">Wilks, p. 312</ref> Despite significantly outnumbering the [[Presidency armies|British force]] (British estimates place the allied army size at 70,000 to the British 7,000), the allies were repulsed with heavy losses. Hyder Ali moved on to capture [[Kaveripattinam]] after two days of siege, while the British commander at Changama, Colonel Joseph Smith, eventually retreated to [[Tiruvannamalai]] for supplies and reinforcements.<ref name=B49>Bowring, p. 49</ref><ref>Wilks, p. 311</ref> There Hyder Ali was [[Battle of Tiruvannamalai|decisively repulsed]] on 26 September 1767.<ref>Bowring, p. 50</ref> With the onset of the monsoon season, Hyder Ali opted to continue campaigning rather than adopting the usual practice of suspending operations because of the difficult conditions the weather created for armies.<ref>Wilks, p. 322</ref> After over-running a few lesser outposts, he [[Siege of Ambur|besieged Ambur]] in November 1767, forcing the British to resume campaigning.<ref>Wilks, p. 323</ref> The British garrison commander refused large bribes offered by Hyder Ali in exchange for surrender, and the arrival of a relief column in early December forced Hyder Ali to lift the siege.<ref>Wilks, p. 324</ref> He retreated northward, covering the movements of the Nizam's forces, but was disheartened when an entire corps of European cavalry deserted to the British.<ref>Wilks, p. 326</ref> The failures of this campaign, combined with successful British advances in the Northern Circars and secret negotiations between the British and the Nizam [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], led to a split between Hyder Ali and the Nizam. The latter withdrew back to Hyderabad and eventually negotiated a new treaty with the British company in 1768. Hyder Ali, apparently seeking an end to the conflict, made peace overtures to the British, but was rebuffed.<ref>Wilks, pp. 328–329</ref><br />
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In early 1768, the [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] organised an expedition to Mysore's Malabar coast territories. Hyder Ali's fleet, which the British reported as numbering about ten ships, deserted en masse, apparently because the captains were unhappy with the oustering of their British admirals and some even demanded the return of [[Arakkal kingdom|Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II]], but Hyder Ali chose a cavalry commander Lutf Ali Beg as fleet commander.<ref>Sen, pp. 147–148</ref> Owing to a British bluff, Lutf Ali Beg also withdrew much of the Mangalore garrison to move on what he perceived to be the British target, [[Honnavar|Onore]]. The British consequently captured Mangalore with minimal opposition in February.<ref name=Wil331>Wilks, p. 331</ref> This activity, combined with the loss of the Nizam as an ally, prompted Hyder Ali to withdraw from the Carnatic, and move with speed to Malabar. Dispatching his son Tipu with an advance force, Hyder Ali followed, and eventually re-took Mangalore and the other ports held by the over-extended British forces.<ref name=Wil331/><ref name=Bow51/> He also levied additional taxes as punishment against local malabari Nair chieftains which were then stripped of rights and authority.<ref name=Bow51>Bowring, p. 51</ref><br />
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[[File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] opposed the [[East India Company]] in 1766,<ref>Regani, p. 130</ref> and initially allied himself with Hyder Ali during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]], particularly during the [[Battle of Chengam]],<ref name=B49/><ref name="Wilks, p. 312"/> then Battle of Rakshasbhuvan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/005%20History/003%20MarathaPeriod.htm|title=HISTORY – MARATHA PERIOD|publisher=Nasik District Gazetteer|access-date=4 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100831113626/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/005%20History/003%20MarathaPeriod.htm| archive-date= 31 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> but later abandoned (in 1768) and later intervened in favor of Mysore during the [[Battle of Kharda]] in 1795.]]<br />
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After his reconquest, Hyder Ali learned that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore, behaviour he considered treasonous.<ref>Silva, p. 90</ref> He summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest an appropriate punishment to impose on the Mangalorean Catholics for their treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British as a typical punishment for the betrayal of one's sovereign in Catholic nations. But Hyder Ali exhibited a diplomatic stance and instead imprisoned those Christians who were condemned for treachery.<ref>de la Tour, p. 236</ref> He afterwards opened negotiations with the Portuguese, and reached an agreement with them that removed suspicion from the clergy and other Christians.<ref>Silva, pp. 103–104</ref> The Mangalorean Catholic community flourished during the rest of Hyder Ali's reign.<ref>Silva, p. 105</ref><br />
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During Hyder Ali's absence from the Carnatic, the British recovered many places that Hyder Ali had taken and only weakly garrisoned, and advanced as far south as [[Dindigul]].<ref name=Bow52>Bowring, p. 52</ref> They also convinced the Marathas to enter the conflict, and a large force of theirs, under the command of Morari Rao, joined with Colonel Smith at [[Hoskote|Ooscota]] in early August 1768.<ref>Wilks, p. 340</ref> This army then began preparations to besiege Bangalore, but Hyder Ali returned to Bangalore from Malabar on 9 August, in time to harass the allies before the siege could begin.<ref>Wilks, pp. 341–342</ref> On 22 August, Hyder Ali and his Mysore forces attacked the Maratha camp during the [[Battle of Ooscota]], but was repulsed when faced with the large Maratha reinforcements.<ref>Wilks, p. 342</ref> Hyder Ali was then foiled in an attempt to prevent the arrival of a second British column at the allied camp; the strength of these combined forces convinced him to retreat from Bangalore toward [[Gurramkonda]], where he was reinforced by his brother in law.<ref name=Bow53>Bowring, p. 53</ref> He also attempted diplomatic measures to prevent a siege of Bangalore, offering to pay ten lakhs rupees and grant other land concessions in exchange for peace. The Company administration countered with a list of demands that included payments of tribute to the Nizam and several land concessions to the [[Company rule in India|East India Company]]. Hyder Ali specifically refused to deal with [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], his nemesis in the Carnatic. The negotiations failed to reach common ground.<ref name=Bow53/><br />
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On 3 October, Hyder Ali, while moving his army from Guuramkonda back toward Bangalore, surprised a small garrison of [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]]'s men at a rock fort call Mulwagal, near Ooscota. British reinforcements were sent, and Colonel Wood was able to recover the lower fort but not the upper. The next day he went out with a few companies of men to investigate movements that might have been cover for enemy reinforcements. This small force, numbering four companies, was surrounded by Hyder Ali's entire army in the [[Battle of Mulwagal]].<ref>Wilks, p. 346</ref> A stratagem by another officer, Colonel Brooks, prevented the loss of this detachment; Colonel Brooks and another two companies dragged two cannons to the top of a nearby rise, and Brooks called out "Smith! Smith!" while firing the cannons.<ref name=Wil347>Wilks, p. 347</ref> Both sides interpreted this to mean that Colonel Smith was arriving in force, and Hyder's troops began to retreat. This enabled Colonel Wood to join with Brooks and other reinforcements from Mulwagal before Hyder Ali realised his tactical error.<ref name=Wil347/> Hyder Ali renewed his attack, but was eventually repulsed with heavy losses: he was estimated to lose 1,000 men while the British lost about 200.<ref>Wilks, p. 348</ref> The severity of the conflict convinced Colonel Smith that he would be unable to effectively besiege Bangalore without first inflicting a major defeat on Hyder Ali in open battle.<ref>Bowring, p. 54</ref> Company officials blamed Smith for the failure to decisively defeat Hyder Ali, and recalled him to Madras. Hyder Ali took the opportunity to besiege [[Hosur]], and Colonel Wood marched in relief of the town. As Wood approached, Hyder Ali raised the siege, sneaked around Wood's column, and attacked his baggage train in [[Battle of Bagalur|a battle]] near [[Bagalur, Krishnagiri district|Bagalur]]. Hyder Ali successfully captured supplies and arms, and drove Wood in disgrace toward [[Venkatagiri]].<ref>Bowring, p. 55</ref> Wood was consequently recalled and replaced by Colonel Lang.<ref name=Bow56>Bowring, p. 56</ref><br />
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Hyder Ali then raised additional forces in Mysore and went on the offensive. In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to [[Erode]] Hyder Ali overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was serving in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic, his march approached Madras.<ref name=Bow56/> This prompted the British to send an envoy to discuss peace; because of Hyder Ali's insistence that the Nawab of the Carnatic be excluded from the negotiations, they went nowhere. Hyder Ali then surprised Company authorities by taking a picked force of 6,000 cavalry and a small number of infantry, and made in three days a forced march of {{convert|130|mi|km}} to the gates of Madras.<ref name=Bow57>Bowring, p. 57</ref><br />
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This show of force compelled the company to negotiate further. Hyder Ali, who was seeking diplomatic leverage against the Marathas, wanted an alliance of mutual defence and offence.<ref name=D668>Duff, p. 668</ref> The Company refused to accede to an offensive military treaty; the treaty signed at Madras on 29 March 1769, restored the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'', except for Mysore's acquisition of [[Karur district|Karur]], and also included language that each side would help the other defend its territory. In summarising Hyder Ali's conduct of the war, biographer Lewin Bowring notes that he "evinced high qualities as a tactician and the sagacity of a born diplomatist."<ref>Bowring, p. 58</ref><br />
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==Arab, Persian and Turkish relations==<br />
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When Hyder took over the Malabar territories, he took advantage of the coastal access to develop relations with trading partners overseas. To this end he established port tariffs that were biased against European traders and preferential for Mysorean and Arab traders. Beginning in 1770 he sent ambassadors to [[Abu Hilal Ahmad bin Said]] in [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] and [[Karim Khan]] in [[Shiraz]], then the capital of [[Persia]], seeking military and economic alliances.<br />
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In a 1774 embassy to [[Karim Khan]], the ruler of Persia, he sought to establish a trading post on the [[Persian Gulf]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Karim responded by offering [[Bandar Abbas]], but nothing further seems to have passed between them on the subject.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Karim Khan later did send 1,000 troops to Mysore in 1776 in response to another embassy in 1775.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}<br />
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Nursullah Khan, Hyder's ambassador, had more success in Muscat, where a trading house was established in 1776.<br />
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During the final years of his reign Hyder Ali also planned to send an embassy to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Mustafa III]], but it was his son Tipu Sultan who succeeded in making direct contact with [[Istanbul]].<ref>Hasan, pp. 1–14</ref><br />
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==Second war with the Maratha Confederacy==<br />
{{See also|Maratha-Mysore War||}}Hyder, believing he would be supported by the British in conflict with the Marathas, began demanding tribute payments from smaller states on the frontiers between Maratha and Mysore territories, and refused to pay tributes demanded by the Marathas. The Marathas responded in November 1770 with an invasion by an army of 35,000 men.<ref name=D669>Duff, p. 669</ref> Pursuant to their treaty, Hyder requested British assistance. The Company refused, and Hyder retreated, slashing and burning as he went to deny the bounty of the land to the Marathas.<ref>Duff, p. 670</ref> The Marathas captured much of north-eastern Mysore, and consolidated their gains during the monsoon season. Hyder offered to pay some of the tribute demanded, but his offer was rejected as insufficient, and the Marathas renewed the offensive after the monsoons.<ref>Duff, p. 671</ref> They advanced to the vicinity of Seringapatam, and then feinted a withdrawal to the north. When Hyder followed, they turned in force, and claimed to inflict serious casualties on Hyder's army, and captured most of its baggage.<ref>Duff, p. 672</ref> They then fruitlessly besieged Seringapatam for five weeks, before abandoning the effort and instead took Bangalore. Hyder again appealed to the British for help, but their pre-conditions and proposed terms were unacceptable to him, and an attempt by Hyder to get them to go on the offensive scuttled the negotiations.<ref>Duff, p. 673</ref> In 1772 Hyder finally sued for peace. He agreed to pay 3.6&nbsp;million rupees in tribute arrears, and 1.4&nbsp;million rupees in annual tribute, and ceded territory all the way to Bangalore.<ref>Duff, p. 674</ref> Upon his return to Seringapatam after the peace was concluded, Hyder learned that Nanjaraja, the titular ruler of Mysore, had been engaged in secret communications with the Marathas. Hyder ordered Nanjaraja strangled, and placed his brother Chamaraja on the throne.<ref>Bowring, p. 63</ref><br />
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[[File:Hyder Ali at Conjeveram.jpg|thumb|Hyder Ali's melee forces in battle.]]<br />
The peace with the Marathas was short-lived. The Peshwa [[Madhavrao I]] died late in 1772, beginning a struggle for his succession. In 1773, Hyder used this opportunity to send Tipu with an army to recover territories lost to the Marathas to the north, while he descended into [[Coorg]], which provided a more secure route to the Malabar territories he wanted to recover from the Marathas.<ref>Bowring, p. 64</ref> A claimant to the Coorg throne had asked for Hyder's assistance in 1770 when he was pre-occupied with the Marathas.<ref>Bowring, p. 65</ref> He quickly captured Coorg's capital, [[Merkara]], imprisoning Raja Vira Rajendra. He installed a [[Brahmin]] as Governor to collect revenues before continuing to Malabar, where by the end of 1774 he had recovered all his lost territory.<ref>Bowring, pp. 66,68</ref> The Coorgs rose in rebellion against his Governor, upon which Hyder returned to Coorg, crushed the rebellion, and hanged most of the ring-leaders.<ref name=Bow68>Bowring, p. 68</ref> This did not stop the restive Coorgs from becoming a continuing problem for Hyder, and for, Tipu after his death.<ref>''Journal of the United Service Institution'', p. 165</ref><br />
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In 1776 the young Raja [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]] died. To choose a successor, Hyder had all of the children of the royal family brought together, and watched them play. A child, also named [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]], chose to play with a jewelled dagger, and was supposedly selected on that basis as the new Raja of Mysore.<ref name=Bow68/><br />
<br />
By March 1775, the leadership situation at [[Poona]], the Maratha capital, had stabilised, and the Marathas joined an alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Hyder. The Maratha army was routed by one of Hyder's Generals in 1776, and Hyder either bribed or sufficiently threatened the Nizam's military leaders so that they withdrew from the campaign.<ref>Bowring, pp. 69–71</ref> This only temporarily halted the conflict, which was fought with renewed vigor until 1779. Hyder successfully extended his domain to the [[Krishna River]] after a lengthy siege of [[Dharwad]]. In a controversial action, Hyder in 1779, dealt harshly with [[Madakari Nayaka]], the ruler of [[Chitradurga]]. Madakari had supported Hyder in earlier conflicts, but in 1777 had changed allegiance to the Marathas. After seizing Chitradurga, Hyder sent Madakari Nayaka to Seringapatam as a prisoner, where he died. Hyder further sent 20,000 of Madakari's followers to Seringapatam, where the boys among them were allegedly forcibly converted to [[Islam]] and formed into so-called ''chela'' battalions in the Mysorean army.<ref>Bowring, pp. 72–75</ref><br />
<br />
==Second Anglo-Mysore War==<br />
{{main|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png|thumb|Theater map for the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First]] and the Second Anglo-Mysore Wars]]<br />
<br />
During the lengthy conflict with the Marathas, Hyder had several times requested the assistance of the East India Company, and it had each time been refused, in part due to the influence at Madras, of Hyder's enemy, the Nawab of Arcot.<ref>Bowring, p. 82</ref> The British had also angered the Marathas by repudiating treaties, with whom they [[First Anglo-Maratha War|were at war]] for much of the 1770s,<ref name="Bowring, p. 80">Bowring, p. 80</ref> and they had also upset the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] over their occupation of [[Guntur district|Guntur]].<ref>Bowring, p. 81</ref><br />
<br />
In 1771, Maratha envoys had approached Hyder with a proposal to ally against the company, with the goal of wresting control of eastern India from [[Company rule in India|their rule]]. Since Hyder was at the time still attempting alliance with the British, he informed them of this offer, noting that he thought the Marathas would gain too much power and even threaten his own position under those circumstances.<ref name=Bow83>Bowring, p. 83</ref> The Marathas, still at war with the British, renewed an offer of alliance in 1779. In this case, the alliance was to include the Nizam.<ref name="Bowring, p. 80"/> His decision to join this alliance was prompted by two British actions. The first was the British capture by capitulation of the west-coast port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], part of a concerted effort by the British to capture all French outposts after the 1778 French entry into the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Hyder received much of his French-supplied equipment through this French-controlled port, and had provided troops for its defence.<ref>Bowring, p. 84</ref> Furthermore, the action had provoked the Nairs on the Malabar coast to rise in rebellion again, although Hyder had quickly put this down. The second offence was the movement of British troops through territory under his control (and also other territory controlled by the Nizam) from Madras to Guntur. There was a skirmish in the hills, and the British detachment ended up retreating to Madras.<ref>Bowring, p. 85</ref><br />
<br />
Hyder Ali began rebuilding his navy in 1778. Employing Joze Azelars, a Dutchman, he had built eight [[ketch]]es with masts and 40 [[cannons]] and eight smaller [[dhow]]s. When the war broke out in 1779, Azelars noted that the [[Brahman]]s and their allies made every possible effort to halt progress of the newly rebuilt navy based at [[Bhatkal]].<ref>Kaushik Roy. ''War, Culture, Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA22 pg. 22] Retrieved on 4 March 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
The alliance planned to make virtually simultaneous attacks on British holdings all throughout India, while the Marathas agreed to honour Hyder's claims to territories he currently held north of the Tungabhadra River and reduced the amount of tribute he was required to pay under earlier agreements. Hyder expected to receive assistance from the French, especially in the Carnatic, the territory he sought to conquer.<ref>Bowring, p. 87</ref> However, diplomatic actions by Governor [[Warren Hastings]] and the Company successfully convinced both the Nizam and the Marathas not to take up arms, and Hyder ended up fighting the war on his own.<ref name=Bow100>Bowring, p. 100</ref><br />
<br />
He successfully gained alliances with [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II]] of Cannanore [[Arakkal Kingdom]] and the Muslim [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] community and later even met with Muslim [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] from [[Malacca]], who were in [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] service.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:SiegeOfCuddalore1783 (cropped).jpg|A [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] illustration of Sayed Sahib leading Hyder Ali's forces during the [[Siege of Cuddalore]].<br />
File:Rocket warfare.jpg|The [[Battle of Pollilur]], where the forces of Hyder Ali effectively used [[Mysorean rockets]] and [[Rocket artillery]] against closely massed East India Company troops.<br />
File:Admiral Suffrein gravure anglaise.jpeg|[[Pierre André de Suffren]] ally of Hyder Ali.<br />
File:Charles de Bussy de Castelnau.jpg|[[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]] ally of Hyder Ali.<br />
File:Battaille Gondelour 1783 gravure hollandaise imaginaire 1783.jpg|French Admiral Suffren (with the support of Hyder Ali) comes to the aid of [[Reynier van Vlissingen]]'s [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] forces against the Admiral [[Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)|Edward Hughes]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Descent upon the Carnatic===<br />
<br />
The army Hyder assembled was one of the largest seen in southern India, estimated to number 83,000.<ref name=Bow88>Bowring, p. 88</ref> Carefully co-ordinating the actions of his subordinate commanders, he swept down the [[Eastern Ghats]] onto the coastal plain in July 1780, laying waste the countryside.<ref name=Bow88/> Due to Hyder's secrecy and poor British intelligence, officials in Madras were unaware of his movements until the fires of burning villages just {{convert|9|mi|km}} away were seen in Madras.<ref>Bowring, pp. 88–89</ref> Hyder himself organised the Siege of Arcot, while detaching his son ''Karim Khan Sahib'' to take [[Parangipettai|Porto Novo]]. The movement in August of [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Sir Hector Munro]] with a force of over 5,000 from Madras to [[Kanchipuram]] (Conjeevaram) prompted Hyder to lift the siege of Arcot and move to confront him. Word then arrived that Munro was awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from Guntur under Colonel William Baillie, so he sent a detachment under Tipu to intercept them, and eventually followed in strength himself, when Munro sent a force from his army to meet Baillie.<ref>Bowring, pp. 90–91</ref> Tipu and Hyder surrounded Baillie's force, and compelled the surrender of about 3,000 men in the [[Battle of Pollilur]] on 10 September; it was the first effective use of rocket artillery and made a strong impression upon the British.<ref name=Bow92>Bowring, p. 92</ref> Hyder then renewed the siege of Arcot, which fell in November.<ref name=Bow93/><br />
<br />
Shortly after the outbreak of hostilities, Governor Hastings had sent General [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]] south from Bengal to take charge of British forces opposing Hyder. He arrived at Madras in November to take command from Munro.<ref name=Bow93>Bowring, p. 93</ref> Coote marched into the Carnatic, and eventually occupied [[Cuddalore]].<ref>Wilks pp. 470–474</ref> After being re-supplied there, he besieged [[Chidambram]], where an assault on the fort was repulsed.<ref>Wilks, p. 475</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Surrender of Baillie to Hyder Ali.jpg|thumb|left|Baillie surrenders to Hyder Ali.]]<br />
<br />
Hyder had in the mean-time descended into [[Tanjore]], with severe consequences. After extracting the allegiance of the Maratha king [[Thuljaji]], Hyder plundered the country, destroying cattle and crops.<ref name="Subramanianp64">Subramanian, p. 64</ref> The economic output of Tanjore is estimated to have fallen by 90% between 1780 and 1782.<ref name="Subramanianp65">Subramanian, p. 65</ref> The economic devastation wrought by these attacks was so severe that Tanjore's economy did not recover until the start of the 19th century; the era is referred to in local folklore as the ''Hyderakalam''.<ref name="Subramanianp64"/><br />
<br />
With General Coote at Cuddalore, Hyder then made a forced march to interpose his army between Chidambram and Cuddalore, cutting Coote's supply line. Coote marched to face him, and won a decisive victory in the [[Battle of Porto Novo]] on 1 July 1781; Coote estimated that Hyder lost 10,000 men in the battle.<ref>Bowring, pp. 94–95</ref> Hyder then dispatched Tipu in an attempt to prevent the junction of Coote's army with reinforcements from Bengal.<ref>Wilks, p. 482</ref> This failed, and in late August the two armies [[Battle of Pollilur (1781)|met again at Pollilur]], chosen by Hyder as a place to make a stand, because it was the site of his victory over Baillie the previous year.<ref>Bowring, p. 96</ref> Hyder was defeated this time, although the battle was not decisive.<ref>Wilks, pp. 488</ref> While Coote re-grouped and searched for provisions, Hyder took the opportunity to besiege [[Vellore]].<ref>Bowring, p. 97</ref> Madras authorities convinced the ageing Coote to put off his retirement and relieve the fortress there.<ref>Wilks, pp. 489–490</ref> Hyder and Coote [[Battle of Sholinghur|met in battle]] at [[Sholinghur]], near Vellore. Hyder's artillery was ineffective, and the re-provisioned Vellore, which had been on the brink of surrender.<ref>Bowring, pp. 97–98</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]], who had recently arrived to take the Governorship of Madras, also brought news that [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|Britain was at war with the Dutch]].<ref>Bowring, p. 99</ref> Consequent to this, the company was instructed to seize Dutch holdings in India, and Macartney had ordered a detachment from Tanjore, under Colonel Braithwaite, to capture the main Dutch post at [[Negapatam]]. Hyder made an agreement with the Dutch to provide troops for its defence, but was himself forced away from Negapatam by Braithwaite.<ref>Wilks, p. 501</ref> The British took Negapatam after a [[Siege of Negapatam|three-week siege]] in October and November 1781.<ref>Wilks, pp. 501–502</ref> This setback forced Hyder to withdraw from most of Tanjore.<ref>Wilks, p. 502</ref><br />
<br />
In January 1782, General Coote, his health failing, again set out to re-provision Vellore. Hyder did not prevent the re-supply, but shadowed the British back toward [[Tirupati (city)|Tripassore]], offering battle near Sholinghur. Coote successfully manoeuvred away from Hyder without battle.<ref>Wilks, p. 504</ref> In February, Hyder detached Tipu with a sizeable force to recover Tanjore. Intelligence failures led the main British garrison to become surrounded by this superior force; Colonel Brathwaite and 2,000 men surrendered. Hyder was also pre-occupied by bad news from the west. A Mysorean force that had been besieging [[Tellicherry]] was broken, with its commander and his siege guns captured, and Coorg and Malabar were also descending into open rebellion. Hyder consequently sent forces west to deal with these matters, and was preparing to follow himself when word arrived on 10 March that a French force had landed at Porto Novo. Hyder immediately sent Tipu from Tanjore to meet with them, and followed himself from Arcot. At this time he had a celebrated meeting with the French Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Suffren]], and the allies agreed on a plan to establish Cuddalore as a French base. Cuddalore was occupied without resistance on 8 April, and Hyder's army, joined by the French, marched toward Permacoil, which fell in May. Coote responded by marching toward [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai District|Arni]], where Hyder had a major supply depot. Hyder and the French had been considering an assault on Wandiwash, but abandoned that idea and marched to face Coote. They [[Battle of Arni|skirmished there]] on 2 June. In August the British landed a force on the Malabar coast, to which Hyder responded by sending additional troops under Tipu to the west. The onset of the monsoon season then suspended most military activity on the eastern plain, and Hyder established his camp near [[Chittoor]].<ref name="Bowring">{{cite book |last1=Bowring |first1=Lewin Bentham |title=Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the South |date=1893 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/haidaralitipusul00bowriala/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
{{quote box|width=25%|quote=''He was a bold, an original, and an enterprising commander, skilful in tactics and fertile in resources, full of energy and never desponding in defeat. He was singularly faithful to his engagements and straightforward in his policy towards the British...his name is always mentioned in Mysore with respect, if not with admiration.''|source='''Bowring''',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&q=hyder+ali+was+a+bold%2C+an+original+and+an+enterprising+commander%2C&pg=PA11 History – Raghunath Rai – Google Books]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 4 March 2012.</ref><br />
}}<br />
[[File:Hyder Ally's Tomb.jpg|thumb|left|Tomb of Hyder Ali.]]<br />
Hyder Ali, who had suffered from a cancerous growth on his back, died in his camp on 6 December 1782. Some other accounts record it as 7 December 1782 and some historical accounts in the Persian language record the death in dates ranging from Hijri 1 Moharram 1197 to Hijri 4 Moharram 1197 in the Islamic calendar. The differences in recorded dates may be due to the [[lunar calendar]] and the differences in moon sightings in the surrounding kingdoms.<br />
<br />
Hyder's advisers tried to keep his death a secret until Tipu could be recalled from the Malabar coast. Upon learning of his father's death Tipu immediately returned to Chittoor to assume the reins of power. His accession was not without problems: he had to put down an attempt by an uncle to place Tipu's brother Abdul Karim on the throne.<ref name=Bri22/> The British learned of his death within 48 hours of its occurrence, but the dilatory attitude of Coote's replacement, [[James Stuart (d. 1793)|James Stuart]], meant that they were unable to capitalise on it militarily.<br />
<br />
Hyder Ali was buried at the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumbaz in Seringapatam]], the mausoleum raised by his son Tipu Sultan in 1782–84.<ref name=Baiju>{{cite web|last1=Joseph|first1=Baiju|title=Gumbaz – The Burial Chamber of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore|url=http://blog.baijujoseph.com/2012/07/gumbaz-burial-chamber-of-tipu-sultan.html|website=The Home of Nostalgic Moments A Photographic Journey & Book Mark of Memories|access-date=21 September 2015|date=21 July 2012|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118182321/http://blog.baijujoseph.com/2012/07/gumbaz-burial-chamber-of-tipu-sultan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Mysore Navy==<br />
[[File:Suffren meeting with Haider Ali, 26 july 1782 engraved by J B Morret 1789.jpg|thumb|left|French Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Suffren]] meeting with Hyder Ali in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving, 1789.]]<br />
<br />
In 1763, Hyder Ali and [[Tipu Sultan]] established their first naval fleet on the [[Malabar Coast]], under the command of [[Arakkal kingdom|Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II]] a large and well armed fleet consisting of 10 [[dhow]]s and 30 larger [[ketch]]es in the Indian Ocean, in his attempts to conquer islands that had withstood the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>de la Tour, p. 63</ref> In 1763 his allies, the Ali Rajas, sailed from [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Cannanore]] carrying on board [[sepoy]]s and on its pennons the colours and emblems of Hyder Ali, and captured the [[Maldives]].<ref>Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew, ''Indian Ocean and cultural interaction, A.D. 1400-1800'', (Pondicherry University Press, 1996), 196;"''The Ali Rajas became the allies of Haider Ali and carried out a successful naval expedition in Maldives in 1763.''"</ref><br />
<br />
Ali Raja returned to Mysore to pay homage to Hyder Ali, presenting him the captured and blinded [[Sultan of the Maldives]] [[Hasan 'Izz ud-din]]. Outraged at this excess, Hyder Ali stripped Ali Raja of the command of his fleet.<ref>de la Tour, p. 64</ref><br />
<br />
Hyder Ali, like his son [[Tipu Sultan]] protected foreign merchant ships, and the Mysore navy is even known to have protected and convoyed [[China|Chinese]] merchant ships in the region.<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&oq=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&aqs=chrome..69i57.1767j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection,+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&tbm=bks|title=Foreign merchants were granted protection, and the Mysore navy protected the Chinese merchants ships from piracy. - Google Search|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411164106/https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&oq=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&aqs=chrome..69i57.1767j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection,+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&tbm=bks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Studies in history of the Deccan: medieval and modern : Professor A.R. Kulkarni felicitation volume|author1=Nayeem, M.A.|author2=Ray, A.|author3=Mathew, K.S.|author4=Kulakarṇī, A.R.|date=2002|publisher=Pragati Publications|isbn=9788173070754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&oq=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&aqs=chrome..69i57.1767j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#tbm=bks&q=Mysore+navy+Chinese|title=Foreign merchants were granted protection, and the Mysore navy protected the Chinese merchants ships from piracy. - Google Search|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411164106/https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&oq=Foreign+merchants+were+granted+protection%2C+and+the+Mysore+navy+protected+the+Chinese+merchants+ships+from+piracy.&aqs=chrome..69i57.1767j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#tbm=bks&q=Mysore+navy+Chinese|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1768, Hyder Ali lost two [[Grab (ship)|grabs]] and 10 [[Gallivat (boat)|gavilats]] in a naval skirmish with forces of the [[East India Company]]. He was left with eight garbs and ten galivats, most of them damaged beyond repair.<ref name="books.google.com.pk">{{cite book|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849|author=Roy, K.|date=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136790874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA21|page=21|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126144818/https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 February 1775, two of Hyder Ali's ketches attacked {{HMS|Seahorse|1748|6}}, which drove them off after a brief exchange of fire.<br />
<br />
On 8 December 1780 [[Edward Hughes (Royal Navy officer)|Edward Hughes]] attacked Hyder Ali's fleet causing considerable damage once again. Mysore is known to have lost some of the best ships it ever constructed in that naval-battle at [[Mangalore]].<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World|author=Black, J.|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230370005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcEcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|page=169|access-date=3 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> But the British were unable to stop [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Suffren]]'s fleet in 1781.<ref name="books.google.com.pk"/><br />
<br />
==Military rocket innovations==<br />
{{main|Mysorean rockets}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Congreve rockets.gif|175px|thumb|The Mysore rockets utilised effectively during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], and were later updated by the British into the [[Congreve rocket]]s, which were successively employed during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and the [[War of 1812]].]]<br />
<br />
Hyder Ali was an innovator in the military use of [[rocket]]s, which were used against positions and territories held by the East India Company during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. Although rocket technology originated in China and had made its way to India and Europe by the 13th century, development of accurate [[cannon]]s had sidelined rockets as a military technology in Europe.<ref>Narasimha et al, p. 118</ref> Rocket technology was already in use when Hyder's father served (he commanded a company of 50 rocketmen), but it was Hyder who improved them and significantly expanded their use in the military. Technological innovations included the use of [[Mysorean rockets|high-quality iron casing]] (better than was then available in Europe) for the combustion chamber, enabling the use of higher-powered explosive charges. He also organised companies of rocketmen who were experienced in aiming rockets based on the size of the rocket and the distance to the target. Rockets could also be mounted on carts that improved their mobility and made possible the firing of large numbers of them all at once.<ref name=Narasimha120>Narasimha et al, p. 120</ref> Rockets developed by Hyder and Tipu led to a renaissance of interest in the technology in Britain, where [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]], supplied with rocket cases from Mysore, developed what became known as [[Congreve rocket]]s in the early 19th century.<ref>Narasimha et al, p. 122</ref><br />
<br />
In Hyder's time the Mysorean army had a rocket corps of as many as 1,200 men, which Tipu increased to 5,000. At the 1780 [[Battle of Pollilur]], during the second war, Colonel William Baillie's ammunition stores are thought to have been detonated by a hit from one of Hyder's rockets, contributing to the British defeat.<ref>Narasimha et al, pp. 120–121</ref><br />
<br />
==Economic policy==<br />
{{Main|Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Waverley_novels_(1900)_(14761659876).jpg|thumb|125px|Hyder Ali as 'The Pretended Fakir' (1894), from ''[[Chronicles of the Canongate#The Surgeon's Daughter|The Surgeon's Daughter]]'' by [[Sir Walter Scott]] (1827).]]<br />
<br />
The peak of Mysore's economic power was under Hyder Ali and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] in the post-[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era of the mid-late 18th century. They embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.<ref>{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |page=207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA207}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
Details are sketchy on Hyder's personal life. He had at least two wives. His second wife was Fatima, the mother of Tipu, his brother Karim, and a daughter.<ref name=Bow77>Bowring, p. 77</ref><ref name=Rao3>Punganuri Rao, p. 3</ref> He may have also married the sister of Abdul Hakim Khan, the [[Nawab of Savanur]]; Bowring describes it as a marriage, but Punganuri Rao's translator, citing Wilks, claims this was a "concubine marriage".<ref name=Bow77/><ref name=Rao28>Punganuri Rao, p. 28</ref> Karim and the daughter were both married to Abdul Hakim's children to cement an alliance in 1779.<ref name=Rao28/><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
During the [[American Revolution]], Hyder Ali was the subject of fascination and praise by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Why American revolutionaries admired the rebels of Mysore {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-american-revolutionaries-admired-the-rebels-of-mysore |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref> In 1781, the [[Pennsylvania Navy|Pennsylvania State Navy]] commissioned a warship named ''Hyder-Ally'', an eccentrically spelled tribute to the sultan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Philip Freneau]], an ally of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and one of the country’s leading poets, wrote a poem in honour of the ''Hyder-Ally'' and its namesake, the sultan of Mysore:<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<br />
From an Eastern prince she takes her name,<br />
<br />
Who, smit with freedom’s sacred flame<br />
<br />
Usurping Britons brought to shame,<br />
<br />
His country’s wrongs avenging.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
In ''Williams vs Cabarrus'' (1793), a lawsuit brought before a circuit court in North Carolina, the two parties disputed a wager made on a horse race. One of the horses was named ‘Hyder Ali’ in tribute to Mysore’s former ruler.<ref name=":0" /> On 21 October 1943, Indian freedom fighter [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] proclaimed the Provisional Government of [[Azad Hind]] (Free India), and the proclamation highlighted the "Warriors" Hyder Ali and his son, [[Tipu Sultan]], for their names are "forever engraved in letters of gold."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind or Free India |url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1278996 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.roots.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Tipu Sultan]]<br />
*[[Husain Ali Khan Bahadur]]<br />
*[[Mughal weapons]]<br />
*[[Nawab of Savanur]]<br />
*[[Arakkal Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |author-link1=James S. Olson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=hyder+ali+punjabi&pg=PA773 |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |language=en |page= |quote= |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409100723/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=hyder+ali+punjabi&pg=PA773 |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy |title=The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4 |language=en |quote= |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142010/https://books.google.com/books?id=N5IyEAAAQBAJ&q=the+anarchy |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Moon |first=Penderel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GwDin-jzIUC&q=haidar,+who+was+of+punjabi+origin |title=The British Conquest and Dominion of India |date=1989 |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-253-33836-5 |language=en |quote= |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142010/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GwDin-jzIUC&q=haidar,+who+was+of+punjabi+origin |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gott |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Gott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guhOEAAAQBAJ&dq=haidar+punjabi&pg=PA47 |title=Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt |date=2022 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-83976-422-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226134346/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=guhOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=haidar+punjabi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ0fSUlq2DAxXInf0HHYHEDQQQ6AF6BAgHEAM |url-status=live }}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bowring|first=Lewin|title=Haidar Alí and Tipú Sultán, and the Struggle with the Musalmán Powers of the South|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1899|location=Oxford|oclc=11827326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v80NAAAAIAAJ}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Brittlebank|first=Kate|title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563977-3|oclc=246448596}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|title=The Nawabs of Savanur|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7156-521-4|oclc=231937582}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last= D'Souza|first= A. L. P|title= History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara|year= 1983|publisher= Desco Publishers|location=Mangalore|oclc=11536326}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Duff|first=James Grant|title=History of the Mahrattas, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYscAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA652|publisher=Times of India|year=1878|location=London and Bombay|oclc=23116888}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last= Farias|first= Kranti K|title= The Christian Impact on South Kanara|year= 1999|publisher= Church History Association of India|location=Mumbai|oclc=46399552}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Waqai-i Manazil-i Rum: Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87879-56-5|oclc=70065314}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Lethbridge|first=Sir Roger|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire|publisher=Macmillan|year=1893|location=London and New York|oclc=3104377|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150766|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150766/page/n117 94]}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last= Machado|first= Alan|title= Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians|year= 1999|publisher= I.J.A. Publications|isbn= 978-81-86778-25-8|location=Bangalore}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam|author2=Srinivasan, Jagannathan|author3= Biswas, S. K|title=The Dynamics of Technology: Creation and Diffusion of Skills and Knowledge|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9670-5|oclc=231988745}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S|title=Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1984|isbn=978-0-8364-1262-8|oclc=234299187}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Rao Punganuri|first=Ram Chandra|editor=Brown, Charles Philip|title=Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: Rulers of Seringapatam, Written in the Mahratta Language|publisher=Simkins|year=1849|location=Madras|oclc=123942796|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7QIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5}} Rao Punganuri was, according to Brown, in the employ of both Hyder and Tipu.<br />
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Surendra Nath|title=Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0773-6|oclc=257994044}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Shastry|first=Bhagamandala Seetharama|title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations, 1498–1763|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2000|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7022-848-6|oclc=231906384}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last= Silva|first= Severine|title= History of Christianity in Canara|year= 1957|publisher= Star of Kanara Press|location= [[Kumta]], [[Uttara Kannada]]|oclc=39000665}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=Denys Mostyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR1uAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&redir_esc=y |title=Tiger of Mysore: The Life and Death of Tipu Sultan |date=1970 |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |isbn=978-0-7011-1581-4 |location=London |pages= |language=en |chapter=An Empire and its Heirs}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. R|title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|publisher=self-published|year=1928|oclc=249773661|location=Mylapore, Madras}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Tour|first=Maistre de la|title=The History of Hyder Shah, Alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur|publisher=W. Thacker|location=London|year=1855|author2=Mohammed, Gholam|oclc=65664006|url=https://archive.org/details/afacsimilerepri00sultgoog}} Biography of Hyder and memoir by one of his French officers; coauthor Gholam Mohammed was Tipu Sultan's son.<br />
*{{cite book|last=Wilks|first=Mark|title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the history of Mysoor|publisher=Higginbotham|year=1869|edition=Second|oclc=460735564|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Mirza |first=Shafqat Tanveer |url=http://archive.org/details/resistance-themes-in-punjabi-literature |title=Resistance Themes In Punjabi Literature |date=1991 |publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=969-35-0101-2 |location= Lahore|pages=}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Volume 32|publisher=United Service Institution of India|year=1903|location=New Delhi|oclc=1770956}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<!--other potential sources (from Brittlebank):<br />
Sinha: "Haider Ali"<br />
Peixote "History of Navab Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur"<br />
<br />
Additional 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica references:<br />
* For the personal character and administration of Hyder Ali see the ''History of Hyder Naik'', written by Mir Hussein Ali Khan Kirmani (translated from the Persian by Colonel Miles, and published by the Oriental Translation Fund)<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{EB1911 poster|Hyder Ali}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Gidwani |first=Bhagwan S |year=1976 |title=The Sword of Tipu Sultan: A historical novel about the life and legend of Tipu Sultan of India |location=<!--not listed in Google Books or Worldcat--> |publisher=Allied Publishers |oclc=173807200}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=S |first=Rajendu |year=2017 |title=Mysore Padayottam, 250 years. a set of six documents written during Hyder Ali's invasion to Malabar |location=<!--not listed in Google Books or Worldcat--> |publisher=Vallathol Vidya Peetham}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Hyder}}<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kolar]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:1782 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:1720s births]]<br />
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant&diff=452278SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant2026-03-04T18:17:07Z<p>Arshelina: Expanded content with additional details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of coronavirus detected in 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{cs1 config |display-authors=6}}<!-- while non-Latin names exists, |name-list-style=vanc cannot be used here --><br />
{{anchor|BA.2.3.20|BF.7|BJ.1|BM.1.1.1|BQ.1.2|BQ.1.3|BQ.1.4.2}}<!-- parked anchors for Omicron variants with incoming links but not yet discussed explicitly inhere --><br />
{{Infobox SARS-CoV-2 Variant<br />
| variant = Omicron<br />
| status = [[Variant of concern]]<br />
| dateReported = {{start date and age|2021|11|24|df=y}}<br />
| reportedLocation = [[Botswana]]<br />
| lineage = B.1.1.529<br />
| omicron = yes<br />
| hidemap = yes<br />
| symptoms = [[Asymptomatic infection]],<ref name="Yadav2022">{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Yadav |first1=Pragya D. |last2=Gupta |first2=Nivedita |last3=Potdar |first3=Varsha |last4=Mohandas |first4=Sreelekshmy |last5=Sahay |first5=Rima R. |last6=Sarkale |first6=Prasad |last7=Shete |first7=Anita M. |last8=Razdan |first8=Alpana |last9=Patil |first9=Deepak Y. |last10=Nyayanit |first10=Dimpal A. |last11=Joshi |first11=Yash |last12=Patil |first12=Savita |last13=Majumdar |first13=Triparna |last14=Dighe |first14=Hitesh |last15=Malhotra |first15=Bharti |last16=Shastri |first16=Jayanthi |last17=Abraham |first17=Priya |title=An in vitro and in vivo approach for the isolation of Omicron variant from human clinical specimens |date=2022 |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.01.02.474750 }}</ref> [[body ache]],<ref name="Yadav2022" /> [[cough]],<ref name="Yadav2022" /> [[fainting]],<ref name="Malvika">{{cite news |vauthors=Padin M |title=Feeling light-headed may be an early indication you have Omicron Covid variant |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/fainting-spells-could-covid-warning-25967128 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=17 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128123815/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/fainting-spells-could-covid-warning-25967128 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[fatigue]],<ref name="Poudel2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Poudel S, Ishak A, Perez-Fernandez J, Garcia E, León-Figueroa DA, Romaní L, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ |title=Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sparks significant concern among global experts – What is known so far? |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=45 |article-number=102234 |date=December 2021 |pmid=34896326 |pmc=8666662 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102234}}</ref> [[fever]], [[headache]],<ref name="guardian2021" /> [[Anosmia|loss of smell]] or [[Ageusia|taste]],<ref name="nbcchicago2723960" /><ref name="metro.co.uk15967386" /> — less common<br />
[[nasal congestion]] or [[running nose]]<ref name="guardian2021">{{cite web |vauthors=Adams R |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/24/omicron-covid-symptoms-uk-guidance-zoe-study |url-status=live |date=24 December 2021 |title=Omicron's cold-like symptoms mean UK guidance 'needs urgent update' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225032402/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/24/omicron-covid-symptoms-uk-guidance-zoe-study |archive-date=25 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> [[night sweats]],<ref name="Scribner2021">{{Cite web| vauthors = Scribner H |date=21 December 2021|title=Doctor reveals new nightly omicron variant symptom|url=https://www.deseret.com/coronavirus/2021/12/21/22847247/new-omicron-variant-symptom-night-sweats-sweating-covid|access-date=1 January 2022|website=Deseret News|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102140417/https://www.deseret.com/coronavirus/2021/12/21/22847247/new-omicron-variant-symptom-night-sweats-sweating-covid|url-status=live}}</ref> — unique Omicron symptom, upper [[respiratory tract infection]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Does Omicron cause less damage to the lungs? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-does-omicron-cause-less-damage-to-the-lungs |work=medicalnewstoday.com |date=14 January 2022 |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209215147/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-does-omicron-cause-less-damage-to-the-lungs |url-status=live }}</ref> [[skin rash]],<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Murrison P |title=Omicron symptoms: Three distinctive rashes to watch for |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1547779/omicron-symptoms-rash-type-skin-itchy-evg |work=Express.co.uk |date=18 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112062133/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1547779/omicron-symptoms-rash-type-skin-itchy-evg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[sneezing]],<ref name="guardian2021"/> [[sore throat]]<ref name="Malvika" /><br />
}}<br />
'''Omicron''' (B.1.1.529) is a heavily mutated [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|variant of SARS-CoV-2]] first reported to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) by the Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa on 24 November 2021.<ref name="OV">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quarleri J, Galvan V, Delpino MV |title=Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2: a quest to define the consequences of its high mutational load |journal=GeroScience |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=53–56 |date=February 2022 |pmid=34921354 |pmc=8683309 |doi=10.1007/s11357-021-00500-4}}</ref><ref name="Gowrisankar2022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gowrisankar A, Priyanka TM, Banerjee S |title=Omicron: a mysterious variant of concern |journal=European Physical Journal Plus |volume=137 |issue=1 |article-number=100 |date=10 January 2022 |pmid=35036269 |pmc=8743750 |doi=10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02321-y |bibcode=2022EPJP..137..100G}}</ref> It was first detected in [[Botswana]] and has spread to become the predominant variant in circulation around the world.<ref name="VD">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vitiello A, Ferrara F, Auti AM, Di Domenico M, Boccellino M |title=Advances in the Omicron variant development |journal=Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=292 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |date=July 2022 |pmid=35289434 |pmc=9115048 |doi=10.1111/joim.13478}}</ref> Following the original B.1.1.529 variant, several subvariants of Omicron have emerged, including: [[BA.1]], [[BA.2]], [[BA.3]], [[BA.4]], and [[BA.5]].<ref name="OS">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yao L, Zhu KL, Jiang XL, Wang XJ, Zhan BD, Gao HX, Geng XY, Duan LJ, Dai EH, Ma MJ |title=Omicron subvariants escape antibodies elicited by vaccination and BA.2.2 infection |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |date=June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=1116–1117 |pmid=35738299 |pmc=9212811 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00410-8}}</ref> Two subvariants of BA.5 emerged by October 2022, called [[BQ.1]] and [[BQ.1.1]].<br />
<br />
In mid-2023, the extremely-mutated [[BA.2.86]] variant emerged. Its main descendent, JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1), emerged soon afterward and swept the globe that winter, becoming dominant within a few months. Since then, all circulating lineages have descended from JN.1.<ref name="evolution">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Khadija |last2=Lustig |first2=Gila |last3=Römer |first3=Cornelius |last4=Reedoy |first4=Kajal |last5=Jule |first5=Zesuliwe |last6=Karim |first6=Farina |last7=Ganga |first7=Yashica |last8=Bernstein |first8=Mallory |last9=Baig |first9=Zainab |last10=Jackson |first10=Laurelle |last11=Mahlangu |first11=Boitshoko |last12=Mnguni |first12=Anele |last13=Nzimande |first13=Ayanda |last14=Stock |first14=Nadine |last15=Kekana |first15=Dikeledi |last16=Ntozini |first16=Buhle |last17=Van Deventer |first17=Cindy |last18=Marshall |first18=Terry |last19=Manickchund |first19=Nithendra |last20=Gosnell |first20=Bernadett I. |last21=Lessells |first21=Richard J. |last22=Karim |first22=Quarraisha Abdool |last23=Abdool Karim |first23=Salim S. |last24=Moosa |first24=Mahomed-Yunus S. |last25=De Oliveira |first25=Tulio |last26=von Gottberg |first26=Anne |last27=Wolter |first27=Nicole |last28=Neher |first28=Richard A. |last29=Sigal |first29=Alex |title=Evolution and neutralization escape of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 subvariant |journal=Nature Communications |date=2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=8078 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-43703-3 |pmid=38057313 |pmc=10700484 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.8078K |doi-access=free |hdl=10072/430010 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="rising JN.1">{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Yishan |last2=Ao |first2=Danyi |last3=He |first3=Xuemei |last4=Wei |first4=Xiawei |title=The rising SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant: Evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies |journal=Medcomm |date=2024 |volume=5 |issue=8 |article-number=e675 |doi=10.1002/mco2.675 |pmid=39081516 |pmc=11286544 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wannigama |first1=Dhammika Leshan |last2=Amarasiri |first2=Mohan |last3=Phattharapornjaroen |first3=Phatthranit |last4=Hurst |first4=Cameron |last5=Modchang |first5=Charin |last6=Chadsuthi |first6=Sudarat |last7=Anupong |first7=Suparinthon |last8=Miyanaga |first8=Kazuhiko |last9=Cui |first9=Longzhu |last10=Werawatte |first10=W K C P. |last11=Ali Hosseini Rad |first11=S. M. |last12=Fernandez |first12=Stefan |last13=Huang |first13=Angkana T. |last14=Vatanaprasan |first14=Porames |last15=Saethang |first15=Thammakorn |last16=Luk-In |first16=Sirirat |last17=Storer |first17=Robin James |last18=Ounjai |first18=Puey |last19=Tacharoenmuang |first19=Ratana |last20=Ragupathi |first20=Naveen Kumar Devanga |last21=Kanthawee |first21=Phitsanuruk |last22=Cynthia |first22=Bernadina |last23=Besa |first23=John Jefferson V. |last24=Leelahavanichkul |first24=Asada |last25=Kanjanabuch |first25=Talerngsak |last26=Higgins |first26=Paul G. |last27=Nanbo |first27=Asuka |last28=Kicic |first28=Anthony |last29=Singer |first29=Andrew C. |last30=Chatsuwan |first30=Tanittha |title=Wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 new variants BA.2.86 and offspring JN.1 in South and Southeast Asia |journal=Journal of Travel Medicine |year=2024 |volume=31 |issue=4 |article-number=taae040 |doi=10.1093/jtm/taae040 |pmid=38438141 }}</ref> JN.1 went on to spawn multiple notable sublineages, including KP.3.1.1 and XEC in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New XEC Covid variant: What are the symptoms and is it spreading in the UK? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1jddenj5p5o |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[BBC News Online]] |date=18 September 2024 }}</ref> and LP.8.1, NB.1.8.1, and XFG in 2025.<ref name="8 things">{{cite web|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/eight-things-you-need-know-about-new-nimbus-and-stratus-covid-variants|title=Eight things you need to know about the new "Nimbus" and "Stratus" COVID-19 variants|author=Linda Geddes|publisher=[[GAVI|Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance]]|date=16 June 2025|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Nimbus vs Stratus">{{cite web|url=https://tactnowinfo.substack.com/p/covid-update-covid-cases-rising-worldwide|title=COVID Update: COVID Cases Rising Worldwide: Inside the NB.1.8.1 (Nimbus) vs. XFG (Stratus) Variant Battle|author=TACTNow|publisher=Substack|date=25 June 2025|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> XFG became the dominant variant globally over the summer of 2025.<ref name="Stratus dominant">{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/health/coronavirus/stratus-covid-variant-symptoms-rcna224723|title=XFG 'Stratus' COVID Variant Still Fueling Cases in the US. Know These Symptoms|author=Caroline Lee|work=Today|date=6 October 2025|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Three doses of a [[COVID-19 vaccine]] provide protection against severe disease and hospitalization caused by Omicron and its subvariants.<ref name="Ahmed2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR | title = SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses Elicited by COVID-19 Vaccines or Infection Are Expected to Remain Robust against Omicron | journal = Viruses | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | page = 79 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 35062283 | pmc = 8781795 | doi = 10.3390/v14010079 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref><ref name="Jurdi2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Jurdi A, Gassen RB, Borges TJ, Lape IT, Morena L, Efe O, Solhjou Z, El Fekih R, Deban C, Bohan B, Pattanayak V, Kotton CN, Azzi JR, Riella LV |title=Suboptimal antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after third dose of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients |journal=Kidney International |date=2022 |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1282–1286 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2022.04.009 |pmid=35429496 |medrxiv=10.1101/2022.01.03.22268649v1|pmc=9006415 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Coyle P, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ | title = Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 387 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–34 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35704396 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2203965 | pmc = 9258753 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nemet I, Kliker L, Lustig Y, Zuckerman N, Erster O, Cohen C, Kreiss Y, Alroy-Preis S, Regev-Yochay G, Mendelson E, Mandelboim M | title = Third BNT162b2 Vaccination Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 386 | issue = 5 | pages = 492–494 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34965337 | pmc = 8823651 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2119358}}</ref> For three-dose vaccinated individuals, the BA.4 and BA.5 variants are more infectious than previous subvariants but there is no evidence of greater sickness or severity.<ref name="OS" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cao Y, Yisimayi A, Jian F, Song W, Xiao T, Wang L, Du S, Wang J, Li Q, Chen X, Yu Y, Wang P, Zhang Z, Liu P, An R, Hao X, Wang Y, Wang J, Feng R, Sun H, Zhao L, Zhang W, Zhao D, Zheng J, Yu L, Li C, Zhang N, Wang R, Niu X, Yang S, Song X, Chai Y, Hu Y, Shi Y, Zheng L, Li Z, Gu Q, Shao F, Huang W, Jin R, Shen Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Xiao J, Xie XS | title = BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection | journal = Nature | pages = 593–602 | date = June 2022 | volume = 608 | issue = 7923 | pmid = 35714668 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-04980-y | pmc = 9385493 | bibcode = 2022Natur.608..593C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hachmann NP, Miller J, Collier AY, Ventura JD, Yu J, Rowe M, Bondzie EA, Powers O, Surve N, Hall K, Barouch DH | title = Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 387 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–88 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35731894 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2206576 | pmc = 9258748 }}</ref><br />
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{{excerpt|Variants of SARS-CoV-2|only=paragraphs|paragraph=2|hat=no}}<!-- This paragraph can be updated in 'Variants of SARS-CoV-2' --><br />
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== Classification ==<br />
[[File:Omicron SARS-CoV-2 radial distance tree 2021-Dec-01.svg|thumb|Omicron variant and other major or previous [[Variant of concern|variants of concern]] of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] depicted in a tree scaled radially by genetic distance, derived from [[Nextstrain]] on 1 December 2021]]<br />
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=}}<br />
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In November 2021, the [[World Health Organization]]'s Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution declared [[PANGOLIN|PANGO lineage]] B.1.1.529 a variant of concern and designated it with the [[Greek letter]] [[omicron]].<ref name="OV" /> The WHO skipped the preceding letters [[Nu (letter)|nu]] and [[Xi (letter)|xi]] in the [[Greek alphabet]] to avoid confusion with the similarities of the English word "new" and the Chinese surname [[Xi (surname)|Xi]].<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Patel V |date=27 November 2021|title=How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The name of the variant has occasionally been mistaken as "Omnicron" among some English speakers, due to a lack of familiarity with the [[Greek language|Greek]] alphabet, and the relative frequency of the [[Latin]] prefix "[[wikt:omni-|omni]]" in other common speech.<ref name=Tcholakian>{{cite news |vauthors=Tcholakian D |date=15 December 2021 |title='Omni is everywhere': why do so many people struggle to say Omicron? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/dec/15/why-do-so-many-people-struggle-to-say-omicron |url-status=live |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223233517/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/dec/15/why-do-so-many-people-struggle-to-say-omicron}}</ref><ref name=Zimmer>{{cite news |vauthors=Zimmer B |date=2 December 2021 |title='Omicron': Greek's 'Little O' Will Loom Larger Now |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/omicron-greeks-little-o-will-loom-larger-now-11638485846 |url-status=live |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203002839/https://www.wsj.com/articles/omicron-greeks-little-o-will-loom-larger-now-11638485846 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |quote=President Joe Biden stumbled over the pronunciation in a press conference on Monday, calling the variant "omnicron" with an extra "n" sound. It has also been frequently misspelled that way online. The confusion is understandable, since we're more familiar with words that have the Latin prefix "omni-" meaning "all," as in "omnipresent" or "omnivore."}}</ref><br />
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The [[GISAID]] project has assigned it the [[clade]] identifier GR/484A,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/ |title=In focus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 November 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=GISAID |access-date=28 November 2021 |quote=The unique mix of spike amino acid changes in Omicron GR/484A (B.1.1.529) is of interest as it comprises several that were previously known to affect receptor binding and antibody escape. |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135255/https://www.gisaid.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Nextstrain]] project has assigned it the clade identifiers 21K and 21L, both belonging to a larger Omicron group 21M.<ref name="CoVariants1">{{cite web |url=https://covariants.org/variants/21K.Omicron |title=Variant: 21K (Omicron) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 November 2021 |website=covariants.org |publisher=CoVariants |access-date=28 November 2021 |quote=Variant 21K (Omicron) appears to have arisen in November 2021, possibly in South Africa. |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215406/https://covariants.org/variants/21K.Omicron |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Omicron was first detected in November 2021, in laboratories in Botswana and South Africa based on samples collected on 11–16 November,<ref name="RE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Viana R, Moyo S, Amoako DG, Tegally H, Scheepers C, Althaus CL, Anyaneji UJ, Bester PA, Boni MF, Chand M, Choga WT, Colquhoun R, Davids M, Deforche K, Doolabh D, du Plessis L, Engelbrecht S, Everatt J, Giandhari J, Giovanetti M, Hardie D, Hill V, Hsiao NY, Iranzadeh A, Ismail A, Joseph C, Joseph R, Koopile L, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Kraemer MU, Kuate-Lere L, Laguda-Akingba O, Lesetedi-Mafoko O, Lessells RJ, Lockman S, Lucaci AG, Maharaj A, Mahlangu B, Maponga T, Mahlakwane K, Makatini Z, Marais G, Maruapula D, Masupu K, Matshaba M, Mayaphi S, Mbhele N, Mbulawa MB, Mendes A, Mlisana K, Mnguni A, Mohale T, Moir M, Moruisi K, Mosepele M, Motsatsi G, Motswaledi MS, Mphoyakgosi T, Msomi N, Mwangi PN, Naidoo Y, Ntuli N, Nyaga M, Olubayo L, Pillay S, Radibe B, Ramphal Y, Ramphal U, San JE, Scott L, Shapiro R, Singh L, Smith-Lawrence P, Stevens W, Strydom A, Subramoney K, Tebeila N, Tshiabuila D, Tsui J, van Wyk S, Weaver S, Wibmer CK, Wilkinson E, Wolter N, Zarebski AE, Zuze B, Goedhals D, Preiser W, Treurnicht F, Venter M, Williamson C, Pybus OG, Bhiman J, Glass A, Martin DP, Rambaut A, Gaseitsiwe S, von Gottberg A, de Oliveira T | title = Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa | journal = Nature | volume = 603 | issue = 7902 | pages = 679–686 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35042229 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-04411-y | pmc = 8942855 | bibcode = 2022Natur.603..679V }}</ref> with the first known samples collected in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] on 8 November 2021.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dyer O | title = Covid-19: South Africa's surge in cases deepens alarm over omicron variant | journal = BMJ | volume = 375 | article-number = n3013 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34862184 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.n3013 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> The first known cases outside of South Africa were two people who travelled on 11 November: one who flew from South Africa to [[Hong Kong]] via [[Qatar]], and another who travelled from [[Egypt]] to [[Belgium]] via [[Turkey]].<ref name="PT">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gu H, Krishnan P, Ng DY, Chang LD, Liu GY, Cheng SS, Hui MM, Fan MC, Wan JH, Lau LH, Cowling BJ, Peiris M, Poon LL | title = Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021 | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 460–462 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34860154 | pmc = 8798678 | doi = 10.3201/eid2802.212422 }}</ref><ref name="CE">{{cite journal | vauthors = Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, Guivel-Benhassine F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Bolland WH, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Lemoine F, Péré H, Veyer D, Puech J, Rodary J, Baele G, Dellicour S, Raymenants J, Gorissen S, Geenen C, Vanmechelen B, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Martí-Carreras J, Cuypers L, Sève A, Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Rey FA, Simon-Loriere E, Bruel T, Mouquet H, André E, Schwartz O | title = Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization | journal = Nature | volume = 602 | issue = 7898 | pages = 671–675 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35016199 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-021-04389-z | bibcode = 2022Natur.602..671P | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | hdl = 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/339121 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> On 26 November 2021, the WHO designated B.1.1.529 as a [[variant of concern]] and named it "Omicron", after the [[Omicron|fifteenth letter in the Greek alphabet]].<ref name="OV" /> By 6 January 2022, the variant had been confirmed in 149 countries.<ref name="TD">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saxena SK, Kumar S, Ansari S, Paweska JT, Maurya VK, Tripathi AK, Abdel-Moneim AS | title = Transmission dynamics and mutational prevalence of the novel Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 Omicron Variant of Concern | journal = Journal of Medical Virology | volume = 94 | issue = 5 | pages = 2160–2166 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35050521 | pmc = 9015611 | doi = 10.1002/jmv.27611}}</ref><br />
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Retrospectively, Omicron cases have been detected as occurring earlier, in mid-October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web| title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England | url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6214f9a4e90e0710acb254b8/Technical-Briefing-36-22.02.22.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193545/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6214f9a4e90e0710acb254b8/Technical-Briefing-36-22.02.22.pdf | archive-date=5 November 2023}}</ref><br />
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=== Origin hypotheses ===<br />
Omicron did not evolve from any other variant, but instead diverged on a distinct track, perhaps in early 2020.<ref name="TD" /><ref name="Wei2022" /> Competing hypotheses are being examined.<br />
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One origin hypothesis is that various mutations in the Omicron variant, comprising a 9-[[nucleotide]] sequence, may have been acquired from another coronavirus (known as [[HCoV-229E]]), responsible for the common cold.<ref name="US">{{cite journal | vauthors = Alkhatib M, Salpini R, Carioti L, Ambrosio FA, D'Anna S, Duca L, Costa G, Bellocchi MC, Piermatteo L, Artese A, Santoro MM, Alcaro S, Svicher V, Ceccherini-Silberstein F | title = Update on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern and Its Peculiar Mutational Profile | journal = Microbiology Spectrum | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = e0273221 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35352942 | doi = 10.1128/spectrum.02732-21 | doi-access = free| pmc = 9045195 | veditors = Perez DR | article-number = e02732-21 }}</ref> This is not entirely {{nowrap|unexpected{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{hsp}}at times, viruses within the body acquire and swap segments of genetic material from each other, and this is one common means of mutation.<ref name="US" /><br />
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A link with [[HIV]] infection may explain a large number of mutations in the sequence of the Omicron variant.<ref name="IP">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarcsai KR, Corolciuc O, Tordai A, Ongrádi J | title = SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients: potential role in the high mutational load of the Omicron variant emerging in South Africa | journal = GeroScience | date = June 2022 | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 2337–2345 | pmid = 35739343 | pmc = 9225796 | doi = 10.1007/s11357-022-00603-6 }}</ref> Indeed, in order to be affected by such a high number of mutations, the virus must have been able to evolve a long time without killing its host, which can occur in people with a [[Immunodeficiency|weakened immune system]] who receive enough medical care to survive.<ref name="IP" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2021|title=The mystery of where omicron came from — and why it matters|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/12/01/1055803031/the-mystery-of-where-omicron-came-from-and-why-it-matters?t=1638988165590|access-date=8 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209102439/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/12/01/1055803031/the-mystery-of-where-omicron-came-from-and-why-it-matters?t=1638988165590|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the case in HIV patients in South Africa, who represent about 14% of the population (as of 2017).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zungu N, Mabaso M, Ramlagan S, Simbayi L, Moyo S, Shisana O, Murangandi P, Igumbor E, Sigida S, Jooste S, Marinda E, Ayalew K, Zuma K | title = Is There Risk Compensation among HIV Infected Youth and Adults 15 Years and Older on Antiretroviral Treatment in South Africa? Findings from the 2017 National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 19 | issue = 10 | page = 6156 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35627693 | pmc = 9141949 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph19106156 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref> HIV prevention could be key to reducing the risk of uncontrolled HIV driving the emergence of [[SARS-CoV-2]] variants.<ref name="IP" /><br />
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One hypothesis to explain the novel mutations is that [[SARS-CoV-2]] was transmitted from humans to mice and mutated in a population of [[Mouse|mice]] sometime between 2020 and 2021 before reinfecting humans.<ref name="Wei2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei C, Shan KJ, Wang W, Zhang S, Huan Q, Qian W | title = Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant | journal = Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao | volume = 48 | issue = 12 | pages = 1111–1121 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34954396 | pmc = 8702434 | doi = 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.12.003}}</ref><br />
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In December 2022, a team of researchers from the [[Charité]] (Berlin) published a now-[[Retraction in academic publishing|retracted]] study in [[Science (journal)|Science]] that claimed that "data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021".<ref>{{cite journal |title=RETRACTED: Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa |journal=Science |date = December 2022 |doi=10.1126/science.add8737 | vauthors = Fischer C, Maponga TG, Yadouleton A, Abílio N, Aboce E, Adewumi P, Afonso P, Akorli J, Andriamandimby SF, Anga L, Ashong Y, Beloufa MA, Bensalem A, Birtles R, Boumba AL, Bwanga F, Chaponda M, Chibukira P, Chico RM, Chileshe J, Chongwe G, Cissé A, D'Alessandro U, de Lamballerie XN, de Morais JF, Derrar F, Dia N, Diarra Y, Doumbia L, Drosten C, Dussart P, Echodu R, Eggers Y, Eloualid A, Faye O, Feldt T, Frühauf A, Halatoko A, Ilouga PV, Ismael N, Jambou R, Jarju S, Kamprad A, Katowa B, Kayiwa J, King'wara L, Koita O, Lacoste V, Lagare A, Landt O, Lekana-Douki SE, Lekana-Douki JB, Iipumbu E, Loemba H, Lutwama J, Mamadou S, Maman I, Manyisa B, Martinez PA, Matoba J, Mhuulu L, Moreira-Soto A, Mwangi J, N Dilimabaka N, Nassuna CA, Ndiath MO, Nepolo E, Njouom R, Nourlil J, Nyanjom SG, Odari EO, Okeng A, Ouoba JB, Owusu M, Owusu Donkor I, Phadu KK, Phillips RO, Preiser W, Ruhanya V, Salah F, Salifou S, Sall AA, Sylverken AA, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Tarnagda Z, Tchikaya FO, Tufa TB, Drexler JF |volume=378 |issue=6623 |article-number=eadd8737 |pmid=36454863 |doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1126/science.adg2821|pmid=36537892|https://retractionwatch.com/2022/12/20/contamination-leads-to-swift-retraction-for-science-paper-on-the-origins-of-omicron-in-africa/ ''Retraction Watch''|https://retractionwatch.com/retracted-coronavirus-covid-19-papers/ ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref> After a re-analysis because of doubts,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Surprising Omicron origins study comes under scrutiny |date=6 December 2022 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04357-1|first=Smriti|last=Mallapaty|volume=612 |issue=7940 |pages=387–388 |pmid=36474049 |bibcode=2022Natur.612..387M |doi-access = | title-link = doi |name-list-style=vanc }}</ref> the team retracted the article on 20 December 2022, due to contamination of the samples.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.charite.de/en/service/press_reports/artikel/detail/study_on_the_origins_of_omicron_retracted/ |title=Study on the origins of Omicron retracted |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=www.charite.de |quote=In a subsequent analysis of residual samples, they were found to be contaminated. It is no longer possible to establish the source of the contamination. |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224075814/https://www.charite.de/en/service/press_reports/artikel/detail/study_on_the_origins_of_omicron_retracted/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Kai |last1=Kupferschmidt |title='We made a mistake.' Omicron origin study retracted after widespread criticism |date=2022 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.adg3907 |quote=But [[Kristian G. Andersen|Kristian Andersen]] [...] says the gradual evolution theory was already 'off the table' before the paper was published. }}</ref><br />
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=== Spread ===<br />
In November 2021, the variant was first reported to the WHO from South Africa based on samples that had been collected from 14 to 16 November.<ref name="RE" /> South African scientists were first alerted by samples from the very beginning of November where the PCR tests had S gene target failure (occurs in a few variants, but not in Delta which dominated in the country in October) and by a sudden increase of COVID-19 cases in Gauteng; sequencing revealed that more than 70 percent of samples collected in the province between 14 and 23 November were a new variant.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Inside SA leg of Omicron variant discovery: A single test result, a missing gene, and an email |publisher=News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/investigations/covid19/inside-sa-leg-of-omicron-variant-discovery-a-single-test-result-a-missing-gene-and-an-email-20211128 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202095241/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/investigations/covid19/inside-sa-leg-of-omicron-variant-discovery-a-single-test-result-a-missing-gene-and-an-email-20211128 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |vauthors=Cowan K}}</ref><br />
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The first confirmed specimens of Omicron were collected on 8 November 2021, in South Africa and on 9 November, in Botswana.<ref name="nature-alert">{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaway E |date=December 2021 |title=Heavily mutated Omicron variant puts scientists on alert |journal=Nature |volume=600 |issue=7887 |page=21 |bibcode=2021Natur.600...21C |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w |pmid=34824381 }}</ref><br />
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When the WHO was alerted on 24 November, Hong Kong was the only place outside Africa that had confirmed a case of Omicron; one person who traveled from South Africa on 11 November, and another traveler who was cross-infected by this case while staying in the same quarantine hotel.<ref name="PT" /><br />
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On 25 November, one confirmed case was identified in [[Israel]] from a traveler returning from Malawi,<ref name="NC">{{Cite tweet|number=1464132888673280016|user=BNODesk|title=Statement from Israel's health ministry reporting 1 confirmed case of new coronavirus variant B.1.1.529|date=26 November 2021|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> along with two who returned from South Africa and one from Madagascar.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=מחוסנת ב-3 מנות ואישה שנסעה לאילת באוטובוס: המאומתים לזן החדשt |url=https://m.ynet.co.il/articles/syyt2za00y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127080101/https://m.ynet.co.il/articles/syyt2za00y |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |newspaper=Ynet |language=Hebrew |quote="4 מאומתים לווריאנט החדש התגלו בארץ, רה"מ יקיים מסיבת עיתונאים ב-14:30" translated: "4 verified for the new variant were discovered in the country, the prime minister will hold a press conference at 14:30 |last1=ינקו |first1=אדיר |last2=שומפלבי |first2=אטילה}}</ref> All four initial cases reported from Botswana occurred among fully vaccinated individuals.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tlhankane | first=Spira | name-list-style=vanc | title=Four cases of the new COVID-19 variant recorded in Botswana | website=Mmegi Online | date=25 November 2021 |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/four-cases-of-the-new-covid-19-variant-recorded-in-botswana/news | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162027/https://www.mmegi.bw/news/four-cases-of-the-new-covid-19-variant-recorded-in-botswana/news | archive-date=26 November 2021 | url-status=live | access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref><br />
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On 26 November, Belgium confirmed its first case; an unvaccinated person who had travelled from Egypt via Turkey on 11 November.<ref name="CE" /> All three initial confirmed and suspected cases reported from Israel occurred among fully vaccinated individuals,<ref name="NC" /> as did a single suspected case in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2021 |title=Flughafen Frankfurt: Person mit Omikron-Verdacht war vollständig geimpft |language=de |trans-title=Frankfurt airport: Person suspected to be infected with Omicron Variant was fully vaccinated |work=Frankfurter Rundschau |url=https://www.fr.de/politik/corona-variante-omikron-mit-sehr-hoher-wahrscheinlichkeit-bereits-in-deutschland-zr-91143286.html |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127155005/https://www.fr.de/politik/corona-variante-omikron-mit-sehr-hoher-wahrscheinlichkeit-bereits-in-deutschland-zr-91143286.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |vauthors=Kesselgruber K}}</ref><br />
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On 27 November, two cases were detected in the United Kingdom, another two in [[Munich]], Germany and one in [[Milan]], Italy.<ref name="first-cases-20211127">{{cite news |date=27 November 2021 |title=UK, Germany and Italy detect Omicron coronavirus variant cases |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/concerns-over-covid-variant-trigger-more-travel-curbs-southern-africa-2021-11-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127111521/https://www.reuters.com/world/concerns-over-covid-variant-trigger-more-travel-curbs-southern-africa-2021-11-27/ |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 28 November 13 cases were confirmed in the Netherlands among the 624 airline passengers who arrived from South Africa on 26 November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus variant Omicron found in 13 positive tests so far {{!}} RIVM |url=https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/coronavirus-variant-omicron-found-in-13-positive-tests-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206034210/https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/coronavirus-variant-omicron-found-in-13-positive-tests-so-far |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=www.rivm.nl}}</ref> Confirmation of a further 5 cases among these passengers followed later.<ref name="rivm-actueel">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=Actuele informatie over COVID-19 {{!}} RIVM |trans-title=Current information about COVID-19 {{!}} RIVM |url=https://www.rivm.nl/coronavirus-covid-19/actueel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406034057/https://www.rivm.nl/actuele-informatie-over-coronavirus |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=www.rivm.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Entry into the Netherlands generally required having been vaccinated or PCR-tested, or having recovered. The passengers of these two flights had been tested upon arrival because of the newly imposed restrictions (which were set in place during their flight), after which 61 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2021 |title=61 travellers from South Africa in Netherlands positive for COVID-19 – authorities |work=Reuters |location=Amsterdam |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/passengers-south-africa-face-wait-covid-19-testing-amsterdam-2021-11-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126234507/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/passengers-south-africa-face-wait-covid-19-testing-amsterdam-2021-11-26/ |archive-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> A further two cases were detected in Australia. Both people landed in [[Sydney]] the previous day, and travelled from southern Africa to [[Sydney Airport]] via [[Doha Airport]]. The two people, who were fully vaccinated, entered isolation; 12 other travellers from southern Africa also entered quarantine for fourteen days, while about 260 other passengers and crew on the flight were directed to isolate.<ref name="NSW-28Nov">{{cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=Travellers test positive to Omicron COVID-19 strain after arriving in Sydney from southern Africa, NSW Health says |website=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-28/tavellers-test-positive-omicron-covid-sydney/100657076 |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128065804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-28/tavellers-test-positive-omicron-covid-sydney/100657076 |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> Two travellers from South Africa who landed in Denmark tested positive for COVID-19; it was confirmed on 28 November that both carried the Omicron variant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=To personer er indrejst i Danmark med coronavarianten Omikron |language=da |trans-title=Two people have entered Denmark with the corona variant Omicron |website=www.bt.dk |url=https://www.bt.dk/content/item/1555550 |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215258/https://www.bt.dk/samfund/ssi-to-i-danmark-er-bekraeftet-smittet-med-ny-coronavariant-0 |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Ritzau A |date=28 November 2021 |title=Nu er det bekræftet: To personer smittet med Omikron rejst ind i Danmark |language=da |trans-title=Now it has been confirmed: Two people infected with Omicron traveled into Denmark |website=ekstrabladet.dk |url=https://ekstrabladet.dk/nyheder/samfund/nu-er-det-bekraeftet-to-personer-smittet-med-omikron-rejst-ind-i-danmark/9014646 |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215232/https://ekstrabladet.dk/nyheder/samfund/nu-er-det-bekraeftet-to-personer-smittet-med-omikron-rejst-ind-i-danmark/9014646 |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> On the same day, Austria also confirmed its first Omicron case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austria detects suspect Omicron case as Europe battles virus surge |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/austria-detects-suspect-omicron-case-as-europe-battles-virus-surge-432567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215259/https://www.wionews.com/world/austria-detects-suspect-omicron-case-as-europe-battles-virus-surge-432567 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=WION|date=28 November 2021}}</ref> A detected Omicron case was reported in the Czech Republic, from a traveler who spent time in Namibia.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=Omicron variant found in UK, Germany, Czech Republic |website=New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2021/11/27/omicron-variant-found-in-uk-germany-czech-republic/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127230155/https://nypost.com/2021/11/27/omicron-variant-found-in-uk-germany-czech-republic/ |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> Canada also reported its first Omicron cases, with two from travelers from Nigeria, therefore becoming the first North American country to report an Omicron case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=Canada, Netherland, Australia latest countries reporting cases of omicron COVID-19 variant |website=ABC13 |url=https://abc13.com/omicron-variant-new-covid-netherlands-coronavirus/11276819/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140018/https://abc13.com/omicron-variant-new-covid-netherlands-coronavirus/11276819/ |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 29 November, a positive case was recorded in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Australia. The person arrived in Darwin on a repatriation flight from Johannesburg, South Africa on 25 November, and was taken to a quarantine facility, where the positive test was recorded.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=COVID-positive repatriation flight arrival to the Northern Territory tests positive to Omicron variant |website=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nt-covid-outbreak-katherine-traveller-positive-for-omicron/100657690 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129013820/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nt-covid-outbreak-katherine-traveller-positive-for-omicron/100657690 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |vauthors=Perera A}}</ref> Two more people who travelled to Sydney from southern Africa via Singapore tested positive.<ref name="Aus29Nov">{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=NSW Health confirms two more Omicron COVID-19 cases in travellers from southern Africa |website=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nsw-health-confirms-two-more-omicron-covid-cases-in-sydney/100658728 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129115753/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nsw-health-confirms-two-more-omicron-covid-cases-in-sydney/100658728 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |vauthors=Nguyen K}}</ref> Portugal reported 13 Omicron cases, all of them members of a soccer club.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Live updates: Omicron variant |work=Cable News Network |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/covid-variant-omicron-11-29-21/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130120226/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/covid-variant-omicron-11-29-21/index.html |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Sweden also confirmed their first case on 29 November,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Första fallet av omikron upptäckt i Sverige |language=sv |trans-title=The first case of omicron detection in Sweden |website=www.aftonbladet.se |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/Poazg6 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130210048/https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/Poazg6 |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> as did Spain, when a traveler came from South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Spain detects first Omicron case, COVID-19 infections rise |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-detects-first-omicron-case-covid-19-2021-11-29/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130205826/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-detects-first-omicron-case-covid-19-2021-11-29/ |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 30 November, the Netherlands reported that Omicron cases had been detected in two samples dating back as early as 19 November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omicron variant found in two previous test samples {{!}} RIVM |url=https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/omicron-variant-found-in-two-previous-test-samples |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204013520/https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/omicron-variant-found-in-two-previous-test-samples |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=www.rivm.nl}}</ref> A positive case was recorded in Sydney from a traveller who had visited southern Africa before travel restrictions were imposed, and was subsequently active in the community.<ref name="NSW30Nov">{{cite news |date=30 November 2021 |title=NSW records fifth case of Omicron COVID-19 variant as two more potential infections investigated |website=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-30/nsw-covid-19-omicron-update-new-case-discovered/100661108 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130040038/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-30/nsw-covid-19-omicron-update-new-case-discovered/100661108 |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Japan also confirmed its first case.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2021 |title=Japan's first Omicron case may help portray PM Kishida as decisive |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/japan-confirms-first-case-omicron-variant-coronavirus-kyodo-2021-11-30/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130205827/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/japan-confirms-first-case-omicron-variant-coronavirus-kyodo-2021-11-30/ |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref> Two Israeli doctors tested positive and entered isolation. Both of them had received three shots of the Pfizer vaccine prior to testing positive.<ref name="jpost.com">{{Cite web |title=Two Israeli doctors test positive for Omicron COVID variant |url=https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/coronavirus/two-israeli-doctors-test-positive-for-omicron-covid-variant-687412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231015948/https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/coronavirus/two-israeli-doctors-test-positive-for-omicron-covid-variant-687412 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=30 November 2021 }}</ref> In Brazil, three cases of the Omicron variant were confirmed in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=SP confirma terceiro caso da variante ômicron |trans-title=SP confirms third case of ômicron variant |url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2021/12/01/sp-confirma-terceiro-caso-da-variante-omicron-no-brasil.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201145527/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2021/12/01/sp-confirma-terceiro-caso-da-variante-omicron-no-brasil.ghtml |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=g1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> Another five are under suspicion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=O que se sabe sobre os primeiros casos confirmados da variante Ômicron no Brasil |trans-title=What is known about the first confirmed cases of the Ômicron variant in Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/o-que-se-sabe-sobre-os-primeiros-casos-confirmados-da-variante-omicron-no-brasil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201021617/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/o-que-se-sabe-sobre-os-primeiros-casos-confirmados-da-variante-omicron-no-brasil/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Passa para 6 o número de casos suspeitos da variante Ômicron investigados no Brasil |trans-title=The number of suspected cases of the Ômicron variant investigated in Brazil goes to 6 |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/passa-para-6-o-numero-de-casos-suspeitos-da-variante-omicron-investigados-no-brasil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201022247/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/passa-para-6-o-numero-de-casos-suspeitos-da-variante-omicron-investigados-no-brasil/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=CNN Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref> A person in [[Leipzig]], Germany with no travel history nor contact with travellers tested positive for Omicron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany: Leipzig reports first Omicron variant case with no travel history |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/germany-leipzig-reports-first-omicron-variant-case-with-no-travel-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201222511/https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/germany-leipzig-reports-first-omicron-variant-case-with-no-travel-history |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><br />
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On 1 December, the Omicron variant was detected in three samples in Nigeria that had been collected from travelers from South Africa within the last week.<ref name="NYT-20211201">{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=Ghana and Nigeria are the latest African countries to detect the Omicron variant |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/africa/nigeria-omicron.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202002235/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/africa/nigeria-omicron.html |archive-date=2 December 2021 |vauthors=Dahir A, Ezeamalu B, Pérez-Peña R}}</ref><ref name="Reuters Nigeria 1Dec">{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=Nigeria confirms first cases of Omicron among travellers from South Africa |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-confirms-first-cases-omicron-among-travellers-south-africa-2021-12-01/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201073701/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-confirms-first-cases-omicron-among-travellers-south-africa-2021-12-01/ |archive-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> On the same day, public health authorities in the United States announced the country's first confirmed Omicron case. A resident of [[San Francisco]] who had been vaccinated returned from South Africa on 22 November, began showing mild symptoms on 25 November<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=First case of omicron in US identified in San Francisco |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/omicron-San-Francisco-first-case-in-US-COVID-16666494.php |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201195321/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/omicron-San-Francisco-first-case-in-US-COVID-16666494.php |archive-date=1 December 2021 |vauthors=Graff A}}</ref> and was confirmed to have a mild case of COVID-19 on 29 November.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=First U.S. Case of Omicron Variant Found in San Francisco Resident |publisher=[[KQED Inc.|KQED]] |location=San Francisco |url=https://www.kqed.org/science/1977807/first-u-s-case-of-omicron-variant-found-in-california |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201235257/https://www.kqed.org/science/1977807/first-u-s-case-of-omicron-variant-found-in-california |archive-date=1 December 2021 |vauthors=Stark K, Rodriguez JF, Dillon RM}}</ref> Ireland and South Korea also reported their first cases.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=Case of Omicron variant confirmed in Ireland |publisher=[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs]] |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/1201/1264223-ireland-nphet/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203225106/https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/1201/1264223-ireland-nphet/ |archive-date=3 December 2021 |vauthors=O'Donnell D}}</ref> South Korea reported its cases from five travelers arriving in South Korea from Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=South Korea reports five Omicron cases on flight from Nigeria |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/south-korea-reports-daily-record-over-5000-new-covid-19-infections-2021-12-01/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201040044/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/south-korea-reports-daily-record-over-5000-new-covid-19-infections-2021-12-01/ |archive-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 2 December, Dutch health authorities confirmed that all 14 passengers with confirmed Omicron infection on 26 November had been previously vaccinated.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Dutch say 14 air passengers from S. Africa with Omicron were vaccinated |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dutch-covid-19-quarantine-ends-most-safrica-passengers-authorities-2021-12-02/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202090552/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dutch-covid-19-quarantine-ends-most-safrica-passengers-authorities-2021-12-02/ |archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> The same day, the [[Norwegian Institute of Public Health]] confirmed that 50 attendees of a company Christmas party held at a restaurant in Norway's capital, [[Oslo]], were infected with the Omicron variant.<ref name="Norway1">{{cite news |date=4 December 2021 |title=Number of confirmed omicron cases as of 3 December |work=[[Folkehelseinstituttet]] |url=https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2021/antall-bekreftede-omikron-tilfeller-per-3.-desember/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204085112/https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2021/antall-bekreftede-omikron-tilfeller-per-3.-desember/ |archive-date=4 December 2021}}</ref> France has confirmed only 25 cases of the new Omicron variant but officials say the number could jump significantly in the coming weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2021 |title=France now has 25 Omicron Covid variant cases – minister |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-now-has-25-omicron-covid-variant-cases-minister-2021-12-06/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206232525/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-now-has-25-omicron-covid-variant-cases-minister-2021-12-06/ |archive-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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By 6 December, [[Malaysia]] confirmed its first case of the variant. The case was a South African student entering to study at a private university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=Omicron sudah sampai ke Malaysia |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203050931/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601635 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> In Namibia, 18 cases out of 19 positive COVID-19 samples that had been collected between 11 and 26 November were found to be Omicron, indicating a high level of prevalence in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2021 |title=Namibia detects Omicron coronavirus variant in 18 of 19 samples |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/namibia-detects-omicron-coronavirus-variant-18-19-samples-2021-12-06/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206230704/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/namibia-detects-omicron-coronavirus-variant-18-19-samples-2021-12-06/ |archive-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Fiji also confirmed two positive cases of the variant. They travelled from Nigeria arriving in Fiji on 25 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=Fijians test positive for Omicron variant – Govt |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/457351/fijians-test-positive-for-omicron-variant-govt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206143715/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/457351/fijians-test-positive-for-omicron-variant-govt |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[RNZ]] }}</ref><br />
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In December, Richard Mihigo, coordinator of the World Health Organization's Immunisation and Vaccine Development Programme for Africa, announced that Africa accounted for 46% of reported cases of the Omicron variant globally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title=Africa accounts for 46% of reported cases of Omicron, WHO official says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/africa-accounts-36-reported-cases-omicron-who-official-says-2021-12-09/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210094245/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/africa-accounts-36-reported-cases-omicron-who-official-says-2021-12-09/ |archive-date=10 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 13 December, the first death of a person with Omicron was reported in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2021 |title=Covid: First UK death recorded with Omicron variant |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59639007 |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220204740/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59639007 |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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On 16 December, New Zealand confirmed its first case of the Omicron variant, an individual who had traveled from Germany via Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=First Omicron case detected in New Zealand |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/news-media/media-releases/first-omicron-case-detected-new-zealand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220233733/https://www.health.govt.nz/news-media/media-releases/first-omicron-case-detected-new-zealand |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Healfh]]}}</ref><br />
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The first death of a person with Omicron was reported in Germany on 23 December<ref name="DW1">{{cite news |date=23 December 2021 |title=COVID: Germany records first death from omicron variant |work=DW |url=https://www.dw.com/en/covid-germany-records-first-death-from-omicron-variant/a-60241594 |url-status=live |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224001839/https://www.dw.com/en/covid-germany-records-first-death-from-omicron-variant/a-60241594 |archive-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> and in Australia on 27 December.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2021 |title=Australia: Omicron death, false negative COVID results |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/27/australia-records-first-omicron-death-in-new-south-wales |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227224035/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/27/australia-records-first-omicron-death-in-new-south-wales |archive-date=27 December 2021}}</ref><br />
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By Christmas 2021, the Omicron Strain became dominant in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2021 |title=U.S. CDC estimates Omicron variant to be 58.6% of cases, revises projection |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/omicron-estimated-be-586-coronavirus-variants-us-cdc-2021-12-28/ |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306205528/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/omicron-estimated-be-586-coronavirus-variants-us-cdc-2021-12-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 3 January 2022, South Korea reported the first two deaths of people who tested positive [[post mortem]] for Omicron.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2022 |title=S.Korea reports first deaths linked to Omicron coronavirus variant – Yonhap |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/skorea-reports-first-deaths-linked-omicron-coronavirus-variant-yonhap-2022-01-03/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103220903/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/skorea-reports-first-deaths-linked-omicron-coronavirus-variant-yonhap-2022-01-03/ |archive-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><br />
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In February 2022, Omicron accounted for 98% of publicly available genetic sequences worldwide.<ref name="who-definitions-2023"/><br />
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On 29 March 2022, Omicron subvariant BA.2 overtook BA.1 and became the dominant strain in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Brenda |name-list-style=vanc |title=Omicron subvariant BA.2 is now the dominant strain of Covid-19 in the US, CDC says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/29/health/ba-2-dominant-us/index.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=CNN |date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329143717/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/29/health/ba-2-dominant-us/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDade |first=Aaron |name-list-style=vanc |date=29 March 2022 |title=Omicron BA.2 sub-variant now dominant in U.S., CDC says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ba-2-covid-sub-variant-dominant-stealth-variant-1692964 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Newsweek }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=COVID Data Tracker |url=https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522045354/https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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As of May 2022, BA.2.12.1 was spreading in the US and two new subvariants of Omicron named BA.4 and BA.5, first detected in January 2022, spread in South Africa. All 3 subvariants have spike protein mutations of L452 and elude immunity from prior BA1 infection.<ref name="science52022">{{Cite journal |last1=Vogel |first1=Gretchen |title=New subvariants are masters of immune evasion |journal=Science |date=2022 |volume=376 |issue=6594 |pages=679–680 |doi=10.1126/science.adc9448 |pmid=35549399 |bibcode=2022Sci...376..679V }}</ref><br />
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In March 2023, without seeing a reduction in the threat to public health, the WHO stopped classifying Omicron as a [[variants of SARS-CoV-2#Definitions|variant of concern (VOC)]] in order to maintain this classification only for new threats. Instead, the WHO classified its subvariants as variants of interest (VOIs) and under monitoring (VUMs).<ref name="who-definitions-2023">{{cite press release |type=Statement |date=16 March 2023 |title=Statement on the update of WHO's working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions-and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608191442/https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions-and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Reactions ==<br />
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=== Vaccine producers ===<br />
On 26 November 2021, [[BioNTech]] said it would know in two weeks whether the current vaccine is effective against the variant and that an updated vaccine could be shipped in 100 days if necessary. [[AstraZeneca]], [[Moderna]] and [[Johnson & Johnson]] were also studying the variant's impact on the effectiveness of their vaccines.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=BioNTech says it could tweak Covid vaccine in 100 days if needed |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/nov/26/biontech-says-it-could-tweak-covid-vaccine-in-100-days-if-needed |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127000415/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/nov/26/biontech-says-it-could-tweak-covid-vaccine-in-100-days-if-needed |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> On the same day, [[Novavax]] stated that it was developing an updated vaccine requiring two doses for the Omicron variant, which the company expected to be ready for testing and manufacturing within a few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2021 |title=Novavax developing vaccine that targets new COVID-19 variant |work=CBS Baltimore Staff |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/novavax-testing-vaccine-that-targets-new-covid-19-variant-2021-11-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201620/https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2021/11/30/maryland-based-vaccine-manufacturer-developing-covid-19-vaccine-targeting-omicron-variant/ |archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=Maryland-Based Vaccine Manufacturer Developing COVID-19 Vaccine That Targets Omicron Variant |agency=Reuters |url=https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2021/11/30/maryland-based-vaccine-manufacturer-developing-covid-19-vaccine-targeting-omicron-variant/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128204342/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/novavax-testing-vaccine-that-targets-new-covid-19-variant-2021-11-26/ |archive-date=28 November 2021 |vauthors=Maddipatla M, Roy M}}</ref> On 29 November 2021, The [[Gamaleya Institute]] said that [[Sputnik Light]] should be effective against the variant, that it would begin adapting [[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine|Sputnik V]], and that a modified version could be ready for mass production in 45 days.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Sputnik V maker: Vaccine could be adapted to fight omicron |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |location=Moscow |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/sputnik-maker-vaccine-adapted-fight-omicron-81447527 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202045016/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/sputnik-maker-vaccine-adapted-fight-omicron-81447527 |archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> [[Sinovac]] said it could quickly mass-produce an inactivated vaccine against the variant and that it was monitoring studies and collecting samples of the variant to determine if a new vaccine is needed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Sinovac and world's Covid-19 vaccine makers 'ready' to produce Omicron jab |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3157730/chinas-sinovac-ready-produce-targeted-omicron-vaccine-if |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130210011/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3157730/chinas-sinovac-ready-produce-targeted-omicron-vaccine-if |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><br />
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On 7 December 2021, at a symposium in Brazil with its partner [[Instituto Butantan]], Sinovac said it would update its vaccine to the new variant and make it available in three months.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=Sinovac prevê atualização da Coronavac para variante Ômicron em até três meses |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Sinovac plans to update Coronavac to the Omicron variant within three months |work=CNN Brazil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/butantan-preve-atualizacao-da-coronavac-para-variante-omicron-em-ate-tres-meses/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209104555/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/butantan-preve-atualizacao-da-coronavac-para-variante-omicron-em-ate-tres-meses/ |archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> On 2 December, the [[Finlay Institute]] was already developing a version of [[Soberana Plus]] against the variant.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Cuba to update domestic vaccine to battle Omicron |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cuba-to-update-domestic-vaccine-to-battle-omicron |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220194822/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/cuba-to-update-domestic-vaccine-to-battle-omicron |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref> Pfizer hoped to have a vaccine targeted to immunize against Omicron ready by March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=Pfizer CEO says omicron vaccine will be ready in March |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/10/covid-vaccine-pfizer-ceo-says-omicron-vaccine-will-be-ready-in-march.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126210708/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/10/covid-vaccine-pfizer-ceo-says-omicron-vaccine-will-be-ready-in-march.html |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=CNBC |vauthors=Spencer K}}</ref><br />
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=== World Health Organization ===<br />
<br />
On 26 November 2021, the WHO asked nations to enhance surveillance and sequencing efforts, submit complete genome sequences and associated metadata to a publicly available database, such as [[GISAID]], report initial cases/clusters associated with virus-of-concern infection to the WHO through the [[International Health Regulations]] (IHR) mechanism, where capacity exists and in coordination with the international community, perform field investigations and laboratory assessments to improve understanding of the potential impacts of the virus of concern on COVID-19 epidemiology, severity, and the effectiveness of public health and social measures, diagnostic methods, immune responses, antibody neutralization, or other relevant characteristics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |title=Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126181619/https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern |archive-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><br />
On 26 November 2021, the WHO advised countries not to impose new restrictions on travel, instead recommending a "risk-based and scientific" approach to travel measures.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=WHO cautions against imposing travel restrictions due to new variant |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Geneva |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/who-cautions-against-imposing-travel-restrictions-due-new-variant-2021-11-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126113434/https://www.reuters.com/world/who-cautions-against-imposing-travel-restrictions-due-new-variant-2021-11-26/ |archive-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> On the same day, the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) reported modeling indicating that strict travel restrictions would delay the variant's impact on European countries by two weeks, possibly allowing countries to prepare for it.<ref name="ecdc-threat-assessment-brief">{{cite web |title=Implications of the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant of concern (Omicron) for the EU/EEA |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Implications-emergence-spread-SARS-CoV-2%20B.1.1.529-variant-concern-Omicron-for-the-EU-EEA-Nov2021.pdf |website=ecdc.europa.eu |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126212442/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Implications-emergence-spread-SARS-CoV-2%20B.1.1.529-variant-concern-Omicron-for-the-EU-EEA-Nov2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
As with other variants, the WHO recommended that people continue to keep enclosed spaces well ventilated, [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|avoid crowding and close contact]], wear well-fitting masks, clean hands frequently, and get vaccinated.<ref name="who-statement" /><ref name="reuters">{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=WHO names new COVID variant omicron, cautions against travel measures |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-meeting-friday-designate-new-variant-b11529-2021-11-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126192036/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-meeting-friday-designate-new-variant-b11529-2021-11-26/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |vauthors=Nebehay S, Winning A}}</ref> On 29 November 2021, the WHO said cases and infections were expected among those vaccinated, albeit in a small and predictable proportion.<ref name="who-very-high-risk">{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Omicron poses very high global risk, world must prepare -WHO |work=Reuters |location=Geneva |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-poses-very-high-global-risk-countries-must-prepare-who-2021-11-29/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173913/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-poses-very-high-global-risk-countries-must-prepare-who-2021-11-29/ |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International response ===<br />
After the WHO announcement, on the same day, several countries announced travel bans from southern Africa in response to the identification of the variant, including the [[United States]], which banned travel from eight African countries,<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=Covid live updates today: Omicron variant, symptoms, vaccines efficacy, restrictions... |work=en.as |url=https://en.as.com/en/2021/11/28/latest_news/1638109908_212481.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215231/https://en.as.com/en/2021/11/28/latest_news/1638109908_212481.html |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> although as of 30 November 2021 it notably did not ban travel from any European countries, Israel, Canada, or Australia where cases were also detected at the time the bans were announced. Other countries that also implemented travel bans include Japan, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Australia, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Morocco, and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2021 |title=World closing its doors to African countries due to omicron |work=aa.com |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/world-closing-its-doors-to-african-countries-due-to-omicron/2434131 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130210038/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/world-closing-its-doors-to-african-countries-due-to-omicron/2434131 |archive-date=30 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=Singapore bans travellers from 7 African countries; no cases of new Covid-19 variant here |newspaper=The Straits Times |location=Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/spore-tightens-border-measures-for-travellers-from-7-african-countries-no-cases-of-new |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126064129/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/spore-tightens-border-measures-for-travellers-from-7-african-countries-no-cases-of-new |archive-date=26 November 2021 |vauthors=Yong C}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 November 2021 the [[Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency]] recommended flight restrictions regarding the new variant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |title=Anvisa recomenda restrições de voo diante de nova variante de covid-19 |trans-title=Anvisa recommends flight restrictions in view of the new covid-19 variant |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/saude/noticia/2021-11/anvisa-recomenda-restricoes-de-voo-diante-de-nova-variante-de-covid-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126231213/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/saude/noticia/2021-11/anvisa-recomenda-restricoes-de-voo-diante-de-nova-variante-de-covid-19 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |work=agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)|state of New York]] declared a state of emergency ahead of a potential Omicron spike, although no cases had yet been detected in the state or the rest of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's Coming': NY Declares State of Emergency Ahead of Potential Omicron Spike |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/omicron-variant-ny-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-potential-spike/3421297/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235057/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/omicron-variant-ny-declares-state-of-emergency-ahead-of-potential-spike/3421297/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=NBC New York |vauthors=Kennedy M, Price RD|date=26 November 2021 }}</ref> On 27 November 2021, Switzerland introduced obligatory tests and quarantine for all visitors arriving from countries where the variant was detected, which originally included Belgium and Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Switzerland announces new restrictions for Israelis after the discovery of Omicron |work=Globally 24 |url=https://globally24.com/switzerland-announces-new-restrictions-for-israelis-after-the-discovery-of-omicron/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127202928/https://globally24.com/switzerland-announces-new-restrictions-for-israelis-after-the-discovery-of-omicron/ |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 November 2021, South African [[Minister of Health (South Africa)|Minister of Health]] [[Joe Phaahla]] defended his country's handling of the pandemic and said that travel bans went against the "norms and standards" of the World Health Organization.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=South Africa says travel bans over new variant unjustified |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-calls-british-travel-ban-over-new-covid-19-variant-rushed-2021-11-26/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126120245/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-calls-british-travel-ban-over-new-covid-19-variant-rushed-2021-11-26/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |vauthors=Winning A, Cocks T}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some speculated that [[COVID-19 travel restrictions|travel bans]] could have a significant impact on South Africa's economy by limiting tourism and could lead to other countries with economies that are reliant on tourism to hide the discovery of new variants of concern. [[vaccine inequity|Low vaccine coverage in less-developed nations]] could create opportunities for the emergence of new variants, and these nations also were struggling to gain [[TRIPS Waiver|intellectual property to develop and produce vaccines]] locally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel bans aren't the answer to stopping new COVID variant Omicron |url=http://theconversation.com/travel-bans-arent-the-answer-to-stopping-new-covid-variant-omicron-172736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128063613/https://theconversation.com/travel-bans-arent-the-answer-to-stopping-new-covid-variant-omicron-172736 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Conversation |vauthors=Zwi A|date=28 November 2021 }}</ref> At the same time, [[inoculation]] had slowed in South Africa due to [[vaccine hesitancy]] and apathy, with a nationwide vaccination rate of only 35% as of 24 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 November 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE South Africa delays COVID vaccine deliveries as inoculations slow |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/exclusive-south-africa-delays-covid-vaccine-deliveries-inoculations-slow-2021-11-24/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128023919/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/exclusive-south-africa-delays-covid-vaccine-deliveries-inoculations-slow-2021-11-24/ |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, the WHO warned countries that the variant poses a very high global risk with severe consequences and that they should prepare by accelerating vaccination of high-priority groups and [[Health system strengthening|strengthening health systems]]. WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom described the global situation as dangerous and precarious and called for a new agreement on the handling of pandemics, as the <q>current system disincentivizes countries from alerting others to threats that will inevitably land on their shores.</q> [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]] CEO [[Richard Hatchett]] said that the variant fulfilled predictions that transmission of the virus in low-vaccination areas would accelerate its evolution.<ref name="who-very-high-risk" /><br />
<br />
In preparation for the Omicron variant arriving in the United States, President [[Joe Biden]] stated that the variant is "cause for concern, not panic", reiterated that the government was prepared for the variant and would have it under control and that large-scale lockdowns, similar to the ones in 2020 near the beginning of the pandemic, were "off the table for now."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kaitlan Collins and Kate Sullivan |title=Biden says new Omicron variant is 'cause for concern, not a cause for panic' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/29/politics/omicron-variant-covid-19-joe-biden/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202011430/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/29/politics/omicron-variant-covid-19-joe-biden/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=CNN|date=29 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2021, multiple Canadian provinces reinstated restrictions on gatherings and events such as sports tournaments, and tightened enforcement of [[proof of vaccination]] orders. British Columbia expressly prohibited any non-seated "organized New Year's Eve event",<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=New COVID-19 restrictions in effect for parts of Canada; some productions cancelled |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/new-covid-19-restrictions-in-effect-for-parts-of-canada-some-productions-cancelled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220224055/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/new-covid-19-restrictions-in-effect-for-parts-of-canada-some-productions-cancelled-1.5713852 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=CTVNews }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.C. enacts social gathering and event capacity limits as Omicron variant spreads |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8459081/bc-covid-update-new-rules-omicron-dec-17-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219201516/https://globalnews.ca/news/8459081/bc-covid-update-new-rules-omicron-dec-17-2021/ |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=B.C. limits indoor gatherings, cancels New Year's Eve events as Omicron picks up speed |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/british-columbia-covid-restrictions-1.6290309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220200248/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/british-columbia-covid-restrictions-1.6290309 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=CBC News}}</ref> while Quebec announced a partial lockdown on 20 December 2021, ordering the closure of all bars, casinos, gyms, schools, and theatres, as well as imposing restrictions on the capacity and operating hours of restaurants, and the prohibition of spectators at professional sporting events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Quebec shutting down schools, bars, gyms tonight as COVID-19 cases soar |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-shutting-down-schools-bars-gyms-tonight-as-covid-19-cases-soar-1.5714268 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220200903/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-shutting-down-schools-bars-gyms-tonight-as-covid-19-cases-soar-1.5714268 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=CTV News Montreal }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 18 December 2021, the Netherlands government announced a lockdown intended to prevent spread of the variant during the holiday period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2021 |title=Netherlands to go into strict Christmas lockdown |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/netherlands-set-announce-strict-christmas-lockdown-media-2021-12-18/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102160427/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/netherlands-set-announce-strict-christmas-lockdown-media-2021-12-18/ |archive-date=2 January 2022 |vauthors=Meijer BH, van den Berg S}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2021, some countries shortened the typical six-month interval for a booster dose of the vaccine to prepare for a wave of Omicron, as two doses are not enough to stop the infection. UK, South Korea and Thailand reduced to three months; Belgium, four months; France, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy and Australia, five months. Finland reduced it to three months for risk groups. Other countries continued with a six-month booster schedule. While antibody levels begin to drop at four months, a longer interval usually allows time for the immune system's response to mature.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2022 |title=As Omicron threatens a global surge, some countries shorten COVID-19 booster timelines |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-threatens-global-surge-some-countries-shorten-covid-19-booster-timelines-2021-12-20/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115145917/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-threatens-global-surge-some-countries-shorten-covid-19-booster-timelines-2021-12-20/ |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biology ==<br />
[[File:SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1) variant.svg|none|thumb|900px|{{Center|The genomic sequence of the Omicron variant is pictured above|style=margin:0;padding:0;}}]]<br />
<br />
=== Mutations ===<br />
As of June 2022, Omicron had about 50 mutations relative to the Wuhan-Hu-1 or B variant,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://virological.org/t/selection-analysis-identifies-significant-mutational-changes-in-omicron-that-are-likely-to-influence-both-antibody-neutralization-and-spike-function-part-1-of-2/771 | title=Selection analysis identifies significant mutational changes in Omicron that are likely to influence both antibody neutralization and Spike function (Part 1 of 2) | date=5 December 2021 | access-date=1 December 2023 | archive-date=17 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117224648/https://virological.org/t/selection-analysis-identifies-significant-mutational-changes-in-omicron-that-are-likely-to-influence-both-antibody-neutralization-and-spike-function-part-1-of-2/771 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cella |first1=Eleonora |last2=Benedetti |first2=Francesca |last3=Fabris |first3=Silvia |last4=Borsetti |first4=Alessandra |last5=Pezzuto |first5=Aldo |last6=Ciotti |first6=Marco |last7=Pascarella |first7=Stefano |last8=Ceccarelli |first8=Giancarlo |last9=Zella |first9=Davide |last10=Ciccozzi |first10=Massimo |last11=Giovanetti |first11=Marta |title=SARS-CoV-2 Lineages and Sub-Lineages Circulating Worldwide: A Dynamic Overview |journal=Chemotherapy |date=2021 |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.1159/000515340 |pmid=33735881 |pmc=8089399 }}</ref> which is more than any previous [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2 variant]]. Thirty-two of these pertained to the spike protein, which most [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccines]] target to neutralise the virus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khandia |first1=Rekha |last2=Singhal |first2=Shailja |last3=Alqahtani |first3=Taha |last4=Kamal |first4=Mohammad Amjad |last5=El-Shall |first5=Nahed A. |last6=Nainu |first6=Firzan |last7=Desingu |first7=Perumal Arumugam |last8=Dhama |first8=Kuldeep |title=Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Environmental Research |date=2022 |volume=209 |article-number=112816 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816 |pmid=35093310 |pmc=8798788 |bibcode=2022ER....20912816K }}</ref> As of December 2021, many mutations were novel and not found in previous variants.<ref name="nature-alert" /> As of April 2022 the variant was characterised by 30 [[amino acid]] changes, three small deletions, and one small insertion in the spike protein compared with the original virus, of which 15 are located in the receptor-binding domain (residues 319–541).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Qin |last2=Han |first2=Wenyu |last3=Li |first3=Jiawei |last4=Xu |first4=Shiqi |last5=Wang |first5=Yifan |last6=Xu |first6=Cong |last7=Li |first7=Zuyang |last8=Wang |first8=Yanxing |last9=Zhang |first9=Chao |last10=Huang |first10=Zhong |last11=Cong |first11=Yao |title=Molecular basis of receptor binding and antibody neutralization of Omicron |journal=Nature |date=2022 |volume=604 |issue=7906 |pages=546–552 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04581-9 |pmid=35228716 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..546H }}</ref> As of December 2022 the virus carried a number of changes and deletions in other genomic regions. For example, three mutations at the [[furin]] [[proteolytic cleavage site|cleavage site]], which facilitates its transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mileto |first1=D. |last2=Micheli |first2=V. |last3=Fenizia |first3=C. |last4=Cutrera |first4=M. |last5=Gagliardi |first5=G. |last6=Mancon |first6=A. |last7=Bracchitta |first7=F. |last8=De Silvestri |first8=A. |last9=Rizzardini |first9=G. |last10=Lombardi |first10=A. |last11=Biasin |first11=M. |last12=Gismondo |first12=M. R. |title=Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by BNT162b2 vaccinees' sera: A preliminary evaluation |journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections |date=2022 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=790–792 |doi=10.1080/22221751.2022.2045878 |pmid=35196967 |pmc=8920392 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Liping |last2=Mann |first2=Matthew |last3=Syed |first3=Zulfeqhar A. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Hayley M. |last5=Tian |first5=E. |last6=Samara |first6=Nadine L. |last7=Zeldin |first7=Darryl C. |last8=Tabak |first8=Lawrence A. |last9=Ten Hagen |first9=Kelly G. |title=Furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is modulated by ''O'' -glycosylation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2021 |volume=118 |issue=47 |article-number=e2109905118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2109905118 |doi-access=free |pmid=34732583 |pmc=8617502 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11809905Z }}</ref><br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Spike omicron mutations top.png<br />
| alt1 = Spike protein with mutations highlighted, looking down onto the receptor-binding domain<br />
| image2 = Spike omicron mutations side.png<br />
| alt2 = Spike protein with mutations highlighted, looking at the side of the protein<br />
| footer = Illustration of the locations of the Omicron mutations in the [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]], top view (left) and side view (right), showing amino acid [[substitution mutation|substitutions]] (yellow), [[deletion mutation|deletions]] (red), and [[insertion mutation|insertions]] (green). In this trimeric structure, two monomers (gray and light blue) have their receptor-binding domains in the "down" conformation while one (dark blue) is in the "up" or "open" conformation. Mutation data from the [[WHO]],<ref name="who-statement">{{Cite web|date=26 November 2021|title=Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern|url-status=live|access-date=26 November 2021|website=World Health Organization|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126180836/https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-%28b.1.1.529%29-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern}}</ref> structure from {{PDB|6VYB}}.<ref name="walls_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D | title = Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein | journal = Cell | volume = 181 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–292.e6 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32155444 | pmc = 7102599 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058 }}</ref><br />
| align = left<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mutation prevalence across Omicron lineages.jpg|alt=Mutation prevalence across Omicron lineages|thumb|350px|Comparison of mutation prevalence for ORF1a, ORF1b, and S genes of Omicron lineages that are designated Variants of Concern. Characteristic mutations for a lineage are defined as nonsynonymous substitutions or deletions that occur in > 75% of sequences within that lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Karthik Gangavarapu |author2=Alaa Abdel Latif |author3=Julia Mullen |author4=Manar Alkuzweny |author5=Emory Hufbauer |author6=Ginger Tsueng |author7=Emily Haag |author8=Mark Zeller |author9=Christine M. Aceves |date=18 August 2022 |title=Lineage Comparison |url=https://outbreak.info/compare-lineages |website=Outbreak.info |author10=Karina Zaiets |author11=Marco Cano |author12=Jerry Zhou |author13=Zhongchao Qian |author14=Rachel Sattler |author15=Nathaniel L Matteson |author16=Joshua I. Levy |author17=Raphael TC Lee |author18=Lucas Freitas |author19=Sebastian Maurer-Stroh |author20=GISAID core and curation team |author21=Marc A. Suchard |author22=Chunlei Wu |author23=Andrew I. Su |author24=Kristian G. Andersen |author25=Laura D. Hughes |author26=Center for Viral Systems Biology |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204231/https://outbreak.info/compare-lineages |url-status=live }}</ref>|right]]<br />
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{{clear}}<br />
<br />
A 2025 study <ref>{{cite journal | title=Mutational pressure promotes release of public CD8+ T cell epitopes by proteasome from SARS-CoV-2 RBD of Omicron and its current lineages | date=2025 | vauthors =Kudriaeva AA, Butenko IO, Saratov GA, Ri MT, Mokrushina YA, Bondarev AA, Evpak AS, Smirnov IV, Matyushkina DS, Gabibov AG, Govorun VM, Belogurov AA Jr | journal=iScience | volume=28 | issue=3| article-number=111873 | doi=10.1016/j.isci.2025.111873 | pmid=40060909 | pmc=11889684 | bibcode=2025iSci...28k1873K }}</ref> demonstrated that mutations in the Omicron B.1.1.529 strain significantly enhance the release of two immunodominant HLA class I epitopes: 504-GHQPYRVVVL-513 and 496-SFRPTYGVGH-505. These epitopes are generated through the efficient processing—hydrolysis—of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) by both constitutive proteasomes (c20S) and immune proteasomes (i20S). These proteasomes facilitate protein cleavage into antigenic fragments, which are subsequently presented to the immune system to trigger a protective response. The authors emphasize the global significance of HLA haplotypes capable of presenting these epitopes. Key HLA molecules, such as HLA-B07:02, HLA-B08:01, HLA-B51:01, HLA-C01:02, HLA-C06:02, and HLA-C07:02, are widely distributed in the population, covering up to 82% and 27% of the global population for epitopes 504-GHQPYRVVVL-513 and 496-SFRPTYGVGH-505, respectively. This explains the decline in COVID-19 mortality rates in regions with a high prevalence of these haplotypes after December 2021, when Omicron became the dominant persistent strain. As an example, the study presents a comparative analysis of the situation in Bolivia and Paraguay. In Bolivia, where protective HLA haplotypes are more common, the COVID-19 mortality rate caused by Omicron was 1.5 times lower than in Paraguay, despite similar vaccination rates. This example vividly illustrates the importance of genetic predisposition in shaping resistance to the virus. Furthermore, the study addresses emerging Omicron lineages, such as [[BA.2.86]] and JN.1. These strains retain key mutations in the 496-513 region (except for position 496), ensuring at least the release of epitope 504-GHQPYRVVVL-513, similar to B.1.1.529. Thus, the virus continues to evolve toward increased immunogenicity by acquiring new proteasomal cleavage sites due to mutations. The resulting peptides, presented on the cell surface, enhance viral recognition by the human immune system. These changes not only reduce disease severity but also promote the adaptation of the virus to the human population, facilitating its wider spread through asymptomatic carriers.<br />
<br />
== {{anchor|BA.1.1}}Subvariants ==<br />
{{Main|Variants of SARS-CoV-2#Omicron}}<br />
Several subvariants of Omicron have been discovered, and new ones continue to emerge.<ref name="VD" /> By August 2022, there were 310 [[Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages|Pango lineages]] currently associated with the Omicron variant.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Karthik Gangavarapu |author2=Alaa Abdel Latif |author3=Julia Mullen |author4=Manar Alkuzweny |author5=Emory Hufbauer |author6=Ginger Tsueng |author7=Emily Haag |author8=Mark Zeller |author9=Christine M. Aceves |date=19 August 2022 |title=Omicron Variant Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports/omicron |website=Outbreak.info |author10=Karina Zaiets |author11=Marco Cano |author12=Jerry Zhou |author13=Zhongchao Qian |author14=Rachel Sattler |author15=Nathaniel L Matteson |author16=Joshua I. Levy |author17=Raphael TC Lee |author18=Lucas Freitas |author19=Sebastian Maurer-Stroh |author20=GISAID core and curation team |author21=Marc A. Suchard |author22=Chunlei Wu |author23=Andrew I. Su |author24=Kristian G. Andersen |author25=Laura D. Hughes |author26=Center for Viral Systems Biology |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820013601/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports/omicron |url-status=live }}</ref> The 'standard' sublineage is now referred to as BA.1 (or B.1.1.529.1), and the two other sublineages are known as BA.2 (or B.1.1.529.2) and BA.3 (or B.1.1.529.3).<ref name="Omicron subvariants">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arora P, Zhang L, Rocha C, Sidarovich A, Kempf A, Schulz S, Cossmann A, Manger B, Baier E, Tampe B, Moerer O, Dickel S, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Jäck HM, Behrens GM, Winkler MS, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M |date=June 2022 |title=Comparable neutralisation evasion of SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=766–767 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00224-9 |pmc=9005119 |pmid=35427493}}</ref> In 2022, BA.4 (or B.1.1.529.4) and BA.5 (or B.1.1.529.5) were detected in several countries.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohapatra RK, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Verma S, Tuli HS, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty C, Dhama K |date=July 2022 |title=The recently emerged BA.4 and BA.5 lineages of Omicron and their global health concerns amid the ongoing wave of COVID-19 pandemic - Correspondence |journal=International Journal of Surgery |volume=103 |article-number=106698 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106698 |pmc=9176102 |pmid=35690362}}</ref> They share many mutations, but also significantly differ from each other. In general, BA.1 and BA.2 share 32 mutations, but differ by 28.<ref name="For 21Jan2022">{{cite news |date=21 January 2022 |title=What is 'stealth Omicron'? The rise of the subvariant is alarming some scientists who say it needs its own Greek letter |publisher=Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2022/01/21/what-is-stealth-omicron-new-covid-variant-substrain-denmark/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123050305/https://fortune.com/2022/01/21/what-is-stealth-omicron-new-covid-variant-substrain-denmark/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |vauthors=McGregor G}}</ref> BA.1 has itself been divided in two, the original BA.1 and BA.1.1 (or B.1.1.529.1.1), with the main difference being that the latter has an extra R346K mutation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vauhkonen H, Nguyen PT, Kant R, Plyusnin I, Erdin M, Kurkela S, Liimatainen H, Ikonen N, Blomqvist S, Liitsola K, Lindh E, Helve O, Jarva H, Loginov R, Palva A, Hannunen T, Hannula S, Parry M, Kauppi P, Vaheri A, Sironen T, Lappalainen M, Savolainen-Kopra C, Smura T, Vapalahti O |date=June 2022 |title=Introduction and Rapid Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant and Dynamics of BA.1 and BA.1.1 Sublineages, Finland, December 2021 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1229–1232 |doi=10.3201/eid2806.220515 |pmc=9155872 |pmid=35378057}}</ref> A 2025 study identified South Africa as the likely origin point of each of the major Omicron lineages that have emerged since 2021, with the [[Gauteng]] Province of South Africa playing a major role in the emergence and/or amplification of those major Omicron lineages.<ref name="spatial origins">{{cite journal |last1=Dor |first1=Graeme |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Eduan |last3=Martin |first3=Darren P. |last4=Moir |first4=Monika |last5=Tshiabuila |first5=Derek |last6=Kekana |first6=Dikeledi |last7=Ntozini |first7=Buhle |last8=Joseph |first8=Rageema |last9=Iranzadeh |first9=Arash |last10=Nyaga |first10=Martin M. |last11=Goedhals |first11=Dominique |last12=Maponga |first12=Tongai |last13=Maritz |first13=Jean |last14=Laguda-Akingba |first14=Oluwakemi |last15=Ramphal |first15=Yajna |last16=MacIntyre |first16=Caitlin |last17=Chabuka |first17=Lucious |last18=Pillay |first18=Sureshnee |last19=Giandhari |first19=Jennifer |last20=Baxter |first20=Cheryl |last21=Hsiao |first21=Nei-Yuan |last22=Preiser |first22=Wolfgang |last23=Bhiman |first23=Jinal N. |last24=Davies |first24=Mary-Anne |last25=Venter |first25=Marietjie |last26=Treurnicht |first26=Florette K. |last27=Wolter |first27=Nicole |last28=Williamson |first28=Carolyn |last29=von Gottberg |first29=Anne |last30=Lessells |first30=Richard |title=Tracing the spatial origins and spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages in South Africa |journal=Nature Communications |date=2025 |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=4937 |doi=10.1038/s41467-025-60081-0 |pmid=40436832 |bibcode=2025NatCo..16.4937D |pmc=12120024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Standard [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] and [[COVID-19 rapid antigen test|rapid]] tests continue to detect all Omicron subvariants as COVID-19, but further tests are necessary to distinguish the subvariants from each other and from other COVID-19 variants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahimi F, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A |date=March 2022 |title=The Omicron subvariant BA.2: Birth of a new challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=International Journal of Surgery |volume=99 |article-number=106261 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106261 |pmc=8837492 |pmid=35167986}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="text-align: left; padding-right:1em;margin-right:1em" align="left"<br />
|+ {{nowrap|Defining mutations in the<br />SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant{{Break}} }}<br />
! [[Gene]]<br />
! [[Amino acid]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="11" | [[ORF1ab]]<br />
| |nsp3: K38R<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp3: V1069I<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp3: Δ1265<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp3: L1266I<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp3: A1892T<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp4: T492I<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp5: P132H<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp6: Δ105-107<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp6: A189V<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp12: P323L<br />
|-<br />
| |nsp14: I42V<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="34" | [[coronavirus spike protein|Spike]]<br />
| | A67V<br />
|-<br />
| | Δ69-70<br />
|-<br />
| | T95I<br />
|-<br />
| | G142D,<br />
|-<br />
| | Δ143-145<br />
|-<br />
| | Δ211<br />
|-<br />
| | L212I<br />
|-<br />
| | ins214EPE<br />
|-<br />
| | G339D<br />
|-<br />
| | S371L<br />
|-<br />
| | S373P<br />
|-<br />
| | S375F<br />
|-<br />
| | K417N<br />
|-<br />
| | N440K<br />
|-<br />
| | G446S<br />
|-<br />
| | S477N<br />
|-<br />
| | T478K<br />
|-<br />
| | E484A<br />
|-<br />
| | Q493R<br />
|-<br />
| | G496S<br />
|-<br />
| | Q498R<br />
|-<br />
| | N501Y<br />
|-<br />
| | Y505H<br />
|-<br />
| | T547K<br />
|-<br />
| | D614G<br />
|-<br />
| | H655Y<br />
|-<br />
| | N679K<br />
|-<br />
| | P681H<br />
|-<br />
| | N764K<br />
|-<br />
| | D796Y<br />
|-<br />
| | N856K<br />
|-<br />
| | Q954H<br />
|-<br />
| | N969K<br />
|-<br />
| | L981F<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" | [[Coronavirus envelope protein|E]]<br />
| | T9I<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | [[coronavirus membrane protein|M]]<br />
| | D3G<br />
|-<br />
| | Q19E<br />
|-<br />
| | A63T<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | [[coronavirus nucleocapsid protein|N]]<br />
| | P13L<br />
|-<br />
| | Δ31-33<br />
|-<br />
| | R203K<br />
|-<br />
| | G204R<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|- style="text-align:left;" class="sortbottom"<br />
| colspan="2" | Sources: UK Health Security Agency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1036501/Technical_Briefing_29_published_26_November_2021.pdf |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England – Technical briefing 29 |date=26 November 2021 |website=gov.uk |publisher=UK Health Security Agency |page=18 |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127004349/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1036501/Technical_Briefing_29_published_26_November_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> CoVariants<ref name="CoVariants1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== {{anchor|SV-BA.1}}BA.2 ===<br />
BA.2 was first detected in a sample from 15 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=BA.2 Lineage Report, India |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.2&selected=IND&loc=IND&overlay=false |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=outbreak.info ([[Scripps Research]]) |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204024/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.2&selected=IND&loc=IND&overlay=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A preprint released in February 2022 (published that May) suggested that BA.2 was more transmissible than BA.1 and may cause more severe disease.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Yamasoba D, Kimura I, Nasser H, Morioka Y, Nao N, Ito J, Uriu K, Tsuda M, Zahradnik J, Shirakawa K, Suzuki R, etal | journal = Cell |date=9 June 2022 |title=Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 spike |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.02.14.480335v1 |volume=185 |issue=12 |pages=2103–2115 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.035 | pmid = 35568035 | pmc = 9057982 }}</ref> The latter was later disproven by a study in late October 2022, that found BA.2 actually caused less severe disease relative to BA.1 (which in turn, caused less severe disease compared to the delta variant).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2022 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 less severe than Delta and original Omicron |first=Bhavana |last=Kunkalikar |name-list-style=vanc |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221031/SARS-CoV-2-Omicron-BA2-less-severe-than-Delta-and-original-Omicron.aspx |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=News-Medical.net |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106035310/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221031/SARS-CoV-2-Omicron-BA2-less-severe-than-Delta-and-original-Omicron.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Another study from 2022 found that Omicron BA.2 had viral loads about twice as high as that of Omicron BA.1 in infected individuals, based on viral RNA tests; the authors suggested this property as a possible explanation for why BA.2 was more contagious than BA.1, and possibly one of the main reason why the BA.2 lineage rapidly replaced the BA.1 lineage worldwide that spring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lentini |first1=Antonio |last2=Pereira |first2=Antonio |last3=Winqvist |first3=Ola |last4=Reinius |first4=Björn |title=Monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1/BA.2 lineage transition in the Swedish population reveals increased viral RNA levels in BA.2 cases |journal=Med |date=September 2022 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=636–643.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.medj.2022.07.007 |pmid=35981541 |pmc=9359497 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Spread ====<br />
By 17 January 2022, BA.2 had been detected in at least 40 countries and in all continents except [[Antarctica]].<ref name="OBI BA2">{{cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=BA.2 Lineage Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213170850/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.2 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=outbreak.info ([[Scripps Research]])}}</ref> By 31 January, it had been detected in at least 57 countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 77 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20220201_weekly_epi_update_77.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203200935/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20220201_weekly_epi_update_77.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> In global samples collected from 4 February to 5 March and uploaded to [[GISAID]], BA.2 accounted for c. 34%, compared to 41% for BA.1.1, 25% for BA.1 and less than 1% for BA.3.<ref name="WHO edition82">{{cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 82 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---8-march-2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313061107/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---8-march-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review two weeks later, covering 16 February to 17 March, BA.2 had become the most frequent.<ref name="WHO edition84">{{cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 84 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-march-2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326055351/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-march-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=How fast omicron's BA.2 variant is spreading around the world |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2021/tracker-omicron-spread/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |vauthors=Keating D, Dong M, Shin Y |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323210111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/interactive/2021/tracker-omicron-spread/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on GISAID uploads, BA.1 peaked in January 2022, after which it was overtaken by both BA.1.1 and BA.2.<ref name="WHO edition80">{{cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 80 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-february-2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310184040/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-february-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In North America, parts of Europe and parts of Asia, BA.1 was first outcompeted by BA.1.1. For example, in the United States, France and Japan, BA.1.1 became the dominant subvariant in January 2022.<ref name="CDC Variants">{{cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Variant Proportions |url=https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824224244/https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2022 |title=BA.1.1, un nouveau sous-variant d'Omicron déjà très répandu en France |publisher=Le Progrès |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/sante/2022/02/07/ba-1-1-un-nouveau-sous-variant-d-omicron-deja-tres-repandu-en-france |vauthors=Carassio J |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312021737/https://www.leprogres.fr/sante/2022/02/07/ba-1-1-un-nouveau-sous-variant-d-omicron-deja-tres-repandu-en-france |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OBI BA11">{{cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title=BA.1.1 Lineage Report, United States, France and Japan |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.1.1&loc=USA&loc=FRA&loc=JPN&selected=JPN&overlay=false |access-date=12 March 2022 |publisher=outbreak.info ([[Scripps Research]]) |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314145334/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.1.1&loc=USA&loc=FRA&loc=JPN&selected=JPN&overlay=false |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
During December 2021–January 2022, BA.2 had become dominant in parts of India (already making up almost 80 percent of infections in [[Kolkata]] in December 2021<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=BA.2 'stealth' variant makes up 80% of Kolkata's Omicron infections |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ba-2-stealth-variant-makes-up-80-of-kolkatas-o-infections/articleshow/88821640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116044618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ba-2-stealth-variant-makes-up-80-of-kolkatas-o-infections/articleshow/88821640.cms |archive-date=16 January 2022 |vauthors=Yengkhom S |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>) and the Philippines, had become frequent in Scandinavia, South Africa and Singapore, and was showing signs of growth in Germany and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2022 |title=Omicron 'sub-lineage' BA.2 designated as COVID variant under investigation, says UKHSA |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/omicron-sub-lineage-ba-2-designated-as-covid-variant-under-investigation-says-ukhsa-12521718 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211659/https://news.sky.com/story/omicron-sub-lineage-ba-2-designated-as-covid-variant-under-investigation-says-ukhsa-12521718 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Update 14 January 2022 |url=https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Update-of-SA-sequencing-data-from-GISAID-14-Jan-2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117175012/https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Update-of-SA-sequencing-data-from-GISAID-14-Jan-2022.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2022 |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa}}</ref><ref name="TheIndependent 23Jan2022">{{cite news |date=23 January 2022 |title=Omicron sub-variant BA.2 'under investigation' by UK health officials |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/omicron-variant-ba2-latest-covid-b1998907.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123115111/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/omicron-variant-ba2-latest-covid-b1998907.html |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=Undergrupp av omikron ökar: "Kan vara ännu mer smittsam" |language=sv |publisher=Aftonbladet |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/Jxq0y4/undergrupp-av-omikron-okar-kan-vara-annu-mer-smittsam |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111162511/https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/Jxq0y4/undergrupp-av-omikron-okar-kan-vara-annu-mer-smittsam |archive-date=11 January 2022 |vauthors=Österman H}}</ref> In Japan, which has quarantine and detailed screening of all international travellers, as of 24 January 2022, the vast majority of BA.2 had been detected in people that had arrived from India or the Philippines, with cases going back at least to 1 December 2021 (far fewer BA.1 or other variants were detected among arrivals from the two countries in that period), but small numbers had also been detected in people arriving from other countries.<ref name="Jpn 14Jan2022">{{cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=SARS-CoV-2の変異株B.1.1.529系統(オミクロン株)について(第6報) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/2019-ncov/2551-cepr/10900-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120162213/https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/2019-ncov/2551-cepr/10900-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-530.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=[[National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Japan)]] |language=Japanese |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=新型コロナウイルス感染症(変異株)の患者等の発生について(空港検疫)) |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_23512.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153500/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_23512.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=[[National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Japan)]] |language=Japanese |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=新型コロナウイルス感染症(変異株)の患者等の発生について(空港検疫) |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_23561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124084044/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_23561.html |archive-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=[[National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Japan)]] |language=Japanese |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Denmark, the first BA.2 specimen was in a sample collected on 5 December 2021.<ref name="C19DK">{{Cite news |date=29 January 2022 |title=Genomic overview of SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark |publisher=Danish Covid-19 Genome Consortium |url=https://www.covid19genomics.dk/statistics |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220072151/https://www.covid19genomics.dk/statistics |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref> By week fifty (13–19 December) it had started to increase, with BA.2 being at around 2 percent of sequenced cases compared to 46 percent BA.1 (remaining Delta). The frequency of both Omicron subvariants continued to increase throughout the last half of December; and by the end of the year BA.2 had reached 20 percent and BA.1 peaked at 72 percent. In January 2022, BA.1 began decreasing, whereas BA.2 continued its increase. By the second week of 2022, the frequency of the two was almost equal, both being near 50 percent.<ref name="C19DK" /> In the following week, BA.2 became clearly dominant in Denmark with 65 percent of new cases.<ref name="WaPo 25Jan2022">{{cite news |date=25 January 2022 |title=There's a new version of omicron but so far it doesn't appear to be more dangerous |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/01/24/covid-omicron-ba2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125052641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/01/24/covid-omicron-ba2/ |archive-date=25 January 2022 |vauthors=Bernstein L |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> Trends from the other Scandinavian countries, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom also showed that BA.2 was increasing in proportion to BA.1.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Enhancing response to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: Technical brief and priority actions for Member States |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/2022-01-21-global-technical-brief-and-priority-action-on-omicron-sars-cov-2-variant.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127201118/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/2022-01-21-global-technical-brief-and-priority-action-on-omicron-sars-cov-2-variant.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="FHI wk2">{{cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 Ukerapport – uke 2 |url=https://www.fhi.no/contentassets/8a971e7b0a3c4a06bdbf381ab52e6157/vedlegg/2022/ukerapport-uke-2-10.01---16.01.22.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127201054/https://www.fhi.no/contentassets/8a971e7b0a3c4a06bdbf381ab52e6157/vedlegg/2022/ukerapport-uke-2-10.01---16.01.22.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of Public Health]] |language=no |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> In February 2022, it had become the dominant subvariant in South Africa, in February it had become dominant in Germany and in March it had become dominant in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Alexander |last1=Winning |first2=Estelle |last2=Shirbon |name-list-style=vanc |date=10 February 2022 |title=Omicron BA.2 sub-variant dominant in S.Africa, says CDC |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-ba2-sub-variant-dominant-safrica-says-cdc-2022-02-10/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312021737/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-ba2-sub-variant-dominant-safrica-says-cdc-2022-02-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2022 |title=Wöchentlicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19) |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-03-10.pdf |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Robert Koch Institute |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312225756/https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-03-10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC 11March2022">{{Cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=11 March 2022 |title=Covid infections rising again across UK - ONS |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-60709712 |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313191916/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-60709712 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March, BA.1.1 was still heavily dominant in the United States (having overtaken BA.1 in January), but BA.2 was increasing in frequency, later becoming dominant in the US by 29 March.<ref name="CDC Variants" /><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Reuters |title=BA.2 version of omicron is now dominant coronavirus variant in U.S., CDC says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/omicron-subvariant-ba2-dominant-coronavirus-strain-cdc-rcna21993 |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=NBC News |date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329152148/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/omicron-subvariant-ba2-dominant-coronavirus-strain-cdc-rcna21993 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== XE ====<br />
A new BA.1–BA.2 [[recombinant virus|recombinant]] was isolated in the UK in January 2022, dubbed the "XE" recombinant. It was found by the WHO to be potentially 10% more transmissible than BA.2, making it about 43% to 76% to more transmissible than BA.1, and making the XE recombinant the most contagious variant identified at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohapatra RK, Kandi V, Tuli HS, Chakraborty C, Dhama K |date=August 2022 |title=The recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2: Concerns continues amid COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |volume=94 |issue=8 |pages=3506–3508 |doi=10.1002/jmv.27780 |pmc=9088633 |pmid=35419806}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== {{anchor|Deltacron}}Deltacron ====<br />
In early 2022, multiple Delta–Omicron recombinants were identified, which were dubbed "''Deltacron''". These included the XD and XF recombinants (Delta–BA.1 recombinants), XS (a Delta–BA.1.1 recombinant),<ref name="PANGO lineage IDs">{{cite web|url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/master/lineage_notes.txt|title=CoV-Lineages PANGO Designation|author=|publisher=[[GitHub]]|date=August 2025|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref> and a Delta AY.4–Omicron BA.1 recombinant.<ref name="Deltacron">{{cite web|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/everything-you-need-know-about-deltacron-and-other-covid-19-variants-concern|title=Everything you need to know about Deltacron and other COVID-19 variants of concern|author=Linda Geddes|work=[[GAVI|Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance]]|date=18 March 2022|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chrysostomou |first1=Andreas |last2=Vrancken |first2=Bram |last3=Haralambous |first3=Christos |last4=Alexandrou |first4=Maria |last5=Gregoriou |first5=Ioanna |last6=Ioannides |first6=Marios |last7=Ioannou |first7=Costakis |last8=Kalakouta |first8=Olga |last9=Karagiannis |first9=Christos |last10=Marcou |first10=Markella |last11=Masia |first11=Christina |last12=Mendris |first12=Michail |last13=Papastergiou |first13=Panagiotis |last14=Patsalis |first14=Philippos |last15=Pieridou |first15=Despo |last16=Shammas |first16=Christos |last17=Stylianou |first17=Dora |last18=Zinieri |first18=Barbara |last19=Lemey |first19=Philippe |last20=Kostrikis |first20=Leondios |title=Unraveling the Dynamics of Omicron (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5) Waves and Emergence of the Deltacron Variant: Genomic Epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in Cyprus (Oct 2021–Oct 2022) |journal=Viruses |date=2023 |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1933 |doi=10.3390/v15091933 |pmid=37766339 |pmc=10535466 |doi-access=free |hdl=2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/372483 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Additionally, substantial scientific evidence has been produced supporting the existence of Deltacron (Delta–Omicron) viruses, characterized by Delta (AY.4, AY.x) and Omicron (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.x) variants, which have been identified and verified by various laboratories around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Liang |last2=F. Gao |first2=George |title=The 'Wolf' Is Indeed Coming: Recombinant 'Deltacron' SARS-CoV-2 Detected |journal=China CDC Weekly |date=2022 |volume=4 |issue=14 |pages=285–287 |doi=10.46234/ccdcw2022.054 |pmid=35433090 |pmc=9008264 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karbalaei |first1=Mohsen |last2=Keikha |first2=Masoud |title=Deltacron is a recombinant variant of SARS-CoV-2 but not a laboratory mistake |journal=Annals of Medicine & Surgery |date=July 2022 |volume=79 |doi=10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104032 |pmid=35757314 |pmc=9212869 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Li-Teh |last2=Tsai |first2=Jih-Jin |last3=Chu |first3=Justin Jang Hann |last4=Chen |first4=Chun-Hong |last5=Chen |first5=Liang-Jen |last6=Lin |first6=Ping-Chang |last7=Tsai |first7=Ching-Yi |last8=Hsu |first8=Miao-Chen |last9=Chuang |first9=Wan-Long |last10=Hwang |first10=Shang-Jyh |last11=Chong |first11=Inn-Wen |title=The identification and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV -2 delta variants in Taiwan |journal=The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences |date=June 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=624–636 |doi=10.1002/kjm2.12665 |pmid=36951529 |doi-access=free |pmc=11895958 }}</ref><ref name="Incipient Parallel Evolution of SAR">{{cite journal |last1=Sant’Anna |first1=Fernando Hayashi |last2=Finger Andreis |first2=Tiago |last3=Salvato |first3=Richard Steiner |last4=Muterle Varela |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Comerlato |first5=Juliana |last6=Gregianini |first6=Tatiana Schäffer |last7=Barcellos |first7=Regina Bones |last8=de Souza Godinho |first8=Fernanda Marques |last9=Resende |first9=Paola Cristina |last10=da Luz Wallau |first10=Gabriel |last11=y Castro |first11=Thaís Regina |last12=Casarin |first12=Bruna Campestrini |last13=de Almeida Vieira |first13=Andressa |last14=Schwarzbold |first14=Alexandre Vargas |last15=de Arruda Trindade |first15=Priscila |last16=Tumioto Giannini |first16=Gabriela Luchiari |last17=Freese |first17=Luana |last18=Bristot |first18=Giovana |last19=Brasil |first19=Carolina Serpa |last20=de Oliveira Rocha |first20=Bruna |last21=Martins |first21=Paloma Bortolini |last22=de Oliveira |first22=Francine Hehn |last23=van Oosterhout |first23=Cock |last24=Wendland |first24=Eliana |title=Incipient Parallel Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron Variant in South Brazil |journal=Vaccines |date=February 2023 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=212 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020212 |doi-access=free |pmid=36851091 |pmc=9961971 }}</ref> However, these viruses quickly went extinct, as Omicron BA.1 and then BA.2 became dominant around the world.<ref name="real-time monitoring" /><br />
<br />
==== {{anchor|BA.2.12|BA.2.12.1}}BA.2.12 ====<br />
There were two new BA.2 subvariants detected in the US state of [[New York (state)|New York]], which are BA.2.12 (or B.1.1.529.2.12) and BA.2.12.1 (or B.1.1.529.2.12.1), both of which have a significant growth advantage of 23–27% over BA.2 and contributing to a rise in infections in central New York, centred on [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] and [[Lake Ontario]], which later became dominant by 24 May 2022, in the US.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Del Rio C, Malani PN | title = COVID-19 in 2022-The Beginning of the End or the End of the Beginning? | journal = JAMA | volume = 327 | issue = 24 | pages = 2389–2390 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35622357 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2022.9655 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><br />
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==== {{anchor|BA.2.75|BA.2.75.2}}BA.2.75 and BA.2.75.2 ====<br />
The subvariant BA.2.75 (or B.1.1.529.2.75, nicknamed ''Centaurus'' by the media<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |name-list-style=vanc |date=14 July 2022 |title=Why Are People Calling COVID-19 Variant BA.2.75 'Centaurus'? |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2022/07/14/centaurus-covid-19-strain/ |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=Snopes.com |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718220715/https://www.snopes.com/news/2022/07/14/centaurus-covid-19-strain/ |url-status=live }}</ref>), first detected in [[India]] in May 2022, was classified as variant under monitoring by the WHO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants |url=https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609115218/https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional newer mutations in this line (like BA.2.75.2 aka B.1.1.529.2.75.2 or ''Chiron'') may be capable of escaping neutralizing antibodies.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sheward DJ, Kim C, Fischbach J, Sato K, Muschiol S, Ehling RA, Björkström NK, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Reddy ST, Albert J, Peacock TP, Murrell B |date = November 2022 |title=Omicron sublineage BA.2.75.2 exhibits extensive escape from neutralising antibodies |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1538–1540 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00663-6|pmid=36244347 |pmc=9560757 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== {{anchor|SV-BA.4|SV-BA.5|BA.4|BA.4.6|BA.5}} BA.4 and BA.5 ===<br />
In April 2022, the WHO announced it was tracking the BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants, with BA.4 having been detected in South Africa, Botswana, Denmark, Scotland and England.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO monitoring 2 more Omicron sub-variants known as BA.4 and BA.5|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/who-monitoring-omicron-sub-variants-1.6415875|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=11 April 2022|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413033018/https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/who-monitoring-omicron-sub-variants-1.6415875|url-status=live}}</ref> The BA.4 and BA.5 variants originated from South Africa, and were most likely descended from BA.2, with their spike proteins differing from BA.2 only in the 69–70 deletion, the L452R and F486V mutations, and the R493Q reversion that they had. The two subvariants themselves have a nearly-identical spike protein, differing mostly in the non-spike regions.<ref name="emergence">{{cite journal |last1=Tegally |first1=Houriiyah |last2=Moir |first2=Monika |last3=Everatt |first3=Josie |last4=Giovanetti |first4=Marta |last5=Scheepers |first5=Cathrine |last6=Wilkinson |first6=Eduan |last7=Subramoney |first7=Kathleen |last8=Makatini |first8=Zinhle |last9=Moyo |first9=Sikhulile |last10=Amoako |first10=Daniel G. |last11=Baxter |first11=Cheryl |last12=Althaus |first12=Christian L. |last13=Anyaneji |first13=Ugochukwu J. |last14=Kekana |first14=Dikeledi |last15=Viana |first15=Raquel |last16=Giandhari |first16=Jennifer |last17=Lessells |first17=Richard J. |last18=Maponga |first18=Tongai |last19=Maruapula |first19=Dorcas |last20=Choga |first20=Wonderful |last21=Matshaba |first21=Mogomotsi |last22=Mbulawa |first22=Mpaphi B. |last23=Msomi |first23=Nokukhanya |last24=Bester |first24=Armand Phillip |last25=Claassen |first25=Mathilda |last26=Doolabh |first26=Deelan |last27=Mudau |first27=Innocent |last28=Mbhele |first28=Nokuzola |last29=Engelbrecht |first29=Susan |last30=Goedhals |first30=Dominique |title=Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa |journal=Nature Medicine |date=2022 |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1785–1790 |doi=10.1038/s41591-022-01911-2 |pmid=35760080 |pmc=9499863 }}</ref> The mutation profiles of BA.4 and BA.5 indicated that they diverged around mid-December 2021, and most likely emerged from BA.2 from a recombination event around late November 2021.<ref name="emergence" /> Early indications from data collected in South Africa suggested BA.4 and BA.5 have a significant growth advantage over BA.2, which by 12 May earned the status Variant of Concern by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and, by 20 May, by the [[UK Health Security Agency]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=Tuliodna |number=1513529930046648326 |title=New Omicron BA.4 & BA.5 detected in South Africa, Botswana, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, and U.K. Early indications that these new sublineages are increasing as a share of genomically confirmed cases in SA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=BREAKING: ECDC upgrades Omicron Sublineages BA.4 and BA. 5 to Variants of Concern from Variants of Interest, making it the first public health authority |url=https://medriva.com/breaking-the-ecdc-has-upgraded-omicron-sub-lineages-ba-4-and-ba-5-to-variants-of-concern-from-variants-of-interest-making-it-the-first-public-health-authority-to-do-so/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=Medriva |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514033634/https://medriva.com/breaking-the-ecdc-has-upgraded-omicron-sub-lineages-ba-4-and-ba-5-to-variants-of-concern-from-variants-of-interest-making-it-the-first-public-health-authority-to-do-so/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireland and Europe at risk of new Covid surge as two new variants of concern declared |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/health/ireland-and-europe-at-risk-of-new-covid-surge-as-two-new-variants-of-concern-declared/41648115.html |first=Eilish |last=O'Regan |name-list-style=vanc |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=independent |date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822143619/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/health/ireland-and-europe-at-risk-of-new-covid-surge-as-two-new-variants-of-concern-declared/41648115.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Two types of Omicron classified as Covid variants of concern in UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/20/two-types-omicron-classified-covid-variants-concern-uk-ba4-ba5 |first=Nicola |last=Davis |name-list-style=vanc |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=the Guardian |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610132349/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/20/two-types-omicron-classified-covid-variants-concern-uk-ba4-ba5 |url-status=live }}</ref> BA.5 was dominant in [[Portugal]] by 25 May, accounting for two-thirds of all new cases there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Variant BA.5: après le Portugal, les autres pays européens |url=https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/variant-ba-5-apres-le-portugal-les-autres-pays-europeens-vont-connaitre-leur-sixieme-vague_163686 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=Sciences et Avenir |language=fr |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526150226/https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/variant-ba-5-apres-le-portugal-les-autres-pays-europeens-vont-connaitre-leur-sixieme-vague_163686 |url-status=live }}</ref> BA.4 and BA.5 were found to be the most infectious versions of SARS-CoV-2 yet, with Omicron BA.2 having an estimated 1.4x increase in transmissibility over BA.1, and BA.4 and BA.5 having an estimated further 1.4x increase in transmissibility, with some estimates for the variants' [[basic reproduction number]] (<math>R_0</math>) being around 18.6, which would potentially make BA.4 and BA.5 more contagious than the [[Measles]] virus.<ref name="Measles">{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2022/07/09/is-covid-omicron-more-transmissible-infectious-than-measles-ba4-ba5/|title=Move over, measles: Dominant Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 could be the most infectious viruses known to man|author=Erin Prater|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=9 July 2022|access-date=26 November 2025|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260303105613/https://fortune.com/2022/07/09/is-covid-omicron-more-transmissible-infectious-than-measles-ba4-ba5/|archive-date= 2026-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, by 2023, some studies estimated that the R0 of the circulating Omicron subvariants had reached 20 or higher.<ref name="gene-gene">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhengjun |title=Omicron's intrinsic gene-gene interactions jumped away from earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants and gene homologs between humans and animals |journal=Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology |date=2023 |volume=5 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.1016/j.abst.2023.09.002 |doi-access=free }}</ref> By 24 June, BA.4 and BA.5 together had become dominant variants in the UK and Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Karen |name-list-style=vanc |date=24 June 2022 |title=UK Covid cases surge following Queen's Jubilee celebrations, new variants become dominant |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/uk-covid-cases-surge-following-jubilee-bapoint4-bapoint5-become-dominant.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=CNBC |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628222903/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/uk-covid-cases-surge-following-jubilee-bapoint4-bapoint5-become-dominant.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omikron-Subtyp BA.5 herrscht jetzt in Deutschland vor |url=https://www.saechsische.de/coronavirus/omikron-subtyp-ba-5-herrscht-jetzt-in-deutschland-vor-5713349.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=www.saechsische.de |date=24 June 2022 |language=de |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624064621/https://www.saechsische.de/coronavirus/omikron-subtyp-ba-5-herrscht-jetzt-in-deutschland-vor-5713349.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RKI - Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 - Wochenbericht vom 23.6.2022 |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-06-23.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=www.rki.de |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623195833/https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-06-23.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BA.5 becomes dominant COVID-19 variant in Germany |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/06/25/ba5-becomes-dominant-covid-19-variant-in-germany |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=The Star |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624213903/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2022/06/25/ba5-becomes-dominant-covid-19-variant-in-germany |url-status=live }}</ref> These two subvariants became dominant in the United States by 28 June.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2022 |title=Omicron sub-variants BA.4, BA.5 make up more than 50% of U.S. COVID cases - CDC |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-sub-variants-ba4-ba5-make-up-more-than-50-us-covid-cases-cdc-2022-06-28/ |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628211651/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-sub-variants-ba4-ba5-make-up-more-than-50-us-covid-cases-cdc-2022-06-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Adeel |name-list-style=vanc |date=28 June 2022 |title=The Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 have together become dominant in the U.S., the C.D.C. estimates. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/health/covid-subvariants-ba4-ba5.html |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629064617/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/health/covid-subvariants-ba4-ba5.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By June, BA.5 became the dominant subvariant in [[France]], with 59% of new cases linked to it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SPF |title=COVID-19: point épidémiologique du 30 juin 2022 |url=https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/documents/bulletin-national/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-du-30-juin-2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=www.santepubliquefrance.fr |language=fr |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710153847/https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/documents/bulletin-national/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-du-30-juin-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Variant Covid BA.5: majoritaire en France, quels symptômes? |url=https://sante.journaldesfemmes.fr/fiches-maladies/2822907-nouveau-variant-covid-ba5-symptomes-contagion-france/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=sante.journaldesfemmes.fr |language=fr |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709095649/https://sante.journaldesfemmes.fr/fiches-maladies/2822907-nouveau-variant-covid-ba5-symptomes-contagion-france/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BA.5 variant spread significantly more than BA.4, and by early July 2022, BA.5 had become dominant in nearly every region around the world, challenged only by the BA.2.75 subvariant in India.<ref name="rule them all">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/omicron-ba-5-covid-variant-dominant-ba-five-one-1235058423/|title=Omicron BA.5: One Variant To Rule Them All...For Now|author=Tom Tapp|work=Deadline|date=6 July 2022|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2022, a case of a new subvariant, BA.5.2.1, was reported in [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA.5.2.1 Lineage Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.5.2.1 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Outbreak.info |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713221712/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.5.2.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 July, the city of Shanghai reported its first case of BA.5.2.1, in a man who had flown in from Uganda, sparking a new wave of testing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shanghai identifies new COVID Omicron subvariant |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-shanghai-says-new-omicron-subvariant-found-2022-07-10/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Reuters |date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730000631/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-shanghai-says-new-omicron-subvariant-found-2022-07-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 July, the province of Ontario, Canada announced that subvariant BA.5.2.1 overtook BA.2.12.1 as the main variant in circulation in Ontario around 2 July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance in Ontario, July 22, 2022 |url=https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/epi/covid-19-sars-cov2-whole-genome-sequencing-epi-summary.pdf?sc_lang=en |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Public Health Ontario |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719091525/https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/epi/covid-19-sars-cov2-whole-genome-sequencing-epi-summary.pdf?sc_lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Regeneron is reporting that BA.5.2.1 is the main variant in Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Greece and Iceland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regeneron COVID-19 Dashboard |url=https://covid19dashboard.regeneron.com/?tab=Home&subTab=Europe |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Regeneron |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730001237/https://covid19dashboard.regeneron.com/?tab=Home&subTab=Europe |url-status=live }}</ref> The government of Canada also reported in June and July, of the travelers arriving by air who test positive for COVID-19, a substantial proportion were BA.5.2.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: Summary data about travellers, testing and compliance |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/testing-screening-contact-tracing/summary-data-travellers.html |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Government of Canada |date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804230413/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/testing-screening-contact-tracing/summary-data-travellers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> BF.7 is a shortened version of the sub-variants full name, which is BA.5.2.1.7. This sub-variant is part of Omicron's BA.5 variant, which had the highest number of reported cases globally, accounting for 76.2% of all cases.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kpadhne.com/covid-19-variant-bf-7-symptoms-precautions-transmission-rate-and-more-2023/ | title=Covid-19 Variant BF.7 Symptoms, Precautions, Transmission | work=Kpadhne | date=23 December 2022 | access-date=25 December 2022 | archive-date=30 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163453/https://kpadhne.com/covid-19-variant-bf-7-symptoms-precautions-transmission-rate-and-more-2023/ | author1=Mukeshsingh }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== {{anchor|SV-BQ.1|BQ.1|BQ.1.1}}BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 ====<br />
In October 2022, two BA.5 subvariants were found: BQ.1 (or B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1) and BQ.1.1 (or B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1).<ref>{{cite web |title=Verbreitet sich rasant: Eine der "besorgniserregendsten Varianten": So gefährlich ist BQ.1.1 |language=de |work=[[FOCUS online (German magazine)|FOCUS online]] |date=20 October 2022 |url=https://www.focus.de/gesundheit/news/eine-der-besorgniserregendsten-varianten-so-gefaehrlich-ist-bq-1-1_id_167000162.html |access-date=31 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031111823/https://www.focus.de/gesundheit/news/eine-der-besorgniserregendsten-varianten-so-gefaehrlich-ist-bq-1-1_id_167000162.html |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-last=Danner |author-first=Chas |name-list-style=vanc |title=What We Know About the New and Rising COVID Variants |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/what-to-know-new-covid-variants-bq-1-bq-1-1-xbb-bf-7.html |access-date=1 November 2022 |work=[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]] |agency=[[nymag.com]] |publisher=[[Vox Media, LLC]] |date=21 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101115417/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/what-to-know-new-covid-variants-bq-1-bq-1-1-xbb-bf-7.html |archive-date=1 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neue Corona-Subvariante BQ.1.1 - "Höllenhund"-Virusvariante ist in Deutschland angekommen |author-first=Anja |author-last=Braun |name-list-style=vanc |language=de |date=27 October 2022 |work=SWR Wissen |publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk]] |url=https://www.swr.de/wissen/neue-corona-subvariante-bq1-1-hoellenhund-cerberus-in-deutschland-angekommen-100.html |access-date=31 October 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031093004/https://www.swr.de/wissen/neue-corona-subvariante-bq1-1-hoellenhund-cerberus-in-deutschland-angekommen-100.html |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> The variants were originally most prevalent in France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2022 |title=A new Omicron variant, BQ.1.1, is spreading throughout France |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2022/10/25/a-new-omicron-variant-bq-1-1-is-spreading-throughout-france_6001720_114.html |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103150808/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2022/10/25/a-new-omicron-variant-bq-1-1-is-spreading-throughout-france_6001720_114.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 17 November 2022, 93% of sequences in France were Omicron sub-lineage BA.5 and among the BA.5 sub-lineages, BQ.1.1 continued to rise (32% vs 25% in the prior week).<ref>{{Cite news |last=sante publique france |title=COVID-19: epidemiological update. Weekly report. Week 45. 17 November 2022. |language=fr |url=https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/en/covid-19-epidemiological-update.-weekly-report.-week-45.-17-november-2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128070733/https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/en/covid-19-epidemiological-update.-weekly-report.-week-45.-17-november-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2022, it was reported in the US that the variants were accounting for 44% of new infections. Early laboratory tests found that these subvariants were better at escaping first and booster vaccines than previous variants.<ref>{{cite news| title=BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 Become New Dominant COVID Subvariants| first=Lisa| last=O'Mary |name-list-style=vanc | website=Medscape| date=14 November 2022| url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/983994| access-date=16 November 2022| archive-date=25 November 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125100724/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/983994| url-status=live}}</ref> BQ.1 became known as "Typhon", while BQ.1.1 became known as "Cerberus".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanjuan |first1=Laura Martin |name-list-style=vanc |title=The reason why the new variant of covid-19 is called the Hound of Hades |url=https://en.as.com/latest_news/the-reason-why-the-new-variant-of-covid-19-is-called-the-hound-of-hades-n/ |website=Diario AS |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=7 November 2022 }}</ref><ref name="confusing names">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6229947/how-are-covid-19-variants-named/|title=BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BF.7, and XBB: Why New COVID-19 Variants Have Such Confusing Names|author=Jamie Ducharme|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=7 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scarpa |first1=Fabio |last2=Sanna |first2=Daria |last3=Benvenuto |first3=Domenico |last4=Borsetti |first4=Alessandra |last5=Azzena |first5=Ilenia |last6=Casu |first6=Marco |last7=Fiori |first7=Pier Luigi |last8=Giovanetti |first8=Marta |last9=Maruotti |first9=Antonello |last10=Ceccarelli |first10=Giancarlo |last11=Caruso |first11=Arnaldo |last12=Caccuri |first12=Francesca |last13=Cauda |first13=Roberto |last14=Cassone |first14=Antonio |last15=Pascarella |first15=Stefano |last16=Ciccozzi |first16=Massimo |title=Genetic and Structural Data on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BQ.1 Variant Reveal Its Low Potential for Epidemiological Expansion |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |article-number=15264 |doi=10.3390/ijms232315264 |doi-access=free |date=3 December 2022|volume=23 |issue=23 |pmid=36499592 |pmc=9739521 |name-list-style=vanc }}</ref> In March 2025, a hypermutated version of BQ.1.1.1 (BA.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) was identified in Canada, which bore at least 75 spike protein mutations and 122 mutations overall compared to the Wuhan wildtype virus, a mutation level similar to that of the [[BA.3.2]] variant uncovered in South Africa earlier that year. Researchers were interested in this finding, since the ancestral BQ.1.1 lineage hadn't circulated for at least 2 years by that point.<ref name="real-time monitoring">{{cite journal |last1=Korber |first1=Bette |last2=Fischer |first2=Will |last3=Theiler |first3=James |title=Real-time monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |date=2025 |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1802–1806 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2025.10.013 |pmid=41232510 }}</ref><ref name="BQ.1.1.1 mutation map">{{cite web|url=https://covdb.stanford.edu/sierra/sars2/by-patterns/report/?mutations=S%3AT19I%2CS%3AL24S%2CS%3AG142D%2CS%3AV213G%2CS%3AG339D%2CS%3AR346T%2CS%3AS371F%2CS%3AS373P%2CS%3AS375F%2CS%3AT376A%2CS%3AD405N%2CS%3AR408S%2CS%3AK417N%2CS%3AN440K%2CS%3AK444T%2CS%3AN460K%2CS%3AS477N%2CS%3AT478K%2CS%3AQ498R%2CS%3AN501Y%2CS%3AD614G%2CS%3AH655Y%2CS%3AN679K%2CS%3AN764K%2CS%3AD796Y%2CS%3AQ954H%2CS%3AN969K%2CS%3AP25del%2CS%3AP26del%2CS%3AA27del%2CS%3AH69del%2CS%3AV70del%2Cnsp1%3AS135R%2Cnsp2%3AQ376K%2CPLpro%3AT24I%2CPLpro%3AG489S%2Cnsp4%3AL264F%2Cnsp4%3AT327I%2Cnsp4%3AT492I%2Cnsp1%3AE93K%2CPLpro%3AN1220L%2C3CLpro%3AP132H%2Cnsp6%3AS106del%2Cnsp6%3AG107del%2Cnsp6%3AF108del%2Cnsp6%3AL260F%2CRdRP%3AY273H%2CRdRP%3AP323L%2Cnsp13%3AM233I%2Cnsp13%3AN268S%2Cnsp13%3AR392C%2Cnsp14%3AI42V%2Cnsp15%3AT112I%2CS%3AR21K%2CS%3AG103C%2CS%3AE132Q%2CS%3AR190S%2CS%3AA262T%2CS%3AN354K%2CS%3AV367A%2CS%3AA435S%2CS%3AY453F%2CS%3AY473F%2CS%3AN481S%2CS%3AG482R%2CS%3AQ493V%2CS%3AG496S%2CS%3AT500G%2CS%3AK529N%2CS%3AE554D%2CS%3AV642G%2CS%3AQ677H%2CS%3AR683Q%2CS%3AT791I%2CS%3AD843G%2CS%3AA924S%2CS%3AT961A%2CS%3AQ1113K%2CS%3AD1153Y%2CS%3AK1181N%2CS%3AC1253S%2CS%3AA67V%2CS%3AW152L%2CS%3AL176F%2CS%3AR214ins%2CS%3AR403K%2CS%3AV445A%2CS%3AG446R%2CS%3AT572I%2CS%3AT573I%2CS%3AA688T%2CS%3AV1264L%2CS%3AP9L%2CORF3a%3AT223I%2CORF3a%3AT9K%2CORF3a%3AT14I%2CE%3AT9I%2CM%3AQ19E%2CM%3AA63T%2CM%3AD3S%2CM%3AG6V%2CORF7a%3AQ76R%2CN%3AE31del%2CN%3AR32del%2CN%3AS33del%2CN%3AE136D%2CN%3AR203K%2CN%3AS413R%2CN%3AN140T%2CN%3AD144Y%2CN%3AG204Q%2CN%3AP326L%2CN%3AP344T%2CN%3AP13F%2CN%3AM322I%2CS%3AL452Q%2CS%3AF486A%2CS%3AP681R%2CS%3AF135del%2CS%3AC136del%2CS%3AN137del%2CS%3AD138del%2CS%3AP139del%2CS%3AV143del%2CS%3AY144del%2CS%3AY145del%2CS%3AL241del%2CS%3AL242del%2CS%3AA243del%2CS%3AL244del%2CS%3AH245del%2CS%3AR246del%2CS%3AS247del%2CS%3AE484AE%2CPLpro%3AT1639A%2CPLpro%3AK1838Y&name=BQ.1.1.1|title=BQ.1.1.1 Mutation map & quality assessment (user generated)|author=|publisher=Stanford University Coronavirus Antiviral & Resistance Database|date=6 December 2025|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="BQ.1.1.1">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/sars-cov-2-variants/lineage-proposals/issues/2511|title=BQ.1.1.1 >40 spike mutations saltation (6 Ontario,Canada from 2 Patients) #2511|author1=Federico Gueli|author2=Ryan Hisner|author3=Spotto|work=[[GitHub]]|date=14 June 2025|access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref><br />
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=== {{anchor|XBB|XBB.1|XBB.1.5|XBB.1.16|XBB.2|XBB.3}}XBB and XBB.1 ===<br />
XBB, a recombinant of the BA.2.10.1.1 (BJ.1) and BA.2.75.3.1.1.1 (BM.1.1.1) sublineages,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url=https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ |title=Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203073838/https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Omicron subvariant first detected in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-xbb-variant-omicron-bivalent-vaccines-protect-cna-explains-3004006 |work=channelnewsasia.com |date=12 October 2022 |first=Firdaus |last=Hamzah |name-list-style=vanc |title=CNA Explains: What you need to know about the XBB COVID-19 variant |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208095441/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-xbb-variant-omicron-bivalent-vaccines-protect-cna-explains-3004006 |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers traced the emergence of XBB to a recombination event around early July 2022, and it was thought to have emerged from [[South Asia]], where it was first detected.<ref name="XBB">{{cite journal |last1=Tamura |first1=Tomokazu |last2=Ito |first2=Jumpei |last3=Uriu |first3=Keiya |last4=Zahradnik |first4=Jiri |last5=Kida |first5=Izumi |last6=Anraku |first6=Yuki |last7=Nasser |first7=Hesham |last8=Shofa |first8=Maya |last9=Oda |first9=Yoshitaka |last10=Lytras |first10=Spyros |last11=Nao |first11=Naganori |last12=Itakura |first12=Yukari |last13=Deguchi |first13=Sayaka |last14=Suzuki |first14=Rigel |last15=Wang |first15=Lei |last16=Begum |first16=MST Monira |last17=Kita |first17=Shunsuke |last18=Yajima |first18=Hisano |last19=Sasaki |first19=Jiei |last20=Sasaki-Tabata |first20=Kaori |last21=Shimizu |first21=Ryo |last22=Tsuda |first22=Masumi |last23=Kosugi |first23=Yusuke |last24=Fujita |first24=Shigeru |last25=Pan |first25=Lin |last26=Sauter |first26=Daniel |last27=Yoshimatsu |first27=Kumiko |last28=Suzuki |first28=Saori |last29=Asakura |first29=Hiroyuki |last30=Nagashima |first30=Mami |last31=Sadamasu |first31=Kenji |last32=Yoshimura |first32=Kazuhisa |last33=Yamamoto |first33=Yuki |last34=Nagamoto |first34=Tetsuharu |last35=Schreiber |first35=Gideon |last36=Maenaka |first36=Katsumi |last37=Ito |first37=Hayato |last38=Misawa |first38=Naoko |last39=Kimura |first39=Izumi |last40=Suganami |first40=Mai |last41=Chiba |first41=Mika |last42=Yoshimura |first42=Ryo |last43=Yasuda |first43=Kyoko |last44=Iida |first44=Keiko |last45=Ohsumi |first45=Naomi |last46=Strange |first46=Adam P. |last47=Takahashi |first47=Otowa |last48=Ichihara |first48=Kimiko |last49=Shibatani |first49=Yuki |last50=Nishiuchi |first50=Tomoko |last51=Kato |first51=Marie |last52=Ferdous |first52=Zannatul |last53=Mouri |first53=Hiromi |last54=Shishido |first54=Kenji |last55=Sawa |first55=Hirofumi |last56=Hashimoto |first56=Rina |last57=Watanabe |first57=Yukio |last58=Sakamoto |first58=Ayaka |last59=Yasuhara |first59=Naoko |last60=Suzuki |first60=Tateki |last61=Kimura |first61=Kanako |last62=Nakajima |first62=Yukari |last63=Nakagawa |first63=So |last64=Wu |first64=Jiaqi |last65=Shirakawa |first65=Kotaro |last66=Takaori-Kondo |first66=Akifumi |last67=Nagata |first67=Kayoko |last68=Kazuma |first68=Yasuhiro |last69=Nomura |first69=Ryosuke |last70=Horisawa |first70=Yoshihito |last71=Tashiro |first71=Yusuke |last72=Kawai |first72=Yugo |last73=Irie |first73=Takashi |last74=Kawabata |first74=Ryoko |last75=Motozono |first75=Chihiro |last76=Toyoda |first76=Mako |last77=Ueno |first77=Takamasa |last78=Hashiguchi |first78=Takao |last79=Ikeda |first79=Terumasa |last80=Fukuhara |first80=Takasuke |last81=Saito |first81=Akatsuki |last82=Tanaka |first82=Shinya |last83=Matsuno |first83=Keita |last84=Takayama |first84=Kazuo |last85=Sato |first85=Kei |title=Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant derived from recombination of two Omicron subvariants |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 May 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=2800 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-38435-3 |pmid=37193706 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.2800T |doi-access=free |pmc=10187524 }}</ref><br />
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On 20 October 2022, the chief scientist of the World Health Organization (WHO), Soumya Swaminathan, warned that the XBB subvariant of Omicron may cause infections in some countries, while the severity of the new variants were still known.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omicron Variant May Cause Another Covid Wave: WHO Chief Scientist |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/omicron-variant-may-cause-another-covid-wave-who-chief-scientist-3450835 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209151734/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/omicron-variant-may-cause-another-covid-wave-who-chief-scientist-3450835 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 9 January 2023, the [[European CDC]] said there was suggestive evidence the XBB.1.5 variant had a growth advantage relative to the earlier variants; after attaining dominance in the US, it could potentially become dominant in Europe in the following months.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=European CDC |date=9 January 2023 |title=Update on SARS-CoV-2 variants: ECDC assessment of the XBB.1.5 sub-lineage |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/update-sars-cov-2-variants-ecdc-assessment-xbb15-sub-lineage |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318122735/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/update-sars-cov-2-variants-ecdc-assessment-xbb15-sub-lineage |url-status=live }}</ref> From preliminary evidence, they had assessed the XBB variants had no effect on disease severity and transmissibility.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=European CDC |date=9 January 2023 |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 9 January 2023 |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |url-status=live }}</ref> An early 2023 study estimated that during that winter, XBB.1.5 had a growth advantage 1.09–1.13 times greater than that of the BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 viruses from the previously-dominant BA.5 lineage, based on data from North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Velavan |first1=Thirumalaisamy P. |last2=Ntoumi |first2=Francine |last3=Kremsner |first3=Peter G. |last4=Lee |first4=Shui Shan |last5=Meyer |first5=Christian G. |title=Emergence and geographic dominance of Omicron subvariants XBB/XBB.1.5 and BF.7 – the public health challenges |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=2023 |volume=128 |pages=307–309 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.024 |pmid=36681145 |pmc=9850647 }}</ref> XBB.1.5 was also estimated to have a growth advantage 1.2 times greater than that of the earlier XBB.1.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ao |first1=Danyi |last2=He |first2=Xuemei |last3=Hong |first3=Weiqi |last4=Wei |first4=Xiawei |title=The rapid rise of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants with immune evasion properties: XBB.1.5 and BQ.1.1 subvariants |journal=Medcomm |date=2023 |volume=4 |issue=2 |article-number=e239 |doi=10.1002/mco2.239 |pmid=36938325 |pmc=10015854 }}</ref> By late 2023, a study estimated that the R0 of the circulating Omicron viruses had reached or even exceeded 20.<ref name="gene-gene" /><br />
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In March 2023, XBB.1.16 first appeared in India and caused a surge of hospitalizations.<ref name="mskcc/SARS2/recomb"/> It was [[Colloquial names of SARS-CoV-2 variants|nicknamed]] Arcturus by [[T. Ryan Gregory]].<ref name="mskcc/SARS2/recomb">{{cite web |last1=Boyce |first1=Lindsay |name-list-style=vanc |title=LibGuides: SARS-CoV-2: SARS-CoV-2 Recombination |url=https://libguides.mskcc.org/SARS2/recombination |website=[[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] |access-date=15 April 2023 |date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615163415/https://libguides.mskcc.org/SARS2/recombination |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wapo/23/04/14/arcturus-explained">{{cite news |last1=Bisset |first1=Victoria |name-list-style=vanc |title=What to know about Arcturus, a new coronavirus subvariant the WHO is tracking |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/04/14/covid-variant-arcturus-india-explained/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502211357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2023/04/14/covid-variant-arcturus-india-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="webmd/covid-itchy-eyes">{{cite web |last1=O'Mary |first1=Lisa |name-list-style=vanc |title=New COVID Variant on WHO's Radar Causing Itchy Eyes in Kids |url=https://www.webmd.com/covid/news/20230411/new-covid-variant-who-radar-itchy-eyes-kids |website=[[WebMD]] |access-date=16 April 2023 |date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510200415/https://www.webmd.com/covid/news/20230411/new-covid-variant-who-radar-itchy-eyes-kids |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==== {{anchor|XBB.1.9.2|EG.5|EG.5.1}} EG.5 and EG.5.1 ====<br />
EG.5 (or XBB.1.9.2.5), nicknamed "Eris" by some researchers and some media outlets,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Arianna |name-list-style=vanc |title=What We Know About 'Eris' Covid Variant EG.5: The Dominant Strain Driving An Uptick In Cases |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2023/08/10/what-we-know-about-eris-covid-variant-eg5-the-dominant-stain-driving-an-uptick-in-cases/ |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Forbes |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823032627/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2023/08/10/what-we-know-about-eris-covid-variant-eg5-the-dominant-stain-driving-an-uptick-in-cases/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is a descendant of XBB.1.9.2. The lineage was detected as early as February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=cov-lineages.org |url=https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html |access-date=11 August 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327093523/https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 August, the [[UK Health Security Agency]] reported the EG.5 strain was responsible for one in seven new cases in the UK during the third week of July.<ref>{{cite web |first=Smitha |last=Mundasad |name-list-style=vanc |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66461727 |title=What we know about the Covid variant EG.5 dubbed 'Eris' |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918130247/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66461727 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was identified as a "variant of interest" by the WHO on 9 August 2023. Its key difference from other strains is a "F456L amino acid mutation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=EG.5 Initial Risk Evaluation, 9 August 2023 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/09082023eg.5_ire_final.pdf?sfvrsn=2aa2daee_1 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=World Health Organization |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101452/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/09082023eg.5_ire_final.pdf?sfvrsn=2aa2daee_1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
====HV.1====<br />
HV.1 (or XBB.1.9.2.5.1.6.1) is a sublineage of XBB.1.9.2, of the Omicron family first detected in July 2023.<br />
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HV.1 overtook EG.5 as the dominant subvariant in the US in October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions | title=COVID Data Tracker | date=28 March 2020 | access-date=12 March 2022 | archive-date=24 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824224244/https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions | url-status=live }}</ref> In October experts stated that there was no evidence that HV.1 was more severe or transmissible than other Omicron subvariants.<ref>{{cite web | last=Fiore | first=Kristina | name-list-style=vanc | title=What to Know About the HV.1 Variant | website=MedPage Today | date=18 October 2023 | url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/106885 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221172046/https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/106885 | archive-date=21 February 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=4 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
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=== BA.2.86 ===<br />
{{Main|BA.2.86}}<br />
{{Excerpt|BA.2.86|only=paragraph}}<br />
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==== NB.1.8.1 ====<br />
NB.1.8.1 is a sub-variant of the Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in early 2025.<ref name="CV">{{Cite web |last=Rudman |first=Chelses |date=2025-06-06 |title=New COVID variant NB.1.8.1 spreads across continents amid calls for vigilance |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250606/New-COVID-variant-NB181-spreads-across-continents-amid-calls-for-vigilance.aspx |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=News-Medical |language=en}}</ref> It has been detected in more than 20 countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Singapore]], and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-06 |title=New COVID variant NB.1.8.1 found in the UK: What are the symptoms? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/new-covid-variant-nb-1-8-1-found-in-the-uk-what-are-the-symptoms/articleshow/121662914.cms |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Times of India }}</ref> The variant has shown signs of increased transmissibility, contributing to a rise in COVID-19 cases in several regions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Public Health Alert: NB.1.8.1 Variant Spreading Across Asia and Beyond |url=https://whn.global/%F0%9F%9B%91-public-health-alert-nb-1-8-1-variant-spreading-across-asia-and-beyond/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=WHN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highly Transmissible New Covid-19 Variant NB.1.8.1 Found In The UK; What Are The Symptoms? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/health/highly-transmissible-new-covid-19-variant-nb-1-8-1-found-in-the-uk-what-are-the-symptoms-8604652 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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Genomic analysis of NB.1.8.1 reveals [[Mutation|mutations]] in the [[spike protein]] that may contribute to its spread.<ref name="CV" /> In laboratory studies, NB.1.8.1 has demonstrated a growth advantage over LP.8.1, the SARS-CoV-2 circulating strain that generally predominated worldwide in the first half of 2025. Research groups in China and Japan have reported that this variant’s growth advantage over LP.8.1 is due to its enhanced infectivity of human cells, not enhanced immune evasion ability compared with the currently predominating variant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uriu |first1=Keiya |last2=Okumura |first2=Kaho |last3=Uwamino |first3=Yoshifumi |last4=Chen |first4=Luo |last5=Tolentino |first5=Jarel Elgin |last6=Asakura |first6=Hiroyuki |last7=Nagashima |first7=Mami |last8=Sadamasu |first8=Kenji |last9=Yoshimura |first9=Kazuhisa |last10=Ito |first10=Jumpei |last11=Sato |first11=Kei |title=Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 NB.1.8.1 variant |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=2025 |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=e443 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00356-1 |pmid=40489985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Caiwan |last2=Yu |first2=Yuanling |last3=Liu |first3=Jingyi |last4=Jian |first4=Fanchong |last5=Yang |first5=Sijie |last6=Song |first6=Weiliang |last7=Yu |first7=Lingling |last8=Shao |first8=Fei |last9=Cao |first9=Yunlong |title=Antigenic and virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2, XFG, and NB.1.8.1 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=2025 |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=e374–e377 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00308-1 |pmid=40484018 }}</ref> Globally, NB.1.8.1, accounted for 24% of all sequences submitted to the World Health Organization in the week ending on 01 June 2025 which was an increase from 18% in the week ending on 4 May 2025. LP.8.1 accounted for 21% of all submitted sequences in the week ending on 01 June 2025, a decrease from 33% in the week ending on 4 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/summary | title=Global COVID-19 Overview &#124; WHO COVID-19 dashboard }}</ref> NB.1.8.1 became detectable in US wastewater at the end of the first week in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/COVID19-variants.html | title=COVID-19 Variants in Wastewater | date=7 June 2024 }}</ref><br />
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Despite its rapid transmission, available data suggest that the variant does not lead to more severe disease compared to earlier strains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2025 |title=What is new Covid variant NB.1.8.1? Symptoms as cases confirmed in UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/covid-new-variant-nb-1-8-1-symptoms-b2764869.html |access-date=9 June 2025|website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=COVID variant NB.1.8.1 hits U.S. What to know about symptoms, new booster vaccine restrictions - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-variant-nb-1-8-1-symptoms-booster-vaccine/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Commonly reported symptoms include sore throat, fever, fatigue, cough, muscle aches, and nasal congestion.<ref name="EV">{{Cite web |date=6 June 2025 |title=First cases of Covid variant NB.1.8.1 detected in England as virus spreads across UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/new-covid-variant-uk-cases-vaccine-b2764870.html |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> The World Health Organization categorized NB.1.8.1 as a {{abbreviation|VUM|variant under monitoring}} in June 2025.<ref name="EV" /><br />
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=== {{anchor|BA.2.87|BA.2.87.1}}BA.2.87 and BA.2.87.1 ===<br />
The BA.2.87 variant, and its BA.2.87.1 sublineage, was a highly-mutated Omicron subvariant identified in South Africa in early 2024. The BA.2.87.1 variant had over 100 mutations compared to XBB.1.5 and JN.1 (BA.2.86.1.1), with 30 of those mutations in the spike protein alone. BA.2.87.1 was found to have higher infectivity, cell-cell fusiogenicity, and more efficient [[furin]] cleavage than the JN.1 variant in virus pseudoassays; however, the variant was also significantly more vulnerable to antibody neutralization than JN.1, XBB.1.5, and even older Omicron subvariants, such as BA.4 and BA.5. Despite the concerns that BA.2.87.1 triggered in researchers, the variant had stopped circulating by mid-2024, as the JN.1 variant solidified its grip as the dominant COVID variant worldwide.<ref name="BA.2.87.1">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Pei |last2=Liu |first2=Yajie |last3=Faraone |first3=Julia N. |last4=Hsu |first4=Cheng Chih |last5=Chamblee |first5=Michelle |last6=Zheng |first6=Yi-Min |last7=Carlin |first7=Claire |last8=Bednash |first8=Joseph S. |last9=Horowitz |first9=Jeffrey C. |last10=Mallampalli |first10=Rama K. |last11=Saif |first11=Linda J. |last12=Oltz |first12=Eugene M. |last13=Jones |first13=Daniel |last14=Li |first14=Jianrong |last15=Gumina |first15=Richard J. |last16=Liu |first16=Shan-Lu |title=Distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 and JN.1 variants in immune evasion, antigenicity, and cell-cell fusion |journal=mBio |date=2024 |volume=15 |issue=5 |article-number=e00751-24 |doi=10.1128/mbio.00751-24 |pmid=38591890 |doi-access=free |pmc=11077997 }}</ref><ref name="real-time monitoring" /><br />
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==={{anchor|BA.3}}BA.3 and BA.3.2===<br />
{{Main|BA.3.2}}<br />
BA.3 was one of the three original Omicron subvariants identified in South Africa in November 2021. This variant had around 13 additional mutations on top of the extrapolated Omicron ancestor. However, of the three original Omicron lineages, this variant failed to take off, and eventually stopped circulating for the next 2 years.<ref name="Omicron family">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/01/26/birth-of-the-omicron-family-ba1-ba2-ba3-each-as-different-as-alpha-is-from-delta/|title=Birth Of The Omicron Family: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3. Each As Different As Alpha Is From Delta.|author=William A. Haseltine|work=Forbes|date=27 January 2025|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230425224118/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2022/01/26/birth-of-the-omicron-family-ba1-ba2-ba3-each-as-different-as-alpha-is-from-delta/|archive-date= 2023-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="real-time monitoring" /><br />
{{Excerpt|BA.3.2|only=paragraph}}<br />
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=== Later subvariants ===<br />
<!-- Please go to the "Variants of SARS-CoV-2" to keep this article updated. --><br />
{{excerpt|Variants of SARS-CoV-2|Sublineages by year|subsections=yes}}<br />
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== Transmission ==<br />
[[File:Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) (52228029552).jpg|thumb|False-color [[Transmission electron microscopy|transmission electron micrograph]] of an Omicron variant coronavirus, shown in pink, replicating within the cytoplasm of an infected [[Vero cell]]]]<br />
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=== In humans ===<br />
In January 2022, [[William Schaffner (professor)|William Schaffner]], professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, compared the contagiousness of the Omicron variant to that of the [[measles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Omicron variant of COVID-19 may be the most contagious virus to ever exist |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/01/27/omicron-variant-of-may-be-the-most-contagious-to-ever-exist-scientists-say/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128194459/https://www.salon.com/2022/01/27/omicron-variant-of-may-be-the-most-contagious-to-ever-exist-scientists-say/ |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Salon |vauthors=Rozsa M, Karlis N}}</ref><br />
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On 15 December 2021, Jenny Harries, head of the UK Health Security Agency, told a parliamentary committee that the [[doubling time]] of COVID-19 in most regions of the UK was now less than two days despite the country's high vaccination rate. She said that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 is "probably the most significant threat since the start of the pandemic", and that the number of cases in the next few days would be "quite staggering compared to the rate of growth that we've seen in cases for previous variants".<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2021 |title=LIVE – Covid: 'Staggering' Omicron case numbers expected – top health official |website=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-59664383 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222015123/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-59664383 |archive-date=22 December 2021}} See entry for 10:05</ref><br />
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A 2021 study suggested that mutations that promote [[breakthrough infection]]s or antibody-resistance "like those in Omicron" could be a new mechanism for [[viral evolution]] success of SARS-CoV-2 and that such may become a dominating mechanism of its evolution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rui |last2=Chen |first2=Jiahui |last3=Wei |first3=Guo-Wei |title=Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters |date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=49 |pages=11850–11857 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380 |pmid=34873910 |bibcode=2021JPCL...1211850W |pmc=8672435 }}</ref> A [[preprint]] supports such an explanation of Omicron's spread, suggesting that it "primarily can be ascribed to the [[Antigenic escape|immune evasiveness]] rather than an inherent increase in the [[Basic reproduction number|basic transmissibility]]".<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2022 |title=Study findings suggest spread of Omicron can be ascribed to immune evasiveness rather than an increase in transmissibility |work=News-Medical.net |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220105/Study-findings-suggest-spread-of-Omicron-can-be-ascribed-to-immune-evasiveness-rather-than-an-increase-in-transmissibility.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121182541/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220105/Study-findings-suggest-spread-of-Omicron-can-be-ascribed-to-immune-evasiveness-rather-than-an-increase-in-transmissibility.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lyngse FP, Mortensen LH, Denwood MJ, Christiansen LE, Møller CH, Skov RL, Spiess K, Fomsgaard A, Lassauniere R, Rasmussen M, Stegger M |title=Household transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Denmark |journal=Nature Communications |date=2022 |volume=13 |article-number=5573 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-33328-3 |pmid=36151099 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.5573L |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278v1|pmc=9508106 }}</ref> Studies showed the variant to escape the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, including those in sera from vaccinated and convalescent individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, Huang W, Li Q, Wang P, An R, Wang J, Wang Y, Niu X, Yang S, Liang H, Sun H, Li T, Yu Y, Cui Q, Liu S, Yang X, Du S, Zhang Z, Hao X, Shao F, Jin R, Wang X, Xiao J, Wang Y, Xie XS |title=Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies |journal=Nature |volume=602 |issue=7898 |pages=657–663 |date=February 2022 |pmid=35016194 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6 |pmc=8866119 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilhelm A, Widera M, Grikscheit K, Toptan T, Schenk B, Pallas C, Metzler M, Kohmer N, Hoehl S, Helfritz FA, Wolf T |title=Limited neutralisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 by convalescent and vaccine serum and monoclonal antibodies |journal=eBioMedicine |date=2022 |volume=82 |article-number=104158 |doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104158 |pmid=35834885 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.07.21267432|pmc=9271884 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu L, Iketani S, Guo Y, Chan JF, Wang M, Liu L, Luo Y, Chu H, Huang Y, Nair MS, Yu J, Chik KK, Yuen TT, Yoon C, To KK, Chen H, Yin MT, Sobieszczyk ME, Huang Y, Wang HH, Sheng Z, Yuen KY, Ho DD |title=Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nature |volume=602 |issue=7898 |pages=676–681 |date=February 2022 |pmid=35016198 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03826-3 |doi-access = | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roessler A, Riepler L, Bante D, von Laer D, Kimpel J |title=SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization in Serum from Vaccinated and Convalescent Persons |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=2022 |volume=386 |issue=7 |pages=698–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2119236 |pmid=35021005 |pmc=8781314 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.08.21267491}}</ref> Nevertheless, existing vaccines were expected to protect against severe illness, hospitalizations, and deaths due to Omicron<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152019/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> and, on an individual level, the Omicron variant is milder than earlier variants that evolved when the antibody/vaccination share was lower than it was when Omicron emerged.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |author=David Leonhardt |date=5 January 2022 |title=Omicron Is Milder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/briefing/omicron-risk-milder-pandemic.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106235801/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/briefing/omicron-risk-milder-pandemic.html |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The New York Times |quote=A few weeks ago, many experts and journalists were warning that the initial evidence from South Africa — suggesting that Omicron was milder than other variants — might turn out to be a mirage. It has turned out to be real.}}</ref><br />
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In contrast to other investigated variants, Omicron showed substantial, population-level, evasion of immunity from prior infection as well as a higher ability to evade immunity induced by vaccines.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohsin M, Mahmud S |title=Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern: A review on its transmissibility, immune evasion, reinfection, and severity |journal=Medicine |volume=101 |issue=19 |article-number=e29165 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35583528 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000029165 |pmc=9276130 }}</ref> Other research found that Omicron infection provides waning protection against reinfection in the months after the initial infection, higher sustained levels of protection against severe disease caused by Omicron, and more protection against reinfection and severe disease than vaccination alone. The highest degree of protection, however, was among those who had been both vaccinated and infected.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bobrovitz N, Ware H, Ma X, Li Z, Hosseini R, Cao C, Selemon A, Whelan M, Premji Z, Issa H, Cheng B, Abu Raddad LJ, Buckeridge DL, Van Kerkhove MD, Piechotta V, Higdon MM, Wilder-Smith A, Bergeri I, Feikin DR, Arora RK, Patel MK, Subissi L |title=Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=May 2023 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=556–567 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00801-5|pmid=36681084 |pmc=10014083 |bibcode=2023LanID..23..556B }}</ref><br />
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=== In non-human animals ===<br />
In February 2022, the first confirmed case infecting a wild animal was confirmed by researchers at [[Pennsylvania State University]] in [[white-tailed deer]] in [[Staten Island]], N.Y.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Omicron-infected white-tailed deer pose an especially big risk to humans |url=https://fortune.com/2022/02/08/omicron-infected-white-tail-deer-covid/ |work=Fortune |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213194635/https://fortune.com/2022/02/08/omicron-infected-white-tail-deer-covid/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Surfaces ===<br />
Although [[Transmission of COVID-19|transmission]] via [[fomite]]s is rare, preliminary data indicate that the variant lasts for 194 hours on plastic surfaces and 21 hours on skin, compared with just 56 and 7 hours, respectively, for the original strain.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2022 |title=Omicron survives longer on plastic, skin than prior variants; nose swabbing found best for rapid tests |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-survives-longer-plastic-skin-than-prior-variants-nose-swabbing-found-2022-01-24/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128103855/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-survives-longer-plastic-skin-than-prior-variants-nose-swabbing-found-2022-01-24/ |archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite bioRxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.01.18.476607 |title=Differences in environmental stability among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Omicron has higher stability |date=19 January 2022 |vauthors=Hirose R, Itoh Y, Ikegaya H, Miyazaki H, Watanabe N, Yoshida T, Bandou R, Daidoji T, Nakaya T}}</ref><br />
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== Vaccine effectiveness ==<br />
Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) mRNA vaccines provide reduced protection against asymptomatic disease but do reduce the risk of serious illness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou H, Møhlenberg M, Thakor JC, Tuli HS, Wang P, Assaraf YG, Dhama K, Jiang S |title=Sensitivity to Vaccines, Therapeutic Antibodies, and Viral Entry Inhibitors and Advances To Counter the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=September 2022 |volume=35 |issue=3 |article-number=e00014–22 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-22|pmid=35862736 |pmc=9491202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |date=8 December 2021 |title=Pfizer And BioNTech Provide Update On Omicron Variant |url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-omicron-variant |location=New York City and Mainz |publisher=Pfizer |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221074359/https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-omicron-variant |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="briefing31">{{cite tech report|type=Briefing|title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 31|id=GOV-10645|institution=Public Health England|date=10 December 2021|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1040076/Technical_Briefing_31.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=10 December 2021|pages=3–5, 20–22|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218141733/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1040076/Technical_Briefing_31.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 December 2021, the [[Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team]] reported an about {{Estimate|41|37|45|unit=%|mini=no}} lower risk of a hospitalization requiring a stay of at least 1 night compared to the Delta variant, and that the data suggested that recipients of 2 doses of the [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|Pfizer–BioNTech]], the [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna]] or the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|Oxford–AstraZeneca]] vaccine were substantially protected from hospitalization.<ref name="mrc-hospitalization-england-20211222">{{cite tech report|vauthors=Ferguson N, Ghani A, Hinsley W, Volz E|others=WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis|title=Hospitalisation risk for Omicron cases in England|number=Report 50|institution=Imperial College London|date=22 December 2021|doi=10.25561/93035|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-50-severity-omicron/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223040712/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/mrc-gida/2021-12-22-COVID19-Report-50.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2022, results from Israel suggested that a fourth dose is only partially effective against Omicron. Many cases of infection broke through, albeit "a bit less than in the control group", even though trial participants had higher antibody levels after the fourth dose.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2022 |title=Israeli trial, world's first, finds 4th dose 'not good enough' against Omicron |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-trial-worlds-first-finds-4th-dose-not-good-enough-against-omicron/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014822/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-trial-worlds-first-finds-4th-dose-not-good-enough-against-omicron/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 December 2021, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' indicates that, though Omicron likely weakens vaccine protection, reasonable effectiveness against Omicron may be maintained with currently available vaccination and boosting approaches.<ref name="Cele_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cele S, Jackson L, Khoury DS, Khan K, Moyo-Gwete T, Tegally H, San JE, Cromer D, Scheepers C, Amoako DG, Karim F, Bernstein M, Lustig G, Archary D, Smith M, Ganga Y, Jule Z, Reedoy K, Hwa SH, Giandhari J, Blackburn JM, Gosnell BI, Abdool Karim SS, Hanekom W, von Gottberg A, Bhiman JN, Lessells RJ, Moosa MS, Davenport MP, de Oliveira T, Moore PL, Sigal A |date=February 2022 |title=Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization |journal=Nature |volume=602 |issue=7898 |pages=654–656 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..654C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1 |pmc=8866126 |pmid=35016196 |collaboration=COMMIT-KZN Team}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaway E |date=December 2021 |title=Omicron likely to weaken COVID vaccine protection |journal=Nature |volume=600 |issue=7889 |pages=367–368 |bibcode=2021Natur.600..367C |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03672-3 |pmid=34880488 |doi-access = | title-link = doi }}</ref><br />
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In December, studies, some of which using large nationwide datasets from either Israel and Denmark, found that [[Vaccine efficacy|vaccine effectiveness]] of multiple common two-dosed [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s is substantially lower against the Omicron variant than for other common variants including the [[Delta variant]], and that a new (often a third) dose – a [[booster dose]] – is needed and effective, as it substantially reduces deaths from the disease compared to cohorts who received no booster but two doses.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arbel R, Hammerman A, Sergienko R, Friger M, Peretz A, Netzer D, Yaron S |date=December 2021 |title=BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster and Mortality Due to Covid-19 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=26 |pages=2413–2420 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2115624 |pmc=8728797 |pmid=34879190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite medRxiv |vauthors=Khoury DS, Steain M, Triccas J, Sigal A, Davenport MP |date=17 December 2021 |title=A meta-analysis of Early Results to predict Vaccine efficacy against Omicron |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.13.21267748}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia-Beltran WF, St Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, Lam EC, Nitido AD, Sheehan ML, Berrios C, Ofoman O, Chang CC, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB |title=MRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant |journal=Cell |date=2022 |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=457–466.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.033 |pmid=34995482 |pmc=8733787 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.14.21267755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doria-Rose NA, Shen X, Schmidt SD, O'Dell S, McDanal C, Feng W, Tong J, Eaton A, Maglinao M, Tang H, Manning KE, Edara VV, Lai L, Ellis M, Moore K, Floyd K, Foster SL, Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Zhou T, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gaudinski MR, Black WP, Gordon I, Guech M, Ledgerwood JE, Misasi JN, Widge A, Roberts PC, Beigel J, Korber B, Pajon R, Mascola JR, Suthar MS, Montefiori DC |title=SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization after mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccination |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=2022 |volume=386 |issue=11 |pages=1088–1091 |doi=10.1056/nejmc2119912 |pmid=35081298 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.15.21267805v2|pmc=8809504 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite medRxiv |vauthors=Hansen CH, Schelde AB, Moustsen-Helms IR, Emborg HD, Krause TG, Mølbak K, Valentiner-Branth P |date=23 December 2021 |title=Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Omicron or Delta variants following a two-dose or booster BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination series: A Danish cohort study |collaboration=Infectious Disease Preparedness Group at Statens Serum Institute |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.12.20.21267966}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M, Bodenheimer O, Freedman L, Alroy-Preis S, Ash N, Huppert A, Milo R |date=December 2021 |title=Protection against Covid-19 by BNT162b2 Booster across Age Groups |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=26 |pages=2421–2430 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2115926 |pmc=8728796 |pmid=34879188}}</ref><br />
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Vaccines continue to be recommended for Omicron and its subvariants. Professor Paul Morgan, [[Immunology|immunologist]] at [[Cardiff University]] said, "''I think a blunting rather than a complete loss [of immunity] is the most likely outcome. The virus can't possibly lose every single [[epitope]] on its surface, because if it did that spike protein couldn't work any more. So, while some of the antibodies and T cell clones made against earlier versions of the virus, or against the vaccines may not be effective, there will be others, which will remain effective. (...) If half, or two-thirds, or whatever it is, of the immune response is not going to be effective, and you're left with the residual half, then the more boosted that is the better''."<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=What does appearance of Omicron variant mean for the double-vaccinated? |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/28/what-does-appearance-of-omicron-mean-for-the-double-jabbed |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129005024/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/28/what-does-appearance-of-omicron-mean-for-the-double-jabbed |archive-date=29 November 2021 |vauthors=Geddes L}}</ref> Professor [[Francois Balloux]] of the Genetics Institute at [[University College London]] said, "''From what we have learned so far, we can be fairly confident that – compared with other variants – Omicron tends to be better able to reinfect people who have been previously infected and received some protection against COVID-19. That is pretty clear and was anticipated from the mutational changes we have pinpointed in its protein structure. These make it more difficult for antibodies to neutralise the virus''."<ref>{{cite web | vauthors=McKie R | title=Omicron: what do we know about the new Covid variant? | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=5 December 2021 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/omicron-what-do-we-know-about-the-new-covid-variant | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205130453/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/omicron-what-do-we-know-about-the-new-covid-variant | archive-date=5 December 2021 | url-status=live | access-date=4 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
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A 2024 study found that vaccinated individuals infected with the Omicron or [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variants]] of [[COVID-19]] did not have a higher overall risk of developing new [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune diseases]] compared to those who were not infected.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wee |first1=Liang En |last2=Lim |first2=Jue Tao |last3=Tay |first3=An Ting |last4=Chiew |first4=Calvin J. |last5=Ong |first5=Benjamin |last6=Lye |first6=David Chien Boon |last7=Lahiri |first7=Manjari |last8=Tan |first8=Kelvin Bryan |title=Autoimmune Sequelae After Delta or Omicron Variant SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Highly Vaccinated Cohort |journal=JAMA Network Open |date=2024 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=e2430983 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.30983 |pmid=39212988 |pmc=11364997 }}</ref> Researchers noted that these results differ significantly from many earlier studies, which reported an increased long-term risk of various autoimmune conditions following infection with earlier COVID-19 variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No increased autoimmune risk after omicron, delta COVID-19 in boosted patients |url=https://www.healio.com/news/rheumatology/20241023/no-increased-autoimmune-risk-after-omicron-delta-covid19-in-boosted-patients |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=www.healio.com }}</ref> Those studies, however, did not consider the potential protective effects of COVID-19 vaccination, including booster doses.<br />
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=== BA.1 and BA.2 ===<br />
A January 2022 study by the [[UK Health Security Agency]] found that vaccines afforded similar levels of protection against symptomatic disease by BA.1 and BA.2, and in both it was considerably higher after two doses and a booster than two doses without booster,<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2022 |title=Boosters increase protection against death from Omicron in over-50s to 95% – UKHSA |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/27/covid-news-live-johnson-vows-to-fight-on-despite-lockdown-party-outrage-moderna-begins-trial-of-omicron-specific-booster-shot |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129200903/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jan/27/covid-news-live-johnson-vows-to-fight-on-despite-lockdown-party-outrage-moderna-begins-trial-of-omicron-specific-booster-shot |archive-date=29 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 4 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1050721/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127200539/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1050721/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-4.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=[[UK Health Security Agency]]}}</ref> though because of the gradually waning effect of vaccines, further booster vaccination may later be necessary.<ref name="BBC 11March2022" /><br />
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=== BA.4 and BA.5 ===<br />
In May 2022, a [[preprint]] indicated Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 could cause a large share of [[COVID-19#Immunity|COVID-19]] [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2#Reinfection|reinfections]], beyond the increase of reinfections caused by the Omicron lineage, even for people who [[Immunological memory|were infected]] by Omicron BA.1 due to increases in immune evasion, especially for the unvaccinated. However, the observed escape of BA.4 and BA.5 from immunity by a BA.1 infection is more moderate than of BA.1 against studied prior cases of immunity (such as immunity from specific vaccines).<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2022 |title=How soon after catching COVID-19 can you get it again? |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2022-05-03/covid-19-reinfection-what-are-the-odds-of-catching-it-twice/101024180 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709233023/https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2022-05-03/covid-19-reinfection-what-are-the-odds-of-catching-it-twice/101024180 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan K, Karim F, Ganga Y, Bernstein M, Jule Z, Reedoy K, Cele S, Lustig G, Amoako D, Wolter N, Samsunder N |title=Omicron BA.4/BA.5 escape neutralizing immunity elicited by BA.1 infection |journal=Nature Communications |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=4686 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-32396-9 |pmid=35948557 |pmc=9364294 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4686K |medrxiv=10.1101/2022.04.29.22274477}}</ref><br />
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[[Immunity (medical)#Naturally acquired|Immunity]] from an Omicron infection for unvaccinated and previously uninfected was found to be weak "against non-Omicron variants",<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Suryawanshi RK, Chen IP, Ma T, Syed AM, Brazer N, Saldhi P, Simoneau CR, Ciling A, Khalid MM, Sreekumar B, Chen PY, Kumar GR, Montano M, Gascon R, Tsou CL, Garcia-Knight MA, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Servellita V, Gliwa A, Nguyen J, Silva I, Milbes B, Kojima N, Hess V, Shacreaw M, Lopez L, Brobeck M, Turner F, Soveg FW, George AF, Fang X, Maishan M, Matthay M, Morris MK, Wadford D, Hanson C, Greene WC, Andino R, Spraggon L, Roan NR, Chiu CY, Doudna JA, Ott M |title=Limited cross-variant immunity from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron without vaccination |journal=Nature |pages=351–355 |date=May 2022 |volume=607 |issue=7918 |pmid=35584773 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04865-0 |pmc=9279157 |bibcode=2022Natur.607..351S }}</ref> albeit at the time Omicron is, by a large margin, the dominant variant in sequenced human cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 sequences by variant |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-variants-bar |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Our World in Data |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501015852/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-variants-bar |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==== BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 ====<br />
Subvariants [[#BQ.1 and BQ.1.1|BQ.1 and BQ.1.1]] were found in 2022, to be better at escaping first and booster vaccines than previous variants, and to have further reduced the effectiveness of monoclonal antibody treatments.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Huang P |title=How monoclonal antibodies lost the fight with new COVID variants |website=[[NPR]] |date=20 November 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/11/20/1137892932/monoclonal-antibodies-covid-treatment |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815033329/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/11/20/1137892932/monoclonal-antibodies-covid-treatment |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Vaccine adjustments ==<br />
{{See also|Universal coronavirus vaccine}}<br />
<br />
In June 2022, [[Pfizer]] and [[Moderna]] developed [[bivalent vaccine]]s to protect against the [[SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2 wild-type]] and the Omicron variant. The bivalent vaccines are well-tolerated and offer immunity to Omicron superior to previous mRNA vaccines.<ref name="pmid36303305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shin DH, Smith DM, Choi JY |year=2022 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern: Everything You Wanted to Know about Omicron but Were Afraid to Ask |journal=[[Yonsei Medical Journal]] |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=977–983 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2022.0383 |pmc=9629902 |pmid=36303305}}</ref> In September 2022, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) authorized the bivalent vaccines.<ref>{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 September 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/covid-19-bivalent-vaccine-boosters | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030807/https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/covid-19-bivalent-vaccine-boosters | archive-date=8 October 2022 | access-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=7 October 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/coronavirus-covid-19-cber-regulated-biologics/moderna-covid-19-vaccine | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007231627/https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/moderna-covid-19-vaccines | archive-date=7 October 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=3 October 2022 | url=https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008040351/https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines | archive-date=8 October 2022 | url-status=dead | access-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref><br />
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In June 2023, the FDA advised manufacturers that the 2023–2024 formulation of the COVID{{nbhyph}}19 vaccines for use in the US be updated to be a monovalent COVID{{nbhyph}}19 vaccine using the XBB.1.5 lineage of the Omicron variant.<ref>{{cite web | title=Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2023 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=15 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/updated-covid-19-vaccines-use-united-states-beginning-fall-2023 | access-date=16 June 2023 | archive-date=17 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617055759/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/updated-covid-19-vaccines-use-united-states-beginning-fall-2023 | url-status=dead }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite report | date=16 June 2023 | title=Recommendation for the 2023-2024 Formula of COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | format=PDF | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/169591/download | access-date=16 June 2023 | archive-date=16 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616235520/https://www.fda.gov/media/169591/download | url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, the FDA advised manufacturers that the 2024–2025 formulation of the COVID{{nbhyph}}19 vaccines for use in the US be updated to be a monovalent COVID{{nbhyph}}19 vaccine using the JN.1 lineage.<ref>{{cite web | title=Updated COVID-19 Vaccines for Use in the United States Beginning in Fall 2024 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/updated-covid-19-vaccines-use-united-states-beginning-fall-2024 | access-date=19 June 2024 | archive-date=18 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618225346/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/updated-covid-19-vaccines-use-united-states-beginning-fall-2024 | url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />
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In October 2024, the [[Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use]] of the [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) gave a positive opinion to update the composition of Bimervax, a vaccine targeting the Omicron XBB.1.16 subvariant.<ref>{{cite web | title=Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 14-17 October 2024 | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=18 October 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/meeting-highlights-committee-medicinal-products-human-use-chmp-14-17-october-2024 | access-date=21 October 2024}} Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref><br />
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As of May 2025, the [[World Health Organization]] recommends that monovalent JN.1 or KP.2 vaccines remain appropriate vaccine antigens and that monovalent LP.8.1 is a suitable alternative vaccine antigen.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines | website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=15 May 2025 | url=https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2025-statement-on-the-antigen-composition-of-covid-19-vaccines | access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> The EMA recommends updating COVID-19 vaccines to target LP.8.1 for the 2025/2026 vaccination campaign.<ref>{{cite press release | title=ETF recommends updating COVID-19 vaccines to target new LP.8.1 variant | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=16 May 2025 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/etf-recommends-updating-covid-19-vaccines-target-new-lp81-variant | access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Signs and symptoms ==<br />
{{Main|Symptoms of COVID-19}} [[Ageusia|Loss of taste]] and [[anosmia|smell]] seem to be uncommon compared to other strains.<ref name="nbcchicago2723960">{{cite news |title=Omicron Symptoms: Here's How They Differ From Other Variants |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/omicron-symptoms-heres-how-they-differ-from-other-variants/2723960/ |date=7 January 2022 |work=NBC Chicago |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124045527/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/omicron-symptoms-heres-how-they-differ-from-other-variants/2723960/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="metro.co.uk15967386">{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Jack |name-list-style=vanc |title=Is a change to your taste or smell a sign of Omicron? |url=https://metro.co.uk/2022/01/23/are-loss-of-taste-and-smell-symptoms-of-omicron-15967386/ |work=Metro |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126130605/https://metro.co.uk/2022/01/23/are-loss-of-taste-and-smell-symptoms-of-omicron-15967386/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A unique reported symptom of the Omicron variant is [[night sweats]],<ref name="Scribner2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-do-symptoms-omicron-differ-previous-covid-19-variants |title=How do the symptoms of Omicron differ from previous COVID-19 variants? |website=[[GAVI]] |first=Linda |last=Geddes |name-list-style=vanc |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213152258/https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-do-symptoms-omicron-differ-previous-covid-19-variants |url-status=live }}</ref> particularly with the BA.5 subvariant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/luke-oneill-one-extra-symptom-now-a-sign-of-ba-5-covid-variant-1361461 |website=[[Newstalk]] |first=Jack |last=Quann |name-list-style=vanc |title=Luke O'Neill: Night sweats now a sign of BA.5 COVID variant |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720000821/https://www.newstalk.com/news/luke-oneill-one-extra-symptom-now-a-sign-of-ba-5-covid-variant-1361461 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/science/new-covid-symptoms-night-sweats-omicron-ba-5-signs-hot-flushes-1775043 |title=New Covid symptoms: Night sweats emerge as common sign of Omicron BA.5 with 1 in 10 suffering hot flushes |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |first=Tom |last=Bawden |name-list-style=vanc |date=2 August 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213152256/https://inews.co.uk/news/science/new-covid-symptoms-night-sweats-omicron-ba-5-signs-hot-flushes-1775043 |url-status=live }}</ref> A study performed between 1 and 7 December 2021 by the [[Centers for Disease Control]] found that: "The most commonly reported symptoms [were] cough, fatigue, and [[Nasal congestion|congestion]] or runny nose" making it difficult to distinguish from a less damaging variant or another virus.<ref name="cdc20211217">{{cite journal |author=((CDC COVID-19 Response Team)) |title=SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant — United States, December 1–8, 2021 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=2021 |volume=70 |issue=50 |pages=1731–1734 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7050e1 |pmid=34914670 |pmc=8675659 }}</ref> Research published in London on 25 December 2021 suggested the most frequent symptoms stated by users of the Zoe Covid app were "a runny nose, headaches, fatigue, sneezing and sore throats."<ref name="guardian2021"/><br />
A British Omicron case-control observational study until March 2022 showed a reduction in odds of [[long COVID]] with the Omicron variant versus the Delta variant to 0.24–0.5 depending on age and time since vaccination.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Antonelli |first1=Michela |last2=Pujol |first2=Joan Capdevila |last3=Spector |first3=Tim D. |last4=Ourselin |first4=Sebastien |last5=Steves |first5=Claire J. |title=Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=The Lancet |date=2022 |volume=399 |issue=10343 |pages=2263–2264 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00941-2 |pmid=35717982 |pmc=9212672 |bibcode=2022Lanc..399.2263A }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Virulence ==<br />
As of 6 January 2022, Omicron multiplied around 70 times faster than the [[Delta variant]] in the [[bronchi]] ([[lung]] airways) but evidence suggested it is less severe than previous variants, especially compared to Delta,<ref name="HMS">{{Cite web |author=Harvard Medical School |date=6 January 2022 |title=Coronavirus Resource Center – Harvard Health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus-resource-center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054542/https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus-resource-center |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=Harvard Health Publishing |quote=Lab studies, animal studies, and epidemiological data all indicate that Omicron may cause less severe disease than previous variants.}}</ref><ref name="NYT" /> since it might be less able to penetrate deep lung tissue.<ref name="cidrap">{{Cite web |title=Lung tissue study sheds light on fast Omicron spread |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/12/lung-tissue-study-sheds-light-fast-omicron-spread |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216054728/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/12/lung-tissue-study-sheds-light-fast-omicron-spread |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=CIDRAP|date=15 December 2021 }}</ref> As of January 2022, in southern California infections were 91 percent less fatal than the delta variant, with 51 percent less risk of hospitalization.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lewnard JA, Hong VX, Patel MM, Kahn R, Lipsitch M, Tartof SY |title=Clinical outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and BA.1/BA.1.1 or BA.2 subvariant infection in Southern California |journal=Nature Medicine |date=2022 |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1933–1943 |doi=10.1038/s41591-022-01887-z |pmid=35675841 |medrxiv=10.1101/2022.01.11.22269045}}</ref> However, the estimated difference in the intrinsic risk of hospitalization in England largely decreased to 0–30 percent, when reinfections were excluded.<ref name="imperial50">{{Cite web |title=Some reduction in hospitalisation for Omicron v Delta in England: early analysis |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232882/some-reduction-hospitalisation-omicron-delta-england/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122083412/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/232882/some-reduction-hospitalisation-omicron-delta-england/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Imperial College London|date=22 December 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 21 January 2022, the risk of hospitalization was the same in BA.1 and BA.2 based on reviews from Denmark, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom.<ref name="YNews 21Jan2022">{{cite news |date=21 January 2022 |title=Government scientists monitoring new BA.2 variant of Omicron |publisher=Yahoo News |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/government-monitoring-new-potentially-more-transmissible-omicron-variant-165522269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121225510/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/government-monitoring-new-potentially-more-transmissible-omicron-variant-165522269.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |vauthors=Parker C |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="WHO edition82" /><ref name="WaPo 25Jan2022" /><ref name="TV2 2Jan2022">{{cite news |date=21 January 2022 |title=Ny Omikron-variant tager over i Danmark – det ved vi om den |language=da |publisher=TV2 |url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/2022-01-21-ny-omikron-variant-tager-over-i-danmark-det-ved-vi-om-den |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142825/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/2022-01-21-ny-omikron-variant-tager-over-i-danmark-det-ved-vi-om-den |archive-date=22 January 2022 |vauthors=Larsen JA |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> Norwegian studies showed that the amount of virus in the upper airways was similar in those infected with BA.1 and BA.2.<ref name="FHI wk2" /><br />
<br />
== Diagnosis ==<br />
{{See also|COVID-19 testing}} As of November 2021, the chance of detecting an Omicron case particularly depended on a country's sequencing rate, with South Africa sequencing far more samples than any other country in Africa, but at a considerably lower rate than most Western nations.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2021 |title=South Africa, which found the omicron variant first, leads Africa in coronavirus sequencing |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/28/coronavirus-genetic-sequence-south-africa-variant-omicron/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202085440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/28/coronavirus-genetic-sequence-south-africa-variant-omicron/ |archive-date=2 December 2021 |vauthors=Berger M}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Sequencing by country |url=https://www.gisaid.org/index.php?id=208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202035209/https://www.gisaid.org/index.php?id=208 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=GISAID}}</ref> Sequencing the virus from a sample can take weeks limiting the early availability of data.<ref name="lag">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2021 |title=How big is the risk of Omicron in the UK and how do we know? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/14/how-big-is-the-risk-of-omicron-in-the-uk-and-how-do-we-know |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221004237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/14/how-big-is-the-risk-of-omicron-in-the-uk-and-how-do-we-know |archive-date=21 December 2021 |vauthors=Geddes L}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2022 the medicine and therapeutic regulatory agency [[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] (TGA) of the Australian Government had only tested one of their 23 approved [[COVID-19 rapid antigen test]]s (RAT) to verify it detected Omicron.<ref>{{cite web |title=Only one approved rapid test in Australia explicitly states it detects Omicron |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jan/28/only-one-approved-rapid-test-in-australia-explicitly-states-it-detects-omicron |website=the Guardian |date=27 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130004810/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jan/28/only-one-approved-rapid-test-in-australia-explicitly-states-it-detects-omicron |url-status=live}}</ref> The TGA later updated their approved list to show that all RATs which detected other variants could detect Omicron infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Post-market review of antigen and rapid antigen tests |url=https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-tests/post-market-review-antigen-and-rapid-antigen-tests |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815041554/https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-tests/post-market-review-antigen-and-rapid-antigen-tests |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2022, the German federal Paul-Ehrlich-Institute published their findings, that most RATs detected the Omicron Variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=STATEMENT MANY RAPID TESTS DETECT OMICRON |url=https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/newsroom-en/positions/antigen-test-omicron.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5 |website=PEI |date=17 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816221716/https://www.pei.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/newsroom-en/positions/antigen-test-omicron.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== PCR testing ===<br />
In December 2021, the US FDA published guidelines on how [[PCR test]]s would be affected by Omicron.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=16 December 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests|journal=FDA|date=16 December 2021|url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests|archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221014639/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/sars-cov-2-viral-mutations-impact-covid-19-tests|url-status=live}}</ref> Tests that detect multiple gene targets were to continue to identify the testee as positive for COVID-19. S-gene dropout or target failure was proposed as a shorthand way of differentiating Omicron from Delta. besides sequencing and genotyping.<ref name="variants">{{Cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1040076/Technical_Briefing_31.pdf |access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218141733/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1040076/Technical_Briefing_31.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of December 2021, Denmark and Norway have regarded cases found by their variant qPCR test, which is relatively fast and checks several genes,<ref name="SSI varQPCR">{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=Variant-PCR-testen (tidl. Delta-PCR-testen) |url=https://covid19.ssi.dk/diagnostik/delta-pcr-testen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207104212/https://covid19.ssi.dk/diagnostik/delta-pcr-testen |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022 |publisher=Statens Serum Institut |language=Danish}}</ref> as sufficient for counting it as Omicron, before full sequencing.<ref name="Norway FI Omicron" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Status på omikron-varianten (B.1.1.529) pr. 05.12.21 |date=5 December 2021 |trans-title=Status of the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) per 05.12.21 |url=https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2021/status-pa-omikron-varianten-b11529-pr-051221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207005415/https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2021/status-pa-omikron-varianten-b11529-pr-051221 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=[[Statens Serum Institut]] |language=da}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== BA.1 and BA.2 differences ====<br />
As of 7 December 2021 it was known that BA.2, unlike BA.1, lacks the characteristic S-gene target failure (SGTF) causing deletion (Δ69-70), by which many [[qPCR]] tests have been able to rapidly detect a case as an Omicron (or Alpha) variant, from the previously dominant [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] variant.<ref name="guardian-sublineage-sgtf">{{cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=Scientists find 'stealth' version of Omicron that may be harder to track |publisher=www.theguardian.com |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/scientists-find-stealth-version-of-omicron-not-identifiable-with-pcr-test-covid-variant |url-status=live |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207163912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/scientists-find-stealth-version-of-omicron-not-identifiable-with-pcr-test-covid-variant |archive-date=7 December 2021 |vauthors=Sample I, Walker P}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2022 |title=Stealth Omicron: What is The Fast Spreading Omicron BA.2 Sub-Variant That Can Escape RT-PCR Test? |publisher=india.com |url=https://www.india.com/health/health-health/stealth-omicron-what-is-the-fast-spreading-omicron-ba-2-sub-variant-that-can-escape-rt-pcr-test-all-that-we-know-so-far-5201383/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211405/https://www.india.com/health/health-health/stealth-omicron-what-is-the-fast-spreading-omicron-ba-2-sub-variant-that-can-escape-rt-pcr-test-all-that-we-know-so-far-5201383/ |archive-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> Thus, countries which primarily rely on SGTF for detection may overlook BA.2,<ref name="guardian-sublineage-sgtf" /> and British authorities consider SGTF alone as insufficient for monitoring the spread of Omicron.<ref name="YNews 21Jan2022" /> This has resulted in it having been nicknamed 'Stealth Omicron',<ref name="YNews 21Jan2022" /> but because BA.2 still can be separated from other variants through normal full sequencing, or checks of certain other mutations, the nickname is not quite accurate.<ref name="For 21Jan2022" /><ref name="ABC 26Jan2022">{{cite news |date=26 January 2022 |title=Scientists monitoring new omicron subvariant BA.2 |publisher=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/scientists-monitoring-omicron-subvariant-ba2/story?id=82472629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201041550/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/scientists-monitoring-omicron-subvariant-ba2/story?id=82472629 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |vauthors=Rajeshuni, N |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> As of January 2022, some countries, such as Denmark and Japan, have been using a variant qPCR which tests for several mutations, including [[L452R]].<ref name="SSI varQPCR" /><ref name="Jpn 14Jan2022" /> It can also distinguish Delta, which has L452R,<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Delta Variant Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports/delta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212244/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports/delta |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=outbreak.info ([[Scripps Research]])}}</ref> and all Omicron subvariants, which do not have L452R.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=BA.1 Lineage Report |url=https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216193850/https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango=BA.1 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |publisher=outbreak.info ([[Scripps Research]])}}</ref><ref name="OBI BA2" /> As Omicron became dominant and the Delta variant became rare in 2022, the SGTF mutation that had made Delta and BA.2 similar in qPCR tests was found to be useful for separating BA.1 and BA.2 from each other.<ref name="NYT 24Feb2022">{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Is the BA.2 version of Omicron worse? Here's what you need to know |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/24/world/covid-19-tests-cases-vaccine#stealth-omicron-ba2-variant |vauthors=Zimmer C, Lyons, PJ |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312023252/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/24/world/covid-19-tests-cases-vaccine#stealth-omicron-ba2-variant |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
{{See also|Treatment and management of COVID-19}}<br />
As of 28 November 2021, [[Corticosteroid]]s such as [[dexamethasone]] and [[Anti-IL-6|IL6 receptor blockers]] such as [[tocilizumab]] (Actemra) were known to be effective for managing patients with the earlier strains of severe COVID-19 but the impact on the effectiveness of other treatments was being assessed.<ref name="who-update">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2021|title=Update on Omicron |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron|url-status=live|website=World Health Organization|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130170020/https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gordon AC, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, Rowan KM, Nichol AD, Arabi YM, Annane D, Beane A, van Bentum-Puijk W, Berry LR, Bhimani Z, Bonten MJ, Bradbury CA, Brunkhorst FM, Buzgau A, Cheng AC, Detry MA, Duffy EJ, Estcourt LJ, Fitzgerald M, Goossens H, Haniffa R, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Horvat CM, Lamontagne F, Lawler PR, Leavis HL, Linstrum KM, Litton E, Lorenzi E, Marshall JC, Mayr FB, McAuley DF, McGlothlin A, McGuinness SP, McVerry BJ, Montgomery SK, Morpeth SC, Murthy S, Orr K, Parke RL, Parker JC, Patanwala AE, Pettilä V, Rademaker E, Santos MS, Saunders CT, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Sligl WI, Turgeon AF, Turner AM, van de Veerdonk FL, Zarychanski R, Green C, Lewis RJ, Angus DC, McArthur CJ, Berry S, Webb SA, Derde LP |title=Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=384 |issue=16 |pages=1491–1502 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33631065 |pmc=7953461 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2100433}}</ref><br />
<br />
Relating to [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] (mAbs) treatments, similar testing and research is ongoing. Preclinical data on in vitro pseudotyped virus data demonstrate that some mAbs designed to use highly conserved epitopes retain neutralizing activity against key mutations of Omicron substitutions.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv |vauthors=Cathcart AL, Havenar-Daughton C, Lempp FA, Ma D, Schmid M, Agostini ML, Guarino B, Rosen L, Tucker H, Dillen J, Subramanian S |title=The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2 |year=2021 |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.09.434607}}</ref><br />
Similar results are confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray data, also providing the structural approach and molecular basis for the evasion of humoral immunity exhibited by Omicron [[antigenic shift]] as well as the importance of targeting conserved epitopes for vaccine and therapeutics design. While 7 clinical mAbs or mAb cocktails experienced loss of neutralizing activity of 1-2 orders of magnitude or greater relative to the prototypic virus, the S309 mAb, the parent mAb of [[sotrovimab]], neutralized Omicron with only 2-3-fold reduced potency.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McCallum M, Czudnochowski N, Rosen LE, Zepeda SK, Bowen JE, Dillen JR, Powell A, Croll T, Nix J, Virgin HW, Corti D |title=Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron immune evasion and receptor engagement |journal=Science |date=2022 |volume=375 |issue=6583 |pages=864–868 |doi=10.1126/science.abn8652 |pmid=35076256 |pmc=9427005 |bibcode=2022Sci...375..864M |biorxiv=10.1101/2021.12.28.474380}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of December 2021, most monoclonal antibodies had lost in vitro neutralizing activity against Omicron, with only 3 out of 29 mAbs examined in another study retaining unaltered potency. Furthermore, a fraction of broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus mAbs neutralized Omicron through recognition of antigenic sites outside the RBM, including [[sotrovimab]] (VIR-7831), S2X259 and S2H97.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cameroni E, Saliba C, Bowen JE, Rosen LE, Culap K, Pinto D, VanBlargan LA, De Marco A, Zepeda SK, Iulio JD, Zatta F, Kaiser H, Noack J, Farhat N, Czudnochowski N, Havenar-Daughton C, Sprouse KR, Dillen JR, Powell AE, Chen A, Maher C, Yin L, Sun D, Soriaga L, Bassi J, Silacci-Fregni C, Gustafsson C, Franko NM, Logue J, Iqbal NT, Mazzitelli I, Geffner J, Grifantini R, Chu H, Gori A, Riva A, Giannini O, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Cippà P, Franzetti-Pellanda A, Garzoni C, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Hebner C, Purcell LA, Piccoli L, Pizzuto MS, Walls AC, Diamond MS, Telenti A, Virgin HW, Lanzavecchia A, Veesler D, Snell G, Corti D |title=Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift |journal= Nature|date=December 2021 |volume=602 |issue=7898 |pmid=34931194 |pmc=8687478 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03825-4 }}</ref> However, sotrovimab was not fully active against the BA.2 Omicron sublineage, and in March 2022 the office of the US [[Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response]] (ASPR) stopped distributing the antibody treatment to states where BA.2 was dominant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 25, 2022 {{!}} Important Update |url=https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/Therapeutics/updates/Pages/important-update-25March2022.aspx |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=aspr.hhs.gov |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135453/https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/Therapeutics/updates/Pages/important-update-25March2022.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
February 2022 data suggested Omicron caused significant humoral immune evasion, while neutralizing antibodies targeting the [[sarbecovirus]] conserved region remained most effective.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, Huang W, Li Q, Wang P, An R, Wang J, Wang Y, Niu X, Yang S, Liang H, Sun H, Li T, Yu Y, Cui Q, Liu S, Yang X, Du S, Zhang Z, Hao X, Shao F, Jin R, Wang X, Xiao J, Wang Y, Xie XS |title=Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies |journal=Nature |volume=602 |issue=7898 |pages=657–663 |date=February 2022 |pmid=35016194 |pmc=8866119 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03796-6 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Epidemiology ==<br />
On 26 November 2021, the South African [[National Institute for Communicable Diseases]] announced that 30,904 COVID-19-tests (in one day) detected 2,828 new COVID-19 infections (a 9.2% positivity rate).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nicd.ac.za/latest-confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-in-south-africa-26-november-2021/ |title=Latest confirmed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa (26 November 2021) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204114003/https://www.nicd.ac.za/latest-confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-in-south-africa-26-november-2021/ |archive-date=4 December 2021 |work=[[National Institute for Communicable Diseases]] |date=26 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
One week later, on 3 December 2021, the NICD announced that 65,990 COVID-19 tests had found 16,055 new infections (5.7 times as many as seven days before; positive rate 24.3%) and that 72 percent of them were found in [[Gauteng]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nicd.ac.za/latest-confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-in-south-africa-3-december-2021/ |title=Latest confirmed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa (3 December 2021) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204004931/https://www.nicd.ac.za/latest-confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-in-south-africa-3-december-2021/ |archive-date=4 December 2021 |work=[[National Institute for Communicable Diseases]] |date=3 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS | website=NICD GIS Portal | date=28 July 2021 | url=https://gis.nicd.ac.za/portal/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/15eb33988f104b73867606c1248578ff | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908021150/https://gis.nicd.ac.za/portal/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/15eb33988f104b73867606c1248578ff | archive-date=8 September 2021 | access-date=4 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2021, the transmissibility of the Omicron variant, as compared to the Delta variant or other variants of the COVID-19 virus, was still uncertain.<ref name="who-update"/> Omicron is frequently able to infect previously COVID-19-positive people.<ref name="OmicronReinfection">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pulliam JR, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, Dushoff J, Mlisana K, Moultrie H |title=Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa |journal=Science |date=2022 |volume=376 |issue=6593 |article-number=eabn4947 |doi=10.1126/science.abn4947 |pmid=35289632 |medrxiv=10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068 |pmc=8995029 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Omicron seems to carry higher Covid reinfection risk, says South Africa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/02/omicron-may-cause-more-covid-reinfections-say-south-african-experts |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203192321/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/02/omicron-may-cause-more-covid-reinfections-say-south-african-experts |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been estimated the Omicron variant diverged in September or October 2021, based on Omicron genome comparisons.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Kai |last1=Kupferschmidt |title='Patience is crucial': Why we won't know for weeks how dangerous Omicron is |date=2021 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.acx9721 }}</ref><br />
Sequencing data suggests that Omicron had become the dominant variant in South Africa by November 2021, the same month where it had been first identified in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[National Institute for Communicable Diseases]] |work=Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa |date=26 November 2021 |title=Proportion and number of clades by epiweek in South Africa, 2021 |url=https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Update-of-SA-sequencing-data-from-GISAID-26-Nov_Final.pdf#page=8 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202003648/https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Update-of-SA-sequencing-data-from-GISAID-26-Nov_Final.pdf#page=8}}</ref><ref name="TG SAfrica 2Dec">{{cite news |date=2 December 2021 |title=Omicron becomes dominant variant in South Africa |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/dec/02/coronavirus-news-live-south-africa-sees-exponential-increase-in-covid-cases-dominated-by-omicron-variant?page=with:block-61a8197e8f08988db2bebd49#block-61a8197e8f08988db2bebd49 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202032030/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/dec/02/coronavirus-news-live-south-africa-sees-exponential-increase-in-covid-cases-dominated-by-omicron-variant?page=with%3Ablock-61a8197e8f08988db2bebd49#block-61a8197e8f08988db2bebd49 |archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
"Phylogeny suggests a recent emergence. Data from South Africa suggests that Omicron has a pronounced growth advantage there. However, this may be due to transmissibility or immune escape related, or both."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant: Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529): 3 December 2021 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1038442/3_December-2021-risk-assessment-for-SARS_Omicron_VOC-21NOV-01_B.1.1.529.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204034223/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1038442/3_December-2021-risk-assessment-for-SARS_Omicron_VOC-21NOV-01_B.1.1.529.pdf}}</ref> Also the serial interval plays a role in the growth.<br />
<br />
Detectable changes in levels of COVID-19 in wastewater samples from South Africa's Gauteng province were seen as early as 17–23 October (week 42).<ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater-based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa |url=https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Wastewater-based-epidemiology-for-SARS-CoV-2-surveillance-in-South-Africa-week-42.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2021|publisher=[[National Institute for Communicable Diseases]] |vauthors=McCarthy K, Rachida S, Yousif M, Ndlovu N, Iwu-Jaja C, Howard W, Moonsamy S, Pocock G, Coetzee L, Mans J, Schaefer L, Le Roux WJ, Gomba A, Jambo D, De Villiers DM, Lepart NL, Johnson R, Muller C, Van der Walt M, Mutshembele A, Berkowitz N, Bhagwan J, Suchard M|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109222209/https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Wastewater-based-epidemiology-for-SARS-CoV-2-surveillance-in-South-Africa-week-42.pdf}}</ref> The National Institute for Communicable Diseases reports that children under the age of 2 make up 10% of total hospital admissions in the Omicron point of discovery [[Tshwane]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Toddlers make up 10% of hospital cases in South Africa's Omicron epicentre |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/covid-19-toddlers-make-up-10-of-hospital-cases-in-south-africas-omicron-epicentre-1.84075071 |work=gulfnews.com |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202184133/https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/covid-19-toddlers-make-up-10-of-hospital-cases-in-south-africas-omicron-epicentre-1.84075071 |url-status=live}}</ref> Data on the S gene target failure (SGTF) of sampled cases in South Africa indicates a growth of 21% per day relative to Delta, generating an increased reproduction number by a factor of 2.4.{{efn|With a presumed identical person-to-person serial interval of log<sub>e</sub>(2.4)/0.21 ~ 4.2 days, or a distribution thereof to the same effect.}} Omicron became the majority strain in South Africa around 10 November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omicron Spread in South Africa |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA6Mec2Gq3LGqTEOj35RqSeAb_SmXpbI/view |page=6 |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204113942/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA6Mec2Gq3LGqTEOj35RqSeAb_SmXpbI/view}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |vauthors=Mandavilli A |date=4 December 2021 |title=Omicron Variant Spreading Twice as Quickly as Delta in South Africa |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/03/health/coronavirus-omicron-vaccines-contagiousness.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204113942/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/03/health/coronavirus-omicron-vaccines-contagiousness.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Another analysis showed 32% growth per day in Gauteng, South Africa, having become dominant there around 6 November.<ref>{{Citation |title=The SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron: a snapshot of where we are – 08.12.2021, 5 PM CET. | date=8 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMSG8TUObsE |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221005844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=BMSG8TUObsE |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the UK, the logarithmic growth rate of Omicron-associated S gene target failure (SGTF) cases over S gene target positive (SGTP) cases was estimated at 0.37 per day,{{efn|Logarithmic growth rate of 0.37/day means that the log odds log<sub>e</sub>(SGTF/SGTP) is increasing by 0.37 in a day. So SGTF/SGTP was increasing by a multiplicative factor of exp(0.37) ~ 1.45. This is substantially higher than a naive increase to 100%+37%. The difference is mathematically due to compound growth within the day, which does not imply that epidemically people are already infectious within a day. Rather, simplified (non-delay) differential equations are used for convenience for the modeling. This also indicates a doubling time of log<sub>e</sub>(2)/(0.37/day) ~ 1. days for the Omicron to Delta prevalence ratio.}} which is exceptionally high.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Albertsen deliberations |url=https://twitter.com/madsalbertsen85/status/1469331924447600652 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=Twitter |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214224945/https://twitter.com/MadsAlbertsen85/status/1469331924447600652 |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, by 14 December it appears to have become the most dominant strain.{{efn|Referring to ref 12 in the reference, where the x-axis is crossed at 14 December.}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England – Technical briefing 33 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1043807/technical-briefing-33.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=2 January 2022 |website=gov.uk |publisher=UK Health Security Agency |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102053957/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1043807/technical-briefing-33.pdf}}</ref> Without presuming behavior change in response to the variant, a million infections per day by 24 December are projected for a 2.5 days doubling time.{{efn|A doubling time of 2.5 days corresponds to an exponential growth rate of ln(2)/(2.5 days) ~ 0.28/day. Direct comparison to the logistic growth rate needs to take the growth/decline of Delta into account.}}<ref name="variants"/> In Denmark, the growth rate has been roughly similar with a doubling time of about 2–3 days, it having become the most prevalent strain on 17 December.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/covid19/omikron/statusrapport/rapport-omikronvarianten-20122021-9j51.pdf?la=da |title=Covid-19 Rapport om omikronvarianten |date=20 December 2021 |publisher=[[Statens Serum Institut]] |language=Danish |access-date=21 December 2021 |trans-title=Status of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron in Denmark |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221072858/https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/covid19/omikron/statusrapport/rapport-omikronvarianten-20122021-9j51.pdf?la=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Ekspertrapport den 17. december 2021 – Scenarier for smittetal og nyindlæggelser med omikronvarianten |trans-title=Expert report 17 December 2021 – Scenarios for infection numbers and new hospitalizations with the Omicron-variant|url=https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/ekspertrapport-den-17-december-2021.pdf?la=da|url-status=live|publisher=[[Statens Serum Institut]]|date=18 December 2021 |language=Danish |access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219033714/https://www.ssi.dk/-/media/cdn/files/ekspertrapport-den-17-december-2021.pdf?la=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Variant-PCR svar fra 27. nov. og frem, Testcenter Danmark|url=https://files.ssi.dk/covid19/podepind-sekventering/variant-pcr-test-december2021/opgoerelse-variantpcr-covid19-27122021-sp27|url-status=live|language=DA|access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227224020/https://files.ssi.dk/covid19/podepind-sekventering/variant-pcr-test-december2021/opgoerelse-variantpcr-covid19-27122021-sp27}}</ref> Switzerland is not far behind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schweiz sitrep |url=https://news.in-24.com/news/369062.html |url-status=live|access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Twitter |date=10 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212192653/https://news.in-24.com/news/369062.html}}</ref> In Germany Omicron became the most prevalent variant on 1 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RKI – Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 – Wochenbericht vom 13.1.2022 |url=https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-01-13.pdf |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=www.rki.de |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124053801/https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Wochenbericht/Wochenbericht_2022-01-13.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In Scotland, Omicron apparently became the most prevalent variant on 17 December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omicron in Scotland – evidence paper|url=http://www.gov.scot/publications/omicron-scotland-evidence-paper/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=www.gov.scot |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220035357/https://www.gov.scot/publications/omicron-scotland-evidence-paper/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Wenseleers T |title=tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://github.com/tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium/blob/8a8ac36c1d166a85e7fac2b7a657cabfa3e1a46e/data/omicron_sgtf/sgtf_scotland.csv |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222215038/https://github.com/tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium/blob/8a8ac36c1d166a85e7fac2b7a657cabfa3e1a46e/data/omicron_sgtf/sgtf_scotland.csv|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Canadian province of Ontario it became the most prevalent strain on 13 December.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ontario Dashboard |url=https://covid19-sciencetable.ca/ontario-dashboard/|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317110549/https://covid19-sciencetable.ca/ontario-dashboard/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the US, the variant appears to have become the most prevalent strain on 18 December, growing at 0.24 per day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020|title=COVID Data Tracker |url=https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522045354/https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Portugal, Omicron had reached 61.5% of cases on 22 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal says Omicron dominant, infections rising |url=https://www.news9live.com/buzz/coronavirus-live-updates-covid-19-omicron-variant-new-cases-in-india-vaccination-december-25-107888 |date=25 December 2021 |publisher=NewsNine |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228211922/https://www.news9live.com/buzz/coronavirus-live-updates-covid-19-omicron-variant-new-cases-in-india-vaccination-december-25-107888 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Belgium, the strain has become the most prevalent on 25 December,<ref>{{Citation |vauthors=Wenseleers T |title=tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium |date=20 December 2021 |url=https://github.com/tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium/blob/main/plots/omicron_sgtf/spread%20omicron%20logistic%20fit%20sgtf%20data.png |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222014420/https://github.com/tomwenseleers/newcovid_belgium/blob/main/plots/omicron_sgtf/spread%20omicron%20logistic%20fit%20sgtf%20data.png |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the Netherlands on 28 December.<ref>{{Cite web |work=[[National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]] |title=Variants of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the Netherlands |url=https://www.rivm.nl/en/coronavirus-covid-19/virus/variants |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111142337/https://www.rivm.nl/en/coronavirus-covid-19/virus/variants}}</ref> In Italy, it had reached 28% of cases on 20 December and was doubling every two days,<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID: Omicron accountts for 28% of cases in Italy, will soon be dominant |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/12/23/covid-omicron-28-of-cases-will-soon-be-dominant_b1bdc895-2640-4f84-a569-7af29eba9061.html |date=23 December 2021 |publisher=ANSA.en |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224151415/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/12/23/covid-omicron-28-of-cases-will-soon-be-dominant_b1bdc895-2640-4f84-a569-7af29eba9061.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while it became the dominant variant in Norway on 25 December.<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Oppdatert P |title=Statistikk over meldte tilfeller av virusvarianten omikron|date=8 December 2021 |url=https://www.fhi.no/sv/smittsomme-sykdommer/corona/meldte-tilfeller-av-ny-virusvariant/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |publisher=[[Folkehelseinstituttet]] |language=no |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228150457/https://www.fhi.no/sv/smittsomme-sykdommer/corona/meldte-tilfeller-av-ny-virusvariant/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In France, it made up about 15% of COVID-19 cases in December, but around 27 December it had increased to more than 60%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Omicron is now the dominant variant in France |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211231-covid-19-omicron-is-now-dominant-variant-in-france |date=31 December 2021 |publisher=France24 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133604/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211231-covid-19-omicron-is-now-dominant-variant-in-france |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Omicron is now the dominant variant in France |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/omicron-variant-coronavirus-news-12-31-21#h_b39ee1ef15221436390eb303e3a95c86 |date=31 December 2021 |publisher=CNN |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231170601/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/omicron-variant-coronavirus-news-12-31-21/h_b39ee1ef15221436390eb303e3a95c86 |url-status=live}}</ref> Researchers recommend sampling at least 5% of COVID-19 patient samples in order to detect Omicron or other emerging variants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maxmen A |title=Omicron blindspots: why it's hard to track coronavirus variants |journal=Nature |volume=600 |issue=7890 |page=579 |date=December 2021 |pmid=34916668 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03698-7 |bibcode=2021Natur.600..579M |doi-access = | title-link = doi }}</ref><br />
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During January 2022, in Denmark the BA.2 variant grew at ~0.10 per day (+11% per day) as a ratio to BA.1 (the legacy Omicron variant), and became the dominant strain in week 2, 2022.<ref name="C19DK" /> In the United Kingdom, the BA.2 variant was growing at ~0.11 per day (+12% per day) as a ratio to BA.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, Technical briefing 38 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1060337/Technical-Briefing-38-11March2022.pdf |access-date=3 January 2022 |work=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2022, the [[BBC]] reported that the hospitalization rate was higher in the US and Canada than in Europe and South Africa. This was attributed to a combination of a greater number of elderly people than in South Africa, greater prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension and obesity than in Europe, higher indoor transmission due to the winter, lower vaccination rate in the US than in Europe and Canada, and a possible still high prevalence of the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variant]], which more often leads to hospitalization.<ref>{{cite news |title=The puzzle of America's record Covid hospital rate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59960949 |access-date=14 January 2022 |work=BBC News |date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114051024/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59960949 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Reported cases ===<br />
{{SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --><br />
{{Portal|COVID-19|Viruses}}<br />
* [[Original antigenic sin]]<br />
* [[Saltation (biology)]]<br />
* [[Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]]<br />
* [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2]]<br />
** Other variants of either interest or concern: [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant|Epsilon]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant|Zeta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant|Eta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant|Theta]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant|Iota]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant|Kappa]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant|Lambda]], [[SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant|Mu]]<br />
* [[Sikhulile Moyo]], scientist who discovered SARS-CoV-2 Omicron<br />
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Scholia|disease}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* Archived video:<br />
** {{cite AV media |vauthors=Mohale F, Phaahla J, Oliveira T, Lessels R, Gottberg A, Moore P, Crisp N |date=25 November 2021 |title=Health Department briefs media about a new so-called super-variant |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4aTIoZDQk4 |access-date=27 November 2021 |location=South Africa |publisher=[[eNCA]] |via=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002250/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4aTIoZDQk4 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |url-status=live }}<br />
** {{cite AV media |people=Oliveira T, Kamwendo S |date=26 November 2021 |title=Professor Tulio de Oliviera on the new COVID-19 variant |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMlqRsJ8vuU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126190052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMlqRsJ8vuU |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |publisher=[[SABC News]] |via=YouTube }} Also archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/dMlqRsJ8vuU Ghostarchive].<br />
<br />
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}<br />
{{Portal bar|COVID-19|Medicine|Viruses|Africa}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 in health]]<br />
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana]]<br />
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Variants of SARS-CoV-2|S013]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bheema_(2024_film)&diff=491112Bheema (2024 film)2026-03-03T12:11:52Z<p>Arshelina: New article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language action thriller film}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bheema<br />
| image = Bheema.jpg<br />
| director = [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay Kumar]]<br />
| screenplay = Vijay Kumar<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Maasthi Upparahall<br />
}}<br />
| story = Vijay Kumar<br />
| producer = Krishna Sarthak<br/>Jagadeesh Gowda<br />
| starring = {{Plain list|<br />
* Duniya Vijay<br />
* Ashwini<br />
* Dragon Manju<br />
* Kalyani Raju<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Shiva Sena<br />
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br />
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar<br />
| studio = Jagadeesh Films<br/>Krishna Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|2024|8|9}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = {{INR}}8-10 crore<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=वीकेंड पर औरों में कहां दम था और उलझ भी साउथ की इस नई फिल्म के आगे पड़ी फीकी, 3 दिनों में ही कर ली बजट पार कमाई |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/bheema-box-office-collection-day-3-on-first-weekend-overshadowed-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ulajh-with-budget-collection-in-3-days-6317470 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":29.2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Kannada Highest Grossing Movies 2024: ಈ ವರ್ಷ ತೆರೆಕಂಡ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ವಿವರ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kannada-highest-grossing-movies-2024-sandalwood-films-and-its-collection-photo-gallery-116098981 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Times Now Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><br />
| gross = ₹29.2 crore<ref name=":29.2" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bheema''''' is a 2024 [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay Kumar]] (Duniya Vijay) and produced by Krishna Creations and Jagadeesh Films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/mar/02/actor-directorvijay-kumars-second-film-titled-bheema-2425180.html|title=Vijay Kumar's second film titled Bheema|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 March 2022|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413065528/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/mar/02/actor-directorvijay-kumars-second-film-titled-bheema-2425180.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars himself alongside Ashwini, Black Dragon Manju, Gili Gili Chandru, [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Gopal Krishna Deshpande and Ramesh Indira. The music was composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Shiva Sena and Deepu S. Kumar.<br />
<br />
The film was officially launched on 18 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/duniya-vijays-second-directorial-bheema-to-be-officially-launched-on-april-18/1f8249fe55646|title=Duniya Vijay's second directorial, Bheema, to be officially launched on April 18|website=OTTplay|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413065530/https://www.ottplay.com/news/duniya-vijays-second-directorial-bheema-to-be-officially-launched-on-april-18/1f8249fe55646|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bheema'' was released on 9 August 2024 to mixed reviews from critics, yet it became commercially successful.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-21 |title=Bheema release date: Duniya Vijay's upcoming movie will hit the screens in August |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/duniya-vijays-bheema-gets-a-release-date/article68315479.ece |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622023454/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/duniya-vijays-bheema-gets-a-release-date/article68315479.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Bheema wages a war against Dragon Manju, an aspiring politician and drug dealer, for supplying drugs in his locality and making the youngsters to become drug addicts.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Duniya Vijay]] as Bheema and [[Salaga (film)|Salaga]] (cameo appearance)<br />
*Ashwini as Ashwini<br />
*Kalyani Raju as Baby Amma<br />
*Dragon Manju as Black Dragon Manju<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/12/vijay-kumar-introduces-new-villain-black-dragon-manju-in-bheema-2440831.html|title=Vijay Kumar introduces new villain Black Dragon Manju in Bheema|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 April 2022|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413065530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/apr/12/vijay-kumar-introduces-new-villain-black-dragon-manju-in-bheema-2440831.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Cockroach Sudhi as Shunti<br />
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as "Java" Ramanna<br />
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]<br />
* Ramesh Indira as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
* Gopal Krishna Deshpande as Allu<br />
*Gili Gili Chandru as Gili Gili Chandru<br />
* Priya Shatamarshan as [[Inspector]] Girija<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bheema<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Soundtrack cover<br />
| released = 2024<br />
| recorded = 2024<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 09:29<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Somu Sound Engineer]]<br />
| prev_year = 2024<br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
The music was composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] in his second collaboration with Duniya Vijay after ''[[Salaga]]''.{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| title1 = Bad Boys<br />
| length1 = 2:45<br />
| lyrics1 = Rahul Dito<br>MC Bijju<br>Nagarjun Sharma<br />
| extra1 = Rahul Dito<br>MC Bijju<br />
| title2 = I Love U Kane<br />
| length2 = 4:14<br />
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj<br />
| extra2 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br>Vaish<br />
| title3 = Noorupayi Mix<br />
| length3 = 2:30<br />
| lyrics3 = MC Bijju<br />
| extra3 = MC Bijju<br>[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br />
| title4 = Don't Worry Baby Chinnamma<br />
| length4 = 3:42<br />
| lyrics4 = Nagarjun Sharma<br />
| extra4 = Gana Muthu<br />
| title5 = Boom Boom Bengaluru<br />
| length5 = 3:29<br />
| lyrics5 = Girijana Samagra Abhirudhi Kala Samsthe<br />
| extra5 = JG Kumara<br>Girijana Samagra Abhirudhi Kala Samsthe<br />
| title6 = Aadi Baa Magane Bheema<br />
| length6 = 3:11<br />
| lyrics6 = Nagarjun Sharma<br />
| extra6 = Charan Raj<br />
| title7 = Bittu Hodeya<br />
| length7 = 3:20<br />
| lyrics7 = Arasu Anthare<br />
| extra7 = [[Naveen Sajju]]<br />
| title8 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| extra8 = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| lyrics9 = <br />
| extra9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
| lyrics10 = <br />
| extra10 = <br />
| title11 = <br />
| length11 = <br />
| title12 = <br />
| length12 = <br />
| total_length = 21:19<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Bheema'' was released on 9 August 2024.<ref name=":0" /> digital rights bagged by Amazon prime<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
S. Sridevi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Bheema'', Vijay Kumar’s directorial after ''[[Salaga]]'', is written for a mass audience and he has been clear about it from the get go."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bheema/movie-review/112400681.cms|title=Bheema Movie Review: Bheema review: A 'pakka local' movie tailor-made for target audience|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The film’s raw style of direction combined with Charan Raj’s intense soundtrack contribute to a powerful and visceral experience."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/10/an-uncompromising-look-at-bengalurus-dark-underbelly|title='Bheema' movie review: An uncompromising look at Bengaluru's dark underbelly|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Y. Maheshwar Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote that the film is "worth a watch, but not for families."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-bheema-drugs-violence-more-violence/articleshow/112410576.cms|title=KANNADA MOVIE REVIEW-BHEEMA: DRUGS, VIOLENCE & MORE VIOLENCE|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=10 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810100638/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-bheema-drugs-violence-more-violence/articleshow/112410576.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Despite a promising first half and a strong social message, Bheema ultimately falls short, succumbing to a predictable storyline and typical drama, leaving viewers disappointed by the end."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/bheema-movie-review-not-enough-to-induce-psychedelic-experience-review-112385164|title=Bheema Movie Review: Not Enough To Induce Psychedelic Experience|website=Times Now|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=10 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810100639/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/bheema-movie-review-not-enough-to-induce-psychedelic-experience-review-112385164|url-status=live}}</ref> Sujay B. M of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "While Duniya Vijay fans may like the masala film because it is packed with drugs and smeared with blood, others will lose very little by skipping it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gangster-drama-doesn-t-pack-a-punch-3144997|title='Bheema' Movie Review: Gangster drama doesn't pack a punch|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=10 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810100644/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gangster-drama-doesn-t-pack-a-punch-3144997|url-status=live}}</ref> Pratibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Bheema has been made for audiences who are okay with mindless action, dialogues and counter-dialogues, with some objectification of women thrown in, for good measure."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bheema-movie-review-duniya-vijay-loses-the-plot-with-second-directorial/51af642a862|title=Bheema movie review: Duniya Vijay loses the plot with second directorial|website=OTTplay}}</ref> Vivek M. V of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Directed by and starring Vijay in the lead, ‘Bheema’ partially manages to be a typical commercial entertainer successfully conveying a noble message."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bheema-movie-review-duniya-vijays-take-on-the-perils-of-drug-addiction-is-a-mixed-bag/article68505412.ece|title='Bheema' movie review: Duniya Vijay's take on the perils of drug addiction is a mixed bag|website=The Hindu |last1=m. v |first1=Vivek }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
Though rumoured to have collected ₹10 crore on first day, trackers estimated the first day gross to be {{INR}}3.95 crore and was reported to have collected {{INR}}3.4 crore on second day and {{INR}}3.8 crore on third day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಮುಚ್ಚಿದ್ದ ಥಿಯೇಟರ್ ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳನ್ನು ತೆರೆಸಿದ 'ಭೀಮ' ಮೊದಲ ದಿನ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/duniya-vijay-starrer-bheema-movie-box-office-collection-report/articleshow/112420353.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> The first weekend collection was reported to be between ₹11.15 crore (net) to ₹11.65 crore (gross).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title='Bheema' box office Day 3: Impressive 1st weekend for Duniya Vijay's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bheema-box-office-collection-day-3-impressive-1st-weekend-for-duniya-vijay-kannada-film-2580826-2024-08-12 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=Bheema Box Office Collection: Duniya Vijay Starrer Film Enjoys Strong Weekend, Grosses Over 11 Crore In Three Days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/bheema-box-office-collection-duniya-vijay-starrer-film-enjoys-strong-weekend-grosses-over-11-crore-in-three-days-article-112460610 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The net collections by the end of fourth day was reported to be ₹12.85 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bheema Box Office Collection Day 4: Duniya Vijay's Kannada Film Sees A Major Drop |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bheema-box-office-collection-day-4-duniya-vijay-kannada-film-sees-a-major-drop-10180333 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Bheema' box office day 4: Duniya Vijay's directorial scores big |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bheema-box-office-day-4-duniya-vijays-directorial-scores-big/articleshow/112484337.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title='Bheema' box office Day 4: Thrilling performance by Duniya Vijay's action film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bheema-box-office-collection-day-4-detailed-report-thrilling-performance-by-duniya-vijay-action-film-2581306-2024-08-13 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It had collected {{INR|1.3 crore}} on fifth day. While the gross collection for 5 days was reported be ₹14.30 crore, the net collections at the end of 6 days was reported to be ₹15.15 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Praveen Chandra |title=Bheema movie collection: 5 ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೀಮನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್ ಧೂಳೆಬ್ಬಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದೇ ದುನಿಯಾ ವಿಜಯ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-bheema-movie-box-office-collection-day-5-how-much-duniya-vijay-film-collected-in-india-181723611482899.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref> The first week collections were reported to be ₹17.38 crore.<ref name="news18_sandalwood-actor">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Bheema Collection: ಥಿಯೇಟರ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ವೇಗ ಪಡೆದ ಭೀಮನ ಓಟ! ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-actor-duniya-vijay-acted-bheema-movie-collection-story-rvj-dvp-1816166.html#goog_rewarded |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref> The 10 days gross was reported to be between ₹18{{Ndash}}21 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಮಾರಾಟದಲ್ಲೂ ಕೃಷ್ಣಂ ಪ್ರಣಯ ಸಖಿ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಹೊಸ ದಾಖಲೆ; ಮೂರು ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಣೇಶ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-golden-star-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-box-office-collection-day-3-report-mnk-181723977361509.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=ಭೀಮ ಸಕ್ಸಸ್ಫುಲ್ ರನ್ನಿಂಗ್! ಅಪ್ಪ-ಅಮ್ಮನ ಸಮಾಧಿಗೆ ಪೂಜೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ ದುನಿಯಾ ವಿಜಯ್ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-bheema-movie-box-office-collection-got-high-rvj-dvp-1820077.html#goog_rewarded |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref> The film was reported to have grossed {{INR}}23 crore with the net collection being {{INR}}19.55 crore in 11 days.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Golden Run Continues For Ganesh Starrer Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi, Collects Rs 11.78 Cr In Ten Days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/kannada/golden-run-continues-for-ganesh-starrer-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-collects-rs-11-78-cr-in-ten-days-article-112787493/amp |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The final collections were reported to be ₹29.20 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Kannada Highest Grossing Movies 2024: ಈ ವರ್ಷ ತೆರೆಕಂಡ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ವಿವರ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kannada-highest-grossing-movies-2024-sandalwood-films-and-its-collection-photo-gallery-116098981 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Times Now Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|26733322}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Charan Raj]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Side_of_Life:_Mumbai_City&diff=453517The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City2026-03-02T09:39:26Z<p>Arshelina: minor refined layout per standard format and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2018 film written and directed by Tariq Khan}}<br />
{{COI|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City<br />
| image = The-Dark-Side-Of-Life-Mumbai-City.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Tariq Khan<br />
| producer = Rajesh Pardasani<br />
| writer = Nisar Akhtar<br>Tariq Khan<br />
| starring = <br />
| music = Rashid Khan<br>Shaan Asif Raj<br>Prakash Prabhakar<br>Ehsaan Khan<br>Sabir Khan<br>Sandeep Batraa <br />
| distributor = Panorama Studios<br>H.K Tandon Company<br>V.K Films<br>Mitali Films<br>Sanman Exhibitors<br>FilmShow Distribution<br />
| editing = Ajay Kaul<br />
| studio = Lakshya Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|11|23}}<br />
| runtime = 123 mins<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City''''' is an Indian [[drama film]] released on 23 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/mahesh-bhatts-bollywood-debut-the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city-deals-with-issues-like-depression-suicide/280690|title=Mahesh Bhatt's Bollywood debut The Dark Side Of Life: Mumbai City deals with issues like depression, suicide|website=timesnownews.com|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905235337/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/mahesh-bhatts-bollywood-debut-the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city-deals-with-issues-like-depression-suicide/280690|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/mahesh-bhattrsquos-acting-debut-lsquothe-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-cityrsquo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204033121/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/mahesh-bhattrsquos-acting-debut-lsquothe-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-cityrsquo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2023 |title=Mahesh Bhatt's Acting Debut 'The Dark Side Of Life Mumbai City' |date=12 September 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=21 September 2018 }}</ref> The film is written and directed by Tariq Khan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiapost.com/film-people-prone-to-substance-abuse-mood-swings/ |title=Film people prone to substance abuse, mood swings |website=India Post |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=21 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921075449/http://www.indiapost.com/film-people-prone-to-substance-abuse-mood-swings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is produced by Rajesh Pardasani under the banner of Lakshya Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city-mahesh-bhatt-opens-up-about-his-upcoming-film-461665 |title=The Dark Side Of Life: Mumbai City: Mahesh Bhatt opens up about his upcoming film |date=5 September 2018 |website=indiatvnews.com |access-date=15 September 2018 }}</ref> The film marks the acting debut of veteran filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]] who stars alongside actor [[Kay Kay Menon]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahesh-bhatt-launches-trailer-of-the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city/articleshow/65761861.cms |title=Mahesh Bhatt launches trailer of 'The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City' |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahesh-bhatt-launches-trailer-of-the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city/articleshow/65761861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City'' is a multi-plotted story which revolves around the lives of six individuals who are pushed to the brink of depression while battling their emotional and financial problems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rohit Bhatnagar |title=Mahesh Bhatt turns actor and painter now |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-turns-actor-and-painter-now/articleshow/65555551.cms |access-date=21 September 2018 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=27 August 2018 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827021709/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-turns-actor-and-painter-now/articleshow/65555551.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Mahesh Bhatt]] as Zulfiqar Hussain<br />
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Sumit Balsaria<br />
* [[Neha Khan]] as Kavya<br />
* [[Allisha Khan|Alisha Khan]] as Zohra<br />
* Avii pardasni as Prince<br />
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Warren Lobo<br />
* [[Nikhil Ratnaparkhi]] as Anand<br />
* [[Jyoti Malshe]] as Parul<br />
* Gul Hameed as Kadambari<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack == <br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Prakash Prabhakar]] and Sabri Brothers<br />
| released = {{start date|2018|11|23|df=y}}<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 24:35<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's soundtrack was produced by various artists, The film had six original songs. The theme of the film, "Aawargi" was sung by Jubin Nautiyal and composed by Sabir Khan and the lyrics were helmed by Azeem Shirazi. Other songs include "Tu Mujhse Nilkalta Nahi", "Ae Zindagi", "Muddaton", "Saanp Seedi Wala Saanp" (promotional song) and "Aawargi Deewangi". The album received a mainly-positive response from critics, especially the song "Aawargi" was appreciated.<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline =Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 24:35<br />
| title1 = Aawargi<br />
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
| length1 = 3:25<br />
| title2 = Tu Mujhse Nikalta Nahi<br />
| extra2 = Prakash Prabhakar<br />
| length2 = 3:27<br />
| title3 = Saano Seedi Wala Saanp<br />
| extra3 = [[Tripti Sinha]]<br />
| length3 = 2:00<br />
| title4 = Ae Zindagi<br />
| extra4 = Aftab Hashim Sabri Brothers<br />
| length4 = 3:37<br />
| title5 = Muddaton<br />
| extra5 = [[Amit Mishra]]<br />
| length5 = 3:37<br />
| title6 = Aawargi Deewangi<br />
| extra6 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]<br />
| length6= 5:13<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/first-look/dark-side-life-mumbai-city/the-dark-side-of-life-mumbai-city/ ''The Dark Side Of Life: Mumbai City''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br />
* {{IMDb title|9007142}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City}}<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2026_Sangareddy_Municipal_Council_election&diff=4835272026 Sangareddy Municipal Council election2026-02-19T16:08:20Z<p>Arshelina: redirect</p>
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<div>#Redirect [[2026 Telangana local elections]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathnagiri_Rahasya&diff=529851Rathnagiri Rahasya2026-02-07T17:18:11Z<p>Arshelina: added new article - done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ratnagiri Rahasya<br />
| image = Rathnagiri Rahasya.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]<br />
| screenplay = Chithra Krishnaswamy<br />
| story = Chinnannamalai<br />Lakshmanan<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogue by<br />
| data1 = Kanagal Prabhakara Shastry<br />
}}<br />
| producer = B. R. Panthulu<br />
| starring = [[Udaykumar]]<br />[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<br />[[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />[[B. Saroja Devi]]<br />
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu<br />
| editing = R. Devarajan<br />
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]<br />
| studio = Padmini Pictures<br />
| distributor = <!-- do not add without source --><br />
| released = {{film date|1957|2|26|df=y}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
| runtime = 172 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!-- do not add without source --><br />
| gross = <!-- do not add without source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rathnagiri Rahasya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ರತ್ನಗಿರಿ ರಹಸ್ಯ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|The secret of Rathnagiri}}) is a 1957 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[adventure film]], directed and produced by [[B. R. Panthulu]], starring [[Udaykumar]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]. it was simultaneously made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]'', which was also released in 1957, with Jamuna reprising her role. Most of the technical crew worked on both the Tamil and Kannada versions of the film.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=July 2021}}<br />
Udaykumar portrays a prince who is separated from his parents at a young age by his father's enemy. Raised in isolation, he grows up as a ferocious and untamed [[caveman]]. His life changes when he meets Jamunam whose love and affection gradually transform him. Together, they embark on a journey to uncover the secret of Rathnagiri and to find and rescue the prince's parents.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Udaykumar]]<br />
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<br />
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Yavvanamohini<br />
* [[B. R. Panthulu]]<br />
* [[M. V. Rajamma]]<br />
* [[T. N. Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]<br />
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]]<br />
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]<br />
* C. H. Narayana Rao<br />
* H. Krishna Shastry<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Rathnagiri Rahasya'' marks the directorial debut of [[B. R. Panthulu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=170 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=23 July 2010 |title=A born showman |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-born-showman/article16206498.ece |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185403/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-born-showman/article16206498.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was simultaneously filmed in Tamil under the title ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NxkAAAAMAAJ&q=rahasya |title=International Film Festival of India '92, Bangalore, January 10-20, 1992 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1992 |pages=130 |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706030242/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/International_Film_Festival_of_India_92/_NxkAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=rahasya |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Puttanna Kanagal]], a future acclaimed director, made his debut as an assistant director for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2013 |title=History 48&nbsp;– Puttanna Kanagal Becomes Independent Director |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3872-history-48-puttanna-kanagal-becomes-independent-director.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904060707/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3872-history-48-puttanna-kanagal-becomes-independent-director.html |archive-date=4 September 2020 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1957-Ratnagiri Rahasyam-1957 |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/ASM/info |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184218/https://indiancine.ma/documents/ASM/info |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
# "Sharanara Kaayo"&nbsp;– [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
# "Ananda Mahadaananda"&nbsp;– [[Jikki]], Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi, [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br />
# "Anuragadha Amaravathi"&nbsp;– [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Leela]]<br />
# "Amara Madhura Prema"&nbsp;– [[P. Susheela]]<br />
# "O Raja O Maharaja"&nbsp;– [[A. P. Komala]], K. Rani<br />
# "Yavvanave Ee Yavvanave"&nbsp;– A. P. Komala, K. Rani<br />
# "Kalyana Namma"&nbsp;– T. M. Soundararajan, P. Leela<br />
# "Baa Baa Baa Odi Baa"&nbsp;– P. Leela, K. Rani<br />
# "Sumabaana Bidu Mouna"&nbsp;– Jikki<br />
# "Thaiy Thanthai Deva"&nbsp;– T. M. Soundararajan<br />
# "Kivi Eradu Sakenayya"&nbsp;– Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0250688}}<br />
<br />
{{B. R. Panthulu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950s fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1957 multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:1957 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1957 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about cavemen]]<br />
[[Category:Films about princes]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:1957 fantasy films]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakshmi_Baramma_2&diff=511647Lakshmi Baramma 22026-02-02T04:03:43Z<p>Arshelina: Created a redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Lakshmi Baramma]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcat shell|<br />
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}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Projects_of_DRDO&diff=447044Projects of DRDO2026-01-25T14:23:15Z<p>Arshelina: fixes</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian defense projects under DRDO}}<br />
This article consists of projects of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<br />
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==Aeronautics==<br />
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[[File:Tejas - Made in India 1st Fighter Plane (16413042458).jpg|thumb|[[HAL Tejas|LCA Tejas]] at IAF induction ceremony ]]The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) is responsible for the ongoing [[HAL Tejas]] programme. The LCA is intended to provide the [[Indian Air Force]] with a modern, [[fly by wire (flight control)|fly by wire]], [[multi-role fighter]], as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The LCA programme has allowed DRDO to progress substantially in the fields of avionics, flight control systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures, along with aircraft design and development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/|title=LCA workcenters|access-date=30 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127143351/http://tejas.gov.in/|archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref><br />
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* The DRDO provided key avionics for the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] programme under the "Vetrivel" programme. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian [[Su-30]]s.<br />
* The DRDO is part of the [[Indian Air Force]]'s upgrade programmes for its [[Sepecat Jaguar]] combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the system design and integration of these upgrades, which combine indigenously developed systems along with imported ones. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays.<br />
*[[HAL AMCA]]: Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the design and development of the fifth-generation aircraft. In 2015, 700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO.<br />
* [[Avatar (spacecraft)|Avatar]] is a concept study for a robotic [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single-stage]] [[Reusable launch system|reusable]] [[spaceplane]] capable of [[CTOL|horizontal takeoff and landing]]. The mission concept is for low cost military and commercial [[satellite]] [[Outer space|space]] launches.<br />
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=== Fighter Aircraft Escape System ===<br />
On 2 December 2025, DRDO completed a successful high-speed rocket-sled test of Fighter Aircraft Escape System at controlled velocity. A dual-sled system with the [[HAL Tejas]] aircraft forebody was propelled to precisely regulated velocity of 800 km/h using phased discharge of dual solid propellant rocket motors. The canopy fragilisation pattern, ejection sequence and whole aircrew recovery process was simulated using an instrumented [[crash test dummy]], which recorded crucial loads, moments, and accelerations that would be experienced by ejected pilots. Onboard and ground-based imaging equipment recorded the entire sequence. <br />
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The Dynamic Ejection Test examined ejection seat performance, and efficacy of [[Armament Research and Development Establishment#Canopy Severance System|canopy severance mechanism]] in real time. The canopy severance mechanism, ejection sequencing, and full pilot recovery were confirmed by the test conducted at the Rail Track Rocket Sled Facility of [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]]. The test was undertaken in partnership with [[Aeronautical Development Agency]], and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2197771&reg=3&lang=2|title=DRDO conducts a successful high-speed rocket-sled test of fighter aircraft escape system|date=2 December 2025|access-date=2 December 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: DRDO conducts high-speed test of fighter aircraft escape system|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/watch-drdo-conducts-high-speed-test-of-fighter-aircraft-escape-system-2829570-2025-12-02|website=India Today|date=2025-12-02|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first1=Manjit Singh|last1=Negi|last2=Sharma|first2=Shivani|last3=Tripathi|first3=Sibu Kumar}}</ref> It is being developed for future aircraft, including the [[Tejas Mk2]], [[HAL AMCA|AMCA]], and [[TEDBF]]. In addition to giving Indian Air Force and domestic industry partners more control over integration and modifications, it will assist reduce long-term procurement costs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Subhadra |date=2025-12-04 |title=India's new fighter jet escape system: What it is, why it matters and how it powers future indigenous jets |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/india-s-new-fighter-jet-escape-system-what-it-is-why-it-matters-and-how-it-powers-future-indigenous-jets-1764839117151 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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=== Electronic countermeasure ===<br />
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{{Main|Electronic countermeasure}}<br />
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[[Defence Laboratory]] Jodhpur in collaboration with High Energy Materials Research Laboratory developed an improved chaff material and chaff cartridge-118/I for the Indian Air Force to protect Indian military aircraft from [[radar jamming and deception]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-19|title=DRDO develops advanced chaff technology to protect IAF jets from missile attacks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdo-develops-advanced-chaff-technology-to-protect-iaf-jets-against-radar-threats-7461515/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Other Hindustan Aeronautics programmes===<br />
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[[File:IJT Prototype in hangar.jpg|thumb|[[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|HJT-36]] Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) prototype]]<br />
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Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopter and the [[HAL HJT-36]]. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and equipment. These include both mandatory as well as other items.<br />
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===Unmanned aerial vehicles===<br />
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The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles – the [[DRDO Nishant|Nishant]] tactical UAV and the [[Lakshya PTA|Lakshya]] (''Target'') Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2005/02/indian-army-is-buying-12-nishant-uav.html |title=Indian Army orders twelve Nishants |publisher=Intellibriefs.blogspot.com |date=12 February 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110013913/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2005/02/indian-army-is-buying-12-nishant-uav.html |archive-date=10 November 2009}}</ref> The Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements. Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with an improved all digital flight control system, and a better turbojet engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_416.shtml |title=Gallery of Dhruv, Nishant and armoured vehicles with detailed captions at |publisher=Acig.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827061021/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_416.shtml |archive-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short-ranged UAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian Navy and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.<br />
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[[File:Rustom-2 Model.jpg|thumb|A scaled down model of TAPAS-BH-201 Model]]<br />
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The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAVs. These draw upon the experience gained via the Nishant programme, and will be substantially more capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations. The MALE UAV has been tentatively named the [[DRDO Rustom|Rustom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/ADE/English/index.jsp?pg=rustom.jsp|title=DRDO Rustom|publisher=DRDO|access-date=30 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208193422/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/ADE/English/index.jsp?pg=rustom.jsp|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting the LCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and weaponising UAVs.<br />
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[[File:DRDO ABHYAS High-speed Expendable Aerial Target.jpg|thumb|DRDO ABHYAS at [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]].]]<br />
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* [[DRDO Abhyas]]<br />
* [[DRDO AURA]]<br />
* [[DRDO Bharat]]<br />
* DRDO Fluffy<br />
* [[DRDO Imperial Eagle]]<br />
* [[DRDO Kapothaka]]<br />
* [[DRDO Lakshya]]<br />
* [[DRDO Netra]]<br />
* [[DRDO Nishant]]<br />
* [[Pawan UAV]]<br />
* [[DRDO Rustom]]<br />
* [[DRDO Ulka]]<br />
* [[TAPAS-BH-201]]<br />
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==== DRDO Ghatak ====<br />
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{{Main|DRDO Ghatak}}<br />
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Ghatak, previously known as Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft (AURA) is a [[Stealth aircraft|stealthy]] [[unmanned combat air vehicle]] (UCAV) of [[flying-wing]] concept powered by dry [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri engine]] variant. It is designed and developed for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) that will be capable of releasing [[missiles]], bombs and [[precision-guided munition]]s from its internal weapons bay.<br />
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===== Stealth Wing Flying Testbed (SWiFT) =====<br />
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A precursor project under active development to test various technologies for DRDO Ghatak and future [[unmanned]] [[wingman]] bomber program.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=DRDO initiates the trials of advanced stealth SWiFT drone|url=https://newsonair.com/2021/06/23/drdo-initiates-the-trails-of-advanced-stealth-swift-drone/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=NewsOnAIR -|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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=== Anti-drone warfare ===<br />
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==== Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System ====<br />
{{Main|Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System}}<br />
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DRDO has been developing a series of [[Laser weapon|laser]]-based [[directed-energy weapons]] (DEW) since 2013.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=15 April 2025 |title=ET Graphics: A decade in the making, India's first high-powered laser weapon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/et-graphics-a-decade-in-the-making-indias-first-high-powered-laser-weapon/articleshow/120289633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The [[Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences]] (CHESS) and the [[Laser Science and Technology Centre]] (LASTEC) are two of the developing agencies of the DRDO project. DRDO's first such weapon, belonging to a 1&nbsp;kW class, was tested in 2017.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=7 December 2017 |title=India gets a step closer to laser weaponry as DRDO successfully tests laser system |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-gets-a-step-closer-to-laser-weaponry-as-drdo-successfully-tests-laser-system/articleshow/61954646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101181442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-gets-a-step-closer-to-laser-weaponry-as-drdo-successfully-tests-laser-system/articleshow/61954646.cms |archive-date=1 January 2026 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Thereafter, multiple developments have been undertaken with progressive variants under '''Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System''' ('''IDD&IS'''). The variants named Mk-I, Mk-II and Mk-IIA has a power output capacity of 2&nbsp;kW, 10–12&nbsp;kW and 30&nbsp;kW and a range of {{Convert|1|km|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|2|km|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=":36">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-21 |title=Army inducts first lot of desi anti-drone systems for China border deployment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-inducts-first-lot-of-desi-anti-drone-systems-for-china-border-deployment/articleshow/108658556.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":64">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=India tests laser system to destroy aerial targets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-laser-system-to-destroy-aerial-targets/articleshow/120266057.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-13 |title=Indian Army uses new DRDO laser to neutralise Chinese drone near LoC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-uses-new-drdo-laser-to-neutralise-chinese-drone-near-loc/articleshow/120254260.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":72" /> The latest variant, Mk-IIA, also called ''Sahastra Shakti'', was tested successfully on 13 April 2025.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=India tests laser system to destroy aerial targets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-laser-system-to-destroy-aerial-targets/articleshow/120266057.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lateef |first=Samaan |date=2025-04-14 |title=India develops 'Star Wars' laser gun to shoot down drones |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102130553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> As of then, DRDO is also developing laser-DEW systems of a 50–100&nbsp;kW range along with [[Directed-energy weapon#Microwave|microwave-based DEW]] under its revised short, medium and long-term goals.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=India tests laser system to destroy aerial targets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-laser-system-to-destroy-aerial-targets/articleshow/120266057.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-04 |title=Indian Navy Successfully Conducts Trials of 2 kW DEW System |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/indian-navy-successfully-conducts-trials-of-2-kw-dew-system/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In March 2024, the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Corps of Army Air Defence]] had inducted the first lot of seven IDD&IS into service. India has reportedly placed an order for 23 such systems for {{INRConvert|400|c|lk=on|year=2024}}.<ref name=":36" /> Further nine were to be ordered as of April 2025.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=2025-04-18 |title=Army to acquire 9 more Laser-based counter-drone systems for deployment along Pak, China borders |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-to-acquire-9-more-laser-based-counter-drone-systems-for-deployment-along-pak-china-borders20250418195435/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, during the same month, it was reported that the Indian Army's IDD&IS Mk&nbsp;1 had intercepted a Chinese origin, [[Pakistan Army]]-operated drone in the [[area of responsibility]] of the [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]],<ref name=":13" /> southwards of the [[Pir Panjal Range]].<ref name=":24" /><br />
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On 29 December 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council, functioning under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and the chairmanship of the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]], cleared the procurement of IDD&IS Mk-II for the Indian Army.<ref name=":29">{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals worth Rs 79,000 crore to enhance the capabilities of the Armed Forces |date=2025-12-29 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209422&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-12-29 |title=200 km+ range Astra missile, 120 km range Pinaka rockets on shopping list as MoD clears Rs 79,000 cr proposals |url=https://theprint.in/defence/200-km-range-astra-missile-120-km-range-pinaka-rockets-on-shopping-list-as-mod-clears-rs-79000-cr-proposals/2814298/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Earlier, reports in November 2025, indicated Indian Army and [[Indian Air Force]]'s bid to initially induct 16 IDD&IS Mk-II systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lateef |first=Samaan |date=2025-04-14 |title=India develops 'Star Wars' laser gun to shoot down drones |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102130553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/04/14/india-develops-star-wars-laser-gun-drones/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-16 |title=Boost for counter-drone warfare: Army, IAF to deploy new indigenous systems; DRDO readies next-gen weapons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-counter-drone-warfare-army-iaf-to-deploy-new-indigenous-systems-drdo-readies-next-gen-weapons/articleshow/125366402.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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==== High-Power Microwave system ====<br />
The project to develop a [[Directed-energy weapon#Microwave|microwave-based DEW]] for [[Counter unmanned air system|counter-UAS]] (C-UAS) roles commenced in 2019<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |last2=Pandey |first2=Ajay Shankar |date=2026-01-21 |title=India unveils ground-based directed energy weapon |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-unveils-ground-based-directed-energy-weapon |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref> and the development was underway as of April 2025.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
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DRDO's [[Bengaluru]]-based [[Microwave Tube Research and Development Centre]] (MTRDC) unveiled a model of its High-Power Microwave (HPM) system during the 2026 International Conference on Electronic Warfare (EWCI) organised by the India chapter of the [[Association of Old Crows]] (AOC). The conference was held between 20 and 22 January. The [[prototype]] is reportedly in trials and testing phase during which the system has already disabled a small [[quadcopter]], commercial, [[DJI Phantom]]-class [[UAVs]] up to a range of {{Convert|1|km|abbr=on}}. The goal of maximum range for the existing version is {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}}. The testing phase is expected to conclude by June 2026. The HPM system operates in the [[S band|S-band]] frequency. The maximum power output is {{Convert|450|MW|abbr=on}} with a pulse width of {{Convert|20|ns|abbr=on}} and single-shot [[pulse repetition frequency]] of 50&nbsp;Hz or 500&nbsp;Hz.<ref name=":8" /><br />
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===Indigenisation efforts===<br />
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DRDO has been responsible for the indigenisation of key defence stores and equipment. DRDO has assisted [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and the IAF with the indigenisation of spares and assemblies for several aircraft. DRDO laboratories have worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and even [[ISRO]] over projects required for the [[Indian Air Force]] and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure is also utilised by other research organisations in India. In the first ever initiative of its kind, DRDO has provided its patented Copper-Titanium (CuTi) alloy technology for commercial exploitation to a start-up company. The agreement between DRDO and Pahwa Metal Tech Pvt Ltd was signed on the sidelines of the Start Up India event at Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/drdos-patent-technology-now-with-pune-start-up-firm/|website=The Indian Express|title=DRDO's Patent Technology Now With Pune Start-Up Firm|date=25 January 2016|access-date=26 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125154224/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/drdos-patent-technology-now-with-pune-start-up-firm/|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><br />
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==Armaments==<br />
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DRDO cooperates with the state-owned [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]] for producing its items. These have led to issues of marginal quality control for some items, and time-consuming rectification. Whilst these are common to the introduction of most new weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the requisite schedule and quality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of modernisation. The DRDO has played a vital role in the development of this ability since the role of private organisations in the development of small arms and similar items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been adopted by the Indian Army as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service. There have been issues with rifle quality in use under extreme conditions in the heat, with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with higher grade material and strengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/147444-post53.html|title= INSAS vs AK47 vs M16? |website=worldaffairsboard.com|date=12 August 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070303005525/http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/147444-post53.html |access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date= 2007-03-03 }}</ref> In the meantime, the rifle has found favour throughout the army and has been ordered in number by other paramilitary units and police forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showpost.php?p=121272&postcount=26|title=INSAS vs AK47 vs M16?|date=8 August 2005 |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsboard.com/showpost.php?p=147906&postcount=55|title=INSAS vs AK47 vs M16?|date=12 August 2005 |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with more state funding coming its way, to the tune of {{USD}}400 million invested during 2002–07.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2006/stories/20030328002409400.htm |title=Modernisation is a continuous process in OFB |publisher=Flonnet.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731032705/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2006/stories/20030328002409400.htm |archive-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> The organisation hopes that this will allow it to modernise its infrastructure; it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 rifles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_420.shtml |title=DEFEXPO 2004 - Part 5 |publisher=Acig.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930003031/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_420.shtml |archive-date=30 September 2010}}</ref><br />
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The DRDO's various projects are:<br />
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=== Body armour ===<br />
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[[File:DRDO bulletproof vest.png|thumb|Bulletproof vest|183x183px]]<br />
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Due to use of [[tungsten carbide]] [[armor-piercing bullet]] by [[List of designated terrorist groups|banned terror groups]] like [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), [[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment]] (DMSRDE) developed a new medium-sized light weight 9&nbsp;kg [[bulletproof vest]] for the Indian Army in 2021 for [[Counter-insurgency|counter insurgency]] operation with increasing protection level. The bulletproof vest conforms to [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS) and the Front Hard Armour Panel (FHAP) was validated by [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 April 2021|title=DRDO develops new lightweight bullet-proof jacket for the Army|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-develops-new-lightweight-bullet-proof-jacket-for-the-army/articleshow/81843560.cms|access-date=2021-04-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Security forces in Jammu and Kashmir strengthen bullet-proofing as steel bullets emerge again|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/security-forces-in-jammu-and-kashmir-strengthen-bullet-proofing-as-steel-bullets-emerge-again-228468|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== DMSRDE Bullet Proof Jacket (BIS Threat Level 6) ====<br />
The lightest bulletproof vest designed to withstand [[7.62×54mmR]] API (level 6 of [[Bureau of Indian Standards|BIS]] 17051) ammunition has been created by DMSRDE. It passed the BIS 17051-2018 standard testing at [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]]. One of the jacket's most notable features is the front Hard Armour Panel (HAP), which can survive multiple impacts (up to six shots) with 7.62 x 54 R API (Sniper rounds) in both ICW (in conjunction with) and standalone designs. Its monolithic ceramic plate front HAP, with polymer backing, is ergonomically designed. In addition to improving wearability and comfort during operations, this guarantees optimal protection. ICW hard armour panels (HAPs) and standalone HAPs have respective areal densities of less than 40 kg/m2 and 43 kg/m2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2024-04-24 |title=India develops lightest bulletproof jacket against highest threat level |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-develops-lightest-bulletproof-jacket-against-highest-threat-level-2530865-2024-04-24 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== ABHED jackets ====<br />
DRDO Industry Academia Centre of Excellence at [[IIT Delhi]] has developed two varieties of ABHED ('''Advanced Ballistics for High Energy Defeat''') bulletproof jackets. They are lighter than the Army's maximum weight requirement and are able to mitigate the highest threat levels. Polymers and [[boron carbide]] were used to make these jackets. The design configuration is based on the characterization of several materials at high strain rates, followed by appropriate modelling and simulation. The protocols have been followed, and the armour plates for the jackets have successfully completed all development trials. Modular configurations and 360-degree protection with a 3,400 square centimeters total protection area are the standout features of these jackets. It is made up of rigid Hard Armour Panels, flexible Soft Armour Panels, and an ergonomic carrier for security personnel to hold both panels. The 8 kg BIS level 5 jackets offer defense against [[7.62×51mm NATO]] rounds as well as [[Armor-piercing bullet|armor-piercing]] and Mild Steel Core bullets. BIS level 6 jackets, weighing 9.3 kg, offer protection against sniper shots with less than 25 mm, as well as against [[7.62×39mm]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=DRDO & IIT Delhi develop ABHED Light Weight Bullet Proof Jackets |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2058645 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet Singh |date=2024-09-25 |title=New lightweight bulletproof jackets developed to enhance soldier safety |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/abhed-light-weight-bullet-proof-jackets-security-forces-drdo-iit-delhi-bis-level-5-bis-level-6-2606410-2024-09-25 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Clothing ====<br />
<br />
[[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences]] (DIPAS) developed triple layer modular extreme weather waterproof clothing for the Indian Armed Forces weighing under 4.5&nbsp;kg. The insulation can provide body protection up to minus 50 degree [[Celsius]] at 30,000 feet with around wind velocity of 60&nbsp;km per hour preventing [[hypothermia]] and minimising the risks of [[frostbite]].<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=31 December 2021 |title=DRDO Giving Extreme Cold Clothing Technology to 5 Indian Firms Latest in 1,400 Such Tech-transfer Pacts |publisher=News18 |agency=PTI |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Small arms===<br />
<br />
* The [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian Army and paramilitary units. Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep14/nation.htm |title=INSAS rifle |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=14 September 1998 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231505/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep14/nation.htm |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the [[Royal Army of Oman]].<br />
* In 2010, DRDO completed the development of Oleo-resin plastic hand grenades as a [[Less-lethal weapon|less lethal]] way to control rioters, better tear gas shells and short-range laser dazzlers.<br />
*[[Modern Sub Machine Carbine]] (MSMC) also called Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC) is designed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) of [[DRDO]] and manufactured by the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] at Small Arms Factory, Kanpur and the [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]].<br />
*ARDE and private sector partner Dvipa Armour India collaborated to produce [[Ugram (assault rifle)|Ugram]], a battle rifle of [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62x51mm]] calibre. Weighs less than 4 kg, the maximum length of the rifle is 1,000 mm and has an effective range of 500 meters. It has a 20-round magazine and can fire 600 rounds per minute in single and full auto modes. The [[Gas-operated reloading|gas-operated]] [[rotating bolt]] rifle has the option of having iron and reflex sights. Its upper and lower bodies are machined and has rivet-free construction with adjustable telescopic butt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2024-01-09 |title=DRDO launches 'Ugram', indigenous assault rifle for armed forces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-launches-indigenous-assault-rifle-for-armed-forces-9100894/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=10 January 2024 |title=DRDO develops new assault rifle |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
<br />
File:DRDO ASMI.jpg|[[ASMI]]<br />
<br />
File:INSAS 1B1 assault rifle with carry handle.jpg|[[INSAS rifle]]<br />
<br />
File:MSMC - Modern Sub Machine Carbine.jpg|[[Modern Sub Machine Carbine]]<br />
<br />
File:Amogh & Excalibur.jpg|[[Amogh carbine]] (top) and [[Excalibur rifle|Excalibur]] (bottom)<br />
<br />
File:INSAS-LMG.jpg|INSAS Light Machine Gun (LMG)<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Man-portable ATGM launcher ===<br />
<br />
DRDO has developed an indigenous 84&nbsp;mm calibre, 7&nbsp;kg lightweight recoilless reusable ATGM launcher for the Indian army which will replace the 14&nbsp;kg Carl [[Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle|Gustav Mark-II launcher]]. The DRDO has made extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Research and Development Organisation develops lightweight rocket launcher for Indian Army|url=http://merachandigarh.in/chandigarh-news/defence-research--development-organisation-develops-lightweight-.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923141455/http://merachandigarh.in/chandigarh-news/defence-research--development-organisation-develops-lightweight-.html|archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Explosives===<br />
<br />
====Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)====<br />
<br />
A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and perfected for field detection of traces of explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction, based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It is used for identification of all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used by Police and BSF for the detection of explosives.<br />
<br />
====Explosive Detection Kit (EDK)====<br />
<br />
In what has been termed a "reverse technology transfer",<ref>{{cite news|title = Kitting them softly|date = 6 August 2013|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kitting-them-softly/1151476/|newspaper = The Indian Express|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807081300/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kitting-them-softly/1151476/|archive-date = 7 August 2013}}</ref> the Explosive Detection Kit widely used in India by bomb detection squads and the armed forces since 2002, would be manufactured and sold in the US. The kit uses [[reagent]]s to detect various chemicals present in explosives.<ref>{{cite news|title = US to sell DRDO's bomb detection kit|date = 4 August 2013|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/NorthAmerica/US-to-sell-DRDO-s-bomb-detection-kit/Article1-1103323.aspx|newspaper = Hindustan times|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102191930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/NorthAmerica/US-to-sell-DRDO-s-bomb-detection-kit/Article1-1103323.aspx|archive-date = 2 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== RaIDer-X =====<br />
<br />
[[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) of DRDO in collaboration with [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bengaluru and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]] (IISER-B)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/easily-available-home-made-explosives-major-threat-drdo-chairman/story-paNxUUGO9w54d0QeCJfIAL.html|title=Easily available home-made explosives major threat, says DRDO chairman|date=2020-03-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> have developed a new explosive detection device called RaIDer-X ('''Ra'''pid '''I'''dentification '''De'''tecto'''r''' of e'''X'''plosives) which was showcased on 1 March 2020 during National Workshop on Explosive Detection (NWED-2020). It can detect bulk of pure as well as contaminated explosives of 20 different kinds from a [[standoff distance]] of 2 [[metre]] by using Universal Multiple Angle [[Raman spectroscopy|Raman Spectroscopy]] (UMARS) technique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/raiderx-drdo-unveils-new-explosive-detection-device-1583127631-1|title=RaIDer-X: DRDO unveils new explosive detection device|date=2020-03-02|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Indian CL-20 explosive====<br />
<br />
A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard explosives of the armed forces such as [[RDX]], [[HMX]], [[FOX-7]] and [[Allotropes of boron|Amorphous Boron]]. Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) have already synthesized an adequate quantity of the new explosive [[Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane|CL-20]], in their laboratory. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in HEMRL using [[Reverse engineering|inverse technology]]. [[CL-20]] is a [[Nitroamine]] class of explosive which is 20% more powerful than [[HMX]] which itself is more than potent [[RDX]]. CL-20-based shaped charges significantly improve the penetration of armour and could potentially be used in projectiles for the 120-mm [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun tank]] main gun. The CL-20, due to its reduced sensitivity, enables easy handling and transportation which reduces the chances of mishap and loss of men, money, materials and machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aeroindia.org/reports-4852|title=Defense19|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044318/http://aeroindia.org/reports-4852|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Artillery systems and ammunition===<br />
<br />
[[File:DRDO's enhanced PINAKA rocket tested on November 4, 2020 (2).jpg|thumb|Pinaka rocket tested on 4 November 2020]]<br />
<br />
* [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher]]: This system has seen significant success. This system saw the DRDO cooperate extensively with the privately owned industrial sector in India. As of 2016, the Pinaka Mk1 system, with rockets of up to 40&nbsp;km striking distance, has been successfully inducted in the Indian Army, with two regiments in service and two more on order. The Pinaka Mk2 program with rockets of up to 60&nbsp;km in range, has cleared trials and has been recommended for induction as well.<br />
* A new long-range tactical rocket system is being developed, referred to as the [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]] (with the name meaning "Strike", in Hindi) program, while an exportable derivative named Pragati ("Progress" in Hindi) was displayed in a South Korean arms fair. The DRDO's project has fielded a long-range tactical strike system, deriving from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop a long-range system able to strike at a range of 100–120&nbsp;km, with each rocket in the system, having a payload of up to 250&nbsp;kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a maximum speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40&nbsp;km, before hitting its target at 1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a sophisticated new inertial guidance system on the rockets whilst keeping cost constraints in mind. The DRDO has evaluated the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and its technology, for use with the Pinaka, and a further development of the system could presumably be used with the new MBRL as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091800620500.htm |title=Defence scientists plan artillery rockets with 100-km range |publisher=Hindu Business Line |date=18 September 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731023204/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091800620500.htm |archive-date=31 July 2010}}</ref><br />
* DRDO's ARDE developed 81&nbsp;mm and the,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/mb/11.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730125943/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/mb/11.htm |archive-date=30 July 2010}}</ref> 120&nbsp;mm illuminating bombs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/mb/14.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930004941/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/mb/14.htm |archive-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> and 105&nbsp;mm illuminating shells<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/lc/9.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730125246/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/lc/9.htm |archive-date=30 July 2010}}</ref> for the [[Indian Army]]'s infantry and Artillery.<br />
* A 51&nbsp;mm Lightweight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man portable weapon, the 51&nbsp;mm mortar achieves double the range of {{convert|2|in|mm|adj=on}} mortar without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre fragmentation technology to achieve improved lethality. Besides HE, a family of ammunition consisting of smoke, illuminating and practice bombs has also been developed.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/indexCorpDir.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp&dir=Arma |title=ARMA |publisher=DRDO |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130124157/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/indexCorpDir.jsp?pg=HistoricalBG.jsp&dir=Arma |archive-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wme/1.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928043322/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wme/1.htm |archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref><br />
* Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with artillery shells for "air bursts" against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft and anti-missile roles as well.<ref name="autogenerated3"/><br />
* Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81&nbsp;mm mortar used by the infantry, a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] training device for the 120&nbsp;mm mortar used by the artillery, and a {{convert|0.50|in|mm|adj=on}} sub-calibre training device for 105&nbsp;mm [[Vijayanta|Vijayanta tank]] gun.<ref name="autogenerated3"/><br />
* The [[Indian Field Gun]], a 105&nbsp;mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army and is in production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wlc/3.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927232249/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wlc/3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> This was a significant challenge for the OFB, and various issues were faced with its manufacture including reliability issues and metallurgical problems. These were rectified over time.<br />
* Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short-range anti-submarine rockets (with HE and practice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine which can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDO also designed short- and medium-range [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] rockets which deploy chaff to decoy away anti-ship homing missiles. In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in (76.2&nbsp;mm) PFHE shell, pre-fragmented and with a proximity fuse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/fz/6.htm |title=Ordnance Factory Board |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731044254/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/ammunition/fz/6.htm |archive-date=31 July 2010}}</ref> for use against anti-ship missiles and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are in production.<ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=A-E-P-C&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Ammunition, Explosives, Propellants & Chemicals |publisher=Ofbindia.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926095438/http://ofbindia.gov.in/index.php?wh=A-E-P-C&lang=en |archive-date=26 September 2010}}</ref><br />
* For the [[Indian Air Force]], DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze systems for the 450&nbsp;kg bomb used by strike aircraft, 68&nbsp;mm "Arrow" rockets (HE, Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air-to-ground and even air-to-air (if need be), a 450&nbsp;kg high-speed, low-drag (HSLD) bomb and practice bombs (which mimic different projectiles with the addition of suitable drag plates) and escape aid cartridges for Air Force aircraft. All these items are in production.<ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name=autogenerated2 /><br />
<br />
=== Tank armament ===<br />
<br />
DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank's 120&nbsp;mm rifled main gun and is presently engaged in the development of the armament for the Future IFV, the "[[Abhay IFV|Abhay]]". The DRDO is also a member of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO also upgraded the [[Vijayanta]] medium tank with new fire control computers.<br />
<br />
==Electronics and computer sciences==<br />
<br />
===Electronic warfare===<br />
<br />
[[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] stations for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. The Indian Army has ordered its Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and development stage, along with the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is substantial – it comprises [[COMINT]] and [[Electronic intelligence]] stations which can monitor and jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In contrast to other such systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can perform the most critical battlefield EW tasks in both COM and Non-COM roles. The system will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and capability in the Army. Its individual modules can also be operated independently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/gallery/0082/008210.jpg |title=Indian President Abdul Kalam presenting a model of the Samyukta to the then Army chief, NC Vij at its induction ceremony |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728032837/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/gallery/0082/008210.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> A follow on system known as '''Sauhard''' is under development.<br />
<br />
* The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and the Sujav ESM system meant for high accuracy direction finding and jamming of communication transceivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/Asie/Inde/Exhibition/Defexpo_2004_India/pictures/DefExpo_2004_View_India_04.jpg |title=Sujav System visible in the background, image copyright Army Recognition |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515104901/http://www.armyrecognition.com/Asie/Inde/Exhibition/Defexpo_2004_India/pictures/DefExpo_2004_View_India_04.jpg |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref><br />
* [[Samyukta Electronic Warfare System]]<br />
*E-bomb : DRDO is developing [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP) device that can be dropped using [[satellite guidance]]. [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) is the leading laboratory behind the project.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tur |first1=Jatinder Kaur |title=India developing E-bomb to paralyze networks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-developing-e-bomb-to-paralyze-networks/articleshow/22127411.cms |access-date=21 December 2021 |agency=TNN |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
====EW systems for the Air Force====<br />
<br />
* [[Radar warning receivers]] for the Indian Air Force of the ''Tarang'' series. These have been selected to upgrade most of the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as for the MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG-27 and Jaguar as well as self-protection upgrades for the transport fleet.<br />
* The Tranquil RWR for MiG-23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and the ''Tempest'' jamming system for the Air Force's MiG's. The latest variant of the '''Tempest''' jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well as deception jamming as it makes use of [[DRFM]]. The DRDO has also developed a High Accuracy Direction Finding system (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable of supersonic carriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/uploads/in_rwr_001.jpg |title=Tarang RWR, image copyright acig.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606190106/http://www.acig.org/artman/uploads/in_rwr_001.jpg |archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> This HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used by the Su-30 MKI for [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|SEAD]].<br />
* DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest [[Radar warning receiver]] for the Indian Air Force, the R118, had gone into production. The R118 can also fuse data from different sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warning systems and present the unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted that its new Radar Warner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced stage of development and would be submitted for trials. The RWJ is capable of detecting all foreseen threats and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.<br />
* Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint venture by the DRDO and EADS) which leverages EADS hardware and DRDO software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter and fighter fleets. DRDO also has laser warning systems available.<br />
* A [[DIRCM]] (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass DIRCM system intended to protect aircraft from infrared [[guided weapons]].<br />
* The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with the [[Indian Air Force]]'s Signals Intelligence Directorate, under the name of "Divya Drishti" (''Divine Sight''). Divya Drishti will field a range of static as well as mobile ESM stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets for mission analysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of radio frequency emissions like radar, navigational, communication or electronic countermeasure signals. The various components of the project will be networked via [[Communications satellite|SATCOM]] links.<br />
* Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included the COIN A and COIN B SIGINT stations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing 737s and Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar Fingerprinting System for the IAF and the Navy.<br />
* Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for the [[DRDO AEW&CS|AEW&C]] project. The Indian Air Force's AEW&C systems will also include a comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as well as conducting [[COMINT|Communications Intelligence]].<br />
<br />
===Radars===<br />
{{See also|List of Indian military radars}}The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been substantial progress in India's ability to design and manufacture high power radar systems with locally sourced components and systems. This began with the development of short-range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high power 3D systems like LRTR intended for strategic purposes. Several other projects span the gamut of radar applications, from airborne surveillance ([[Airborne early warning and control|AEW&C]]) to firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). A list of the tactical programs is as follows:<br />
<br />
====Army====<br />
<br />
*Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile Weapon System (Rajendra & 3D CAR respectively). In production.<br />
*Low Level Light weight 2D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani). In production.<br />
*Low Level Light weight 3D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani Mk2). In production.<br />
*3D Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (3D TCR). In production.<br />
*4D Active Aperture Array Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (4D TCR). In development.<br />
*Short Range Battle Field Surveillance Radar (2D BFSR-SR). In production.<br />
*Weapon Locating Radar (3D WLR). In production.<br />
*3D Atulya ADFCR (Air Defense Fire Control Radar). In development.<br />
*Multi Mission Radar (MMSR). Project cancelled and subsumed into QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM) program.<br />
*FOPEN Radar. In development.<br />
*Through wall detection Radar. In development.<br />
*Ground Penetration Radar. In development.<br />
<br />
====Air Force====<br />
<br />
*Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile Weapon System (Rajendra and 3D CAR respectively). In production.<br />
*Active Phased Array Radar for AEW&C. In production.<br />
*Low level 2D Air Defence Radar (Indra-2). Production closed and items delivered.<br />
*3D Low Level Light Weight Radar (Aslesha). In production.<br />
*3D Low Level Light Weight Radar for Mountains (Aslesha Mk2). In development.<br />
*3D Medium Range Surveillance Radar for Air Defence (Rohini derivative of 3D CAR)<br />
*4D Active Array Medium Power radar for AD role (Arudhra). In production.<br />
*4D Active Array Low Level Transportable radar for AD role (Ashwini). In production.<br />
*4D Active Array High Power radar for AD role. In development.<br />
*4D Active Array for AWACS India project. In development.<br />
*3D Active Array Multi Function Radar for BMD role (MFCR). In production.<br />
*3D Active Array Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) for BMD role. In production.<br />
*4D Active Array Very Long Range Tracking radar for BMD role (VLRTR). In development.<br />
*Airborne Electronically Scanned Array Radar for Tejas Mark 1A and Tejas Mk2 (Uttam). In development.<br />
*Ground Controlled interception<br />
*SAR for UAVs<br />
<br />
====Navy====<br />
<br />
*Maritime Patrol Radar for fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft (superseded by a more advanced system, the XV-2004)<br />
*Maritime Patrol Radar with RS and ISAR (XV-2004)<br />
*3D Medium-Range Surveillance Radar for ASW Corvettes. In production.<br />
*Multifunction Phased Array Radar for Air Defence Ship. In development.<br />
*Maritime Patrol Airborne Radar for UAV. In development.<br />
*Coastal Surveillance Radar (CSR). In production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/LRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp|title=Areas of Work LRDE|date=1 December 2014|access-date=24 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409014410/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/LRDE/English/index.jsp?pg=AreasWork.jsp|archive-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
More details on the DRDO's productions as well as production-ready radar systems is as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''[[Indian Doppler Radar|INDRA]] series''' of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the first high power radar developed by the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the Indian Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for the Indian Air Force, also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and track low flying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars that provide range and azimuth information and are meant to be used as gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC has pulse compression providing improved range resolution. The series is used both by the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Army]]<br />
*[[File:Rajendra Radar.jpg|thumb|[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra fire control radar]] at Adamya Chaitanya Exhibition 2016]] [[Rajendra Radar|'''Rajendra fire control radar''']] for the [[Akash missile|Akash SAM]]: The Rajendra is stated to be ready. However, it can be expected that further iterative improvements will be made. The Rajendra is a high power [[Passive electronically scanned array]] radar (PESA), with the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs against aircraft flying at low to medium altitudes. The Rajendra has a detection range of 80&nbsp;km with 18&nbsp;km height coverage against small fighter-sized targets and is able to track 64 targets, engaging 4 simultaneously, with up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendra features a fully digital high-speed signal processing system with an adaptive moving target indicator, coherent signal processing, FFTs, and variable pulse repetition frequency. The entire PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degrees on a rotating platform. This allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even conduct all-round surveillance.<br />
* [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)|'''Central Acquisition Radar''']], a state of the art planar array S-band radar operating on the stacked beam principle. With a range of 180&nbsp;km, it can [[track while scan]] 200 fighter-sized targets. Its systems are integrated on high mobility, locally built TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however, it is meant to be used by all three services. Initially developed for the long-running Akash SAM system, seven were ordered by the Indian Air Force for their radar modernisation program and two of another variants were ordered by the Indian Navy for their P-28 Corvettes. The CAR has been a significant success for radar development in India, with its state of the art signal processing hardware.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/uploads/os_car_001.jpg |title=JPEG image of the 3D CAR, image copyright Acig.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606225833/http://www.acig.org/artman/uploads/os_car_001.jpg |archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/IAF_going_through_stage_of_modernisation_Major/articleshow/3705906.cms |title=IAF modernisation |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111125239/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/IAF_going_through_stage_of_modernisation_Major/articleshow/3705906.cms |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref> The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant while the REVATHI is the Indian Navy specific variant. The ROHINI has a more advanced Indian developed antenna in terms of power handling and beamforming technology while the REVATHI adds two-axis stabilisation for operation in naval conditions, as well as extra naval modes.[[File: BFSR-SR with thermal imager.JPG|thumb|[[BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar|Battlefield Surveillance Radar]]-Short Range (BFSR-SR) on display at Aero India-2007.|alt=]]<br />
* [[BEL Battle Field Surveillance Radar|'''BFSR-SR''']], a 2D short-range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meant to be man-portable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the project was a systematic example of concurrent engineering, with the production agency involved through the design and development stage. This enabled the design to be brought into production quickly.<ref>{{cite web|author=Source |url=http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2005/02/08/0802aerobel.html |title=BFSR orders and export push |publisher=Finance.indiainfo.com |date=8 February 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110195132/http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2005/02/08/0802aerobel.html |archive-date=10 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/001200708060340.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161633/http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/001200708060340.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 October 2007 |title=BEL to export anti-infiltration radar to Indonesia |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 }}</ref> The radar continues to progress further in terms of integration, with newer variants being integrated with thermal imagers for visually tracking targets detected by the radar. Up to 10 BFSR-SR can be networked together for network-centric operation. It is in use with the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] as well as export customers.<br />
* '''Super Vision-2000''', an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meant for helicopters and light transport aircraft. This program was subsequently superseded by the advanced XV-2004 which offered a more sophisticated architecture able to handle SAR and ISAR modes. The SV-2000 is a lightweight, high performance, slotted array radar operating in the X-Band. It can detect sea-surface targets such as a periscope or a vessel against heavy clutter and can also be used for navigation, weather mapping, and beacon detection. The radar can detect a large vessel at over 100 nautical miles (370&nbsp;km). It is currently under modification to be fitted to the Advanced Light Helicopter and the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to the Navy's Ka-25's as well. A more advanced variant of the Super Vision, known as the XV-2004 is now in trials and features an ISAR, SAR Capability intended for the Indian Navy's helicopter fleet.<br />
* '''[[Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar]]''', a 3D AESA was developed with assistance from [[Elta Systems|Elta]] of [[Israel]] and is similar to Elta's proven [[EL/M-2080 Green Pine]] long-range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processing and software for tracking high-speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced more ruggedisation. The radar uses mostly Indian designed and manufactured components such as its critical high power, L Band Transmit-Receive modules and other enabling technologies necessary for active phased array radars. The LRTR can track 200 targets and has a range of above 500&nbsp;km. It can detect [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]]. The LRTR would be amongst the key elements of the [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]. DRDO would provide the technology to private and public manufacturers to make these high power systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041509810400.htm |title=Details of LRTR from 2004 |date=15 April 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809122055/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041509810400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 August 2010}}</ref><br />
* '''3D Multi-Function Control Radar''' (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian anti-ballistic missile program in cooperation with [[Thales Group|Thales]] of France. The MFCR is an active phased array radar and complements the ''Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar'', for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also serve as the fire control radar for the AAD second-tier missile system of the ABM program. The AAD has a supplementary role against aircraft as well and can engage missiles and aircraft up to an altitude of 30&nbsp;km. The MFCR fills out the final part of the DRDO's radar development spectrum and allows India to manufacture long-range 3D radars that can act as the nodes of an Air Defence Ground Environment system.<br />
* '''2D Low-Level Lightweight Radar''' (LLLWR) for the Indian Army, known as the Bharani, which requires many of these units for gap-filling in mountainous terrain and has been ordered into production after clearing Indian Army trials. The Indian Air Force will also acquire a more advanced unit, called the Aslesha. The LLLWR is a 2D radar with a range of 40&nbsp;km against a 2 square meter target, intended as a gap-filler to plug detection gaps versus low-level aircraft in an integrated Air Defence Ground network. The LLLWR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely a similar antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a far more portable unit. The LLLWR can [[track while scan]] 100 targets and provide details about their speed, azimuth, and range to the operator. The LLLWR makes use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers are the same. Multiple LLLWRs can be networked together. The LLLWR is meant to detect low-level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence fire control units to cue their weapon systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/aero/main.php?g2_itemId=1355 |title=LLLR Specifications |publisher=Media.bharat-rakshak.com |date=18 January 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021103105/http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/aero/main.php?g2_itemId=1355 |archive-date=21 October 2007}}</ref><br />
* '''3D Short-Range Radar''' for the Indian Air Force – ASLESHA: The ASLESHA radars have a range of approximately 50&nbsp;km against small fighter-sized targets and will be able to determine their range, speed, azimuth, and height. This radar will enable the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately track low-level intruders. The radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1-meter square aperture. The DRDO was in discussions with the Indian Navy to mount these systems on small ships.<br />
* '''Multi-mode radar''', a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a subsystem provider. This project to develop an advanced, lightweight Multi-mode fire control radar for the [[LCA Tejas]] fighter had faced challenges and was delayed and finally superseded by a program called the Uttam to develop an AESA FCR for the Tejas LCA. The MMR program was finally completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance and became a hybrid system incorporating the original DRDO antenna, gimbal stabilisation, and Israeli backend. The multi-mode radar has the range (for detection of a small fighter target) around 100&nbsp;km can track 10 targets, can engage 2 targets and uses the lightweight system. Originally, DRDO developed an all-new combined signal and the data processor had been developed, replacing the original separate units. The new unit is much more powerful and makes use of contemporary ADSP processors. The radar's critical hardware was also developed and validated. The software for the air-to-air mode has been developed considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look down modes) but air-to-ground modes were still being worked upon and proved problematic. The radar development was shown to be considerably more mature than previously thought but still faced significant delays and challenges. At Aero India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR project has been superseded by the new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR has been completed with Elta Israel's assistance and now involved [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] technology for Air-to-Ground mapping and targeting – in order to simplify testing, the Hybrid MMR basically became an Indian variant of the EL/M-2032 with an Indian antenna and gimbal system as Elta pointed out mixing and matching Indian hardware with Israeli software would, in essence, mean a new design with a significant time impact. The "hybrid" MMR has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial [[LCA Tejas]] fighters.<br />
* DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various other license-produced radars manufactured at [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] with the help of BEL scientists and other researchers. These improvements include new radar data processors for license-produced signal radars as well as local radar assemblies replacing the earlier imported ones.[[File:Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg|thumb|BEL Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018.]]<br />
* '''[[BEL Weapon Locating Radar]]''': Swathi, a 3D radar developed from the Rajendra fire-control radar for the Akash system, uses a [[passive electronically scanned array]] to detect multiple targets for fire correction and weapon location. The system has been developed and demonstrated to the Army and orders have been placed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/main.php?g2_itemId=2333 |title=WLR prototype, image copyright Bharat Rakshak |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=18 January 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810111352/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/main.php?g2_itemId=2333 |archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref> In terms of performance, the WLR is stated to be superior to the [[AN/TPQ-37]], several of which were imported by India as an interim system while the WLR got ready. The Indian Army has ordered 28 of these units.<br />
* '''Ashwini''': It is a quick-deployment, 4D low-level transportable radar, developed by LRDE, for the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=12 March 2025 |title=Defence Ministry inks contract Rs 2,906 crore with BEL for Ashwini radar for IAF |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/defence-ministry-inks-contract-rs-2-906-crore-with-bel-for-ashwini-radar-for-iaf-dmn-st0fyy |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref> The radar can detect 2 m² RCS targets up to 150km away, with an altitude coverage of 30m to 15km. Its range is 200 km. The radar has two modes of operation: rotation and gazing. When in rotation mode, the antenna rotates at 7.5/15 rpm, providing 360º [[azimuth]] and 40° [[elevation]] surveillance coverage. When operating in gazing mode, the antenna looks in a predetermined azimuth with a surveillance coverage of 40° in elevation and ±60º in azimuth. The radar includes time synchronisation of multiple receivers, 2D [[Beamforming#Digital, analog, and hybrid|digital beamforming]], digital beamforming-based active array calibration, multi-beam processing, and is based on [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state]] [[AESA radar|AESA]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOW LEVEL TRANSPORTABLE RADAR (LLTR) - ASHWINI |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/lltr.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2025-03-13 |title=How indigenous transportable radar Ashwini can boost India's air defence capabilities |url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-indigenous-transportable-radar-ashwini-can-boost-indias-air-defence-capabilities/2546731/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> With an integrated [[Identification friend or foe|IFF system]] and advanced [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|ECCM capabilities]], LLTR can scan both elevation and azimuth electronically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ketkar |first=Swati |date=2025-03-13 |title=Atmanirbharta in Defence: MoD signs Rs 2906 crore contract with BEL for 'Ashwini' radar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/atmanirbharta-in-defence-mod-signs-inr-2906-crore-contract-with-bel-for-ashwini-radar-1.10420521 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> It uses [[open architecture]] for easy upgrades. LLTR can automatically detect and track aerial targets from fast fighter aircraft to slow moving UAVs and helicopters. On March 12, 2025, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] signed a capital acquisition deal with [[Bharat Electronics]] for 18 units of Ashwini radar, which will cost ₹2,906 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Rs 2,906 crore contract signed with BEL for Low-level Transportable Radar (Ashwini) for IAF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2110849 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-03-12 |title=IAF to get indigenous low-level transportable radars under Rs 2,906 crore deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-to-get-indigenous-low-level-transportable-radars-under-rs-2906-crore-deal/articleshow/118939918.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The IAF will deploy the radar as a plug-in option to fill in the gaps in its early warning capabilities. The system will send the feed to the [[IACCS]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''3D Tactical Control Radar''': a new program, the TCR is an approximately 90&nbsp;km ranged system for use by the Indian Army. A highly mobile unit, it is a variant of the 3D CAR unit and packaged into 2 as verses 3 units. The Indian Army has ordered many of the types for its Air Defense Units.<br />
<br />
Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under development or in trials, these include:<br />
<br />
* '''Active Phased Array radar''': a 3D radar for fighters, an MMR follow on, the APAR project aims to field a fully-fledged operational AESA fire control radar for the expected Mark-2 version of the [[Light Combat Aircraft]]. This will be the second airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to replicate DRDO's success with the ground-based radar segment to airborne systems. The overall airborne APAR program aims to prevent this technology gap from developing, with a broad-based program to bring DRDO up to par with international developers in airborne systems, both fire control, and surveillance. As of 2016, the radar was still in development, with variants expected to be fielded on future IAF fighters like the MCA or Tejas advanced Marks.<br />
* '''[[Synthetic aperture radar]] & [[Inverse synthetic aperture radar]]''': the DRDO's LRDE is currently working on both SAR and ISAR radars for target detection and classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for both conventional fixed wing as well as [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle|UAV]] applications.<br />
* '''Airborne Warning and Control''': a new radar-based on [[active electronically scanned array]] technology. The aim of the project is to develop an in-house capability for high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering the development of an S-Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have data-links to link fighters plus communicate with the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a local SATCOM (satellite communication system), along with other onboard ESM and COMINT systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012501641500.htm |title=Aircraft for AWACS to be chosen by the IAF |publisher=Blonnet.com |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813033613/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012501641500.htm |archive-date=13 August 2010}}</ref> As of 2016, the system was in advanced trials and had achieved a TRL (Technical Readiness Level) of 8/10 with trials focusing on proving its self-protection equipment.<br />
* '''Medium-Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar''': in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO) stated that it was working on a ''Long-range'' battlefield surveillance radar. It is possible that the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project and the [[Indian Army]] will utilise the BEL built [[ELTA]] designed BFSR-MR's for Medium-Range surveillance while using the LRDE designed systems for Long Range surveillance. The 2D radar was to track ground targets and provide key intelligence to the Indian Army's artillery units, with the resultant information available on various tactical networks. As of 2016, this project was not active.<br />
* '''3D Medium Power Radar''': a spin-off of the experience gained via the 3D MFCR project, the 3D Medium Power Radar project is intended to field a radar with a range of approximately 300&nbsp;km against small fighter-sized targets. Intended for the Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array, and will be transportable. It will play a significant role being used as part of the nodes of the [[Indian Air Force]]'s enhanced Air Defence Ground Environment System. As of 2016, the radar was ready for IAF user trials and the IAF had ordered 8 MPRs already.<br />
* '''3D Army AD Fire Control Radar''': A new program for the Indian Army, the Atulya FCR is intended to provide Army AD units with a compact fire control system for their armament. The Indian Army has a total requirement of over 60 FCRs.<br />
* '''3D Army Multi-Mission Radar:''' A new program for the Indian Army, the mobile compact radar system is expected to be capable of both artillery detection and air defense missions. As of 2016, it was in an advanced stage of development, with basic design completed and realisation of the prototype underway.<br />
<br />
====Command and control software and decision-making tools====<br />
<br />
* Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for the Navy and air war software for the Air Force. All these systems are operational with the respective services.<br />
* C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has developed several critical C3I (command, control, communications and intelligence systems) for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the Indian Army aims to spend {{USD}}300 million to network all its artillery guns using the ACCS (Artillery Command and Control System). Developed by DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprises computers and intelligent terminals connected as a wide area network. Its main subsystems are the artillery computer centre, battery computer, remote access terminal and a gun display unit. The ACCS is expected to improve the Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and allowing for more rapid and accurate firepower. The ACCS will also improve the ability of commanders to concentrate that fire-power where it is most needed. The DRDO and BEL have also developed a Battle Management system for the [[Indian Army]] for its tanks and tactical units.<br />
<br />
Other programmes in development for the Army include Corps level information and decision making software and tools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I. These systems are in production at DRDO's production partner, [[Bharat Electronics]]. These projects are being driven by the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]]. The Indian Army is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also delivered projects such as the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's communication hardware.<br />
<br />
* Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have been provided by the DRDO. The Navy is currently engaged in a naval networking project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus maritime patrol aircraft and sensors.<br />
* Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air Force's network of radars and airbases which have been operationalised. Other systems include sophisticated and highly complex ''mission planning and C3I systems'' for missiles, such as the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruise missile. These systems are common to all three services as all of them utilise different variants of these missiles.<br />
* Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated on manufacturing a range of simulators and training devices for the three services, from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the Indian Air Force, to sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters, tanks and gunnery devices.<br />
<br />
===Computing technologies===<br />
<br />
DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for most of its defence projects. These include supercomputers for computational flow dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs manufactured in India for flight controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.<br />
<br />
* Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE+<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpcwire.com/archives/5465.html |title=Report from 1995 on the initial PACE system |publisher=Hpcwire.com |date=4 May 1995 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809225656/http://www.hpcwire.com/archives/5465.html |archive-date=9 August 2010}}</ref> Supercomputer for strategic purposes for supporting its various programmes. The initial version, as detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: The system delivered a sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations per second) for computational [[fluid dynamics]] programmes. Pace-Plus included 32 advanced computing nodes, each with 64 megabytes (MB) of memory that can be expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is a [[hyperSPARC]] with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid dynamics, these high-speed computer systems were used in areas such as vision, medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neural networks and finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is the PACE ++, a 128 node parallel processing system. With a front-end processor, it has a distributed memory and message passing system. Under Project '''Chitra''', the DRDO is implementing a system with a computational speed of 2-3 Teraflops utilising commercial off the shelf components and the Open Source Linux Operating System.<br />
* Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of processors and application specific integrated circuits for its critical projects. Many of these systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused across different projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert cartesian to polar coordinates, ANUCO, a floating point coprocessor and several others, including the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used in several DRDO projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/articles/hits.asp?id=1106 |title=ANUPAMA processor |publisher=Electronicsforu.com |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><br />
* Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has been to create a substantial local design and development capability within India, both in the private and public sectors. This policy has led to several hard to obtain or otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in India. These include components such as radar subsystems (product specific travelling wave tubes) to components necessary for electronic warfare and other cutting edge projects. Today, there are a range of firms across India, which design and manufacture key components for DRDO, allowing it to source locally for quite a substantial chunk of its procurement. The DRDO has also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off the shelf) processors and technology, and follow Open Architecture standards, wherever possible, in order to pre-empt obsolescence issues and follow industry practise. One significant example is the development of an Open Architecture computer for the Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and VME64 standard. Variants of the earlier Mission computer utilising Intel 486 DX chips are already present on the Su-30 MKI, Jaguar and MiG-27 Upgrades for the Indian Air Force.<br />
* [[Infosys]] Autolay integrated automated software for designing 3-D laminated composite elements.{{cn|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)===<br />
<br />
DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as focus areas in the next 15 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DRDOs-next-Star-Wars-like-weapons/articleshow/6248942.cms#ixzz3qGVfeigT|title=DRDO's next: Star Wars-like weapons|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020161307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DRDOs-next-Star-Wars-like-weapons/articleshow/6248942.cms#ixzz3qGVfeigT|archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> The aim is to develop laser-based weapons, deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can intercept missiles soon after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of the ballistic missile defence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is developing a 25-kilowatt laser system to hit a missile during its terminal phase at a distance of 5–7&nbsp;km. LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system, under project Aditya, which should be ready in three years. Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control technology. Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used. For US President [[Donald Trump]] visit to India in 2020, DRDO deployed the LASTEC developed vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system for counter-drone operations in [[Ahmedabad]] after completion of successful trial on 21 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-this-drdo-made-weapon-will-safeguard-skies-during-trump-modi-s-roadshow-11582286736993.html|title=How this DRDO-made weapon will safeguard skies during Trump-Modi's roadshow|date=2020-02-21|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> It can detect, identify and destroy low flying objects of smaller size carrying explosives or arms and ammunitions. The Aditya directed energy weapon system was first deployed during the visit of Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]] 2020.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br />
<br />
LASTEC projects include:<br />
<br />
[[File:Laser Dazzler - DRDO - Pride of India - Exhibition - 100th Indian Science Congress - Kolkata 2013-01-03 2560.JPG|thumb|Hand-held laser dazzler.]]<br />
<br />
'''Non-Lethal systems:'''<br />
<br />
* Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage. 50-metre range. '''Status:''' Ready.<br />
* Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre range. '''Status:''' Will take 2 more years.<br />
* Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs and other explosives from a distance. '''Status:''' Trials begin in 18 months.<br />
<br />
'''Lethal Systems:'''<br />
<br />
* Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of 10&nbsp;km. '''Status:''' Will take 2 more years.<br />
* 25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase at range of 5 to 7&nbsp;km. '''Status:''' Will take 5 more years.<br />
* At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships, to destroy missiles in their boost phase itself. '''Status:''' Will take a decade.<br />
<br />
====Directed Energy Weapons (DEW)====<br />
<br />
In view of future warfare and contactless military conflict, DRDO initiated '''National Directed Energy Weapons Programme''' in collaboration with domestic private sector industries and various public institutions. It is working on several [[directed energy weapons]] (DEW) system such as [[KALI (electron accelerator)]] based on [[electromagnetic radiation]] or [[subatomic particle]] beam to achieve short, medium and long term national goals. Initially divided into two phases, Indian Army and Indian Air Force requested minimum of 20 tactical DEWs that can destroy smaller drones and electronic warfare radar systems within 6&nbsp;km to 8&nbsp;km distance. Under phase 2, another 20 tactical DEWs will be developed that can destroy target within 15&nbsp;km to 20&nbsp;km distance which will be used against troops and vehicles from ground or air platforms. As of 2020, a truck mounted DEW of 10 kilowatt laser with range of 2&nbsp;km and portable tripod mounted 2 kilowatt DEW with range of 1&nbsp;km were demonstrated in field operation successfully.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|date=14 September 2020|title=DRDO plans Star Wars-style weapons for battles of future|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-plans-star-wars-style-weapons-for-battles-of-future/articleshow/78096712.cms|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> DRDO is working on 50 kilowatt DEW along with ship motion compensation systems for the Indian Navy.<ref name=":2" /> In future, DRDO plans to work on a bigger 100&nbsp;kW DEW.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=M|first1=Anantha Krishnan|date=15 August 2019|title=Future technologies must be propelled by power of today's youth: DRDO chairman|publisher=On Manorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2019/08/15/drdo-chief-amca-india-defence-advancements.html|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== DURGA II =====<br />
<br />
DRDO is working on a classified 100&nbsp;kW directed energy weapon called Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array or DURGA.<ref>{{Cite web|last=George|first=Justin Paul|date=4 December 2021|title=China's hypersonic weapons aren't just hype. India should be worried|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/12/03/chinas-hypersonic-weapons-arent-just-hype-india-should-be-worried.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-09|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204114736/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/12/03/chinas-hypersonic-weapons-arent-just-hype-india-should-be-worried.html |archive-date=4 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Quantum communication ===<br />
A [[quantum key distribution]] link between [[Prayagraj]] and [[Vindhyachal]], which is more than 100 kilometers away, was demonstrated by DRDO and [[IIT Delhi]] on 23 February 2022. It was accomplished using commercial-grade [[optical fiber]]. At filtered key rates of up to 10 [[KHz]], the performance parameters were measured and were determined to be within the published international standards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2022 |title=DRDO and IIT Delhi scientists demonstrate Quantum Key Distribution between two cities 100 kilometres apart |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1800648 |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Quantum communication was demonstrated in [[New Delhi]] on 26 November 2024, by IIT Delhi and the DRDO Industry Academia–Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE). The focus was on entanglement-based [[QKD]] for reliable and secure communication. In a controlled setup, entanglement distribution and QKD are shown across a 50 km fiber link. During a field test at IIT Delhi, the test has shown QKD and entanglement distribution across 8 km of optical fiber. In another demonstration, [[BBM92 protocol]] was used, to show the distribution of free-space entanglement between two tables that were 20 meters apart in the lab setup and 80 meters apart in real world condition. In a free-space configuration, it proved short-range quantum communication.<ref name=":5" /> <br />
<br />
In a different experiment, hybrid entanglement was shown to work in a free-space setting, attaining a quantum bit error rate of about 6%, over a 10-meter distance in a lab setting. QKD systems that enable numerous independent channels powered by a single source are also being investigated. This paves the way for development of an adaptable, multi-protocol quantum communication system. The studies were conducted using an all-fiber heralded photon source that has a second-order correlation function (g² ~ 0.01) and can achieve speeds of hundreds of [[KHz]]. It is essential for the production of single photons. Additionally, an all-fiber entangled photon source with excellent visibility has been developed. With a [[Bell test]] parameter greater than 2.6, this source exhibits high quantum entanglement, which is necessary for the BBM92 protocol. A free-space heralded single photon source with a heralding rate of more than 4 million counts/sec for free space quantum communication operations has also been developed.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=DRDO and IIT Delhi organise demonstration of various Quantum Communication Technologies |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2077600 |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The successful demonstration of free-space quantum secure communication employing quantum entanglement at a distance exceeding 1 km via a free-space optical link was made on 16 June 2025, by DIA-CoE and IIT Delhi. The experiment achieved a quantum bit error rate of less than 7% and a secure key rate of around 240 bits per second. This entanglement-assisted quantum secure communication opens the door to real-time quantum cyber security applications, including creation of quantum networks, the quantum internet, and long-distance QKD. In 2024, DRDO team successfully distributing quantum keys via entanglement across a 100 kilometer spool of telecom-grade optical fiber.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2025 |title=DRDO & IIT Delhi demonstrate Quantum Entanglement-Based Free-Space Quantum Secure Communication over more than 1 km distance |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2136702 |access-date=20 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Combat vehicles & engineering==<br />
<br />
===Tanks and armoured vehicles===<br />
<br />
[[File:T-72 Ajeya.jpg|thumb|T-72 ''Ajeya'' of the Indian Army]]<br />
<br />
* Ajeya upgrade (Invincible): upgrade for the [[T-72]] fleet, incorporating a mix of locally made and imported subsystems. 250 have been ordered. Local systems include the DRDO-developed [[Reactive armour|ERA]], a DRDO-developed laser warning system and combat net radio, the Bharat Electronics Limited advanced land navigation system consisting of fibre optic gyros and GPS, [[Weapon of mass destruction|NBC]] protection and DRDO's fire detection and suppression system amongst other items. Imported systems include a compact [[Thermographic camera|thermal imager]] and fire control system and a new 1000&nbsp;hp engine.<br />
* Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the [[Kinetic energy penetrator|FSAPDS]] for the 125&nbsp;mm calibre, meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120&nbsp;mm [[Kinetic energy penetrator|FSAPDS]] and [[High explosive squash head|HESH]] rounds for the [[Arjun MBT|Arjun tank]] and 105&nbsp;mm [[Kinetic energy penetrator|FSAPDS]] rounds for the Army's [[Vijayanta]] and [[T-55]] tanks. Significant amounts of 125&nbsp;mm anti-tank rounds manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to improper packaging of the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage during storage at high temperatures. The locally developed rounds were rectified and requalified. Production of these local rounds was then restarted. Since 2001, over {{formatnum:130000}} rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The DRDO said in 2005 that it had developed a Mk2 version of the 125&nbsp;mm round, with higher power propellant for greater penetration. In parallel, the OFB announced in 2006 that it was also manufacturing 125&nbsp;mm IMI ([[Israel Military Industries]]) rounds. It is believed that this might assist in improving the OFB's APFSDS manufacturing capability. These rounds and presumably the Mk2 round and will be used by both the [[T-72]] and [[T-90]] formations in the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India / New Delhi&nbsp;3 October 2005 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?autono=219530 |title=OFB manufacturing new 125 mm round from IMI | newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=3 October 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729034307/http://www.business-standard.com/bsonline/storypage.php?autono=219530 |archive-date=29 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://mod.nic.in/reports/MOD-English2006.pdf MOD Annual Report from 2006 with details on new DRDO projects delivered, including new 125 mm MK2 FSAPDS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013233/http://mod.nic.in/reports/MOD-English2006.pdf |date=27 September 2007 }} [PDF File]</ref><br />
* Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from [[composite armour]] and [[explosive reactive armour]] to ''Radios'' (Combat Net Radio with frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. [[Fire-control system]]s are currently in production at BEL for the [[Arjun MBT|Arjun tanks]]. The first batch in production have a hybrid Sagem-DRDO system, with Sagem sights and local fire control computer.<br />
* [[Arjun MBT|Arjun]] tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is now in series production at [[Heavy Vehicles Factory|HVF]] Avadi.[[File:Arjun MK1A field trials.jpg|thumb|Arjun MBT Mark 1A]] The [[Arjun MBT|Arjun]] follows a template similar to the tanks developed by [[Western world|western nations]], with containerised [[ammunition]] storage, with blast off panels, heavy [[Composite armour]], a 120&nbsp;mm gun ([[Rifling|rifled]] as compared to smoothbore on most other tanks), a modern FCS with high hit probability and a {{convert|1400|HP}} engine and a four-man crew. Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani acquisition of the [[M1 Abrams]], the project fell into disfavour once it became clear that Pakistan was instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) T type tanks {{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}. In such a milieu, acquiring the [[Arjun MBT|Arjun]] in huge numbers is simply unnecessary for the [[Indian Army]], given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an entirely new type. The [[Indian Army]] ordered 124 units in 2000 and an additional 124 units in 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/images/arjun-mbt-pic1.jpg |title=A picture of the Arjun MBT |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511102021/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/images/arjun-mbt-pic1.jpg |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_416.shtml |title=Gallery of armoured vehicles at |publisher=Acig.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827061021/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_416.shtml |archive-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> and Mark 1A variant is already developed and ordered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61808|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221339/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61808|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Modification of BMP-2 series===<br />
<br />
India licence manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been used as the basis for several locally designed modifications, ranging from missile launchers to engineering support vehicles. The DRDO and its various labs have been instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian Army.<br />
<br />
* [[Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle|Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle]] for enabling the combat engineers to acquire and record terrain survey data. The instruments mounted on the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bed profile, water depth and [[bearing capacity]] of soil of the obstacle in real time which are helpful in taking decisions regarding laying of tracks or building of bridges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111401961300.htm |title=AERV handed over to the Army |publisher=Blonnet.com |date=14 November 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809204810/http://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111401961300.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010}}</ref><br />
* Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving operations in different terrain for preparation of bridging sites, clearing obstacles and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also a built-in feature using a rocket-propelled anchor.<br />
* [[Carrier Mortar Tracked]]: designed to mount and fire an 81&nbsp;mm mortar from within vehicle. Capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side; 108 rounds of mortar ammunition stowed.<ref>[http://www.pib.nic.in/photo/2006/Jan/l200601267169.jpg Image of the CMT, copyright PIB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315212413/http://www.pib.nic.in/photo/2006/Jan/l200601267169.jpg |date=15 March 2007 }}</ref><br />
* Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.<br />
* NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for determining NBC contamination, as well as bringing back samples. The vehicle includes a plow for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such as a radiation dosimeter amongst other key items.<br />
<br />
===Other engineering vehicles===<br />
<br />
* Bridge Layer Tank: claimed by DRDO to be amongst the best bridging systems available on a medium class tank. It has an option to carry a 20-metre or 22-metre class 70 MLC bridge, which can be negotiated by all tanks in service with [[Indian Army]].<br />
* Amphibious Floating Bridge and Ferry System intended for transporting heavy armour, troops and engineering equipment across large and deep water obstacles. The vehicle can convert to a fully decked bridge configuration of 28.4 metres in length in 9 minutes. Two more vehicles can be joined in tandem to form a floating bridge of 105 metres in length in 30 minutes. The bridge superstructure is integrated with floats to provide stability and additional buoyancy. The vehicle is also capable of retracting its wheels for use as a grounded bridge/ramp for high banks.<br />
* Arjun Bridge Layer Tank: the BLT-Arjun is an all-new design with a scissor type bridge laying method, which helps it avoid detection from afar. It uses the chassis of the Arjun tank and can take higher weights than the BLT-72.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/26sld4.jpg |title=The BLT Arjun followed by the AFFS, Image copyright Rediff.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125842/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/26sld4.jpg |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><br />
*[[DRDO Sarvatra|Sarvatra Multi-span Bridge System]]: the bridge can be deployed over water and land obstacles to provide 75 metres of bridge-length for battle tanks, supply convoys and troops. The system consists of a light aluminum alloy scissors bridge and was approved for production in March 2000 trials. One complete set of the multi span mobile bridging system includes five truck-mounted units with a bridge-span of 15 metres each. The system is designed to take the weight of the [[Arjun MBT]], by far the heaviest vehicle in the Army's inventory. Microprocessor based control system reduces the number of personnel required to deploy and operationalise the bridge. The bridging equipment is carried on a Tatra Kolos chassis and the system is built by Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/kapoor.html |title=Complete text relating to the Sarvatra available at the Bharat Rakshak Monitor |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102123743/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/kapoor.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
* Mobile Decontamination System: with the NBC aspect of the battlefield in mind, the DRDO developed a Tatra vehicle based Mobile Decontamination system for decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles & terrain during war. The main sub-systems of mobile decontamination system are: pre-wash, chemical wash and post wash systems respectively. The pre-wash system consists of a 3000-litre stainless steel water tank and a fast suction pump. A high-pressure jet with a capacity of 3400 L/hour and a low-pressure jet with a capacity of 900 L/hour and 1600 L/hour are included. The chemical wash system is capable of mixing two powders and two liquids with variable feed rates and has a five-litre per minute slurry emulsion flow rate. The post wash system consists of a high-pressure hot water jet, a hot water shower for personnel and provision of steam for decontamination of clothing. The decontamination systems have been introduced into the services. The system is under production for the Army at DRDO's partnering firms, with the DRDO itself manufacturing the pilot batch.<br />
* Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)/[[DRDO Daksh|Daksh]]: A tracked robotic vehicle with staircase climbing ability has been developed and is particularly intended for remote explosion of explosive devices. The ROV is carried in a specially designed carrier vehicle with additional armament and firing ports. The ROV itself is fairly sophisticated, with provision to carry various optronic payloads, an articulated gripper to pick up objects, an ability to traverse difficult terrain including staircases, as well as an integral waterjet projector to blow up explosive packages. It was formally inducted into Indian army's corps of engineers on 19 December 2011. The Indian army placed a total order of 20 ROVs and 6 of them are now operational with army. Each unit cost about Rs. 9&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news<br />
<br />
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mobile-robots-for-disposal-of-IEDs/articleshow/11173186.cms<br />
<br />
|title=Mobile robots for disposal of IEDs<br />
<br />
|work=The Times of India<br />
<br />
|access-date=20 December 2011<br />
<br />
|date=20 December 2011<br />
<br />
|url-status=live<br />
<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Mobile-robots-for-disposal-of-IEDs/articleshow/11173186.cms<br />
<br />
|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=22955|title=ROV Development, Indian Defence Ministry press release from December 2006|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230035921/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=22955|archive-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
* DRDO is developing robotic soldiers and mules capable of carrying luggage up to 400&nbsp;kg at high altitudes.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/DRDO-in-the-process-of-developing-robotic-soldiers/articleshow/14693449.cms| title= DRDO in the process of developing robotic soldiers| date= 6 July 2012| work= The Times of India| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120705195447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/DRDO-in-the-process-of-developing-robotic-soldiers/articleshow/14693449.cms| archive-date= 5 July 2012}}</ref><br />
*DRDO developed Short Span Bridging System (SSBS) of 10 meter length and 4 meter wide that can cover a gap of 9.5 meter on single [[Span (engineering)|span]]. The system is mounted on a 8x8 [[BEML Limited|BEML]]-[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] truck. The project first started with a small prototype development of 5 meter SSBS on a 6x6 BEML-Tatra [[chassis]]. Indian Army inducted 12 SSBS of 10 meter length on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-03|title=Army inducts 10m bridging system developed by DRDO|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-inducts-10m-bridging-system-developed-by-drdo/article35110822.ece|access-date=2021-07-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
===In development===<br />
<br />
* [[Abhay IFV]] (Fearless): an IFV design in prototype form. This IFV will have a 40&nbsp;mm gun based on the proven Bofors L70 (Armour piercing and explosive rounds), a fire-control system derived from the [[Arjun MBT]] project with a thermal imager, all-electric turret and gun stabilisation, a locally designed FLAME launcher for locally manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank missiles and an Indian diesel engine. The armour will be lightweight composite.<br />
* Armoured vehicle for Paramilitary forces: a wheeled armoured vehicle, the AVP was displayed at Defexpo-2006. The AVP has armoured glass windows and firing ports, as well as provision for heavier calibre small arms, and crowd control equipment. Currently at prototype stage.<br />
* Mining and De-mining equipment: the [[Drdo Self Propelled Mine Burier|Self Propelled Mine Burier]] has been developed by the DRDO for a requirement projected by the Indian Army. It is an automated mine laying system developed on a high mobility vehicle and is currently in trials. The Counter-Mine flail, is a vehicle built upon the T-72 chassis and has a series of fast moving flails to destroy mines. A prototype has been displayed.<br />
<br />
==Naval research and development==<br />
<br />
===Sonars===<br />
<br />
[[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL), [[Bharat Electronics]] and the [[Indian Navy]] have developed and productionised a range of [[sonar]]s and related systems for the [[Indian Navy]]'s frontline combat ships.[[File:Shivalik long shot.jpg|thumb|The [[Shivalik-class frigate|Shivalik class]] of [[Frigate|frigates]] contain significant DRDO-developed systems]] These include:<br />
* '''APSOH''' (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull mounted),<br />
* '''HUMVAD''' (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),<br />
* '''HUMSA''' (Follow on to the APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA stands for Hull Mounted Sonar Array),<br />
* '''Nagin''' (Towed Array Sonar),<br />
* '''[[Panchendriya (sonar)|Panchendriya]]''' (Submarine sonar and fire control system).<br />
<br />
Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. DRDO's sonars are already present on the Indian Navy's most powerful ships. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagin towed array sonar. The Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in production for the [[Sindhughosh class submarine|Kilo class submarine]] upgrades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/28/stories/2005022801070100.htm |title=Article on DRDO's NPOL |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=28 February 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729033000/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/28/stories/2005022801070100.htm |archive-date=29 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mp/2002/12/30/stories/2002123000230200.htm |title=Article on DRDO's sonars |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=30 December 2002 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729033328/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mp/2002/12/30/stories/2002123000230200.htm |archive-date=29 July 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Torpedoes===<br />
<br />
DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple [[torpedo]] designs. These include a lightweight torpedo that has been accepted by the Navy and cleared for production.<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/subcontinent/2006/April/subcontinent_April1022.xml&section=subcontinent&col No Page Found] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181751/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fsubcontinent%2F2006%2FApril%2Fsubcontinent_April1022.xml&section=subcontinent&col |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Advanced Light Torpedo (Shyena) ====<br />
{{Main|Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena}}<br />
<br />
Development of Shyena was started during 1990 under [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL). It is electrically propelled, can target submarines with a speed of 33 knots with endurance of six minutes in both shallow and deep waters. It is guided by active/passive [[acoustic homing]] that transition from warm to cold medium.<br />
<br />
==== Varunastra ====<br />
{{Main|Varunastra (torpedo)}}<br />
<br />
Varunastra is developed by Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) as an advanced heavyweight [[anti-submarine]] [[torpedo]] that is powered by 250 KWs Silver Oxide Zinc (AgOZn) batteries.<ref>{{cite web|title=AEMs for Navy|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762271600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103071713/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762271600.htm|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-08-17|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> It is wire guided with active-passive [[acoustic homing]] and additionally augumented by [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]] mechanism.<br />
<br />
==== Under development ====<br />
The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessor controlled triple tube torpedo launcher for the [[Indian Navy]] as well as a towed torpedo decoy.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2006 |title=NSTL's Heavy and lightweight electrically propelled torpedoes are under production |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/08/stories/2006110802241300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083211/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/08/stories/2006110802241300.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Anti-submarine missile ===<br />
<br />
====SMART====<br />
{{Main|SMART (missile)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:DRDO supersonic missile assisted torpedo system tested at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur on 5 October 2020 - 1.jpg|thumb|241x241px|SMART launched from [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR).]]<br />
<br />
SMART or Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo is a 650&nbsp;km range hybrid system that involves a missile carrier and torpedo payload for [[anti-submarine warfare]] It can be launched from warship or a truck-based coastal battery.<ref>{{cite web|title=India successfully tests Supersonic Missile assisted release of Torpedo|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-successfully-tests-supersonic-missile-assisted-release-of-torpedo-332608|access-date=5 October 2020|website=Wion|publisher=Zee Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India test-fires SMART torpedo to target submarines|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/india-test-fires-smart-torpedo-to-target-submarines/20201005.htm|access-date=5 October 2020|website=Rediff}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Electromagnetic catapult ===<br />
As per August 2024 media report, DRDO has developed a scaled-down [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)#Electromagnetic catapult|electromagnetic catapult]] prototype capable of launching payloads up to 400 kg over a short [[Span (engineering)|span]] of 16 to 18 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=DRDO Nears EMALS Breakthrough for Mach 6 Aircraft Launches, Seeks Industry Partner for Further Development |url=https://defence.in/threads/drdo-nears-emals-breakthrough-for-mach-6-aircraft-launches-seeks-industry-partner-for-further-development.9878/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aarav |date=2024-08-24 |title=India's EMALS Breakthrough: DRDO and HAL Push the Boundaries of Naval Aviation Technology |url=https://pune.news/defence/indias-emals-breakthrough-drdo-and-hal-push-the-boundaries-of-naval-aviation-technology-218579/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=pune.news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Navy |first=Indian |date=21 February 2024 |title=Maritime Technical Exposition 2024 |url=https://x.com/indiannavy/status/1760307677702521197 |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marine propulsion ===<br />
<br />
==== Air-independent propulsion ====<br />
[[Naval Materials Research Laboratory]] (NMRL) in collaboration with [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Thermax]] developed a 270 kilowatt [[Phosphoric acid fuel cell|Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell]] (PAFC) to power the [[Scorpène-class submarine|Scorpène]] design based [[Kalvari-class submarine (2015)|''Kalvari''-class submarines]]. It produces electricity by reacting with hydrogen generated from [[sodium borohydride]] and stored [[liquid oxygen]] with [[phosphoric acid]] acting as an electrolyte. On 8 March 2021, NMRL successfully conducted the final developmental test of the indigenous [[air-independent propulsion]] (AIP) system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-03-09|title=DRDO develops AIP technology, Indian subs to be more silent and lethal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-develops-technology-that-makes-indian-submarines-quieter-lethal-101615270359062.html|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 December 2024, [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] have signed a {{INRConvert|1990|c|lk=on|year=2024|}} deal for the fabrication of AIP Plug to integrate DRDO-AIP in conventional submarines.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2024 |title=MoD inks Rs 1,990 crore contract with MDL for construction of Air Independent Propulsion Plug for DRDO-AIP system & its integration to enhance endurance of conventional submarines |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2088874 |access-date=31 December 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2024 |title=Defence Ministry inks Rs 1,990 cr contract with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders for DRDO-AIP system |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/defence-ministry-inks-rs-1990-cr-contract-with-mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-for-drdo-aip-system20241230182715/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=ANI}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Shipboard electronic countermeasure ===<br />
{{Main|Electronic countermeasure}}<br />
<br />
[[Defence Laboratory]] at Jodhpur developed Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR) as part of passive expendable electronic countermeasure technology for the Indian Navy as per their qualitative requirement. The trials were successfully completed in the Arabian Sea as of April 2021. Unlike other systems, it uses much less quantity of chaff material as decoy for incoming missiles making it useful for longer duration use. The technology was already cleared for mass production by Indian private-sector industries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar Rout|first=Hemant|date=5 April 2021|title=DRDO develops advanced technology to safeguard Indian Navy ships from enemy missiles|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/05/drdo-develops-advanced-technology-to-safeguard-indian-navy-ships-from-enemy-missiles-2286077.html|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket ====<br />
Specialized fibers with a diameter of a few microns that exhibit distinctive microwave obscuration capabilities have been developed by [[Defence Laboratory|Defense Laboratory]]. It reduces radar detection by obscuring radar signals and can form a microwave shield over platforms and assets. <br />
<br />
Microwave Obscurant Chaff (MOC) is carried on a medium range chaff rocket. When the rocket is fired, it creates a microwave obscurant cloud that spreads over a big enough region and lasts long enough to provide an effective defense against adversaries using radio frequency seekers.<br />
<br />
Phase-I trials of Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket (MR-MOCR) were successfully carried out from Indian Navy ships, proving the persistence and blooming of the MOC cloud around naval ships. The Indian Navy has verified and validated the Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction of an aerial target up to ninety percent in Phase-II trials. On June 26, 2024, MR-MOCR was successfully transferred to the Indian Navy by DRDO after meeting all qualifying requirements.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO hands over Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket to Indian Navy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2028794 |access-date=15 September 2024 |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=DRDO hands over to Navy niche technology that obscures radar signals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-hands-over-to-navy-niche-technology-that-obscures-radar-signals/articleshow/111289968.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
===Other projects===<br />
These have included indigenisation of various components (for instance, adsorbent material for submarines, radar components, naval ship signature reduction efforts and materials technology). DRDO has played a significant role in the development of warship grade steel in India and its productionisation. DRDO has also assisted private industry in developing EW trainers, ship simulators for training and health monitoring systems for onboard equipment. Other equipment for the Navy includes underwater telephone sets, and VLF communication equipment, for the Navy's submarines. DRDO's IRDE has also developed optronic fire control systems for the Navy's and the Coast Guard's ships.<br />
<br />
==== Information command and control systems ====<br />
<br />
DRDO's labs have been part of projects to develop sophisticated command and control systems for the Navy, such as the EMCCA (Equipment Modular for Command and Control Application) which ties together various sensors and data systems. The EMCCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture and adds to the ship's maritime combat power.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rahul Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1223686,curpg-2.cms |title=Article on EMCCA |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=7 September 2005 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815021351/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1223686%2Ccurpg-2.cms |archive-date=15 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
DRDO labs are also engaged in supporting the Navy's ambitious naval enterprise wide networking system, a programme to link all naval assets together via datalinks, for sharing tactical information.<br />
<br />
====Mines and targets====<br />
<br />
Three kinds of mines, processor based mine, moored mine and processor based exercise mine are in production for the Navy. Targets developed for the Navy include a static target called the Versatile Acoustic target and a mobile target called the programmable deep mobile target (PDMT).<br />
<br />
====In development====<br />
* A Submarine Escape set, used by crew to escape from abandoned submarines. The set consists of breathing apparatus and Hydro-suit.<br />
* New generation Sonars and EW equipment.<br />
* Heavyweight torpedoes, underwater remotely operated vehicles, improved signature reduction technology for naval applications.<br />
<br />
==Missile systems==<br />
{{main|List of Indian military missiles}}<br />
<br />
=== Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) ===<br />
{{main|Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme}}<br />
<br />
The IGMDP was launched by the [[Indian Government]] to develop the ability to develop and design a missile locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services. The programme has seen significant success in its two most important constituents – the [[Agni (missile)|Agni missiles]] and the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi missiles]], while two other programmes, the [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] surface to air missile (SAM) and the anti-tank [[Nag (missile)|Nag missile]] have seen significant orders. The [[Trishul (missile)|Trishul missile]], a sub-programme to develop short-range SAM for the [[Indian Armed Forces]] faced persistent problems throughout its development. Finally the project was terminated in 2008 as a technology demonstrator.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 February 2008|title=Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms|access-date=2021-04-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Prithvi====<br />
{{main|Prithvi (missile)}}<br />
<br />
The Prithvi (Earth) missiles are a range of [[SRBM]]s produced for the Indian Air Force and Army; a variant for the Navy has been deployed on [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]]. Another submarine-launched variant known as the K-15 is under development. The Prithvi is an extremely accurate liquid fuelled missile with a range of up to 350&nbsp;km. While relatively inexpensive and accurate, with a good payload, its logistics footprint is high, on account of it being liquid fuelled.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1493 Government approves more Prithvi missiles for Air Force] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324005722/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/1493 |date=24 March 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Agni====<br />
{{main|Agni (missile)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Agni-I missile launched on 1 December 2011.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Agni A1-06 missile flight tested from Wheeler Island on 1 December 2011.]]<br />
The Agni (Fire) [[ballistic missile]]s are a range of [[MRBM]]s, [[IRBM]]s, [[ICBM]]s meant for long-range deterrence. The [[Agni-III]] has range of up to {{convert|3500|km|0|abbr=on}}. The [[Agni-I]] and [[Agni-II]] have been productionised, although exact numbers remain classified.<br />
<br />
First trials of the Agni-III saw problems and the missile test did not meet its objectives. The second test was successful. Further tests of the Agni-III are planned to validate the missile and its subsystems, which include new propellant and guidance systems, a new [[reentry vehicle]] and other improvements.<ref>[http://www.defenceindia.com/def_common/road_missile_development.html The Road to Indian Missile Development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615032714/http://defenceindia.com/def_common/road_missile_development.html |date=15 June 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Agni-V]] missile is an [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] meant for long-range deterrence. The Agni-V is the newest version and has the longest range of up to 5000–6000&nbsp;km. Agni-V would also carry [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]] payloads and will have [[countermeasure]]s against [[Anti-ballistic missile]] systems. It was successfully test-fired on 19 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-plans-to-test-fire-Agni-5-says-scientific-advisor-to-defence-minister/articleshow/11875733.cms|title=India plans to test fire Agni 5, says scientific advisor to defence minister|work=The Times of India|date=13 February 2012 |access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213235923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-plans-to-test-fire-Agni-5-says-scientific-advisor-to-defence-minister/articleshow/11875733.cms|archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The missile will utilise a canister and will be launched from it. Sixty percent of the missile will be similar to the Agni-III missile. Advanced technologies like [[ring laser gyroscope]] and [[accelerometer]] will be used in the new missile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/27/stories/2008112759741200.htm |title=Agni-V design completed; to be test-fired in 2010 |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=31 August 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510083221/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/27/stories/2008112759741200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><br />
DRDO plans to develop reusable missiles which will be a combination of ballistic and cruise missile technology.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386575_1_drdo-plans-defence-research-odisha-coast | title=DRDO plans to build reusable missiles | date=23 April 2012 | access-date=19 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512202657/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386575_1_drdo-plans-defence-research-odisha-coast | archive-date=12 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> During an interview on 24 August 2014, The DRDO chief disclosed the plans of DRDO designing a Long Range ballistic [[Anti-ship missile]].<br />
<br />
===== Agni-P =====<br />
{{Main|Agni-P}}<br />
<br />
Agni-P is a new generation of medium range ballistic missile from the Agni series that incorporates the latest developments in design, composite materials, fuels, navigation and guidance system. As of 2021, it is the smallest and lightest missile of the Agni family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2021-06-30|title=Agni Prime is the new missile in India's nuclear arsenal. This is why it's special|url=https://theprint.in/defence/agni-prime-is-the-new-missile-in-indias-nuclear-arsenal-this-is-why-its-special/687271/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Akash====<br />
{{main|Akash (missile)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Akash Surface to Air Missile System successfully flight tested at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.jpg|thumb|Akash Surface to Air Missile System flight-tested at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur]]<br />
The '''Akash''' (Sky or ether) is a medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]] system consisting of the [[command guidance]] [[ramjet]] powered Akash along with the dedicated service specific launchers, battery control radar (the Rajendra Block III), a central acquisition radar, battery and group control centres. The Akash project has yielded spinoffs like the Central Acquisition radar and weapon locating radar.<br />
<br />
The Akash system cleared its user trials with the Indian Air Force in 2007. The user trials had the Akash intercept flying targets at ITR, Chandipur. The Akash missile struck its targets in every test. The [[Indian Air force]] has since been satisfied with the performance of the missile and ordered two squadrons of the Akash, with a squadron having eight launchers<ref>{{cite news|author=Ajai Shukla|date=23 January 2008|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r|title=Missile mission meets target|newspaper=Business Standard India|publisher=Business-standard.com|access-date=31 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142259/http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/27/content_7322275.htm |title=Indian air force to induct indigenous SA missiles |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=27 December 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110174815/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-12/27/content_7322275.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akashsam.com|title=Akash missile|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623062136/http://akashsam.com/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian Air Force placed an order for an additional six squadrons of the Akash SAM in 2010, with an order of 750 missiles (125 per squadron). This order makes a total of a 1000 Akash SAMs on order for the Indian Air Force for eight squadrons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/missile-boost-for-bel/84783/on |title=Missile boost for BEL |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224052937/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/missile-boost-for-bel/84783/on |archive-date=24 December 2010}}</ref> In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at {{INRConvert|12500|c|1}}. [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.<br />
<br />
====Trishul====<br />
{{main|Trishul (missile)}}<br />
<br />
The Trishul (Trident) is a short range [[surface-to-air missile]] developed by [[India]]. It was developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation as a part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]]. It can also be used as an [[Sea skimmer|anti-sea skimmer]] from a ship against low flying attacking missiles.<ref name="Trishul">{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Trishul.jsp|title=About Trishul|publisher=DRDO|access-date=30 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055411/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=Trishul.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Trishul has a range of {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="DRDO">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/drdos-integrated-guided-missile-development-programme-2480.html|title=DRDO's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|publisher=ipcs.org|access-date=30 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124957/http://www.ipcs.org/article/military/drdos-integrated-guided-missile-development-programme-2480.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> It is powered by a dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy [[solid propellant]].<ref name="Trishul"/> Trishul weighs {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}} and is capable of carrying a {{convert|15|kg|abbr=on}} warhead.<br />
<br />
The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]]. The project was to be completed by 1992 and the missile would be fitted to [[Brahmaputra-class frigate]]s as an [[Sea skimmer|anti-sea skimmer]].<ref name="Navy">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/indian-navy-anti-missile-defence-systems/|title=Indian navy missile defence|date=5 July 2015 |publisher=indiadefencereview.com|access-date=30 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125121159/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/indian-navy-anti-missile-defence-systems/|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> In 1985, Trishul made its first unguided flight from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]. The missile made its first full range guided flight in 1989. In 1992, the missile was successfully tested against a target and reached [[Supersonic speed|Mach 2]] speed.<ref name="Navy"/> In 1997, the associated radar systems for detecting the incoming sea-skimmer were operational. The launch system was developed by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] in 1998.<ref name="Navy"/> In 2003, [[Government of India]] announced that the missile will be a [[technology demonstrator]] and de-linked it from other projects. The missile was successfully test-fired in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Successfully_Tests_Trishul_Missile.html|title=India Successfully Tests Trishul Missile|date=8 December 2005|publisher=spacewar.com|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094319/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Successfully_Tests_Trishul_Missile.html|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The development cost of the programme was {{INRConvert|2.826|b}} and the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence minister]] announced the official closure of the programme in 2008.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-Trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms|title=Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile|date=27 February 2008|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-announces-closure-of-work-on-Trishul-missile/articleshow/2819873.cms|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2191764,curpg-1.cms |title=Trishul gets another lease of life |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=18 October 2006 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110060941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2191764%2Ccurpg-1.cms |archive-date=10 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070319_develop.htm |title=Maitri LLQRM |publisher=Domain-b.com |date=20 March 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810114624/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070319_develop.htm |archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Nag ATGM====<br />
{{main|Nag (missile)}}<br />
<br />
The Nag anti-tank missile (Cobra) is a guided missile system intended for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Army]]. The Army will deploy the Nag on ground-based launchers and from helicopters, whereas the Air Force will rely on helicopter based units. The Nag has an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and has a top and direct attack capability, with a tandem warhead. The Army's land missile carrier and launcher, known as the Namica, carries several ready to use Nag missiles within and four Nag missiles in an extendable launcher above the turret. The Namica has its own FLIR based sighting and fire control unit.<br />
<br />
[[File:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG|thumb|[[Nag missile]]]]<br />
<br />
The Air Force and Army will also use their Advanced Light helicopters (ALH) ([[HAL Dhruv]]) and the [[HAL Prachand|HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] (LHC) as Nag carriers. The ALHs will be equipped with IRDE (DRDO) developed HELITIS (Heliborne Imaging and Targeting systems) with a combination of a FLIR and laser range finder in a stabilised turret for target acquisition and designation. The thermal imager is likely to be imported, but the gimballed turret, stabilisation, laser range finder and associated electronics have been designed in India and will be manufactured locally. The Nag ATGM is regarded as a highly capable missile, even though its development has been protracted, mainly due to the technological challenges of developing a state of the art IIR sensor equipped top attack missile. The Nag is still cheaper than most imported missiles in its category and is earmarked for the Army and Air Force.<br />
<br />
The Nag anti-tank guided missile was cleared for production in July 2009 and there are uncorroborated reports since that it may be purchased by [[Tanzania]], [[Botswana]] and [[Morocco]].{{cn|date=May 2024}} The Nag will complement the existing Russian [[9M113 Konkurs|9M113 Konkurs Anti-tank guided missile]] and European missile [[MILAN]] in Indian usage, both of which are manufactured under licence by Bharat Dynamics Limited.{{cn|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Surface to Air missile ===<br />
<br />
==== Barak 8 ====<br />
{{main|Barak 8}}<br />
<br />
India and Israel have worked out an agreement to develop and produce the long-range [[Barak 8]] air defence system for both the Indian and the Israeli militaries. The initial co-development funding is about {{USD}}350 million, of which IAI will finance 50 per cent. The venture is a tripartite one, between the DRDO, the Indian Navy, and the IAI. The missile is referred to as the LRSAM in Indian Government literature, and will have a range of {{convert|72|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2006 |title=India, Israel tie up on next-gen Barak missiles |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=62510 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230070940/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=62510 |archive-date=30 December 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Expressindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Reports of the Indian Ministry of Defence |url=http://www.mod.nic.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829230458/http://www.mod.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 August 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Mod.nic.in}}</ref> Israel Aircraft Industries refers to the system as Barak-8. IAI states that the missile will have a dual pulse motor, is vertically launched and is able to engage both aircraft and sea skimming missiles. It has a fully active seeker, and the Barak-8 Weapons system is capable of multiple simultaneous engagements. It will have a two way datalink for midcourse update, as well as be able to integrate into larger C3I networks. The primary fire control sensor for the naval Barak-8/LRSAM will be the [[ELTA]] [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR|MF-STAR]] Naval [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar which Israel claims to be superior to many existing systems worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd |url=http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?FolderID=34408&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230040600/http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?FolderID=34408&lang=en |archive-date=30 December 2015 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Iai.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EL/M-2248 MF-STAR Naval Multi-Mission Radar |url=http://www.defense-update.com/directory/mf-star.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205111342/http://www.defense-update.com/directory/mf-star.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Defense-update.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barak-8 MR-SAM Programme |url=http://www.defense-update.com/products/b/barak8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502090758/http://defense-update.com/products/b/barak8.htm |archive-date=2 May 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Defense-update.com}}</ref> The dual pulse rocket motor for the SAM was developed by DRDO, and the prototypes were supplied to IAI for integration with IAI systems to develop the complete missile.<br />
<br />
The other variant of the LRSAM will be fielded by the Indian Air Force. Along with the Akash SAM, the LRSAM fills a longer range requirement and both types will complement each other. Each unit of the MR-SAM would consist of a command and control centre, with an acquisition radar, a guidance radar and 3 launchers with eight missiles each.<br />
<br />
A 4-year, {{USD}}300 million System Design & Development phase to develop unique system elements and an initial tranche of the land-based missiles is estimated. The radars, C2 centres, TEL's and missiles will be codeveloped by Israel and India. In turn, IAI and its Israeli partners have agreed to transfer all relevant technologies and manufacturing capabilities to India allowing India to manufacture the LRSAM systems locally as well as support them.<br />
<ref>{{cite web |author=12-Nov-2009 17:03 EST |date=12 November 2009 |title=India & Israel Introducing MR-SAM |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223205006/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ |archive-date=23 February 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Defense Industry Daily}}</ref><br />
The Barak-8 next generation long-range surface-to-air missile (LR-SAM) had its first test-flight on 29 May 2010.<br />
<br />
=== Air to Air missile ===<br />
<br />
==== Astra missile ====<br />
{{Main|Astra (missile)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Astra MK-1 closeup.png|thumb|Astra Mark 1 closeup view during flight test.|202x202px]]Astra is series of [[active radar homing]] [[air-to-air missile]] meant for [[beyond-visual-range missile]] combat.<br />
<br />
Astra Mk 1 missile has a range of 110 km and is operational with [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]]. Astra Mk 2 and Astra Mk 3 variants are in testing phase.<br />
<br />
=== Ballistic missile ===<br />
<br />
==== Pralay ====<br />
{{Main|Pralay (missile)}}<br />
<br />
It is a solid fuel short range tactical missile under development based on the technology of [[Prithvi Air Defence|Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor]]. Upon completion of the project, Pralay will replace the older generation liquid fueled [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi missile]].<br />
<br />
==== Surya ====<br />
{{Main|Surya missile}}<br />
<br />
DRDO started the project of developing an intercontinental ballistic missile, codename Surya in 1994. The information became public in 2010. It will be a three-stage missile with solid and liquid fuel as propellant.<br />
<br />
==== K Missile series ====<br />
{{Main|K Missile family}}<br />
<br />
This is a series of nuclear capable [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|Submarine-launched ballistic missiles]] including, Sagarika, K4, K5 and K6 missiles designed to be launched from [[Arihant-class submarine|Arihant-class]] and [[S5-class submarine|S5 class SSBN]].<br />
<br />
===== Sagarika =====<br />
{{main|Sagarika (missile)}}<br />
<br />
The K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile belonging to the [[K Missile family]] with a range of 750 kilometres (466&nbsp;mi) travelling at [[hypersonic speed]] of Mach 7.5. Sagarika can carry a payload of up to 500 kilograms (1,102&nbsp;lb). Sagarika was developed at the DRDO Missile Complex in Hyderabad.<br />
<br />
This missile will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence, and will provide retaliatory nuclear strike capability. The development of this missile (under the title Project K-15) started in 1991. The Indian government first confirmed Sagarika's development seven years later (1998), when the then Defence Minister, George Fernandes, announced it during a press conference.<br />
<br />
The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420 (P420), was completed in 2001 and handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test-fired six times, and tested to its full range up to three times. The test of missile from a submerged pontoon was conducted in February 2008.<br />
<br />
Sagarika is being integrated with India's nuclear-powered [[Arihant class submarine]]s that began sea trials on 26 July 2009.<br />
<br />
===== K-4 (missile) =====<br />
{{main|K-4 (missile)}}<br />
<br />
K-4 is [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|intermediate-range]] sunbmarine launched missile developed by DRDO for the [[Indian Navy]]'s [[Arihant class submarine]] and future [[S5-class submarine]]. The missile has length of 12 metres and diameter of 1.3 metres. It weighs nearly 17 tonnes and can carry a warhead weighing up to 2 tonnes. This missile give capability to strike deep into the enemy territory as it has the range of 3500&nbsp;km. K4 missile can perform three-dimensional maneuvers and has high accuracy.<br />
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Some sources also report that it is a compact version of [[Agni-III (missile)|Agni-III]] as the Agni-III is nearly 17m in length so it cannot be deployed in the [[Arihant class submarine]].<br />
<br />
K-4 has completed all the user trials and ready for induction into the service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-24 |title=India successfully test-fires K-4 submarine-launched nuclear capable missile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-k-4-submarine-launched-nuclear-capable-missile/articleshow/73591070.cms |access-date=2020-01-25 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |via=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="finaltest">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2020 |title=Sub-launched K-4 ready for induction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/25/sub-launched-k-4-ready-for-induction-2094389.html |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Anti-tank guided missile ===<br />
{{Main|Anti-tank guided missile}}<br />
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==== SAMHO ====<br />
{{Main|SAMHO (missile)}}<br />
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Developed as an indigenous replacement for [[LAHAT]] against heavily armoured vehicle and low flying objects. It can be fired from 120&nbsp;mm rifled gun on [[Arjun MBT]].<br />
<br />
==== MPATGM ====<br />
{{Main|MPATGM}}<br />
<br />
Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile or MPATGM, is a third generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile derived from Nag project under IGMDP developed by DRDO in collaboration with private sector defence contractor VEM Technologies.<br />
<br />
==== SANT ====<br />
A helicopter launched fourth generation ATGM developed from NAG as a stand-off range weapon that comes with dual seeker configuration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India successfully test-fires SANT Missile off Odisha coast|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-sant-missile-off-odisha-coast/articleshow/78753201.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cruise missile ===<br />
====Brahmos====<br />
{{main|BrahMos}}<br />
<br />
Launched as a joint venture between India's DRDO and the Russian NPO, the BrahMos programme aims at creating a range of missile systems derived from the [[Yakhont]] missile system. Named the "BrahMos" after the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva]] rivers, the project has been highly successful.<br />
<br />
[[File:BrahMos.jpg|thumb|[[BrahMos]]]]<br />
The Indian Navy has ordered the BrahMos Naval version, both slant-launched and vertically launched, for its ships; the Indian Army has ordered two regiments worth of land-launched missiles for long-range strike; and an air-launched version is in development for the Indian Air Force's [[Su-30]] MKIs and the Navy's [[Tu-142]] long-range aircraft.<br />
<br />
The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos, aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, plus its Fire Control Systems, Mobile Command posts and Transporter Erector Launcher.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20071231_hypersonic.html |title=BrahMos to roll out of Keltec unit in three years, hypersonic version under development |publisher=domain-b.com |date=31 December 2007 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811144543/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/def_prod/20071231_hypersonic.html |archive-date=11 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
An upgraded version of the 290&nbsp;km-range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was successfully test-fired by India on 2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Odisha coast.<br />
<br />
"Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude was flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of ITR," its Director S P Dash said after the test-firing from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4-metre missile which can fly at 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads of up to 300&nbsp;kg for a range of 290&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as ten metres for surgical strikes at terror training camps across the border without causing collateral damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL). The Block III BrahMos has the capability of scaling mountain terrain and can play a vital role in precision strike in the northern territories. The advanced cruise missile can fly close to the rough geographies and kill the target<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200801282240.htm|title=The Hindu News Update Service|date=28 January 2008|access-date=31 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809122829/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200801282240.htm|archive-date=9 August 2010|publisher=Hindu.com|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A five-year development timeframe is anticipated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Brahmos-2_to_be_inducted_in_five_years/articleshow/2663196.cms|title=Brahmos-2 to be inducted in five years- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times|author=PTI|date=31 December 2007|access-date=31 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110145231/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Brahmos-2_to_be_inducted_in_five_years/articleshow/2663196.cms|archive-date=10 January 2009|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The hypersonic [[BrahMos#BrahMos-II|Brahmos 2]] is to be developed as a follow on to the original Brahmos. The missile would fly at speeds of 5-7 Mach.<br />
<br />
==== Nirbhay====<br />
{{Main|Nirbhay Missile}}<br />
<br />
Nirbhay is a long range, all-weather, [[Cruise missile#Long-range subsonic|subsonic]] [[cruise missile]] powered by solid rocket booster and [[turbofan]] or a [[turbojet]] engine that can be launched from multiple platforms and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay/articleshow/61543937.cms|title=India test fires subsonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay'|date=2018-01-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay/articleshow/61543937.cms|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The missile is guided by an inertial navigation system and a radio altimeter for the height determination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/india-fly-subsonic-cruise-missile|title=India To Fly Subsonic Cruise Missile|last1=25 Jan|last2=First|first2=2013 _Jay Menon {{!}} AWIN|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210074805/http://aviationweek.com/defense/india-fly-subsonic-cruise-missile|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It carries a [[Ring laser gyroscope|Ring Laser Gyroscope]] (RLG) based guidance, control and navigation system with additional MEMS based [[Inertial navigation system|Inertial Navigation System]] (INS) along with [[radiodetermination-satellite service]] [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NAVIC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=173291|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> With a range of about 1000&nbsp;km, Nirbhay is capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nirbhay-to-beef-up-missile-muscle-1111269|title=Nirbhay to beef up missile muscle|last=Joseph|first=Josy|date=2007-07-22|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101225030/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nirbhay-to-beef-up-missile-muscle-1111269|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hypersonic weapons development ===<br />
In order to create advanced hypersonic missiles domestically, the DRDO is working on Project Vishnu. DRDO will produce twelve different types of hypersonic missile systems for attack, and interception capability. Before 2030, DRDO wants to build [[Hypersonic glide vehicle|hypersonic glide vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Joy |date=2025-07-05 |title=India making 12 types of hypersonic missiles, can attack Pakistan, China within...., missiles are developed by.... |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/india-making-12-types-of-hypersonic-missiles-can-attack-pakistan-china-within-minutes-missiles-are-developed-by-drdo-7926226/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==== Shaurya ====<br />
{{main|Shaurya (missile)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:'Shourya' missile test fired on November 12, 2008.jpg|thumb|Underground silo launched surface-to-surface missile Shaurya from ITR Balasore.|213x213px]]<br />
<br />
The Shaurya (Valor) is a canister-launched [[hypersonic]] [[surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] tactical [[missile]] developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation ([[DRDO]]) for use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Similar to the BrahMos, Shaurya is stored in composite canisters, which makes it much easier to store for long periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellant motors take over to hurl it at the intended target.<br />
<br />
Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites till they are fired from the special storage-cum-launch canisters. The Shaurya system will require some more tests before it becomes fully operational in two to three years. Moreover, defence scientists say the high-speed, two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile defence systems.<br />
<br />
It can be easily transported by road. The missile, encased in a canister, is mounted on a single vehicle, which has only a driver's cabin, and the vehicle itself is the launch platform. This "single vehicle solution" reduces its signature – it cannot be easily detected by satellites – and makes its deployment easy. The gas generator, located at the bottom of the canister produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from the tube.<br />
<br />
The centrepiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shaurya is its [[ring laser gyroscope]] (RLG) and [[accelerometer]]. The indigenous ring laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and guidance system developed by the Research Centre Imarat (RCI) based in Hyderabad is a highly classified technology.<br />
<br />
In test flights the RLG functioned exceptionally well. the RLG monitors the missile's position in space when it is flying. The missile's on-board computer will use this information and compare it with the desired position. Based on the difference between the missile's actual and desired positions, the computer will decide the optimum path and the actuators will command the missile to fly in its desired/targeted position.<br />
The third test of the RLG was successful on 24 September 2011, reaching a speed of 7.5 mach. It is now ready for production.<br />
<br />
==== Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM) ====<br />
{{Excerpt|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)}}<br />
<br />
==== Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) ====<br />
[[File:HSTDV mounted on solid booster stage, erected vertical at launch site.jpg|thumb|249x249px|HSTDV mounted on solid booster stage, erected vertical at launch site]]{{Main|Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle}}<br />
<br />
An unmanned [[scramjet]] demonstration aircraft to attain [[hypersonic speed]] flight that will also act as carrier vehicle for future hypersonic and long-range cruise missiles. It will include multiple spinoff in civilian applications including the launching of satellites at lower cost.<br />
<br />
==== BM-04 ====<br />
A full-scale model of the new BM-04 short-range ballistic missile was unveiled at the Vigyan Vaibhav defense exhibition in Hyderabad on March 5, 2025. The BM-04, a derivative of the [[Agni-P]], was developed in 2024 to neutralize [[anti-access/area denial]] (A2/AD) capabilities and guarantee that India's defense forces had no operational limitations in a heavily disputed battlefield. The aim is to satisfy the [[Indian Armed Forces]]' need for a conventional ballistic missile with a range of 1,500 kilometers for the proposed [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)#Integrated Rocket Force|Integrated Rocket Force]]. BM-04 is capable of reaching hypersonic speeds of Mach 5 and higher.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=BM-04 short-range ballistic missile: DRDO reveals India's latest hypersonic weapon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bm-04-short-range-ballistic-missile-drdo-reveals-indias-latest-hypersonic-weapon/articleshow/118755583.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch (Retd) |first=Lt. General P.C. |date=2025-03-14 |title=Indigenous Hypersonic Missile |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?id=1246&h=Indigenous-Hypersonic-Missile |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=spslandforces.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haider |first=Usman |date=2025-04-10 |title=The BM-04 Missile: India's Next-Generation Conventional Counterforce Weapon |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/04/the-bm-04-missile-indias-next-generation-conventional-counterforce-weapon/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
BM-04 is 10.2 meters long, 1.2 meters in diameter, and weighs 11,500 kg. Launched from a six-axle [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[transporter erector launcher]], the missile can travel between 400 and 1,500 km with a conventional warhead weighing 500 kg. It makes use of [[NavIC]] and [[GPS]] augmented [[inertial navigation system]]. The [[circular error probable]] is under 30 meters. <br />
<br />
The BM-04's two-stage solid propulsion system includes a [[Re-entry vehicles|re-entry vehicle]] positioned atop a sizable boost stage. The body of the re-entry vehicle is conical in shape, and its base diameter is marginally less than the booster stage's diameter. The BM-04 and [[Agni-I]] share a similar appearance, although the BM-04 has a smaller conventional payload and two stages of propulsion. Similar to the American [[Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon]] system, the BM-04 uses a [[boostglide vehicle]] concept.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Sohini |last2=Udoshi |first2=Rahul |date=5 March 2025 |title=India's DRDO unveils BM-04 SRBM |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indias-drdo-unveils-bm-04-srbm |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=India De-Classified 1,500-km BM-04 Tactical Missile With a Hypersonic Stage |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/weapon_and_tech/india_de_classified_1500_km_bm_04_tactical_missile_with_a_hypersonic_stage-13749.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Defense Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== ET-LDHCM ====<br />
{{Main|ET-LDHCM}}<br />
<br />
It is a long range [[hypersonic cruise missile]] being developed by the DRDO in collaboration with the Indian private sector. ET-LDHCM is one among the twelve distinct hypersonic systems under '''Project Vishnu''', that DRDO is working on for offensive and defensive role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=India testing a missile that flies at eight times the speed of sound, hits targets 1,500 km away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/india-testing-a-missile-that-flies-at-eight-times-the-speed-of-sound-hits-targets-1500-km-away/articleshow/122432167.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baidya |first=Satyaki |date=2025-06-18 |title=India's New Hypersonic Missile 3X Faster Than BrahMos, Boasts Greater Range, Deadlier Precision |url=https://www.news18.com/india/indias-new-hypersonic-missile-to-outpace-brahmos-in-speed-range-and-lethality-ws-dl-9391861.html |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Shubham |date=2025-06-10 |title=1,500 KM Range, Mach 8 Speed To Dodge Radars: India Set To Test Advanced Hypersonic Missile Developed Under 'Project Vishnu' |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/1500-km-range-mach-8-speed-to-dodge-radars-india-set-to-test-advanced-hypersonic-missile-developed-under-project-vishnu-10244057 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Joy |date=2025-07-05 |title=India making 12 types of hypersonic missiles, can attack Pakistan, China within...., missiles are developed by.... |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/india-making-12-types-of-hypersonic-missiles-can-attack-pakistan-china-within-minutes-missiles-are-developed-by-drdo-7926226/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ballistic Missile Defence Programme ===<br />
{{main|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme}}<br />
<br />
Unveiled in 2006, the ABM project was a surprise to many observers. While DRDO had revealed some details about the project over the years, its progress had been marked by strict secrecy, and the project itself was unlisted, and not visible among DRDO's other programmes. The ABM project has benefited from all the incremental improvements achieved by the DRDO and its associated industrial partners via the long-running and often contentious [[Akash missile]] and [[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]] missile programmes. However, it is a completely new programme, with much larger scope and with predominantly new subsystems.<br />
<br />
The ABM project has two missiles—namely the AAD (Advanced Air Defence) and PAD (Prithvi Air Defence) missiles. The former is an endo-atmospheric interceptor of new design, which can intercept targets to a height of {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=on}}. Whereas the latter is a modified Prithvi missile, dubbed the Axo-atmospheric interceptor (AXO) with a dedicated second stage kill vehicle for ballistic missile interception, up to an altitude of {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}}. Both these missiles are cued by an active phased array Long Range Tracking Radar, similar to the Elta GreenPine but made with locally developed components, which include DRDO-developed transmit/receive modules. The ABM system also makes use of a second radar, known as the Multi-Function Control Radar which assists the LRTR in classifying the target, and can also act as the fire control radar for the AAD missile. The MFCR, like the LRTR, is an active phased array system.<br />
<br />
The entire system was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence Exercise, when a prototype AXO missile intercepted another [[Prithvi missile]] at a height of {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}}. This test was preceded by an "electronic test" in which an actual target missile was launched, but the entire interceptor system was tested electronically, albeit no actual interceptor was launched. This test was successful in its entirety. The AAD Missile was tested in December 2007 which successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi missile simulating the [[M9 anti-tank rocket launcher|M-9]] and [[M-11 Shtorm|M-11]] class of ballistic missiles. Interception happened at an altitude of {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-12-07 |title=Interceptor missile test-fired |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107212831/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750160100.htm |archive-date=7 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Anti-satellite weapon ====<br />
{{main|2019 Indian anti-satellite missile test}}<br />
<br />
After testing the over 5,000&nbsp;km Agni V missile, which went up to 600&nbsp;km into space during its [[parabolic trajectory]], the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) now feels it can fashion deadly anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons in double-quick time. ''Agni V gives you the boosting capability and the '[[kill vehicle]]', with advanced seekers, will be able to home into the target satellite,'' DRDO chief, VK Saraswat said.<ref name="toiASAT">{{cite news |title=After Agni-V launch, DRDO's new target is anti-satellite weapons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-Agni-V-launch-DRDOs-new-target-is-anti-satellite-weapons/articleshow/12763074.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/india/31378237_1_asat-anti-satellite-agni-v |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=31 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The defence ministry in 2010 had even drafted a 15-year "Technology Perspective and Roadmap", which held development of ASAT weapons "for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] (2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher [[geosynchronous orbit]]" as a thrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rajat Pandit |date=25 May 2010 |title=India to gear up for 'star wars' – India – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-to-gear-up-for-star-wars/articleshow/5970384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113520/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-to-gear-up-for-star-wars/articleshow/5970384.cms |archive-date=27 May 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Consequently, defence scientists are focusing on "space security" to protect India's space assets from electronic or physical destruction. Another spin-off from [[Agni V]] test is that the DRDO feels it can work towards launching mini-satellites for battlefield use if an adversary attacks the country's main satellites.<ref name="toiASAT" /> On 27 March 2019, [[India]] conducted a successful [[Anti-satellite missile]] test from [[Abdul Kalam Island|Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Island]] in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India successfully tests anti-satellite missile |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=361489 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327142837/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=361489 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Mission Shakti: India tests its first anti-satellite missile system, codenamed Mission Shakti &#124; PM Modi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modis-big-announcement-india-successfully-tests-anti-satellite-weapon/articleshow/68592702.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327114545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modis-big-announcement-india-successfully-tests-anti-satellite-weapon/articleshow/68592702.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=27 March 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Under development ===<br />
<br />
==== Ballistic missile ====<br />
{{Main|Tactical ballistic missile}}<br />
<br />
===== Prahaar =====<br />
{{Main|Prahaar (missile)}}<br />
<br />
Prahaar is a solid-fueled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India. It would be equipped with omni-directional warheads and could be used for hitting both tactical and strategic targets. It has a range of about 150&nbsp;km. It was successfully test-fired on 21 July 2011 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2154015.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=India all set to test new short-range tactical missile | date=3 July 2011 | first=Y. | last=Mallikarjun | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112211729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2154015.ece | archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
====== Pranash ======<br />
Pranash is an extended range cariant of Prahaar missile being developed by. It is developing a 200&nbsp;km range single stage solid fuel missile that can carry conventional warhead for battlefield use. The testing phase of the new missile will start from 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=India to develop 200-km range tactical ballistic missile|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-develop-200-km-range-pranash-missile/story-eev9HZEZo2m6ADnIjSnvcP.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== K Missile series =====<br />
{{Main|K Missile family}}<br />
<br />
===== K-5 missile =====<br />
{{main|K-5 (ballistic missile)}}<br />
<br />
''K-5 missile'' is [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental-range]] submarine launched missile being developed by DRDO. It will have the range of 5000&nbsp;km and will carry the warhead of 2 tonnes. It will be [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid-fuelled]]. It will be ready for test in 2022. K-5 will be fastest missile in his family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-07 |title=4 missile tests, 1 deployed near LAC in 40 days as India shows intent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-bolsters-strength-with-missile-tests-deployment/story-LcaxZngN0mvJ31JxTvJXQO.html |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2020 |title=DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html1 |access-date=25 December 2021}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
=====K-6 missile=====<br />
{{main|K-6 (missile)}}<br />
<br />
''K-6 missile'' is [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental-range]] submarine launched missile being developed by DRDO. It will have a range of 6000–8000&nbsp;km. It will also carry the payload of 2 tonnes. It will enable the [[Indian Navy|Navy]]'s submarine to aim at any country while patrolling in the "safe haven".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Arun |author-link=Arun Prakash |date=2018-11-07 |title=The significance of Arihant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-significance-of-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine-navy-5436432/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910021001/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-significance-of-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine-navy-5436432/ |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday2017">{{Cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=December 10, 2017 |title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |accessdate=22 October 2019 |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Cruise missile ====<br />
<br />
===== Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) =====<br />
{{Main article|Nirbhay#Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM)}}<br />
<br />
The Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) is a missile designed to launch from torpedo tubes of submarines. It is a compact version of Nirbhay missile. It has a stated range of 500&nbsp;km, with a cruise length of 5.6 meter, diameter of 0.505 meter, all up weight of 975&nbsp;kg and Mach 0.7 speed. It would feature INS/GPS navigation, with an RF seeker for terminal guidance. It comes with two variants: a ''Land attack cruise missile (LACM)'' and ''Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM)''.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-12-14 |title=India Focuses on Long Range Naval Missiles Development |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/india-focuses-on-long-range-naval-missiles-development/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Dahlgren |first=Masao |date=2020-02-07 |title=India Reveals New Cruise, Antiship Missiles |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/india-reveals-new-cruise-antiship-missiles/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Missile Threat - Center for Strategic and International Studies Missile Defence Project |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM) =====<br />
{{Main article|Nirbhay#Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM)}}<br />
<br />
The LR-LACM, a longer range variant, will have a range up to 1,500&nbsp;km. This missile would be operated by both the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force when development is complete. This missile would be compatible with the Universal Vertical Launch Module (UVLM) cells used for [[BrahMos]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DefExpo: Indian Navy to get new cruise missile for land-attack missions |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/06/defexpo-indian-navy-to-get-new-cruise-missile-for-land-attack-missions.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-12-14 |title=India Focuses on Long Range Naval Missiles Development |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/india-focuses-on-long-range-naval-missiles-development/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> The missile received Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) from Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) in August 2023. It will weigh a tonne, have a length of 6 m and diameter of 0.52 m. The missile is designed to have two tapering-chord fold-out wings with a span of 2.7 m. The missile would be equipped with [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik Engine/Small Turbo Fan Engine (STFE)|Small Turbofan Engines]] (STFEs), upgraded radio frequency (RF) seekers, and other subsystems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India approves AoN to acquire Long-Range Land Attack Cruise Missile |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-approves-aon-to-acquire-long-range-land-attack-cruise-missile |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Air to Air missile ====<br />
<br />
===== Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) =====<br />
{{Main|Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}<br />
<br />
From year 2010 onwards, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) started working on critical technologies for future longer range [[air-to-air missile]] that can also be used in [[surface-to-air missile]] systems. Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is one such missile propulsion technology that uses thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<br />
<br />
==== Anti-radiation missile ====<br />
===== Rudram series =====<br />
{{Main|Rudram (missile)}}<br />
<br />
NGARM (New Generation Anti-Radiation Missile) now officially called '''Rudram''' is a series of [[Air-to-surface missile|air-to-surface]], [[anti-radiation missile]] of range 150, 300 and 550 km respectively. These are meant to provide air superiority, tactical capability to [[Indian Air Force]] for [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|suppression of enemy air defenses]] (SEAD), that can be launched from a range of altitudes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/jan/25/maiden-trial-of-anti-radiation-missile-a-success-1929825.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126002342/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/jan/25/maiden-trial-of-anti-radiation-missile-a-success-1929825.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2019|title=DRDO's Maiden trial of anti-radiation missile in coastal Odisha a success|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Surface-to-air missile ====<br />
{{Main|Surface-to-air missile}}<br />
<br />
===== Project Kusha =====<br />
{{Main|Project Kusha}}<br />
<br />
DRDO is developing a series long range surface to air missile to supplement [[Barak 8|Barak-8]] and [[S-400 missile system|S-400]] systems for its multi-tier air defence umbrella protecting the Indian airspace. It will use some of the key technologies developed during Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.<br />
<br />
===== Akash-NG =====<br />
{{main|Akash-NG}}<br />
<br />
Akash-NG is new generation of [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile developed by DRDO. The missile uses a Ku-band Active radar seeker, an active electronically scanned array Multi-Function Radar (MFR) and optical proximity fuse will improve the effectiveness of the missile against targets with low radar cross-section. It is the successor of [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile and has range of 80&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
===== QRSAM =====<br />
{{Main|QRSAM}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Fifth test of DRDO QRSAM on 26 June 2019.jpg|thumb|Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM)]]<br />
<br />
DRDO developed QRSAM as part of replacement program for the Soviet era [[9K33 Osa]] and [[2K12 Kub]] that is being used extensively by Indian Army and Indian Air Force. It is built for an all weather, all terrain scenario with electronic counter-countermeasure system against aerial targets. It has an engagenment range of minimum 3&nbsp;km to a maximum of 30&nbsp;km that is powered by solid fuel propellant, maintaining a speed of 4.7 Mach in flight. The missile system uses a two way data link communication with active radar homing.<ref name="jdw-6jun17">{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=6 June 2017|title=Indian DRDO-designed QRSAM successfully tested|url=http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141337/http://www.janes.com/article/71161/indian-drdo-designed-qrsam-successfully-tested|archive-date=6 June 2017|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=Jane's Information Group}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== VL-SRSAM =====<br />
{{Main|VL-SRSAM}}<br />
<br />
''Vertical launched-Short Range Surface- to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)'' is a quick reaction short range missile being developed by DRDO for naval service and to replace [[Barak 1]] missile. The missile is naval variant of Astra with some design and technological changes for an all weather point and area defence role against flying targets such as fighter aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles etc. It has the range of 45&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of VL-SRSAM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/feb/23/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-vl-srsam-2267748.html|access-date=2021-02-23|website=The New Indian Express |date=23 February 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===== VSHORAD =====<br />
{{Main|VSHORAD (India)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Maiden launch of Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) missile.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Maiden launch of VSHORADS.]]<br />
VSHORADS or Very Short Range Air Defence System is a [[Man-portable air-defense system|man portable air defence system]] (MANPAD) meant for neutralizing low altitude aerial threats at short ranges. The missile uses solid fuel based [[dual-thrust rocket motor]] and is developed by Research Centre Imarat . On 27 September 2022, DRDO conducted two successful launches from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. To increase mid-air maneuverability, the missile is equipped with miniaturized [[Reaction control system|Reaction Control System]] (RCS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Successful Flight Tests of Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) Missile by DRDO |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1862617 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Submarine-launched ballistic missile ====<br />
{{Main|Submarine-launched ballistic missile}}<br />
<br />
==== Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM) ====<br />
<br />
===== NASM SR =====<br />
{{Main|NASM-SR}}<br />
<br />
The project is sanctioned in 2017 for a 5–55&nbsp;km short range air-launched Naval [[Anti-ship missile|Anti-Ship Missile]] (NASM–SR) to replace [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle missiles]] in use by the [[Indian Navy]] with future variants ranged in excess of 150&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aroor |first=Shiv |title=REVEALED: India's Naval Anti-Ship Missile Breaks Cover At #DefExpo2020 |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/02/revealed-indias-naval-anti-ship-missile-breaks-cover-at-defexpo2020.html |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=Livefist |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== NASM MR =====<br />
{{Main|NASM-MR}}<br />
<br />
'''Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Medium Range''' is an [[anti-ship missile]] being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for the [[Indian Navy]]. It is the second indigenous anti-ship [[cruise missile]] developed for the Indian Navy. DRDO has been given permission to develop an indigenously developed anti-ship missile known as the Naval Anti-ship Missile-Medium range (NASM-MR), which is a significant step toward self-reliance in niche missile technology<br />
<br />
== Precision-guided munition ==<br />
{{Main|Precision-guided munition}}<br />
<br />
===Sudarshan laser-guided bomb===<br />
{{main|Sudarshan laser-guided bomb}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Sudarshan bomb.jpg|thumb|Sudarshan Laser guided bomb]]<br />
India's first laser-guided bomb, Sudarshan is the latest weapon system developed indigenously to occupy the niche of a precision delivery mechanism. It can be fitted to a 450 kilograms (990&nbsp;lb) gravity bomb and can guide it to the target using lasers with a CEP (Circular Error Probability) of 10 metres.<br />
<br />
===DRDO Glide Bombs===<br />
{{main|DRDO Glide Bombs}}<br />
<br />
''Garuthmaa'' & ''Garudaa'' are DRDO's 1000&nbsp;kg Glide Bombs. These are [[India]]'s first indigenously designed glide bomb with a range of 30&nbsp;km (Garudaa) to 100&nbsp;km (Garuthmaa).<br />
<br />
=== Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) ===<br />
{{Main|Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon}}<br />
<br />
Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) is a long-range [[Precision-guided munition|precision-guided]] [[Anti-runway penetration bomb|anti-airfield weapon]] engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 kilometres.<br />
<br />
=== High Speed Low Drag Bomb (HSLD) ===<br />
{{Main|High Speed Low Drag Bomb}}<br />
<br />
This is a family of both guided and unguided munition developed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) for the new generation Indian, [[NATO]] and Russian origin aircraft.<br />
<br />
==Future Plans==<br />
<br />
=== AVATAR ===<br />
{{Main|Avatar (spacecraft)}}<br />
<br />
Aerobic Vehicle for Transatmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation also known as AVATAR is a DRDO concept for a robotic [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single-stage]] [[Reusable launch system|reusable]] [[spaceplane]] capable of [[CTOL|horizontal takeoff and landing]], that can be used for space launches of low cost military and commercial satellite.<br />
<br />
=== GATET engine ===<br />
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched a {{INRConvert|100|c|1}} project in R&D in the area of gas turbines, a DRDO official said in April 2010. Under the initiative of DRDO's Aeronautics Research and Development Board, R&D projects, which need investment in the region of {{INRConvert|50|l|1}} to {{INRConvert|5|c|1}}, would be considered for funding. GTRE was the nodal agency to spearhead this venture, called GATET<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100407/4998555801521496313.htm |title=Sakaal Times |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510063554/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100407/4998555801521496313.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahilonline.org/english/news.php?catID=statenews&nid=7777 |title=SahilOnline English News:: Rajdhani derails near Kolkata, sabotage not ruled out – Reflection of the TRUTH |publisher=Sahilonline.org |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620132003/http://sahilonline.org/english/news.php?catID=statenews&nid=7777 |archive-date=20 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2688&Itemid=2 |title=MACHINIST – DRDO launches Gas Turbine Enabling Technology Initiative [GATET&#93; at GTRE |publisher=Machinist.in |date=8 April 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123170640/http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2688&Itemid=2 |archive-date=23 November 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat) ===<br />
[[Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite]] is an advanced [[reconnaissance satellite]], being developed by DRDO. It will be India's first officially declared spy satellite and according to [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] it should be in the sky by 2014.<ref name="DN">{{cite news |title=India Making Strides in Satellite Technology |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606194638/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=old&id=239 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |access-date=26 July 2012 |newspaper=Defence News}}</ref> This satellite will help Indian [[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]] to significantly boost surveillance of [[terror camp]]s in neighbouring countries.<br />
<br />
=== Underwater-launched unmanned aerial vehicle (ULUAV) ===<br />
[[Sagar Defence Engineering]] received a contract for this project from the DRDO. The goal is to create ULUAVs that can land on another moving vehicle and launch from a submarine and function independently. In order to gather data, it will also be outfitted with sensors, sonar, and cameras. The ULUAV will be able to be launched swiftly, safely, and independently from a moving submarine. It will also have a vast range and great endurance. The [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] will serve as a partner lab, while the DRDO Technology Development Fund will provide funding for the project. Separately, [[NewSpace Research and Technologies]] in collaboration with [[Larsen & Toubro]] are also working on a comparable system. The ULUAV will be employed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions and radio relays in [[Anti-access/area denial|anti-access/area-denial]] (A2/AD) situations by smoothly integrating with the current naval fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-06-12 |title=Pune-based firm bags DRDO, Navy contract for development of underwater-launched UAV |url=https://theprint.in/defence/pune-based-firm-bags-drdo-navy-contract-for-development-of-underwater-launched-uav/2128802/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Indian defence firms announce submarine-launched UAV project |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-defence-firms-announce-submarine-launched-uav-project |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== NavIC Network Timing System ===<br />
In accordance with the range requirements for [[NavIC]] for both military and commercial applications, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], through the Technology Development Fund scheme, has commissioned Accord Software and Systems, to build a tailored and flexible IRNSS Network Timing system domestically. Using NavIC data, the receiver chip will obtain and distribute Indian time for navigation. India currently depends on the US for this service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bosky |date=2024-07-12 |title=DRDO partners with Bengaluru firm for Indigenous NavIC chip development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jul/12/drdo-partners-with-bengaluru-firm-for-indigenous-navic-chip-development |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Mission Sudarshan Chakra ===<br />
{{Main|Mission Sudarshan Chakra}}<br />
<br />
In August 2025, a national defense initiative was unveiled with the goal of creating an [[AI]]-enabled, multi-layered, multi-domain defense shield with offensive capabilities by 2035 to defend India from contemporary threats.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-08-16 |title=Mission Sudarshan Chakra: Multi-layered air & missile shield integrated with offensive weapons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-sudarshan-chakra-multi-layered-air-missile-shield-integrated-with-offensive-weapons/articleshow/123328590.cms |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-08-25 |title=DRDO successfully tests indigenous air defence system, advancing 'Mission Sudarshan Chakra' goals for 2035 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdo-air-defence-system-mission-sudarshan-chakra-10208827/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Wing Morphing ===<br />
In 2025, a [[Biomimetics|biomimetic]] technology program funded by the DRDO successfully demonstrated changing wing behavior on a flight platform. By modifying [[Camber (aerodynamics)|camber]] in real time to enhance lift and control, DRDO was able to achieve 6°-angle in [[leading edge]] droop. Dynamic morphing hardware that can modify its geometry in real time while in flight has been validated. It can be used for future fighters like [[HAL AMCA|AMCA]] as well as [[UAVs]]. <br />
<br />
DRDO used lightweight, intelligent [[Shape-memory alloy|shape-memory alloys]] in place of hydraulic or electromechanical [[Actuator|actuators]]. [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] created the morphing wing section, which features leading edge that is sliced diagonally at a 45°-angle. When the [[Shape-memory alloy|SMA]] actuators contract, it allows the forward part of the wing to droop smoothly, changing the camber into a more maneuver-optimized or lift-efficient shape. The surface reverts to its low-drag cruising shape when the SMA cools. The surface shifts without the gaps, discontinuities, or exposed hinges of conventional control surfaces.<br />
<br />
The radar-reflective edges of [[Flaps (aircraft)|flaps]] and [[Slat selection|slats]] are avoided by continuous shaping. The technology will help understand continuous-surface flight control, one of the requirements for [[Sixth-generation fighter|sixth-generation aircraft]] design. The morphing section can change shape at 35°-per second, even with complete [[propwash]], mimicking actual flying conditions, according to demonstrations conducted on a 300 mm-span [[micro air vehicle]]. According to DRDO, the wing takes 0.17 seconds to reach the desired shape when instructed to drop from zero to maximum. Even when the propeller is creating airflow, it can monitor [[sinusoidal]] form changes at a rate of one cycle per second.<br />
<br />
The power allocation algorithm that controls SMA actuation is one of the significant advancements. Electrical power is distributed effectively across the morphing segments via an adaptive control allocation technique designed by DRDO. It doubles actuation speed without adding to the strain on the onboard battery by dynamically sharing power among several wing parts. The system's operational feasibility is demonstrated by the 5.6% average increase in energy consumption required during full airflow loading. The architecture is lightweight enough for distributed morphing systems on bigger wings, where dozens of segments may be employed simultaneously, as well as small UAVs, with only 6 grams of electronics per segment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Joanna |date=2025-12-05 |title=India test morphing fighter jet wing tech in new DRDO breakthrough |url=https://aerospaceglobalnews.com/news/india-morphing-fighter-jet-wing-drdo-breakthrough/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=aerospaceglobalnews.com |language=en-en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Sheetal |date=2025-11-17 |title=India's 6th Gen fighter jets may feature advanced 'wing morphing' and 'nano stealth' technologies |url=https://news24online.com/india/indias-6th-gen-fighter-jets-may-feature-advanced-wing-morphing-and-nano-stealth-technologies-details-inside/669913/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Nano Stealth Coating ===<br />
Research on a sophisticated radar-absorbing coating that could render fighter aircraft almost untraceable is under progress as of 2025. The Nano Stealth Coating will use atom-thin [[Metamaterial|metamaterials]] to manipulate visual, acoustic, and electromagnetic signatures. By bending radar signals, dispersing infrared emissions, and even reducing engine noise, the coating-layered nanostructures can be adjusted via electric fields. In contrast to conventional [[Radiation-absorbent material#Use in stealth technology|radar-absorbent materials]], which increase weight and deteriorate over time due to stress, [[Self-healing material|self-heal]] nano-coatings can maintain structural integrity, provide broadband absorption from [[X band|X-band]] radars to [[millimeter-wave]] seekers and are perfect for thwarting [[Quantum computing|quantum]]-enhanced sensors.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-18 |title=India's 6th-gen fighter research pushes tech edge |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/indias-sixth-gen-combat-aircraft-research-focuses-on-technological-sophistication/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fly-By-Light System ===<br />
For near-instantaneous response times and immunity to [[electromagnetic interference]], the fly-by-light or [[fly-by-optics]] systems will use [[optical fiber]] connections to communicate flight commands via [[light]] pulses. The conventional electrical wiring seen in [[fly-by-wire]] aircraft like [[HAL Tejas]] will be replaced by this system. In disputed electromagnetic situations, it increases survivability, lowers signal delay, and improves response time. The fly-by-light architectures offer a robust infrastructure that allows next-generation aircraft computers, sensors, and weapons to securely connect in contested war zones where jamming and cyberattacks are frequent.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Jaydeep |date=2025-12-03 |title=DRDO to Initiate R&D on Shape-Shifting Wings and Self-Healing Nano-Stealth for India's 6th-Gen Fighter Jets |url=https://defence.in/threads/drdo-to-initiate-r-d-on-shape-shifting-wings-and-self-healing-nano-stealth-for-indias-6th-gen-fighter-jets.16133/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<br />
[[Category:Research projects]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanchita_Bhattacharya&diff=462795Sanchita Bhattacharya2026-01-18T17:52:09Z<p>Arshelina: quick updated intro after review and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sanchita Bhattacharya<br />
| image = Sanchita Bhattacharya & Sanjiv Routh Sarkar together at Press Release of Bengali Film Masoom.jpg<br />
| caption = Sanchita Bhattacharya & Sanjiv Routh Sarkar together at Press Release of Bengali Film Masoom.<br />
| image_size = 300<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| native_name = <!-- addition discouraged per WP:INDICSCRIPT --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|02|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br />
| father = Dhruba Bhattacharya<br />
| mother = Rupa Bhattacharya<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Abhishek Gargari|2016}}<br />
| children = <br />
| relatives = Soumya Bhattacharya (brother)<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = {{ublist|Playback singer|Composer|Music producer|Television presenter}}<br />
| years_active = 2006–present<br />
| awards = <br />
| honours = <br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| instrument = Vocals<br />
| genre = {{ublist|[[Filmi]]|Pop|Rock|[[Western music (North America)|Western]]|[[Indian classical music|Classical]]|[[Bhajan]]|[[Ghazal]]}}<br />
| label = {{ublist|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]|[[Times Music]]|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]|[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]|[[Tips Industries|Tips]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sanchita Bhattacharya''' (born 19 February 1992) is an Indian playback singer, composer and television personality. At the age of 14, this makes her the oldest winner in the [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]] history as well as the first female winner with public voting.{{when|date=January 2026}} She has recorded songs for films and albums in various Indian languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20061204-sanchita-bhattacharya-winner-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-is-to-sing-in-film-mithiya-781928-2006-12-03 | title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa winner Sanchita Bhattacharya to sing item number | access-date=2006-12-04 | website=India Today| date=4 December 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1061029/asp/nation/story_6930560.asp |title=Bengal's Sanchita is Li' Champ |website=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110084822/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061029/asp/nation/story_6930560.asp |archive-date=2006-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061202/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune – Magazine section – Saturday Extra|access-date=2006-12-02|website=The Tribune|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021546/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061202/saturday/main1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood break|date=2006-11-23 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/11/23/stories/2006112300760100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816232641/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/11/23/stories/2006112300760100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-16|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{{Blp unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| <br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Movie<br />
! Songs<br />
! Music Director<br />
! Co-singer(s)<br />
! Note(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || [[Bal Ganesh]] || Haathi Ka Bal Hai || Shamir Tandon || Solo || rowspan="8" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || [[Mithya (film)|Mithya]] || Zara Zara || Sagar Desai || Solo <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2013 || rowspan="2" |[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]] || Yamla Pagla Deewana || rowspan="2" |[[Sharib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Rahul Seth]] <br />
|-<br />
| Sadi Daru Da Pani (YPD version) || [[Toshi Sabri]], Rahul Seth <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Krisnaruupa || Jai Jai Krishna || rowspan="2" |[[Ruupa Raaman]] || Solo <br />
|-<br />
| Shreenaathji Darshan || Anweshaa, [[Sraboni Chaudhuri]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2014 || rowspan="3" |[[Kaanchi: The Unbreakable]] || Koshampa || rowspan="3" |[[Ismail Darbar]] ||[[Anwesha Datta Gupta|Anweshaa]] and [[Subhash Ghai]] <br />
|-<br />
| Kambal Ke Neech || [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Aishwarya Majmudar]] <br />
|-<br />
| Adiye Adiye || [[Avril Quadros]] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Masoom (2014 film)|Masoom]] || Aj Theke Tumi || [[Sanjib Sarkar]] || Prasenjit Mallick || rowspan="3" |Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" |2018 || [[Purulia Express]] (Album) || Anti-Virus || [[Shubham Ganguly]] || [[Raaz Chakraborty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Danga The riot]] || Chal Sanam || [[Soumitra Kundu]] || [[Sujoy Bhoumik]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sagar Mere Pass (Album) || Sagar Mere Pass || Partha Banerjee || Partha Banerjee || Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Anti Virus]] (Album) || The Last Word || rowspan="7" |Shubham Ganguly || Solo || rowspan="10" |Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| Memory || rowspan="6" |Raaz Chakraborty<br />
|-<br />
| Sound of Bangladesh <br />
|-<br />
| Puruliya Express <br />
|-<br />
| 18+ <br />
|-<br />
| Butterfly <br />
|-<br />
| Budee <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019 || Bhulte Parini (Album) || Bhulte Parini || [[Shantiraj Khosla]] || Solo<br />
|-<br />
|Tumi Bina Bondhu (Album) || Tumi Bina Bondhu || rowspan="2" |[[Baidyanath Dash]] || [[Sayam Paul]] <br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"|[[Bhokatta]] || Buladi (Item Song) || Solo <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<!-- According to Bharatpedia, this "External links" section must be present.---><br />
<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|4598570}}<br />
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<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD AN UNOFFICIAL/COMMUNITY OR SOCIAL NETWORKS LINKS AS PER Bharatpedia EXTERNAL LINKS GUIDELINES. --><br />
<br />
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{IPA|}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Sanchita}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali singers]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Filmi singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-singer-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs winners]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rex_Vijayan&diff=530421Rex Vijayan2026-01-17T11:18:31Z<p>Arshelina: added a info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{Indian patronymic|Rex|Vijayan}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Rex Vijayan<br />
| image = Rex Vijayan.jpg<br />
| caption = Rex live on stage<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1983|4|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| instrument = Guitar, keyboard, [[synthesizer]], [[ukulele]]<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[alternative metal]]}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Guitarist|[[record producer]]|music composer|singer}}<br />
| years_active = 1995&ndash;present<br />
| past_member_of = [[Motherjane]]<br />
| current_member_of = Rex Band,[[Avial (band)|Avial]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rex Vijayan''' (born 26 April 1983) is an Indian composer, guitarist, singer, record producer and multi-instrumentalist from [[Kerala]]. He is best known for being co-founder and guitarist for the alternative [[Malayali]] rock band [[Avial (band)|Avial]]. He started out his career as a composer in the Malayalam film industry through [[Kerala Cafe]] by giving the score to [[Anwar Rasheed]]'s segment 'Bridge'.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He is the son of Albert Vijayan, a music director in Malayalam films. He self-learnt to play various instruments at a very young age and began his musical career by mastering cover versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/oh-brother/article4119814.ece |title=Oh brother! |work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> He married Chintu Ramesh on 14 March 2008 at Kollam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Two-Becomes-One/2015/01/19/article2625216.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122192252/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Two-Becomes-One/2015/01/19/article2625216.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2015 |title=Two Becomes One |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> His brother Jackson Vijayan is also a musician.<br />
<br />
==Motherjane==<br />
Vijayan was part of the popular Kochi based rock band [[Motherjane]], as the rhythm guitarist from 2000 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-king-of-six-strings/article5272297.ece |title=The King of six strings |work=The Hindu |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Even though he left the band in 2003, He continued to associate with Motherjane as a consultant. He was the [[Music Producer|producer]] of the band's singles ''Jihad''(2010), ''Clayplay''(2015) and ''Namaste''(2018).<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/motherjane-set-to-play/article6769182.ece| title = Motherjane set to 'play' - Thiruvananthapuram - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 9 January 2015| last1 = Anand| first1 = Shilpa Nair}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/may/09/listen-to-motherjanes-new-single-namaste-7246.html|title = Listen to Motherjane's new single Namaste| date=9 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kolkata|first=Retro|date=2018-12-16|title=Interview with Motherjane &#124; India &#124; Guest Band &#124; World Music|url=https://www.retrokolkata.com/post/motherjane|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Retro Kolkata|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Avial==<br />
He is the music composer, lead guitarist and synthesizer of the Trivandrum-based Malayalam alternative rock band "[[Avial (band)|Avial]]" since 2003.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Other collaborations==<br />
He was part of an amateur German hip-hop band "Intensive Erfrischung" (Intensive Refreshment), which was based in [[Munich]]. He is also actively involved with Daksha Seth's Dance Company, which is concerned with performing on stage contemporary dance. Gibson Guitar Corporation, USA offered him to be their endorsee for their latest high end series guitar "Gibson Les Paul Classic".{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}. He has also produced and composed music for some ad-films with Papaya Media, Kerala Tourism Dept. etc.<br />
<br />
==Film composing==<br />
Rex debuted into film music direction with Anwar Rasheed's 'Bridge', a segment of the portmanteau film ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''. He then did the composing of ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' directed by [[Sameer Thahir]], ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'', by [[Aashiq Abu]], helped with the background score of films ''[[Second Show]]'' and ''Friday'' and did music for [[Shyamaprasad]]'s movie ''English'' in which he collaborated with American clarinet player and music composer [[Shankar Tucker]] in the song ''Aakashame'' featuring Rohan Kymal on vocals. He then did the title track for [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]'s debut movie ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' starring [[Fahadh Faasil]]. Rex Vijayan become a playback singer with ‘Enthanu Bhai' in Aashiq Abu's film ''[[Da Thadiya]]''. His work for Sameer Thahir's second movie ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' (after his directorial debut 'Chaappa Kurishu') has set a path breaking trend in Malayalam film music.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/neelakasham-pachakadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-a-riveting-ride/article5010530.ece| title = Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi: A riveting ride - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 11 August 2013| last1 = C| first1 = Sharika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2013/08/08/neelakasham-pacha-kadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/|title = Neelakasham Pacha Kadal Chuvanna Bhoomi – Music Review (Malayalam Soundtrack)|date = 8 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/neelakasham-pachakkadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-review-malayalam-pcmaWeefaeiib.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614013153/http://www.sify.com/movies/neelakasham-pachakkadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-review-malayalam-pcmaWeefaeiib.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2015|title = Neelakasham Pachakkadal Chuvanna Bhoomi|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Rex has also sung the title track 'Neelakasham' for the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2013/08/03/neelakasham-pacha-kadal-chuvanna-bhoomi-music-review-malayalam-rex-vijayan/|title=Neelakasham Pacha Kadal Chuvanna Bhoomi (Music review), Malayalam – Rex Vijayan by Milliblog!|date=3 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' was Rex's next film, in which he composed songs such as ''Thaane Pookum'' and ''Nam Onnaayi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/rex-vijayan-for-sapthamasree-malayalam-news-112346.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035649/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rex-vijayan-for-sapthamasree-malayalam-news-112346.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2018 |title=Rex Vijayan for Sapthamasree |publisher=The IndiaGlitz |date=2014-08-20 |access-date=2015-10-12}}</ref> After that Rex went on to do the background score for ''[[Picket 43]]''. He returned after a break with ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' in 2017. Later in the year he composed music for [[Aashiq Abu]]'s ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''. Rex's composition for the film was well appreciated. The song ''Mizhiyil Ninnum'' was a sensational hit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/rex-vijayan-avial-band-mayanadi-shahabz-aman-malayalam-music-band-1.3683286|title='എനിക്കങ്ങനെ ഒരു പാട്ട് ഉണ്ടാക്കാനാകുമെന്ന് കരുതുന്നില്ല. ആഷിഖ് ഇക്കാര്യം പറഞ്ഞപ്പോള് ഞെട്ടി'|date=28 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/shahabaz-aman-wishes-aashiq-abu-happy-birthday-with-song-fb-post-1.4685566|title = 'നിത്യകാമുകാ ആഷിക് അബൂ, ജന്മദിനാശംസകള്' -ഷഹബാസ് അമന്| date=12 April 2020 }}</ref> and singer [[Shahabaz Aman]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] for the rendition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahabaz Aman and I composed Mayaanadhi tunes like band members: Rex Vijayan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/shahabaz-aman-and-i-composed-mayaanadhi-tunes-like-band-members-rex-vijayan/articleshow/62297278.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jan/02/rex-vijayans-soulful-and-nostalgic-music-3866.html| title = Rex Vijayan's soulful and nostalgic music- Cinema express| website = [[Cinema Express]]| date = 2 January 2018}}</ref> His latest releases as music composer are ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' (2018), ''[[Thamaasha]]'' (2019) and ''[[Valiyaperunnal]]'' (2019), all were widely acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Sudani from Nigeria' review: a magical delight laced with football|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2018/03/23/sudani-from-nigeria-review.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/warmth-and-sensitivity-in-equal-measure/article27699203.ece| title = Warmth and sensitivity in equal measure - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 8 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://medium.com/film-music/rex-vijayan-crafts-a-colorfully-experimental-pop-soundtrack-in-valiya-perunnal-b52e9db81d9d| title = Rex Vijayan crafts a colorfully experimental pop soundtrack in 'Valiya Perunnal' {{!}} by Dhinoj Dings {{!}} Film+Music {{!}} Medium| date = 29 December 2019}}</ref> He also served as [[Record producer|music producer]] for the 2020 movie ''[[Halal Love Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/05/halal-love-story-motion-poster.html|title = ഹലാല് ലൗ സ്റ്റോറി മോഷന് പോസ്റ്റര് പുറത്തിറങ്ങി}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===Original soundtracks===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! !! Film <br />
!Tracklist!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2009 || [[Kerala Cafe]] <br />
| || Background Score (Segment: ''Bridge)'' <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2011 || [[Chappa Kurishu]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Orunaalum Kaanaathe''<br />
# ''Theeye Theeye''<br />
|Also composed Background Score<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2012 || [[22 Female Kottayam]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Melle Kollum''<br />
|Co-composed background score with [[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Second Show]] <br />
| || rowspan="2" | Background Score only<br />
|-<br />
| [[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2013 || [[English: An Autumn in London|English]]<br />
|<br />
# ''Maayumee''<br />
# ''Aakashame''<br />
# ''Nila Vaaname''<br />
# ''Shalabhamayi''<br />
# ''Thaarame''<br />
|Also Composed Background Score<br />
|-<br />
| [[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Doore Doore''<br />
# ''Thaazhvaram''<br />
# ''Neelakasham''<br />
# ''Neerppalunkukal''<br />
# ''Ami Hitmajare''<br />
|Also composed Background Score<br />
|-<br />
| [[North 24 Kaatham]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Thaanaaro (Title Song)''<br />
|Title Song only<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2014 || [[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Kayyethum Doorathu''<br />
# ''Naam Onnayi''<br />
# ''Sapthamashree Thaskara''<br />
# ''Thaane Pookkum''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2015 || [[Picket 43]] <br />
| ||Background score only<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Aayiram Kaalamaayi''<br />
# ''Thaarangal Paadunne''<br />
# ''Kunnimani''<br />
# ''Dheera Charitha''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2017 || [[Parava (film)|Parava]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Pyaar Pyaar''<br />
# ''Ormakal''<br />
# ''Pakalin Vaathil''<br />
|Co-composed Background Score with Yakzan Gary Pereira, [[Neha Nair]] and [[Sekhar Menon]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mayaanadhi]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Kiliye''<br />
# ''Uyirin Nadhiye''<br />
# ''Kaattil''<br />
# ''Mizhiyil Ninnum''<br />
|1song (Kaattil) co-composed with [[Shahabaz Aman]];<br />
<br />
Co-composed Background Score with Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2018 || [[Sudani from Nigeria]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Kurrah''<br />
# ''Kinavu Kondoru''<br />
# ''Cherukatha Pole''<br />
|1 Song (Kurrah) co-composed with [[Shahabaz Aman]];<br />
<br />
Co-composed Background Score with Yakzan Gary Pereira, [[Neha Nair]] and Kishan Mohan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019 || [[Thamaasha]] <br />
|<br />
# ''Paadi Njan''<br />
# ''Kaanumbol Ninne''<br />
|1 song (Paadi Njan) co-composed with [[Shahabaz Aman]];<br />
<br />
Also composed Background Score with Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Valiyaperunnal]] <br />
|<br />
# ''<nowiki/>'Hey' Song''<br />
#''Chemmanam''<br />
# ''Labbaikkallah''<br />
# ''Thazhvarangal''<br />
# ''Piraanth''<br />
# ''Kochi-Mattanchery''<br />
# ''Uyirullavaram''<br />
# ''Vandu Njan''<br />
|Also composed Background Score<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|[[Halal Love Story]]<br />
|<br />
# ''Sundaranayavane''<br />
# ''Bismillah''<br />
|Credited as [[Record producer|Music Producer]]<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]] <br />
|<br />
|Co-composed Background Score with [[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]<br />
|<br />
# ''Gandharva Ganam''<br />
# ''Aalunnu Neeye''<br />
# ''Killer On The Loose''<br />
# ''Nayattu Prarthana''<br />
|Co-composed Background Score with Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As playback singer===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?g=8460|title = List of Malayalam Songs sung by Rex Vijayan}}</ref>!! Song !! Movie !! Co-singer(s) !! Music director/ Composer<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Oru Naalum Kaanathe''<br />
|[[Chappa Kurishu]]<br />
|Rashmi Satheesh<br />
|Himself<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''Enthanu Bhai''<br />
|[[Da Thadiya]]<br />
|[[Bijibal]],<br />Jayaram Ranjith<br />
|[[Bijibal]]<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''Neelakasham''<br />
|[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="6" |Himself<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''Tharangal Padunne''<br />
|[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2017<br />
|''Pyar Pyar''<br />
|[[Parava (film)|Parava]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Uyirin Nadhiye''<br />
|[[Mayaanadhi]]<br />
|[[Neha Nair]]<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Cherukatha Pole''<br />
|[[Sudani from Nigeria]]<br />
|Imam Majboor<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Thazhvarangal''<br />
|[[Valiyaperunnal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Jaalame''<br />
|[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]<br />
|Lal Krishna, Divya S Menon, Namitha Raju, Gagul Joseph, Jackson Vijayan<br />
|Jackson Vijayan<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''Manuja''<br />
|[[Romancham]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Sushin Shyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|Nayattu Prarthana <br />
|''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''<br />
|[[Neha Nair]]<br />
|Rex Vijayan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category <br />
! Film/Album/Song<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/rex-vijayan-feels-honored-to-have-won-an-award-at-the-jio-filmfare-awards/articleshow/64618909.cms|title = Rex Vijayan feels honored to have won an award at the Jio Filmfare Awards - Times of India ►|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=17 June 2018 }}</ref><br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Mayanadi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indywood Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18|title=Indywood Academy Awards|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123025904/http://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Mayanadi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Mazhavil Mango Music Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/08/07/mazhavil-mango-music-awards-winners.html|title = Home}}</ref><br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Mayanadi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Movie Street Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html|title = Home}}</ref><br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Mayanadi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[CPC Cine Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/cpc-awards-2017-parvathy-fahad-best-actors|title = CPC Awards announced; Thondimuthalum Drik Sakshiyum Best Picture}}</ref><br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Mayanadi]], [[Parava (film)|Parava]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4642769/ Rex Vijayan] on [[IMDb]]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, Rex}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucky_Draw_777&diff=513727Lucky Draw 7772026-01-09T04:18:06Z<p>Arshelina: starting new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Konkani-language comedy movie released in 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Poster of Lucky Draw 777<br />
| director = Rayan Magneto<br />
| writer = Rayan Magneto<br />
| producer = Rayan Magneto<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Kelvin Saldanha<br />
*Lucy Lobo Aranha Gurpur<br />
*Rayan Magneto<br />
*Leston Lestu<br />
*Rishal Permannur<br />
*Joylin D'Souza Niddodi<br />
*Dr. Melwyn Pernal<br />
*Alwyn Danthy Pernal<br />
*Louis Pinto Kateel<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = {{plainlist|<br />
*Stany Niddodi<br />
*Alwyn Sequeira<br />
*Naizil Rodrigues<br />
*Jeevan Dcosta<br />
*Hanson Rodrigues<br />
}}<br />
| editing = Rayan Magneto<br />
| music = Russel Rodrigues<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
Rayan Magneto Films<br />
Trending Shield<br />
}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|09|02|Mangalore}}<br />
| runtime = 105 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
| budget = ₹5L<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lucky Draw''' is a 2023 Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-language comedy film [[written]], [[Editing|edited]], [[Film director|directed]] and [[Film producer|produced]] by Rayan Magneto under the banner of Rayan Magneto Films and Trending Shield. The film stars Kelvin Saldanha, Lucy lobo Aranha, Rayan Magneto, Leston Lestu and Rishal Permannur in the lead roles. The film's [[Background Score|background score]] is composed by Russel Rodrigues, [[cinematography]] by Stany Niddodi and Alwyn Sequeira, and drone and additional cinematography by Naizil Rodrigues, Jeevan Dcosta and Hanson Rodrigues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shooting of Rayan Magneto's Konkani comedy film 'Lucky Draw 777' completed |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1111297 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pernal |first=Melwyn |date=2024-02-06 |title=ಕೊಂಕ್ಣಿ ಹಾಸ್ಯ್ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ 'ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಡ್ರಾ 777' - ಕೆನಡಾಂತ್ ಜಾಗತಿಕ್ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ್ |url=https://nbj.infantjesusmangaluru.com/lucky-draw-777-konkani-film/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Naman Ballok Jesu |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
This is the debut film by Rayan Magneto<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani movie 'Lucky Draw 777' releases to packed house in Mangaluru |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1116887 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> after creating many youtube comedy sketches under channel name Trending Shield TV along with friends Joel Rodrigues and Kelvin Saldanha.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
Three friends start a hunt for a ‘Lucky Draw 777’ ticket, which they jointly bought for a meagre amount of Rs 30 from an [[Consumer electronics|electronic store]] called ' Alex and Sons'. After realising they have won the draw, they come to know about their missing ticket.<br />
<br />
As more people join in to ask for their share before claiming their prizes, there are struggles and confusion between them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='Lucky Draw 777' Konkani film carries social message besides comedy |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1116842 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konkani |first=Veez |date=11 Sep 2023 |title=ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಡ್ರಾ 777 - ಏಕ್ ಹಾಸ್ಯ್ ಪಿಂತುರ್, ಪುಣ್ ಆಮ್ಚ್ಯಾ ಸಮಾಜೆಚ್ಯಾ ಸಮಸ್ಯಾಂಚೆರ್ ಆರ್ಸೊ ಧರ್ತಾ |trans-title=Lucky Draw 777- A comedy film, but also a reflection of our society's problems |url=https://issuu.com/austinprabhu/docs/_310 |journal=Veez Global Illustrated Konkani & English Weekly E-Magazine. Published from Chicago, USA |language=Konkani |location=Chicago, USA |publisher=Dr. Austin Prabhu |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=10–13 |via=ISSUU}}</ref><br />
<br />
The story also depicts how self-centered the human race could be.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
Source:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
* Kelvin Saldanha as Kellam<br />
* Rayan Magneto as Rayan<br />
* Leston Nazareth as Leston Lestu<br />
* Lucy Lobo Aranha Gurpur as Pullubai<br />
* Rishal Permannur as Sharrel<br />
* Joylin D'Souza Niddodi&nbsp;as Joylin<br />
* Aaron Prince as Sam<br />
* Jonisha D'souza as Smitha<br />
* Louis Pinto Kateel as Thomasam<br />
* Dr. Melwyn Pernal as Pascalam<br />
* Preetham Noronha Fajir as Preetham<br />
* Prinson Mathias Kirem as Prinson<br />
* Vinson Mathias Kirem&nbsp;as Vinson<br />
* Preethi Mathias&nbsp;Kirem as Mother<br />
* Alwyn Danthy Pernal as Gurkar Maxi<br />
<br />
Along with Sharal D’souza, Alton Samuel Saldanha, Ohana bertilia pereira, Prem Saldanha, Stella Rodrigues.<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearances ===<br />
<br />
* Velita Lobo<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The Muhurat of the film was held on 10 December 2022 at Our Lady of Remedies Church Kirem,<ref name=":0" /> along with a first schedule of the film which was completed after six days of shooting between 12 and 17 December 2022.{{fact|date=June 2024}}<br />
<br />
As the film progressed, the majority of the shooting took place on Sundays and holidays due to the actors' availability. After 15 days of shooting, the filmmakers wrapped up the project. Several patchwork scenes were also reshot over two days on 26 and 28 March 2023.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The movie was shot using a [[Canon EOS 5D Mark IV|Canon 5D Mark IV]], a [[Canon EOS R]] and a Canon M50 Mark II, while drone shots were filmed using a [[DJI Mavic|DJI Mavic Mini 2]].<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
[[Film score|Background Score]] for the film was composed by debutant Russel Rodrigues.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
One instrumental title track is featured in the film.<br />
<br />
The [[dubbing]] of the film was done by prominent konkani singer and composer Jaison J Sequeira at his studio Dennana Recording Co. He also served as the script analyst during the pre-production stages. <ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
A houseful crowd attended the movie's premiere at Bharath Cinemas, Mangalore, on Tuesday, 2 September 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=ಸಪ್ತೆಂಬರ್ 2 ವೆರ್ ಮಂಗ್ಳುರಾಂತ್ 'ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಡ್ರಾ 777' ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ |url=https://kittall.in/28651/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=Konkani Comedy Film "Lucky Draw 777" by YouTube Stars Goes Global. – Mangalore Meri Jaan |url=https://mangaloremerijaan.com/konkani-comedy-film-lucky-draw-777-by-youtube-stars-goes-global/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
The Second Show was held on 10 September at Kirem Church Hall with over 600 attendees<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirem church hall hosts overflowing crowd for 'Lucky Draw 777' film's exclusive screening |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1120012 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirem |first=Church |title=Trending Shield Youtube Channel Presents Konkani Movie &quot;LuckyDraw777&quot; 2nd premier Show held |url=https://www.kiremchurch.com/notice-board/news/other-news/532-trending-shield-youtube-channel-presents-konkani-movie-luckydraw777-2nd-premier-show-held |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.kiremchurch.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Third Show was held on 15 October 2023 at Our Lady of Fatima Church ground in Pernal which marks films 1000+ footfalls with just 3 screenings<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udupi: Konkani comedy 'Lucky Draw 777' delights crowd at Pernal's Our Lady of Fatima Church ground |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1131977 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film had its first international debut on 28 January 2024 at Central Parkway Cinemas, [[Mississauga]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theatres |first=AMC |title=Lucky Draw 777 |url=https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/lucky-draw-777-75780}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Public Screenings ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+[[Public and private screening|Public Screenings]]<br />
!Show No.<br />
!Date<br />
!Place<br />
![[Audience]] (~)<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |{{Center|1='''2023'''}}<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|2 Sep 2023<br />
|''Bharath Cinemas, [[Bejai]], [[Mangalore]]''<br />
|287<br />
|Premiere Show<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|10 Sep 2023<br />
|''Kirem Church Hall, Damaskatte''<br />
|600<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|15 Oct 2023<br />
|''Our Lady of Fatima Church Ground, Pernal''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| rowspan="2" |29 Oct 2023<br />
|''[[Miyar]] Multi Purpose Church Hall''<br />
|450<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|''Saint Teresa Church Ground, Paldane''<br />
|600<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ICYM |first=Mangalore |date=2023-10-30 |title=ICYM Paldane held a Movie Night ‘Lucky Draw 777’ |url=https://www.icymmangalore.com/news/10-deanery-parish-news/69-city-deanery/285-parish-news2/333-paldane/3613-icym-paldane-held-a-movie-night-lucky-draw-777 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ICYM Mangalore |language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|4 Nov 2023<br />
|''Holy Angels School, [[Shirthady]]''<br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|11 Nov 2023<br />
|''Mother of Sorrows Church Hall, [[Udupi]]''<br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|12 Nov 2023<br />
|''St. Francis Xavier Church Hall, [[Mudarangadi]]''<br />
|350<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|18 Nov 2023<br />
|''St. Francis Xavier Church, [[Bejai]] (Lourdes Ground)''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|26 Nov 2023<br />
|''Our Lady of Fatima Church Hall, [[Mundkur]]''<br />
|100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|2 Dec 2023<br />
|''[[Kinnigoli]] Church Hall''<br />
|600<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|3 Dec 2023<br />
|''Holy Cross Church Hall, Manjottie''<br />
|175<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|9 Dec 2023<br />
|''Pakala Hall, [[Manjarapalke]] (Bola )''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|20 Dec 2023<br />
|''Infant Jesus Church Grounds, Pilar''<br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |{{Center|1='''2024'''}}<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|21 Jan 2024<br />
|''Holy Family Church Grounds, [[Omzoor]]''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|26 Jan 2024<br />
|''St Sebastian Church, [[Permannur]]''<br />
|800<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|28 Jan 2024<br />
|''Central Parkway Cinema, [[Mississauga]], [[Canada]]''<br />
|100<br />
|1st International show<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani movie 'Lucky Draw 777' screened in Toronto by Induge Eventz, Canaraworld Foundation Inc |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1163026 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Canara |first=World |title=Screening of Konkani movie Lucky Draw 777 in Toronto by Induge Eventz & Canaraworld Foundation Inc. |url=https://www.canaraworld.com/news-events/canara-world-events/195 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Canara World |language=en-gb}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|10 Feb 2024<br />
|''Our Lady of Lourdes Church Hall, [[Kanajaru|Kanajar]]''<br />
|400<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Lucky Draw 777 Konkani Movie – Lourdes Church Kanajar |url=https://lourdeschurchkanajar.com/lucky-draw-777-konkani-movie/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|12 Feb 2024<br />
|''Holy Cross Church Grounds, Taccode''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|27 Jan 2024<br />
|''"ALMIGHTY" Residence, [[Surathkal]], Kana''<br />
|70<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
| rowspan="2" |31 Mar 2024<br />
|''Infant Jesus Church Grounds, Vamadapadav''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|''Europe Premiere at [[Luxembourg]]''<br />
|15<br />
|Special Community Show <br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|6 Apr 2024<br />
|''Our Lady of Health Church Grounds, [[Shirva, India|Shirva]]''<br />
|700<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|20 Apr 2024<br />
|''St. Ignatius Loyola Church Hall, Paladka''<br />
|100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|27 June 2024<br />
|''Mount Rosary Ashram, Alangar, [[Moodabidri|Moodbidri]]''<br />
|100<br />
|25th Show<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|22 Aug 2024<br />
|''Infant Jesus Shrine, Bikkernakatta, Mangalore'' <br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|08 Sept 2024<br />
|''St. Vincent De Paul Church, [[Katapady]]''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|12 Sept 2024<br />
|''Bharath Cinemas, [[Bejai]], [[Mangalore]]''<br />
|80<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Media |date=2024-08-09 |title=Konkani Film Festival ‘Film Sobhann’ from August 23rd |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/konkani-film-festival-film-sobhann-from-august-23rd/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|15 Sept 2024<br />
|''The Holy Cross Church Hall, Cordel, [[Kulshekar]]''<br />
|1200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|27 Sept 2024<br />
|''[[St. Aloysius, Mangalore|St Aloysius University]], [[Mangalore]]''<br />
|150<br />
|Special Show organised by Konkani Sangha<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|29 Sept 2024<br />
|''St. Paul's Church Hall, Balkunje''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|06 Oct 2024<br />
|''Our Lady Of Pompei Church, [[Kaikamba]]''<br />
|500<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|20 Oct 2024<br />
|''Mai de deus Church, [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|10 Nov 2024<br />
|''Holy saviour church hall, Agrar''<br />
|350<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|20 Nov 2024<br />
|''Saint Philip Neri Church, [[Basrur]]''<br />
|1100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|31 Dec 2024<br />
|''St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, Sastan''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |{{Center|1='''2025'''}}<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|25 Jan 2025<br />
|''St. Francis Xavier's Church, Saverapura''<br />
|100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|01 Feb 2025<br />
|''St. Francis Xavier's Church, Ferar''<br />
|350<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|02 Feb 2025<br />
|''St. John the Baptist Church, [[Permude]]''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|08 Feb 2025<br />
|''Christ the King Church, [[Venur|Venoor]]''<br />
|250<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|09 Feb 2025<br />
|''Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Church, Gantalkatte''<br />
|225<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|15 Feb 2025<br />
|''Holy Rosary Church, Alangar''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|16 Feb 2025<br />
|''Holy Spirit Church, [[Sampige]]''<br />
|175<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|22 Feb 2025<br />
|''Sacred Heart Church, [[Surathkal]]'' <br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|23 Feb 2025<br />
|''St. Joseph Church, [[Bajpe]]'' <br />
|650<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|26 Feb 2025<br />
|''Holy Cross Church, Pamboor''<br />
|550<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
| rowspan="2" |01 Mar 2025<br />
|''Saldanha Residence Hall, [[Kateel]]''<br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|''[[Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus, Madanthyar|Church Of Sacred Heart Of Jesus]], [[Madanthyar]]''<br />
|450<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
| rowspan="2" |02 Mar 2025<br />
|''Sacred Heart Of Jesus Church, [[Shamboor]]''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|''[[St. Antony Church, Naravi|St. Antony Church]], [[Naravi]]''<br />
|300<br />
|Half Century<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
| rowspan="3" |20 Apr 2025<br />
|''St Roque Church, Neerude''<br />
|400<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|''St. John the Evangelist Church, Pangla''<br />
|600<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|''Infant Mary Church, [[Katipalla]]'' <br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|26 Apr 2025<br />
|''Our Lady Of Vailankanni Church, Farla''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|04 May 2025<br />
|''[[St. Joseph Church, Belman]]''<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |Total Footfalls<br />
! style="background:#00FF00" |19,577<br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Roshu Bajpe of ''Kittal'' Konkani [[Magazine]] and Website wrote "Lucky Draw 777 is the movie that won't disappoint the Audience". He praised the courage and efforts by Rayan Magneto in taking the first steps towards fulfilling his movie dream. He commended the acting performances by the lead casts, especially by Carmine sequeira who managed to grab the audience by her small but impactful role<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕಾಂಕ್ ಮೋಸ್ ಕರಿನಾ ತಸಲೆಂ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ 'ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಡ್ರಾ 777' |url=https://kittall.in/28828/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hemacharya of ''[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]'' stated that the film reminded him of a ‘[[Treasure Island]]’ the classic novel, by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]. He applauded the strength and courage of a new comer's initiative against all odds and challenges. He commended the social message revolved around the story besides comedy and the way the surroundings of his native are shown in the film.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
<br />
=== ''Fondacho Misther'' ===<br />
Main article:<br />
<br />
Fondacho Misther is a standalone sequel to the 2023 Konkani comedy film Lucky Draw 777. While featuring a refreshed cast and unexpected role reversals, the film also sees the return of a few fan-favorite actors from the original reprising their roles. The story centers around a curious incident that unfolds in a quiet village, leading to a series of comedic and dramatic events.<br />
<br />
Plans for a sequel began soon after Lucky Draw 777 received positive responses during its public screenings, with audiences expressing strong interest in a continuation. Rayan Magneto, who served as the writer, director, and editor of the first film, returned to helm the project once again. Originally slated for a late 2024 release, the film was postponed due to production and budgetary delays, and then released on April 25, 2025 across Mangalore and Udupi.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Konkani cinema ]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=29607530}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahid_Mallya&diff=534290Shahid Mallya2026-01-08T00:45:25Z<p>Arshelina: Redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Shahid Mallya<br />
| image = Shahid Mallya.jpg<br />
| caption = Shahid Mallya<br />
| occupation = Singer<br />
| instrument = Vocals<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|08|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan]], India<br />
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]]<br />
| genre = [[playback singer|Playback Singing]]<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| website = {{URL|www.twitter.com/shahidmaliya}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shahid Mallya''' is an Indian playback singer who has sung in various films. He prominently sings Hindi, Punjabi and Telugu songs<ref>{{cite news|title=Right on track|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 April 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/right-on-track/article5922080.ece|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Initially performing playback singing for Indian TV serials, Mallya debuted in Bollywood with the song "Gurbani" from the film ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''.<br />
<br />
[[File:Shahid Mallya at Mahurat of film 'Come on Doctor'.jpg|thumb|Shahid Mallya recording a song for a film.]]<br />
<br />
His big break came when his friend, lyricist [[Kumaar]], recommended him to [[Pritam]], who had him sing ''Rabba Main To Mar Gaya Oye'' and ''Ik Tu Hi Tu'' for Pankaj Kapur's directorial debut ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''.<br />
<br />
==Film songs==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"<br />
! scope="col" width=5%| Year<br />
! scope="col" width=22%| Film<br />
! scope="col" width=22%| Song<br />
! scope="col" width=18%| Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" width=17%| Co-singer(s)<br />
! scope="col" width=2%| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 2011<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''<br />
| "Gurbani"<br />
| Sanjoy Chowdhury<br />
| rowspan="3"|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''<br />
| "Rabba Main Toh Mar Gaya Oye"<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Pritam]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
| "Ik Tu Hi Tu Hi (Reprise)"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''<br />
| "Do Dhaari Talwaar"<br />
| [[Sohail Sen]]<br />
| [[Shweta Pandit]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review: Mere Brother Ki Dulhan|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/music/music-review-mere-brother-ki-dulhan-620976|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Sahi Dhandhe Galat Bande]]''<br />
| "Naino Waali Whisky"<br />
| rowspan="2"| Siddharth-Suhas<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Be Careful (film)|Be Careful]]''<br />
| "Love Technology"<br />
| Sasha Tirupati<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"| 2012<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Sadda Adda]]''<br />
| "Sarphira"<br />
| Shamir Tandon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Student of the Year (film)|Student of the Year]]''<br />
| "Kukkad"<br />
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
| Nisha Mascarenhas, Marianne D'Cruz<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''Dil Tainu Karda Ae Pyar''<br />
| "Kyun Gayee"<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Jaidev Kumar]]<br />
| rowspan="3"|<br />
| rowspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| "Sona Sahiba"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Bittoo Boss]]''<br />
| "Mann Jaage Sari Raat"<br />
| [[Gajendra Verma]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''<br />
| "Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana"<br />
| [[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]]<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2013<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]''<br />
| "Inkaar Theme (English Version)"<br />
| rowspan="2"| Shamir Tandon<br />
| [[Monica Dogra]]<br />
| rowspan="3"|<br />
|-<br />
| "Inkaar Theme (Hindi Version)"<br />
| [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Rajdhani Express (film)|Rajdhani Express]]''<br />
| "Koi Umeed (Indian)"<br />
| Lahu-Madhav<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7"| 2014<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]''<br />
| "Kya Hoga"<br />
| [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br />
| [[Master Saleem]], Jazim Sharma<br />
|<ref name="toi">{{cite news|title=Music Review: 'Dedh Ishqiya' music classic, romantic|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Music-Review-Dedh-Ishqiya-music-classic-romantic/articleshow/28235588.cms|accessdate=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''<br />
| "Tauba Main Vyah Karke Pachtaya"<br />
| [[Pritam]]<br />
| [[Poorvi Koutish]]<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| ''[[Gunday]]''<br />
| "Saaiyaan"<br />
| rowspan="4"| [[Sohail Sen]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|<br />
| rowspan="4"| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
| "Bolo Na"<br />
|-<br />
| "Mann Kunto Maula – Bangla Version"<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Javed Ali]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Mann Kunto Maula (Classical) – Bangla Version"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''<br />
| "Iski Uski"<br />
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br />
| [[Akriti Kakkar]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
|<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title=Review: 2 States music is entertaining|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-2-states-music-is-entertaining/20140321.htm|accessdate=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|date=22 March 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"| 2015<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]''<br />
| "Crazy Cukkad Family"<br />
| rowspan="2"| Siddharth-Suhas<br />
| Shipra Goyal<br />
| rowspan="2"|<br />
|-<br />
| "Party Ka Hero"<br />
| [[Kumaar]], Shipra Goyal<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Guddu Rangeela]]''<br />
| "Sahebaan"<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] Sripada, Amit Trivedi<br />
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review: Guddu Rangeela – UrbanAsian|date=20 June 2015 |url=http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2015/06/music-review-guddu-rangeela/|publisher=UrbanAsian|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| "Guddu Rangeela (Remix)"<br />
| [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''<br />
| "Nachda"<br />
| [[Pritam]]<br />
|<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"| 2016<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' <br />
| "Chitta Ve"<br />
| rowspan="3"| [[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
| Babu Haabi, Bhanu Pratap<br />
| rowspan="3"| {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} <br />
|-<br />
| "Ikk Kudi"<br />
| rowspan="2"|<br />
|-<br />
| "Hass Nach Le"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Dishoom]]''<br />
| "Toh Dishoom"<br />
| [[Pritam]]<br />
| [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dishoom-original-motion-picture/id1134982710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921043517/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dishoom-original-motion-picture/id1134982710|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2016|title=Dishoom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Pritam on iTunes|accessdate=1 August 2016|date=15 July 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]''<br />
| "Happy Oye"<br />
| [[Sohail Sen]]<br />
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]]<br />
|<ref name="BollywoodHungama">{{cite news|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title=Happy Bhag Jayegi music review by Joginder Tuteja|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/2159539|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809164613/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/2159539|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|newspaper=BollywoodHungama|date=8 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"| 2017<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''<br />
| "Radha"<br />
| [[Pritam]]<br />
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''<br />
|"Bura Na Mano Bholi Hai"<br />
|Sumeet Bellary <br />
|Gandharv Sachdev<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Guest iin London]]''<br />
| "Dil Mera"<br />
| [[Raghav Sachar]]<br />
| [[Ash King]], [[Prakriti Kakar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Wo India Ka Shakespeare]]''<br />
| "Aas Meri"<br />
| [[Sachin Pathak]]<br />
| <br />
|{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140254/http://www.daikhlo.com/watch/yt_dyQwGYqK3nQ]}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Sweetiee Weds NRI]]''<br />
|"Wedding"<br />
| [[Palash Muchhal]]<br />
| [[Palak Muchhal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2018<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''<br />
|"Daryaa"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
|[[Ammy Virk]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Sacchi Mohabbat"<br />
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]''<br />
|"Koi Gal Nayi"<br />
|[[Sohail Sen]]<br />
|[[Piyush Mishra]], [[Mudassar Aziz]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Namaste England]]''<br />
|"Dhoom Dhadaka"<br />
|[[Mannan Shaah]]<br />
|[[Antara Mitra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2019<br />
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]''<br />
|"Mashoor Hazoor – E – Aala"<br />
|rowspan="2"|Sohail Sen<br />
|Solo<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Laides Paan"<br />
|[[Mamta Sharma]], [[Shadab Faridi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2021<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]''<br />
|"Hey Hudiya"<br />
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=TeamIH|date=2021-01-31|title=FCUK (Father Chitti Uma Karthik) Movie Hey Hudiya Song Released By Media For Media|url=https://industryhit.com/t/fcuk-father-chitti-uma-karthik-movie-hey-hudiya-song-released-by-media-for-media/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=IndustryHit.Com|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''<br />
|"Udd Chaliyan"<br />
|colspan=2|[[Jasleen Royal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5|2022<br />
! scope="row"|''[[Atithi Bhooto Bhava]]''<br />
|"Gulmohar"<br />
|Prasad S<br />
|<br />
|[[Zee5]] film<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan=4| ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''<br />
|"Rubaiyaan"<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
|Sireesha Bhagavatula <br />
|rowspan=4|[[Netflix]] film<br />
|-<br />
|"Shauq"<br />
|[[Swanand Kirkire]], Sireesha Bhagavatula <br />
|-<br />
|"Nirvau Nirvir"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Udd Jayega"<br />
| Sagar Desai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2023<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''<br />
|"Baari Barsi"<br />
|[[Julius Packiam]]<br />
|Harsimram Singh <br />
|[[JioCinema]] film<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''<br />
|"Kudmayi (Film Version)"<br />
|[[Pritam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Lovely]]''<br />
|"Dil Khona"<br />
|[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
|Yashita <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2025<br />
|''Shaila''<br />
|"Nachle"<br />
|Sunil Sharma<br />
|Suhani Thapa<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-12-04 |title=Riyom Films to release romantic movie 'Shaila' on Feb 7 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/riyom-films-to-release-romantic-movie-shaila-on-feb-7/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]<br />
|''Touch Kiya''<br />
|[[Thaman S]]<br />
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalidhar Laapata]]<br />
|[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Deepali Sathe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Non-Film songs==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Album<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Lyrics<br />
! scope="col" | Note<br />
! scope="row" |<br />
|-<br />
|''2021''<br />
| "Wajood"<br />
|[[Shourya Kumar Lal]]<br />
|<br />
|Seemu Dandyan & Aarvi<br />
|Also Featured in the Video<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
!''Chehra Noor Sa''<br />
|Chehra Noor Sa<br />
|Siddharth Kasyap<br />
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br />
|Featuring Mrunal Jain & Mruga<br />
|Directed by Anshul Vijayvargiya<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|"Bas Aitbaar Chahida"<br />
|Hitesh Panghaniya<br />
|<br />
|Hitesh Panghaniya<br />
|[Humara Platform]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |''Gumnaam Shayar''<br />
| "Dukh"<br />
|[[Gopi Sidhu]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Gopi Sidhu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| |2018<br />
! scope="row" |''Mere Saaiyan''<br />
| "Mere Saaiyan"<br />
|[[Shourya Kumar Lal]]<br />
|<br />
|Seemu Dandyan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
! scope="row" |''Jalwa-E-Jubilee''<br />
|| "Jalwa-E-Jubilee"<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180714-punjabi-music-soulful-eternal-shahid-mallya | title=Punjabi music is soulful, eternal: Shahid Mallya | date=14 July 2018}}</ref>||[[Ayaz Ismail]]<br />
|[[Richa Sharma (singer)]]<br />
|Seema Saini<br />
|[[Akshat Gaur]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|2016<br />
! scope="row" |''Disco Stud''<br />
|"Disco Stud "<br />
|[[Arif khan]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Gopi Sidhu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
! scope="row" |''Vadhaiyaan''<br />
| "Vadhaiyaan"<br />
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
! scope="row" |''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma]]''<br />
| "Bani – Ishq Da Kalma"<br />
| Udbhav Ojha, Gagan Riar, Sarabh Nayar<br />
|[[Harshdeep Kaur]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2011<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''Phoenyx Phase 1''<br />
| "Teriyan Khairan"<br />
| rowspan="2" | Bharat Goel<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| "Challa Laung Da Laskhara"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2020<br />
!<br />
|"Tenu Vekhi Jaavan"<br />
|Bharat Goel<br />
|[[Asees Kaur]]<br />
|Rashmi Virag<br />
|Released on Times Music<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|"Aadat Hai Tu"<br />
|Dharmendra Bhadouriya<br />
|<br />
|Dharmendra "Ehsaas"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|"Tu Laazmi" <br />
|Anjana Ankur Singh<br />
|<br />
|Rajesh Nishad<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|"Teri Arzoo"<br />
|Sukumar Dutta<br />
|Neha Karode<br />
|Deeplina Deka, Ava Dihingia, Udayan Duwarah<br />
|Released on Times Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" |2022<br />
|"Kyun"<br />
|"Kyun"<br />
|Shourya Kumar Lal<br />
|Aarvi, [[Samir Gwalia]], Surya Samudra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|"Mere Baba"<br />
|Subham Sahu<br />
|Subham Sahu<br />
|Father's Day Special Song<br />
|Released on Jinni Music<br />
|<br />
<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://wynk.in/music/song/mere-baba/pk_INF232200541| title=Mere Baba on Wynk Music | date=13 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43N9MxGjMGI | title=Mere Baba on YouTube: Shahid Mallya | website=[[YouTube]] | date=13 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Award Ceremony<br />
! Category<br />
! Recipient<br />
! Result<br />
! Ref.(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
| [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]<br />
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br />
| "Rabba Main Toh Mar Gaya Oye" from ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archivedate=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[69th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|"Kudmayi (Film Version)" from ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|4179077}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|107038}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallya, Shahid}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahil_Mehta_(actor,_born_1997)&diff=531857Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)2025-12-29T14:35:18Z<p>Arshelina: Created Post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1997)}}<br />
{{autobiography|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sahil Mehta<br />
| image = Sahil Mehta Indian actor.jpg<br />
| image_upright = yes<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1997|08|06}}<br />
| years_active = 2019–present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| website =[https://www.sahilmehta.in sahilmehta.in]<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| education = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sahil Mehta''' (born 6 August 1997) is an Indian film and web-series actor known for roles in ''[[Tabbar]]'' (2021).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Pardiwalla |first=Tanzim |date=2024-06-11 |title=I'm fortunate enough to practise my art, says Sahil Mehta |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-im-fortunate-enough-to-practise-my-art-says-sahil-mehta-66601.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>, ''[[Good Luck Jerry]]'' (2022),<ref name="TOI2022">{{cite news |last=Times of India Bureau |title=Sahil Mehta on working with Janhvi Kapoor in Good Luck Jerry: I was amazed to see what energy she has (Exclusive) |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sahil-mehta-on-working-with-janhvi-kapoor-in-good-luck-jerry-i-was-amazed-to-see-what-energy-she-has-exclusive/articleshow/92931415.cms}}</ref> ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)| Raksha Bandhan]]'' (2022),<ref name="TOI2022RB">{{cite news |last=Times of India Bureau |title=Sahil Mehta speaks about working with Akshay Kumar in Raksha Bandhan: says he treated us with rajma-tandoori roti and other home-made dishes (Exclusive) |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sahil-mehta-speaks-about-working-with-akshay-kumar-in-raksha-bandhan-says-he-treated-us-with-rajma-tandoori-roti-and-other-home-made-dishes-exclusive/articleshow/93210214.cms}}</ref> ''[[Farrey]]'' (2023),<ref name="FilmCompanionFarrey2023">{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Rahul |title=Farrey Review: A Con with Pros, Starring Alizeh Agnihotri and Prasanna Bisht |work=Film Companion |date=24 November 2023 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/farrey-review-a-con-with-pros-starring-alizeh-agnihotri-and-prasanna-bisht}}</ref> ''[[The Waking of a Nation]]'' (2025),<ref name="Variety2025">{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-03-06 |title=How Ram Madhvani’s Own Experiences With Racism Led to SonyLIV Series ‘The Waking of a Nation’ |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/ram-madhvani-experiences-racism-waking-of-a-nation-1236326961/}}</ref> ''[[Loot Kaand]]'' (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Loot Kaand Season 1 Review: Tanya Maniktala and Sahil Mehta shine in this twisty small-town heist drama |url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/loot-kaand/loot-kaand-season-1/seasonreview/119177080.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name="OTTplayLootKaand2025">{{cite news |last=OTTplay Staff |title=Loot Kaand review: Gyanendra Tripathi shines in Tanya Maniktala & Sahil Mehta’s web series |work=OTTplay |date=2025-03-20 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/loot-kaand-review-gyanendra-tripathi-shines-in-tanya-maniktala-sahil-mehtas-web-series/ff3c4a59e5469}}</ref><ref name="FPJLootKaand2025">{{cite news |last=Free Press Journal Staff |title=Loot Kaand review: Tanya Maniktala and Sahil Mehta’s six-episode thriller is a tale of greed, grit and guns in a promising crime drama |work=Free Press Journal |date=2025-03-20 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/loot-kaand-review-tanya-maniktala-and-sahil-mehtas-six-episode-thriller-is-a-tale-of-greed-grit-and-guns-in-a-promising-crime-drama}}</ref> and ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'' (2025)<ref name="DNA2025SonOfSardaar2">{{cite news |last=DNA India Bureau |title='Son of Sardaar 2' OTT release date: When and where to watch Ajay Devgn-Mrunal Thakur’s comedy |work=DNA India |date=2025-09-20 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-son-of-sardaar-2-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ajay-devgn-mrunal-thakur-ravi-kishan-mukul-dev-starrer-comedy-netflix-3181639}}</ref><br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Sahil Mehta was born in Delhi, India and graduated in 2018 with a BSc (Honours) in Biochemistry from Shivaji College, University of Delhi. While at college, he was active in the Dramatic Society, Vayam.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Sahil Mehta: My grandma would tell me Shivaji College is close by, yahin le le admission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sahil-mehta-my-grandma-would-tell-me-shivaji-college-is-close-by-yahin-le-le-admission-101661531437264.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2022-08-01 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career== <br />
Mehta made his first on-screen appearance with a blink-and-miss role in the 2017 film Hindi Medium, starring [[Irrfan Khan]]. He appeared briefly in a flashback sequence during the song ‘Hoor.’ In an interview with [[Filmfare]], Mehta described it as his first on-set experience in a feature film.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Mehta’s breakout role came in the web‑series ''[[Tabbar]]'' (2021), in which he portrayed Tegi.<ref name="IE2021Tabbar">{{cite news |last=Gahlaut |first=Kriti |title=‘Tabbar’ director Ajitpal Singh: Its characters felt like they came from my family |work=The Indian Express |date=6 November 2021 |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tabbar-director-ajitpal-singh-its-characters-felt-like-they-came-from-my-family-7594052/}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, Mehta appeared in the film ''[[Good Luck Jerry]]'' alongside [[Janhvi Kapoor]], directed by Siddharth Sen. According to News18, Mehta’s performance in Good Luck Jerry was considered “one of the highlights of the film.” <ref>{{cite web |title=Taught Janhvi Kapoor how to play bluff between shots: Good Luck Jerry star Sahil Mehta – exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/taught-janhvi-kapoor-how-to-play-bluff-played-between-shots-good-luck-jerry-star-sahil-mehta-exclusive-5721577.html |website=News18 |access-date=2025-11-06}}</ref> Later, he appeared in ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)| Raksha Bandhan]]'', directed by [[Aanand L. Rai]] and starring [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive! Sahil Mehta on Raksha Bandhan co-star Akshay Kumar: Treated us to tandoori parathas when he himself was on a diet plan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sahil-mehta-on-raksha-bandhan-co-star-akshay-kumar-treated-us-to-tandoori-parathas-when-he-himself-was-on-a-diet-plan/6facb67a51339 |website=OTTplay |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Raksha Bandhan’s Sahil Mehta says his parents were teary-eyed at premiere of Akshay Kumar film<br />
|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/raksha-bandhans-sahil-mehta-says-his-parents-were-teary-eyed-at-premiere-of-akshay-kumar-film-article-93506242<br />
|website=Zoom<br />
|access-date=2025-11-05<br />
}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Raksha Bandhan actor Sahil Mehta: Akshay sir was sweet to serve us home-cooked food<br />
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/raksha-bandhan-actor-sahil-mehta-akshay-sir-was-sweet-to-serve-us-home-cooked-food-23240309<br />
|website=Mid-Day<br />
|date=2022-08-08<br />
|access-date=2025-11-05<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Good Luck Jerry actor Sahil Mehta: I am both anxious and happy for my audience to see me in a new role<br />
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/good-luck-jerry-actor-sahil-mehta-i-am-both-anxious-and-happy-for-my-audience-to-see-me-in-a-new-role-23238673<br />
|website=Mid-Day<br />
|date=2022-08-02<br />
|access-date=2025-11-05<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=The story is the king: Actor Sahil Mehta<br />
|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/the-story-is-the-king-actor-sahil-mehta/81839579.html<br />
|website=Ahmedabad Mirror<br />
|access-date=2025-11-05<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Mehta appeared in the student‑heist thriller ''[[Farrey]]'', directed by Soumendra Padhi and produced by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Farrey Movie Review – "Sahil Mehta…a natural in front of the camera" |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/farrey-movie-review-62755.html |website=Filmfare |date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Farrey Movie Review: Alizeh Agnihotri, Prasanna Bisht, Sahil Mehta, Zeyn Shaw |url=https://www.hauterrfly.com/entertainment/farrey-movie-review-alizeh-agnihotri-prasanna-bisht-sahil-mehta-zeyn-shaw-salman-khan-niece-ronit-roy/ |website=Hauterfly |date=2023-11-21 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name="PinkvillaFarrey2024">{{cite news |last=Pinkvilla Staff |title=Farrey review: This ensemble teen thriller massively impresses and also teaches a thing or two about cheating |work=Pinkvilla |date=2024-01-03 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/farrey-review-ensemble-teen-thriller-massively-impresses-and-also-teaches-a-thing-or-two-about-cheating-1259918}}</ref><br />
<br />
Birha, a short film starring Sahil Mehta, won Best Short Film at the 2023 [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination List – NYIFF 2023 |url=https://www.nyiff.us/nomination-list/?y=2023 |website=New York Indian Film Festival |date=2023-05-15 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahil Mehta's short films Birha and Pariah grab top honours at prestigious film fests! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sahil-mehtas-short-films-birha-and-pariah-grab-top-honours-at-prestigious-film-fests/26a0b94e28559 |website=OTTplay |date=2022-08-23 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name="News18Birha2023">{{cite news |last=News18 Staff |title="Separation, Hopelessness and Father-Son Relationship, Birha a Soulful Masterpiece" |work=News18 |date=6 November 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/separation-hopelessness-and-father-son-relationship-birha-a-soulful-masterpiece-8650726.html}}</ref><ref name="Zoom2022Birha">{{cite news |last=Zoom TV Digital |title='Raksha Bandhan' fame actor Sahil Mehta's Birha bags Best Foreign Short Film award at Hollywood Shorts Fest 2022 |work=ZoomTVEntertainment |date=23 August 2022 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/raksha-bandhan-fame-actor-sahil-mehtas-birha-bags-best-foreign-short-film-award-at-hollywood-shorts-fest-2022-article-93738778}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, Mehta appeared in the web series ''[[Loot Kaand]]'', directed by Ruchir Arun, alongside [[Tanya Maniktala]].<ref name="FirstpostLootKaand2025">{{cite news |last=Firstpost Staff |title=Tanya Maniktala’s ‘Loot Kaand’ web-series review: A semi-entertaining show that could have been a lot more fun |work=Firstpost |date=20 March 2025 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tanya-maniktalas-loot-kaand-web-series-review-a-semi-entertaining-show-that-could-have-been-a-lot-more-fun-13872896.html}}</ref><ref name="BollySpice2025">{{cite news |last=BollySpice Staff |title="The shift in dialect, body language and attitude for Loot Kaand was something new and exciting for me: Sahil Mehta" |work=BollySpice |date=2025-03-20 |url=https://www.bollyspice.com/the-shift-in-dialect-body-language-and-attitude-for-loot-kaand-was-something-new-and-exciting-for-me-sahil-mehta/}}</ref><br />
Later in 2025, he played the role of Ali Allahbaksh in the period drama series ''[[The Waking of a Nation]]'', directed by [[Ram Madhvani]] and released on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Waking Of A Nation Season 1 Review: Slow And Theatrical |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-72029.html |website=Filmfare |date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Waking of a Nation review: Series that probes … |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-waking-of-a-nation-review-series-that-probes-the-events-leading-up-to-the-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-9873682/ |website=Indian Express |date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-11-05 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, he appeared in the comedy franchise film ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'', directed by [[Vijay Kumar Arora]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Son of Sardaar 2 Review: Silly Caper Comedy Buoyed By Ajay Devgn's Performance |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/son-of-sardaar-2-review-silly-caper-comedy-buoyed-by-ajay-devgns-performance-76230.html |website=Filmfare |date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Feature films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Director<br />
!Production<br />
! Platform<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Guilty (2020 film)| Guilty]]''<br />
|Arnab Mitra<br />
|[[Ruchi Narain]]<br />
|Dharmatic Entertainment<br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Sahil Mehta – IMDb<br />
|url=https://www.imdb.com/hi/name/nm10647108/<br />
|website=IMDb<br />
|access-date=4 December 2025<br />
}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Good Luck Jerry]]''<br />
| Jigar<br />
|Siddharth Sen<br />
|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]<br />
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive! Good Luck Jerry actor Sahil Mehta: I auditioned for both Jigar and Jagdish's parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-good-luck-jerry-actor-sahil-mehta-i-auditioned-for-both-jigar-and-jagdishs-parts/0340194464475 |website=OTTplay |date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|''Raksha Bandhan'']]<br />
|Gaffar<br />
|[[Aanand L Rai]]<br />
|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]<br />
|[[Zee5]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=कौन है रक्षा बंधन का 'गफार' उर्फ Sahil Mehta |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/sahil-mehta-facts-profile-raksha-bandhan-goodluck-jerry-akshay-kumar-janhvi-kapoor-tmovp-1518359-2022-08-14 |website=Aaj Tak |date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
|''[[Farrey]]''<br />
|Aakash<br />
|Soumendra Padhi<br />
|[[Salman Khan Films]]<br />
|[[Zee5]]<br />
|<ref name="HinduFarrey2023">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=IFFI 2023: Salman Khan poses with Farrey cast ahead of film release |work=The Hindu |date=2023-11-18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2023-salman-khan-poses-with-farrey-cast-ahead-of-film-release-67561542.ece}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]'' <br />
| Goggi<br />
|[[Vijay Kumar Arora]]<br />
|[[Devgn Films]]<br />
| [[Netflix]]<br />
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Ajay Devgn returns with Son of Sardaar 2, announces release date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ajay-devgn-returns-with-son-of-sardaar-2-announces-release-date-2742969-2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Director<br />
!Production<br />
!Platform<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Tabbar]]''<br />
|Tegi<br />
|Ajitpal Singh<br />
|[[JAR Pictures]]<br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Loot Kaand]]''<br />
|Palash<br />
|Ruchir Arun<br />
|[[Drishyam Films]]<br />
|Amazon [[MX Player]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: Flames' Ritvik Sahore OR Loot Kaand's Sahil Mehta, Tanya Maniktala on what sets them apart |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/exclusive-news/flames-ritvik-sahore-or-loot-kaands-sahil-mehta-tanya-maniktala-on-what-sets-them-apart/ |website=BollywoodBubble |date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
|''[[The Waking of a Nation]]''<br />
|Ali Allahbaksh<br />
|[[Ram Madhvani]]<br />
|Ram Madhvani Films<br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ram Madhvani's The Waking of a Nation Set for March 7 Release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ram-madhvanis-the-waking-of-a-nation-set-for-march-7-release-on-sony-liv-1861939 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Short films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Director<br />
! Platform<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Birha: The Journey Back Home''<br />
| Inder<br />
|Puneet Prakash<br />
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajit Kapur, Manav Vij's 'Birha' gets selected at 'The Ottawa Indian Film Festival Awards' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajit-kapur-manav-vijs-birha-gets-selected-at-the-ottawa-indian-film-festival-awards-12726962.html |website=Firstpost |date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''Gair (Pariah)''<br />
|Rahul<br />
|Nishant Roy Bombarde<br />
|Released<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nishant Roy Bombarde's short 'Gair' to premiere at NYIFF |url=https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/nishant-roy-bombardes-short-gair-to-premiere-at-nyiff |website=True Scoop News |date=2022-04-16 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.sahilmehta.in Official website]<br />
*{{IMDb name|10647108}}<br />
*{{ Instagram|isahilmehta}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Films}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Sahil}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
<br />
{{improve categories|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Sahil}}<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariffs_by_the_second_Trump_administration&diff=539719Tariffs by the second Trump administration2025-12-18T06:44:37Z<p>Arshelina: redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrahara,_Malur&diff=464192Agrahara, Malur2025-11-08T19:07:14Z<p>Arshelina: adjust layout per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|other places with the same name|Agrahara (disambiguation){{!}}Agrahara}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Agrahara<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = Kolar in Karnataka (India).svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Agrahara, Malur is in Kolar district<br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Karnataka--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Malur<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Village Panchayat<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kolar<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
''' Agrahara, Malur ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161209/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |url-status=dead }} , Census Village code= 1923300</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Agrahara, Malur, Kolar, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Malur]] [[taluk]] of [[Kolar district]] in Karnataka.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kolar, Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://Kolar.nic.in/<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Kolar district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kolar district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kolar-geo-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aishwarya_Sushmita&diff=485048Aishwarya Sushmita2025-10-28T05:50:06Z<p>Arshelina: New a info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Aishwarya Sushmita<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|07|12|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]], Bihar, India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aishwarya Sushmita''' (born 12 July 1995) is an Indian actress and model who works in [[Lists of Hindi films|Hindi films]] and [[web series|series]]. She gained recognition after winning the [[Kingfisher Calendar |Kingfisher Calendar Supermodels 3]] in 2016, which was shot in [[Seychelles]]. Sushmita made her acting debut in the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] web series [[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story|Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story (2021)]] and has appeared in the thriller [[Runway 34|Runway 34 (2022)]]. She received further acclaim for her performance as Meeta Devi in the [[Netflix India|Netflix]] crime series [[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter|Khakee: The Bihar Chapter (2022)]], and played the role of Kiki in the [[Bad Cop (TV series)|Disney+ Hotstar series Bad Cop (2024)]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Aishwarya Sushmita was born on 12 July in [[Darbhanga]], Bihar India. Growing up she completed her high schooling from [[Banasthali Vidyapith|Banasthali Vidyapith in Rajasthan]]. She later attended [[Indraprastha College for Women]], University of [[Delhi]], where she earned both her bachelor’s and master’s degrees, majoring in [[Philosophy]]<br />
<br />
Her unique name was inspired by two iconic beauty queens [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Sushmita Sen]], both of whom captured global attention in the 1990s. Her parents combined these names as a tribute to their individuality and impact.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 2016, she achieved significant recognition by winning Kingfisher Supermodels 3, which led to a cover shoot for the [[Kingfisher Calendar]] in the [[Seychelles]].<br />
<br />
Afterwards, she walked the ramp in prestigious events like [[Lakmé Fashion Week|Lakme Fashion Week]], [[India Fashion Week]], and [https://blenderspridefashiontour.com/fashion Blenders Pride Fashion Tour]. She also collaborated with top Indian designers, including [[Rohit Bal]], [[Anita Dongre]], [[Manish Arora]], [[Manish Malhotra]], Rahul Khanna, etc. Apart from modeling, she trained as a national-level badminton player, and is also a trained Kathak Indian classical, belly, and jazz dancer. <br />
<br />
== Transition to acting ==<br />
Her acting debut came in 2021 with the spy thriller ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Special Ops 1.5 Season 1 Review : Kay Kay Menon's Himmat Singh leaves a lasting impression as a RAW agent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/special-ops-1-5/season-1/seasonreview/87281389.cms?_gl=1*mxpkge*_ga*TFllNXFVdS0waTh4MnZPZFg4UG4wbEFJeVdnRWRQTUdDWG80b3ByeW1FRm5Uc2RzY21QMEZwanNsTFdWdnZjaw..&from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! My character has variation and layers: Aishwarya Sushmita on Special Ops 1.5 |url=http://m.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-my-character-has-variation-and-layers-aishwarya-sushmita-special-ops-15-211108 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> where she portrayed the character Karishma, alongside [[Kay Kay Menon]].<br />
<br />
In 2022, she appeared as a flight attendant in, ''[[Runway 34]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-23 |title=Tackling beauty with attitude |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/tackling-beauty-with-attitude/article4647014.ece |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, she played 'Meeta Devi' in Netflix’s ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khakee: The Bihar Chapter की मीता देवी हैं रीयल लाइफ में बेहद बोल्ड, कभी बिकिनी तो कभी मिनी ड्रेस में ढाती हैं कहर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/khaakee-the-bihar-chapter-netflix-series-actress-aishwarya-sushmita-impress-netizens-with-bold-photos/1464160 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pics: Khakee The Bihar Chapter actress Aishwarya Sushmita aka Meeta Devi turns heads with her glamour |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-in-pics-khakee-the-bihar-chapter-actress-aishwarya-sushmita-aka-meeta-devi-turns-heads-with-her-glamour-3006215 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Aishwarya Sushmita's Making Us Crazy With Her Performance In Khakee: The Bihar Chapter |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aishwarya-sushmitas-making-us-crazy-with-her-performance-in-khakee-the-bihar-chapter-6539251.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> by [[Neeraj Pandey]] along with [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Karan Tacker]]. <br />
<br />
Her latest role came in 2024, when she played Kiki in the crime thriller series [[Bad Cop (TV series)]] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show, directed by [[Aditya Datt]], also featured [[Anurag Kashyap]] and [[Gulshan Devaiah]].<br />
<br />
Aishwarya described her journey from modeling to acting as one of overcoming stereotypes. She invested in acting workshops, embraced diverse roles, and relied on strong scripts and collaborators to shape her career path.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Platform<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]''<br />
|Karishma<br />
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Everything To Know About Aishwarya Sushmita AKA Karishma From 'Special OPS 1.5' |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/everything-to-know-about-aishwarya-sushmita-aka-karishma-from-special-ops-1-5/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''[[Runway 34]]''<br />
|Flight Attendant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''<br />
|Meeta Devi<br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Sushmita aka Meeta Devi From Netflix Show Khakee is Super Hot in Real Life - Check Her Glamorous Photos |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/aishwarya-sushmita-aka-meeta-devi-netflix-show-khakee-super-hot-real-life-pics-check-glamorous-photos-259320/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Bad Cop (TV series)|Bad Cop]]''<br />
|Kiki<br />
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2024-06-18 |title=Kingfisher Calendar Girl to Bad Cop, Aishwarya Sushmita is Raring to Go |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-motivated-me-to-elevate-my-performance-aishwarya-sushmita-899544 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-30 |title='Bad Cop' actress Aishwarya Sushmita: Acting was a dream I never pursued because I didn't think it was a viable career path for me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/bad-cop-actress-aishwarya-sushmita-acting-was-a-dream-i-never-pursued-because-i-didnt-think-it-was-a-viable-career-path-for-me/articleshow/111384549.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Personal insights ==<br />
Despite pressures early in her career to change her name for industry convenience, she honored her parents by retaining it and now believes it has become part of her growing identity in the entertainment world. Through her modeling school beginnings, rigorous ethical standpoints, and determination to build her acting career on merit, Aishwarya Sushmita represents a modern Indian talent grounded in authenticity and commitment.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://www.instagram.com/aishwaryasushmita/?hl=en Aishwarya Sushmita] on [[Instagram]]<br />
*{{IMDb name|12394781}}<br />
* https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-models/small-town-beauty-aishwarya-sushmita-conquers-the-modelling-industry-with-her-charm/morphshow1/95553568.cms<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]<br />
<br />
{{India-screen-actor-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pem_Dorji&diff=447613Pem Dorji2025-10-13T10:24:33Z<p>Arshelina: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian footballer (1959–2001)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Pem Dorji<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| full_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|1|1|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Ben, [[South Sikkim district|South Sikkim]], [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|10|18|1959|1|1}}<ref>{{cite news |title=PEM DORJI PASSES AWAY |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/pem-dorji-passes-away/cid/1228483 |website=The Telegraph |date=October 18, 2001 |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724212657/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/pem-dorji-passes-away/cid/1228483 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]], [[midfielder]]<br />
| years1 = 1978–1979<br />
| clubs1 = [[Mahendra Police Club]]<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 = 1980–1982<br />
| clubs2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| years3 = <br />
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br />
| caps3 = <br />
| goals3 = <br />
| years4 = <br />
| clubs4 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br />
| caps4 = <br />
| goals4 = <br />
| years5 = <br />
| clubs5 = [[Mohun Bagan AC]]<br />
| caps5 = <br />
| goals5 = <br />
| years6 = <br />
| clubs6 = [[Food Corporation of India]]<br />
| caps6 = <br />
| goals6 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = <br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = <br />
| nationalgoals1 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pem Dorji''' (1 January 1959 – 18 October 2001) was an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[defender (association football)|defender]] and represented the [[India national football team|India national team]] in international tournaments including the [[1984 Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Yougan |last=Tamang |title=Recalling Sikkim's legendary football player Late Pem Dorji who captained India for a brief time |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/sikkim/recalling-sikkims-legendary-football-player-late-pem-dorji/cid2532624.htm |website=thenortheasttoday.com |publisher=The Northeast Today |date=28 May 2017 |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724212703/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/sikkim/recalling-sikkims-legendary-football-player-late-pem-dorji/cid2532624.htm }}</ref> He also played for the major Calcutta clubs [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
<br />
Born in 1959 in a small hamlet of Ben in [[South Sikkim]] to parents Ganesh Kumari Gurung and Gyampu T Chingapa, Pem Dorji completed his education from Pelling Senior Secondary School in West [[Sikkim]].<ref>[https://lateybhakundo.blogspot.com/2011/?m=1 Latey Bhakundo: 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907104834/https://lateybhakundo.blogspot.com/2011/?m=1 |date=7 September 2021 }}. ''lateybhakundo.blogspot.com''. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sayan|last=Chatterjee|url=https://thebridge.in/arunachal-pradesh/meet-the-man-who-inspired-bhaichung-bhutia-to-take-up-football/|title=Meet the man who inspired Bhaichung Bhutia to take up football|publisher=The Bridge|website=thebridge.in|access-date=7 September 2021|date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907105720/https://thebridge.in/arunachal-pradesh/meet-the-man-who-inspired-bhaichung-bhutia-to-take-up-football/|archive-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> From his early childhood days, Dorji started playing football.<br />
<br />
His passion for the game made him the part of the first Sikkimese football team which played at the National Championship at [[Coimbatore]] in 1976. The game passaged his entry towards the world of football as a professional player. Dorji played predominantly as a defender and midfielder and scripted many memorable performances during a career which stretched almost for a decade.<br />
<br />
==Club career==<br />
Dorji started to play for the renowned football club of India, [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Kolkata]] from 1980 and in 1982 in [[Calcutta Football League]] and won the league in 1981.<br />
<br />
Dorji dawn with colours for various clubs including [[Mahendra Police Club]] of [[Nepal]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/dorji_pem.html|title=Indian Football Hall of Fame: Pem Dorji|website=indianfootball.de|date=1 September 2001|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907083649/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/dorji_pem.html|archive-date=7 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kolkata]]-giants [[East Bengal Club]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC]] alongside [[Food Corporation of India]].<br />
<br />
He was also an important part of the [[Sikkim football team]] during their [[Santosh Trophy]] campaigns.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Dorji was married to Pushpa Yonzon and the couple have two children Zennyla Bhutia and Marco Bhutia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.summittimes.com/single-post/2018/03/26/pem-dorji-the-star-who-shone-bright-but-left-us-too-early|title=Pem Dorji, the star who shone bright but left us too early|publisher=The Summit Times|website=www.summittimes.com|date=25 March 2018|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127135437/https://www.summittimes.com/single-post/2018/03/26/pem-dorji-the-star-who-shone-bright-but-left-us-too-early|archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dorji died at the age of 42.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/pem-dorji-passes-away-1619119?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Pem Dorji passes away|website=sports.ndtv.com|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=25 February 2007|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907103453/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/pem-dorji-passes-away-1619119|archive-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> He was battling with cancer for long. An incurable disease took his last breath in a nursing home in [[Calcutta]], on 18 October 2001.<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Dorji became the first [[Sikkim]]ese to captain the [[India national football team|India national team]] in the Pre-Olympic tournament held in Malaysia. Gradually, Dorji represented India in various International matches. He played at the [[Chinese Great Wall Cup]] in 1984,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lewis, Tom; Morrison, Neil|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/greatwall.html|title=The Great Wall Cup China 1984|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628194917/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesg/greatwall.html#84|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the prestigious medal for the country.<br />
<br />
He later represented India at the [[South Asian Football Federation|South Asian Football Federation Games]] and further played the famous [[AFC Asian Cup]] at [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates in 1988. Dorji represented India in the [[Nehru Cup|Jawaharlal Nehru Gold Cup]] in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987,<ref>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru87.html|title=Nehru Cup (Kozhikode (Calicut)) 1987|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=18 March 2022|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708063851/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nehru87.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1988 alongside [[Bangladesh President's Gold Cup]] at [[Dhaka]] in 1983, 1984 and 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/presgold.html|title=President's Gold Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329110509/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesp/presgold.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiglDwAAQBAJ&dq=bangladesh+President+Gold+Cup+1980s&pg=PA395|title=Routledge Handbook of Football Studies|last1=Hughson|first1=John|last2=Moore|first2=Kevin|last3=Spaaij|first3=Ramón|last4=Maguire|first4=Joseph|date=2016-10-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135074821|language=en|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415164016/https://books.google.com/books?id=QiglDwAAQBAJ&dq=bangladesh+President+Gold+Cup+1980s&pg=PA395|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
'''Mohammedan Sporting'''<br />
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1981<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-adds-a-gloomy-first-to-its-glittering-past-1510956|title=Mohammedan Sporting Club Adds a Gloomy 'First' to Its Glittering Past|website=sports.ndtv.com|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=20 October 2014|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184711/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-club-adds-a-gloomy-first-to-its-glittering-past-1510956|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|title=ব্রিটিশকে হারিয়ে ডুরান্ড জয়ী, পাকিস্তানকেও গোল দিয়ে চিরকালীন নজির মহামেডানের|website=ekolkata24.com|date=1 September 2021|access-date=2 March 2022|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125909/https://ekolkata24.com/offbeat-news/glorious-football-history-of-mohammedan-sporting-club/|archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><br />
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1980; runner-up 1981, 1982<br />
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] runner-up: 1981–82<br />
*[[IFA Shield]] runner-up: 1982<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=Thehardtackle.com |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*[[DCM Trophy]] runner-up: 1982<br />
<br />
'''Individual'''<br />
* Roll of Honour by the [[Government of Sikkim]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/videos/hrithik-roshan-to-get-50-crore-for-mohenjo-daro-salman-khan-highest-paid-indian-actor_32489.html/amp|title=Sikkim govt awards Rolls of Honour|date=27 January 2002|access-date=18 March 2022|website=zeenews.india.com|publisher=[[Zee News]]|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318055422/https://zeenews.india.com/videos/hrithik-roshan-to-get-50-crore-for-mohenjo-daro-salman-khan-highest-paid-indian-actor_32489.html/amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Association football}}<br />
*[[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]<br />
*[[List of India national football team captains]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Pem Dorji] (stats) at [[RSSSF]]<br />
*{{Facebook|115632075262628}}<br />
<br />
{{India squad AFC Asian Cup 1984}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorji, Pem}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:People from Namchi district]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]<br />
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br />
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]<br />
[[Category:Nepal Police Club footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriate men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:1984 AFC Asian Cup players]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_222_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=520947National Highway 222 (India, old numbering)2025-09-23T21:25:57Z<p>Arshelina: new redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 2 (India)]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santoshpur,_Garden_Reach&diff=532975Santoshpur, Garden Reach2025-08-31T00:12:32Z<p>Arshelina: Created New Pg!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Santoshpur <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = Santoshpur Rd, Kolkata 700066.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_caption = Santoshpur Rd, Bidhangarh<br />
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5342|N|88.2707|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = District<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s24pgs.gov.in/|title=South 24 Parganas|publisher=s24pgs.gov.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipore_Sadar_subdivision|title=Alipore Sadar subdivision|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/WestBengal/Metiaburuz|title=Metiaburuz Assembly Constituency|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type4 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
|subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]<br />
|subdivision_name5 =[[Santoshpur railway station]]<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Maheshtala|Maheshtala Municipality]] [https://www.maheshtalamunicipality.org/Default.aspx?PageID=136]<br />
| parts_type = Wards<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 12 December 2024|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
| parts = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 9<br />
| population_total =<br />
| population_as_of =<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 33<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 700018, 700024, 700066<br />
| registration_plate =<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Santoshpur''' is a neighbourhood of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of greater [[Garden Reach]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kmc-finally-acquires-garden-reach-land-for-water-treatment-plant/articleshow/48205763.cms|title=KMC finally acquires Garden Reach land for water treatment plant|work=The Times of India|date=24 July 2015|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> It is also a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=12 December 2024|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=12 December 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
===Location===<br />
{{OSM Location map <!--There are only two essential parameters: --><br />
| coord = {{coord|22.5342|88.2707}} <!--lat and long coordinates for middle of the map --><br />
| zoom = 14 <!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.--><br />
| label = Santoshpur <br />
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.5342|88.2707}}<br />
| label-pos = right<br />
| float = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Santoshpur, located in the south-western fringes of [[Kolkata]], is bounded by [[Metiabruz]] in the north, [[Garden Reach]] in the north east, [[Maheshtala]] in the south and [[Hooghly River]] in the west.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
Santoshpur is a part of the greater [[Garden Reach]] region which is composed of Panchur Mauza and Makalhati Mauza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/panchur-mauza.html|title=Map of Panchur Mauza|publisher=mapsofindia|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/makalhati-mauza.html|title=Map of Makalhati Mauza|publisher=mapsofindia|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> The two mauzas are under [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency]] of [[South 24 Parganas]] district. Localities within Santoshpur include Rabindra Nagar, Dutta Bagan, Panchur, Bidhangarh, Santoshpur Co-operative Society, Dakshinee Housing Estate, Kankhuly Peerdanga, Ghoshpara, Gulzar Bagh, Halder Para, Padirhati, Ramdashati, Shantinagar, Kalinagar, Paharpur.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Garden Reach Water Works.jpg|thumb|Garden Reach Water Works]]<br />
<br />
*Garden Reach Water Works is a [[water treatment plant]] having a capacity of 210 MGD under the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] which supplies filtered water to entire [[South Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/more-supply-from-garden-reach-to-end-south-kolkata-water-woes/articleshow/91801364.cms|title=More supply from Garden Reach to end south Kolkata water woes|work=The Times of India|date=26 May 2022|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/WaterStations.jsp|title=Water stations|publisher=The Kolkata Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> It is located at Santoshpur, Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/garden-reach-water-works-phase-itovi-bidhangarh-kolkata-west-bengal-700066|title=Pincode of GARDEN REACH WATER WORKS PHASE I TO VI BIDHANGARH KOLKATA|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/water-treatment-plant-to-be-constructed-at-garden-reach/articleshow/19008060.cms|title=Water treatment plant to be constructed at Garden Reach|work=The Times of India|date=16 March 2013|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Police station===<br />
[[File:Rabindranagar Police station.jpg|thumb|Rabindranagar Police station]]<br />
<br />
The area is served by the Rabindranagar Police station covering an area of {{cvt|6|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diamondharbourpolice.wb.gov.in/ps-detail/15|title=Rabindranagar Police station|publisher=diamondharbourpolice.wb.gov.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/hc-directs-rabindranagar-garden-reach-ps-to-maintain-strict-vigil-566462|title=HC directs Rabindranagar & Garden Reach PS to maintain strict vigil|date=4 June 2024 |publisher=Millennium Post|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post office===<br />
<br />
Bidhangarh has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700066 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700066|title=Bidhangarh Post office|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Garden Reach has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700024 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is T.G Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700024|title=Garden Reach Post office|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bartala has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700018 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Rabindra Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700018|title=Bartala Post office|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[File:Santoshpur Industrial Estate, Bidhangarh, Kolkata 700066.jpg|thumb|Santoshpur Industrial Estate]]<br />
<br />
*Santoshpur Industrial Estate is a modern integrated readymade garment complex located at CMD Rd, Kalinagar, Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbsidcl.in/list_ice_wbsidcl|title=List of Industrial Commercial Estates under The WBSIDCL|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Readymade Garments manufacturing at [[Metiabruz]] - Santoshpur area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mrgcluster.org/about-metiabruz-cluster/|title=About Metiabruz Cluster|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
The following institutions are located in the Santoshpur - Garden Reach area:<br />
<br />
*'''[[Panchur College]]''' was established in the year 2008 for providing higher education to the minority inhabitants of [[Metiabruz]] - Santoshpur. It is situated at Santoshpur, Bidhangarh near Santoshpur-[[Bartala]] Link Rd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panchurcollege.ac.in/|title=Panchur College|publisher=panchurcollege.ac.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Al-Ameen Mission, Panchur''', established in 2007, is a premier educational institute to empower poor and backward minority section through education. It is situated at Santoshpur, Bidhangarh near Santoshpur-[[Bartala]] Link Rd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alameenmissionpanchur.org/|title=Al-Ameen Mission, Panchur|publisher=alameenmissionpanchur.org|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Panchur High School''', established in 1973, is a Bengali medium higher secondary school at Panchur, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schooldetails.org/west-bengal/south--twenty-four-pargan/maheshtala-municipality/panchur-high-school/panchur-high-school-19183400502|title=Panchur High School|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Akra Shaktigarh Rabindra Vidyapith''', established in 1958, is a co-educational higher secondary school at Rabindra Nagar, P.O Bartala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urbanpro.com/akra-saktigarh-rabindra-bidyapith-kolkata/5576|title=Akra Shaktigarh Rabindra Vidyapith|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Rabindra Balika Vidyapith''', established in 1961, is a reputed girls higher secondary school at Rabindra Nagar, P.O Bartala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbv.org.in/|title=Rabindra Balika Vidyapith|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Kankhuly High School''', established in 1954, is a Bengali medium boys higher secondary school at Kankhuly Peerdanga, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/kankhuli-high-school-bidhangarh-kolkata-west-bengal-700066|title=Pincode of Kankhuly High School Bidhangarh Kolkata|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Kankhuly Girls High School''', established in 1958, is a girls higher secondary school at Kankhuly Peerdanga, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schooldetails.org/west-bengal/south--twenty-four-pargan/maheshtala-municipality/kankhuli-high-school/kankhuli-girls-high-school-19183400605|title=Kankhuly Girls High School|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Santoshpur Shyama Prasad Vidyalaya For Girls''', established in 1959, is a girls higher secondary school at Santoshpur, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/new-santoshpur-road-shyamaprasad-balika-vidlaya-bidhangarh-kolkata-west-bengal-700066|title=Pincode of New Santoshpur Road Shyamaprasad Balika Vidyalaya Bidhangarh Kolkata|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Hridaynath Kayal Vidyapith''', established in 1972, is a secondary school at Ramdashati, P.O Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharatibiz.com/en/hridaynath-kayal-vidyapith-098319-04085|title=Hridaynath Kayal Vidyapith|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Santoshpur Kachi -O- Kancha''', established in 1979, is a self-financed nursery and a primary school at Santoshpur, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/south-twenty-four-pargan/19183400909/kachi-kacha-santoshpur.html|title=Santoshpur Kochi & Kacha|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Birla Bharati''', established in 2001, is a co-educational higher secondary school affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] Board. It is located at Santoshpur New Rd, Near Nature Park, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birlabharati.org/|title=Birla Bharati|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''All Saints High School''', established in 1998, is a co-educational higher secondary school at Rabindra Nagar, P.O Bartala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stackschools.com/schools/19183400713/all-saints-high-school|title=All Saints High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''Nalanda English Medium School''', established in 2000, is a co-educational higher secondary school at South Bidhangarh, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nemskolkata.co.in/|title=Nalanda English Medium School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref><br />
*'''St. Mathew Convent School''', established in 2006, is a co-educational secondary school at Santoshpur New Rd, P.O Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admissiontree.in/schools/st-mathew-convent-school|title=St. Mathew Convent School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
===Road===<br />
Santoshpur Road is the main road in this area which connects Taratala Rd near [[Nature Park of India|Nature Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/taratala-santoshpur-road-bidhangarh-kolkata-west-bengal-700066|title=Pincode of TARATALA SANTOSHPUR ROAD BIDHANGARH KOLKATA|publisher=pincode.net.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Santoshpur Road, Bidhangarh, Kolkata 700066.jpg|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
Several buses ply on Santoshpur Rd are:<br />
<br />
*12AD Akra Phatak - [[Howrah Station]]<br />
*S-46 Rabindra Nagar - [[Bidhannagar|Karunamoyee]] (Salt Lake)<br />
*SD-27 Akra Phatak - Dostipur<br />
<br />
Auto services are available towards [[Taratala]] Xing, [[Bartala]] Rail Line More, Bandhabartala, Haziratan Hati Park, Akra Phatak, Mollargate and Dakghar (via Kankhuli Amlitala). Another new auto service has started from Nature Park to Santoshpur near Nature Park Out Post.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/brace-bridge-nature-park-kolkata-west-bengal-700088|title=Pincode of BRACE BRIDGE NATURE PARK KOLKATA|publisher=pincode.net.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> Santoshpur Taxi stand is located at Bidhangarh near Santoshpur station.<br />
<br />
===Railway===<br />
[[File:Santoshpur railway station (SSP).jpg|thumb|Santoshpur railway station]]<br />
[[Santoshpur railway station]] on the [[Sealdah South lines#Budge Budge Branch line|Budge Budge Branch line]] is situated near Santoshpur Road, Bidhangarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erail.in/station-live/santoshpur-f-SSP|title=Santoshpur station live status of trains|publisher=erail.in|access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Markets==<br />
<br />
'''Markets in Santoshpur - Garden Reach area are:'''<br />
<br />
* Santoshpur Bazar<br />
* Ramdashati Bazar<br />
* Akra Fatak Bazar<br />
* Santoshpur Bazarpara Market<br />
* Kankhuly Peerdanga Bazar<br />
* Shantinagar Bazar<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Garden Reach]]<br />
* [[Nature Park of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}<br />
<br />
{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}<br />
<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in India]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pattaravakkam_railway_station&diff=524873Pattaravakkam railway station2025-08-24T19:49:41Z<p>Arshelina: added a details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Pattaravakkam<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| image = Eastern end of Pattaravakkam Station, Chennai.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Eastern end of Pattaravakkam railway station<br />
| address = [[Pattaravakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord |13.1146|80.1660|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 4<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on-ground station<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = PVM<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title = Detailed of Pattaravakkam Railway Station in Southern Railway Zone<br />
| publisher = Stationcode.net<br />
| url = http://www.stationcode.net/pattaravakkam-%28chennai-central%29<br />
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130222140001/http://www.stationcode.net/pattaravakkam-(chennai-central)<br />
| url-status = usurped<br />
| archive-date = 22 February 2013<br />
| access-date = 1 Sep 2012}}</ref><br />
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]<br />
| opened = <br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/><br />
| former = South Indian Railway<br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=West|left1=Ambattur|to-left=Arakkonam Junction|right1=Korattur|to-right1=Chennai Central MMC}}<br />
| route_map = {{West Line, Chennai Suburban}}<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF3210<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pattaravakkam railway station''' is one of the railway stations of the Chennai Central–Arakkonam section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. Located about 14&nbsp;km from [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central railway station]], the station serves the neighbourhoods of [[Pattaravakkam]] and Ambattur Industrial Estate and other smaller suburbs such as Karukku, [[Kallikuppam, Ambattur|Kallikuppam]], and Menambedu. It has an elevation of 16.01&nbsp;m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. It is a suburb of [[Chennai]] City.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{One source|section|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{stack|<br />
[[File:Pattaravakkam Station, Chennai, View 1.jpg|thumb|Platform 1 at Pattaravakkam railway station]]<br />
[[File:FOB at Pattaravakkam Station, Chennai.jpg|thumb|A view of the footbridge at the station]]<br />
}}<br />
The first lines in the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section. Additional lines at the station were electrified on 2 October 1986, with the electrification of the Villivakkam–Avadi section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web<br />
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004<br />
| work = History of Electrification<br />
| publisher = IRFCA.org<br />
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html<br />
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Layout==<br />
The station has four tracks, two exclusively for suburban trains. The suburban tracks are served by a [[side platform]] and an [[island platform]]. The station's entrance and the ticket counter are located on the side platform. The platforms are connected by means of a [[footbridge]] for pedestrians.<br />
<br />
=== Station layout ===<br />
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"<br />
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level<br />
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance, [[Foot overbridge|FOB]] & ticket counter<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P'''<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Track 4'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]<br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Track 3'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] / [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|<small>FOB</small>]]<small>, [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the left<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P3 & P4''' – '''''Express Lines'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 2'''</span><br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Central MMC]] <small>next station is [[Korattur railway station|Korattur]]</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}">'''Platform 1'''</span><br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] <small>next station is [[Ambattur railway station|Ambattur]]</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" width="100" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Foot overbridge|<small>FOB</small>]]<small>, [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left</small><br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |South Entrance Street level<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
{{One source|section|date=November 2019}}<br />
[[File:Ticket counter at Pattaravakkam Station, Chennai.jpg|thumb|210px|Ticket counter and the main entrance/exit at the station]]<br />
The station is devoid of several basic amenities for several years now. An odd 48&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft room is the sole staff building in the station, which houses the only ticket counter of the station. There is no room for the station master or any other security staff in the station.<ref name="AT_SorryStoryOfStation">{{cite news<br />
| last = Nicholas<br />
| first = Naomi<br />
| title = Sorry story of a station<br />
| newspaper = Ambattur Talk<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages = 8<br />
| publisher = Ambattur Talk<br />
| date = 11–17 May 2014<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Traffic==<br />
{{One source|section|date=November 2019}}<br />
The station handles at least 5,000 to 6,000 commuters a day, which accounts for a financial turnout of {{INR}} 50,000 every day.<ref name="AT_SorryStoryOfStation"/><br />
<br />
==Developments==<br />
A 1.15&nbsp;km long, two-laned road overbridge with 21 spans<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title = Pattarawakkam level-crossing to get overbridge<br />
| publisher = RailNews.co.in<br />
| date = 3 June 2013<br />
| url = http://www.railnews.co.in/pattarawakkam-level-crossing-to-get-overbridge/<br />
| access-date = 21 February 2015}}</ref> serves the level crossing no. 5 near the station. In 2009, the government sanctioned the {{INR}} 350-million project, which was jointly built by the State Highways and the Southern Railway, but the construction work began in June 2011. It was opened to traffic in June 2014. It connects Aavin Dairy Road in Ambattur with Karukku Main Road.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = D.<br />
| first = Madhavan<br />
| title = Wait at level crossing to end soon<br />
| newspaper = The Hindu<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| publisher = The Hindu<br />
| date = 4 May 2014<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/wait-at-level-crossing-to-end-soon/article5973772.ece<br />
| access-date = 7 Jul 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]<br />
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Pattaravakkam railway station}}<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/pattaravakkam-pvm/8929 Pattaravakkam station at Indiarailinfo.com]<br />
<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Pattaravakkam|Korattur|Ambattur|10|14.01|}}<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Pattaravakkam|Korattur|Ambattur|10|14.01|}}<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Pattaravakkam|Korattur|Ambattur|10|14.01|}}<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmagiri,_Telangana&diff=492298Brahmagiri, Telangana2025-07-21T16:00:27Z<p>Arshelina: added a entry!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Bramhagiri''' is a village of [[Nagarkurnool district]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is near to [[Srisailam Dam]] and the temple of [[Srisailam]].<br />
<br />
Bramhagiri also known as Domalapenta from 1963 to 19 July 2025 is a village on the left side of Srisailam Project, situated in [[Nallamala Hills]] of Nagarkurnool district, Telangana, India. It is on the left bank of [[River Krishna]], about 186&nbsp;km south of Telangana's capital [[Hyderabad]].<br />
<br />
Bramhagiri has an average elevation of {{convert|415|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}{{coord|16|6|11|N|78|53|55|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Mahabubnagar district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mahbubnagar district]]<br />
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{{Mahbubnagar-geo-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prayag_Chauhan&diff=526598Prayag Chauhan2025-06-27T11:43:15Z<p>Arshelina: added new article - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1997)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox boxer|image=|name=Prayag chauhan|realname=|nickname=|height={{convert|172|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}|weight=[[light welterweight]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|2|24}}|birth_place=Nangli village, [[Delhi]]|nationality=[[Indian people|Indian]]|style=|website=|total=|wins=|KO=|losses=|no contests=|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games|2015 Apia]]|[[Boxing at the 2015 Commonwealth Youth Games|light welterweight]]}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Prayag Chauhan''' (born 24 February 1997) is an [[Amateur boxer|Indian amateur boxer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details |url=http://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=5939 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=indiaboxing.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209233314/https://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=5939 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> He won a gold medal in 2013 at the Asian junior boxing championship held in [[Kazakhstan]] and a bronze medal at the [[Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games 2015]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-22 |title=Prayag Chauhan wins Asian Junior Boxing event in Kazakhstan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/prayag-chauhan-wins-asian-junior-boxing-event-in-kazakhstan/articleshow/19677477.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-18 |title=Asian boxing meet: Prayag Chauhan in final |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/asian-boxing-meet-prayag-chauhan-in-final/article4630196.ece |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522031513/http://www.thehindu.com:80/sport/other-sports/asian-boxing-meet-prayag-chauhan-in-final/article4630196.ece |archive-date=2013-05-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Indian boxer Gaurav Solanki enters in Commonwealth Youth Games final |url=https://www.news18.com/news/other-sports/indian-boxer-gaurav-solanki-enters-in-commonwealth-youth-games-final-1089243.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Prayag Chauhan was born on 24 February 1997 in [[Delhi]]. His father Mahesh Chauhan is a Karate player and mother Preeti is a Kabaddi player. Prayag Chauhan was a gymnast before joining boxing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-25 |title=Delhi boy Prayag eyes World glory after Asian gold |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/delhi-boy-prayag-eyes-world-glory-after-asian-gold/articleshow/19717131.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Prayag Chauhan started his boxing career by participating in [[Asian Boxing Championships|Asian championship 2013]] that was held at [[Kazakhstan]] and won gold Medal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Two Indian boxers in Jr World C'ship quarters |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/356658/two-indian-boxers-jr-world.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061413/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/356658/two-indian-boxers-jr-world.html |archive-date=2021-07-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prayag Chauhan wins Asian Junior Boxing event in Kazakhstan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/prayag-chauhan-wins-asian-junior-boxing-event-in-kazakhstan_760174.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He competed in Golden Glove Vojvodina, [[Serbia]] and won gold in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liquid |first=Lorenzo |date=2014-07-17 |title=Golden Gloves of Vojvodina Youth Tournament recap and results |url=https://www.eubcboxing.org/news/golden-gloves-of-vojvodina-youth-tournament-recap-and-results/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=European Boxing Confederation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209083626/http://www.eubcboxing.org/news/golden-gloves-of-vojvodina-youth-tournament-recap-and-results/ |archive-date=2022-12-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 he won bronze in [[Commonwealth Youth Games|Youth Commonwealth Games]], Samoa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-10 |title=Indian boxer Gaurav Solanki wins silver in Commonwealth Youth Games |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-boxer-gaurav-solanki-wins-silver-in-commonwealth-youth-games/articleshow/48896254.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Prayag}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:1997 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in boxing]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhari_river&diff=486450Andhari river2025-05-14T04:00:06Z<p>Arshelina: New a place</p>
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<div>{{One source|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox river<br />
| name = Andhari River<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| name_other = <br />
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --><br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = Andhari river near [[Mul, India|Mul]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_size = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --><br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = India<br />
| subdivision_type2 = State<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vidarbha]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = District<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chandrapur]]<br />
| subdivision_type5 = <br />
| subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --><br />
| length = <br />
| width_min = <br />
| width_avg = <br />
| width_max = <br />
| depth_min = <br />
| depth_avg = <br />
| depth_max = <br />
| discharge1_location = <br />
| discharge1_min = <br />
| discharge1_avg = <br />
| discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --><br />
| source1 = <br />
| source1_location = [[Chandrapur]]<br />
| source1_coordinates = <br />
| source1_elevation = <br />
| mouth = [[Wainganga river]]<br />
| mouth_location = Near Ghatkul village, [[Chandrapur]]<br />
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|44|29|N|79|45|59|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| mouth_elevation = <br />
| progression = <br />
| river_system = <br />
| basin_size = <br />
| tributaries_left = <br />
| tributaries_right = <br />
| custom_label = <br />
| custom_data = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Andhari river''' is a minor river of the [[Wainganga]] basin. It flows through the [[Chandrapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Meandering through the Tadoba forests, it gives its name to [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Chanda%20District/gazetteer_tah_zamA.html |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers – Chanda |publisher=Gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in |accessdate=2022-08-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roopam_Sharma&diff=530879Roopam Sharma2025-05-09T03:08:24Z<p>Arshelina: added new bio - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian computer scientist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Roopam Sharma<br />
| image = Roopam2017.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Roopam Sharma<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|5|24|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Manav Rachna University|Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Faridabad]]<br/>[[Singularity University]]<br />
| occupation = [[Innovator]], [[researcher]]<br />
| years_active = 2014–present<br />
| awards = Gifted Citizen Prize 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciudaddelasideas.com/acercaDe.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007213353/http://www.ciudaddelasideas.com/acercaDe.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 7, 2015|title=La Ciudad de las Ideas|website=www.ciudaddelasideas.com}}</ref> MIT TR35 by [[MIT Technology Review|Technology Review]], Nominet Trust 100,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialtech.org.uk/projects/manovue/|title=Manovue — Social Tech Guide|website=Social Tech Guide}}</ref> <br/> [[Microsoft]]'s [[Imagine Cup]] 2015 and CFC 2015, [[Yahoo]] [[Accenture]] Innovation Jockeys Seasons 3,4,5.<br />
| website = {{URL|roopamsharma.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Roopam Sharma''' (born 24 May 1995) is an Indian scientist. He is best known for his work on Manovue, a technology which enables the visually impaired to read printed text. His research interests include [[Wearable Computing]], [[Mobile Application Development]], [[Human-centered design|Human Centered Design]], [[Computer Vision]], [[AI]] and [[Cognitive Science]]. Sharma was recently awarded the Gifted Citizen Prize 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MRIUFaridabad/videos/1482326371780233/|title=Manav Rachna International University|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and has been listed as one of the top 8 Innovators Under 35 by the [[MIT Technology Review]] for the year 2016 in India.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FLjLApGFns Innovators Under 35] CNBC Awaaz Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/faridabad/btech-student-faridabad-becomes-youngest-ever-person-win-prestigious-%E2%80%98innovators-under-35%E2%80%99-award-87748 Youngest person ever to win MIT TR 35 under 35] DNA India</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/I2NPKHkEiYYDVVr2bQu1WP/Indias-Top-Innovators-under-35.html 2016 Innovators Under 35: Roopam Sharma,20] Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref> In 2018, he was honoured as part of Asia's 21 Young Leaders Initiative in Manila.<br />
<br />
==Early life, education and research==<br />
Sharma was born on May 24, 1995, in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] to Nirmal and Krishna Dutt Sharma. He has a brother Rahul and a sister Priyanka. He is an alumnus of [[Ryan International School]], Faridabad and [[Modern Vidya Niketan]], Faridabad and went on to study Bachelors of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering at [[Manav Rachna University]] in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]. Sharma began his research during his sophomore year of undergraduate school at [[Manav Rachna University]]. <br />
<br />
==Inventions==<br />
Sharma's project Manovue, developed by [[Eyeluminati]], is the world's first intelligent personal assisting system for the visually impaired.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB_XUiDUvZg Manovue: World's first intelligent personal assisting system for the Visually Impaired] CNBC Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/523750/making-visually-impaired-see-through.html Making visually impaired 'see' through technology] Deccan Herald Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-FAR-OMC-new-innovation-by-faridabad-scientist-news-hindi-5396258-PHO.html Glove that helps visually impaired to read printed text] Dainik Bhaskar Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref> The technology has three main functions: to enable the user to read printed text by simply pointing over the text; to help the user to navigate freely outside well known environment through haptic feedback; and to use a completely voice-controlled mobile phone application.<br />
<br />
Manovue was awarded as the winner of the [[Imagine Cup|Microsoft Imagine Cup 2015]]<ref>[https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/dxindia/2015/04/30/the-2015-imagine-cup-india-national-finals Imagine Cup India National Finals] Microsoft Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref> and Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys season 4.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160622034507/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/post/145366728802/its-time-to-replace-braille It’s time to replace Braille]}} Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeeharyana.com/manav-rachna-make-it-big-at-accenture-innovation-jockey/|title=Manav Rachna make it big at Accenture Innovation Jockeys|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/microsoftimagine/2015/06/03/meet-the-2015-imagine-cup-world-finalists/ 2015 Imagine Cup World Finalists] Microsoft Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref> He was listed on the MIT Tech Review 35 under 35 list in 2016.<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/17856_press-subMint-and-MIT-Technology-Review-Brought-Together-EmTech-India-and-Innovators-Under-35---India-Edition MIT TR Innovators under 35] PTI News Retrieved 2016-08-08</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and achievements==<br />
[[File:Sharma Receiving the Gifted Citizen Prize.jpg|thumb|Sharma Receiving the Gifted Citizen Prize]]<br />
Sharma was recently awarded the Gifted Citizen Prize 2016.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083235/http://www.ciudaddelasideas.com/giftedcitizen/comunidad.php?id=152 Gifted Citizen Prize 2016]}} La Ciudad de las Ideas Retrieved 2017-04-01</ref> He has also been listed as an innovator under 35 in 2016 by the [[MIT Technology Review|Technology Review]]. Sharma was also named as a judge for the Living Talent Masterpiece 2017<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/living-talent-presents-masterpiece-2017---the-worlds-first-multi-genre-intercontinental-talent-hunt-660496223.html Living Talent Presents Masterpiece 2017 - The World's First Multi-genre Intercontinental Talent Hunt] PR Newswire Retrieved 2017-12-02</ref><ref>[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/living-talent-presents-masterpiece-2017---the-worlds-first-multi-genre-intercontinental-talent-hunt-660496223.html Living Talent announces Masterpiece 2017 a global talent hunt in Dubai] Everything Experiential Retrieved 2017-12-20</ref><ref>[http://buisnessnewstrends.blogspot.com/2017/11/living-talent-presents-masterpiece-2017.html Living Talent Presents Masterpiece 2017] Daily News Retrieved 2017-11-22</ref> and Accenture Innovation Jockeys Season 6.<ref>[https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/accenture-announces-winners-of-first-accenture-innovation-challenge.htm Accenture Announces Winners of First ‘Accenture Innovation Challenge] Accenture Retrieved on 2017-12-05</ref><br />
<br />
The following is the list of notable awards and achievements received:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Name !! Awarding organisation <br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|National Youth Award<ref>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/rupam-sharma-got-national-youth-award/articleshow/62196081.cms Roopam Sharma got National Youth Award] Nav Bharat Times Retrieved 2017-22-12</ref><ref>[http://www.ignitingminds.in/igniting-minds/roopam-sharma-national-awardee-and-citizen-prize-2016 Roopam Sharma - National Awardee And Citizen Prize 2016 ] Igniting Minds Retrieved 2018-01-29</ref><ref>[http://manavrachna.edu.in/latest/national-youth-award/ Manav Rachna Alumnus Receives National Youth Award] [[Manav Rachna University|Manav Rachna]] Retrieved 2018-01-29</ref><br />
<br />
|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| SE100 Inspiring Social Enablers List<ref>[http://socialenablers.co/se100/ SE100 Inspiring Social Enablers ] Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref> <br />
| SE100 Inspiring Social Enablers Programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialenablers.co/se100/|title=SE100|date=6 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| Nominet Trust 100 List<ref>[http://www.socialtech.org.uk/projects/manovue/ Nominet Trust 100] Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref> <br />
| Social Tech Guide By Nominet Trust<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialtech.org.uk/|title=Social Tech Guide|website=Social Tech Guide}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| Gifted Citizen Prize 2016<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MRIUFaridabad/posts/1482371915109012:0 Roopam strikes it big with Gifted Citizen Award 2016] Manav Rachna University Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref> <br />
| [[Ciudad de las Ideas (conference)|Ciudad de las Ideas]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35<ref>[http://www.newsvoir.com/release/roopam-sharma-student-of-manav-rachna-educational-institutions-has-been-awarded-the-prestigious-mit-tech-reviews-innovators-under-35-award--6356.html Roopam is the only student to ever qualify for the MIT Innovator Under 35 award] NewsVoir Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/17856_press-subMint-and-MIT-Technology-Review-Brought-Together-EmTech-India-and-Innovators-Under-35---India-Edition Mint and MIT Technology Review Brought Together EmTech India and Innovators Under 35 - India Edition] Press Trust Of India Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><ref>[http://manavrachna.edu.in/press-mriu/roopam-sharma-student-of-manav-rachna-educational-institutions-has-been-awarded-the-prestigious-mit-tech-reviews-innovators-under-35-award/ Roopam Sharma, Student of Manav Rachna Educational Institutions has been awarded the prestigious MIT Tech Review’s ‘Innovators Under 35’ Award] [[Manav Rachna University|Manav Rachna]] Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><br />
| [[MIT Technology Review|Technology Review]]<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| Infymakers Award<ref>[https://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/Pages/infymaker-awards-winners-india.aspx Infosys Announces the Winners of Infy Maker Awards in India] Infosys Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><ref>[http://www.infymakers.com/india/winners.html Winners In Health Category] [[Infosys]] Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><br />
|[[Infosys]]<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| Presidents Award<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MRUFaridabad/posts/624292601080801 MRU Recognises Excellence among Student Achievers] Manav Rachna University</ref><br />
| [[Manav Rachna University]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| Winner: Microsoft YouthSpark Challenge for Change<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/482533/these-youngsters-won-microsofts-challenge.html These youngsters won Microsoft's challenge] Deccan Herald Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><ref>[http://educationtechnology.in/2015/05/28/two-indian-students-win-at-microsoft-youthspark-challenge-for-change-contest/ Two Indian Students Win at Microsoft YouthSpark Challenge for Change Contest] educationtechnology.in</ref><ref>[http://www.educationworld.in/magazine/more/4603-roopam-sharma Young Achievers] educationworld.in Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/may/29/faridabad-boys-project-on-dementia-awarded-by-microsoft-767203.html Faridabad Boy's Project on Dementia Awarded by Microsoft] [[The New Indian Express]] Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/about/philanthropies/youthspark/youthsparkhub/programs/challengeforchange/?page=viewentry.cfm&id=1825 Emancipator Assisting the people suffering from Dementia and related disorders] [[Microsoft]] Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.microsoft.com/features/heartache-and-hope-inspire-microsoft-challenge-for-change-winners-to-make-a-difference/#6BMkicQlmSwWRVcf.97|title=Heartache and hope inspire Microsoft Challenge for Change winners to make a difference - News Center|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174521/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=16501&cat=1 Two Indian students win at Microsoft contest] [http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com kalvimalar] Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>[https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/microsoft_citizenship_asia_pacific/2015/05/28/youthspark-challenge-for-change-meet-the-winners/ Meet the Winners] Microsoft TechNet Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>[https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/microsoft_citizenship_asia_pacific/2015/12/15/challenge-for-change-in-conversation-with-the-asian-winners/ Challenge for Change: In Conversation with the Asian Winners] [[Microsoft]] Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>[http://origin-www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/youth-from-faridabad-won-microsoft-youth-spark-challenge-award-hindi-news Youth of Faridabad Got Awarded By MIcrosoft ][[Amar Ujala]] Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/22mar25/22mar25_djvu.txt Roopam Sharma making headlines the world over] Archive.Org Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><br />
| [[Microsoft]]<br />
|- <br />
| 2015<br />
| Grand Winner: Microsoft Imagine Cup India<ref>[https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/dxindia/2015/04/30/the-2015-imagine-cup-india-national-finals/ The 2015 Imagine Cup India National Finals] Microsoft Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><br />
| [[Microsoft]]<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| Torchbearer Award <br />
|[[Manav Rachna University|Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Faridabad]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys Season 5<br />
|[[Yahoo]] [[Accenture]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys Season 4<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160622034507/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/post/145366728802/its-time-to-replace-braille It’s time to replace Braille]}} Accenture Innovation Jockeys Retrieved 2017-04-04</ref><br />
|[[Yahoo]] [[Accenture]] <br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys Season 3<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182041/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/post/145364771952/girls-feel-safe-thanks-to-these-it-visionaries Girls feel safe thanks to these IT visionaries]}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160625022123/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/ inspiration.innovationjockeys.net]}} Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170201035605/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/post/145365304417/government-officials-can-talk-to-the-public-easily Government officials can talk to the public easily thanks to these young visionaries]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160625022123/http://inspiration.innovationjockeys.net/ inspiration.innovationjockeys.net]}} Retrieved 2017-07-07</ref><br />
|[[Yahoo]] [[Accenture]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References and notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscatinline}}<br />
* {{official|http://www.roopamsharma.com }}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Roopam}}<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_Nair&diff=502122Hari Nair2025-04-18T17:59:28Z<p>Arshelina: adding initial info added tags...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1965)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hari Nair<br />
| image = Harinair.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]<br />
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hari Nair''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] known for his works in [[Malayalam cinema]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], [[English cinema]], [[Hindi cinema]]. Hari graduated from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dibakar-banerjee-nine-other-filmmakers-return-national-award-to-protest-rising-intolerance/|title=FTII row: 12 filmmakers return national awards to join agitation against 'intolerance'|date=2015-10-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> He was born on 31 March 1965 at Ponnani. His father K.P. Rajgopalan Nair was the head of the department of Cinematography at the Film and Television Institute of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lens-view/article2679094.ece|title=Lens view|last1=Kumar|first1=P. k Ajith|date=2011-12-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-16|last2=Kumar|first2=P. k Ajith|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Hari, a member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers and graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India and went on to completing many features in different Indian languages.<br />
<br />
He was awarded the National Award for best Cinematographer for the film Sham's Vision (Non Feature film), he received his first Kerala state award in [[Swaham]] (1994) and second for [[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]] (1997).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/his-camera-pans-the-scene/article7359153.ece|title=His camera pans the scene|last1=Anand|first1=Shilpa Nair|date=2015-06-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-16|last2=Anand|first2=Shilpa Nair|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<!-- DO NOT ADD EXTRA INFORMATION, E.G. HIT/FLOP --><br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[Swaham]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Dahan (1997 film)|''Dahan'']]<br />
|Bengali<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''[[Janmadinam]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''Star Bestsellers: First Kill''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''[[Shool]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|''[[Paagalpan]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''[[88 Antop Hill]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''[[Achante Kochumolku]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''[[Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai]]...''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''[[King of Bollywood]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''[[U, Bomsi n Me]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Kerala Cafe]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[The White Elephant]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Theevram]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|[[Shutter (2012 film)|''Shutter'']]<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/unfettered-imagination/article4438488.ece|title=Unfettered imagination|last=Binoy|first=Rasmi|date=2013-02-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Hit-by-the-Shutter-bug/articleshow/10399422.cms|title=Hit by the Shutter bug - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|''Balyakalasakhi'']]<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Apothecary (film)|''Apothecary'']]<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-apothecary-suspense-thriller-says-director-madhav-ramadasan-606192|title=Exclusive: 'Apothecary' is a Suspense Thriller, Says Director Madhav Ramadasan|last=V.P|first=Nicy|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/case-diary-of-a-doctor/article5940302.ece|title=Case diary of a doctor|last=George|first=Vijay|date=2014-04-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Unfreedom]]''<br />
|English<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[Rasputin (2015 film)|''Rasputin'']]<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[Ben (2015 film)|''Ben'']]<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/tackling-questions-of-belief/article7328973.ece|title=Tackling questions of belief|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2015-06-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''[[Ithu Thaanda Police]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''Ayal Jeevichiruppundu''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Hamara Tiranga]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
| ''[[K Sera Sera]]''<br />
| Konkani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Yaksh''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Ahaa Re]]''<br />
|Bengali <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Tanashah''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Network<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''[[Naxalbari (web series)|Naxalbari]]''<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''<br />
|[[Netflix]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Work !! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Photography]]|| {{won}} || ''[[Swaham]]'' ||<ref name="kerela">{{cite web |url= http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archivedate=3 March 2016 |title=State Film Award |work=Government of Kerala}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || [[National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography for a non-feature film]] || {{won}} || ''Sham's Vision'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=44NFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526090918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=44NFA.pdf |archivedate=26 May 2011 |page=104 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Photography]] ||{{won}} ||''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]'' ||<ref name="kerela"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || [[Goa State Film Awards]] || [[Goa State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ||{{won}} ||''[[K Sera Sera]]'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm0619749}}<br />
{{Kerala State Film Award Best Cinematography}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Hari}}<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scindia_dynasty&diff=478241Scindia dynasty2025-01-26T02:53:07Z<p>Arshelina: details</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[House of Scindia]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Buruj&diff=534226Shah Buruj2024-02-28T18:32:45Z<p>Arshelina: Created A Data!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Historical tower in Ambajogai, Maharashtra}}<br />
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'''Shah Buruj''' also known as '''Laman Buruj''', is a historical tower situated in [[Ambajogai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Shah Buruj: A fiery testimony to the freedom movement |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10063 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> The tower had a radio installed by the government in 1942. [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s troops maintained a permanent base camp. The soldiers were intended to hear the war news, which is why this radio was erected. This news was made available for regular individuals to hear.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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== History ==<br />
During the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] era, [[Ambajogai]] was known by the Nizam name Mominabad. At Ambajogai, Nizam's troops maintained a permanent base. To let the soldiers to hear about the conflict, Ambajogai freedom warrior Srinivas Khot smashed the radio on the Shah Buruj, sparking an uprising against the British and the Nizam. Ambajogai saw a significant movement during that time to liberate [[Marathwada]] from the Nizam's authority. Following [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s 1942 announcement of ''Chale Jao'' ({{Translation|Get out}}), many of Indians began taking part in the campaign, which spread to several Indian institutions. This is how [[Swami Ramanand Tirtha]] and his adherents initiated the Satyagraha movement in [[Hyderabad]]. Some instructors and students from the Yogeshwari New Vidyalaya, which Swamiji revived in Ambajogai, participated in this campaign after being inspired by this Satyagraha. Slogans against the Nizam and the British, [[Vande Mataram]] and [[Jai Hind]] slogans, slogan painting on walls, ransacking mail boxes in post offices, severing phone and light wires, and demolishing radio station centers were some of the ways that symbolic agitation was carried out.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=अंबाजोगाईतील ऐतिहासिक बुरूजावर पहिल्यांदाच ध्वजारोहण, मुक्तिसंग्रामातील हुतात्म्यांना श्रद्धांजली |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/beed/hyderabad-liberation-day-hoisting-of-the-flag-at-the-historic-shah-tower-in-ambajogai-1101255 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
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The flag was hoisted on the tower for the first time in 2022. On this occasion, tributes were paid to the martyrs of [[Marathwada Liberation Day]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|18.73732|76.39048|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Towers in India]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilia,_Gujarat&diff=512180Lilia, Gujarat2024-01-18T04:01:19Z<p>Arshelina: starting post</p>
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<div>{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Lilia<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21.1295327|N|71.2160756|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 10359<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/515569-lilia-gujarat.html|title=Lilia Population Census 2011|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = GJ-14<br />
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lilia''' is the administrative headquarters of [[Lilia taluka]] in [[Amreli district]] of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] in the western part of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/leeliya/home</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/en/Home}}<br />
* {{OSM|n|5086511758}}<br />
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{{Amreli district}}<br />
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[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]<br />
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{{Amreli-geo-stub}}</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supriya_Jindal&diff=538459Supriya Jindal2023-04-06T17:37:38Z<p>Arshelina: </p>
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[[Category:Tulane University alumni]]</div>Arshelinahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oshiwara_District_Centre_(ODC)&diff=460824Oshiwara District Centre (ODC)2022-11-22T15:18:04Z<p>Arshelina: further rework references as per guidelines further and improved wording</p>
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