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Rekha Patra

2026-05-08T16:23:34Z

ArnulfoVos: added new stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Rekha Patra
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Debes Mondal]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sandeshkhali]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| spouse = Sandip Patra
| children = 1
| alma_mater = Uttar Bowthakurani F.P. School (5th Pass)
| occupation = Politician, Social Activist
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rekha Patra''' (born c. 1993) is an Indian politician and social activist serving as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), she was elected from the [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]] (SC) constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. She rose to national prominence in early 2024 as one of the leading voices of the [[Sandeshkhali violence|Sandeshkhali protests]], advocating against alleged systemic harassment and land-grabbing in the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref name="u007">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=After BJP Picks Sandeshkhali Survivor As Candidate, Posters Against Her | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2024-03-25 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-bjp-picks-sandeshkhali-survivor-rekha-patra-as-candidate-posters-against-her-5307967 | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref name="m274">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Monica | title=West Bengal Election Results 2026: Who is Rekha Patra? Sandeshkhali survivor leads in Hingalganj against TMC's Ananda Sarkar | website=DNA India | date=2026-05-04 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-west-bengal-election-results-2026-who-is-rekha-patra-sandeshkhali-survivor-leads-in-hingalganj-against-tmc-s-ananda-sarkar-3208907 | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

== Early Life and Background==
Rekha Patra was born and raised in the Sandeshkhali region of the North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal. Before entering public life, she was a homemaker.<ref name="j551">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Kalita, Ratna & Rekha: How a domestic worker, a rape survivor, and a victim's mother are rewriting women's politics in Bengal | website=Zee News | date=2026-05-05 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kalita-ratna-rekha-how-a-domestic-worker-a-rape-survivor-and-a-victim-s-mother-are-rewriting-women-s-politics-in-bengal-3044919.html | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

== [[Sandeshkhali violence]] ==
In early 2024, Patra emerged as a prominent figure during the grassroots movement in Sandeshkhali She was among the first women to publicly allege sexual harassment, physical violence, and land-grabbing by local [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC) leader Sheikh Shahjahan and his associates<ref name="f914">{{cite web | title=Who is Sheikh Shahjahan, the controversial TMC leader of Sandeshkhali in West Bengal? | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-02-29 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/who-is-sheikh-shahjahan-the-tmc-strongman-of-sandeshkhali-in-west-bengal-101709180621010.html | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref name="l379">{{cite web | title=Who is Shahjahan Sheikh, TMC's Sandeshkhali strongman arrested by West Bengal Police? | website=The Indian Express | date=2024-02-29 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/shahjahan-sheikh-tmc-sandeshkhali-9187875/ | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

== Political Career ==
=== 2024 Lok Sabha Election ===
Following her rise as a symbolic face of resistance, the BJP nominated Patra as its candidate for the [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency]] in the 2024 Indian general election.<ref name="p705">{{cite web | title=রাতে প্রার্থী ঘোষণা বিজেপির, সকালেই রেখা পাত্রর বিরুদ্ধে পোস্টার সন্দেশখালিতে | website=sangbadpratidin | date=2024-03-25 | url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/lok-sabha-election-2024-poster-against-basirhat-bjp-candidate-rekha-patra-in-sandeshkhali/pid/940918/ | language=bn | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Despite a high-profile campaign, she lost to the Trinamool Congress candidate, Haji Nurul Islam, by a margin of over 3.33 lakh votes.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sandeshkhali Victim, BJP's Rekha Patra, Loses Basirhat By 3.3 Lakh Votes | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2024-06-04 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sandeshkhali-victim-bjps-rekha-patra-loses-basirhat-by-3-3-lakh-votes-5818680 | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

=== 2026 West Bengal Assembly Election ===
In the 2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, the BJP fielded Patra from the Hingalganj constituency, a seat reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC).

On May 4, 2026, Patra secured a historic victory, defeating the TMC candidate by a margin of 5,421 votes. Her win was part of a broader political shift in the 2026 elections, where several grassroots activists and victims of high-profile incidents were elected to the state assembly.<ref name="x755">{{cite web | last1=Molla | first1=Julfikar | last2=Paul | first2=Sudip | title=হিঙ্গলগঞ্জও বিজেপির দখলে , হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই শেষে জয়ের হাসি রেখা পাত্রর | website=News18 Bengali | date=2026-05-04 | url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/west-bengal/north-24-parganas-west-bengal-assembly-elections-results-2026-bjp-candidate-rekha-patra-won-hingalganj-by-5421-votes-sup-l18-local18-2677710.html | language=bn | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hingalganj Election Result 2026 Highlights: BJP's Rekha Patra wins Hingalganj with 100207 votes | website=India Today | date=2026-05-04 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hingalganj-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-west-bengal-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-wbaelb-2905528-2026-05-04 | access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Year !! Election !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! Margin !! Result
|-
| 2024 || Lok Sabha || Basirhat || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 4,70,215 || −3,33,547 || {{lost}}
|-
| 2026 || West Bengal Assembly || Hingalganj (SC) || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 1,00,207<ref name="x755"/> || +5,421 || {{won}}
|}

== Personal Life ==
Rekha Patra continues to reside in Sandeshkhali. According to her 2024 election affidavit, she lived in a modest house and declared assets worth approximately ₹25,000, making her one of the most economically grassroots candidates in the state's political history. She has one daughter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |title=Rekha Patra |website=Election Commission India |access-date= 7 May 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Sandeshkhali violence]]
* [[Ratna Debnath]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patra, Rekha}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]

List of government hospitals in Kerala

2026-05-04T08:32:26Z

ArnulfoVos: made first entry needs work!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

The list includes '''government hospitals''' and other public healthcare institutions owned and managed by the [[Government of Kerala]] under the [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health and Family Welfare Department]] and the [[Department of Ayush (Kerala)|AYUSH Department]].

[[Kerala]] has a three-tier public health system consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. This list includes District Hospitals, General Hospitals, Taluk Hospitals, Speciality Hospitals and Medical College Hospitals, along with institutions of [[Ayurveda]], [[Homeopathy|Homoeopathy]], [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] and [[Unani medicine|Unani]].

The list does not include [[Community health center|Community Health Centres]] (CHCs), Family Health Centres (FHCs), and [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centres]] (PHCs). At present, Kerala has 226 CHCs, 885 FHCs, and 849 PHCs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Anna |date=2023-08-12 |title=630 PHCs in Kerala upgraded to family health centres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Aug/12/630-phcs-in-kerala-upgraded-to-family-health-centres-2604399.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=sha – State Health Agency |url=https://sha.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=sha.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = Kerala’s Innovative Efforts at Health Systems Strengthening (2016–2020)
|author = T. Sundararaman
|url = https://rthresources.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/A2-Report-Kerala%27s-Innovative-Efforts-at-Health-Systems-Strengthening.pdf
|website = rthresources.in
|publisher = RTH Resources / Report
|format = PDF
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Radeena
|first1=D. N.
|last2=Velluva
|first2=Sanathanan
|title=Building Blocks of Wellness: Kerala’s Healthcare Infrastructure Developments and its Role in the Kerala Model
|journal=European Economic Letters
|volume=10
|issue=1
|year=2020
|issn=2323-5233
|url=https://www.eelet.org.uk/index.php/journal/article/download/1583/1388/1709
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala, India: Governance {{!}} PHCPI |url=https://www.improvingphc.org/kerala-india-governance |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.improvingphc.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 31, 2024 |title=Health at a Glance 2022–23 |url=https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/HEALTH-AT-GLANCE-2022-23_merged.pdf |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF}}</ref>
==Modern medicine==

===Medical College Hospitals===
References:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Adity |date=2025-09-08 |title=Kerala now has medical colleges in each district |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/kerala/kerala-now-has-medical-colleges-in-each-district-154840 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala – Official Website
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/en/dhsw/
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Name of the Institution
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 1951
|-
| 2 || [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Government Medical College Hospital, Kozhikode]] || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] || 1957
|-
| 3 || [[Government Medical College, Kottayam|Government Medical College Hospital, Kottayam]] || [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] || 1962
|-
| 4 || [[Government TD Medical College, Alappuzha|Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha]] || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] || 1963
|-
| 5 || [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 1980
|-
| 6 || [[Government Medical College, Thrissur|Government Medical College Hospital, Thrissur]] || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] || 1981
|-
| 7 || [[Government Medical College, Kannur]] || [[Kannur district|Kannur]] || 1995
|-
| 8 || [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]] || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] || 1999
|-
| 9 || [[Government Medical College, Kollam]] || [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || 2013
|-
| 10 || [[Government Medical College, Manjeri|Government Medical College Hospital, Manjeri]] || [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] || 2013
|-
| 11 || [[Government Medical College, Palakkad]] || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] || 2014
|-
| 12 || [[Government Medical College, Idukki]] || [[Idukki district|Idukki]] || 2014
|-
| 13 || [[Government Medical College, Konni]] || [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] || 2016
|}

===General Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! General Hospital<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of General Hospitals in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/GH.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|format = PDF
|date = 2025
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || General Hospital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Thiruvananthapuram || 1845
|-
| 2 || General Hospital, [[Neyyattinkara]]|| Thiruvananthapuram ||
|-
| 3 || General Hospital, [[Pathanamthitta]]|| Pathanamthitta ||
|-
| 4 || General Hospital, [[Adoor]]|| Pathanamthitta ||
|-
| 5 || General Hospital, [[Alappuzha]]|| Alappuzha ||
|-
| 6 || General Hospital, [[Kottayam]]|| Kottayam ||
|-
| 7 || K. M. Mani Smaraka Government General Hospital, [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]|| Kottayam ||
|-
| 8 || General Hospital, [[Changanassery]]|| Kottayam ||
|-
| 9 || General Hospital, [[Kanjirappally]]|| Kottayam ||
|-
| 10 || General Hospital, [[Ernakulam]]|| Ernakulam ||
|-
| 11 || General Hospital, [[Muvattupuzha]]|| Ernakulam ||
|-
| 12 || General Hospital, [[Thrissur]]|| Thrissur ||
|-
| 13 || General Hospital, [[Irinjalakuda]]|| Thrissur ||
|-
| 14 || Panakkad Sayyid Mohammedali Shihab Thangal Smaraka Government General Hospital, [[Malappuram]]|| Malappuram ||
|-
| 15 || Shihab Thangal Smaraka Government General Hospital, [[Manjeri]]|| Malappuram ||
|-
| 16 || Government General Hospital, [[Kozhikode]] (Beach Hospital) || Kozhikode ||
|-
| 17 || Government General Hospital, [[Kalpetta]] (M. S. Padmaiah Gowder Memorial) || Wayanad ||
|-
| 18 || General Hospital, [[Thalassery]]|| Kannur ||
|-
| 19 || General Hospital, [[Kasaragod]]|| Kasaragod ||
|}
===District Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! District Hospital<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of District Hospitals in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/DH.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|format = PDF
|date = 2025
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || District Hospital, [[Peroorkada]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]||
|-
| 2 || District Hospital, [[Nedumangad]]||
|-
| 3 || District Hospital, [[Kollam]]|| [[Kollam district|Kollam]]|| —
|-
| 4 || District Hospital, [[Kozhencherry]]|| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]|| —
|-
| 5 || District Hospital, [[Mavelikkara]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]|| —
|-
| 6 || District Hospital, [[Chengannur]]|| —
|-
| 7 || District Hospital, [[Idukki township|Idukki]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Idukki district|Idukki]]|| —
|-
| 8 || District Hospital, [[Thodupuzha]]|| —
|-
| 9 || District Hospital, [[Aluva]]|| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]|| —
|-
| 10 || District Hospital, [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur|Wadakkanchery]]|| [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]|| —
|-
| 11 || District Hospital, [[Palakkad]]|| [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]|| —
|-
| 12 || District Hospital, [[Tirur]]|| rowspan="3" | [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]|| —
|-
| 13 || District Hospital, [[Perinthalmanna]]|| —
|-
| 14 || District Hospital, [[Nilambur]]|| —
|-
| 15 || District Hospital, [[Vatakara]]|| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]|| —
|-
| 16 || District Hospital, [[Mananthavady]]|| [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]|| —
|-
| 17 || District Hospital, [[Kannur]]|| [[Kannur district|Kannur]]|| —
|-
| 18 || District Hospital, [[Kanhangad]]|| [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]|| —
|}
===Women and Child Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Women & Children Hospital<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Women and Child Hospitals in Kerala |url=https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/WC.pdf |website=Directorate of Health Services, Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |date=2025 |format=PDF |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || Women and Children Hospital, Thycaud || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || Victoria Women and Children Hospital, Kollam || Kollam || —
|-
| 3 || Women and Children Hospital, Alappuzha || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 4 || Women and Children Hospital, Vaikom || Kottayam || —
|-
| 5 || Women and Children Hospital, Mattancherry || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 6 || Women and Children Hospital, Palakkad || Palakkad || —
|-
| 7 || Women and Children Hospital, Ponnani || Malappuram || —
|-
| 8 || Women and Children Hospital, Kozhikode (Kottapparamba) || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 9 || Women and Children Hospital, Kannur (Andoor) || Kannur || —
|-
| 10 || Women and Children Hospital, Kanhangad || Kasaragod || —
|}

===Taluk headquarters Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Taluk Headquarters Hospital<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of Taluk HQs Hospitals in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/THQH.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|format = PDF
|date = 2025
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Chirayinkeezhu || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Parassala || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 3 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Malayinkeezhu || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 4 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Karunagappally || Kollam || —
|-
| 5 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kottarakkara || Kollam || —
|-
| 6 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Chathannoor || Kollam || —
|-
| 7 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Punalur || Kollam || —
|-
| 8 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Sasthamcotta || Kollam || —
|-
| 9 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Thiruvalla || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 10 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Ranni || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 11 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Konni || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 12 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Mallappally || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 13 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Cherthala || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 14 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Pulinkunnu || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 15 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Haripad || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 16 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kayamkulam || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 17 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Pampady || Kottayam || —
|-
| 18 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kuravilangad || Kottayam || —
|-
| 19 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Vaikom || Kottayam || —
|-
| 20 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Peermade || Idukki || —
|-
| 21 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Adimaly || Idukki || —
|-
| 22 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Nedumkandam || Idukki || —
|-
| 23 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Fort Kochi || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 24 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Thrippunithura || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 25 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Perumbavoor || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 26 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, North Paravur || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 27 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kothamangalam || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 28 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Chavakkad || Thrissur || —
|-
| 29 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kodungallur || Thrissur || —
|-
| 30 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Chalakudy || Thrissur || —
|-
| 31 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Alathur || Palakkad || —
|-
| 32 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Chittur || Palakkad || —
|-
| 33 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Ottapalam || Palakkad || —
|-
| 34 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Mannarkkad || Palakkad || —
|-
| 35 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Pattambi || Palakkad || —
|-
| 36 || Attappady Tribal Taluk Speciality Hospital, Kottathara || Palakkad || —
|-
| 37 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Ponnani || Malappuram || —
|-
| 38 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Tirurangadi || Malappuram || —
|-
| 39 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Malappuram || Malappuram || —
|-
| 40 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Kondotty || Malappuram || —
|-
| 41 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Koyilandy || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 42 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Sulthan Bathery || Wayanad || —
|-
| 43 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Vythiri || Wayanad || —
|-
| 44 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Taliparamba || Kannur || —
|-
| 45 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Vellarikkundu (Poodamkallu) || Kasaragod || —
|-
| 46 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Mangalpady || Kasaragod || —
|-
| 47 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Bedadka || Kasaragod || —
|-
| 48 || Taluk Headquarters Hospital, Nileshwar || Kasaragod || —
|}
===Taluk Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Taluk Hospital<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of Taluk Hospitals in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/TH.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|format = PDF
|date = 2025
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || Fort Taluk Hospital, Fort, Thiruvananthapuram || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || Varkala Taluk Hospital || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 3 || Nemom Taluk Hospital || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 4 || Attingal Taluk Hospital || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 5 || Vithura Taluk Hospital || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 6 || Kadakkal Taluk Hospital || Kollam || —
|-
| 7 || Kundara Taluk Hospital || Kollam || —
|-
| 8 || Nedungolam Taluk Hospital || Kollam || —
|-
| 9 || Neendakara Taluk Hospital || Kollam || —
|-
| 10 || Thuravoor Taluk Hospital || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 11 || Chettikadu Rural Health Training Centre || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 12 || Kattappana Taluk Hospital || Idukki || —
|-
| 13 || Njarakkal Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 14 || Karuvelippady GM Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 15 || Angamaly Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 16 || Puthenvelikkara Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 17 || Piravom Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 18 || Palluruthy Taluk Hospital || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 19 || Chelakkara Taluk Hospital || Thrissur || —
|-
| 20 || Pudukkad Taluk Hospital || Thrissur || —
|-
| 21 || Kunnamkulam Taluk Hospital || Thrissur || —
|-
| 22 || Elappully Taluk Hospital || Palakkad || —
|-
| 23 || Areacode Taluk Hospital || Malappuram || —
|-
| 24 || Kuttippuram Taluk Hospital || Malappuram || —
|-
| 25 || Wandoor Taluk Hospital || Malappuram || —
|-
| 26 || Feroke Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 27 || Kuttiyadi Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 28 || Nadapuram Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 29 || Thamarassery Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 30 || Perambra Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 31 || Balussery Taluk Hospital || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 32 || Kuthuparamba Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 33 || Pazhyangadi Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 34 || Peringome Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 35 || Iritty Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 36 || Irikkur Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 37 || Panoor Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 38 || Payyannur Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 39 || Peravoor Taluk Hospital || Kannur || —
|-
| 40 || Thrikaripur Taluk Hospital || Kasaragod || —
|}
===Mental Health Centers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Mental Health Centre
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || Mental Health Centre, [[Oolampara]],Thiruvananthapuram || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]|| —
|-
| 2 || Mental Health Centre, Thrissur || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]|| —
|-
| 3 || [[Kuthiravattam Mental Hospital|Mental Health Centre, Kuthiravattom]], Kozhikode || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]|| —
|}
===Leprosy Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! [[Leprosy]] Centre<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of Leprosy Centres in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Leprocy.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|date = 2025
|format = PDF
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || Leprosy Sanitorium, [[Nooranad]]|| Alappuzha || —
|-
| 2 || Leprosy Hospital, Thirumudikunnu, [[Koratty]]|| Thrissur || —
|-
| 3 || Government Hospital of Dermatology (Speciality Leprosy), [[Kozhikode]]|| Kozhikode || —
|}

===Specialty hospitals (others)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Hospital Name
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || W&C Govt. Ayurvedic Maternity Hospital, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || Govt. Ayurveda College Hospital for Women and Children, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 3 || Taluk PHC Uzhavoor || Kottayam || —
|-
| 4 || Taluk PHC Nalloornad || Wayanad || —
|-
| 5 || CHC Mattannur || Kannur || —
|-
| 6 || CHC Pinarayi || Kannur || —
|-
| 7 || Speciality Hospital, Chemmanad || Kasaragod || —
|}
===TB Hospitals===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! TB Centre
([[Tuberculosis]])<ref>{{cite web
|title = List of District TB Centres in Kerala
|url = https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/DTBC.pdf
|website = Directorate of Health Services, Kerala
|publisher = Government of Kerala
|date = 2025
|format = PDF
|access-date = 15 January 2026
}}</ref>
! District
! Year of Establishment
|-
| 1 || District TB Centre, Thiruvananthapuram || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || District TB Centre, Kollam || Kollam || —
|-
| 3 || District TB Centre, Pathanamthitta || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 4 || District TB Centre, Alappuzha || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 5 || District TB Centre, Kottayam || Kottayam || —
|-
| 6 || District TB Centre, Idukki || Idukki || —
|-
| 7 || District TB Centre, Ernakulam (Karuvelipady, [[Kochi]]) || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 8 || District TB Centre, Thrissur || Thrissur || —
|-
| 9 || District TB Centre, Palakkad || Palakkad || —
|-
| 10 || District TB Centre, Malappuram ([[Manjeri]]) || Malappuram || —
|-
| 11 || District TB Centre, Kozhikode || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 12 || District TB Centre, Wayanad ([[Mananthavady]]) || Wayanad || —
|-
| 13 || District TB Centre, [[Kannur]]|| Kannur || —
|-
| 14 || District TB Centre, [[Kasaragod]]|| Kasaragod || —
|-
| 15 || TB Centre (Chest Diseases Hospital, [[Pulayanarkotta]], Thiruvananthapuram) || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 16 || TB Clinic, [[Karuvatta]], Alappuzha || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 17 || TB Clinic [[Ponnani]], Malappuram || Malappuram || —
|-
| 18 || Speciality TB Hospital for Chest Diseases, [[Karunagappally]]|| Kollam || —
|}

==AYUSH==
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2026}}

===Homeopathy===
As of 2025, Kerala has 34 government district homeopathic hospitals, 709 homeopathic dispensaries and 407 NHM dispensaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Homoeopathy |title=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://homoeopathy.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Homoeopathy |language=ml-IN}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Name of Govt. Dist. Homeo Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://homoeopathy.kerala.gov.in/en/home/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Homoeopathy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
! District
! Established
|-
| 1 || Government Homoeo Hospital, East Fort || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 2 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Attingal || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 3 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Neyyattinkara || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 4 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Karakulam || Thiruvananthapuram || —
|-
| 5 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kollam || Kollam || —
|-
| 6 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Karunagapally || Kollam || —
|-
| 7 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Punalur || Kollam || —
|-
| 8 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kottayam || Kottayam || —
|-
| 9 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kurichy || Kottayam || —
|-
| 10 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Pala || Kottayam || —
|-
| 11 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kottanad || Pathanamthitta || —
|-
| 12 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Alappuzha || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 13 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Cherthala || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 14 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kayamkulam || Alappuzha || —
|-
| 15 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Muttom || Idukki || —
|-
| 16 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Pushpakandam || Idukki || —
|-
| 17 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Ernakulam || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 18 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Muvattupuzha || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 19 || Government Homoeo Hospital, North Parur || Ernakulam || —
|-
| 20 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Thrissur || Thrissur || —
|-
| 21 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Palakkad || Palakkad || —
|-
| 22 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Malappuram || Malappuram || —
|-
| 23 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Manjeri || Malappuram || —
|-
| 24 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Wandoor || Malappuram || —
|-
| 25 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kuttippuram || Malappuram || —
|-
| 26 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kozhikode || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 27 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Koilandi || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 28 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Purameri || Kozhikode || —
|-
| 29 || District Government Homoeo Hospital, Mananthavady || Wayanad || —
|-
| 30 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kannur || Kannur || —
|-
| 31 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Aralam || Kannur || —
|-
| 32 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kanhangad || Kasaragod || —
|-
| 33 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Nileswar || Kasaragod || —
|-
| 34 || Government Homoeo Hospital, Kalanad || Kasaragod || —
|}

=== Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) ===
As of 2026, Kerala has 130 hospitals and 818 dispensaries under the ISM Department. The Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) include [[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Naturopathy]] and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISM |date=2022-05-10 |title=Home |url=https://ism.kerala.gov.in/eng/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Department of Indian Systems of Medicine |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The below is the list of speciality institutions under ISM Department.

References: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutions of ISM |url=https://ism.kerala.gov.in/eng/images/pdf/institutions/Institutions_All.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name of Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISM |date=2024-10-28 |title=Visha Vaidya Hospitals |url=https://ism.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/institutions/speciality-institutions/visha-vaidya-hospitals |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Department of Indian Systems of Medicine |language=en-gb}}</ref>
! Location
! District
! Specialty
|-
| AC Shanmughadas Memorial Ayurvedic Child & Adolescent Care Centre (ACACC)
| [[Purakkattiri]]
| Kozhikode
| Child & Adolescent Ayurvedic Care
|-
| GARIM Government Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Health and Hygiene (GARIM)
| [[Kottakkal]]
| Malappuram
| Mental Health & Hygiene
|-
| Kerala Institute of Sports Ayurveda and Research (KISAR)
| [[Thrissur]]
| Thrissur
| Sports Ayurveda & Research
|-
| Government Ayurveda Marma Hospital, Kanjiramkulam
| [[Kanjiramkulam]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Marma Therapy
|-
| Government Yoga Naturopathy Hospital, Varkala
| [[Varkala]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Yoga & Naturopathy
|-
| Government Siddha Hospital, Vallakadavu
| Vallakadavu
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Siddha Medicine
|-
| Government Ayurveda Visha Vaidya Hospital
| [[Wadakkancherry, Thrissur|Wadakkancherry]]
| Thrissur
| Ayurvedic Toxicology (Visha Vaidya)
|-
| Government Ayurvedic Toxicology Hospital
| [[Madakkathara]]
| Thrissur
| Ayurvedic Toxicology (Visha Vaidya)
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Name of institution
! District
|-
| 1
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Kadakkavoor
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 2
| Government Ayurveda Mental Hospital, Kanjiramkulam
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 3
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Kizhuvilam
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 4
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Kottoor
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 5
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Kulamuttom
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 6
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Nedumangad
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 7
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Palode
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 8
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Parassala
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 9
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Pothencode
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 10
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Pulimath
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 11
| Government Ayurveda Hospital, Venganoor
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 12
| Government Ayurveda Dispensary, Amboori
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 13
| Government Ayurveda Dispensary, Andoorkonam
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 14
| Government Ayurveda Dispensary, Aruvikkara
| Thiruvananthapuram
|-
| 15
| Government Ayurveda Dispensary, Aruvipuram
| Thiruvananthapuram
|}

== See also ==
* [[Healthcare in Kerala]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Ayush (Kerala)]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Health in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Kerala-related lists]]

Himalayas

2026-05-02T06:06:41Z

ArnulfoVos: adjust formatting to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Mountain range in Asia}}
{{Redirect|Himalaya}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English| date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = The Himalayas
| photo = Himalayas and allied ranges NASA Landsat showing the eight thousanders, annotated with major rivers.jpg
| photo_caption = The arc of the Himalayas (also [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Karakoram]]s) showing the [[eight-thousander|eight-thousanders]] (in red); [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]; [[Tibetan Plateau]]; rivers [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Ganges]], and [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]-[[Brahmaputra]]; and the two anchors of the range (in yellow)
| country_type = [[Country|Countries]]
| country = {{hlist||[[Bhutan]]|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Nepal]]|[[Pakistan]]}}{{efn|Sovereignty over the range is contested in several places, most notably in the [[Kashmir region]].<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)|date=14 August 2023 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas |quote=Though India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, Pakistan and China also occupy parts of them. In the Kashmir region, Pakistan has administrative control of some 32,400 square miles (83,907 square km) of the range lying north and west of the "line of control" established between India and Pakistan in 1972. China administers some 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km) in the Ladakh region and has claimed territory at the eastern end of the Himalayas within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Those disputes accentuate the boundary problems faced by India and its neighbours in the Himalayan region.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|first1=David|last1=Zurick|first2=Julsun|last2=Pocheco|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|date=2006|isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9|page=8,11,12}}</ref>}}
| subdivision2_type = [[Continent]]
| subdivision2 = [[Asia]]
| highest = [[Mount Everest]]
| elevation_m = 8848.86
| highest_location = Nepal, China
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|59|N|86|55|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| length_km = 2400
| geology = {{hlist|[[Metamorphic rock|Metamorphic]]|[[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]]}}
| age = [[Cretaceous]] to [[Cenozoic]]
| orogeny = [[Alpine orogeny]]
| map_image = Himalaya annotated.jpg
| map_caption = Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, [[Makalu]] (8,462 m), [[Mount Everest|Everest]] (8,848 m), [[Cho Oyu]] (8,201 m), and [[Lhotse]] (8,516 m).
}}
The '''Himalayas''',{{Efn|They are also known as "{{nowrap|the Himalaya Mountains}}". In western literature, some writers refer to it as ''the Himalaya'' not changed in English.<ref>[https://himalayatra.com/ the Himalaya], Himalayatra, Feel the Soul of Himalaya</ref> Other names: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ}}}} in [[Urdu]], {{lang|bn|হিমালয় পর্বতমালা}} ''Himaloẏ Porbōtmala'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], {{lang-zh|s=喜马拉雅[[wikt:山脉|山脉]]|p=Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài|c=|t=喜馬拉雅[[wikt:山脉|山脉]]}} in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].}} or '''Himalaya''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɪ|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|.|ə|,_|h|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|ə|j|ə}} {{respell|HIM|ə|LAY|ə|,_|hih|MAH|lə|yə}}; pronounced in {{IPA|sa|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ|lang}}; {{etymology|sa|{{IAST|himá}}|snow, frost||{{IAST|ā-laya}}|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED|Himalayan |access-date=2021-08-05 |quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref>}} is a [[mountain range]] in Asia separating the [[plain]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the highest, [[Mount Everest]]. More than [[List of highest mountains on Earth|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert|7200|m|abbr=off}} above [[sea level]] lie in the Himalayas.

The Himalayas span [[Himalayan states|five countries]]: [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among India, Pakistan, and China.<ref name="bishop-britannica">{{cite web|last=Bishop|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the [[Tibetan Plateau]], and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River|Indus]], the [[Ganges river|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600 million people; 53 million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book |author1=A.P. Dimri |author2=B. Bookhagen |author3=M. Stoffel |author4=T. Yasunari |year=2019 |title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=380 |isbn=978-3-030-29684-1}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]]h in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.

The Himalayas were [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] after the collision of the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]] with the [[Eurasian plate]], specifically, by the folding, or [[nappe]]-formation of the uppermost Indian crust, even as a lower layer continued to push on into Tibet and add thickness to its plateau; the still lower crust, along with the mantle, however, [[subduction|subducted]] under Eurasia. The Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc {{Convert|2400|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wadia |first=D. N. |year=1931 |title=The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny |journal=Record Geol. Survey of India |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=189–220}}</ref> Its western [[syntaxis (geology)|anchor]], [[Nanga Parbat]], lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, [[Namcha Barwa]], lies immediately west of the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]. The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], along which the headwaters of these two rivers flow, separates the Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau; the rivers also separate the Himalayas from the [[Karakoram|Karakorams]], the Hindu Kush, and the [[Transhimalaya]]. The range varies in width from {{Convert|350|km|abbr=off}} in the west to {{Convert|151|km|abbr=on}} in the east.<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite book |last=Apollo |first=M. |year=2017 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476 |chapter=Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future |editor1-first=R. |editor1-last=Efe |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Öztürk |title=Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism |pages=143–159 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the range hails from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa-Latn|Himālaya}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|हिमालय}} 'abode of snow'<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1299 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>), from {{lang|sa-Latn|hima}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|हिम}} 'frost/cold'<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1298 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>) and {{lang|sa-Latn|ālaya}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|आलय}} 'dwelling/house'<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIL Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=121 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEN Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=BEN&page=1115-a |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WIL Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=976 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> The cognates include:

{{div col}}
* {{lang|hi|हिमालय}} {{lang|ne-Latn|Himālaya}} in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]],
* हिंवाळ ''Hinvāl'' in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]],
* हिमाल ''Himāl'' in [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]],
* {{lang|bo|ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་}} ''Himalaya'' in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]],
* {{lang|si|හිමාලය}} {{lang|ne-Latn|Himālaya}} in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]],
* {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہمالیہ}}}} ''Himāliya'' in [[Urdu]],
* {{lang|bn|হিমালয়}} ''Himaloẏ'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]],
* {{lang|zh|喜马拉雅}} or {{lang|zh|喜馬拉雅}} ''Xǐmǎlāyǎ'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
{{div col end}}

This name was also previously transcribed as ''Himmaleh'', as in [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poetry<ref>{{citation |last=Dickinson |first=Emily |title=The Himmaleh was known to stoop |author-link=Emily Dickinson |title-link=:s:The Himmaleh was known to stoop}}.</ref> and [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s essays.<ref>{{citation |last=Thoreau |first=Henry David |title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers |date=1849 |author-link=Henry David Thoreau}}.</ref>

The name of the range is sometimes also given as "Himivan" in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |author-link=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=2014|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }} Entry: "Himavan"</ref> [[Himavat]] ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवत्'')'' or Himavan '''Himavān''' (Sanskrit: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include '''Himaraja''' (Sanskrit: हिमराज, {{lit|king of snow}}) 'The Land of Snow' ({{lang|bo|གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་}}) in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], or '''Parvateshwara''' (Sanskrit: पर्वतेश्वर, {{lit|lord of mountains}}).

==Geography and key features==
{{anchor | Geo | Geography }}

{{see also|List of Himalayan peaks and passes|Himalayan Rim}}
[[File:Himalayas Map.png|thumb|Map of the Himalayas (including the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]])]]
{{multiple image
|total_width = 400
|direction = vertical
|align = right
|image1 = Panorama from poonhill-2019-BJ.jpg
|caption1 = Panoramic view of the Himalayas from [[Poon Hill]] in Nepal during sunrise, showing the [[Dhaulagiri (mountain range)|Dhaulagiri massif]] (left, shining with [[alpenglow]]) and the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]] (right, with the sun rising from behind). [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Annapurna]], the highest peaks of these massifs, are respectively the seventh and tenth [[List of highest mountains on Earth|highest mountains in the world]], and are two of the world's fourteen [[eight-thousanders]].
|image2 = Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
|caption2 = Panorama of the [[Garhwal Himalayas|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] Himalayas from [[Ranikhet]], India, showing peaks such as [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], [[Nanda Kot]] and [[Panchachuli]]. Nanda Devi is the highest mountain located entirely within India's borders, and the second [[List of mountains in India#Highest major summits in India|highest mountain in India]] after [[Kangchenjunga]] (which is the world's third highest and is located along the Indo-Nepalese border).
}}
{{multiple image
|total_width = 400
|align = right
|image1 = Indus Nanga Parbat Himalayas from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.webm
|caption1 = The [[Indus River]] in the foreground and the [[Nanga Parbat]] peak, the western anchor of the Himalayas, far in the background, a little faint but towering well above the cloud layer{{efn|as seen from a plane approximately above the historic [[Sawal Dher]] village, in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan}}
|image2 = Yarlung Tsangpo river tibet.jpg
|caption2 = Satellite image of the [[Namcha Barwa Himal]], the eastern [[wikt:syntaxis|syntaxis]] of the Himalayas, around which the [[Brahmaputra River]] (known there as [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]) bends, forming the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon|world's deepest canyon]]
}}

The Himalayas consists of four parallel [[mountain ranges]] from south to north: the [[Sivalik Hills]] on the south; the [[Lower Himalayan Range]]; the [[Great Himalayas]], which is the highest and central range; and the [[Tibetan Himalayas]] on the north.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas |title=Himalayas|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|last1= Bishop|first1= Barry C. |last2= Chatterjee|first2= Shiba P.|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> The [[Karakoram]] are generally considered separate from the Himalayas.

In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the {{convert|8000|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=in}} peaks of [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Annapurna]] in [[Nepal]], separated by the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]]. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections, both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the [[Kora La]], is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and [[K2]] (the highest peak of the Karakoram range). To the east of Annapurna are the {{convert|8000|m|ft+mile|abbr=off|adj=on}} peaks of [[Manaslu]] and across the border in Tibet, [[Shishapangma]]. To the south of these lies [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] lies the valley of the Bhote/[[Sun Kosi]] river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the [[Araniko Highway]]/[[China National Highway 318]]. Further east is the [[Mahalangur Himal]] with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest: [[Cho Oyu]], [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]], and [[Makalu]]. The [[Khumbu]] region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun river]] drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing to the range to the east of Makalu.

In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the [[Kangchenjunga]] massif on the border with India, the third-highest mountain in the world, the most easterly {{convert|8000|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} summit and the highest point of [[India]]. The eastern side of Kangchenjunga is in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]]. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to [[Lhasa]], Tibet, which passes over the [[Nathu La]] pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of [[Bhutan]]. The highest mountain in Bhutan is [[Gangkhar Puensum]], which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged, with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of [[Namche Barwa]], situated in Tibet, inside the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Yarlang Tsangpo]] river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the [[Kangri Garpo]] mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo, including [[Gyala Peri]], however, are also sometimes included in the Himalayas.

Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to [[Rara Lake]], the largest lake in Nepal. The [[Karnali River]] rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the [[Sarda River]] and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of [[Gurla Mandhata]]. Just across [[Lake Manasarovar]] from this lies the sacred [[Mount Kailash]] in the [[Kailash Ranges]], which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], Sufism and Bonpo. In [[Uttarakhand]], the Himalayas are regionally divided into the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] Himalayas with the high peaks of [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Kamet]].<ref name=britannica>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumaun-Himalayas|title=Kumaun Himalayas|publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica|first1= Kenneth |last1= Pletcher |date =March 13, 2009 }}</ref> The state is also home to the important pilgrimage destinations of Chota [[Chota Char Dham|Chaar Dhaam]], with [[Gangotri]], the source of the holy river [[Ganges]], [[Yamunotri]], the source of the river [[Yamuna]], and the temples at [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]].

The next Himalayan Indian state, [[Himachal Pradesh]], is noted for its hill stations, particularly [[Shimla]], the summer capital of the [[British Raj]], and [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], the centre of the Tibetan community and [[Central Tibetan Administration|government in exile]] in India. This area marks the start of the [[Punjab Himalaya]] and the [[Sutlej river]], the most easterly of the five tributaries of the [[Indus]], cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form much of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] where lie the mountainous [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] and the renowned [[Kashmir Valley]] with the town and lakes of [[Srinagar]]. The Himalayas form most of the south-west portion of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of [[Ladakh]]. The twin peaks of [[Nun Kun]] are the only mountains over {{convert|7000|m|ft+mile}} in this part of the Himalayas. Finally, the Himalayas reach their western end in the dramatic 8000-metre peak of [[Nanga Parbat]], which rises over {{convert|8000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000-metre summits. The western end terminates at a magnificent point near Nanga Parbat where the Himalayas intersect with the Karakoram and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, in the disputed Pakistani-administered territory of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. Some portion of the Himalayas, such as the [[Kaghan Valley]], [[Margalla Hills]], and [[Galyat]] tract, extend into the Pakistani provinces of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].

==Geology==

{{Main|Geology of the Himalayas}}

[[File:Indian plate movement towards Eurasia 71 Mya onward.jpg|thumb|right|The movement of the [[Indian plate]] toward the [[Eurasian plate]] starting 71 million years ago at the average speed of {{convert|5–15|cm|in}} per year, which closed the [[Tethys Ocean|Neo-Tethys Ocean]] above and opened the [[Indian Ocean]] below]]
[[File:230 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|thumb|right|[[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], having rifted from Gondwana shown drifting towards Eurasia, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean above, opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean below, and carrying parts of what is today the [[Tibetan Plateau]]]]
[[File:Karakoram Kohistan Ladakh Gangdese Belt.jpg|thumb|right|The accretions of the [[Karakoram]], the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]], and the [[Gangdese batholith|Gangdese belt]] to Eurasia preceded the final India-Eurasia collision. The stars mark the [[Syntaxis (geology)|syntaxis]]-causing obtrustions.]]
[[File:2 2 himal tecto units.png|thumb|right|The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], shown in green, separates the Himalayas from the [[Transhimalaya]]]]
[[File:Folded Himalayan Rock Layers at Kali Gandaki in Nepal 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Folded layers of Himalayan rock, exposed in a cliff about {{convert|3|km|mi}} northeast of [[Jomsom]], in the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] in Nepal]]

[[Tectonics]], the recurring physical changes that affect the arrangement of the Earth's crust, and [[plate tectonics]], the movement of large regions of the Earth's crust in the manner of planar rigid bodies, are key to understanding the formation of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}} The Earth's crust rests directly on its [[mantle (geology)|mantle]]. [[Tectonic plates]], comprising the crust and the upper portions of their underlying mantle, are moved around by convection in the [[asthenosphere]]. The [[oceanic crust]], found beneath oceans, is, on average, {{Convert|7|km|spell=in}} thick. It is created from [[upwelling]] magma at [[mid-ocean ridges]] and predominantly consists of [[basalt]], the principal igneous rock on Earth. In contrast, the [[continental crust]] underlying dry land has an average thickness of {{Convert|35|km|abbr=on}} and is rich in [[silica]], which is less dense than basalt.{{sfn|Johnson|Harley|2012|p=2}} It makes the continental tectonic plates more buoyant than the oceanic.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}}

India's defining geologic processes, which began 70 million years ago, had involved India [[rift (geology)|rifting]], or splitting away, from [[Gondwana]], and the [[Indian plate|Indian continental plate]] along with the [[Tethys Sea|Neo-Tethys oceanic plate]] above it jointly moving northward.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}} As these eventually reached the [[Eurasian plate]], the less buoyant oceanic plate [[subduction|subducted]], or slid under Eurasia and was carried into the deeper asthenosphere. In contrast, the [[Indian plate|Indian continental plate]] was obstructed because of its thickness and buoyancy. The lateral compression generated by the obstruction caused the plate to be sheared horizontally. Its lower crust and mantle slid under, but one layer of the upper crust piled up in sheets (called [[nappe]]s) ahead of the subduction zone.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=117}} Geophysicist [[Peter Molnar (geophysicist)|Peter Molnar]] noted that most of the Himalayas are "slices of rock that once were the top part of India's crust."{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=118}} This is the process of mountain building, or [[orogeny]], in the Himalayas.

Before the orogeny, the Eurasian coastline had been similar to today's Central Andes.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} Along such coastlines, the adjoining oceanic plate subducts and erupts as volcanoes. [[Magma]], which eventually crystallizes into granite, rises into the Earth's crust below the active volcanoes but not to the surface.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} When India's continental plate pushed against Eurasia, not only did a part of the upper crust fold in nappes, but another stiffer part began to push against (or drag) Eurasia's ancient volcanic mountains farther north.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} As a result, the crust of this formerly coastal region shortened under compression and thickened to become what is today the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} [[Isostatic equilibrium]], or the balance between the gravitational force pulling down on the crust and the force of buoyancy pushing up from the mantle, gives the Tibetan Plateau its notable thickness and altitude.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}}

The Indian plate was not the only landmass that had rifted from [[Gondwana]] and drifted northward toward Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Before the India-Eurasia collision in [[Selandian|Middle Paleocene]] (60 [[Million years ago|Mya]]) and subsequent Himalayan orogeny, two other landmasses, the [[Qiangtang terrane]] and [[Lhasa terrane]],{{efn|Terrane: "A far traveled crustal block accreted to a continent. Due to its remote origin, the terrane shows a different geological evolution compared to adjacent parts of the continent."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=197}}}} had drifted up from Gondwana.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Qiangtang, a geological region in what is today northern Tibet, had done so in [[Late Triassic]] (237–201 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Lhasa terrane collided with the southern boundary of the Qiangtang in the [[Early Cretaceous]] (145–100 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The collision caused the lithospheric mantle of the Lhasa terrane to thicken and shorten, forming a barrier that later prevented the Indian lithosphere from fully subducting under Tibet and leading to further thickening of the Tibetan plateau. The [[suture (geology)|suture zones]], or remains of the [[subduction|subduction zone]] and the [[terrane]]s that are joined, are found in the Tibetan plateau.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Qiantang and Lhasa terranes were part of the string of microcontinents [[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], today constituting parts of [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]], which had rifted from Gondwana earlier, closing the [[Paleo-Tethys Ocean]] above them and opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean between them and Gondwana, eventually colliding with Eurasia, and creating the [[Cimmerian Orogeny]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}

After the Lhasa terrane had adjoined Eurasia, an active continental margin opened along its southern flank, below which the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate had begun to subduct. [[Magmatic activity]] along this flank produced the [[Gangdese batholith]] in what is today the [[Transhimalaya|Tibetan trans-Himalaya]]. Another subduction zone opened to the west, in the ocean basin above the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]]. This island arc—formed by one oceanic plate subducting beneath another, its magma rising and creating continental crust—drifted north, closed its ocean basin and collided with Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=173}}

The collision of India with Eurasia closed the Neo-Tethys Ocean.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} The suture zone (in this instance, the remnants of the Neo-Tethys subduction zone pinched between the two continental crusts), which marks India's welding to Eurasia, is called the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} It lies north of the Himalayas. The headwaters of the [[Indus River]] and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (later in its course, the [[Brahmaputra]]) flow along this suture zone.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} These two Eurasian rivers, whose courses were continually diverted by the rising Himalayas, define the western and eastern limits, respectively, of the Himalayan mountain range.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}

During the India-Eurasia collision, two elongated protrusions located on either side of the northern border of the Indian continent generated areas of extreme deformation. A point where mountain ranges with different directions of extension, and thus formed by tectonic forces at varying angles, converge is called a syntaxis (''Greek'': convergence).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The two syntaxes, [[Nanga Parbat]] and [[Namche Barwa]], on the northwestern and northeastern corners of the Indian continent, respectively, are characterized by the quick upward movement of land or rocks that were once deeply buried and significantly altered by extreme heat and pressure.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Geologists have estimated the rate of uplift of these rocks to be {{convert|7|mm|in}} per year, or {{convert|7|km|mi}} per million years.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The protruding regions have some of the highest mountain peaks at {{convert|8125|m|ft}} and {{convert|7756|m|ft}}, respectively.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The regions also have the greatest [[terrain|topographical relief]] in the interior of a continent, approximately {{convert|7000|m|ft}} over a horizontal distance of {{convert|20–30|km|mi}}.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Nanga Parbat has a narrow, [[anticline]], or arch-shaped fold whose crest dips sharply to the north, perpendicular to the general direction along which the Himalayas extend.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Indus and Yarlung Tsangpo, which originally emptied into the New-Tethys, now bend around the Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa, respectively, to eventually empty into the Indian Ocean.

Geologists Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, and Ronand Blakey write, "India rapidly marched northward towards Asia with a velocity of ca. 20 cm/yr, a plate velocity that exceeds any modern example. This velocity considerably slowed to ca. 5 cm/yr following the collision, yet India continued to protrude into Asia for more than 2000 km. ... The irregular northern margin of the Indian continental crust first came into contact with Eurasia along its northwestern corner, approximately 55 Ma. As a consequence, India underwent a counter-clockwise rotation to close the remaining part of the Neotethys in scissor-like fashion from west to east. The closure of the Neotethys was completed approximately 40 Ma."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}}

Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Convergent/Continental-Collision|title=Plate Tectonics -The Himalayas |publisher=The Geological Society |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The Indian plate is moving at {{convert|67|mm|abbr=on}} per year, and over the next 10 million years, it will travel {{cvt|1500|km|||}} into Asia. Approximately 20 mm per year of the India–Asia convergence is absorbed by [[Thrust fault|thrusting]] along the [[Main Frontal Thrust|Himalaya southern front]]. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm annually, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region [[seismic]]ally active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Devastating earthquakes are priming the Himalaya for a mega-disaster |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/earthquakes-priming-himalaya-disaster |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Science |language=en}}</ref>

The Himalayan mountain range consists of three sub-ranges: (1) the Higher- or "Tethys" Himalayas, (2) the Lesser Himalayas, and (3) the Siwaliks. The nappes—large, stacked sheets of rock—found in the Tethys Himalayan mountain range, are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks, such as [[limestone]] formed from the accumulation and compression of sediments like sand, mud, and shells deposited in the Neo-Tethys seabed during the [[Paleogene]]" (66 Mya–23 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Below the sedimentary rocks in the Higher and Lesser Himalayas is a bottom layer, or [[basement (geology)|basement]], composed of [[metamorphic rock]] formed much earlier during the [[Pan-African orogeny|Pan-African]]-[[Cadomian orogeny]] between 650 Mya and 550 Mya.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The lowest subrange, the Siwaliks, represents the sedimentary rock deposits washed off the rising Himalayas in a [[foreland basin]], a low-lying crustal region, at their foot.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} It primarily consists of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates formed during the [[Neogene]] period (23 Mya to 2.6 Mya).

Geologists Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, and Ronand Blakey further write, "The Siwaliks are both underlain and overlain by thrusts; they have been overridden by the nappe stack of the Higher and Lesser Himalayas and, in turn, are thrust over more interior parts of the Indian continent. Each of the three mega-units is internally imbricated into several individual nappes. Fensters (windows) and klippen provide important structural information regarding the thrust belts and help document the existence of broad thrust sheets, some of which record thrust distances in excess of 100 km. A fenster or window is an erosional hole through a thrust sheet that exposes a tectonically lower unit framed by a higher unit; a klippe is detached by erosion and forms a remnant of a nappe or higher thrust sheet
that rests on top of a lower unit."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=173}}

==Hydrology==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers.jpg
| caption1 = Confluence of the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Zanskar River|Zanskar]] rivers in [[Ladakh]]
| image2 = Himalayas, Pheriche, Nepal.jpg
| caption2 = [[Imja Khola]] river valley in [[Solukhumbu]], Nepal
}}

Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major [[continental divide]], and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. Himalayas' rivers drain into two large systems:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayas - Rivers, Glaciers, Peaks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Drainage |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The western rivers combine into the ''Indus Basin''. The [[Indus River|Indus]] itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet, at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers, and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Sutlej]] rivers, the five rivers of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
* The other Himalayan rivers drain the ''Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin''. Its main rivers are the [[Ganges]], the [[Brahmaputra]], and the [[Yamuna]], as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River (Tibet)|Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of [[Assam]]. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in [[Bangladesh]] and drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]] through the world's largest river delta, the [[Sunderbans]].<ref name=gits4u/>

The northern slopes of [[Gyala Peri]] and the peaks beyond the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo]], sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the [[Irrawaddy River]], which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the [[Andaman Sea]]. The [[Salween]], [[Mekong]], [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]], and [[Yellow River]] all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the ''circum-Himalayan rivers''.<ref name=circum/>

===Glaciers===
[[File:Aerial View of Peaks of Khumbu, Ngozumpa Glacier and Gokyo Lakes (crop).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Aerial view of the southern end of the [[Ngozumpa glacier]] in the [[Sagarmatha National Park]] of Nepal, showing the [[Gokyo]] village and [[Gokyo Lakes|lakes]] on the right, and [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]] and [[Makalu]], three of the world's five highest peaks, on the left; view south from [[Cho Oyo]] towards the [[Dudh Kosi]] valley.]]
The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after [[Antarctica]] and the [[Arctic]].<ref name=pbs_nature/> Some even refer to this region as the "Third Pole".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Anil V. |last2=Karyakarte |first2=Yogesh |date=2014 |title=Observed changes in Himalayan Glaciers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099804 |journal=Current Science |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=237–244 |jstor=24099804}}</ref> The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about {{convert|12000|km3|abbr=off}}, or 3600–4400 [[Gigatonne|Gt]] (10{{Superscript|12}} kg)<ref name=":0" /> of fresh water.<ref name=IPPC2007/> Its glaciers include the [[Gangotri Glacier|Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) and [[Khumbu Glacier|Khumbu]] glaciers ([[Mount Everest]] region), [[Langtang]] glacier ([[Langtang]] region), and [[Zemu Glacier|Zemu]] ([[Sikkim]]).

Owing to the mountains' latitude near the [[Tropic of Cancer]], the permanent [[snow line]] is among the highest in the world, at typically around {{convert|5500|m|abbr=on|-2}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shi |first1=Yafeng |last2=Xie |first2=Zizhu |last3=Zheng |first3=Benxing |last4=Li |first4=Qichun |url=http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125203/http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2013 |title=Distribution, Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China |journal=World Glacier Inventory |year=1978 }}</ref> In contrast, equatorial mountains in [[New Guinea]], the [[Rwenzoris]], and [[Colombia]] have a snow line some {{convert|900|m|abbr=on|-1}} lower.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henderson-Sellers|first1=Ann|last2=McGuffie|first2=Kendal|title=The Future of the World's Climate: A Modelling Perspective|pages=199–201|isbn=978-0-12-386917-3|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large [[perennial stream|perennial rivers]].

In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|glacier retreat]] across the region as a result of climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ethan|last2=Carrivick|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Quincey|first3=Duncan J.|last4=Cook|first4=Simon J.|last5=James|first5=William H. M.|last6=Brown|first6=Lee E.|date=2021-12-20|title=Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=24284|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8688493|pmid=34931039| bibcode=2021NatSR..1124284L }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-nepal-climate-glaciers-dc/vanishing-himalayan-glaciers-threaten-a-billion-idUSDEL18761020070604|title=Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion|date=4 June 2007|newspaper=Reuters |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Studies have measured an approximately 13% overall decrease in glacial coverage in the Himalayas over the last 40–50 years.<ref name=":0" /> Local conditions play a large role in glacial retreat, however, and glacial loss can vary locally from a few m/yr to 61 m/yr.<ref name=":0" /> A marked acceleration in glacial mass loss has also been observed since 1975, from about 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr.<ref name=":0" /> Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaushik|first1=Saurabh|last2=Rafiq|first2=Mohammd|last3=Joshi|first3=P.K.|last4=Singh|first4=Tejpal|date=April 2020|title=Examining the glacial lake dynamics in a warming climate and GLOF modelling in parts of Chandra basin, Himachal Pradesh, India|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=714|article-number=136455|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136455|pmid=31986382|bibcode=2020ScTEn.71436455K|s2cid=210933887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rafiq|first1=Mohammd|last2=Romshoo|first2=Shakil Ahmad|last3=Mishra|first3=Anoop Kumar|last4=Jalal|first4=Faizan|date=January 2019|title=Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood, Kedarnath, India|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=64–76|doi=10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8|bibcode=2019JMouS..16...64R |s2cid=134015944|issn=1672-6316|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|date=24 July 2007|publisher=People's Daily Online|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182931/http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html}}</ref> The global climate change will affect the water resources and livelihoods of the Greater Himalayan region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13449 |title=Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security |date=2012|publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-26098-5 |location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/13449 |bibcode=2012nap..book13449N }}</ref>

===Lakes===
{{See also|List of Alpine lakes in India}}
[[File:Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg|thumb|[[Gurudongmar Lake]] in Sikkim, India]]

The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes.<ref name="O'Neill_2019">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. R.| date=2019 |title=Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |issue=e00715 |page=19 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Pangong Tso]], which is spread across the border between India and China, at the far western end of Tibet, is among the largest with a surface area of {{cvt|700|km2|||}}.

South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. [[Tilicho Lake]] in Nepal, in the Annapurna massif, is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other lakes include [[Rara Lake]] in western Nepal, [[Phoksundo Lake|She-Phoksundo Lake]] in the [[Shey Phoksundo National Park]] of Nepal, [[Gurudongmar Lake]], in [[North Sikkim]], [[Gokyo Lakes]] in [[Solukhumbu]] district of [[Nepal]], and [[Lake Tsongmo]], near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/>

Some of the lakes present the danger of a [[glacial lake outburst flood]]. The [[Tsho Rolpa]] glacier lake in the [[Rolwaling Himal|Rowaling Valley]], in the [[Dolakha District]] of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of {{convert|4580|m|abbr=on}}, has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://rolwaling.tripod.com/glof/| title = Photograph of Tsho Rolpa}}</ref><ref>[[Glacial lake outburst flood#Monitoring|Tsho Rolpa]]</ref> The mountain lakes are known to geographers as ''[[tarn (lake)|tarns]]'' if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above {{cvt|5500|m|||}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html|title=Highest Lake in the World|first=Carl|last=Drews|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818141925/http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html}}</ref>

Temperate Himalayan wetlands provide important habitat and layover sites for migratory birds. Many mid and low altitude lakes remain poorly studied in terms of their hydrology and biodiversity, like Khecheopalri in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=25 February 2020 |title= Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland |journal= Wetlands Ecology & Management |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=375–388 | doi=10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7 |bibcode=2020WetEM..28..375O |s2cid=211081106 }}</ref>

==Climate==
===Temperature===
The physical factors determining the climate in any location in the Himalayas include latitude, altitude, and the relative motion of the [[Southwest monsoon]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} From north to south, the mountains cover more than eight degrees of latitude, spanning temperate to subtropical zones.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} The colder air of Central Asia is prevented from blowing down into South Asia by the physical configuration of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} This causes the tropical zone to extend farther north in South Asia than anywhere else in the world.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} The evidence is unmistakable in the Brahmaputra valley as the warm air from the [[Bay of Bengal]] bottlenecks and rushes up past [[Namcha Barwa]], the eastern anchor of the Himalayas, and into southeastern Tibet.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} Temperatures in the Himalayas cool by 2.0 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) for every {{convert|300|m|ft}} increase of altitude.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}}
[[File:Kowang, Gandaki River, Nepal.jpg|thumb|[[Gandaki River]] in Nepal]]
As the physical features of mountains are irregular, with broken jagged contours, there can be wide variations in temperature over short distances.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Temperature at a location on a mountain depends on the season of the year, the bearing of the sun with respect to the face on which the location lies, and the [[mass versus weight|mass]] of the mountain, i.e. the amount of [[matter]] in the mountain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} As the temperature is directly proportional to received radiation from the sun, the faces that receive more direct sunlight also have a greater heat buildup.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In narrow valleys—lying between steep mountain faces—there can be dramatically different weather along their two margins.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The side to the north with a mountain above facing south can have an extra month of the growing season.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The mass of the mountain also influences the temperature, as it acts as a [[heat island]], in which more heat is absorbed and retained than the surroundings, and therefore influences the [[heat budget]] or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature from the winter minimum to the summer maximum.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}

The immense scale of the Himalayas means that many summits can create their own weather, the temperature fluctuating from one summit to another, from one face to another, and all may be quite different from the weather in nearby plateaus or valleys.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}

===Precipitation===
The Himalayan hydroclimate is crucial for South Asia, where annual summer monsoon floods impact millions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kad |first1=Pratik |last2=Ha |first2=Kyung-Ja |title=Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=AGU |language=en |doi=10.1029/2023JD038759 |date=27 November 2023|volume=128 |issue=22 |article-number=e2023JD038759 |bibcode=2023JGRD..12838759K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A critical influence on the Himalayan climate is the [[Southwest Monsoon]]. Variability in monsoon rainfall, influenced by local Hadley circulation and tropical sea surface temperatures, is the main factor behind wet and dry years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kad |first1=Pratik |last2=Ha |first2=Kyung-Ja |title=Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=AGU |language=en |doi=10.1029/2023JD038759 |date=27 November 2023|volume=128 |issue=22 |article-number=e2023JD038759 |bibcode=2023JGRD..12838759K |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is not so much the rain of the summer months as the wind that carries the rain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Different rates of heating and cooling between the Central Asian continent and the [[Indian Ocean]] create large differences in the [[atmospheric pressure]] prevailing above each.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In the winter, a high-pressure system forms and remains suspended above Central Asia, forcing air to flow in the southerly direction over the Himalayas.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} But in Central Asia, as there is no substantial source for water to be diffused as vapour, the winter winds blowing across South Asia are dry.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In the summer months, the Central Asian plateau heats up more than the ocean waters to its south. As a result, the air above it rises higher and higher, creating a [[thermal high]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Off-shore high-pressure systems in the Indian Ocean push the moist summer air inland toward the low-pressure system. When the moist air meets mountains, it rises and upon subsequent cooling, its moisture condenses and is released as rain, typically heavy rain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The wet summer monsoon winds cause precipitation in India and all along the layered southern slopes of the Himalayas. This forced lifting of air is called the [[orographic effect]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}
[[File:Machermo, Yaks, Nepal.jpg|thumb|A caravan of [[yak]]s in the Himalayas]]

===Winds===
The vast size, huge altitude range, and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills, to cold and dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. For much of the Himalayas—in the areas to the south of the high mountains, the [[monsoon]] is the most characteristic feature of the climate and causes most of the precipitation, while the [[western disturbance]] brings winter precipitation, especially in the west. Heavy rain arrives on the southwest monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer, [[monsoon]], autumn, (or post-monsoon), winter, and spring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather & Season Info of Nepal |url=https://classichimalaya.com/weather-season-info-of-nepal/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Classic Himalaya |language=en-US}}</ref>

Using the [[Köppen climate classification]], the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid-elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as ''Cwa'', [[humid subtropical climate#South Asia|Humid subtropical climate]] with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'')]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The intensity of the southwest monsoon diminishes as it moves westward along the range, with as much as {{convert|2,030|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall in the monsoon season in [[Darjeeling]] in the east, compared to only {{cvt|975|mm|abbr=on}} during the same period in Shimla in the west.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Climate of the Himalayas|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Climate|access-date=18 May 2022|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|first1=David|last1=Zurick|first2=Julsun|last2=Pocheco|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|date=2006|isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9|page=52}}</ref>

The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold, and generally windswept, particularly in the west where it has a [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|cold desert climate]]. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during the late winter and spring months.

{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| image1 = BhurjungKhola-AK1981.jpg
| caption1 = A village in the [[Pokhara Valley]] during the monsoon season; the valley lies to the south of the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]].
| image2 = View on Gyakar (edited).jpg
| caption2 = The [[Desert climate#Cold desert climate|cold desert]] region of [[Upper Mustang]]; the region lies to the north of the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]] (visible in the background).
}}

Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 0.2 to 1.2 °C for every {{cvt|100|m|||abbr=}} rise in altitude.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romshoo|first1=Shakil Ahmad|last2=Rafiq|first2=Mohammd|last3=Rashid|first3=Irfan|date=March 2018|title=Spatio-temporal variation of land surface temperature and temperature lapse rate over mountainous Kashmir Himalaya|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=563–576|doi=10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x|bibcode=2018JMouS..15..563R |s2cid=134568990|issn=1672-6316|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This gives rise to a variety of climates, from a nearly tropical climate in the foothills, to [[tundra]] and permanent snow and ice at higher elevations. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well-exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the [[rain shadow]] of large mountains can be significant, for example, leading to near desert conditions in the [[Upper Mustang]], which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the [[Annapurna]] and [[Dhaulagiri]] massifs and has annual precipitation of around {{cvt|300|mm|||}}, while [[Pokhara]] on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall ({{cvt|3900|mm|disp=or||}} a year). Thus, although annual precipitation is generally higher in the east than in the west, local variations are often more important.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding [[temperate]] regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the [[monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon]] winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the [[Terai]] region. The [[rain shadow]]ing of Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the [[Taklamakan]] and [[Gobi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Devitt|first=Terry|title=Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau|newspaper=University of Wisconsin–Madison News|date=3 May 2001|url=https://news.wisc.edu/climate-shift-linked-to-rise-of-himalayas-tibetan-plateau/|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref>

==Ecology==
{{main|Ecology of the Himalayas}}

The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor [[extremophile]] organisms.<ref>{{cite web|first=C. Michael|last=Hogan|year=2010|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles|title=Extremophile|editor1-first=E.|editor1-last=Monosson |website=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment|location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>

At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered [[snow leopard]] is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic [[bharal]] or Himalayan blue sheep. The [[Himalayan musk deer]] is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the [[Himalayan tahr]], the [[takin]], the [[Himalayan serow]], and the [[Himalayan goral]]. The critically endangered [[Himalayan brown bear|Himalayan]] subspecies of the [[brown bear]] is found sporadically across the range, as is the [[Asian black bear]]. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, [[red panda]]s feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered [[Gee's golden langur]] and the [[Kashmir gray langur]], with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/>

The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to [[climate change]]. ''[[Hydrangea hirta]]'' is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially [[rhododendron]], apple, and ''[[Myrica esculenta|box myrtle]]''. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is ''[[Juniperus tibetica]],'' located at {{convert|4900|m|abbr=on|-1}} in Southeastern Tibet.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf|title=Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet|first1=Georg|last1=Miehe|first2=Sabine|last2=Miehe|first3=Jonas|last3=Vogel|first4=Sonam|last4=Co|first5=La|last5=Duo|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=27|issue=2|date=May 2007|pages=169–173|doi=10.1659/mrd.0792|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606103046/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2013|hdl=1956/2482|s2cid=6061587|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
HT_Bhagirathi.jpg|[[Himalayan tahr]]s (male, kid and female) drinking from the [[Bhagirathi River]] near [[Uttarkashi]], India
Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg|Two [[red panda]] cubs perched in a tree at the [[Langtang National Park]] in Nepal
Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg|Himalayan flora at the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] in India
Himalayan Monal at Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal.jpg|A male [[Himalayan monal]] in [[Sagarmatha National Park]], Nepal
A New Year's Snow Leopard Encounter in India.webm|A [[snow leopard]] duo filmed in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
Takins at Motithang Takin Preserve, Bhutan.jpg|[[Takin]]s at the [[Motithang Takin Preserve]] in [[Thimphu]], Bhutan
</gallery>

==Religions==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Paro Taktsang, Bhutan (edited).jpg
| caption1 = The [[Paro Taktsang|Taktsang]] Monastery, in the upper [[Paro valley]] of Bhutan, built in the cliffside of a mountain, around a cave where Guru [[Padmasambhava]] is believed to have meditated.
| image2 = Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake.jpg
| caption2 = [[Shiva]] shrine on the shore of the [[Gangabal Lake|Gangabal]] glacial lake situated below [[Harmukh]], a sacred mountain for Hindus located north of the [[Kashmir Valley]].
}}

There are many cultural and mythological aspects associated with the Himalayas. In [[Jainism]], Mount Ashtapada of the Himalayan mountain range is a sacred place where the first Jain ''[[tirthankara]]'', [[Rishabhanatha]], attained ''[[moksha]]''. It is believed that after Rishabhanatha attained ''[[nirvana]]'', his son, [[Bharata (Jainism)|Bharata]], had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 [[Tirthankaras|''tirthankara''s]] with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it ''Sinhnishdha''.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&q=mount+Kailash+jainism&pg=RA1-PA273 | title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism| isbn=978-81-7835-723-2| last1=Jain| first1=Arun Kumar| year=2009| publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707034645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=To heaven and back |date=11 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as [[Himavat]], the king of all mountains and the father of the goddess [[Parvati]].<ref name=":1" /> The Himalayas are also considered to be the father of the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (the personification of river Ganges).<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend|isbn=978-0-500-51088-9|first=Anna|last=Dallapiccola|year=2002|publisher=National Geographic Books |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000dall}}</ref> Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus are the temple complex in [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] and [[Muktinath]], also known as Shaligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called [[shaligram]]s.<ref name="JEE" />

The [[Buddhists]] also lay a great deal of importance on the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where [[Buddhism]] started in [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kimberly-cantor/paro-bhutan-the-tigers-ne_b_10982104.html|title=Paro, Bhutan: The Tiger's Nest|last=Cantor|first=Kimberly|date=14 July 2016|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or ''mahasiddhas''. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=Zurick|first1=David|last2=Julsun|first2=Pacheco|last3=Basanta|first3=Raj Shrestha|last4=Birendra|first4=Bajracharya|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|location=Lexington|publisher=U of Kentucky|year=2006}}</ref> The Himalayan people's diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages, and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing.<ref name=":4" /> The shapes and materials of the people's homes reflect their practical needs and beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry.<ref name=":4" /> Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Jainism, [[Sikhism]], [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]. A notable example of a religious site is [[Paro Taktsang]], where [[Padmasambhava]] is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan.<ref name="Pommaret">{{cite book|author=Pommaret, Francoise|title=Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom|edition=5th|publisher=Odyssey Books and Guides|year=2006|pages=136–137|isbn=978-962-217-810-6}}</ref>

A number of [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhist]] sites are situated in the Himalayas, in [[Tibet]], Bhutan, and in the Indian regions of [[Ladakh]], Sikkim, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]], and [[Darjeeling]]. There were over 6,000 [[List of Tibetan monasteries|monasteries]] in Tibet, including the residence of the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307495.stm|title=Tibetan monks: A controlled life|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2008}}</ref> Bhutan, [[Sikkim]], and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehra |first=P. L. |date=1960 |title=Lacunae in the Study of the History of Bhutan and Sikkim |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137539 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=23 |pages=190–201 |jstor=44137539 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==Resources==
The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites.<ref name = JEE>{{Cite journal |title=Ecological status and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=9 |article-number=1 |author1=Jahangeer A. Bhat |author2=Munesh Kumar |author3-link=Rainer W. Bussman |author3=Rainer W. Bussmann |date=2 January 2013 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-1 |pmid=23281594 |pmc=3560114 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an ''[[Abies pindrow]]'' tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an ''[[Andrachne|Andrachne cordifolia]]'' is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a ''[[Callicarpa|Callicarpa arborea]]'' is used for skin ailments.<ref name=JEE /> Nearly a fifth of the [[gymnosperm]]s, [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]], and [[pteridophyte]]s in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.<ref name=JEE/>

Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Pankaj|last2=Sharma|first2=Vijay Kumar|title=Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas|year=2014|publisher=Springer Briefs in Environmental Science|isbn=978-81-322-1925-5}}</ref> Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region.<ref name=":1" /> The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Himalayan Forests Disappearing|journal=Earth Island Journal|volume=21|issue=4|year=2006|pages=7–8}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Eastern Himalaya|Eastern]] and [[Western Himalaya]]
* [[Indian Himalayan Region]]
* [[List of Himalayan peaks and passes]]
* [[List of Himalayan topics]]
* [[List of mountains in India]], [[List of mountains in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Mountains of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[List of mountains in Nepal|Nepal]] and [[List of mountains in China|China]]
* [[List of Ultras of the Himalayas]]
* [[Trekking peak]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=circum>{{cite journal |title=Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |year=2003 |volume=5 | page=13,617 |id=Abstract 13617 |last1=Gaillardet |first1=J. |last2=Métivier |first2=F. |last3=Lemarchand |first3=D. |last4=Dupré |first4=B. |last5=Allègre |first5=C.J. |last6=Li |first6=W. |last7=Zhao |first7=J. |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2006 |bibcode=2003EAEJA....13617G}}</ref>

<ref name=gits4u>{{cite web |url=http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm |title=Sunderbans the world's largest delta |publisher=gits4u.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191637/http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=IPPC2007>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html |title=the Himalayan Glaciers | date=2007 |website=Fourth assessment report on climate change |publisher=IPPC |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>



<ref name=pbs_nature>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-himalayas-himalayas-facts/6341/ |title=The Himalayas – Himalayas Facts |website=Nature on PBS |access-date=21 January 2014 |date=11 February 2011}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
===General===
* {{citation|editor1-last=Wester|editor1-first=Philippus|editor2-last=Mishra|editor2-first=Arabinda|editor3-last=Mukherji|editor3-first=Aditi|editor4-last=Shrestha|editor4-first=Arun Bhakta|title=The Hindu Kush Himalya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People|publisher=Springer Open, ICIMOD, HIMAP|isbn=978-3-319-92287-4|lccn=2018954855|year=2019}}
* {{citation|last1=Zurick|first1=David|last2=Pacheco|first2=Julsun|others=with Basanta Shrestha and Birendra Bajracharya| title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas|location=Lexington|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-2388-2|year=2006|oclc=1102237054}}
===Geography===
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Price|editor1-first=Martin F.|editor2-last=Byers|editor2-first=Alton C.|editor3-last=Friend|editor3-first=Donald A.|editor4-last=Kohler|editor4-first=Thomas|editor5-last=Price|editor5-first=Larry W.|title=Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London|publisher=University of California Press|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWU-AAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-520-25431-2|oclc=841227048}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gerrard |first=John |year=1990 |title=Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-07128-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr/page/256/mode/2up |oclc=20637538 }}
===Geology===
* {{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=B. K. |title=Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy|location=Amsterdam and Boston|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-802021-0|year=2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Geoffrey F.|title=Stories from the Deep Earth: How Scientists Figured Out What Drives Tectonic Plates and Mountain Building|location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2022|isbn= 978-3-030-91358-8|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-91359-5|s2cid=245636487 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Frisch|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Meschede|first2=Martin|last3=Blakey|first3=Ronald|title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-76503-5|doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2|year=2011}}
*{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Michael R. W.|last2=Harley|first2=Simin L.|title=Orogenesis: The Making of Mountains|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-521-76556-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Molnar|first=Peter|title=Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-872826-9}}

===Climate===
* {{citation|last1=Clift|first1=Peter D.|last2=Plumb|first2=R. Alan|title=The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84799-5|oclc=|lccn=|year=2008|quote=}}
* {{citation|last=Barry|first=Roger E|title=Mountain Weather and Climate|edition=3rd|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86295-0}}

===Ecology===
===Society===
===Pilgrimage and Tourism===
* {{citation|last=Bleie|first=Tone|title=Pilgrim Tourism in the Central Himalayas: The Case of Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, Nepal|publisher=International Mountain Society|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=23|issue=2|pages=177–184|year=2003|doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0177:PTITCH]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=56120507 |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation|last=Howard|first=Christopher A|title=Mobile Lifeworlds: An Ethnography of Tourism and Pilgrimage in the Himalayas|year=2016|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315622026|isbn=978-0-367-87798-9}}
* {{citation|last=Humbert-Droz|first=Blaise|editor1-last=Prins|editor1-first=Herbert H. T.|editor2-last=Namgail|editor2-first=Tsewang |others=Foreword by H.H. The Dali Lama|chapter=Impacts of Tourism and Military Presence on Wetlands and Their Avifauna in the Himalayas|title=Bird Migration across the Himalayas Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11471-5|pages=343–358|year=2017}}
* {{citation|last=Lim|first=Francis Khek Ghee|title=Hotels as sites of power: tourism, status, and politics in Nepal Himalaya|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |series=New Series|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute|volume = 13|pages= 721–738|year=2007|issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00452.x }}
* {{citation|last1=Nyaupane |first1=Gyan P.|last2=Chhetri|first2=Netra|year=2009|title=Vulnerability to Climate Change of Nature-Based Tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas|journal=Tourism Geographies|volume=11|issue=1|pages=95–119|doi=10.1080/14616680802643359|s2cid=55042146 }}
* {{citation|editor1-last=Nyaupane|editor1-first=Gyan P.|editor2-last=Timothy|editor2-first=Dallen J.|title=Tourism and Development in the Himalya: Social, Environmental, and Economic Forces|year=2022|isbn=978-0-367-46627-5|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|series=Routledge Cultural Heritage and Tourism Series}}
* {{citation|last1=Pati|first1=Vishwambhar Prasad|title=Sustainable Tourism Development in the Himalya: Constraints and Prospects|series=Environmental Science and Engineering |location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-58853-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-58854-0|year=2020|s2cid=229256111 |quote=}}
* {{citation|last1=Serenari|first1=Christopher|last2=Leung|first2=Yu-Fai|last3=Attarian|first3=Aram|last4=Franck|first4=Chris|title=Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India|issn=|journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism|volume=20|issue=5|pages=757–772|year=2012|doi=10.1080/09669582.2011.638383|bibcode=2012JSusT..20..757S |s2cid=153859477 }}

===Mountaineering and Trekking===

==Further reading==
* [[William McKay Aitken|Aitken, Bill]], ''Footloose in the Himalaya'', Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7824-052-1}}.
* Berreman, Gerald Duane, ''Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change'', 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Edmundson, Henry, ''Tales from the Himalaya'', Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. {{ISBN|978-9937-9330-3-2}}.
* ''Everest'', the IMAX movie (1998). {{ISBN|0-7888-1493-1}}.
* Fisher, James F., ''Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal'', 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-520-06941-2}}.
* [[Augusto Gansser-Biaggi|Gansser, Augusto]], [[Andreas Gruschke|Gruschke, Andreas]], Olschak, Blanche C., ''Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples'', New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. {{ISBN|0-8160-1994-0}} and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987.
* Gupta, Raj Kumar, ''Bibliography of the Himalayas'', Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981.
* [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt|Hunt, John]], ''Ascent of Everest'', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. {{ISBN|0-89886-361-9}}.
* [[Maurice Isserman|Isserman, Maurice]] and Weaver, Stewart, ''Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes''. Yale University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11501-7}}.
* Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, ''The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation''. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. {{ISBN|0-415-01157-4}}.
* Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., ''The Himalaya, Aspects of Change''. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. {{ISBN|0-19-561254-X}}.
* Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., ''[http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/ENVIS%20Monograph/ENVIS%20Monograph%203.pdf Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya]'', Almora, GBPIHED, 2006.
* [[Swami Sundaranand]], ''Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu''. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). {{ISBN|81-901326-0-1}}.
* Swami [[Tapovan Maharaj]], ''Wanderings in the Himalayas'', English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.
* [[Bill Tilman|Tilman, H. W.]], ''Mount Everest, 1938'', Cambridge University Press, 1948.
* Turner, Bethan, et al. ''Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity''. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013.

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130118002451/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/ The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale] (archived)
* [http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html Geology of the Himalayan mountains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616162641/http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html |date=16 June 2010 }}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html Birth of the Himalaya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130319033748/http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/asia/south-asias-troubled-waters South Asia's Troubled Waters] Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Centre for Crisis Reporting (archived)
* [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biological_diversity_in_the_Himalayas Biological diversity in the Himalayas] Encyclopedia of Earth
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Dumka–Bhagalpur line

2026-05-02T02:34:22Z

ArnulfoVos: added new stub first draft!

{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{short description|Railway route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Dumka–Bhagalpur line
| color = 800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Bhagalpur jn..jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Bhagalpur Junction, one of the two termini of Dumka–Bhagalpur line
| type = Rail line
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhagalpur Junction}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1907 Bhagalpur–Mandar Hill branch 2012 Mandar Hill–Hansdiha section 2014 Hansdiha–Barapalasi section 2016 Barapalasi–Dumka section 2021 Hansdiha–Godda branch line
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = 115 km
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Dumka–Bhagalpur line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Dumka–Bhagalpur line''' is an Indian railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Dumka}} on the [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]] with {{stnlnk|Bhagalpur Junction}} on the [[Sahibganj loop]]. This {{convert|115|km||adj=on|abbr=}} track is under the jurisdiction of [[Malda railway division|Malda Division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].An amount of ₹3,169 crore has been sanctioned for doubling the 180 km single line on the Rampurhat–Dumka–Bhagalpur section. The project is targeted to be completed by the year 2027

==History==
The Bhagalpur-Mandar Hill branch line was constructed in 1893.[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n67/mode/1up]
The construction of a new Dumka–Bhagalpur railway line was taken up as an associated project of [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]] to connect Dumka with Bhagalpur. The new railway line branches off from Dumka towards the north and connects with [[Bhagalpur]] railway junction. The 51 km railway line from Bhagalpur to Banka and Mandar Hill already existed. The railway was extended from Mandar Hill to Hansdiha was inaugurated on 22 December 2012. The 14 km line from Dumka to Barapalasi station was commissioned in February 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms ''Passenger Train'']; Times of India</ref> The remaining section from Barapalasi to [[Hansdiha]] was opened for passenger trains on 28 September 2016. This line will serves as second alternative option for railway traffic to Howrah and Bhagalpur and decreases distance between Bhagalpur and Howrah by nearly 70 kilometres.

==Trains==
Passenger train services exist from {{rws|Bhagalpur}} to {{rws|Banka}}, {{rws|Dumka}} and Godda.
One express train named ''Kaviguru Express'' runs between {{rws|Jamalpur}} and {{rws|Howrah}} via Dumka. Banka–Rajendra Nagar Terminal Intercity Express and [[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express]] run on Deoghar–Banka–Bhagalpur line. Godda–New Delhi [[Humsafar Express]] is the only premium train which runs on this route and Ranchi Godda Exp runs as a triweekly service on this route, connecting Santhal Parganas to the national capital and Jharkhand's capital.

==Further extension==
The {{convert|97|km||adj=on|abbr=}}-long Jasidih–Hansdiha–Pirpainti line is under construction. As of April 2026, The Mohanpur–Hansdiha is completed and trains are running, while the Godda–Pirpainti sections is in the process of track laying. The {{convert|32|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Hansdiha–Godda section was inaugurated on 8 April 2021 and a [[Humsafar Express]] runs weekly from Godda to New Delhi. This line is considered important to connect the [[Godda district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]] with the rest of India. The {{convert|80|km||adj=on|abbr=}} Godda–Pakur line is also planned [https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-new-train-start-for-godda-on-poreyahat-hansdiha-railway-root-of-indian-railways-19588779.html]

== Trains ==
The Following trains are famously serving this route.
* [[Howrah-Bhagalpur Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Dumka-Patna Express]]
* [[Howrah-Jamalpur Kavi Guru Express]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumka-Bhagalpur line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Adra railway division|*]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Asansol]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]

Names of Bengal

2026-04-29T17:01:06Z

ArnulfoVos: made initial article v1!

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Bengalis}}
'''Bengal''' is a region in South Asia, politically split between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. Due to its long history and complicated political divisions, various names have been used to refer to the region and its subsections. The name Bangla is used by both Bangladesh and [[West Bengal]] in international contexts. In the [[Bengali language]], the two Bengals each use a different term to refer to the nominally identified nation: '''Bānglā''' ({{lang|bn|[[:wiktionary:বাংলা|বাংলা]]}}) and '''Baṅga''' ({{lang|bn|[[wikt:বঙ্গ|বঙ্গ]]}}).

==Terminology in detail==
*Geography:
**'''[[Bengal]]''' is a region in Asia located in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] at the apex of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Geographically it is part of the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]] system, the largest [[river delta]] system in the world. The region borders the [[Himalayan states]] to its north and in the east borders [[Northeast India]] and the country of [[Myanmar]].
**'''Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বাংলা}}) may be a transliteration of either Bengal (a geographical and ethno-linguistic region in South Asia) or Bengali (an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Bengal). It can also refer to the [[endonym]] of the region in the [[Bengali language]] or the native name of the region.
**'''Banga''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গ}}) is a transliteration of the Bengali name of the region of Bengal as a geographical and ethno-linguistic region in South Asia.
*Language:
**'''[[Bangladesh]]''' The etymology of Bangladesh ("Bengali Country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when [[Bengal]]i patriotic songs, such as "Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo" (1922) by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and "Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy" (1905) by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], used the term. The term Bangladesh was often written as two words, Bangla Desh, in the past. Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in [[East Bengal]] (in the year 1971 it became Bangladesh) province of [[Pakistan]]. The term [[Bangla (disambiguation)|Bangla]] is a major name for both the [[Bengal]] region (Bangladesh and [[West Bengal]]) and the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language. The origin of the term Bangla is the Iron Age [[Vanga Kingdom]] (Now divided between the [[Bangladesh]] and the West Bengal). The ancient term Vangaladesa (now used as 'Bangladesh') for the Bengal region (modern day Bangladesh, West Bengal and [[Tripura]]) is found in 11th-century [[South Indian]] ([[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]) records. The word "Bangāl" and "Banglā" became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period. The historian Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak mentions in his Ain-i-Akbari that the addition of the suffix "al" came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". The Indo-Aryan suffix Desh is derived from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal". Alternatives to the name Bangladesh are:
'''Bangadesh''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গদেশ}}; lit. ''Bengali Country'')<ref name="বিশ্বকোষ/বঙ্গদেশ">{{Citation |date=1908 |script-title=bn:বঙ্গদেশ |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6 |language=bn}}</ref>
'''Bangabhumi''' or '''Banglabhumi''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গভূমি/ বাংলাভূমি }}; lit. ''Bengali Land'')<ref name="বিশ্বকোষ/বঙ্গদেশ" />
'''Bangarajya''' or '''Banglarajya''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গরাজ্য/ বাংলারাজ্য}}; lit. ''Bengali Realm'')<ref name="বিশ্বকোষ/বঙ্গদেশ" />
'''Bangarashtra''' or '''Banglarashtra''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গরাষ্ট্র/ বাংলারাষ্ট্র}}; lit. ''Bengali State'')
*Politics:
**'''East Bengal''' – The 1947 [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] divided the [[British Raj|British Indian]] province of Bengal as part of the formal [[Partition of India]]. [[East Bengal]] (now Bangladesh), which was predominantly Muslim, became a province of Pakistan. In 1955, East Bengal became the new province of '''[[East Pakistan]]'''. In 1971, East Pakistan declared Independence during the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]] and the new nation of '''Bangladesh''' was formed.[[File:Location-Bangla01.png|right|thumb|upright=1.55|{{legend|#218439|Map of Bengal proper divided between the [[Bangladeshi Republic]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]}}]]
**'''West Bengal''' – The [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] also created [[West Bengal]], a predominantly Hindu province of [[Dominion of India|India]]. This is the native name of the state, literally meaning "West Bengal" in the Bengali language. In 2016, [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] passed a resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bangla" in English, ''Bangla'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and ''Bangal'' in [[Hindi]]. In 2016, Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] had proposed a new name of the state as ''Bangla''. Despite the [[Trinamool Congress]] government's efforts to forge a consensus, the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] opposed the resolution and it awaits the consent of the [[Indian Parliament]] for approval.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal Assembly passes resolution for State's name change |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-assembly-passes-resolution-for-states-name-change/article9045696.ece |access-date=1 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 August 2016}}</ref> In 2024, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee had said in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|"Bengal Parliament"]] house, "If they (bjp) don't want to do it for now, when we will be in power; we will change the name ".
**'''[[Bangabhumi]]''' or '''Bir Banga''' – A separatist movement to create a Hindu country in southwestern [[Bangladesh]], envisioned by [[Banga Sena]].
**'''Greater Bangladesh''' – A political theory circulated by a number of politicians, intellectuals and writers that the People's Republic of Bangladesh has aspirations to unite Bengali-speaking regions into a greater historical Bengal. According to the theory this would include the Indian states of West Bengal, [[Nagaland]], Manipur, [[Meghalaya]], Sikkim, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Tripura]], Assam, [[Andaman Islands]], and the [[Rakhine State]] (formerly Arakan) in Myanmar (formerly Burma) as part of its own territory with democratic governance.<ref>Venkata Siddharthacharry, ''Jambudwipa, a blueprint for a South Asian community'', page 256, Radiant Publishers, 1985, {{ISBN|81-7027-088-X}}</ref>
**'''[[United Bengal]]''' – A proposal that was put forward by [[Bengali people|Bengali]] political leaders [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] to found a united and independent nation-state of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311492|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=sarat+Shaheed+Suhrawardy+plan&pg=PA42|ref=scb1}}</ref><ref name="scb2">{{cite news|title=Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy : His Life|url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/34685/huseyn-shaheed-suhrawardy--his-life.html|work=The Daily New Nation|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902005915/http://thedailynewnation.com/news/34685/huseyn-shaheed-suhrawardy--his-life.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The proposal was floated as an alternative to the Partition of Bengal on [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] lines.

==Geographical distinctions==

===East Bengal===
{{multiple image
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| image2 = East Bengal Map.png
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| image2 = South- N North Bengal in Bangladesh.png
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| footer = Maps of West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh, showing {{color box|green|border=silver}}[[North Bengal]] in green and {{color box|maroon|border=silver}}[[South Bengal]] in red
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[[East Bengal]] ({{langx|bn|পূর্ববঙ্গ}} ''Purbô Bangla'') was the name used during two different periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded to the modern state of Bangladesh. Both instances involved a violent [[Partition (politics)|partition]] of [[Bengal]] which made one half East Bengal or Bangladesh.

Historically, it referred to the fertile [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region of the Bengal delta, which corresponds to the modern-day [[Dhaka Division]].

===North Bengal===
[[North Bengal]] ({{langx|bn|উত্তরবঙ্গ}}) is a term used for the north-western part of Bangladesh and northern part of West Bengal. The Bangladesh part includes the [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]]. Generally, it is the area lying west of [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] and north of [[Padma River]] and includes the [[Barind Tract]]. The West Bengal part denotes the [[Jalpaiguri Division]] ([[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[North Dinajpur]], [[South Dinajpur]] and [[Maldah district|Malda]]). The Bihar parts include the [[Kishanganj district]]. It also includes parts of [[Darjeeling]] Hills. Traditionally, the [[Hooghly River]] divides West Bengal into South and North Bengal, divided again into [[Terai]] and [[Dooars]] regions.

===South Bengal===
[[South Bengal]] ({{langx|bn|দক্ষিণবঙ্গ}}) is a term used for the southwestern part of Bangladesh and the southern part of West Bengal. The Bangladesh part includes the [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur]], and [[Barisal Division]]s. [[The Bay of Bengal]] is located at the end of the southern part of Bangladesh. The [[West Bengal]] part includes 12 districts in the southern part of West Bengal; [[Kolkata]], [[Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Burdwan]], [[East Midnapur]], [[West Midnapur]], [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]], [[Birbhum]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]] and [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

===West Bengal===
[[West Bengal]] ({{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ}}) comprises roughly one-third of the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to the Dominion of India (and was named West Bengal).{{explain|date=July 2018|For this section a geographical definition should be given rather than a political definition.}}

===Hilly Bengal===
Hilly Bengal ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: পার্বত্যবঙ্গ) is a term used for the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] of Bangladesh. The area consists of [[Rangamati]], [[Khagrachari]] and [[Bandarban]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Historical names==
{{See also|History of Bengal}}
Historical names for Bengal include (in chronological order):
* '''Bonga''' – an [[Austric]] word for Sun god
* '''Bang''' – a [[Bronze Age]] [[Proto-Dravidian language|proto-Dravidian]] tribe<ref>{{cite web |url= http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29|title= Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202 |date=September 1988 |work= Bangladesh: A country study|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|location= Washington, D.C. |access-date=1 December 2014|quote=Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.}}</ref>
* '''[[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]]''' – a seafaring state located in the eastern part of the Indian Subcontinent comprising today's politically divided Bengal region (West Bengal, India and Bangladesh)also mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] text [[Mahabharata]].[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|South Asia in BC 300, showing the Chola (blue), Vangadesam (adjoining pink) and Kalinga Kingdoms]]
*'''Vangala or Bangala''' – a name used in early mediaeval period for the [[Bengal region]]. King Anandadeva of earlier [[Deva dynasty]] of eastern [[Bengal]] used the title ''Sri Bangala Mriganka'', which means the moon of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&dq=vangalamriganka&pg=PA462|title=Gold coins of the World|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1 |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |date=14 April 2024 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?|title=Copperplates, Banglapedia}}</ref> Pala King Dharmapala was mentioned as the king of ''[[Bengal region|Vangala]]'' in the Nesari plates (dated 805 AD) of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Vangala, Banglapedia| url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Vangala}}</ref>
* '''Vangaladesa''' – a term found in South Indian records in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 220] |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=T. Wolseley |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |year=1934 |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref>
* '''[[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]]''' – a kingdom located in Bengal in ancient and medieval times.<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=96115784}}</ref><ref name = Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2012 |chapter=Gauda, Janapada |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gauda,_Janapada |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The [[Pala Empire|Pala emperors]] were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then ''Gauda'' and ''Vanga'' seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.<ref name="Majumdar"/>
* '''Gaudvangala''' – a name used in the Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]] (dated 1129 CE) to denote the whole [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.01172/page/n24/mode/1up|title=Itihas|author=Sukumar Sen|page=19}}</ref>
[[File:Bengal Sultanate.png|thumb|The Bengal Sultanate in 1500, during the reign of Sultan [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]]]
* '''Bangala''' or '''Shahi Bangala''' – a [[sovereign state]] that encompassed present-day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal and the [[Myanmar]] state of [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]] between the 14th and 16th centuries. It was a [[regional power]] and a [[melting pot]] of [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]], located at the crossroads of modern South Asia and Southeast Asia. During the [[Bengal Sultanate]]<ref name="Ahmed2004">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23 |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=23– |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal |title=Islam, Bengal |website=Banglapedia |quote=But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah.}}</ref> [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] proclaimed himself the first [[Shah]] of Bangala in 1342.<ref name="Ahmed2004"/> ''Bangla'' became the most-common name for the region during the Islamic period.
* '''[[Bengal Subah]]''' or '''Mughal Bengal''' – a state of the [[Mughal Empire]] encompassing modern Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was established following the dissolution of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. The Mughals played an important role in developing modern Bengali culture and society. By the 18th century, Mughal Bengal had emerged as a quasi-independent state.
* '''Bengalen''' or '''[[Dutch Bengal]]''' – a directorate of the [[Dutch East India Company]] in Bengal between 1610 and the company's liquidation in 1800.
* '''[[Bengal Presidency]]''' – the largest colonial subdivision ([[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency]]) of [[British India]], with its seat in Calcutta, the capital of British-held territories in South Asia until 1911. At its territorial peak in the 19th century, the presidency extended from the present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]] in the west to [[Burma]], Singapore and [[Penang]] in the east. The [[Governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[Viceroy of India]] for many years. Most of the presidency's territories were eventually incorporated into other British Indian provinces and crown colonies.
*:In 1905, the Presidency was [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned]] into:
*:* '''Bengal''' – including present [[Bihar]], Jharkhand and [[Odisha]], headquartered in [[Calcutta]]
*:* '''[[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]''' – headquartered in [[Dacca]] and [[Shillong]] (summer capital).
*:British India was reorganized in 1912 and the presidency was reunited into a single Bengali-speaking province. The 1947 [[Partition of British India]] resulted in Bengal's division on religious grounds, between:
*:*'''[[West Bengal]]''' – to be renamed as '''[[Banga Pradesh]]''' in par/aligned with other Indian states respectively.
*:*'''[[East Bengal]]''', renamed '''[[East Pakistan]]''' in 1955
*'''[[Bangladesh]]''' – East Bengal, which became a province of Pakistan according to the provisions set forth in the [[Partition of India|Mountbatten Plan]], later became the independent country of Bangladesh after the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

==Adjectives==
*'''Bangla''' – the contents and attributes of the Bengali language or the country of Bangladesh.
*'''Bengali''' – the contents and attributes of Bengal.
*'''Bangiya''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গীয়}}) – an adjectival prefix referring to Bengal particularly in the field of literature, e.g. [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]], [[Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank]] and [[Bangiya Janata Dal]]. Can be synonymous with ''Bengali''.
*'''Bengalese''' – something of, from, or related to Bengal.
*'''Bangalee''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বাঙালি/বাঙ্গালী}}) – until 1978 the Constitution of Bangladesh referred all citizens of Bangladesh as Bangalees, an archaic spelling for ''Bengali''.
*'''[[Bangladeshi]]''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বাংলাদেশি}}) – from 1978 this was a widely used term to refer to the citizens of Bangladesh.
*'''[[Bangal]]''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বাঙাল}}; [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: बंगाल, {{Nastaliq|بنگال}}) – a term used by other [[Bengalis]] to refer to [[Bengalis]] from [[East Bengal]]; this term is primarily used by [[Ghotis]] of [[West Bengal]] to refer to Bengali Indians of East Bengali heritage. ''Bangal'' is also the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word for Bengal.
*'''Bangabasi''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গবাসী}}) – peoples of Bengal.
*'''Bangadesiya''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|বঙ্গদেশীয়}}) – something of, from, or related to Bengal or Bengalis.
*'''Banga-Santan''' ({{langx|bn|links=no| বঙ্গসন্তান}}) – lit: Son/ child of [[Mother Bengal|Bengal]]- an adjectival prefix referring to People of Bengal or [[Bengalis]].
*'''Banga-Lalana''' ({{langx|bn|links=no| বঙ্গললনা }}) – lit: Daughter of Mother Bengal- an adjectival prefix referring to a girl/lady of Bengal or any Female [[Bengalis]].
*[[Bong (term)|Bong]] – an Indian slang used to refer anyone from West Bengal.
*[[Bongal]] – is a term used in [[Assam]] to refer to outsiders, primarily [[Bengalis]]. The term has a negative connotation.

==Other names==
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: গঙ্গাহৃদ/ গঙ্গাঋদ্ধি/ গঙ্গারাষ্ট্র; ''Gangarid'' / ''[[Gangaridai]]'' / ''Ganga Rashtra'' – meaning '''Heart of [[Ganges]]''' / '''Wealth of Ganges''' / '''Nation on the River Ganges'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know why Alexander did not proceed to conquer ancient Bengal? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/did-you-know-why-alexander-did-not-proceed-conquer-ancient-bengal-125737 |work=The Daily Star |date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: গৌড় রাজ্য; ''Gauṛa rajya'' — [[Gauda Kingdom]]; meaning ''radiant kingdom'' (from Sanskrit गौड़ ''gauṛa'' "white, radiant, fair, golden", ''rājya'', राज्य "kingdom, state"). Bengal is described in ancient [[Sanskrit]] texts as '[[Gaud]]-Desh'.
*Arabic: رحمة; ''Rahma'' — meaning '''Land of [[Rahim|Mercy]]'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&q=Bengal+known+as+Ruhmi+in+Arabic&pg=PA178 |title=European Trade and Colonial Conquest |isbn=9781843310297 |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Biplab |year=2005 |publisher=Anthem}}</ref>
*Chinese: ({{lang|zh|[[wikt: 孟加拉]]}}); (''[[wikt: Mèngjiālā]]'')
*German-[[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ({{Lang|nl|[[wikt:Bengalen]]}})

==Sobriquets for Bengal==
In traditional Bengali culture, as well as in the Bengali Media, the land of Bengal has assumed a number of [[sobriquet]]s over the centuries, including:
*'''Sonar Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|সোনার বাংলা}}); ''Golden Bengal''
*'''Rūpasī Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|রূপসী বাংলা}}); ''Beautiful Bengal''
*'''Shayamal Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|শ্যামল বাংলা}}); ''Green Bengal''
*'''Epar Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|এপার বাংলা}}); ''This side Bengal'', used by Bengalis for their Native Bengal.
*'''Opar Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|ওপার বাংলা}}); That side Bengal, used by Bengalis from both Bangladesh and West Bengal to refer to each other.
*'''Bharatiya Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|ভারতীয় বাংলা}}); ''Indian Bengal'', used by Bangladeshi media for Indian state of West Bengal.
*'''Padmapar''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|পদ্মাপাড়}}); ''Bank of [[River Padma]]'', used by Indian Bengali media for Republic Bangladesh.
*'''Nodimatrik Desh''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|নদীমাতৃক দেশ}}); ''Riverine country'' or the ''Country of the River'', used for both Bengal and Bangladesh.
*'''Hazar Nodir Desh''' ({{langx|bn|links=no|হাজার নদীর দেশ }}); the ''Country of the Thousand Rivers'', used for Bengal.
* '''Chhoy Ritur Desh''' ({{langx|bn|links=no| ছয় ঋতুর দেশ}}); the ''Country of the Six Seasons'', used for Bangladesh.

==See also==
*[[Bangamata]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia topic|Name of}}

[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:Country name etymology|Bangladesh]]

Vakiti Srihari

2026-04-28T14:58:15Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up data!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| image_size =
| name = Vakiti Srihari Mudhiraj
| birth_date = 1972
| birth_place = [[Makthal]], [[Telangana]]
| office = [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Minister for Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development & Fisheries, Sports & Youth Services]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start = 8 June 2025
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Chittem Rammohan Reddy]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =

| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other political affiliation =
| spouse = Lalitha
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| parents = Vakati Narsimulu, Ramulamma
| relations =
}}
'''Vakiti Srihari''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly from [[Makthal Assembly constituency]] in [[Narayanpet district]]. He represents the [[Indian National Congress]] and was elected as an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Makthal Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Vakiti Srihari wins Makthal with 74917 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/makthal-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470990-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Makthal Assembly Election Results 2023: Makthal Telangana Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election/makthal-constituency/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed as In charge minister for Khammam District on 12 June 2025.<ref name="District In-charge Ministers announced">{{cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=District In-charge Ministers announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/nehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Vivekanand&action=edit#ws/national/telangana/district-in-charge-ministers-announced/article69688189.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615142347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/district-in-charge-ministers-announced/article69688189.ece |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Srihari is from [[Makhtal mandal|Makthal]], Narayanpet district, Telangana. His father, Vakiti Narasimhulu, is a farmer. He is a graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vakiti Srihari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MAKTHAL(NARAYANPET) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=177 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Srihari won from [[Makthal Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 74,917 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Chittem Rammohan Reddy]] of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 17,525 votes.<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Makthal">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Makthal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2977.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327122432/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2977.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Makthal Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Makthal Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/makthal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327122426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/makthal |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Vakiti Srihari took oath as Minister in [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Revanth Reddy's Cabinet]] on Sunday 8 June 2025.<ref name="Telangana Cabinet expanded with inclusion of Vivek Venkataswamy, Vakiti Srihari and Adluri Lakshman Kumar">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 June 2025 |title=Telangana Cabinet expanded with inclusion of Vivek Venkataswamy, Vakiti Srihari and Adluri Lakshman Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609051647/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana cabinet expansion: Congress leaves room for future rejig, CM inducts only 3 ministers">{{cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Telangana cabinet expansion: Congress leaves room for future rejig, CM inducts only 3 ministers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cabinet-expansion-congress-leaves-room-for-future-rejig-cm-inducts-only-3-ministers/articleshow/121726469.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609151530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cabinet-expansion-congress-leaves-room-for-future-rejig-cm-inducts-only-3-ministers/articleshow/121726469.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Sarpanch to Minister: Vakati Srihari’s profile">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 June 2025 |title=Sarpanch to Minister: Vakati Srihari’s profile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sarpanch-to-minister-vakati-sriharis-profile/article69671860.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609052817/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sarpanch-to-minister-vakati-sriharis-profile/article69671860.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Srihari Rose from Being a Sarpanch to Minister">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 June 2025 |title=Srihari Rose from Being a Sarpanch to Minister |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/srihari-rose-from-being-a-sarpanch-to-minister-1884078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609151623/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/srihari-rose-from-being-a-sarpanch-to-minister-1884078 |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He was allocated Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries, Sports, and Youth Affairs ministries on 11 June 2025.<ref name="Telangana govt allocates portfolios to new Ministers">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=11 June 2025 |title=Telangana govt allocates portfolios to new Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612034823/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Vakiti Srihari assumed charge as Minister of Animal Husbandry and Sports at [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Telangana State Secretariat|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Telangana State Secretariat]] on 16 June 2025.<ref name="Vakiti Srihari takes charge as Sports and Animal Husbandry Minister">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Vakiti Srihari takes charge as Sports and Animal Husbandry Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vakiti-srihari-takes-charge-as-sports-and-animal-husbandry-minister/article69700423.ece |access-date=16 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616135635/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vakiti-srihari-takes-charge-as-sports-and-animal-husbandry-minister/article69700423.ece |archive-date=16 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srihari, Vakiti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Kambala Jogulu

2026-04-25T03:34:16Z

ArnulfoVos: added some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kambala Jogulu
| image =
| caption =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| born =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| constituency = [[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]]
| predecessor = ''Andhra Pradesh Assembly created''
| successor = [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
}}

'''Kambala Jogulu''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] ticket from [[Rajam Assembly constituency]] in [[Srikakulam district]].

== Early life and education ==
Jogulu hails from a farming family in Saradhi village, Rajam mandal, [[Srikakulam district]], and his father Gavarayya is a farmer. He completed his schooling in Municipal High School, Srikakulam in 1984 before becoming a graduate in arts at Government Arts College, Srikakulam in 1991. Then he did law at the All Saints Christian Law College, Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CANDIDATEAFFIDAVIT |url=https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/CANDIDATEAFFIDAVIT.aspx?YEARID=May-2014%20(%20GEN%20)&AC_No=128&st_code=S01&constType=AC |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathaneni |first=Lavanya |date=2023-12-13 |title=KAMBALA JOGULU - Gold Andhra News: Andhra News, Politics, Movies, Celebrities and more |url=https://goldandhra.com/jan25/political-leaders/kambala-jogulu/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was first elected as an MLA in 2004 on a TDP ticket from [[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda constituency]]. In 2009, he shifted to [[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]] but lost the Assembly election from Rajam [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate Kondru Murali Mohan. In 2014, he won the Rajam seat on YSRCP ticket<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajam Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 {{!}} Rajam Constituency MLA Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rajam.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.sakshi.com |archive-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708045136/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/rajam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-19 |title=నాటి పరాభవానికి..నేడు ప్రతీకారం! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/kambala-jogulu-of-ysrcp-wins-the-rajam-constituency-131806 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> and retained it in 2019 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajam (SC) Assembly Election 2024: Rajam (SC) Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/rajam-sc-constituency-result-1009 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2021-06-10 |title='New educational policy not in State's interests' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-educational-policy-not-in-states-interests/article34784985.ece |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2019, he defeated Kondru Murali Mohan by a margin of 16,848 votes. YSRCP shifted him from Rajam to [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta SC reserved seat]] for the 2024 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-03 |title=27 Lok Sabha and Assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh get new YSRC in-charges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/03/27-lok-sabha-andassembly-seats-in-andhra-pradesh-get-new-ysrc-in-charges-2647404.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chowdari Lakshmana |date=2024-01-20 |title=Second-rung leaders sore over YSRCP's decision |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/second-rung-leaders-sore-over-ysrcps-decision-852613 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chowdari Lakshmana |date=2024-01-05 |title=Advantage TDP as YSRCP shifts sitting MLA in Rajam |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/advantage-tdp-as-ysrcp-shifts-sitting-mla-in-rajam-849074 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Tale Rajesh is nominated to contest from Rajam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-03 |title=YSRCP releases list of new in-charges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-releases-list-of-new-in-charges/article67699739.ece |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-03 |title=YSRCP releases 2nd list for Lok Sabha & Assembly polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-second-list-27-candidates-announced-for-lok-sabha-and-assembly-elections/articleshow/106499584.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> But he lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Vangalapudi Anitha]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 43,72 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payakaraopet (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Payakaraopet (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/payakaraopet |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jogulu, Kambala}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Stephen Law (governor of Bombay)

2026-04-24T18:07:53Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up a article!

{{Short description|British Governor of Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Stephen Law
| office = [[Governor of Bombay]]
| term_end = {{End date|df=yes|1742|11|15}}
| term_start = {{Start date|df=yes|1739|04|07}}
}}

'''Stephen Law''' (1699 – 25 December 1787) was the [[Governor of Bombay]] from 7 April 1739 to 15 November 1742.

Law was born into a merchant family and became an [[East India Company]] writer in Bombay in 1715, graduating in 1720 to become a factor.

In 1739, he was appointed Governor. He was recalled in 1742 following accusations of excessive expenditure in protecting the settlement from the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Marathas]]. He retired to Broxbourne Manor, [[Broxbourne]], [[England]] and became a Director of the Company for 1746–49, 1751–54, and 1756.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12812986.pdf|title=The Directors of the East India Company, 1754-1790|publisher=James Gordon Parker|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref>

After his wife died in January 1785,<ref>Arthur Jones, ed., ''Hertfordshire 1731-1800 as recorded in the Gentleman's Magazine'', 1993, p. 207</ref> he moved to [[Goudhurst]] in [[Kent]].<ref>Octavius Francis Christie, ed., ''The Diary of the Rev. William Jones, 1777-1821: Curate and Vicar of Broxbourne and the Hamlet of Hoddesdon, 1781-1821'', 1929.</ref><ref>[http://blars.adlibsoft.com/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=catalo%3Eitems&LANGUAGE=0&DEBUG=0&BRIEFADAPL=../web/adapls/wwwreq&DETAILADAPL=../web/adapls/wwwreq&%250=400145741&LIMIT=50 Will of Stephen Law], [[Bedfordshire and Luton Archives and Records Service]], Item Ref AD422.</ref>

==Death==
He died in 1787 at Bedgbury House, Kent, the home of his son-in-law. His daughter Stephana had married [[John Cartier]], the ex-Governor of Bengal. His son, [[John Law (priest)|John Law]], became the [[Archdeacon of Rochester]].<ref>{{acad|id=LW756J|name=Law, John}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|accessdate=2008-12-23
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archivedate=6 February 2009
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box | title=[[Governor of Bombay]]
| before= [[John Horne (Governor of Bombay)|John Horne]]
| after=[[John Geekie]]
| years=1739–1742}}
{{s-end}}

{{Goudhurst}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Law, Stephen}}
[[Category:1699 births]]
[[Category:1787 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Kismat Ki Lakiro Se

2026-04-24T03:36:01Z

ArnulfoVos: added new pg added tags

{{short description|2022 Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kismat Ki Lakiro Se.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shaily Priya Pandey]] Abhishek Singh Pathania [[Varun Sharma (actor) | Varun Sharma]] Sumati Singh
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Veer Pandya
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 535
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[Shemaroo Umang]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|09|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|05|18|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Kismat Ki Lakiro Se''''' ({{Translation|From The Writings Of Destiny Itself}}) was an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] television series which premiered on 5 September 2022 on Shemaroo Umang .It was the longest running serial of [[Shemaroo Umang]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/shemaroo-umang-launches-its-first-original-show-kismat-ki-lakiro-se-220903 | title=Shemaroo Umang launches its first original show 'Kismat Ki Lakiro Se' | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kismat-ki-lakiro-se-clocks-100-episodes-the-cast-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/96627152.cms | title=Kismat Ki Lakiro Se clocks 100 episodes; the cast celebrates the milestone | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Produced by Rashmi Sharma under the banner of Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, it stars [[Shaily Priya Pandey]], Abhishek Singh Pathania, [[Varun Sharma (actor) | Varun Sharma]] and Sumati Singh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/shines-across-tv-show-kismat-ki-lakeeron-se-761138 | title=Shines across Tv show 'Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se' | date=9 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actress-shaily-priya-pandey-opens-up-on-her-character-in-the-upcoming-show-kismat-ki-lakeeron-se/articleshow/93682748.cms | title=TV actress Shaily Priya Pandey opens up on her character in the upcoming show Kismat Ki Lakeeron Se | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> It went off air on 18 May 2024 after completing 535 episodes.

The show is also dubbed into [[Malayalam]] as ''Aaro Viral Meetti'' on [[Flowers TV]] from 29 April 2024 to 27 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it7NjZ9k0KE| title=പ്രണയവും സൗഹൃദയവും ഇഴകലർന്ന സുന്ദരകാവ്യം "ആരോ വിരൽമീട്ടി".| website=[[YouTube]]| date=25 April 2024}}</ref> and as ''Vidhiyude Varikalil Ninnu'' on Shemaroo Malayalam Youtube Channel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbj77pIk_IiUDlguZOmesawwGLgKnpq4E| title=വിധിയുടെ വരികളിൽ നിന്ന്(Kismat Ki Lakiron Se)| website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shraddha and Keerti, two sisters with contrasting personalities, face various ups and downs of life as fate plays a major role in their destinies. Set in Kanpur, the sisters come from a humble family with supportive parents. Shraddha's wedding is fixed with Varun, a young man from an affluent joint family in [[Kanpur]]. Varun, however, falls for the younger and more attractive Keerti. On the wedding day, Varun secretly arranges for goons to stall Shraddha while she returns from the saloon. As a result, to save face, Shraddha's parents get Keerti married to Varun. Once Shraddha returns, the families feel duty bound and get her married to Varun's cousin Abhay.
The new couples embark on their marital lives - Keerti as a spoilt wife who does not conform to the rules of the household and Shraddha as the dutiful wife and daughter-in-law who is in an awkward marriage with the earnest yet jobless Abhay. Several misunderstandings and arguments later, Abhay and Shraddha form a strong bond both standing up for each other and eventually falling in love. Meanwhile, everyone in the family becomes aware of Keerti's dishonest and rude ways.

==Cast==
* [[Shaily Priya Pandey]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kismat-ki-lakiron-se-shaily-priya-recalls-her-first-nervous-portfolio-as-she-shoots-for-a-photoshoot-sequence-heres-why/articleshow/96769526.cms | title=Kismat Ki Lakiron Se: Shaily Priya recalls her first 'nervous' portfolio as she shoots for a photoshoot sequence; Here's Why | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> as Shraddha Dikshit Tripathi: Saksham and Yashvi's elder daughter; Keerti and Bablu's sister; Siya and Saanvi's mother (2022–2024)
* Abhishek Singh Pathania as Abhay Tripathi: Anuj and Devyani's son; Tanuja's step-son; Aarti's half-brother; Varun's cousin; Shraddha's husband; Siya and Saanvi's father (2022–2024)
* Sumati Singh as Inspector Keerti Dikshit Tripathi: Shraddha's younger sister; Varun's widow; Gulaal's wife; Dilip and Naina's daughter-in-law; Saksham and Yashvi's younger daughter; Kiara's mother; Bablu's elder sister; Raj's ex–girlfriend (2022–2024)
* [[Varun Sharma (actor) | Varun Sharma]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-honeymoon-will-have-to-wait-says-anupriya-kapoor-who-got-married-to-her-bhagyalaxmi-co-actor-varun-vijay-sharma/articleshow/96301570.cms | title=The honeymoon will have to wait, says Anupriya Kapoor who married her Bhagyalaxmi co-actor Varun Vijay Sharma | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref> as Varun Tripathi: Dilip and Naina's son; Keerti's husband; Abhay's elder cousin; Kiara's father (2022–2024) (Dead)
* Farooq Saeed<ref name="Saeed">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-farooq-saeed-and-khushi-rajput-roped-in-for-kismat-ke-lakeeron-se/articleshow/93474752.cms | title=Exclusive - Farooq Saeed and Khushi Rajput roped in for 'Kismat Ke Lakeeron Se' | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> as Saksham Dikshit: Yashvi's husband; Shraddha, Keerti and Bablu's father; Siya, Saanvi and Kiara's maternal grandfather (2022–2024)
* Khushi Rajput<ref name="Saeed" /> as Yashvi Saksham Dikshit: Saksham's wife; Shraddha, Keerti and Bablu's mother; Siya, Saanvi and Kiara's maternal grandmother (2022–2024)
* Arup Pal as Dilip Tripathi: Naina's husband; Varun's father; Anuj's elder brother; Keerti's father-in-law; Kiara's grandfather (2022–2023) (Dead)
* [[Eva Shirali]] as Naina Dilip Tripathi: Dilip's widow; Varun's mother; Keerti's mother-in-law; Kiara's grandmother (2022–2024)
* [[Ashish Kaul]] / [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Anuj Tripathi: Tanuja's husband; Devyani's ex–boyfriend; Abhay and Aarati's father; Dilip's younger brother; Shraddha's father-in-law; Siya and Saanvi's grandfather (2022–2024) / (2024)
* Tanu Vidyarthi as Tanuja Anuj Tripathi: Anuj's wife; Abhay's stepmother; Aarati's mother; Shraddha's mother-in-law; Siya and Saanvi's step-grandmother (2022–2024)
* Dolly Kaushik as Aarati Tripathi: Anuj and Tanuja's daughter; Abhay's younger half-sister; Siya and Saanvi's paternal aunt; Kunal's wife (2022–2024)
* Nadia Himani as Ritu Tripathi: Dilip and Anuj's younger sister; Varun, Abhay and Aarati's paternal aunt; Siya, Saanvi and Kiara's paternal grandaunt (2022–2024)
* Sheetal Jaiswal as Sonia: Abhay's one sided obsessive ex–lover; Aarati and Avni's friend (2022–2023) (Dead)
* Avtar Vaishnani as Child Bablu Dikshit: Saksham and Yashvi's son; Shraddha and Keerti's younger brother; Siya, Saanvi and Kiara's maternal uncle (2022–2023)
* Avyaan Tiwari as Bunty Boy (2023)
* Apsara Kashyap as Payal: Abhay's one-sided obsessive lover; Saanvi's surrogate mother; Reema's friend (2023)
* Shatabdi Mazumdar as Reema: Payal's friend (2023)
* Urmila Sharma as Payal's mother (2023)
* Mahi Soni as Siya Tripathi: Shraddha and Abhay's elder daughter; Anuj and Tanuja's granddaughter; Saanvi's elder sister; Aarati's elder niece; Kiara's younger cousin (2023)
* Kisha Arora as Saanvi Tripathi: Shraddha and Abhay's younger daughter; Payal's surrogate daughter; Anuj and Tanuja's granddaughter; Siya's younger sister; Aarati's younger niece; Kiara's younger cousin (2023)
* Lavishka Gupta as Kiara Tripathi: Keerti and Varun's daughter; Dilip and Naina's granddaughter; Siya and Saanvi's elder cousin (2023)
* Sapan Gulati<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-sapan-gulati-bags-shemaroo-umang-show-kismat-ki-lakiro-se/2023/06/06|title=Sapan Gulati bags Shemaroo Umang show Kismat Ki Lakiro Se|date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref> as Mohit:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CtgeP6BONzR/|title=Watch me as Mohit in Kismat Ki Lakiro Se Mon to Sat 8 pm only on Shemaroo Umang|date=2023-06-15}}</ref> Shraddha's friend (2023)
* Aishwarya Sethi as Avni: Varun's one sided obsessive lover; Aarati and Sonia's friend (2023)
* Saurabh Agarwal as Ritu's husband (2023)
* Shilpa Kataria as Senior Inspector Kiran Mathur: Samar's mother (2023)
* Poonam Dwivedi as Poonam: Friend of Keerti Dikshit (2023)
* Hassan Ahmed as Samar Mathur: Kiran's son (2023)
* Pradeep Duhan as Raj Singhania: Keerti's boss and ex-boyfriend; Ragini's husband (2023)
* Jiya Mustafa as Ragini Raj Singhania: A businesswoman; Kunal's elder sister; Raj's wife (2023)
* Nirbhay Singh as Kunal: Ragini's younger brother; Aarati's husband; Sonia's murderer (2022; 2023–2024)
* [[Khushwant Walia]] as Dr. Neeraj (2023)
* Aryan Hasan as Bodyguard Of Gulabo
* Sunidhi Chauhan as Dr. Roshni: Abhay's one sided obsessive lover (2023–2024) (Dead)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Devyani: Anuj's ex–girlfriend; Abhay's mother; Gauri's adoptive mother (2024)
* Prateek Parihar as Gulaal: A don; Keerti's second husband; Shraddha's one sided obsessive lover (2024)
* Minoli Nandwana as Gauri: Devyani's adopted daughter; Abhay's one sided obsessive lover (2024)
*

==Development==
The series was announced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms for Shemaroo Umang.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/shemaroo-umang-announces-the-launch-of-its-first-original-kismat-ki-lakiro-se/ | title=Shemaroo Umang announces the launch of its first original – Kismat Ki Lakiro Se | date=2 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hindi.sangritoday.com/watch-an-intriguing-story-of-luck-sacrifice-and-love-in-shemaru-umang-s-first-original-kismat-ki-likaron-se | title=शेमारू उमंग के पहले ओरिजिनल 'किस्मत की लकीरों से' में देखें किस्मत, त्याग और प्यार की एक दिलचस्प कहानी | date=4 September 2022 }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/shaily-priya-sumati-singh-enjoy-their-special-visit-to-lucknow-for-holi/ | title=Shaily Priya, Sumati Singh enjoy their special visit to Lucknow for Holi | date=4 March 2022 }}</ref> with Shaily Priya Pandey, Abhishek Singh Pathania, [[Varun Sharma (actor) | Varun Sharma]] and Sumati Singh as leads.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kismat-ki-lakiro-se-fame-actresses-shaily-priya-pandey-and-sumati-singh-gear-up-for-holi/articleshow/98404699.cms | title=Exclusive! Kismat Ki Lakiro Se fame actresses Shaily Priya Pandey and Sumati Singh gear up for Holi | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Wadhwa | first1=Akash }}</ref> The promos were released in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=#KismatKiLakiroSe : देखिए #ShemarooUmang का नया शो "किस्मत की लकीरों से" 5 सितंबर से रात 8 बजे |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72RUWXAoLhk |website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 August 2022 }}</ref> It premeried on 5 September 2022 on Shemaroo Umang.<ref name="a" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kismat Ki Lakiro Se
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Veer Pandya
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 2:30
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The title track is composed by Veer Pandya.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kismat-ki-lakiro-se/1668749390?i=1668749391 | title=Kismat Ki Lakiro Se by Veer Pandya }}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 2:30
| title1 = Kismat Ki Lakiro Se
| note1 = Male
| extra1 = Veer Pandya
| length1 = 2:30
}}
==See also==
*[[Chahenge Tumhe Itna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.shemaroome.com/shows/kismat-ki-lakiro-se ''Kismat Ki Lakiro Se''] on [[Shemaroo Entertainment#ShemarooMe|ShemarooMe]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Shemaroo Umang original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Avalon Heights International School

2026-04-20T06:46:08Z

ArnulfoVos: adding some article needs work

{{short description|Secondary school in Vashi, Navi Mumbai}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Avalon Heights International School
| logo =
| image_size = 10
| caption = Logo
| motto = Aspire, Attempt, Achieve
| location =
| address = Plot No. 13, Sector 19, Vashi, Navi Mumbai
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| zipcode = 400703
| coordinates = {{coord|19.086389|73.010833|display=inline}}
| schooltype = Private, Co-Educational
| founded = 1998
| faculty = 120
| avg_class_size = 25
| ratio = 24
| campus_size = {{convert|2|acre|m2}}
| houses = {{Color box|#FACC2E|border=darkgray}} Daffodil, {{Color box|#2ECCFA|border=darkgray}} Orchid, {{Color box|#2EFE64|border=darkgray}} Iris, {{Color box|#F7819F|border=darkgray}} Tulip
| athletics = Yes, International
| mascot = None
| affiliations = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]
| website = https://www.avalonheights.org/
}}

'''Avalon Heights International School''' is a coeducational secondary school located in [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]]. It is affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = CISCE|url = http://www.cisce.org/locate-search.aspx?country=2&state=21&dist=0&city=0&location=&schooltype=&cve=&isc=&icse=true&schoolclassi=&school=Avalon%2520Heights&search=locate|website = www.cisce.org|accessdate = 2015-11-14}}</ref> and was established in 1998. The school has over 1200 students and is located near APMC Market in Navi Mumbai.

It was ranked among the Top 10 Navi Mumbai Schools in the survey conducted by Hindustan Times in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-12|title=HT Top Mumbai Schools 2019: 10 best schools in Navi Mumbai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-mumbai-schools-2019-10-best-schools-in-navi-mumbai/story-wQ4KYg0VxnVEQx5HBBqwAK.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The School was founded by Mrs. Kamlesh Sharma/ Mrs. Simi Sharma in 1998 in a small bungalow in [[Navi Mumbai]] with few students, all in the pre-nursery classes. Later the school shifted to a building on an educational reserved plot allotted by the [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] and began classes up till 10th grade; 11th and 12th grade were added in 2017. A branch named Avalon World School Pvt. Ltd. was established in Ajman, UAE and began operations in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avalon Heights International School |url=http://avalonheights.org/avalon-ajman |website=avalonheights.org |accessdate=2015-11-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031071616/http://www.avalonheights.org/avalon-ajman |archivedate=31 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Overview ==
=== Rankings ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Agency
!Rank
!Year
!Criteria
|-
| rowspan="4" |Hindustan Times
|3rd
|2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ht-top-schools-navi-mumbai-3-avalon-heights-international-school-groma-marg-vashi/story-xqqABqjV0irvKnkasf1tEO.html|title=HT Top Schools (Navi Mumbai): 3. Avalon Heights International School, Groma Marg, Vashi|date=2016-09-24|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Navi Mumbai
|-
|3rd
|2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-the-10-best-schools-in-navi-mumbai/story-MF5WbnrkJoMVOJwY81lSwL.html|title=HT Top Schools survey: The 10 best schools in Navi Mumbai|date=2015-09-19|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>
|-
|2nd
|2012<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/best-schools-in-navi-mumbai/story-MH0rtOtZPO5uvGgBEPerEO.html|title=Best schools in Navi Mumbai|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2015-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|2nd
|2010
|-
| rowspan="5" |ClassFever<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.school.classfever.com/Avalon-Heights-International-School-Vashi-Navi-Mumbai-Vashi-Navi-Mumbai-1501-details|title=Avalon Heights International School, Vashi, Navi Mumbai|last=Classfever|website=school.classfever.com|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174509/http://www.school.classfever.com/Avalon-Heights-International-School-Vashi-Navi-Mumbai-Vashi-Navi-Mumbai-1501-details|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|3rd
|2016
|Maharashtra
|-
|1st
|2016
|Navi Mumbai
|-
|1st
|2016
|Vashi
|-
|1st
|2016
|ICSEcschools in Navi Mumbai
|-
|3rd
|2016
|ICSE Schools in Maharashtra
|}
It was featured in the ''Hindustan Times'' again in 2014 for its teaching system, and for practices like daily meditation.<ref>{{Cite news|title = HT Top Schools Survey: Schooling steps out of the box|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ht-top-schools-survey-schooling-steps-out-of-the-box/story-IHpHSEHBpQTWjvgKVnRZrM.html|work = Hindustan Times|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref>

=== Faculty ===
There is 10:1 Teacher-to-Student-Ratio. Teachers do not live on campus. There are also maushi's and bhaiya's present on campus to help the children and school.

=== Heads of staff ===
* Director & Founder – Mrs. Simi Sharma<ref name=":0" />
* Principal – Ms. Indu Vinod

=== School features ===
The school follows the ICSE course syllabus, as set out by the CISCE board in Delhi. It used to follow IGCSE as well, but it was discontinued in 2013.

It runs classes from kindergarten to the 12th grade. The average class size is 25-30 students, the number being greater in the junior classes.

The students are divided among four houses named Daffodil, Orchid, Iris and Tulip (coloured yellow, blue, green and pink respectively) which compete through the year in extracurricular activities to win the House Trophy.
The school has a distinct Student Council and looks after the discipline and organises all events. It is led by the President and the Vice-President along with the Head Boy and Head Girl, who work together with Deputies, House Captains and Prefects. The middle section maintains its own Student Council. Each house is looked after by a teacher-in-charge.

== Annual days ==
The school hosts three annual days, one for the middle school, one for the primary school and one for pre-primary school respectively. It consists of an annual report on the school and an extravagant play-reproduction.{{clarify|date=April 2026}} These plays are usually held at Vishnudas Bhave Auditorium. The plays up to date have been
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Middle School
!Primary
!Pre-Primary
|-
|2023
|Macbeth
|-
|2022
|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
| colspan="2" |[[Mister God, This Is Anna]]
|-
|2019
|Gautam Buddha
|Prince Siddhartha
|[[Prince Siddhartha(with Primary)]]
|-
|2018
|Prince of Egypt
|Annie
|[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]
|-
|2017
|Hamlet
|Alice in Wonderland
|[[Alice in Wonderland]]
|-
|2016
|Kal Ki Aawaz
|Kal Ki Aawaz
|[[The Lion King]]
|-
|2015
|[[The Scarlet Pimpernel]]
|[[Around the World in 80 Days]]
|[[Alibaba and 40 thieves]]
|-
|2014
|[[The Merchant of Venice]]
|[[A Christmas Carol]]
| rowspan="6" |
|-
|2013
|[[Ramayana]]
|[[Singhasan Battisi]]
|-
|2012
|[[Mahabharata]]
|[[The Jungle Book]]
|-
|2011
|[[Oliver Twist]]
|
|-
|2010
|[[The Sound of Music]]
|Mr. God, This is Anna
|-
|2009
|[[My Fair Lady]]
|[[My Fair Lady]]
|}

== Avalon World School, Ajman, UAE. ==
Avalon World School Pvt. Ltd is a branch of Avalon Heights International School, located in Ajman, UAE. The school was inaugurated and began operations in October 2015.<ref>{{Citation|title=Avalon Heights World School - Ajman (Virtual Tour)|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnN082rpAhE|accessdate = 2015-11-13}}</ref> It is being headed by a British principal and is affiliated to the IGCSE curriculum. It currently only operates pre-nursery classes.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{International schools in India}}

[[Category:Education in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]

Rai Laxmi Narayan Singh

2026-04-16T06:28:11Z

ArnulfoVos: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rai Laxmi Narain Singh
| constituency = [[Garwara Assembly Constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| district =
| parents = Rai Ambika Singh
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Lok Dal]]
[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
[[Janata Dal]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] In [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_place = Sarai Padari [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| relations = Durgvanshi [[Rajput]] Clan
}}
'''Rai Laxmi Narayan Singh''' is an Indian politician. He was the member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] from [[Garwara Assembly constituency|Garwara Assembly Constituency]] [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur District.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garwara Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/garwara-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#1989 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Datalok |title=Garwara assembly election result for year 1989, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} ElectionsIndia.Live |url=https://electionsindia.live/assemblyelections/Uttar-Pradesh/Garwara/1989-results/4123a4d295060a58b59ab19ac1b0031128418c5e/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Elections India Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garwara assembly election results in Uttar pradesh |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Garwara-in-Uttar-pradesh |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=elections.traceall.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Assembly Constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rai Laxmi Narayan}}
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:28Z

ArnulfoVos: added first entry more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jawalamukhi
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 12
| map_image = 12-Jawalamukhi constituency.svg
| mla = [[Sanjay Rattan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:80141}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Jawalamukhi]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jawalamukhi.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Mela Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| Kashmir Singh Rana
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ishwar Chand
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Dhani Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Kewal Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|rowspan=3| [[Ramesh Chand Dhawala]]
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Sanjay Rattan]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Ramesh Chand Dhawala]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Sanjay Rattan]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Rattan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,827 |percentage=46.48% |change={{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh Ravi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,423 |percentage=35.78% |change={{decrease}}15.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atul Kaushal |party=Independent politician |votes=9,511 |percentage=15.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiar Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=616 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=201 |percentage=0.34% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=201 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=93 |percentage=0.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,404 |percentage=10.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,872 |percentage=74.71% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,141 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,914 |percentage=51.21% |change={{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Rattan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,450 |percentage=39.35% |change={{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijender Kumar (Chhunku) |party=Independent politician |votes=3,529 |percentage=6.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=419 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,464 |percentage=11.86% |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,512 |percentage=75.41% |change= {{increase}}3.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Rattan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,929 |percentage=53.19% |change={{increase}}43.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,904 |percentage=44.60% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Madhu Gupta |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=410 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=332 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,025 |percentage=8.59% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,871 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,474 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,562 |percentage=48.41% |change={{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Rattan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,798 |percentage=38.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rooma Koundal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,441 |percentage=9.53% |change={{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand Khoula |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,292 |percentage=2.77% |change={{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh Rana |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=433 |percentage=0.93% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,764 |percentage=10.22% |change= {{decrease}}20.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,606 |percentage=70.34% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,261 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,459 |percentage=50.31% |change={{increase}}20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Rattan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,730 |percentage=19.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh Pathania |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,786 |percentage=17.44% |change={{decrease}}12.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Mohammad |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,393 |percentage=3.12% |change={{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,254 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Parmar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,123 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=515 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piare Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=346 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand Kanga |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,729 |percentage=30.75% |change= {{increase}}27.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,643 |percentage=75.63% |change= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,027 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=11,517 |percentage=32.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,456 |percentage=29.71% |change={{decrease}}22.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,348 |percentage=29.40% |change={{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veena Devi |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,362 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=513 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,061 |percentage=3.01% |change= {{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,196 |percentage=73.93% |change= {{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,530 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,558 |percentage=52.07% |change={{increase}}27.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,569 |percentage=42.67% |change={{decrease}}23.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=499 |percentage=1.57% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Parmar |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Jamwal |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,989 |percentage=9.40% |change= {{decrease}}32.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,802 |percentage=70.89% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,173 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,152 |percentage=66.38% |change={{increase}}34.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Chand Rattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,037 |percentage=24.39% |change={{decrease}}8.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Chand |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,341 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=450 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Parmar |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand Dhiman |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,115 |percentage=41.99% |change= {{increase}}41.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,851 |percentage=69.99% |change= {{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,600 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}33.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=8,050 |percentage=32.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Chand Rattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,041 |percentage=32.86% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,776 |percentage=31.78% |change={{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmodh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9 |percentage=0.04% |change= {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,467 |percentage=75.89% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,528 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=17 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Rana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,350 |percentage=40.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Ram Saver |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,472 |percentage=32.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=5,199 |percentage=22.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,878 |percentage=8.15% |change= {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,035 |percentage=76.99% |change= {{increase}}9.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,383 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Rana |party=Janata Party |votes=6,992 |percentage=38.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,827 |percentage=26.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Ram Saver |party=Independent politician |votes=4,778 |percentage=26.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=556 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=193 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,165 |percentage=11.97% |change= {{decrease}}17.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,089 |percentage=67.59% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,300 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}20.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jawalamukhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,981 |percentage=59.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,529 |percentage=29.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand Uppal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,440 |percentage=7.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Kishan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,452 |percentage=29.46% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,508 |percentage=66.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,713 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jawalamukhi]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.87|76.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:26Z

ArnulfoVos: made some pg needs work!

{{About|the constituency of the Madhya Pradesh state|a legislative seat of the Uttar Pradesh|Maharajpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency}}{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maharajpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = 48-Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Kamakhya Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 48
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| incumbent_image = Kamakhya Pratap Singh.jpg
| preceded_by = Neeraj Vinod Dixit
}}

'''Maharajpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1961, following the delimitation of the Legislative Assembly constituencies and it was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|scheduled castes]] from 1961 to 2008.

==Overview==
Maharajpur (constituency number 48) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Chhatarpur district]]. This constituency covers the entire Nowgaon [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Maharajpur is part of [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] and [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] in this district and [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]], [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]], [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]], [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]] and [[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]] in [[Tikamgarh district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Nathu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Laxman Das Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nathu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ram Dayal Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Laxman Das Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Babu Lal Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |Ram Dayal Ahirwar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom2">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Manavendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Neeraj Vinod Dixit
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Kamakhya Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajpur<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamakhya Pratap Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76969}}
|percentage = 44.84
|change = +18.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neeraj Vinod Dixit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:50352}}
|percentage = 29.33
|change = -7.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahesh Chand Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:19812}}
|percentage = 11.54
|change = -7.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay Daulat Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:11828}}
|percentage = 6.89
|change = +3.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = K. R. Patel (Ramji Bhaiya)
|votes = {{formatnum:6469}}
|percentage = 3.77
|change = +3.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1679}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26617}}
|percentage = 15.51
|change = +5.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171653}}
|percentage = 72.81
|change = +5.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neeraj Vinod Dixit]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:52461}}
|percentage = 36.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manavendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:38456}}
|percentage = 26.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Mahton
|votes = {{formatnum:27902}}
|percentage = 19.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
|candidate = Mahesh Matoul
|votes = {{formatnum:9505}}
|percentage = 6.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Aheer Preetam Bhumman Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:5440}}
|percentage = 3.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Eng. Pankaj Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1771}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1191}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14005}}
|percentage = 9.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143613}}
|percentage = 67.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh|Maharajpur]]
* [[Nowgaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhatarpur district topics}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.28|79.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Uttamrao Jankar

2026-04-13T00:26:50Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up a bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ram Satpute]]
| successor =
| office2 = Whip of [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
| term_start2 = 2 December 2024
| term_end2 =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| citizenship =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
| constituency1 = [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]
| profession =
| spouse = Not Known
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- MALSHIRAS (SC)(SOLAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10908 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Malshiras Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Solapur district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Malshiras, Maharashtra Election Results 2024 Highlights: Malshiras निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar ने 13147 वोटों से दर्ज की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/malshiras-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2103931-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar , NCPSP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/maharashtra/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/uttamrao-shivdas-jankar-13254-3 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

He is the son of Shri. Shivdas Shankarrao Jankar.
* Jankar is from [[Malshiras]], Solapur district, Maharashtra.
He completed his B.A. in 1988 at Shankarrao Mohite Patil College, Malewadi Akluj, which is affiliated with [[Shivaji University]], Kolhapur.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jankar won from Malshiras Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 121,713 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ram Vitthal Satpute of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 13,147 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malshiras Election Result 2024 LIVE: Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar of NCPSP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/malshiras-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130201.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Malshiras, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: NCP (SP)'s Uttamrao Shivdas Jankar defeats BJP's Ram Vitthal Satpute with 13147 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/malshiras-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638383-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jankar, Uttamrao}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]

PSLV C7

2026-04-02T11:12:06Z

ArnulfoVos: added a entry!

{{Short description|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle mission by ISRO}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = PSLV-C7
| rocket = PSLV
| image = The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7) successfully launches 4 satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, in Sriharikota on January 10, 2007 (1).jpg
| image_caption = The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7) successfully launches 4 satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, in Sriharikota on January 10, 2007
| image_size = 300px
| launch = {{Start date|2007|10|01|df=yes}}, 03:54 UTC
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]]
| payload = {{flagicon|India}} [[CARTOSAT-2|Cartosat-2]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE-1]] {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[LAPAN-TUBSAT|LAPAN-TUBsat]] {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Pehuensat-1]]
| outcome = Success
| succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]
| previous = [[PSLV-C8]]
| next = [[PSLV-C9]]
}}

'''PSLV-C7''' was a mission of the Indian [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) rocket, launched on January 10, 2007, by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] at [[Sriharikota]], Andhra Pradesh.

The mission consisted of [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]'s first reentry mission,<ref name="C7">
[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm |date=2008-05-02 }} January 22, 2007</ref> along with [[Cartosat-2]], an [[Earth observation satellite]], [[LAPAN-TUBSAT|LAPAN-TUBsat]], [[Indonesia]]'s first [[remote sensing satellite]], and [[Pehuensat-1]], an Argentine educational satellite.<ref name="C7.brochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLVC7/publication.pdf|title=PSLV C7/Cartosat-2/SRE Mission Brochure|publisher=ISRO|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

The mission was an important mission is the history of [[PSLV]], because it had many new additions to the rocket. The mission also had the first use of Dual Launch Adapter, (DLA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sspconline.org/opinion/IndiaPoisedforANewHighwithPSLV-C7LaunchFeat_AjeyLele_200107|title=India Poised for A New High with PSLV-C7 Launch Feat |website=www.sspconline.org|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

==Speciality and Major Changes==

* First reentry Experiment of [[ISRO]]
* Altitude based Day of Launch (DOL) wind biased steering program during Open Loop Guidance
* Deletion of SITVC system of airlit strap-on.
* PS1 SITVC Injectant loading reduced by 500 kg.
* Use of externally fabricated nozzles for the two motors.
* Use of Dual Launch Adapter (DLA)
* First use of 2 ton liquid stage for fourth stage.
* Video Imaging System to capture payloads (Cartosat-2 & SRE) and DLA separation events.
* Internal vehicle length increased by 2.25 m with the Introduction of DLA.
* Flight sequence modified for multiple satellite/DLA separation.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_PSLV_C7_CARTOSAT_2_SRE_1.html?timeline=timeline|title=PSLV C7 cartosat/sre-1 mission|website=isro.gov.in|accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref>

==Launch==

This was the tenth Launch of the [[PSLV]] rocket. It launched at 03:53 [[UTC]] on January 10, 2007, from [[Sriharikota]].<ref name=":0"/>

* The first stage, of six solid propellant strap-ones, of [[HTPB]] fuel, ignited at Launch. They burned for 113 seconds and got disposed.
* The second stage of [[UH 25]] and [[N2O4|N2O4]] fuel, got ignited at 113 seconds. This was followed by a [[Heat shield]] separation and separation of PS2 at 264 seconds.
* PS3 ignited at 265 seconds and separated at 513 seconds.
* PS4 ignited at 533 seconda and cut off at 942 seconds.
* [[Cartosat-2]] separated at 979 seconds at an altitude of 639 km.
* Dual Launch Adapter separated at 1024 seconds
* [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE]] separated at 1099 seconds at 641 km altitude.
* [[LAPAN-TUBSAT|LAPAN-TUBsat]] separated at 1169 seconds at an altitude of 642 km.

==Payloads==

===[[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE]]===

[[File:ISRO-SCRE-1-Spacecraft-1.jpg |thumb|right |Space Capsule RecoveryExperiment]]

The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SCRE or more commonly SRE or SRE-1) is an Indian experimental [[spacecraft]]. It's the first step in their [[Gaganyaan]] program of [[ISRO]] which aim to send humans to space. It orbited the Earth for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at 04:16 [[UTC]] on January 22.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104225230/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/22/stories/2006122206711300.htm PSLV to put recoverable satellite into orbit], ''The Hindu'' December 22, 2006</ref> It also did Research on reusable [[Thermal Protection System]], navigation, guidance and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackout, deceleration and flotation system and tested recovery operations.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm |date=2008-05-02 }} January 22, 2007</ref>

===[[Cartosat-2]]===

[[Cartosat-2]] is an [[Earth observation satellite]] in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] and the second of the [[Cartosat]] series of satellites. It consists of a [[panchromatic]] (PAN) camera that take black and white pictures of the [[Earth]] in the [[Visible spectrum|visible region]] of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. It can produce images 1 metre in resolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/|title=Cartosat-2: Optical Satellite |website=pasco.co.jp|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211171019/http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/|archive-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

===[[LAPAN-TUBSAT|LAPAN-TUBsat]] and [[Pehuensat-1]]===

[[Pehuensat-1]] is an Argentinian amateur Radio satellite created by students of [[Universidad Nacional del Comahue]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Lanzan un satélite construido en la Argentina |url=http://www.conicet.gov.ar/NOTICIAS/ACTUALIDAD/2007/enero/010.php |publisher=conicet.gov.ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610215839/http://www.conicet.gov.ar/NOTICIAS/ACTUALIDAD/2007/enero/010.php |archive-date=2007-06-10 }}</ref> [[LAPAN-TUBSAT|LAPAN-TUBsat]] is an Indonesian micro satellite, weighing 56 Kilograms, orbiting at 630 kilometers above Indonesia. This satellite travels through [[polar orbit]] across the archipelago two or three times each day.

==Dual Launch Adapter==

[[File:PSLV-C40- Render of payload fairing with Dual Launch Adapter.jpg |thumb |right |Dual Launch Adapter can be used to integrate 2 or more satellites on a single Launch. Note: This shows the DLA from the later [[PSLV-C40]] mission]]

It's an adapter designed to carry medium class (~1000 kg) payloads in [[PSLV]]. It consists of a Carbon Fibre composite, arranged in Honeycomb sandwich shells. With an [[aluminum]] core. It consists of three structures, DLA-U (upper), DLA-M (middle), and DLA-L (lower). DLA is mounted of the fourth stage of PS4, by bolting the DLA-L with Payload Adapter (PLA). DLA-U carries [[Cartosat-2]], and [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE]] is connected to PLA via a band clamp separation system. DLA includes cutouts in which electrical connectors, sensors, cooling system of the satellite etc. can be mounted.

==Reactions and Honours==

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh being presented a model of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7), in New Delhi on January 17, 2007.jpg |thumb|right |The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, along with Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, Shri Prithviraj Chauhan, being presented a model of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7), in New Delhi (January 17, 2007)]]

Team of ISRO scientists who were part of the mission were awarded the prestigious team achievement award of the [[International Academy of Astronautics]]. The award was given to them at [[Glasgow]], on September 28.

[[ISRO]] Chairman [[Madhavan Nair]] told the press "We've done it perfectly", after the launch.<ref>{{cite web|title= PSLV c7 successfully launched |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pslv-c7-launched-successfully/story-AH1aNiP2PfXvAttZtSqdhP.html|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=10 January 2007 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Dr V Jayaraman, director, earth observation system, said "We believe we can offer our products at one-fifth of the cost of our competitors, The size of the international market (for such images) is about $300 million-$500 million."

==Team==

The PSLV-C7 team was led by
* N Narayana Murthy, Project Director, [[Cartosat-2]]
* George Koshy, Vehicle Director, PSLV-C7
* Cartosat-2 by M Krishnaswamy, Programme Director, IRS.
* [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment|SRE-1]] by A Subramoniam
* Ground support team by S K Shivakumar, Director, [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]].
* Overall co-ordination by P S Sastry, Director, LVPO at ISRO Headquarters, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/isros-pslv-c7-team-gets-iaa-award/articleshow/3577239.cms|title=Isro pslv c7 team gets iaa award|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=9 October 2008 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
[[Category:2007 in India]]
[[Category:2007 in spaceflight]]

Mithun Chakraborty

2026-03-23T17:36:33Z

ArnulfoVos: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1950)}}
{{Distinguish|Mithu Chakrabarty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mithun Chakraborty
| image = Shri Mithun Chakraborty, Dadasaheb Phalke Awardee 2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chakraborty in 2022
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| term_start = 3 April 2014
| term_end = 29 December 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rs-chairman-accepts-mithun-chakraborty-s-resignation-116122900798_1.html |title=RS Chairman accepts Mithun Chakraborty's resignation |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref>
| birth_name = Gouranga Chakraborty<ref name="Realname"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|6|16|df=y}}
| nickname = {{ubl|''Disco King''|''Grandmaster''|''Mithun Da''}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref name="rajya"/>
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list
|[[Scottish Church College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]])
|[[Film and Television Institute of India]]}}
| residence = [[Mumbai]]
| blank1 = Years active
| data1 = 1976–present
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Helena Luke]]|1979|1979|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Yogeeta Bali]]|1979}}}}
| children = 4; including [[Mahakshay Chakraborty|Mahakshay]], [[Ushmey Chakraborty|Ushmey]] and [[Namashi Chakraborty|Namashi]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2024) [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2022)
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Chakraborty family|Chakraborty family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|entrepreneur|television presenter|politician}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (since 2021)<ref name="BJP"/>
| otherparty = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (2014–2016) [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] (until 1976)
}}

'''Mithun Chakraborty''' (born '''Gouranga Chakraborty'''; 16 June 1950) is an Indian actor, film producer and entrepreneur and politician. In a career spanning over five decades, he has done 350 films, mostly in [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages, and a few in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Referred to as "Mahaguru" (Bengali for "The Great Teacher"), he is a former [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/actor-mithun-chakraborty-elected-in-rajya-sabha-elections/1224287 |title=Actor Mithun Chakraborty elected in Rajya Sabha elections |work=The Financial Express |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106171124/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/actor-mithun-chakraborty-elected-in-rajya-sabha-elections/1224287 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mithun-chakraborty-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/ |title=Mithun Chakraborty resigns from Rajya Sabha citing health reasons |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> He is the recipient of three [[National Film Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards]]. In January 2024, Chakraborty was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian honour by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awardees List 2024 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/PadmaAwardees2024.pdf |website=Padma Awards |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unsung among Padma awardees from Bengal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/unsung-among-padma-awardees-from-bengal-101706246408519.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref> He was also awarded India's highest accolade in the field of cinema, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] for the year 2022, whose announcement came from the Union [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty To Receive Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's Highest Film Honour |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-awarded-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-contribution-to-indian-cinema-6681137 |work=NDTV |date=30 September 2024 |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

Chakraborty made his acting debut with [[art house]] drama ''[[Mrigayaa]]'' (1976), directed by [[Mrinal Sen]], for which he won his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="actormithunda">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/mithunda-disco-dancer-is-67-today-15373/slide/5 |title=Mithunda, Disco Dancer, is 67 Today |work=NDTVMovies.com |publisher=ndtv |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> His major breakthrough role came with Bengali film ''[[Nadi Theke Sagare]]'' (1978). Chakraborty gained greater fame with the 1982 film ''[[Disco Dancer]]'', which was a major box office success in India and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web | title = On a disco high! | publisher = Pune Mirror | url = http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/On-a-disco-high/articleshow/33086585.cms | access-date = 29 April 2014 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022928/http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/On-a-disco-high/articleshow/33086585.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> Besides ''Disco Dancer'', Chakraborty also gained recognition for many other performances as both a lead and character artist.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850731-hindi-films-as-action-movies-flop-in-a-row-bollywood-tries-its-luck-with-romantic-flicks-770266-2013-12-26|title = Hindi films: As action movies flop in a row, Bollywood tries its luck with romantic flicks| date=26 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12838/index.html|access-date=17 January 2007|title=Guru| first=Taran|last=Adarsh|date=12 January 2007|publisher=IndiaFM}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |date=13 September 2021 |title=Vivek Agnihotri to complete trilogy, announces The Delhi Files |work=Cinema Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/sep/13/vivek-agnihotri-to-complete-trilogy-announces-the-delhi-files-26602.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319150913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/sep/13/vivek-agnihotri-to-complete-trilogy-announces-the-delhi-files-26602.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/mithun-chakraborty-the-other-side-of-the-disco-dancer-mrigayaa-mrinal-sen-disco-dancer-gunda-sridevi|title=Mithun Chakraborty: The Other Side of the Disco Dancer|date=16 June 2023}}</ref> Chakraborty's performance in ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 1990.<ref name="FilmfareWinner">{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1991/101|title=Filmfare Awards (1990)|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Chakraborty owns the Monarch Group, which has interests in the hospitality and educational sectors.<ref>{{cite news |author=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2008345.cms |title=Times of India article |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=22 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2446373.ece |title=International pre-school inaugurated |work=The Hindu |date=12 September 2011 |access-date=12 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He also started the production house Paparatzy Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/preview/15797.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627082737/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/preview/15797.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |title=Enemmy Preview |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> In 1992, he, along with [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Sunil Dutt]], set up a trust to help actors in need of assistance called the Cine & T.V Artistes Association (CINTAA).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shrivallabh-Vyas-Paralysed-and-penurious/articleshow/19356055.cms?referral=PM |title=Shrivallabh Vyas: Paralysed and penurious |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2013 |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> He was also the Chairperson of [[Film Studios Setting & Allied Mazdoor Union]], which protects the welfare of cinema workers and resolves their demands and problems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why did Mithun Chakraborty resign as chairman of workers' union a year ago |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/why-did-mithun-chakraborty-resign-as-chairman-of-workers-union-a-year-ago/15875189 |publisher=mid-day |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=30 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kin of dead film worker get 12 lakh from firm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Kin-of-dead-film-worker-get-12-lakh-from-firm/articleshow/9205648.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/mumbai/29768468_1_daily-wage-workers-compensation-cheque |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=19 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun's Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mithun%E2%80%99s-concern-for-cine-workers/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108095322/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/mithun%E2%80%99s-concern-for-cine-workers/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=boxofficeindia.co.in |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=28 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty Eyes Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mithun-chakraborty-eyes-concern-cine-workers-183000312.html |publisher=boxofficeindia.co.in |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty Eyes Concern For Cine Workers |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/mithun-chakraborty-eyes-concern-cine-workers-183000312.html |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=19 August 2012 |date=27 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Television program|television show]] ''[[Dance India Dance]]'', where Chakraborty was the Grand Master, also entered in the Limca Book of Records and the [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dance India Dance sets Guinness World Record |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Dance-India-Dance-sets-Guinness-World-Record/Article1-822865.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311120347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Dance-India-Dance-sets-Guinness-World-Record/Article1-822865.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 August 2012 |date=9 March 2012}}</ref> Chakraborty played a crucial mediating role between [[Pranab Mukherjee]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Mamata Banerjee]], winning Mukherjee the support of Banerjee's party, the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], in the [[2012 Indian presidential election]].<ref name="Mithunforever">{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty: What makes him so special |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Mithun-Chakraborty-What-makes-him-so-special/photostory/52764630.cms |author=Ruchi Kaushal |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=23 August 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) on 7 March 2021, ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="BJP"/>

==Early life and education==
Mithun Chakraborty was born on 16 June 1950 into a [[Bengali Hindu]] family in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[West Bengal]], India to Basanta Kumar Chakraborty and Shanti Rani Chakraborty.<ref name="rajya">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Former Members Search |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2261 |website=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |access-date=30 May 2023 |quote=The website doesn't provide a direct link. So it can be navigated to the biography page by typing "Mithun Chakraborty" in the search bar}}</ref><ref name="Realname">{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/real-name-of/article/what-is-mithun-chakrabortys-real-name/226669 |title=What is Mithun Chakraborty's real name? |publisher=Times Now |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty |url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mithunchakraborty |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=4 July 2020 |language=en |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> He studied at [[Oriental Seminary]] and then earned his [[B.Sc.]] degree<ref name="rajya"/> in [[Chemistry]] from [[Scottish Church College]] in Kolkata. After that, he attended and graduated from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].<ref name="actormithunda" /> He was a [[Naxalite]] before entering films, but tragedy struck his family, it is widely reported that his only brother was electrocuted and killed in a freak accident whereas his sister Kalyani has confirmed to journalist Pankaj Shukla and others who reached her, that Mithun is the only son of his parents.<ref name="actormithunda" /><ref name="Mithunforever"/> He returned to his family and left the [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] fold, even though this posed a grave risk to his own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmstar Mithun Chakraborty attends Pranab Mukherjee's swearing in |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120210398&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=247357 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208124434/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120210398&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=247357 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2013 |publisher=movies.ndtv.com |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> During his days as a Naxalite, he became friends with Ravi Ranjan, a popular Naxal figure, known to his friends as "Bhaa" (the ultimate saviour). Bhaa was known for his manipulative skills and oratory abilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmstar Mithun reveals ties with Bhaa during his Naxal days |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/i-still-get-jitters-before-my-first-shot-mithun_108135.html |publisher=Zee News |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

==Film career==
===Early career (1976–1981)===
Chakraborty made his [[Hindi]] film debut in 1976 with [[Mrinal Sen]]'s art-house film ''[[Mrigayaa]]'', for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|last1=Lokapally|first1=Vijay|title=Mrigayaa (1976)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mrigayaa-1976/article4728616.ece|access-date=11 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 May 2013}}</ref> That same year, he played a brief role in [[Dulal Guha]]'s hit [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] ''[[Do Anjaane]]'' which had [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]] and [[Prem Chopra]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1976-Classification.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Rekha-breaks-her-silence/article15780048.ece|title=Rekha breaks her silence|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 October 2010 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

In 1978, Chakraborty made his debut in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] cinema with [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay]]'s romantic blockbuster ''[[Nadi Theke Sagare (1978 film)|Nadi Theke Sagare]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moviebuff.com/nadi-theke-sagare |title=Nadi Theke Sagare on Moviebuff.com |website=moviebuff.com |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/nadi-theke-sagare-1978-bengali-movie |title=Nadi Theke Sagare (1978) |last=FilmiClub |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> He also co-starred alongside [[Talluri Rameswari|Rameshwari]] in ''[[Mera Rakshak]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mera_rakshak|title=Mera Rakshak (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> A remake of [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]]'s own directional venture ''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]'' (1977), it performed well commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1978-Classification.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref> In 1979, Chakraborty delivered another hit with [[Ravikant Nagaich]]'s [[Spy film|spy thriller]] ''[[Surakksha]]''.<ref name=TG1979>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1979-Classificaiton.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref> This was followed by a string of successful films, such as ''[[Taraana]]'' (1979), ''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita]]'' (1980), ''Unees-Bees'' (1980), ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]'' (1980) and ''[[Hum Se Badkar Kaun|Hum Se Badhkar Kaun]]'' (1981) and the Bengali film ''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]'' (1981).<ref name=TG1979/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1980-Classification.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1981-Class-Comp.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref>

===SuperStardom (1982–1995)===

In 1982, Chakraborty had a string of successes with ''[[Shaukeen]]'', ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]'' and ''[[Taqdeer Ka Badshah]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1982-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1982}}</ref> He shot to stardom in the same year with [[Babbar Subhash|B. Subhash]]'s [[dance film]] ''[[Disco Dancer]]''.<ref name="auto"/> ''Disco Dancer'' proved to be a hit domestically and an ''All Time Blockbuster'' in overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3720|title=You Asked It - Why Are China Collections Not Added To Worldwide Collections|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> It also became the first [[India]]n film to do a business of {{INRConvert|1|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-mithun-chakraborty-life-turn-by-film-disco-dancer-39-years-ago-read-intresting-story-pr-3904551.html|title=39 Years of Disco Dancer|work=News18 हिंदी |date=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=For Indian Movies, 1,000 Crore Rupees Is The New 100|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/02/for-indian-movies-the-%E2%82%B91000-crore-club-is-the-new-100/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2 October 2017|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113224652/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/02/for-indian-movies-the-%E2%82%B91000-crore-club-is-the-new-100/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] was a huge chartbuster and played a big role in the box office success of the film, especially in countries like [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri: The golden era of music has ended |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=17 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065318/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="platinum">{{cite magazine |title=International |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=18 July 1981 |volume=93 |issue=28 |page=69 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009032352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, he established himself in Bengali cinema as well with [[Gautam Mukherjee]]'s [[Musical film|musical blockbuster]] ''[[Troyee]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/rd-burman-and-the-horrible-1980s-2877634/|title=RD Burman and the horrible 1980s|website=www.indianexpress.com|date=27 June 2016 |access-date=29 May 2018}}</ref> In 1983, he played lead roles in [[T. Rama Rao]] and [[Deepak Bahry]]'s commercially successful ventures - ''[[Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye]]'' and ''[[Hum Se Hai Zamana]]'', respectively and Basu Chatterjee's critically acclaimed light-hearted romance ''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.bobbytalkscinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Classics should be taken on, but correctly: Basu Chatterjee | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Classics-should-be-taken-on-but-correctly-Basu-Chatterjee/articleshow/19253612.cms |date=28 March 2013| access-date = 28 April 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref> The following year, he appeared alongside [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Moushmi Chatterjee]] and [[Ranjeeta Kaur|Ranjeeta]] in the family drama film ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghar-ek-mandir|title=Ghar Ek Mandir (1984)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> At release, it was thrashed by critics, but went on to become a superhit at the box office.<ref name="FI1984">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Information-1984-Classifica.jpg|title=FI Classification (1984)}}</ref> The huge box office success of ''Ghar Ek Mandir'' was followed by two more successes in ''[[Baazi (1984 film)|Baazi]]'' and ''[[Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki]]'' to go with the major grosser.<ref name="FI1984"/>

Chakraborty hit his peak in the mid-1980s. In 1985, he acted in Vijay Sadanah's [[Romantic film|romantic drama]] ''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]'', opposite [[Padmini Kolhapure]].<ref name="auto1"/> The film opened to excellent audience response and went on to become a blockbuster and he became Number one Bollywood Superstar.<ref name=TG1985/> Its soundtrack composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] dominated the musical charts and was the tenth best-selling Hindi film album of the 1980s.<ref name="boi80s">{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1980–1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> He followed it with a superhit in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s action drama ''[[Ghulami]]'' co-starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Smita Patil]] and [[Anita Raj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghulami|title=Ghulami (1985)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref><ref name=TG1985>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1985-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1985}}</ref> His other major commercial success that year was another of B. Subhash's directional venture ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]''.<ref name=TG1985/> Chakraborty's dream run continued in 1986 with [[K. Bapayya]]'s blockbuster family drama film ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'', which also had [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]] and Kolhapure in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/swarag_se_sunder|title=Swarag Se Sunder|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref><ref name=bo25y>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/|title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973-1997)|date=13 October 2023}}</ref> That same year, he found a huge hit in [[Umesh Mehra]]'s actioner ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'', followed by two more successes, ''[[Dilwaala]]'' and ''[[Muddat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-Classifications-1986-1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1986)}}</ref> Apart from box office success, he received acclaim for his performance in Basu Chatterjee's ''[[Sheesha (1986 film)|Sheesha]]'', which was the first Hindi film centred around [[sexual harassment]] at workplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aitraaz-inkaar-sheesha-bollywood-needs-more-stories-themes-around-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-5436651.html|title=Aitraaz, Inkaar, Sheesha: Bollywood needs more stories, themes around sexual harassment at workplace|work=Firstpost |date=24 October 2018}}</ref> The following year, he starred in hits, including ''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]'', ''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]'' and ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]'' alongside moderately profitable films, ''[[Hawalaat]]'' and ''[[Hiraasat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-Classification-1987.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1987}}</ref> In 1988, Chakraborty reunited with K. Bapayya for ''[[Pyar Ka Mandir]]'', co-starring [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] and [[Shoma Anand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pyar-ka-mandir|title=Pyar Ka Mandir (1988)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> The film performed very well at the box office and was declared a superhit by trade pundits.<ref name=TG1988>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1988-Classifications-Page1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1988)}}</ref> He then appeared alongside [[Sridevi]] and Moushmi Chatterjee in the [[Action (genre)|action drama]] film ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]'', which too went on to become a hit, followed by moderate successes in ''[[Charnon Ki Saugandh]]'' and ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]''.<ref name=TG1988/> 1989 also proved to be a big one for Chakraborty with four of his films emerging commercial successes, which were - ''[[Daata]]'', ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'', ''[[Mujrim]]'' and ''[[Aakhri Ghulam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/FI-1989-Classifications.jpg|title=FI Classification (1989)}}</ref>

Chakraborty began the new decade with average fares, such as ''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]'' and ''[[Humse Na Takrana]]'', while his most notable release of 1990 was [[Mukul Anand]]'s [[Crime film|action crime]] film ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]], which although a commercial failure, received highly positive response from critics and won him [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/FI-Classification-1990.jpg|title=FI Classification (1990)}}</ref><ref name="agneepathredifffours">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm|title=Revisiting Amitabh Bachchan's Agneepath (Slide 1)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210000326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm |date=10 February 2012|archive-date=10 February 2012|work=Rediff Movies}}</ref> For next three years, his successful films included ''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]'' (1991), ''[[Swarg Yahan Narak Yahan]]'' (1991), ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'' (1992), ''[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|Ghar Jamai]]'' (1992), ''[[Dalaal]]'' (1993), ''[[Aadmi (1993 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1993) and ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1991-Classifications-P1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1991)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1992-Classification-BTC.jpg|title=TG Classification (1992)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='A simple man who narrated great stories' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-simple-man-who-narrated-great-stories/cid/625140 |access-date=26 November 2020 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=19 May 2009}}</ref>.Mithun Chakraborty won the National Film Award for Best Actor in Buddhadeb Dasgupta's Critically acclaimed Bengali film 'Tahader Katha' (1992).

Chakraborty's career as a [[matinee idol]] faded in the mid-1990s as he took a break from mainstream Hindi cinema and started working in low-budget productions, most of which lacked success due to their poor quality.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/09031998/cinema.html |title=The B-Grade King |magazine=India Today |date=9 March 1998 |access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> Beginning from 1994, he starred in many such films, the majority of which performed miserably at the box office, with a few exceptions like ''[[Cheetah (1994 film)|Cheetah]]'' (1994), ''[[Jallaad]]'' (1995) and ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]'' (1995), which also proved to be his final hit as a lead actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3105|title=Cheetah (1994) – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jallaad (1995)|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2935|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravan Raaj (1995)|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2961|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

===Career fluctuations (1996–2006)===
[[File: Mithun Chakraborty at the premiere of Bengali film Shukno Lanka.jpg|thumb|Mithun at the premiere of Bengali film ''[[Shukno Lanka]]'']]

Post-stardom, Chakraborty continued to star in substandard productions which failed to propel his career forward.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Big Buck Opera's Three-penny Star |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?208876 |publisher=Outlookindia |date=14 February 2000 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=That Indefatigable Movie Machine |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/16sh.htm |access-date=8 January 2011 |work=Rediff.com |date=16 March 1999}}</ref> He appeared in hundreds of such films produced under his home banner [[Mithun's Dream Factory]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/09031998/cinema.html |title=The B-Grade King |magazine=India Today |date=9 March 1998 |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-date=13 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013130401/http://india-today.com/itoday/09031998/cinema.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acidwash Adonis |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237467 |publisher=Outlookindia |date=19 May 1998 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=That's Entertainment |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?208531 |publisher=Outlookindia |date=13 December 1999 |access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> He was unable to accept the universally acclaimed [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997) as his character had to crop his hair, which would have affected his other 15 films at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duo, The |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/film/4ce2b80247698 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820073016/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/film/4ce2b80247698 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> By this time, Chakraborty held the record for appearing in the most Hindi films as a hero.<ref name="Mithunforever" /> During this phase, he saw moderate successes in ''[[Shapath]]'' (1997) and ''[[Chandaal]]'' (1998) and won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for playing [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]] in [[G.V. Iyer]]'s [[Biography|biographical drama]] ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2623|title=Shapath - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2590|title=Chandaal - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

It has been reported that between 1993 and 1998 he endured 33 consecutive box-office flops.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Bollywood actor delivered 33 flops in a row, yet rose to win national awards and remain a timeless star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/this-bollywood-actor-delivered-33-flops-in-a-row-yet-rose-to-win-national-awards-and-remain-a-timeless-star/photostory/121899992.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> With his Bollywood career taking a backseat, Chakraborty began to focus on Bengali films in the early 2000s. From 2000 to 2007, he appeared in highly acclaimed films like [[Nepaldev Bhattacharjee]]'s ''[[Chaka (film)|Chaka]]'' (2000), [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]'' (2002), Prasanta Bal's ''[[Ferari Fauj]]'' (2002) and Narayan Rao's ''[[Santrash]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/16/13873/revisiting-mithun-chakraborty-s-significant-works-in-bengali-cinema-birthday-special | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819011003/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/16/13873/revisiting-mithun-chakraborty-s-significant-works-in-bengali-cinema-birthday-special | url-status=live | archive-date=19 August 2018 | title=Revisiting Mithun Chakraborty's significant works in Bengali cinema — birthday special }}</ref>. Mithun Chakraborty returned to Bengali Cinema during this time with three consecutive blockbusters, Yuddho (2005), MLA Fatakeshto (2006) and Tulkalam (2007) along with some notable Bengali hits like Bengali Babu (2002), Guru (2003), Barood (2004), Coolie (2004), Cheetah (2005), Dada (2005), Hungama (2006), Abhimanyu (2006), Minister Fatakeshto (2007), Tiger (2007) and Mahaguru (2007). He returned to mainstream Hindi films in 2005 with the highly anticipated films ''[[Elaan (2005 film)|Elaan]]'' and ''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]'', but contrary to expectations, both the films proved to be critical and commercial duds and failed to re-establish him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/elaan-review-bollywood-pclvGvfcfhegb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411100751/https://www.sify.com/movies/elaan-review-bollywood-pclvGvfcfhegb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2022|title=Elaan|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinay-sapru-its-disturbing-to-think-that-radhika-and-i-depicted-something-in-our-movie-which-came-true-several-years-later/articleshow/90093235.cms|title=Vinay Sapru: It's disturbing to think that Radhika and I depicted something in our movie which came true several years later - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rachana|last=Dubey|date=9 March 2022|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730033711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinay-sapru-its-disturbing-to-think-that-radhika-and-i-depicted-something-in-our-movie-which-came-true-several-years-later/articleshow/90093235.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=410|title=Elaan - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

===Return to prominence (2007–present)===

Chakraborty finally made a solid comeback in 2007 with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/guru-is-not-dhirubai-ambani-s-story/story-crGbYSssEaRqGDpQIQXcBO.html|title='Guru is not Dhirubai Ambani's story'|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 January 2007 |access-date=9 January 2007}}</ref> ''Guru'' received highly positive response from critics and proved to be a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guru/ |title=Guru |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=223|title=Guru - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Chakraborty's performance of an honest editor met with immense acclaim and he received a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] category.<ref name="auto2"/> The same year, he also did a guest appearance in the song "Deewangi Deewangi" from [[Farah Khan]]'s [[Reincarnation|reincarnation drama]] ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/10-years-of-om-shanti-om-farah-khan-interview-with-anupama-chopra|title=10 Years of Om Shanti Om with Farah Khan|date=9 November 2017}}</ref>

After another series of flops, he appeared in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s multi-starrer [[Comedy film|comedy]] ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-25/bollywood/28270237 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710031456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-25/bollywood/28270237 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Golmaal 3 | date=25 October 2010}}</ref> It did a business of {{INRConvert|1.69|b}} and was declared a blockbuster by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5|title=Golmaal 3 - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The huge success of ''Golmaal 3'' was followed by two more major hits in 2012 with ''[[Housefull 2]]'', ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'', as well as an average hit with ''[[Khiladi 786]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3|title=Housefull 2 - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_record_world_total/akshay_kumar/actor |title=Akshay Kumar Box Office |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804025031/http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_record_world_total/akshay_kumar/actor |archive-date=4 August 2015 }}</ref> Chakraborty had two full-fledged releases in 2013 - ''[[Enemmy]]'' and the much anticipated ''[[Boss (Hindi film)|Boss]]'', both of which were critical and commercial failures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freepressjournal.in/too-old-fashioned-to-be-satisfying/ |title=Too old-fashioned to be satisfying - |last=Johnson Thomas |date=22 June 2013 |work=Free Press Journal |accessdate=9 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309213343/http://freepressjournal.in/too-old-fashioned-to-be-satisfying/ |archivedate=9 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/watch-trailer-akshay-kumar-back-as-action-hero-in-boss/12500/ |title=Watch Trailer: Akshay Kumar back as action hero in 'Boss' |first=Daliya |last=Ghose |date=28 August 2013 |website=BollywoodMantra |language=en-US|access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1288|title=Enemmy - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1621|title=Boss - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> He then played a supporting role in the [[Salman Khan]] [[Action Film|action comedy]] film ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/RZBaA8luxMEwAJ2tasugOM/Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-storms-the-Box-Office-on-opening-day.html|title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' storms the box office on opening day|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=18 July 2015|website=mint|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> The film took an initial of ₹260 million and collected {{INRConvert|3.88|b}} by the end of its run, emerging a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kick/box-office/|title=Kick Box Office Collection|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 July 2014 }}</ref>

In 2015, he made his [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema debut with ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' and ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' respectively. While ''Gopala Gopala'' did well at the box office, the latter proved to be unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gopala-gopala-six-days-box-office-collection-pawan-kalyan-starrer-beats-ram-charans-naayak-620571|title='Gopala Gopala' Six Days Box Office Collection: Pawan Kalyan Starrer Beats Ram Charan's 'Naayak' First Week Figures|last=Seshagiri|first=Sangeetha|publisher=International Business Times India|date=16 January 2015|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116165435/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gopala-gopala-six-days-box-office-collection-pawan-kalyan-starrer-beats-ram-charans-naayak-620571|archive-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> That same year, he appeared in [[Vibhu Puri]]'s critically acclaimed historical drama ''[[Hawaizaada]]'' alongside [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Pallavi Sharda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/hawaizaada-review-a-masterpiece-about-a-dreamer/article1-1312036.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130135754/http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/hawaizaada-review-a-masterpiece-about-a-dreamer/article1-1312036.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2015|title=Hawaizaada review: A masterpiece about a dreamer|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> He made his [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film debut with the successful action thriller ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261|title=Top 8 highest-grossing Kannada movies of all time|date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102221336/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/top-8-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-all-time/737261|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, Chakraborty played an important role in [[Vivek Agnihotri]]'s [[Political film|political thriller]] ''[[The Tashkent Files]]''.<ref name="auto3"/> It received negative reviews from critics, but the audience reception was positive and as a result, it ran in cinemas for more than 100 days, eventually emerging as a sleeper hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-the-tashkent-files-small-budget-films-dream-run-at-box-office-completes-100-days-1649878/lite/|title=The Tashkent Files: Small-budget film's dream run at box office, completes 100 days|date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5627|title=The Tashkent Files - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406231254/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5627|url-status=live}}</ref> After a year's gap, Chakraborty appeared in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s [[Horror film|horror thriller]] ''[[12 'O' Clock (film)|12 'O' Clock]]''.<ref name=mithun>{{cite news|last1=Lohana|first1=Avinash|title=Mithun Chakraborty to play a Psychiatrist in Ram Gopal Varma's next Geher|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-to-play-a-psychiatrist-in-ram-gopal-varmas-next-geher/articleshow/58336934.cms|access-date=5 May 2017|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=24 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063430/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-to-play-a-psychiatrist-in-ram-gopal-varmas-next-geher/articleshow/58336934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, he starred in two notable box office successes, one in Hindi and one in Bengali. The first one was Agnihotri's ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' based on the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]].<ref name="Bollywood Hungama 8 Feb">{{Cite news |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=8 February 2022 |title=Vivek Agnihotri's The Kashmir Files to Clash with Prabhas-starrer Radhe Shyam on March 11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vivek-agnihotris-kashmir-files-clash-prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyam-march-11/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318152614/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vivek-agnihotris-kashmir-files-clash-prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyam-march-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite receiving polarising response from reviewers, it grossed {{INRConvert|3.40|b}} worldwide and was declared a major blockbuster by the end of its run.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Highest Grossing Bollywood Movies on 2022 - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623035055/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6738|title=The Kashmir Files Is Another Gadar - On Its Way To Create History |date=14 March 2022}}</ref> He received another nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] category for his performance of a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer in ''The Kashmir Files''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations|title=Nominations for 68th Filmfare Awards 2023|website=filmfare.com}}</ref> The next was Avijit Sen's family drama ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]'' alongside [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/projapoti/movie-review/96481874.cms|title=Projapoti Movie Review: A Mithun movie through-and-through|date=24 December 2022|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}
</ref> This, too, emerged as a blockbuster at the box office.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=ওটিটিতে উড়বে 'প্রজাপতি'! বক্স অফিসে দুর্দান্ত ব্যাটিংয়ের পর আবার চমক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/watch-video-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-projapoti-streams-on-ott-platform-dgtl/cid/1418615 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=7 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> He made his digital debut in 2022 with [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]'s web show ''[[Bestseller (TV series)|Bestseller]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bestseller' review: Shruti Haasan starrer psychological thriller will keep you on tenterhooks |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bestseller-review-shruti-haasan-starrer-psychological-thriller-will-keep-you-on-tenterhooks-2934911 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he played the title role in [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]'s Bengali film ''[[Kabuliwala (2023 film)|Kabuliwala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=কুন্ডু |first1=কস্তুরী |date=22 January 2024 |title=এক মাস পেরিয়ে এগিয়ে চলেছে প্রধানের বিজয়রথ, দেব-সৌমিতৃষার সামনে ফিকে মিঠুন ম্যাজিক |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-soumitrisha-starrer-pradhan-running-successfully-at-box-office-and-beats-kabuliwala-after-one-month/articleshow/107050957.cms |work=Eisamay |language=bn |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024, he played the title role in ''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mithun-debasree-team-up-for-bengali-film-shastri-slated-for-durga-puja-release/articleshow/113550804.cms |title=Mithun, Debasree team up for Bengali film 'Shastri' slated for Durga Puja release |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2024 }}</ref> another release in 2024 was successful film Bengali film ''[[Shontaan]]''. In 2025 his film ''Riwaj'' directly released in zee5. He will be next seen in ''[[The Bengal Files]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |date=20 December 2024 |title=Shontaan Movie Review: Mithun-Ritwik clash in this sentimental drama is worth watching |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shontaan/movie-review/116495367.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>. His collaboration again with Dev in Projapati 2 (2025) was successful.

Television appearances[[File:Mithun Chakraborty cropped.jpg|upright|thumb|Chakraborty at the launch of ''[[Dance India Dance]]'']]

After the success of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] competitive dance reality show ''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'', Chakraborty developed the concept of [[Dance India Dance]]. This Indian [[dance competition]] show airs on [[Zee TV]] in India, is produced by UTV Software Communications, and has become India's largest dance-based [[reality show]]. The contestants get a chance to perform before a panel of judges composed of [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terrence Lewis]], [[Remo D'Souza]] and [[Geeta Kapoor]]. The selection of the season's Top 18 live show finalists is overseen by head judge Chakraborty. The show has won several television awards for most popular dance reality show.<ref>{{cite web |author=Smitha |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/akshay-kumar-dance-india-dance-3-five-finalists-160412.html |title=Akshay Kumar gifts Rs 1 lakh to Dance India Dance Season 3 finalists |publisher=Oneindia |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201124/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/akshay-kumar-dance-india-dance-3-five-finalists-160412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chakraborty was also the Grand Master of ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]'', as well as the host of the reality show ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'' on [[Zee Bangla]] channel. He replaced [[Sourav Ganguly]] as the host of this show. Chakraborty hosted the [[Bigg Boss Bangla|Bengali version]] of ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' and ''Rannaghore Rockstar'' on [[ETV Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Salman-wishes-Mithun-for-Bigg-Boss-Bangla/articleshow/19988391.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616061205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/tv/39168511_1_bigg-boss-mithun-da-salman |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Salman wishes Mithun for Bigg Boss Bangla |date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> He made his acting debut on TV with the comedy show ''The Drama Company''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mithun-chakraborty-the-drama-company-comeback-television-news-mumbai/18414161 |title=Mithun Chakbraborty To Make A Comeback With 'The Drama Company' |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/mithun-chakraborty-makes-his-acting-debut-on-tv-with-comedy/article_4d2d6066-577e-11e7-a370-3f4d44ebb58d.html |title=Mithun Chakraborty Makes His Acting Debut on TV with Comedy Show 'The Drama Company' |publisher=IndiaWest |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623052759/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/mithun-chakraborty-makes-his-acting-debut-on-tv-with-comedy/article_4d2d6066-577e-11e7-a370-3f4d44ebb58d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, Chakraborty appeared as co-judge in the [[Star Jalsha]]'s ''Dance Dance Junior'' alongside Tollywood actors [[Soham Chakraborty]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Upali |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/the-hunt-for-bengal-s-next-dancing-superstar-begins-with-dance-dance-junior-2096120 |title=Dance Dance Junior: নাচবে জুনিয়ার সুপারস্টার, নাচাবেন 'ডিস্কো ড্যান্সার'! |website=NDTVMovies.com |date=5 September 2019 |language=bn |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=4 September 2019 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/mithun-chakraborty-confirmed-for-star-jalshas-dance-dance-junior/ |title=Mithun Chakraborty confirmed for Star Jalsha's 'Dance Dance Junior' |newspaper=Bizasia |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-to-burn-the-dance-floor-of-star-jalsha-super-singer-junior-super-finale-140024/ |title=বয়স সত্তর ছুঁইছুঁই, তবু সুপার ফিনালে-তে নাচলেন 'গুরু' |date=11 September 2019 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn-IN |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

He appeared as a co-judge with [[Karan Johar]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]] on the reality show ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]'', which premiered on [[Colors TV]] in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Hunarbaaz - Desh Ki Shaan: Karan Johar, Mithun Chakraborty turn judges of the reality show |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/hunarbaaz-desh-ki-shaan-karan-johar-mithun-chakraborty-turn-judges-of-the-reality-show-745396 |website=India TV News}}</ref>

In the year between 2023 and 2025 he returned to the set of ''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]'' on [[Zee Bangla]] as Mahaguru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Mithun Chakraborty to return to 'Dance Bangla Dance Season 12' as a judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/veteran-actor-mithun-chakraborty-to-return-to-dance-bangla-dance-season-12-as-a-judge/articleshow/95315816.cms |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty In Dance Bangla Dance: ১০ বছর পর 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-এর মঞ্চে ফিরছেন 'মহাগুরু' মিঠুন, রাখছেন কোন চমক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-in-dance-bangla-dance-as-mahaguru-zee-bangla-shares-new-promo-31673059698250.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107065818/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-in-dance-bangla-dance-as-mahaguru-zee-bangla-shares-new-promo-31673059698250.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2023|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dance Bangla Dance: বিচারকের আসনে প্রথমবার একসঙ্গে শুভশ্রী, শ্রাবন্তী, মৌনী, ১০ বছর পরে ছোটপর্দায় প্রত্যাবর্তন মিঠুনের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dance-bangla-dance-for-the-first-time-mouni-roy-subhasree-ganguly-and-subhasree-ganguly-will-judge-a-dance-reality-show-mithun-chakraborty-is-back-953140|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dance Bangla Dance Exclusive- Mithun Chakraborty: বড় চমক! 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-র মহাগুরু আসনে কামব্যাক মিঠুনের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/dance-bangla-dance-2023-mithun-chakraborty-comeback-mahaguru-popular-bangla-dance-reality-show-exclusive-dbd-start-next-year-beginning-audition-and-all-updates-soc-472156-2022-11-18|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ankush Hazra to host the new season of Dance Bangla Dance |language=bn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ankush-hazra-to-host-the-new-season-of-dance-bangla-dance/articleshow/96871461.cms}}</ref>

==Political career==
Chakraborty joined as a Member of Parliament<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2014 |title=Coming up: MP Mithun - Mamata picks actor for Rajya Sabha |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/frontpage/story_17840475.jsp#.V_Tb5eV95dg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124005133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/frontpage/story_17840475.jsp#.V_Tb5eV95dg |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2014 |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> after he was nominated for the [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]] elections by the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] for her [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (TMC) in the [[West Bengal]] Rajya Sabha Assembly Polls which were held on 7 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-nominates-mithun-chakraborty-for-rajya-sabha-seat/articleshow/29003870.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Mamata Banerjee nominates Mithun Chakraborty for Rajya Sabha seat |date=19 January 2014}}</ref> On 26 December 2016, he resigned as a Rajya Sabha MP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/national/mithun-chakraborty-resigns-from-rajya-sabha-dgtl-1.538223 |title=রাজ্যসভা থেকে ইস্তফা দিলেন তৃণমূল সাংসদ মিঠুন চক্রবর্তী |website=anandabazar.com}}</ref> Chakraborty joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) on 7 March 2021, ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], in the presence of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mithun-chakraborty-participates-in-pm-narendra-modis-brigade-rally-in-west-bengal/article34011299.ece |title=Actor Mithun Chakraborty joins BJP ahead of PM Modi's rally in Kolkata |access-date=7 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust Of India |date=7 March 2021 |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="BJP">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepshikha |title="I'm A Pure Cobra": What Actor Mithun Chakraborty Said After Joining BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-election-2021-what-actor-mithun-chakraborty-said-after-joining-bjp-im-a-pure-cobra-2385516 |access-date=7 March 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

In March 2025, The Trinamool Congress has slammed Mithun Chakraborty for his remarks suggesting that Hindus would not survive in Bengal if the BJP fails to win the West Bengal Assembly election next year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/trinamool-slams-mithun-chakraborty-for-hindu-remark-alleges-dawood-ibrahim-link/ar-AA1BTVxf?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=f7e73aec107049ef8eed8f3d6a3d3841&ei=34 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==Brand ambassador==
Chakraborty was the ambassador of [[Panasonic]] [[electronics]] for India back in the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |author=National Advt |title=State of the art car audio |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 March 1989 |access-date=3 October 2016 |pages=13 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian faces adorn foreign spaces |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-indian-faces-adorn-foreign-spaces-1068259 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=12 May 2014 |date=8 December 2006}}</ref> He was the face of [[GoDaddy]], an internet domain registrar and web-hosting company.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/media-and-advertising/ad-campaigns/godaddy-india-unveils-its-new-integrated-campaign-featuring-superstar-mithun-chakraborty-140320 |title=TeamGoDaddy India unveils new {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|camapign}} with Mithun Chakraborty |work=Indian television |date=20 March 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

He was also the face of [[Channel 10 (India)|Channel 10]], a unit of Bengal Media Pvt. Ltd. owned by Saradha Media Group,<ref>{{cite web |title=Latest News-Saradha Group of Companies |url=http://www.saradhagroup.biz/latestnews.html |publisher=saradhagroup |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225746/http://www.saradhagroup.biz/latestnews.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and he later said "Saradha didn't pay my dues" as [[Saradha Group financial scandal|its branch Saradha Chit Fund collapsed]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saradha didn't pay my dues, alleges actor Mithun Chakraborty |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2013/04/25/saradha-didnot-pay-my-dues-alleges-mithun-chakraborty-1201842.html |work=Oneindia |access-date=12 May 2014 |date=25 April 2013}}</ref> Chakraborty was also the face of [[Manappuram General Finance and Leasing|Manappuram Gold Loan]] for [[West Bengal]] state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manappuram Milestones |url=http://www.manappuram.com/php/milestones.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008002954/http://manappuram.com/php/milestones.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=manappuram |access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[file:Mitun-chakraborty (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Chakraborty in 2009]]

He first married actress [[Helena Luke]] in 1979, but after four months of marriage the couple separated and filed for a divorce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindirush.com/features/mithun-chakraborty-first-wife-helena-luke-story-about-her-marriage-134848/ |title=मिथुन चक्रवर्ती की पहली पत्नी थी बेहद खूबसूरत लेकिन हो गया था उनका दर्दनाक हाल, पढ़ें अभिनेता की कहानी |website=Hindi Rush |author=Tanya Verma |date=26 November 2019 |trans-title=Mithun Chakraborty first wife Helena Luke story about her marriage}}</ref> He then married actress [[Yogeeta Bali]] in 1979.<ref name="thebridalbox">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebridalbox.com/articles/mithun-chakraborty-marriage_0053172/ |title=Mithun Chakraborty Marriage: A Disco Dancer's Riveting Love Life |first=Rohit |last=Garoo |date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

Chakraborty and Yogeeta have four children: [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh]], [[Ushmey Chakraborty|Ushmey]], [[Namashi Chakraborty]], and an adopted daughter Dishani Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite news |title='My kids call me Mithun!' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-kids-call-me-Mithun/articleshow/5560506.cms |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2010}}</ref> In the 1980s, he was romantically linked to the actress [[Sridevi]], whom he met on the sets of ''[[Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insan]]'', and it was rumoured that the two were married. However, when Chakraborty refused to leave his wife Yogeeta Bali, Sridevi ended the romance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Was Sridevi secretly married to Mithun Chakraborty? Here's the truth |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/was-sridevi-secretly-married-to-mithun-chakraborty-here-s-the-truth-rcb-qkyedk |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Asianet News |date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Habib |first=Shanhaz |date=27 February 2018 |title=Sridevi obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/27/sridevi-obituary-star-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228214706/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/27/sridevi-obituary-star-indian-cinema |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

On 10 February 2024, Chakraborty was hospitalised after complaining of chest pain, and it was determined that he had suffered a [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-diagnosed-with-ischemic-cerebrovascular-stroke-says-hospital-he-is-fully-conscious-welloriented-101707571976946.html |title=Mithun Chakraborty diagnosed with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Stroke, says hospital: 'He is fully conscious, well-oriented' |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> He was discharged on 12 February.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakraborty discharged from hospital, reveals PM Narendra Modi scolded him for this reason |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-discharged-from-hospital-reveals-pm-narendra-modi-scolded-him-for-this-reason-101707748209323.html |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Mithun Chakraborty filmography}}

==Awards and honours==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Mithun Chakraborty}}

==Legacy==

Chakraborty is regarded as one of the most popular and successful actors of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Known for his work in both [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|commercial]] and [[art films|art-house]] films, he holds the record of being the only actor to win [[National Film Award for Best Actor|National Award for Best Actor]] for his debut film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mithun-Chakraborty/awards?val=3728|title=Mithun Chakraborty Awards|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he became one of the most commercially successful stars of low-budget action films, earning the popular sobriquet "king of [[B movie|B-grade]] cinema", as his films consistently performed well at smaller centres despite critical disapproval, critics often calling him "the poor man's [[Amitabh Bachchan]]."<ref>{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Amrita |date=16 June 2024 |title=Mithun Chakraborty: The superstar of the masses was once ridiculed for his skin colour, called ‘gareebon ka Amitabh’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mithun-chakraborty-the-superstar-of-the-masses-was-once-ridiculed-for-his-skin-colour-called-gareebon-ka-amitabh-9388754/ |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi}}</ref> He is also considered one of the best "dancing-heroes" in Bollywood, and is notable for his "Disco and Desi" fusion-style dancing that is popular among the masses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/Jun/16/veteran-bollywood-actor-mithun-chakraborty-turns-68-1829150.html|title=Veteran Bollywood actor Mithun Chakraborty turns 68|date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

For 50 years [[Raj Kapoor]] was the only Indian film icon in Russia after his films like ''[[Awaara]]'' and ''[[Shree 420]]'' made a significant impact in the country, but after the success of ''[[Disco Dancer]]'', Mithun joined him as "a big craze" all over the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/mithun-chakraborty-a-big-craze-in-russia/|title=Mithun Chakraborty, a Big Craze in Russia|date=12 December 2009}}</ref>

One of the highest paid actors from the 1980s to the early 1990s, Chakraborty appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list four times from 1985 to 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 2022, he placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The title character of the [[comic book]] [[Jimmy Zhingchak]] is a parody of Mithun Chakraborty.<ref>[[Jimmy Zhingchak (comics)]]</ref><ref name="MithunJimmy">{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Sen |date= 3 June 2008 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/03look.htm |title=Now, Mithunda's got his own comic! |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mohaps.com/comics/jimmy-zhingchak/ |title=Jimmy Zhingchak |work=mohaps.com |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/disco-dancer-graphic-novel-291259.html |title=Superhero Jimmy says it's time to disco, again |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
* The 2010 film ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' also parodies Chakraborty's film career as a dancing star. The film even has the songs "Disco Dancer" and "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" which were in the film ''[[Disco Dancer]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-25/bollywood/28270237 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710031456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-25/bollywood/28270237 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Golmaal 3 |date=25 October 2010}}</ref>
* In the 2011 film ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'', [[Aamir Khan]] parodies Chakraborty in the song "I Hate You (Like I Love You)" dressed as "Disco Fighter".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/delhi-belly-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjc2ote |title=DELHI BELLY |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/best-action-comedies-on-netflix-dwayne-johnson-guy-ritchie/ |title=7 Great Action Comedies Streaming On Netflix |website=Film Companion |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref>
* In 2010, [[Guinea-Bissau]] issued a postal stamp in Mithun Chakraborty's honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianphilately.net/mithunchakraborty.html |title=Philatelic issues related to Mithun Chakraborty issued by Foreign Countries |website=www.indianphilately.net}}</ref>

===Books on Mithun Chakraborty===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Book
! Language
! Author
! Notes
|-
| ''Amar Nayikara''
| rowspan="5" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Sumit Dey
| Mithun Chakraborty the cinema actor and his heroines.
|-
| ''Ananya Mithun''
| Suman Gupta
| Biography of Mithun Chakraborty
|-
| ''Mithuner Katha''
| Jayanta Ghosh
|
|-
| ''Cinemay Naamte Hole''
| Mithun Chakraborty
| Mithun Chakraborty answering questions to his fans
|-
| ''Marbo Ekhane Lash Porbe Shoshane''
| Ashishtaru Mukhaphadya
| Life story of Mithun Chakraborty
|-
| ''Arun Kumar Rav''
| [[Hindi]] / [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| Himself
| Mithun Chakraborty answering questions of his fans
|-
| ''Leave Disco Dancer Alone''
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian English|English]]
| Sudha Rajagopalan
| Book about Mithun Chakraborty and soviet union cinema.
|-
| ''[[Mithun Chakraborty: The Dada of Bollywood]]''
| [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
| Biographical book about Mithun Chakraborty
|-
| ''Tribute To Mithun Chakraborty''
| Sara Johnson
| A tribute to Mithun Chakraborty. The book is independently published by American writer Sara Johnson.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Facebook|mithunchakrabortyofficial}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0149822}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Mithun Chakraborty
| list =
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestVillain}}
{{ScreenAwardBestVillain}}
{{StardustLifetimeAchievementAward}}
}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Mithun}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Oriental Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Bangla]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Bus Stop (2012 film)

2026-03-22T05:26:23Z

ArnulfoVos: slightly reworked structure for accuracy and updated info for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bus stop
| image = Bus Stop Poster HD.jpg
| writer = Nandini reddy Vallur
| starring = [[Prince Cecil]] [[Sri Divya]] [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] Sai Kumar P [[Rao Ramesh]]
| director = [[Maruthi]]
| cinematography = J. Prabhakar Reddy
| producer = [[Bellamkonda Suresh]]
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| distributor = Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions Pvt Ltd
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2012|11|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minute
| language = Telugu
| music = Jeevan Babu Anil R.
| budget = 
| gross = 
₹11 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2012
|url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2012/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bus Stop''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Maruthi]], starring [[Prince Cecil]] and [[Sri Divya]]. The film was produced was by [[Bellamkonda Suresh]] and J.B. produced the music. The movie was planned for release on 9 November 2012,{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} but was released on 11 November 2012 due to issues with the Indian censor board.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prince Cecil|Prince]] as Seenu
* [[Sri Divya]] as Shailaja
* Sai Kumar Pampana as Muthu
* Khanna as Khanna
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Seema
* Abhi
* Gopal Sai
* [[Rao Ramesh]]
* Koteswara Rao
* Madhavi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090716/an-actress-by-chance-madhavi-talks-about-her-struggle.html|title=An actress by chance: Madhavi talks about her struggle|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=9 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bus Stop
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jeevan Babu Anil R.
| cover = Bus Stop ACD.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|10|14}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Jeevan Babu Anil R.
| prev_title = [[Ee Rojullo]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Prema Katha Chithram]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
Bus Stop movie audio release function was held on 14 October 2012 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad. Prince, Sri Divya, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], Nandini Reddy, [[Bellamkonda Suresh]], Sunil and Naga Sudhir Babu graced the event.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Jeevan Babu and Anil R. composed the music. It marked Babu's second collaboration with Maruthi, after [[Ee Rojullo]]. The audio got good response from the public.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#!! Title !! Composer !! Lyricist !! Singers
|-
| 1|| "Title Song" || J.B. || Maruthi || Revanth, Sudha Jeevan
|-
| 2|| "Kalalake Kanulochina" || J.B. ||[[Kasarla Shyam]] || Revanth
|-
| 3|| "I Love You" || Anil R || Bhaskarabhatla || Rahul
|-
| 4|| "Rekkalochina Prema" || Anil R || [[Veturi]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| 5|| "Pattuko Pattuko" || Anil R || Veturi || [[Chinnaponnu|Chinna Ponnu]]
|-
| 6||"Theme Music" || J.B. || || Instrumental
|}

==Release==
The movie's producer Bellamkonda Suresh announced that the film will be released across the state on 11 November 2012. But earlier on 10 November, he told the media that a few multiplexes will begin screening the film from today itself and the bookings for the evenings shows of Bus Stop are expected to open shortly.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave a review stating "Bus Stop is an urban take on what love means to different people just time-pass or a commitment or just fun. Whatever it is, the urban youth could connect with Bus Stop."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-bus-stop-is-for-urban-youth/20121112.htm|title=Review: Bus Stop is for urban youth|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=12 November 2012  }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
Bus Stop was made with a budget of just {{INRConvert|20|m}} and had no stars. But the film had a collection of {{INRConvert|12.4|m}} statewide with an aggregate of 4.4 million in Nizam Area itself.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It had a good start in A centers and above average start in B&C Centers and was declared a "Hit" within one week of its release.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film completed a successful 50 day run on 30 December 2012.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Maruthi}}

[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Maruthi]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Manikpur, Pratapgarh

2026-03-20T20:48:34Z

ArnulfoVos: made initial details v1!

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]|other uses|Manikpur (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Garhi Manikpur''' is a town and a nagar panchayat in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Manikpur is located at 25°55′59″N 81°58′59″E25.933°N 81.983°E.[1] It has an average elevation of 178 metres (583 feet). Manikpur is nagar panchayat in UP state.

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Manikpur had a population of 13,455. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. In Manikpur, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Town==
{{unsourced section|date=January 2019}}
[[File:William Daniell - Manickpur on the Ganges - B1975.4.1989 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Manickpur on the Ganges, [[William Daniell]], ca. 1788]]
The town is often called Manikpur-on-the-Ganges, or the "town of kings and saints", the name of the kings inhabiting Manikpur are [[Alauddin Khalji]], [[Jalaluddin Khalji]], [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], Raja Manikchand, Raja Tassuq Husain (Father in Law of Nawab Wajid ALi Shah of Awadh). Manikpur is also famous for khoya (mava). It is often linked with its sister town across the river Ganges, [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]], {{convert|8.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} downriver. To this day Kara, is often called [[Kara-Manikpur]]. Kara falls in [[Kaushambi district]] while Manikpur has now become a part of Pratapgarh district.
[[File:View of Manickpur, from the River Ganges RIBA37182.jpg|thumb|Another view of Manickpur, from the River Ganges, ca. 1828]]

There is a great controversy regarding the establishment of the town. The place is said{{whom|date=September 2018}} to have been founded in 1638. The city still has some architectural remains which tell the history & reflect its glorious past. Manikpur Town is 2nd oldest town of Uttar Pradesh. Following structures are present in Manikpur and its adjacent area:
#Old Fort of Manikchand: This old fort is about 1.5 km from the city, near Aliganj crossing of Garhi area and stands on a 36.5-metre high steep cliff overhanging the River Ganges. The mound is covered with broken bricks. The discoveries, around this site, date it back to early Hindu period.
#Mosque: On the northern extremity of the mound of Fort of Manikchand (in Shahabad area), there is a small mosque, which is said to have been built by Emperor Shahjahan. The mosque is also known as Shahi Mosque.
#Chihul Satun or Hall of Forty Pillars: The monument was constructed by King Sayyad Abdul Quadir and is one of the important architectural remains of Manikpur, located in Shahabad area. The structure, built of stones brought from Fatehpur Sikiri, is not intact. Great portion of the building has disappeared but remaining structure gives the idea of its splendor. Stone carvings on the structure are deep and well defined and each of the overhanging corbel bears the text from Qur'an. Major portion of the carving had been taken away by Asif-ud-dulla, [[Nawab of Awadh]], to decorate his great Imambara of Lucknow.

Besides these buildings, there are many mosques & temples scattered in Manikpur area. Satya Sai Kuti, (built in 1944, about 1.5 km from Aliganj crossing on the mount of the fort), Jwala Devi temple is the great historical and very old temple of Maa "Jwala" in Manikpur Town. He has a story of "[[Dvapara Yuga]]" related to Lord Krishna's birth time Yogmaya role. Manikpur Town is a very holy and visitor place. Maa Jwala temple and sacred banks of the Ganges, due to many pilgrims every Purnima after bathing in the Ganges, the Maa Jwala vision to far away come from mausoleum of Shah Husamal, the great Fakir, are worth mentioning. Manikpur is famous for mangoes, Guava & Amla.

Transport Manikpur is connected by railway with Allahabad, Lucknow, Kanpur, Delhi and many more North Indian cities. Road- can be accessed by road via Allahabad-Lucknow road (NH-24B) from Allahabad, and via NH-96 from Chitrakoot Rail-Northern Railway Line connects Garhi Manikpur with other major cities of the state Air-Bamrauli Airport (Allahabad) about 80.

In the 1700s, Raja Muhammad Khan who belonged to the Sayyid tribe of Manikpur was the Mir-i-Atish, or artillery chief, of the Mughal Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=gardezi+manikpur&pg=PA186 |title= Later Mughal |author= William Irvine |date=1971 |page=186}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Husam ad-Din Manikpuri]]
* [[Urdu-speaking people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pratapgarh district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

Padayottam (1982 film)

2026-03-17T10:35:36Z

ArnulfoVos: added a pg!

{{Short description|1982 Indian epic period drama film}}
{{About||the 2018 film|Padayottam (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Padayottam
| image = Padayottam (1982 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Jijo Punnoose]]
| producer = [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| screenplay = [[N. Govindan Kutty]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''|[[Alexandre Dumas]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prem Nazir]]
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
* [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]]
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
* [[Mammootty]]
* [[Mohanlal]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Guna Singh
| cinematography = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ramachandra Babu]]<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/22/ramachandra-babu-a-wizard-who-excelled-in-magical-frames-technique-2079397.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924053605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/22/ramachandra-babu-a-wizard-who-excelled-in-magical-frames-technique-2079397.html |date=24 September 2021 }} </ref>|[[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]] {{small|(Additional photography)}}}}
| editing = T. R. Shekhar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/22/11959/editor-of-india-s-first-3d-film-tr-sekhar-dies-at-81/amp|title = Editor of India's first 3D film, TR Sekhar, dies at 81}}</ref>
| studio = [[Navodaya Studio]]
| distributor = Navodaya Release
| released = {{Film date|1982|08|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{currency|1|INR}} crore <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820415-padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india-771662-2013-10-16 |title=Padayottam set to be the biggest thing in films in south India |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224140458/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820415-padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india-771662-2013-10-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Padayottam''''' ({{Translation|Battle march}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1982|1982]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical drama|period drama]] film directed by [[Jijo Punnoose]] and produced by [[Navodaya Appachan]] through the company [[Navodaya Studio|Navodaya Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title='My Dear Kuttichathan': Actor Sonia recalls memories from the shoot of India's first 3D film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/my-dear-kuttichathan-actor-sonia-recalls-memories-shoot-indias-first-3d-film-134169 |accessdate=6 April 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017072636/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/my-dear-kuttichathan-actor-sonia-recalls-memories-shoot-indias-first-3d-film-134169 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-cast-a-3d-spell/article3404301.ece| title = He cast a 3-D spell - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 10 May 2012| last1 = Shivpprasadh| first1 = S.| access-date = 6 April 2021| archive-date = 5 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201205181058/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-cast-a-3d-spell/article3404301.ece| url-status = live}}</ref> It is partly based on the 1844 novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexandre Dumas]], who is credited for the story with a screenplay written by [[N. Govindan Kutty]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[N. Govindan Kutty]] and [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/must-watch-multi-starrer-movies-in-malayalam-247781.html|title=Take a Look! The Must Watch Multi-starrer Movies in Malayalam!|date=23 November 2016|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430091818/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/must-watch-multi-starrer-movies-in-malayalam-247781.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The [[Kolathiri]] Raja is a prosperous ruler of Northern Kerala. Prince Udayan, Raja's second nephew, is more handsome, brave, and intelligent than Prince Devan, Raja's elder nephew. The King named Udayan as his successor to the throne in accordance with matrilineal traditions along with the marriage of his daughter Princess Parvathi, who was in deep love with Udayan. This has dashed the hopes of Devan, who secretly longed to marry Parvathi.

On the other hand, two nobles of the court, Kammaran and Perumana Kuruppu were upset by Udayan's ascension. Cashing in on Devan's frustrations, Kammaran made Prince Devan against Prince Udayan. For this, Kammaran used Kompan, a dacoit leader who was a frequent raider in many villages, to stage a royal pardon and sought the presence of Prince Udayan in his position as Crown Prince for signing the peace treaty. Without knowing it was a trap laid by Kammaran and Kuruppu, Udayan drove to Kompan's camp, only to fall into the trap laid. However, news flashed in the country as Prince Udayan betrayed Kolathiri Raja and killed Moithooti. This made the Raja furious, who declared Udayan a traitor and cancelled the marriage.

Kompan instructs his men to kill Udayan. However, they decided to sell him as a slave to a cruel Slave ship captain Mooppan. While as a slave, he meets another slave, Kunjali, from whom he learns the death of Kolathiri Raja and his queen at Marakkar's boat by forces arranged by Perumana Kuruppu and Kompan. Marakkar tried to save the Kolathiri Raja and his queen but was killed by Perumana Kuruppu. Kunjali, the trusted slave, however, saved Marakkar's daughter, Lalia, with the help of his men. However, he could not escape himself from the Kompan's men, who sold him into slavery. From Kunjali, Udayan learned where the treasures of Marakkar and his daughter were taken to. In the meantime, Prince Devan married Princess Parvathi and became the new Kolathiri Raja. However, the royal sceptre were missing.

After some years, Udayan and his fellow slaves staged a mutiny on the ship, killing the captain Moopan and releasing themselves. Udayan ran away and became a rich merchant Thampan after finding the lost treasures of Marakkar and his daughter Lalia. Both decided to make a return to Kolathirinadu in disguise to make their revenge. They return to the Kolathiri Kingdom in a floating palace as a merchant Thampan and princess. Years made people forget Udayan, and no one was able to recognize him in his new attire and lifestyle as Thampan, except Queen Parvathi, who understood him just at a glimpse.

King Devan and Queen Parvathi's son, Prince Chandran fell in love with Laila. Meanwhile, Thampan (Udayan) was hatching a plot to trap Perumana Kuruppu after learning that the sceptre of Kolathiri Raja were in his custody, as King Devan declared it missing. Thampan (Udayan) approached Perumana Kuruppu and let him know that he is interested in purchasing sceptre at an astronomical price, which lured Kuruppu to bring them out from their secret place. However, he was caught red-handed by the public and brought before trial. At the trial, he declared that the old Raja had given the sceptre to him for attempting to rescue the king from attack, and he challenged the prosecutors that they have no evidence against him for betrayal and robbery. It was at this moment that Lalia entered into the court to declare her true identity as Princess Laila – the heir apparent of Marakkar and presented herself as the sole eyewitness to the incident. This made Perumana Kuruppu kill himself.

Thampan"s (Udayan) second target was Kammaran. Kompan asking money to avoid attack the country. The kingdom was facing extreme financial crisis due to mismanagement and corruption. Prince Chandran advises the king to seek financial assistance from the visiting Merchant Thampan (Udayan). As per the instruction Devan, Kammaran pays a visit to the Udayan's palace to seek finance without understanding his true identity. Udayan refused to finance; rather, he says that he would finance if Kammaran becomes king. This offer made Kammaran greedy, and he hatches a plan to trap Devan similar to the way by which he trapped Udayan earlier. In the meantime, Udayan double-crosses Kammaran by sending a message to the Devan directly that he is ready to finance. This made Devan suspicious of Kammaran, and secretly, through his spies, he understands the plot his close friend Kammaran made to trap him.

Kammaran repeats the old strategy with the assistance of the Kompan, who asked the king to come directly with a tribute in order to prevent an attack & hand over the money. However, understanding the trap, Devan comes with a cash chest with soldiers hiding inside, and they attack Kammaran and Kompan in surprise. While Devan orders his forces to arrest Kammaran, But he escapes & Joined Kompan's team.

Thampan's (Udayan) final revenge is now against Devan, and he was planning on that. In the meantime, Prince Chandran through his close friend Kannan, who was Kammaran's son; discovered Udayan's double cross. He understood it was Udayan who spoiled the relationships between Kammaran and Devan and challenged Udayan to a public duel, which Udayan accepts.

Prince Chandran is asked by Queen Parvathi not to participate in the duel with Udayan. He questioned his mother, and Parvathi says it is a result of Devan's sins. Chandran surrenders to Udayan while at the duel. Hearing his son's surrender without a fight made King Devan furious, so he went to Thampan's (Udayan) palace to challenge him. It was there, for the first time after his betrayal, Devan saw Udayan, which made him fall down.

Devan returns home, and Chandran questions his father about past sins. Parvathi tells Chandran not to question his father and meets Udayan to inform him that Devan has paid for his sins by raising up Chandran despite knowing that he was actually the son of Udayan. This made Udayan to forget his revenge and he forgives Devan. Meanwhile, Kammaran and Kompan raided the palace. As the king had fallen and attack was unexpected, the Kolathiri forces were overrun by the Kammaran & Kompan raiders. However, timely intervention of Udayan's army killed Kammaran, Kompan and all his mens. Udayan hands over his stepdaughter Lalia to Parvathi and is shown walking away.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Udayan, Thampan <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/01/16/remembering-prem-nazir-malayalam-cinema-evergreeen-hero-holder-two-world-records.html|work=theweek.in|title=Remembering Prem Nazir, Malayalam cinema's evergreen hero, Holder of two world records|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128115808/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/01/16/remembering-prem-nazir-malayalam-cinema-evergreeen-hero-holder-two-world-records.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kolathiri Raja's second nephew handsome, brave and intelligent. Younger brother of Devan and biological father of Chandran and step father of Laila respectively.
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Devan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/its-birthday-time-for-madhu-today/article25019229.ece|work=thehindu|title=It's birthday time for Madhu today|date=23 September 2018|accessdate=7 April 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040334/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/its-birthday-time-for-madhu-today/article25019229.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-wishes-madhu-on-his-87th-birthday/articleshow/78273884.cms|title=Mohanlal wishes Madhu on his 87th birthday|work=timesofindia|date=23 September 2020|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928193434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-wishes-madhu-on-his-87th-birthday/articleshow/78273884.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Eldest nephew of Kolathiri Raja and elder brother of Udayan. Later the king, husband of Queen Parvathy and step-father of Chandran. The film marks the first collaboration of Madhu and [[Mohanlal]].
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Parvathi, daughter of Kolathiri Raja, wife of Devan and mother of Chandran.
* [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] as Prince Chandran, son of Udayan and Parvathy and Devan's stepson who fall in love with Laila.
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Laila, Ali Raja's daughter and Udayan's stepdaughter
* [[Mammootty]] as Kamaran<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mammootty-s-tryst-with-father-roles-in-malayalam-films-the-best-5-among-the-lot-248945.html|title = Mammootty's Tryst with Father Roles: The Best 5 Among the Lot!|date = 8 December 2016|access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 10 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161210193721/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mammootty-s-tryst-with-father-roles-in-malayalam-films-the-best-5-among-the-lot-248945.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/four-historical-characterers-of-mammootty-that-were-memorable-and-much-loved/articleshow/77976031.cms|title = Mammootty's four memorable and much-loved historical characters|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=7 September 2020 |access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 22 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230122054631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/four-historical-characterers-of-mammootty-that-were-memorable-and-much-loved/articleshow/77976031.cms?from=mdr|url-status = live}}</ref> Kannan's father
* [[Mohanlal]] as Kannan<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/brother-me-mammootty-wishes-mohanlal-his-birthday-emotional-video-124998|title = 'Like a brother to me': Mammootty wishes Mohanlal on his birthday in emotional video|newspaper = The News Minute|date = 21 May 2020|access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 18 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210118162019/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/brother-me-mammootty-wishes-mohanlal-his-birthday-emotional-video-124998|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-met-mohanlal-first-on-the-set-of-padayottam/articleshow/45968152.cms|title = I met Mohanlal first on the set of Padayottam|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=21 January 2015 |access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 22 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230122054622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-met-mohanlal-first-on-the-set-of-padayottam/articleshow/45968152.cms?from=mdr|url-status = live}}</ref> Son of Kamaran and friend of Chandran.<ref>The film marked the first collaboration of Malayalam cinema's super stars Mohanlal and Mammootty</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/features/mohanlal-and-mammootty-starred-25-films-malayalam-news-1.1076183|title=മോഹന്‍ലാലും മമ്മൂട്ടിയും ഒന്നിച്ച 25 സിനിമകള്‍|date=21 May 2016 |access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122054633/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/malayalam-news-1.1076183|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[N. Govindan Kutty]] as Perumana Kurup
* [[Jalaja]] as Aiysha
* [[Sathaar]] as Moithooti, Udayan's helper
* [[Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair]] as Kolathiri Raja
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu|Pappu]] as Pokkan
* [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Payyanadan Nambyar, Padathalavan
* [[Achankunju]] as Mooppan, slave ship captain
* [[Alummoodan]] as Kolumban, Udayan's helper
* [[Sukumari]] as Chiruthevi Thampuratti
* [[Meena]] as Kolathiri Raja's Wife
* [[Balan K. Nair]] as Marakkar
* [[Ceylon Manohar]] as Kompan
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Mammootty, Moithootti's Father
* [[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Kunjali, Marakkar Helper
* [[Kaduvakkulam Antony]] as Slave ship captain Helper
* Haseena Aman as Slave girl
{{div col end}}

==Production==
''Padayottam'' was a big-budget film with a production cost of {{INR}}1 crore when the average cost for a Malayalam film was {{INR}} 15 lakh at that time, making it the most-expensive Malayalam film made until then. When ''Padayottam'' was made only three Indian films had been blown up to [[70 mm film|70 mm]], with all of them processed in [[London]]. The film was photographed in [[CinemaScope]] format and was converted to 70 mm blow-up prints with 6-track magnetic stereo sound during post-production.<ref name="Report">{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=16 October 2013 |title=Padayottam set to be the biggest thing in films in south India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820415-padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india-771662-2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142054/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india/1/391560.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=15 December 2015 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somaflex-65-70MM, India's First 65mm Camera |url=https://www.in70mm.com/country/india/somaflex/index.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.in70mm.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Guna Singh with lyrics by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Aazhikkange Karayundo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Floating Castle Theme" || [[Prem Nazir]] || Music only ||
|-
| 3 || "Nirathi Oro Karukkal" || [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 4 || "Thaatheyyathom" || Vani Jairam, Chorus || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|}

==Reception==
The film was released in India during the [[Onam]] festival of [[Kerala]] on 1 September 1982. It was a blockbuster at the box office and became the highest-grossing Malayalam film of the time. However, the film was not a profitable venture due to its high production costs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0215023}}
* [http://in70mm.com/news/2008/india/index.htm 70mm Film in India]

{{The Count of Monte Cristo}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo]]
[[Category:Films produced by Navodaya Appachan]]

Vijeta

2026-03-16T21:02:23Z

ArnulfoVos: Started Some Details From Scratch - done

{{Wikt|विजेता}}
'''Vijeta''' or '''Vijetha''' may refer to:

* [[Vijeta (1982 film)|''Vijeta'' (1982 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age film
* [[Vijetha (1985 film)|''Vijetha'' (1985 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film
* [[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'' (2018 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film by Rakesh Sashi
* [[Vijeta (1996 film)|''Vijeta'' (1996 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language action film
* [[Vijeta (2020 film)|''Vijeta'' (2020 film)]], an Indian Marathi-language sports drama film

==See also==
*''[[Vijetha Vikram]]'', a 1987 Indian film
*[[Vijitha]], a Sinhalese name
*[[Vijayta Pandit]] (born 1967), Indian actress and singer
*[[Vijayta Films]], an Indian film production company

{{disambiguation}}

Jaipur

2026-03-13T22:55:26Z

ArnulfoVos: quick fix

{{Short description|Capital of Rajasthan, India}}
{{About|the metropolitan area in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Jaipur district|other uses|Jaipur (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaipur
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image_style =
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|caption_align = center
|image1 = East facade Hawa Mahal Jaipur from ground level (July 2022) - img 01.jpg
|caption1 = [[Hawa Mahal]]
|image2 = UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE-JAIPUR CITY-RAJASTHAN-01-.jpg
|caption2 = [[City wall of Jaipur]]
|image4 = Birla Mandir Jaipur (2022-07).jpg
|caption4 = [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]]
|image3 = Amber palace, Jaipur.jpg
|caption3 = [[Amber Fort]]
|image5 = Jaipur 03-2016 39 Jal Mahal - Water Palace.jpg
|caption5 = [[Jal Mahal]]
|image6 = Albert Hall ( Jaipur ).jpg
|caption6 = [[Albert Hall Museum]]
|image7 = Jantar Mantar at Jaipur.jpg
|caption7 = [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur|Jantar Mantar]]
|image8 = World Trade Park Jaipur in 2012.jpg
|caption8 = [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park]]}}
| image_caption =
| nickname = The Pink City
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jaipur#Rajasthan#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Jaipur##Location of Jaipur in [[Rajasthan]]##Location of Jaipur in [[India]]##Location of Jaipur in Asia
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 431
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.915|N|75.820|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Rajasthan.svg}} [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{start date and age|1727|11|18|df=y}}
| founder = [[Sawai Jai Singh II]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] (JMC Greater)
| leader_name1 = Somya Gurjar ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us, Jaipur Municipal Corporation |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/Others/ConctactUs.aspx |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225142515/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/Others/ConctactUs.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] (JMC Heritage)
| leader_name2 = Kusum Yadav (BJP)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kusum Yadav appointed Jaipur Heritage acting mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/kusum-yadav-appointed-jaipur-heritage-acting-mayor-9586363/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]] (JMC Greater)
| leader_name3 = Rukmani Riar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Deepak |date=8 January 2024 |title=सियासी और प्रशासनिक तौर पर अब महिलाएं ही चलाएंगी जयपुर! इस महिला IAS को मिली बड़ी जिम्मेदारी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/women-will-run-jaipur-politically-administratively-female-ias-rukmani-riar-got-big-responsibility/2050029/ |work=[[Zee News]] |language=hi |access-date=16 May 2024 |quote=2012 बैच की आईएएस रूक्मणि रियार ने आज नगर निगम ग्रेटर आयुक्त का पदभार संभाला |trans-quote=2012 batch IAS Rukmani Riar took charge as Municipal Corporation Greater Commissioner today |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516090043/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/women-will-run-jaipur-politically-administratively-female-ias-rukmani-riar-got-big-responsibility/2050029/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title4 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner ]](JMC Heritage)
| leader_name4 = Abhishek Surana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Deepak |date=8 January 2024 |title=कौन हैं IAS अभिषेक सुराणा, नगर निगम हैरिटेज आयुक्त का पदभार संभालते ही अफसरों पर गिराई गाज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/ias-abhishek-surana-took-charge-in-heritage-corporation-and-big-action-kishanpole-dc-kaushal-khatumra-suspend/2050069 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi |access-date=16 May 2024 |quote=2018 बैच के आईएएस अभिषेक सुराणा ने आज नगर निगम हैरिटेज और स्मार्ट सिटी सीईओ का पदभार संभालते ही एक्शन मोड में नजर आए |trans-quote=2018 batch IAS Abhishek Surana was seen in action mode today as soon as he took charge of Municipal Corporation Heritage and Smart City CEO |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516090030/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/ias-abhishek-surana-took-charge-in-heritage-corporation-and-big-action-kishanpole-dc-kaushal-khatumra-suspend/2050069 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="JMC">{{Cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |title=Jaipur City Profile |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan|1st in Rajasthan]]
| area_total_km2 = 484.64
| population_total = 3046163
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|10th in India]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = Jaipuri, Jaipurite
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{Cite report |title=District Census Handbook – Jaipur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=10 February 2016 |pages=30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114010348/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 3020xx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]
| area_code = +91-141
| registration_plate = RJ-14 (Jaipur South) RJ-45 (Jaipur North) RJ-59 RJ-60
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]<ref name="Dhundari">{{Cite book |last1=Tillotson |first1=Giles Henry Rupert |author-link=Giles Tillotson |title=Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400100-2 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmfxexeX3pIC&pg=PA119 |language=en }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Nominal]] ([[Jaipur district]])
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|192668|c}}<ref>{{Cite report |title=Year Wise Gross Domestic Product at Current Price of Jaipur district |url=https://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718014506/https://desddp.raj.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP Per-capita]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Budget
| blank_info_sec2 = ₹6945.60 crores (${{To USD|89556|IND|year=2021|round=yes}} million)<ref name="Budget">{{Cite web |title=JMC budget |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/Budget.aspx |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025951/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/Budget.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = Airport
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Jaipur International Airport]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit|Rapid transit system]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Jaipur Metro]]
| website = {{URL|jaipurmc.org}} (Jaipur Greater)
{{URL|jaipurmcheritage.org}} (Jaipur Heritage)
| footnotes = {{Designation list
|embed = yes
|designation1 = WHS
|designation1_offname = Jaipur City, Rajasthan
|designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2019 (43rd session)|2019]] (43rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
|designation1_type =
|designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iv), (vi)
|designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 1605]
|designation1_free1name = Region
|designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
}}

'''Jaipur''' ({{Indic Transl|raj|Jayapura|ˈd͡ʑɛpʊɾᵊ|}}) is the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and the [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan|largest city]] of the north-western [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. {{As of|2011}}, the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the [[List of cities in India by population|tenth most populous city]] in the country. Located {{Convert|268|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} from the national capital [[New Delhi]], Jaipur is also known as the ''Pink City'' due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in the old city.<ref name=":3" />

Jaipur was founded in 1727 by [[Sawai Jai Singh|Sawai Jai Singh II]], the [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] ruler of [[Amer, India|Amer]], after whom the city is named.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Nagar Nigam (Greater) |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutJaipur/HistoryOfJaipur.aspx |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=jaipurmc.org }}</ref> It is one of the earliest planned cities of modern India, designed by [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2011 |title=Jaipur |url=http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033304/http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> During the [[British Raj|British colonial period]], the city served as the capital of [[Jaipur State]]. After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, Jaipur became the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan in 1949.

Jaipur is a popular [[Tourism in India|tourist destination in India]], forming a part of the Western [[Golden Triangle (India)|Golden Triangle]] tourist circuit along with Delhi and [[Agra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Agra at its heart, Golden Triangle ranked 21 globally by elite travel magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/with-agra-at-its-heart-golden-triangle-ranked-21-globally-by-elite-travel-magazine-1288286-2018-07-17 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=17 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125124338/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/with-agra-at-its-heart-golden-triangle-ranked-21-globally-by-elite-travel-magazine-1288286-2018-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city serves as a gateway to other [[Tourism in Rajasthan|tourist destinations in Rajasthan]], such as [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Bikaner]], [[Udaipur]], [[Bundi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], and [[Mount Abu]]; it has two [[World Heritage Sites|World heritage site]]s, [[Amer Fort]], [[Hawa Mahal]] and [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur|Jantar Mantar]]. On 6 July 2019, the city was placed on the [[Organization of World Heritage Cities|World Heritage Cities]] list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Jaipur City, Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127041609/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also known as the [[Paris]] of India. Due to its beauty, [[C. V. Raman| C.V. Raman]] called it the "Island of Glory".

==Etymology==
Jaipur derives its name from Sawai Jai Singh II, the Kachhwaha ruler of Amer, who founded the city in 1727.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-8-1250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jai+singh |language=en |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043431/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jai+singh#v=snippet&q=jaipur%20named%20after%20sawai%20raja%20jai%20singh&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Sanskrit]], variations of the word "pur" or "pura" are commonly used to refer to a city or town. So "Jaipur" essentially means "The City of Jai" or "Jai's City".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=Rajendra Shankar |title=Sawai Jai Singh |date=2005 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-4418-6 |pages=101, 123, 155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVhuAAAAMAAJ&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jaisingh |language=en |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043305/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVhuAAAAMAAJ&q=jaipur+named+after+sawai+raja+jaisingh |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Jaipur}}
[[File:1 Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II ca 1725 Jaipur. British museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sawai Jai Singh]], the founder of Jaipur]]

Jaipur was founded by the Rajput chief of Kachhwaha clan, Jai Singh II, on 18 November 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, {{convert|11|km|mi|0}} to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture |publisher=Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=167 }}</ref> Jai Singh consulted with several architects while planning the layout of Jaipur and established the city based on the principles of [[Vastu Shastra]] and [[Shilpa Shastra]], under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya.<ref name="History"/> The construction of the city began in 1726. During the rule of [[Ram Singh II|Sawai Ram Singh II]], the city was painted pink to welcome [[Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] in 1876.<ref name="POW">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/jaipur/history |title=History of Jaipur |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601043503/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/jaipur/history |archive-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the avenues remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet ''Pink City''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/edward_vii_02.shtml |title=History in depth: Edward VII: The First Constitutional Monarch |publisher=BBC |date=5 November 2009 |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626201400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/edward_vii_02.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and had a population of 160,000 by 1900. The wide boulevards were paved, and its chief industries included [[Metalworking|metalwork]] and [[marble]], fostered by a school of art founded in 1868.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Jaipur|volume=15|pages=128–129 }}</ref> In August 1981, large areas of the city including the [[Jaipur International Airport|airport]], were flooded due to heavy rains from a cloudburst, resulting in the deaths of eight people and much damage to the city's [[Dravyavati River]].<ref name="jda-May2016">{{cite web |title=Rejuvenation of Amanishah Nallah including Area Development |url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/EIA_EMP/05052016GHYEVHEZAnnexure-documentofEIAEMP.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] |page=25 |date=5 May 2016 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020222/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/EIA_EMP/05052016GHYEVHEZAnnexure-documentofEIAEMP.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7 |page=883 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |language=en |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075232/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |archive-date=1 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the [[Organization of World Heritage Cities|World Heritage Cities]] list.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/puducherry-takes-a-leaf-out-of-ahmedabad-in-bid-to-get-unesco-tag/article66511380.ece |title=Puducherry learns from Ahmedabad, in bid to get UNESCO World Heritage City tag |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=1 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226122610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/puducherry-takes-a-leaf-out-of-ahmedabad-in-bid-to-get-unesco-tag/article66511380.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Topography ===
Jaipur is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan and covers a total area of {{convert|467|km2|sqmi|0}}. The city is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains to the east and south, and hill chains and desert areas to the north and west.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur - History, Map, Population, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaipur-India |publisher=[[Britannica]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022195125/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jaipur-India |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur City, Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605/ |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127041609/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1605 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur generally slopes downwards from north to south and then to the southeast.<ref name="JNN"/> The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli range]].<ref name="JNN">{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Nagar Nigam (Greater) |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |access-date=16 March 2023 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Dravyavati River]] is the primary drainage channel, which by 2014 had degenerated into an untreated sewage [[Nullah|nallah]]. To address this issue, a plan for the rejuvenation of the river was developed by [[Jaipur Development Authority]] (JDA) in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2015 |title=State okays DPR, takes step forward to revive Dravyavati |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/State-okays-DPR-takes-step-forward-to-revive-Dravyavati/articleshow/49371060.cms |access-date=17 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601203224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/State-okays-DPR-takes-step-forward-to-revive-Dravyavati/articleshow/49371060.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A {{cvt|13|km}} stretch of Dravyavati riverfront out of {{cvt|47.5|km}} was opened after rejuvenation in 2018 and the remaining project was completed in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2018 |title=Raje opens much-awaited Dravyavati river project |newspaper=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/raje-opens-much-awaited-dravyavati-river-project-118100200948_1.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317064026/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/raje-opens-much-awaited-dravyavati-river-project-118100200948_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with long, extremely hot summers and short mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over {{convert|625|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, falling mostly in July and August due to the southwest monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|49.0|C|1}}, on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below {{convert|20|C|disp=or}} between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-2.2|C|1}} on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905, and 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant [[urban heat island]] zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00531.htm |title=World Weather Information Service |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128183949/http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00531.htm |archive-date=28 November 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{center|1={{Weather box
|location=Jaipur ([[Jaipur International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|Jan record high C=31.7
|Feb record high C=36.7
|Mar record high C=42.8
|Apr record high C=44.9
|May record high C=49.0
|Jun record high C=47.2
|Jul record high C=46.7
|Aug record high C=41.7
|Sep record high C=41.7
|Oct record high C=40.0
|Nov record high C=36.4
|Dec record high C=32.0
|year record high C=49.0
|Jan high C=22.5
|Feb high C=26.1
|Mar high C=32.0
|Apr high C=37.6
|May high C=41.1
|Jun high C=39.7
|Jul high C=34.8
|Aug high C=32.7
|Sep high C=34.2
|Oct high C=34.1
|Nov high C=29.6
|Dec high C=25.1
|year high C=32.5
|Jan mean C = 15.3
|Feb mean C = 19.1
|Mar mean C = 24.9
|Apr mean C = 30.1
|May mean C = 34.1
|Jun mean C = 33.5
|Jul mean C = 30.1
|Aug mean C = 28.5
|Sep mean C = 28.8
|Oct mean C = 27.0
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 17.1
|Jan low C=8.4
|Feb low C=12.0
|Mar low C=17.4
|Apr low C=22.8
|May low C=27.1
|Jun low C=27.9
|Jul low C=26.2
|Aug low C=24.9
|Sep low C=24.0
|Oct low C=20.1
|Nov low C=14.4
|Dec low C=9.9
|year low C=19.6
|Jan record low C=-2.2
|Feb record low C=-2.2
|Mar record low C=3.3
|Apr record low C=9.4
|May record low C=15.6
|Jun record low C=18.4
|Jul record low C=20.6
|Aug record low C=18.9
|Sep record low C=15.0
|Oct record low C=11.1
|Nov record low C=3.3
|Dec record low C=0.0
|year record low C=-2.2
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=5.9
|Feb rain mm=10.2
|Mar rain mm=4.4
|Apr rain mm=7.1
|May rain mm=12.2
|Jun rain mm=61.9
|Jul rain mm=190.5
|Aug rain mm=203.4
|Sep rain mm=79.6
|Oct rain mm=19.4
|Nov rain mm=1.9
|Dec rain mm=3.8
|year rain mm=600.3
|Jan rain days=0.6
|Feb rain days=0.9
|Mar rain days=0.7
|Apr rain days=0.9
|May rain days=1.3
|Jun rain days=4.2
|Jul rain days=9.8
|Aug rain days=9.4
|Sep rain days=4.8
|Oct rain days=1.2
|Nov rain days=0.2
|Dec rain days=0.3
|year rain days=34.3
|time day=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity=38
|Feb humidity=31
|Mar humidity=22
|Apr humidity=18
|May humidity=19
|Jun humidity=35
|Jul humidity=62
|Aug humidity=69
|Sep humidity=52
|Oct humidity=32
|Nov humidity=34
|Dec humidity=39
|year humidity=38
|Jan dew point C=6
|Feb dew point C=7
|Mar dew point C=7
|Apr dew point C=8
|May dew point C=12
|Jun dew point C=19
|Jul dew point C=24
|Aug dew point C=24
|Sep dew point C=21
|Oct dew point C=13
|Nov dew point C=9
|Dec dew point C=6
|Jan uv=5
|Feb uv=7
|Mar uv=9
|Apr uv=11
|May uv=12
|Jun uv=12
|Jul uv=12
|Aug uv=12
|Sep uv=10
|Oct uv=8
|Nov uv=6
|Dec uv=5
|year uv=9.1
|source 1=[[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Jaipur (Sanganer) Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=343–344 |access-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M180 |access-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42348 |title=Climatological Information – Jaipur (42348) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902112134/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42348 |archive-date=2 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur (42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809085837/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991-2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21 }}</ref> Climate of Jaipur<ref name=IMDclimatology>{{cite web |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/jaipur/docs/climate.pdf |title=Climate of Jaipur |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207004709/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/jaipur/docs/climate.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/jaipur/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718120314/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/jaipur/climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source=
|source 2=Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/jaipur-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Jaipur, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613070009/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/jaipur-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 |title=Normals Data: Jaipur/Sanganer - India Latitude: 26.82°N Longitude: 75.80°E Height: 383 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310100002/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}}}
Jaipur has been ranked 33rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
|align=center
|source=[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite report |url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UA">{{cite report |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1881|142600
|1891|158900
|1901|160000
|1911|137100
|1921|120200
|1931|144200
|1941|175800
|1951|291000
|1961|403400
|1968|533200
|1971|636800
|1981|1004700
|1991|1518200
|2001|2322575
|2011|3073350
}}

As of the official report, Jaipur Municipal Corporation had 5,99,507 households and a population of 3,046,163. 3,87,354 (12.72%) were under the age of 7. Jaipur had a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 83.33% for those 7 years and above. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 392,285 (12.88%) and 115,258 (3.78%) of the population, respectively.<ref name="census" />

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jaipur (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 69.69 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 9.85 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 5.86 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 4.36 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] |value5 = 3.93 |color5 = sienna
|label6 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value6 = 2.54 |color6 = limegreen
|label7 = Others |value7 = 3.77 |color7 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

The official language of Jaipur is [[Hindi]] and the additional official language is English.<ref name="langoff" /> The native and main dialect of the city is [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]<ref name="Dhundari"/> with [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English.<ref name="Org"/>

According to the 2011 census, 69.69% of the population recorded their language as Hindi, 9.85% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 5.86% [[Urdu]], 4.36% Marwari, 3.93% Dhundari, and 2.54% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112073618/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jaipur City (2011)<ref name="religion2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|2.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hindu]]s form the majority religious group, accounting for 77.9% of the city's population, followed by [[Muslim]]s (18.6%), [[Jain]]s (2.4%) and others (1.1%).<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509052527/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
=== Administration ===
[[Jaipur Development Authority]] is the main planning authority of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Plans 2025 |url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jaipur/pdf/MDP/Vol2.pdf |publisher=JDA |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027032704/https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/development-authority/jda-jaipur/pdf/MDP/Vol2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] (JMC) was established in the year 1994.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Jaipur Municipal Corporation - Newsletter |url=http://jaipurmc.org/PDF/Auction_MM_RTI_Act_Etc_PDF/enewsletter-MARCh2016.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] }}</ref> The area of the municipal corporation is {{cvt|467|km2}} and is headed by a [[mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur Municipal Corporation, about |url=http://jaipurmc.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316032335/http://jaipurmc.org/ |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] }}</ref> In 2020, JMC was bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation with 150 and 100 wards respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Rajasthan cities to get additional municipal corporations |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/three-rajasthan-cities-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/1643323 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Outlook |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029192019/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/three-rajasthan-cities-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/1643323 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |title=City Profile |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032103/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/CityProfile.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The latest [[elections]] were held in October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2020 |title=Jaipur, Jodhpur & Kota civic bodies polls on Oct 29, Nov 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-jodhpur-kota-civic-bodies-polls-on-oct-29-nov-1/articleshow/78597148.cms |access-date=24 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023095246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-jodhpur-kota-civic-bodies-polls-on-oct-29-nov-1/articleshow/78597148.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2020 |title=Voting for 100 wards of Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation tomorrow |url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/voting-for-100-wards-of-jaipur-heritage-municipal-corporation-tomorrow/ |access-date=29 October 2020 |work=The PinkCity Post |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043306/https://www.pinkcitypost.com/voting-for-100-wards-of-jaipur-heritage-municipal-corporation-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current mayor of Greater JMC is Somya Gurjar and the mayor for Heritage JMC is Munesh Gurjar since 10 November 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2020 |title=Somya Gurjar takes over as Jaipur mayor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/somya-gurjar-takes-over-as-jaipur-mayor-after-rajasthan-hc-order-quashing-her-disqualification-1161727.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201182912/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/west/somya-gurjar-takes-over-as-jaipur-mayor-after-rajasthan-hc-order-quashing-her-disqualification-1161727.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The administration duties are carried out by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] and his group of officials. The estimated municipal budget for the year 2022–23 is {{INRconvert|8950|l}}.<ref name="Budget"/> The key revenue sources for the corporation are taxes which include [[House tax]], Urban Development tax and octroi compensation along with various fees and user charges.<ref name="Budget"/> Law and order is maintained by the Jaipur city police under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan state department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Government |url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/jaipurcitypolice |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027013416/https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/jaipurcitypolice |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a district and sessions court at Jaipur to handle civil and criminal cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur District |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/jaipur |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810070718/https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/jaipur |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Jaipur consists of two [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] and [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf |title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818172216/https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]] comprises eight [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Delimitation Notification |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Delimitation/GP_Notification__Eng.PDF |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119055110/https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Delimitation/GP_Notification__Eng.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan LA |url=https://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/constituencies.html |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043432/https://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/constituencies.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/adarsh-nagar-election-result-s20a053/ |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=News18 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126095625/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/adarsh-nagar-election-result-s20a053/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
Jaipur Development Authority is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur District Guide Map Rajasthan- Jaipur District Tourism Information Climate Details |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts/jaipur |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=Rajasthan Direct |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813074344/https://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts/jaipur |url-status=live }}</ref> The municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur Development Authority |url=https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=10&mid=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074308/https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=10&mid=10 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=Government of Rajasthan }}</ref> Electricity is distributed through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (JVVNL) owned by the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/energy-department/jaipur-vidyut-vitran-nigam-ltd-/en/home.html |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=energy.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-us |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043313/https://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/energy-department/jaipur-vidyut-vitran-nigam-ltd-/en/home.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation|Jaipur municipal corporaiton]] has a fire department wing with 11 fire stations and 50 fire tenders.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 January 2018 |first=Ajay |last=Singh |title=Jaipur fire department urgently requires 30 fire tenders, 500 personnel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/required-urgently-30-fire-tenders-500-personnel/articleshow/62501383.cms |access-date=24 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/required-urgently-30-fire-tenders-500-personnel/articleshow/62501383.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Established in 2018, Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) is responsible for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the city.<ref name="Infra">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board constituted |url=https://indianinfrastructure.com/2018/09/04/jaipur-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-constituted/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=Indian Infrastructure |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026183359/https://indianinfrastructure.com/2018/09/04/jaipur-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-constituted/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The agency is responsible for water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board and the [[Public Health Engineering Department]] (PHED).<ref name="Infra"/> It will also be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes in addition to commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.<ref name="Infra"/> The city has been divided into four main drainage zones, with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river, while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake, and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIUA Study |url=https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150632/https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly, with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIUA |url=https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=scbp.niua.org |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026150632/https://scbp.niua.org/download.php?fn=Jaipur_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The corporation has a solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/NewInitiatives.aspx |title=New Initiatives |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=jaipurmc.org |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161112/http://jaipurmc.org/Presentation/AboutMcjaipur/NewInitiatives.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.<ref name="auto" /> Sanitation work in three zones has been contracted out to private agencies.<ref name="auto" />

== Economy ==
As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP (nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 141,305.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=Estimates of District Domestic Product of Rajasthan for 2020–21 |url=https://desddp.raj.nic.in/PDF/Publication_982021%20125213%20PM.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan |publisher=Statistics Department |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308062602/https://desddp.raj.nic.in/PDF/Publication_982021%20125213%20PM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative center, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in/focus-sectors/it-ites |title=IT & ITeS – Resurgent Rajasthan |website=resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610071923/http://resurgent.rajasthan.gov.in/focus-sectors/it-ites |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur: [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]], (FICCI) the [[PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (PHDCCI) and the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |title=Indian cities among global outsourcing cities |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303211736/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Stock Exchange]] was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsel.in/ |title=JSEL |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025065005/http://www.jsel.in/ |archive-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries with [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] having their manufacturing plants in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=JCB inaugurates two new facilities at Jaipur – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/jcb-inaugurates-two-new-facilities-at-jaipur/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |magazine=Motor India |date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031147/https://www.motorindiaonline.in/jcb-inaugurates-two-new-facilities-at-jaipur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2016 |title=Auto component maker Bosch resumes operations at Jaipur plant |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-auto-component-maker-bosch-resumes-operations-at-jaipur-plant-7487 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=Zee Business |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043344/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-auto-component-maker-bosch-resumes-operations-at-jaipur-plant-7487 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Greeshma |date=10 March 2016 |title=Hero MotoCorp opens R&D facility in Jaipur |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hero-motocorp-opens-rd-facility-jaipur-670167 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408072225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hero-motocorp-opens-rd-facility-jaipur-670167 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are chemical manufacturers in the city including [[Emami]] and [[CK Birla Group|National Engineering Industries]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=NEI's 75-year-old Jaipur plant wins IGBC certification |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/national-engineering-industries’-jaipur-plant-gets-igbc-certification-77941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304194659/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/national-engineering-industries%E2%80%99-jaipur-plant-gets-igbc-certification-77941 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=8 April 2022 |magazine=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |date=10 December 2020 |language=en-US }}</ref> The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India. [[Mahindra World City, Jaipur|Mahindra World City]] is an integrated business zone in Jaipur with several software and IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahindra World City, Jaipur marches on Signs-up four new clients |url=http://www.mahindra.com/News/Press-Releases/1293603854 |publisher=Mahindra Group |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164725/http://www.mahindra.com/News/Press-Releases/1293603854 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2011 |title=Infosys to build facility at Jaipur SEZ |work=Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29669842_1_infosys-bpo-facility-development-centres |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727063801/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29669842_1_infosys-bpo-facility-development-centres |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=Jaipur's New Avatar as an Emerging Business Hub {{!}} Empyrealclub |url=https://www.empyrealclub.in/jaipurs-new-avatar-as-an-emerging-business-hub/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.empyrealclub.in |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather, and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of [[Jaipur Rugs|hand-knotted rugs]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2012 |title=Development through Enterprise |url=http://www.nextbillion.net/blog/the-top-5-list-best-new-bop-teaching-cases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100159/http://www.nextbillion.net/blog/the-top-5-list-best-new-bop-teaching-cases |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=NextBillion.net }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2012 |title=Churu's Marwari, Nand Kishore Chaudhary's Jaipur Rugs a matter of discourse at Harvard |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/news/30666627_1_supply-chain-case-study-tribals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130043458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/news/30666627_1_supply-chain-case-study-tribals |archive-date=30 January 2012 |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=Economic Times }}</ref> [[Jaipur foot]], a rubber-based [[Artificial limb|prosthetic leg]] for people with below-knee [[amputation]]s, was designed and is produced in Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipur foot: History |url=http://www.jaipurfoot.org/03_Technology_history.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903120321/http://www.jaipurfoot.org/03_Technology_history.asp |archive-date=3 September 2009 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=jaipurfoot.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=5 November 2015 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] }}</ref> [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park Jaipur]], is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.

== Culture and cityscape ==
=== Tourism ===
{{See also|List of attractions in Jaipur}}
[[File:Nahargarh 080.jpg|thumb|[[Nahargarh Fort]]]]
Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the [[Golden Triangle (India)|Golden Triangle]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aman |title=Air India's Jaipur-Agra flight suffering losses |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-indias-jaipur-agra-flight-suffering-losses/articleshow/72973044.cms |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315105328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-indias-jaipur-agra-flight-suffering-losses/articleshow/72973044.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the seventh best place to visit in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/news/details/jaipur-seventh-best-tourist-destination-41.php |title=Jaipur Seventh Best Tourist Destination in Asia – Conde Nast Traveller Survey |publisher=bharatonline.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130757/http://www.bharatonline.com/news/details/jaipur-seventh-best-tourist-destination-41.php |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards, Jaipur was ranked first among the Indian destinations for the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/the-worlds-best-destinations-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401221808/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/web-exclusive/web-exclusive-month/the-worlds-best-destinations-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2015 |title=World's best destinations |access-date=28 March 2011 }}</ref> The Presidential Suite at the [[The Raj Palace|Raj Palace Hotel]], billed at {{US$|45,000|link=yes}} per night, was listed in second place on CNN's ''World's 15 most expensive hotel suites'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arnold, Helen |url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256 |title=World's 15 most expensive hotel suites |work=CNNGo |date=25 March 2012 |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102235454/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/escape/worlds-15-most-expensive-hotel-suites-747256 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jaipur was ranked eighth in "The Top 15 Cities in Asia".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Travel+Leisure World's Best Awards 2020 |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-asia |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206044755/https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/cities-in-asia |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accor to manage Jaipur's new convention centre |url=http://www.meetbizindia.com/jaipur-exhibition-convention-centre-to-be-managed-by-accor/ |website=M&IT India |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414045148/http://www.meetbizindia.com/jaipur-exhibition-convention-centre-to-be-managed-by-accor/ |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jaipur Exhibition and Convention Centre will make Pink City a meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions hub – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-Exhibition-and-Convention-Centre-will-make-Pink-City-a-meetings-incentives-conferences-and-exhibitions-hub/articleshow/44778821.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2014 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711114056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-Exhibition-and-Convention-Centre-will-make-Pink-City-a-meetings-incentives-conferences-and-exhibitions-hub/articleshow/44778821.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Visitor attractions include the [[Albert Hall Museum]], [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Jal Mahal]], [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]], [[Amer Fort]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jantar Mantar]], [[Nahargarh Fort]], [[Jaigarh Fort]], [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]], [[Galtaji]], [[Govind Dev Ji Temple]], [[Garh Ganesh Temple]], [[Moti Dungri]] Ganesh Temple, [[:hi:गैटोर|Gator Chhatri]], [[Sanghiji]] Jain temple and the [[Jaipur Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/temples/galataji.html |title=Temples of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124052739/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/temples/galataji.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jantar Mantar observatory, a collection of 19 astronomical instruments and Amer Fort are [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338 |title=The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=whc.unesco.org |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005070230/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1338/ |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawa Mahal Jaipur – History, Architecture, Visiting Hours |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.html |website=www.jaipur.org.uk |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041551/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/hawa-mahal.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> that rises {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} from its high base. [[Sisodiya Rani Bagh]] and [[Kanak Vrindavan]] are the major parks in Jaipur.<ref name="JDA" /> [[Sambhar Lake]] is about 56 kms from the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roshan |first=Priyanka |date=6 December 2024 |title=MSN |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/travel/13-incredible-places-in-india-that-look-like-they-re-from-another-planet-article-12884680.html |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dralicedental.com/best-dental-clinic-in-mansarovar-jaipur/ |title=Best dental clinic in Mansarovar Jaipur |publisher= Dr.Alice |access-date=27 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913061428/https://dralicedental.com/best-dental-clinic-in-mansarovar-jaipur/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Culture ===
Jaipur has many cultural sites like [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]] established by [[Charles Correa]] and Ravindra Manch. The Government Central Museum hosts several art and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at [[Viratnagar]]. There are statues depicting [[Rajasthani culture]] around the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |title=Culture Of Jaipur – Cultural Heritage, Art & Architecture of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211357/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurfabric.com/blog/jaipur-fabric-defines-the-culture-and-creativity |title=Culture of Jaipur |date=21 December 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709161155/https://www.jaipurfabric.com/blog/jaipur-fabric-defines-the-culture-and-creativity |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts, as well as contemporary brands reviving traditional techniques, such as [[Anokhi]]. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised some arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists, and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include [[bandhani]], [[block printing]], [[stone carving]] and [[sculpture]], [[Inlay|tarkashi]], [[zari]], [[Gota work|gota-patti]], [[kinari]] and [[zardozi]], silver jewellery, [[Gemstone|gems]], [[kundan]], [[Vitreous enamel|meenakari]] and [[jewellery]], [[Bangle|Lakh ki Chudiya]], [[Rajput painting|miniature paintings]], [[Blue Pottery of Jaipur|blue pottery]], [[ivory carving]], [[shellac]] work and [[Leather crafting|leather ware]].<ref name="Pink">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/why-is-jaipur-called-the-pink-city |title=Why Jaipur is called pink city |date=17 October 2013 |publisher=mapsofindia.com |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019011352/http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/why-is-jaipur-called-the-pink-city |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=11&mid=27# |title=About Jaipur |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614192823/https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=11&mid=27 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for [[Kathak]] is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak.<ref name="KK">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in/index.html |title=Jaipur Kathak Kendra: Home |work=jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024151524/http://jaipurkathakkendra.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya.<ref name="KK" /> The [[Ghoomar]] is a popular folk dance style.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manorma Sharma |title=Tradition of Hindustani Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA49 |year=2006 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-999-7 |pages=49–51 |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318034948/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtqrooCo-oC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jeffrey Michael Grimes |title=The Geography of Hindustani Music: The Influence of Region and Regionalism on the North Indian Classical Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eoNVmfGBLoC&pg=PA142 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-109-00342-0 |pages=142– |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317234017/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eoNVmfGBLoC&pg=PA142 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kumāraprasāda Mukhopādhyāẏa |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&pg=PA154 |year=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306199-1 |pages=154– |access-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318101927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MR_6Gr26hAC&pg=PA154 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamasha is an art form where [[Kathputli (Puppet)|Kathputli]] puppet dance is shown in play form.<ref name="Org">{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |title=Culture of Jaipur |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211357/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include [[Elephant Festival]], [[Gangaur]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Teej]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Mahavir Jayanti]] and [[Christmas]]. Jaipur is also famous for the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers, and literature lovers from all over the country participate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/index.html |title=Jaipur literary festival |publisher=jaipur.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017092826/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/index.html |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Architecture ====
The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/10/20/vidyadhar-garden-in-jaipur-a-tribute-to-chief-architect-of-jaipur-vidyadhar-bhattacharya/ |title=Vidyadhar Garden in Jaipur |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513104427/http://www.rajasthantour4u.com/blog/index.php/2009/10/20/vidyadhar-garden-in-jaipur-a-tribute-to-chief-architect-of-jaipur-vidyadhar-bhattacharya/ |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Three gates are facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called ''Suraj pol'' (sun gate), the western gate is called ''Chand pol'' (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of [[Amer Fort|Amer]].<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Jaipur – The Pink City |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033304/http://jaipur.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP9gQgAACAAJ |title=Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City |author=Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Henry Rupert Tillotson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-566353-2 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145927/https://books.google.com/books/about/Building_Jaipur.html?id=zP9gQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.<ref name="Hist1">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/history.html |title=About Jaipur |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103091000/http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/history.html |archive-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the [[Hawa Mahal]] palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. [[Nahargarh Fort]], which was the residence of King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.<ref name="JDA" />

==== Cuisine ====
Typical dishes include [[Dal bati churma|Dal Baati Churma]], Missi [[Roti]], Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuisines Of Jaipur |url=http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/cuisines-of-jaipur/ |publisher=pinkcity.com |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224734/http://www.pinkcity.com/citizenblogger/cuisines-of-jaipur/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live |date=5 December 2012 }}</ref> Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include [[Ghevar]], Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.<ref name="food">{{cite web |url=http://jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com/foodbeverage.htm |title=Cuisine of Jaipur |publisher=Jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205332/http://jaipur-pinkcity.webs.com/foodbeverage.htm |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipurtravel.com/what_eat.htm |title=What to eat in Jaipur |publisher=jaipurtravel.com |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019022029/http://www.jaipurtravel.com/what_eat.htm |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Jaipur houses world-famous brands like [[Haldiram's]], a popular snack chain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manzar |first=Nishat |date=16 March 2024 |title=Haldiram's Journey: From Namkeen to Global Fame |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/haldirams-journey-with-authentic-snacks-and-sweets/ |website=Business Outreach |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
[[File:NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur International Airport]]]]
[[Jaipur International Airport]] is located in the southern suburb of [[Sanganer]], which is located 13 km (8.1 mi) from Jaipur.It is the 13th [[List of the busiest airports in India|busiest airport in India]] in daily scheduled flight operations. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016.<ref name="airport">{{cite web |url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp |title=Jaipur International Airport |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in [[Delhi]].<ref name="fog">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article1467200.ece |title=Flights diverted to Jaipur |access-date=19 February 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124423/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article1467200.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The airport's [[Airport ramp|apron]] can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaipur airport expansion |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0= |access-date=30 June 2014 |date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0= |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:रंगीलो म्हारो देस.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction Railway Station]]]]
[[Jaipur Junction railway station]] was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan. The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, and construction took three years to complete. The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations. Jaipur is the headquarters of [[Jaipur railway division|Jaipur Railway division]] and [[North Western Railway Zone]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Western Railway / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261&cssType=1 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506021803/https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261&cssType=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan with more than 45,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaipur Junction official website |url=https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132953/https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=jaipurjunction.in }}</ref> During [[Meter Gauge]] era, The fastest MG Train of India & the world, Pink City Express used to connect Jaipur with Delhi. Covering the {{convert|308.2|km|mi}} distance in 5 hrs 30 mins time, running at a record {{convert|56|km/h|mph}} speed until 1997. In 1997 Pink City Express got replaced by now running 12015/12016 [[Ajmer]] [[Shatabdi Express]]

;Metro
[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 34 Jaipur Metro.jpg|thumb|[[Jaipur Metro]]]]
[[Jaipur Metro]] commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/2724JMRC%20English.jpg |title=JMRC Notification for commercial operations of metro |publisher=Jaipur Metro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050523/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/pdf/2724JMRC%20English.jpg |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref> Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route from [[Mansarovar (Jaipur)|Mansarovar]] to Chandpole Bazaar, started in November 2010, and was completed in 2014. The Jaipur Metro began commercial service between [[Chandpole metro station|Chandpole]] and [[Mansarovar (Jaipur)|Mansarovar]] on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system is [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|India's sixth metro rail system]]. The Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to run on a triple-storey elevated road and metro track. Phase 1-B, from Chandpole to [[Badi Chaupar]], began operation on 23 September 2020. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Metro%20Stations |title=Metro Stations |publisher=Jaipur Metro Rail |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518183345/https://www.jaipurmetrorail.in/Metro%20Stations |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of {{INR}}97.32 billion ($1.74 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/jaipur-metro-rail-project/#:~:text=Jaipur%20Metro%20is%20a%20rapid%20rail%20transit%20system%20under%20development,32bn%20(%241.74bn). |title=Jaipur Metro Rail Project, India |publisher=railway-technology.com/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211144903/http://www.cici.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=247&Itemid=282 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It became operational on 23 September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Gehlot inaugurates Phase I-B of Jaipur Metro |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-phase-i-b-of-jaipur-metro/657038 |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=Times Now |date=23 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043936/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-phase-i-b-of-jaipur-metro/657038 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="phase1b">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/work-on-metro-1b-to-start-next-year/articleshow/69640673.cms |title=Work on Jaipur Metro 1B to start next year |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 June 2019 |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128073001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/work-on-metro-1b-to-start-next-year/articleshow/69640673.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:Way to Amer Fort (Amber Fort) Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Way to Amer Fort (Amber Fort) Jaipur]]
Jaipur is located on [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway No.48]] connecting [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]] links Jaipur with [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[National Highway 21 (India)|National Highway 21]] links Jaipur with [[Agra]]. [[RSRTC]] operates bus service to major cities in [[Rajasthan]] and other states of [[New Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]]. City buses are operated by [[Jaipur City Transport Services Limited]] (JCTSL)<ref name="jcstl">{{cite web |url=http://www.jaipurbus.com/ |title=JCSTL Website |publisher=Jaipurbus.com |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226113104/http://jaipurbus.com/ |archive-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> of [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan State Road Transportation Company info |url=http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/rajasthan_state_road.aspx#RSRTCOverview |publisher=India Transit |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126075557/http://www.indiatransit.com/public_transport/rajasthan_state_road.aspx#RSRTCOverview |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at [[Vaishali Nagar (Jaipur)|Vaishali Nagar]], Vidyadhar Nagar, and [[Sanganer]]. [[Jaipur BRTS]] was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special-purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from the bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.<ref name="brts">{{cite web |url=http://jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 |title=BRTS – JDA Website |publisher=JDA |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326031300/http://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=69&mid=6 |archive-date=26 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://praja.in/en/blog/nitinjhanwar/2008/11/13/traffic-diversion-and-flow-during-construction-brts |title=Traffic Diversion and Flow During Construction of BRTS |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224734/http://praja.in/en/blog/nitinjhanwar/2008/11/13/traffic-diversion-and-flow-during-construction-brts |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur Ring Road]] is a project of [[Jaipur Development Authority]] to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523269 |title=Development of New Express Highways |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811124629/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523269 |url-status=live }}</ref> which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-development-authority-to-commence-land-acquisition-for-ring-road-2714055 |title=Jaipur Development Authority to commence land acquisition for Ring Road |author= |date=31 January 2019 |website=DNA India |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828141656/https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-development-authority-to-commence-land-acquisition-for-ring-road-2714055 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 57 km out of 150 km long six-lane [[Jaipur Ring Road]] has been completed at Rs. 1217 crore. Bhawani Singh Road, which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection where [[Birla Mandir]] is situated and hosts notable places like [[Rambagh Palace]], the Golf Club, and [[Jaipur Development Authority]] Office falling on its path.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhawani Singh Rd |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhawani+Singh+Rd,+Jaipur,+Rajasthan+302007 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Bhawani Singh Rd |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202511/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhawani+Singh+Rd,+Jaipur,+Rajasthan+302007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Placement and Training Cell.jpg|thumb|[[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur]]]]
[[File:The LNMIIT.jpg|thumb|[[LNM Institute of Information Technology]]|left]]
The city had three colleges, including a [[Sanskrit]] college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_405.gif |title=Jaipur City or Jainagar |year=1909 |publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |pages=399–402 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526201958/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_405.gif |archive-date=26 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=13&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_388.gif |title=Jaipur State |year=1909 |publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |pages=382–399 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115051816/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=13&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_388.gif |archive-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] or [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan]], International Board of education and follow a "10+2" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. The secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education before it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Nick |title=Education in India |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2006/02/wenr-feb-2006-education-in-india |website=World Education News + Reviews |publisher=World Education Services |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184415/https://wenr.wes.org/2006/02/wenr-feb-2006-education-in-india |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live |date=February 2006 }}</ref> Languages of instruction include English and [[Hindi]]. Notable institutions in the city are: [[University of Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]], [[ARCH Academy of Design]], [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University]], [[Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Rajasthan Sanskrit University|Rajasthan Sanskrit University]], [[Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication]], [[Suresh Gyan Vihar University]], [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]], [[LNM Institute of Information Technology]], [[National Institute of Ayurveda]], [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]], [[Subodh College]] and [[Vedic Kanya College]]. Admission to Engineering colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to [[Rajasthan Technical University]] (Kota), is through the Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process. Some of the colleges that are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University are [[Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering and Technology|Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering & Technology]], [[Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur|Poornima College of Engineering]], [[Arya Group of Colleges]].

== Communication ==
Major telecommunication providers include [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Jio]], [[Vodafone Idea Ltd|VI]] (Vodafone-Idea), and [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, [[Jantar Mantar]], among others. Rajasthan's first ISP, Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing a large number of broadband customers and email services in the entire Jaipur.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Ajay Data set up Data Infosys, Rajasthan's first ISP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-ajay-data-set-up-data-infosys-rajasthans-first-isp/articleshow/11487199.cms#:~:text=Though%20I%20was%20haunted%20by,service%20provider%20(ISP)%20company. |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 January 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614091616/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-ajay-data-set-up-data-infosys-rajasthans-first-isp/articleshow/11487199.cms#:~:text=Though%20I%20was%20haunted%20by,service%20provider%20(ISP)%20company. |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include ''[[Amar Ujala]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amarujala.com/jaipur |title=Jaipur News in Hindi. |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907043958/http://www.amarujala.com/jaipur |archive-date=7 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Dainik Navajyoti]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/ |title=Jaipur Guide |work=bhaskar.com |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723230728/http://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dainik Navajyoti">{{cite web |url=http://www.dainiknavajyoti.com/ |title=Dainik Navajyoti |publisher=dainiknavajyoti.com |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801073827/http://dainiknavajyoti.com/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state-owned [[All India Radio]] is broadcast both on the [[medium wave]] and [[FM band]] in the city. Private FM stations include [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz), [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 MHz), [[94.3 FM|My FM]] (94.3 MHz), [[95 FM|FM Tadka 95 FM]] (95.0 MHz), [[Mirchi Love]] (104.0 MHz), [[Red FM 93.5]] (93.5 MHz) and [[Gyan Vani]] (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] ([[Prasar Bharati]]) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.

== Sports ==
[[File:Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg|thumb|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]]]
The main cricket stadium in the city, [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], has a [[seating capacity]] of 30,000 and has hosted national and international cricket matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Sawai Mansingh Stadium |publisher=worldstadiums.com |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the home ground of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Rajasthan Royals]]. [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Chaugan Stadium]] and [[Railway Cricket Ground]] are the other sporting arenas in the city. A new stadium has been proposed for Chonp Village with a [[seating capacity]] 75,000. It would be the third-largest cricket stadium in the world after the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] and the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].
<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=World's third largest cricket stadium to be constructed in Jaipur |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/world-s-third-largest-cricket-stadium-to-be-constructed-in-jaipur-121070300312_1.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928043944/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/world-s-third-largest-cricket-stadium-to-be-constructed-in-jaipur-121070300312_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sangeeta |date=4 July 2021 |title=India's second-largest cricket stadium to be built in Jaipur |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indias-secondlargest-cricket-stadium-to-be-built-in-jaipur-all-you-need-to-know-1625339587-1 |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=Jagranjosh.com |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327103916/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indias-secondlargest-cricket-stadium-to-be-built-in-jaipur-all-you-need-to-know-1625339587-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is represented in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] by [[Rajasthan Royals]] (2008–2016; 2018–present)<ref>{{cite web |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924082133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Return of the Royals |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/the-return-of-the-royals/ |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804091352/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/the-return-of-the-royals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[Pro Kabaddi League]] by [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Big B, Aamir, SRK cheer for Abhishek's Pink Panthers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/big-b-aamir-srk-cheer-for-abhisheks-pink-panthers/article6254534.ece |date=27 July 2014 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221154930/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/big-b-aamir-srk-cheer-for-abhisheks-pink-panthers/article6254534.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Paul McCartney]] wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio album ''[[Driving Rain]]''.

Jaipur is the setting for the film ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' and its sequel, ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', which follow the adventures of a group of senior European immigrants who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves.

The opening song of [[The Mountain Goats|The Mountain Goats']] 2000 album ''[[The Coroner's Gambit]],'' "Jaipur," describes the narrator's arrival at "the gates of the fabled pink city."

== Notable people ==

{{div col|colwidth=10em|rules=yes|gap=2em|style=column-count:3|content=
* [[Ila Arun]]
* [[Asrani]], actor
* [[Smita Bansal]], actress
* [[Daulat Mal Bhandari]]
* [[Vikrant Bhargava]]
* [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
* [[Apurvi Chandela]]
* [[Ajay Data]], entrepreneur
* [[Gayatri Devi]], royal
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]], actor
* [[Anshu Jain]], banker
* [[Syed Akbar Jaipuri]], poet
* [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], poet and lyricist
* [[Mungtu Ram Jaipuria]], industrialist and educationist
* [[Rajaram Jaipuria]], industrialist and educationist
* [[Ravi Jaipuria]], businessman
* [[Sitaram Jaipuria]], politician
* [[Irrfan Khan]], actor
* [[Habib Miyan]], the oldest man in the world
* [[Aditya J Patwardhan]], film producer and director
* [[Ravi Kumar Punia]], soccer player
* [[Jesse Randhawa]]
* [[Kamal Singh Saroha]], businessman
* [[Man Singh II]], royal
* [[Ashish Sharma]]
* [[Shubhi Sharma]], actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhi Sharma donates masks and sanitisers worth Rs 3 lakh to fight against coronavirus – In Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-dream-girl-shubhi-sharma-donates-masks-and-sanitisers-worth-rs-3-lakh-facilitates-food-in-remote-areas-of-bihar-up-to-fight-against-coronavirus-covid-19-in-pics-2273010.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103419/https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-dream-girl-shubhi-sharma-donates-masks-and-sanitisers-worth-rs-3-lakh-facilitates-food-in-remote-areas-of-bihar-up-to-fight-against-coronavirus-covid-19-in-pics-2273010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Sambhavna Seth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/from-monalisa-to-sambhavna-seth-bhojpuri-actresses-who-belong-to-other-regions/photostory/75161068.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/from-monalisa-to-sambhavna-seth-bhojpuri-actresses-who-belong-to-other-regions/photostory/75161068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sunil Vaswani]]
* [[Hafiz Salahuddin Yusuf]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Jaipur]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== References ==
{{reflist }}

== Further reading ==
* Bhatt, Kavi Shiromani; Shastry, Mathuranath (1948). ''Jaipur Vaibhawam'' (History of Jaipur written in Sanskrit). Re-published in 2002 by Kalanath Shastry, Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur.
* Khangarot, R.S., Nathawat, P.S. (1990) ''Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amer''. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.
* Sachdev, Vibhuti; [[Giles Tillotson|Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert]] (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7F_MJcTjDOQC Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City].'' Reaktion Books, London. {{ISBN|1-86189-137-7}}.
* Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC A History of Jaipur]''. Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}.
* Volwahsen, Andreas (2001). ''Cosmic Architecture in India: The Astronomical Monuments of Maharaja Jai Singh II'', Prestel Mapin, [[Munich]].

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1950062}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=India|commons=yes|s=yes}}

{{Jaipur|state=collapsed}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Jaipur district}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jaipur|Jaipur]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1727]]
[[Category:1727 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Nepotism

2026-03-09T11:12:45Z

ArnulfoVos: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Favoritism granted to relatives}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Benjamin Harrison Astley Cooper.jpg|thumb|right|[[Benjamin Harrison (hospital administrator)|Benjamin Harrison]], treasurer of [[Guy's Hospital]] in London, was shown as a dominant presiding figure, with the nepotism of [[Astley Cooper|Sir Astley Cooper]] having his tacit approval.]]
{{Political corruption sidebar}}
'''Nepotism''' is the act of granting an [[In-group favoritism|advantage]], privilege, or position to [[Kinship|relatives]] in an occupation or field. These fields can include business, politics, [[Lawyer|law]], academia, entertainment, sports, religion or [[health care]]. In concept, it is similar to [[cronyism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism |entry=nepotism |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=23 July 2021 |title=NEPOTISM | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042128/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nepotism |entry=nepotism | title=Dictionary.com |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516040552/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nepotism |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term originated with the assignment of nephews, sons, or other relatives to important positions by Catholic popes and bishops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/ncd05726.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224025607/http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/ncd05726.htm |archive-date=24 February 2007 |website=New Catholic Dictionary |title=nepotism}}</ref> Nepotism has been criticized since [[ancient history]] by philosophers, including [[Aristotle]], [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]], and [[Confucius]], condemning it as both evil and unwise.<ref name="PSSundaram_Kural">{{cite book
| last = Sundaram
| first = P. S.
| title = Tiruvalluvar: The Kural
| publisher = Penguin Books
| edition = First
| date = 1990
| location = Gurgaon
| page = 12
| isbn = 978-0-14-400009-8
}}</ref>

== Origins ==
{{Main|Cardinal-nephew}}
The term comes from the Italian word ''nepotismo'',<ref name="dictionary">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nepotism "Nepotism."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125235043/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nepotism |date=25 January 2016 }} Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History
|work=[[Adam Bellow]] Booknotes interview transcript
|url=http://booknotes.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1742
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926013727/http://booknotes.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1742
|archive-date=26 September 2010
|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> which is based on the Latin root ''nepos'' meaning nephew.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Article nepos
|work=CTCWeb Glossary
|url=http://www.ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryn.html#nepos
|access-date=10 September 2013
|archive-date=8 April 2000
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408143615/http://www.ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryn.html#nepos
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Since the [[Middle Ages]] and until the late 17th century, some [[Catholicism|Catholic]] popes and bishops – who had taken vows of [[Celibacy#Christianity|celibacy]] and, therefore, usually had no legitimate offspring of their own – gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to sons.<ref name="Article Nepotism">{{cite web|title=Article Nepotism |work=New Catholic Dictionary |url=http://catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd05726.htm |access-date=12 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224025607/http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/ncd05726.htm |archive-date=24 February 2007 }}</ref> They would also do the same with children who were the illegitimate result of broken celibacy vows, and who were claimed to be "nephews" instead of sons.<ref name="Papal Crimes">{{cite web|title=Papal Crimes|work=Church and State|date=9 February 2024 |url=https://churchandstate.org.uk/2024/02/the-papal-crimes-that-reveal-medieval-vatican/|access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref>

Several popes [[Cardinal-nephew|elevated nephews]] and other relatives to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]]. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gianvittorio Signorotto|author2=Maria Antonietta Visceglia|title=Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2W1tc-wf5DQC&pg=PA114|access-date=20 June 2013|date=21 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43141-5|pages=114–116}}</ref> For instance, [[Pope Callixtus III]], head of the [[House of Borgia|Borgia]] family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming [[Pope Alexander VI]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Article Pope Alexander VI
|work=New Catholic Dictionary
|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm
|access-date=12 July 2007
|archive-date=1 May 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501192839/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become [[Pope Paul III]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Article Pope Paul III
|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia
|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11579a.htm
|access-date=12 July 2007
|archive-date=1 May 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501215904/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11579a.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Paul III also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two illegitimate grandsons, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally limited when [[Pope Innocent XII]] issued the [[Papal bull|bull]] ''[[Romanum decet Pontificem]]'' in 1692.<ref name="Article Nepotism" /> The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anura Gurugé|title=The Next Pope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&pg=PA115|access-date=20 June 2013|date=16 February 2010|publisher=Anura Guruge|isbn=978-0-615-35372-2|page=115}}</ref>

===Mention in ancient literature===
In the [[Book of Porul|second book]] of the [[Tirukkural|Kural literature]], which forms a manual for governments and corporations, [[Valluvar]] suggests about nepotism and favouritism thus:
<blockquote>If you choose an unfit person for your job just because you love and you like him, he will lead you to endless follies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/rediscovering-a-management-and-leadership-manual-in-ancient-indian-literature/ |title=Rediscovering a Management and Leadership Manual in Ancient Indian Literature – Knowledge@Wharton |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117054622/https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/rediscovering-a-management-and-leadership-manual-in-ancient-indian-literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref> </blockquote>
According to him, nepotism is both evil and unwise.<ref name="PSSundaram_Kural"/>

== Types ==
=== Political ===
Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar power seemingly without appropriate qualifications. The [[British English]] expression "[[Bob's your uncle]]" is thought to have originated when [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]], promoted his nephew, [[Arthur Balfour]], to the esteemed post of [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]], which was widely seen as an act of nepotism.<ref name=Trahair>[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0zrsHO27-wC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72 ''From Aristotelian to Reaganomics: A Dictionary of Eponyms With Biographies in the Social Science''], by R. C. S. Trahair, [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 1994, p. 72. Retrieved online from [[Google Books]], 30 July 2012.</ref>

===Economic===
[[Inheritance]] has been viewed by some as a form of nepotism.<ref name="e543">{{cite journal | last=Pérez-González | first=Francisco | title=Inherited Control and Firm Performance | journal=American Economic Review | volume=96 | issue=5 | date=1 November 2006 | issn=0002-8282 | doi=10.1257/aer.96.5.1559 | pages=1559–1588}}</ref>

=== Organizational ===
Nepotism in organizations leads to [[monopolization]] of power because when members involved in institutional [[decision-making]] are related, decisions made within institutions risk favoring a group of closely connected people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Teixeira da Silva |first1=Jaime A. |last2=Katavić |first2=Vedran |last3=Dobránszki |first3=Judit |last4=Al-Khatib |first4=Aceil |last5=Bornemann-Cimenti |first5=Helmar |date=2019 |title=Establishing Rules for Ethicists and Ethics Organizations in Academic Publishing to Avoid Conflicts of Interest, Favoritism, Cronyism and Nepotism |url=http://komejournal.com/files/KOME_MS_rulesethicists.pdf |journal=KOME |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=110–125 |doi=10.17646/KOME.75698.87 |s2cid=182521936 |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217020813/http://komejournal.com/files/KOME_MS_rulesethicists.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nepotism can also occur within organizations, when a person is employed due to their familial ties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hotho|first1=Jasper|last2=Minbaeva|first2=Dana|last3=Muratbekova-Touron|first3=Maral|last4=Rabbiosi|first4=Larissa|date=1 September 2020|title=Coping with Favoritism in Recruitment and Selection: A Communal Perspective|journal=Journal of Business Ethics|language=en|volume=165|issue=4|pages=659–679|doi=10.1007/s10551-018-4094-9|issn=1573-0697|doi-access=free|hdl=10398/5ae2f89e-4e7b-4852-937b-909c79132a15|hdl-access=free|url=https://research.cbs.dk/en/publications/5ae2f89e-4e7b-4852-937b-909c79132a15}}</ref> It is generally seen as unethical, both on the part of the employer and employee.<ref>"Richard Utz, "Beyond Consanguinity," ''[https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2010/03/24/beyond-consanguinity Inside Higher Ed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015131350/https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2010/03/24/beyond-consanguinity |date=15 October 2022 }}'', 24 March 2010.</ref> One of the consequences of nepotism in an organization is the creation of a limitation in the organization's network of contacts, reducing the opportunities for negotiation with other social circles, which can lead to a reduction in the success and duration of organizations in the long term.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The handbook of business and corruption: cross-sectoral experiences |date=2017 |editor=Michael S. Aßländer |editor2=Sarah Hudson |isbn=978-1-78635-445-7 |location=Bingley, UK |oclc=1003263368}}{{Page needed|date=February 2026}}</ref>

==== In employment ====
Nepotism at work can mean increased opportunity at a job, attaining a job or being paid more than other similarly situated people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safeworkers.co.uk/nepotismatwork.html |title=Nepotism at Work |publisher=Safeworkers.co.uk |date=20 April 2013 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404005247/http://www.safeworkers.co.uk/NepotismAtWork.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Arguments are made both for and against employment granted due to a family connection, which is most common in small, [[family business|family-run businesses]]. On one hand, nepotism can provide stability and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and commitment from non-related employees,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/contributors.asp?id=1625 |title=Family Ties: Handling Nepotism Within Your Business – Perspectives – Inside INdiana Business with Gerry Dick |publisher=Insideindianabusiness.com |date=9 November 2010 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514022519/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/contributors.asp?id=1625 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a generally negative attitude towards superior positions filled through nepotism. An article from ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine stated, "there is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain name."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/19/ceo-executive-hiring-ceonewtork-leadership-nepotism.html |title=Is Nepotism So Bad? |work=Forbes |access-date=20 June 2013 |first=Klaus |last=Kneale |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009125614/https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/19/ceo-executive-hiring-ceonewtork-leadership-nepotism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Employing intimate people favors perpetuating the ideas or goals of those who employ them, knowing that the people around them will hold them. However, it can lead to a lack of competent staff or a reduction in [[productivity]] because even if the employees are not the best options for their functions, they will be protected by those who employ them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Safina |first=Dinara |date=2015 |title=Favouritism and Nepotism in an Organization: Causes and Effects |journal=Procedia Economics and Finance |language=en |volume=23 |pages=630–634 |doi=10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00416-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====In entertainment====
Outside of national politics, accusations of "nepotism" are made in instances of ''prima facie'' favoritism to relatives.
* [[Peaches Geldof]]'s role as magazine editor in an [[MTV]] reality show – produced by a company owned by her father [[Bob Geldof]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/showbiz/showbiznews/2008/03/16/peaches-geldof-bags-tv-reality-show-as-magazine-editor-98487-20353319/ |title=Peaches Geldof bags TV reality show as magazine editor |publisher=Sundaymirror.co.uk |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524020700/http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/showbiz/showbiznews/2008/03/16/peaches-geldof-bags-tv-reality-show-as-magazine-editor-98487-20353319/ |archive-date=24 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/10751283/A-horrific-history-that-has-repeated-itself-for-Peaches.html |title=A horrific history that has repeated itself for Peaches |date=22 July 2014 |publisher= | website= telegraph.co.uk |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220122223343/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/10751283/A-horrific-history-that-has-repeated-itself-for-Peaches.html |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Tori Spelling]] being cast on the TV series ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' as a result of her father, [[Aaron Spelling]]'s, involvement with the show.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/tori-spelling-admits-getting-shannon-doherty-fired-from-beverly-hills-90210-and-lending-her-dress-stained-with-virgin-blood-for-photoshoot-31580540.html |title=Tori Spelling admits getting Shannon Doherty fired |work=independent.ie |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122223718/https://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/tori-spelling-admits-getting-shannon-doherty-fired-from-beverly-hills-90210-and-lending-her-dress-stained-with-virgin-blood-for-photoshoot-31580540.html |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
* Hollywood's [[Coppola family tree|Coppola family]] includes many distinguished filmmakers and actors. The careers of [[Sofia Coppola]], [[Nicolas Cage]], and [[Jason Schwartzman]] have been attributed to the aid of director [[Francis Ford Coppola]]. He cast his daughter Sofia in ''[[The Godfather Part III]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.hollywood.com/news/EXTRA_Nepotism_in_the_Directors_Chair/312221 |title=EXTRA: Nepotism in the Director's Chair at |publisher= | website=Hollywood.com |date=21 April 2000 |access-date=6 March 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006085336/http://www.hollywood.com/news/EXTRA_Nepotism_in_the_Directors_Chair/312221|archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://spiritof1976.livejournal.com/338603.html |title=Nothing is true, everything is permitted – Coppola nepotism hate |publisher= | website= Spiritof1976.livejournal.com |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110827183622/http://spiritof1976.livejournal.com/338603.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cage changed his last name to distance himself from such charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nicolas Cage, The Sunshine Man| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/24/movies/film-nicholas-cage-the-sunshine-man.html| first=Ellen |last=Pall|date=1994-07-24|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2021-01-26| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164143/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/24/movies/film-nicholas-cage-the-sunshine-man.html|url-status=deviated}}</ref>
* [[Ben Platt]]'s role as high schooler [[Evan Hansen]] in the [[Dear Evan Hansen (film)|2021 film adaptation]] of the musical ''[[Dear Evan Hansen]]'' as a result of his winning the [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical]] for originating the role on Broadway in 2016, as well as the involvement of his father, [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt]], as one of the film's producers. The latter was never involved in the producing team of the stage version. The casting sparked controversy due to Ben Platt being ten years older than his character at the time of filming, resulting in critics and viewers deeming him too old to reprise his role.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanschocket2/ben-platt-defends-dear-evan-hansen-casting|title= Ben Platt Is Facing Backlash Over His Latest Comments About The "Dear Evan Hansen" Film|website= [[BuzzFeed]]|access-date= January 30, 2022|archive-date= 10 November 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221110195818/https://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanschocket2/ben-platt-defends-dear-evan-hansen-casting|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dear-evan-hansen-ben-platt-b1850316.html|title= Dear Evan Hansen: Ben Platt, 27, hits back at 'rando jerks' after he's mocked with memes for portraying a teenager|website= The Independent|date= 19 May 2021|access-date= January 30, 2022|archive-date= 10 November 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221110201308/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dear-evan-hansen-ben-platt-b1850316.html|url-status= live}}</ref> He would go on to be nominated for two [[Golden Raspberry Awards]], including [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor|Worst Actor]], for his performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Croot |first1=James |title=Dear Evan Hansen: How an award-winning musical became a Razzie-nominated disaster |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stuff-to-watch/300526121/dear-evan-hansen-how-an-awardwinning-musical-became-a-razzienominated-disaster |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521190646/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stuff-to-watch/300526121/dear-evan-hansen-how-an-awardwinning-musical-became-a-razzienominated-disaster |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine's December 2022 cover (calling 2022 'The Year of the [[Nepo baby|Nepo Baby]]') featured notable celebrities ([[Maude Apatow]], [[Lily-Rose Depp]], [[Maya Hawke]], [[Dakota Johnson]], Ben Platt, [[Jack Quaid]], [[Zoë Kravitz]], and [[John David Washington]]) whose career successes have been achieved through nepotism.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nate|last=Jones|title=How a Nepo Baby Is Born: Hollywood has always loved the children of famous people. In 2022, the internet reduced them to two little words. |url= https://www.vulture.com/article/what-is-a-nepotism-baby.html|date=December 19, 2022|website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230202053737/https://www.vulture.com/article/what-is-a-nepotism-baby.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vulture.com/the-year-of-the-nepo-baby/|title=The Year of the Nepo Baby|work=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221223081348/https://www.vulture.com/the-year-of-the-nepo-baby/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.today.com/popculture/nepo-baby-meaning-list-rcna62963|title=What are 'nepo babies' and why is the internet talking about them?|first=Lindsay|last=Lowe |work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]].com |date=23 December 2022| access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221223170525/https://www.today.com/popculture/nepo-baby-meaning-list-rcna62963|url-status=live}}</ref>

====In sports====
* [[Thanasis Antetokounmpo]] has been labeled the beneficiary of nepotism due to his brother being [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]], even though his play is deemed by some to not be good enough for him to occupy a roster spot on the [[Milwaukee Bucks]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Panerio |first1=Jonas |title=Shannon Sharpe blasts Giannis Antetokounmpo for having his brothers on the Milwaukee Bucks |url= https://www.si.com/nba/bucks/news/shannon-sharpe-blasts-giannis-antetokounmpo-for-having-his-brothers-on-the-milwaukee-bucks |website=Bucks Zone |date=22 September 2023 |publisher=Sports Illustrated |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>
* The [[Los Angeles Lakers]] encountered allegations of nepotism when they selected [[Bronny James]], the son of [[LeBron James]], in the [[2024 NBA draft]]. Although other NBA prospects exemplified greater promise, experts questioned Bronny's NBA readiness due to his lackluster performance during his only NCAA season. Reports revealed that LeBron's agent, [[Rich Paul]], actively discouraged other teams from drafting Bronny, even going so far as to suggest that he might play overseas if selected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/sources-bronny-james-may-not-025912722.html|title=Sources: Bronny James may not be ready for the NBA|date=17 May 2024|website=Yahoo Sports|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240630020140/https://sports.yahoo.com/sources-bronny-james-may-not-025912722.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.foxsports.com/watch/fmc-vsb0ax44km5s4uod|title=Bronny James 'is not ready to be an NBA player' | The Carton Show|website=FOX Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://athlonsports.com/nba/analyst-gets-brutally-honest-about-bronny-james-ahead-of-nba-draft|title=Analyst Gets Brutally Honest About Bronny James Ahead of NBA Draft|first=Kevin|last=Borba|date=26 June 2024|website=Athlon Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2024/6/27/24187743/bronny-james-nepotism-complaints-nepo-baby-lebron-nba-draft|title=Woj fires back at Bronny James nepotism complaints: 'The NBA is full of nepotism'|first=Harrison|last=Faigen|date=27 June 2024|website=SBNation.com|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628041025/https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2024/6/27/24187743/bronny-james-nepotism-complaints-nepo-baby-lebron-nba-draft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10116580-nba-rumors-4-insiders-say-bronny-james-would-go-undrafted-if-he-wasnt-lebrons-son|title=NBA Rumors: 4 Insiders Say Bronny James Would Go Undrafted If He Wasn't LeBron's Son|first=Mike|last=Chiari |website=Bleacher Report|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240711041641/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10116580-nba-rumors-4-insiders-say-bronny-james-would-go-undrafted-if-he-wasnt-lebrons-son|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.masslive.com/celtics/2024/06/nba-insider-defends-bronny-james-pick-doesnt-want-to-hear-about-nepotism.html|title=NBA insider defends Bronny James pick, doesn't want to hear about 'nepotism'| first=Lauren | last= Campbell |date=28 June 2024|website=masslive|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=29 June 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240629013616/https://www.masslive.com/celtics/2024/06/nba-insider-defends-bronny-james-pick-doesnt-want-to-hear-about-nepotism.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.si.com/nba/bob-myers-says-agent-rich-paul-is-ordering-teams-not-draft-bronny-james|title=Bob Myers Says Agent Rich Paul Is Ordering Teams to Not Draft Bronny James|date=27 June 2024|website=SI|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240628133209/https://www.si.com/nba/bob-myers-says-agent-rich-paul-is-ordering-teams-not-draft-bronny-james|url-status= live}}</ref>

==== In academia ====
{{See also|Legacy preferences}}
Nepotism is in academia, where it is common for professors to have their partners, and sometimes children, hired by the same faculty in which they work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepotism in the Academy Raises Serious Questions |url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15103475/nepotism-in-the-academy-raises-serious-questions |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en-us |date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220805222945/https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15103475/nepotism-in-the-academy-raises-serious-questions |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second half of the 20th century, in the United States at least, this was far less frequent as universities typically held very strict anti-nepotism policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Past US Anti-nepotism Rules |url= https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Stadtman+Anti-Nepotism+Rules |website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education | publisher= National Institutes of Health| place= US |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065048/https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Stadtman+Anti-Nepotism+Rules }}</ref> Countries with high levels of corruption and higher education systems with low competition between universities generally have higher levels of corruption in academia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Rosati |first3=Francesco |title=Relatives in the same university faculty: nepotism or merit? |journal=Scientometrics |date=October 2014 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=737–749 |doi=10.1007/s11192-014-1273-z|arxiv=1810.13234 |s2cid=6285408 }}</ref> Italy has been noted for having particularly high levels of nepotism in its academic system, when compared to other developed nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allesina |first1=Stefano |title=Measuring Nepotism through Shared Last Names: The Case of Italian Academia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=3 August 2011 |volume=6 |issue=8 |article-number=e21160 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021160|pmid=21826195 |pmc=3149595 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...621160A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grilli |first1=Jacopo |last2=Allesina |first2=Stefano |title=Last name analysis of mobility, gender imbalance, and nepotism across academic systems |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=18 July 2017 |volume=114 |issue=29 |pages=7600–7605 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1703513114|pmid=28673985 |pmc=5530677 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114.7600G |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nepotism is often praised for favoring female employment in academia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-nepotism policies and practices |date=31 December 1971 |url=https://www.academia.edu/47861504 |last1=Dunkle |first1=Margaret |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711041642/https://www.academia.edu/47861504 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Selected examples by country ==
[[File:Opening of the Crimean bridge (2018-05-15) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]]'s childhood friend [[Arkady Rotenberg]] is one of the richest people in Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Richest families in Russia as of July 15, 2020, based on assets |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1156415/richest-families-in-russia/ |work=Statista.com}}</ref>]]
=== Argentina ===
In [[Argentina]], nepotism is a common practice. Although there have been various attempts at reducing it,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.dw.com/es/nepotismo-el-sue%C3%B1o-argentino/a-42374086 |title= AM – Nepotismo: el "sueño argentino" |work= Deutsche Welle |date= 30 January 2018 |access-date= 20 April 2021 |archive-date= 20 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210420154722/https://amp.dw.com/es/nepotismo-el-sue%C3%B1o-argentino/a-42374086 |url-status= live }}</ref> it is difficult in a country where state jobs are used as a token of gratitude or party favoritism.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Former president [[Mauricio Macri]] has been investigated for nepotism after allegedly extending a tax amnesty to his family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/argentine-president-probed-nepotism-tax-amnesty-201053073.html|title=Argentine president probed for nepotism in tax amnesty|publisher=Yahoo News|date=13 December 2006|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181525/https://news.yahoo.com/argentine-president-probed-nepotism-tax-amnesty-201053073.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Nonetheless, in 2018, the government of Mauricio Macri set a limit on nepotism through Decree 93/2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/305000-309999/306423/norma.htm|title=Decreto 93/2018. Designación de personas con algún vínculo de parentesco. Criterios aplicables.|publisher=Infoleg|date=31 January 2018|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202130904/https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/305000-309999/306423/norma.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> establishing that "appointments of people could no longer be made, under any modality, throughout the National Public Sector, who have some kinship link both in straight line as well as in a collateral line up to the second degree, with the President and Vice President of the Nation, Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, Ministers and other officials with the rank and hierarchy of Minister. The spouse and the Cohabitant Union are included. "

The [[Kirchnerist]] movement has been openly accused of believing in nepotism, treating meritocracy as a pejorative concept.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Nicholas |title=Argentina moves to stamp out nepotism |url=https://www.dw.com/en/argentinas-mauricio-macri-targets-nepotism-in-fight-against-corruption/a-42408286 |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=DW |date=1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Soltys |first1=Michael |title=All in the family |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/opinion-and-analysis/all-in-the-family.phtml |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=Buenos Aires Times |date=22 June 2024}}</ref> The government's ministries and secretariats are reportedly plagued with friends, family and supporters of the current party leaders, many of whom have been criticized for being incompetent at their jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clarin.com/politica/polemicas-designaciones-gobierno-alberto-fernandez-siguen-aumento_0_vlFxQlFA.html |title= Denuncias de nepotismo y falta de experiencia para ocupar cargos públicos |publisher= Clarin |date= 25 January 2020 |access-date= 20 April 2021 |archive-date= 20 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210420154722/https://www.clarin.com/politica/polemicas-designaciones-gobierno-alberto-fernandez-siguen-aumento_0_vlFxQlFA.amp.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

On December 10, 2023, the libertarian president [[Javier Milei]] takes office – who campaigned criticizing the political "caste", an entelechy built to denigrate traditional political parties and among whose characteristics is that of appointing friends and family to public positions on a discretionary basis – and in one of his first measures he modifies the Mauricio Macri's Decree 93/2018 to be able to grant his sister, [[Karina Milei]], the position of General Secretary of the Presidency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei-modifico-un-decreto-mauricio-macri-que-impedia-nombrar-familiares-cargos-publicos-n5896057|title=Para que pueda asumir su hermana Karina, Javier Milei modificó un decreto de Mauricio Macri que impedía nombrar familiares en cargos públicos|publisher=ambito.com|date=1 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202130902/https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei-modifico-un-decreto-mauricio-macri-que-impedia-nombrar-familiares-cargos-publicos-n5896057|url-status=live}}</ref> Less than two months later, Francisco Adorni, the brother of the government spokesperson [[Manuel Adorni]], took a position as an advisor in the Ministry of Defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/nombraron-asesor-defensa-hermano-vocero-presidencial-cobrara-millones-pesos-mes_0_gyqdrpAtOC.html|title=Nombraron como asesor en Defensa al hermano del vocero presidencial: cobraría más de dos millones de pesos por mes|publisher=ambito.com|date=1 February 2024|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711041642/https://www.clarin.com/politica/nombraron-asesor-defensa-hermano-vocero-presidencial-cobrara-millones-pesos-mes_0_gyqdrpAtOC.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Shortly after he was appointed the Anglican Archbishop of Sydney in 2001, [[Peter Jensen (bishop)|Peter Jensen]] was accused, in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, of nepotism after nominating his brother [[Phillip Jensen]] as Dean of Sydney and appointing his wife Christine Jensen to an official position in the Sydney diocese.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2002 |title=AM – Archbishop Jensen accused of nepotism |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s728866.htm |access-date=22 June 2012 |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archive-date=18 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218073022/http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s728866.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Anna Bligh]], who won the 2009 Queensland State election, has been accused of nepotism for giving her husband, Greg Withers, a position as the Office of Climate Change head.<ref name="houghton">{{cite news |last=Houghton |first=Des |date=28 June 2008 |url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23931778-5012449,00.html |title=Anna Bligh's Labor in trouble in the polls |work=[[The Courier-Mail]] |access-date=17 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628085358/https://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23931778-5012449,00.html |archive-date=2008-06-28}}</ref>

[[Football Federation Australia]] was led by [[Frank Lowy]] from its inception in 2004 until his [[term limit]] exit in 2015. His son, [[Steven Lowy]], who had little direct involvement in high-level sports governance, was nominated as his replacement by Frank, and was elected unopposed by a board strongly loyal to Frank. Steven's introduction exacerbated existing governance issues, with factional opposition led by [[City Football Group]] causing [[FIFA]] intervention to be threatened. Eventually, governance reforms were forced through despite opposition from the Lowy family, and it ended with Steven Lowy resigning from the role. Lowy had also been accused of nepotism regarding his sons in his corporate dealings as the founder of [[Westfield Group]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/frank-lowys-successor-at-ffa-likely-to-be-his-son-20141218-12a3qk.html | title=Frank Lowy's successor at FFA likely to be his son | date=19 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afr.com/companies/corporate-nepotism-19970411-k7eak | title=Corporate nepotism | date=11 April 1997 | access-date=2 November 2023 | archive-date=2 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102103708/https://www.afr.com/companies/corporate-nepotism-19970411-k7eak | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Azerbaijan ===
[[File:Ilham Aliyev paid tribute to Azerbaijani martyrs 7.jpg|thumb|Aliyev family in 2018]]
On 21 February 2017, [[President of Azerbaijan]] [[Ilham Aliyev]] created the position of [[Vice President of Azerbaijan]], then appointed his wife, [[Mehriban Aliyeva]], to the position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meeting of Security Council held under chairmanship of President Ilham Aliyev VIDEO|url=http://azertag.az/en/xeber/1037089|access-date=11 March 2017|agency=Azertag|date=21 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227044801/http://azertag.az/en/xeber/1037089|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1993, the presidency of Azerbaijan has always been in the hands of a member of the Aliyev family: in 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]] was elected president of Azerbaijan, and after his death in a United States hospital in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became president and has been since then. His regime has been accused of a lack of democratic freedoms and press freedom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opinion {{!}} Nepotism in Central Asia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/opinion/nepotism-in-central-asia.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=27 October 2003 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723115103/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/opinion/nepotism-in-central-asia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Geybulla |first1=Arzu |title=How Azerbaijan is losing its brains |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/how-azerbaijan-is-losing-its-brains/ |website=openDemocracy |access-date=23 July 2022 |language=en |date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723115308/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/how-azerbaijan-is-losing-its-brains/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Belgium ===
Over the past decade, criticism has been growing over the creation of political dynasties in Belgium. This phenomenon has been explained by the fact that prominent party members control the ranking of candidates on party lists for elections and a candidate's place on a list determines who is elected. Another justification for the phenomenon is the importance of name recognition for collecting votes.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/buitenland/3376470/__Politiek_Belgie_is_familiezaak__.html?p=7,1 |title=Politiek België is familiezaak – Buitenland – Telegraaf.nl [24 uur actueel, ook mobiel] [buitenland] |publisher=Telegraaf.nl |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608050210/http://www.telegraaf.nl/buitenland/3376470/__Politiek_Belgie_is_familiezaak__.html?p=7,1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Claims of nepotism have been made against [[Bruno Tobback]], the son of senator and former minister [[Louis Tobback]], a member of the Flemish socialists. He became the Belgian federal government's minister for pensions and environment at 35 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipe.com/magazine/tobback-making-his-mark_17630.php#.UcPF2ZzgUoI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326001008/http://www.ipe.com/tobback-making-his-mark/17630.article | archive-date=26 March 2016 |title=Tobback: making his mark |work=Investment & Pensions Europe |date=March 2005 | access-date=20 June 2013 |first=Martin |last=Hurst }}</ref> [[Alexander De Croo]], the son of former speaker of the Belgian parliament Herman De Croo, ran for the leadership of his father's party Open VLD at age 33.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gva.be/nieuws/binnenland/aid874229/alexander-de-croo-wil-voorzitter-open-vld-worden.aspx?cmt=all |title=Alexander De Croo wil voorzitter Open Vld worden |date=27 October 2009 |publisher=Gva.be |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132817/http://www.gva.be/nieuws/binnenland/aid874229/alexander-de-croo-wil-voorzitter-open-vld-worden.aspx?cmt=all |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, there is the example of [[Maya Detiège]], the daughter of former mayor of the city of [[Antwerp]] Leona Detiège, who herself is the daughter of the former mayor of [[Antwerp]] Frans Detiège.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Among other examples are former minister [[Freya Van den Bossche|Freya Van Den Bossche]] and senator [[Jean-Jacques De Gucht]], being the daughter and son, respectively, of former minister [[Luc Van den Bossche|Luc Vandenbossche]] and former minister [[Karel De Gucht]].

=== Cambodia ===
[[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]] [[Hun Sen]] and senior members of [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]] are known for their hand in getting family members into government positions. In the [[2013 Cambodian general election|2013 Cambodian parliamentary elections]], at least eight candidates were sons of high-ranking [[Cambodian People's Party]] officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/2013050665421/National/sons-of-the-party-anointed.html |title=Sons of the party anointed |publisher=Meas Sokchea |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603215514/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/2013050665421/National/sons-of-the-party-anointed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All sons of the ruling party lost but were eventually appointed to high-ranking government positions.

=== China ===
{{See also|Princelings}}
For the past 3,000 years, nepotism has been common in China's clan and extended family-based culture. [[Confucius]] wrote about the importance of balancing "filial piety with merit". The [[clan]]-based [[feudal society|feudal system]] collapsed during Confucius' lifetime, yet nepotism has continued through the modern age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1548234/high-level-officials-monopolise-party-promotion-mechanism-study-finds|title=High-level officials monopolise party promotion mechanism, study finds|date=6 July 2014|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710113519/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1548234/high-level-officials-monopolise-party-promotion-mechanism-study-finds|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Bellow|title=In Praise of Nepotism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8wSCZG9O6AC&pg=PA89|access-date=21 June 2013|date=13 July 2004|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4000-7902-5|pages=89–92}}</ref>

=== France ===
In October 2009, [[Jean Sarkozy]], the second son of the [[President of France|President of the French Republic]], [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], was poised to become the director of the major {{ill|Établissement public pour l'aménagement de la région de la Défense|lt=EPAD|fr}} authority despite lacking any higher education degree and professional experience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE59F1AH20091016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019160102/http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE59F1AH20091016 |archive-date=19 October 2009 |title=Poll shows majority against job for Sarkozy's son |publisher=Reuters.com |date= 16 October 2009|access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> In 2008, he was voted general councillor of [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], the town of which his father had previously been mayor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dalje.com/en-world/sarkozys-son-climbs-new-rung-on-political-ladder/156683 | title=Sarkozy's Son Climbs New Rung On Political Ladder | publisher=Kontineo oglašavanje d.o.o. | work=dalje.com | date=16 June 2008 | access-date=20 June 2013 | archive-date=2 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702074958/http://dalje.com/en-world/sarkozys-son-climbs-new-rung-on-political-ladder/156683 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2009, [[Rapping|rap]]-producer Pierre Sarkozy, the first son of then-President Nicolas Sarkozy, asked {{ill|SCPP|fr|Société civile des producteurs phonographiques|vertical-align=sup}} for a financial contribution of around €10000 towards an €80000 artistic project. Because he was not an SCPP member, the request was automatically rejected. Pierre Sarkozy then went to the [[Élysée]], which led to an Élysée aide contacting the SCPP, and SCPP president Marc Guez assuring the issue would soon be favorably resolved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electronlibre.info/+Nepotisme-et-Sarkozysme-acte-II,02317+ |title=Népotisme et Sarkozysme, acte II (màj) |publisher=Electronlibre.info |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728114814/http://www.electronlibre.info/+Nepotisme-et-Sarkozysme-acte-II,02317+ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-politique/20091107.RUE3390/apres-jean-un-coup-de-pouce-de-l-elysee-pour-pierre-sarkozy.html |title=Après Jean, un coup de pouce de l'Elysée pour Pierre Sarkozy |work=Rue89 |publisher=Rue89.com |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=6 March 2011 }}</ref> According to {{ill|Abeille Musique|fr|vertical-align=sup}} president and SCPP member Yves Riesel, however, this would not happen as SCPP's financial help has been restricted to members only for months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2009/11/08/apres-jean-l-elysee-se-met-au-service-de-pierre-sarkozy_592504/|title=Après Jean, l'Elysée se met au service de Pierre Sarkozy|publisher=Liberation.fr|date=8 November 2009|access-date=6 March 2011|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917064246/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2009/11/08/apres-jean-l-elysee-se-met-au-service-de-pierre-sarkozy_592504/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Greece===
In Greece, it is common practice for family members of current or former party leaders to be party members and get appointed as ministers when the party is in government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/255152/to-fainomeno-tis-oikogeneiokratias-sti-voyli-apo-ti-metapoliteysi-mexri-simera |script-title=el:To φαινόμενο της "οικογενειοκρατίας" στη Βουλή από τη Μεταπολίτευση μέχρι σήμερα |language=el |work=Lifo |date=15 October 2019 |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625052428/https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/255152/to-fainomeno-tis-oikogeneiokratias-sti-voyli-apo-ti-metapoliteysi-mexri-simera |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, there have been three prime ministers from the [[List of political families in Greece#P|Papandreou family]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/business/global/papandreou-family-shapes-history-in-greece.html |title=Family Differences, Global Issues |last=Thomas |first=Landon Jr |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023850/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/business/global/papandreou-family-shapes-history-in-greece.html |url-status=live }}</ref> two from the [[List of political families in Greece#M|Mitsotakis family]] (one currently serving),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766 |title=Greece elections: Centre-right regains power under Kyriakos Mitsotakis |work=BBC News |date=8 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711134534/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766 |url-status=live }}</ref> two from the [[List of political families in Greece#K|Karamanlis family]] (a third one was serving as minister of transportation until February 2023, quitting his position following the worst rail disaster in the history of the country).

=== India ===
Research conducted found that in India, family CEOs are generally paid more than professional CEOs, especially in high-performing, eponymous firms. Additionally, family CEOs in these firms exhibit greater pay-performance sensitivity, benefiting more from strong performance while remaining insulated from poor outcomes. These findings indicate that CEO compensation can be used by controlling families in emerging markets as a tool to extract private benefits, often at the expense of minority shareholders.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/smj.3263 | title=Does nepotism run in the family? CEO pay and pay-performance sensitivity in Indian family firms | date=2021 | last1=Chen | first1=Guoli | last2=Chittoor | first2=Raveendra | last3=Vissa | first3=Balagopal | journal=Strategic Management Journal | volume=42 | issue=7 | pages=1326–1343 }}</ref>

==== Nepotism in Indian politics ====
{{main|Nepotism in Indian politics}}
Since the 1980s, Indian politics has become dynastic, possibly due to the absence of elected party organization, independent civil society associations that mobilize support for a party, and centralized financing of elections.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1= Chhibber|first1=Pradeep|title=Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact| journal=Party Politics |date=March 2013|volume=19|issue=2|pages=277–295 |doi= 10.1177/1354068811406995|s2cid=144781444}}</ref> One example of dynastic politics has been the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]], which produced [[List of prime ministers of India|three]] Indian prime ministers. Family members have also led the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] for most of the period since 1978, when [[Indira Gandhi]] floated the then Congress(I) faction of the party.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Basu |first1=Amrita |last2=Chandra |first2=Kanchan |title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-12344-1 |page=136}}</ref> The ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows|title=Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows|date=29 March 2019 |access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210515135823/https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows|url-status= live}}</ref> Dynastic politics is prevalent also in a number of political parties with regional presence such as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD), [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC), [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (JKPDP), [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(s)), [[Jannayak Janta Party]] (JJP) [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM), [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP), [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SKD), [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] (SS(UBT)), [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS), [[Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party]] (YSRCP) and [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP).{{Sfn|Chandra|2016|pp=131,136}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Kanchan |author-link=Kanchan Chandra |title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10 |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-59212-0 |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023606/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Judiciary====
Many judges and advocates of the [[High courts of India|high courts]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]] are alleged to be appointed by exercising casteism, nepotism,<ref>{{cite news |script-title=hi:सर्वे: हाईकोर्ट के 50 और सुप्रीम कोर्ट के 33% जज चंद घरानों के बेटे-भतीजे, भारत में ज्यूडिशरी का हाल |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/around-50-percent-high-court-and-33-percent-supreme-court-judges-are-family-members-of-those-in-higher-echelony-of-judiciary-says-a-research-by-mumbai-based-lawyer-news-and-updates/1388885/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103301/https://www.jansatta.com/national/around-50-percent-high-court-and-33-percent-supreme-court-judges-are-family-members-of-those-in-higher-echelony-of-judiciary-says-a-research-by-mumbai-based-lawyer-news-and-updates/1388885/ |archive-date=27 May 2020 |script-work=hi:जनसत्ता |date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nepotism' in Collegium System, Alleges Allahabad HC Judge in Fawning Letter to Modi |url=https://thewire.in/law/nepotism-and-casteism-in-collegium-system-alleges-allahabad-hc-judge-in-letter-to-modi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704141249/https://thewire.in/law/nepotism-and-casteism-in-collegium-system-alleges-allahabad-hc-judge-in-letter-to-modi |archive-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=The Wire |date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt gives collegium 'proof' of nepotism in picks for HC judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-gives-collegium-proof-of-nepotism-in-picks-for-hc-judges/articleshow/65220425.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801074758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-gives-collegium-proof-of-nepotism-in-picks-for-hc-judges/articleshow/65220425.cms |archive-date=1 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2018}}</ref> and favoritism, primarily due to the Supreme Court and the high court appointment process called [[Collegium system|Collegium]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Who's the Judge? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/who-s-the-judge-166438.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608145502/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/who-s-the-judge-166438.html |archive-date=8 June 2019 |publisher=The Statesman |date=21 September 2016}}</ref> which recommends to the President, in a legally binding manner, the names of judges to be appointed or promoted to the higher judiciary. The various judicial services exams are also infamous for these practices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Check complaints of judges' children clearing judicial exam: Sadananda Gowda asks Chief Justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/check-complaints-of-judges-children-clearing-judicial-exam-sadananda-gowda-to-chief-justice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627022013/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/check-complaints-of-judges-children-clearing-judicial-exam-sadananda-gowda-to-chief-justice/ |archive-date=27 June 2015 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=26 June 2015}}</ref>

==== Indian film industry ====
{{see also|Lists of Indian film clans}}
The [[Kapoor family]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=When Ranbir Kapoor confessed he was a product of nepotism, said 'I would like to work hard for my children so that they get the right opportunity'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-confessed-he-was-a-product-of-nepotism-said-i-would-like-to-work-hard-for-my-children-so-that-they-get-the-right-opportunity/story-L3s4WQHjpA58elsiq2gR8K.html|access-date=22 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620192833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-ranbir-kapoor-confessed-he-was-a-product-of-nepotism-said-i-would-like-to-work-hard-for-my-children-so-that-they-get-the-right-opportunity/story-L3s4WQHjpA58elsiq2gR8K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> one of the most prolific generational families involved in Indian cinema, have been known for bringing their children into the industry with their endorsements and influence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alam |first1=Anan |title=A deep dive into nepotism in Bollywood |url=https://thred.com/culture/a-deep-dive-into-nepotism-in-bollywood/ |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=Thred |date=2 January 2023}}</ref> In June 2020, a fresh debate on nepotism followed soon after the [[Suicide of Sushant Singh Rajput|suicide]] of actor [[Sushant Singh Rajput]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=October 5, 2020|title=Dr Sudhir Gupta shares crucial facts on Sushant Singh Rajput death AIIMS report: 8 points|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sudhir-gupta-shares-crucial-facts-on-ssr-death-aiims-report-8-points-1728430-2020-10-05|access-date=15 June 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043243/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sudhir-gupta-shares-crucial-facts-on-ssr-death-aiims-report-8-points-1728430-2020-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> which fans believe was in reaction to efforts by [[Bollywood]] insiders to boycott him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Jyoti|date=20 June 2020|title=Karan Johar, Alia Bhatt lose lakhs of Instagram followers as Sushant fans call out 'nepotism'|url=https://theprint.in/india/karan-johar-alia-bhatt-lose-lakhs-of-instagram-followers-as-sushant-fans-call-out-nepotism/445527/|access-date=23 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622192436/https://theprint.in/india/karan-johar-alia-bhatt-lose-lakhs-of-instagram-followers-as-sushant-fans-call-out-nepotism/445527/|url-status=live}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Karan Johar]], whom Rajput had worked in the [[Netflix]] film ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]'' (2019), was quickly accused of nepotism by actress [[Kangana Ranaut]], with Rajput's fans calling for a boycott of Johar and his studio, [[Dharma Productions]], as well as of actor [[Salman Khan]] and [[Salim Khan family|his brothers]], who were accused of bullying outsiders in the past.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |title=Koffee With Karan Throwback: When Kangana Ranaut called Karan Johar the flag-bearer of nepotism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/koffee-with-karan-throwback-when-kangana-ranaut-called-karan-johar-the-flag-bearer-of-nepotism/articleshow/104709498.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=26 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Santanu |title=Kangana Ranaut says Karan Johar can play 'chota villain' in her biopic: 'He is very snooty, classist'Kangana Ranaut says Karan Johar can play 'chota villain' in her biopic: 'He is very snooty, classist' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-says-karan-johar-can-play-chota-villain-in-her-biopic-101725116996200.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times News |date=31 August 2024}}</ref> Actors and actresses [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Ananya Pandey]], [[Athiya Shetty]], [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]], all of whom hail from film families, were also widely criticized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Never made any efforts to make friends within Bollywood: Kangana Ranaut|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/never-made-any-efforts-to-make-friends-within-bollywood-kangana-ranaut/606805|access-date=23 June 2020|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=15 June 2020 |language=en|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625194606/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/never-made-any-efforts-to-make-friends-within-bollywood-kangana-ranaut/606805|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
[[Suharto]], Indonesia's second president, is involved in nepotism, alongside corruption and [[collusion]] (together, they are known as the ''KKN'' in {{langx|id|korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme}}). Companies belonging to Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy"), and Bambang Trihatmodjo, were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the toll-expressway company [[:id:Jasamarga|Jasamarga]] (monopolized by Tutut), the national car project [[Timor]] (monopolized by Bambang and Tommy), and the cinema market (monopolized by [[:id:21 Cineplex|21 Cineplex]], which is owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono). The family is said to control about {{Cvt|36000|km2}} of real estate in Indonesia, including {{Cvt|100000|m2}} of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in [[East Timor]]. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with the former Indonesian president's family companies.<ref name="BBC_20040325">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title=Suharto tops corruption rankings | work=BBC News | date=25 March 2004 | access-date=4 February 2006 | archive-date=13 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Global Corruption Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf |title=Global Corruption Report |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704093500/http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf }}</ref> In 2024, Suharto's former son in law [[Prabowo Subianto]] became President of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto wins presidency, official results confirm | website=[[Le Monde]] | date=20 March 2024 | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/20/indonesia-prabowo-subianto-wins-presidency-official-results-confirm_6639261_4.html }}</ref>

=== Mauritius ===
{{main|Corruption in Mauritius}}
Since the [[1948 Mauritian general election|first democratic elections in 1948]], the field of politics in Mauritius has been marked by a handful of families who have controlled the four major political parties which exist to this day. They are often referred to as the "modern dynasties" of Mauritian politics, such as the Duval, Bérenger, Gunowa (Gungah), Curé, Uteem, Mohamed, Boolell, Ramgoolam and Jugnauth families. The Boolell family's involvement in politics started with [[Satcam Boolell]] in 1955, paving the way for his son [[Arvin Boolell]], nephews Satish Boolell, Anil Gayan, and Sanjay Bhuckory, and son-in-law Sushil Kushiram to enter politics. The Duval dynasty started with ex-[[Lord mayor]] and minister Gaetan Duval, followed by his sons Xavier and Richard, as well as his grandson Adrien. Lall Jugnauth was the first of his clan to enter politics in the 1950s and was followed by his cousins Aneerood and Ashock as well as his nephew Pravind. Abdool Razack Mohamed, who migrated from India in the 1930s, became Lord Mayor and minister; his son, Yousuf and grandson, Shakeel, were also elected and served as ministers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hilbert |first1=Patrick |title=Ces dynasties qui règnent sur la politique |url=https://defimedia.info/ces-dynasties-qui-regnent-sur-la-politique |website=defimedia.info |publisher=Defimedia Group |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123949/http://defimedia.info/ces-dynasties-qui-regnent-sur-la-politique |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roshi Bhadain]], who was a minister of the [[Militant Socialist Movement|MSM]] government, is the nephew of former Labour Party minister [[Vasant Bunwaree]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roshi Bhadain: L'enfant gâté du Sun Trust qui voulait aller trop vite |date=18 June 2017 |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/politique/roshi-bhadain-l-enfant-gate-du-sun-trust-qui-voulait-aller-trop-vite/153688/ |publisher=Le Mauricien |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507075738/https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/politique/roshi-bhadain-l-enfant-gate-du-sun-trust-qui-voulait-aller-trop-vite/153688/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roshi Bhadain]] and Akilesh Deerpalsing (Bhadain's advisor and campaign manager, who is also the son of former minister [[Kishore Deerpalsing]]) were investigated by [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Mauritius)|ICAC]] in 2019 for suspicious recruitment practices when he was a minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nuckcheddy |first1=Ashna |title=Recrutements: Roshi Bhadain dans le viseur de la commission anticorruption |date=26 January 2019 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/346598/recrutements-roshi-bhadain-dans-viseur-commission-anticorruption |publisher=L'Express |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127031221/https://www.lexpress.mu/article/346598/recrutements-roshi-bhadain-dans-viseur-commission-anticorruption |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La garde rapprochée de Roshi Bhadain |work=Bizweek |date=14 April 2016 |url=http://bizweek.mu/en/info/la-garde-rapprochee-de-roshi-bhadain |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214023334/http://bizweek.mu/en/info/la-garde-rapprochee-de-roshi-bhadain |url-status=live |author1=Biz_Admin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=L'ex-ministre Kishore Deerpalsing est décédé |date=10 February 2018 |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/lex-ministre-kishore-deerpalsing-decede/182032/ |publisher=Le Mauricien |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507074316/https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/lex-ministre-kishore-deerpalsing-decede/182032/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, Harry Ganoo, the retired brother of Minister [[Alan Ganoo]], was nominated as the new president of the Civil Service College Mauritius, a few months after the November 2019 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le frere de Alan Ganoo nomme president du Civil Service College Mauritius |work=Zinfos Moris, L'actualité de l'île Maurice |url=https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Le-frere-de-Alan-Ganoo-nomme-president-du-Civil-Service-College-Mauritius_a13310.html |publisher=Zinfos Moris |access-date=2020-03-14 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214023330/https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Le-frere-de-Alan-Ganoo-nomme-president-du-Civil-Service-College-Mauritius_a13310.html |url-status=live |last1=Moris |first1=E. }}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
The appointment of [[Nurul Izzah Anwar]] as a senior economic and finance advisor by Prime Minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]] resulted in accusations of nepotism.<ref>{{cite news | author=Yasmine Haizan | title=Appointment of Anwar's daughter as senior economic and finance adviser sparks controversy in Malaysia | publisher=Channel News Asia | date=31 January 2023 | url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-anwar-ibrahim-nurul-izzah-controversy-senior-economic-finance-adviser-3243226 | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201064400/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-anwar-ibrahim-nurul-izzah-controversy-senior-economic-finance-adviser-3243226 | url-status=live }}</ref> The action was widely criticized by intellectuals, NGOs and even party members of the Pakatan Harapan coalition, who claimed it contravened principles of merit and fairness.<ref>{{cite news | title='Legally right but morally wrong' to appoint Nurul Izzah as PM's adviser - PKR MP | publisher=Malaysiakini | date=30 January 2023 | url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/653310 | access-date=1 February 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201011418/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/653310 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Malta ===
{{See also|Corruption in Malta}}
Due to its small native population, Malta has an entrenched culture of nepotism, which became more evident since the country gained independence from the [[British Empire]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordina |first=John Paul |date=19 September 2022 |title=Addressing nepotism requires education – and fixing our politics |url=https://newsbook.com.mt/en/addressing-nepotism-requires-education-and-fixing-our-politics/ |website=Newsbook}}</ref>

In a Eurobarometer survey published in 2023, 55% of Maltese businesses reported that nepotism and patronage were primary problems, and 70% said close links between businesspeople and politicians led to corruption.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=84% of businesses see favouritism, corruption as hampering competition |date=8 July 2023 |url=https://theshiftnews.com/2023/07/08/84-of-businesses-see-favouritism-corruption-as-hampering-competition/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en}}</ref>

By comparison, only 37% of respondents in other EU member states saw nepotism and patronage as problematic, and 35% cited corruption as a concern.<ref name=":0" />

=== Romania ===
Members of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian Communist]] dictator [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Nicolae Ceaușescu's]] family dominated the country for decades.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Bellow|title=In Praise of Nepotism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8wSCZG9O6AC|access-date=20 June 2013|date=13 July 2004|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4000-7902-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Behr|title=Kiss the hand you cannot bite: the rise and fall of the Ceauşescus|date=21 May 1991|publisher=Villard Books|isbn=978-0-679-40128-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/kisshandyoucanno00behr/page/175 175]|url=https://archive.org/details/kisshandyoucanno00behr/page/175}}</ref> [[Elena Băsescu]], the daughter of President [[Traian Băsescu]], was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in 2009, despite having no significant professional or political experience.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ziare.com/articole/elena+basescu+nepotism | title=Search on Elena Băsescu nepotism | work=Zaire.com | access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-date=10 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510173042/http://www.ziare.com/articole/elena+basescu+nepotism | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Singapore ===
{{see also | Political_family#Q | l1= Dynastic politics in Singapore | Constituencies_of_Singapore#Gerrymandering| l2= Gerrymandering of political constituencies in Singapore | Human_rights_in_Singapore#FOE | l3= Lack of political freedom of expression in Singapore | Politics of Singapore }}

[[Government of Singapore|Singapore's government]] has been the target of numerous charges of nepotism, with several members of the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]]'s family holding high-ranking posts. [[Lee Kuan Yew]], who was prime minister from 1959 to 1990, preceded his son [[Lee Hsien Loong]]. Other family members holding high positions include the elder Lee's daughter, [[Lee Wei Ling]], the director of the National Neurological Institute, his other son, [[Lee Hsien Yang]], the chief executive officer of [[Singtel|Singapore Telecommunications]] from 1995 to 2007 and the younger Lee's wife, [[Ho Ching]], who was appointed [[chief executive officer]] of state holding investment company [[Temasek Holdings]]. The family members dispute the charges as they arise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore's Lee Family and Nepotism |date=24 February 2012 |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/singapores-lee-family-and-nepotism/ |newspaper=Asia Sentinel |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706074216/https://www.asiasentinel.com/society/singapores-lee-family-and-nepotism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
{{See also|Rajapaksa family}}
Former President of Sri Lanka, [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], has been accused of nepotism, appointing three brothers to run important ministries and giving out other political positions to relatives, regardless of their merit. During his presidency, the Rajapaksa family held the ministries of [[Ministry of Finance and Planning (Sri Lanka)|finance]], [[defence minister|defence]], [[Ministry of Ports and Aviation (Sri Lanka)|ports and aviation]], and [[Ministry of Highways and Road Development (Sri Lanka)|highways and road development]]. The president's brother, [[Gotabhaya Rajapaksa]], was given the post of [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Defence Secretary]]. He also controlled the armed forces, the police and the Coast Guard, and was responsible for immigration and emigration. Rajapaksa appointed his brother [[Basil Rajapaksa]] as Minister of Economic Development. Together, the Rajapaksa brothers controlled over 70% of Sri Lanka's public budget. Mahinda Rajapaksa's eldest brother, [[Chamal Rajapaksa]], was appointed as the [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]], and has held many other posts before, while his eldest son, Namal Rajapaksa, is also a member of the parliament and holds undisclosed portfolios.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.economist.com/briefing/2007/06/07/a-war-strange-as-fiction | newspaper=The Economist | title=A war strange as fiction | date=7 June 2007 | access-date=16 January 2011 | archive-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701154522/http://www.economist.com/node/9299003?story_id=9299003 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="atimes1">{{cite news |author=Sudha Ramachandran |url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LK11Df02.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101113055510/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LK11Df02.html |archive-date=13 November 2010 |work=Asia Times |title=Feuds start in Sri Lanka's first family |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>

Others include his nephew, [[Shashindra Rajapaksa]], the former [[Chief Minister of Uva]]; one of his cousins, [[Jaliya Wickramasuriya]], the former Sri Lankan ambassador to the United States; and another cousin, [[Udayanga Weeratunga]], the former ambassador to Russia. Dozens of nephews, nieces, cousins, and in-laws have also been appointed heads of banks, boards, and corporations.<ref name="atimes1" />

[[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], who served as the former [[president of Sri Lanka]] from 1994 to 2005 and former [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]] in 1994, is the daughter of [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] and [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], who both served as [[Prime Minister of Ceylon|Prime Ministers of Ceylon]] from 1956 to 1959, 1960 to 1965, 1970 to 1977 and 1994 to 2000. Her brother [[Anura Bandaranaike]] served as the [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]] from 2000 to 2001

Also, former president Ranasinghe Premadasa's son Sajith Premadasa is the Opposition leader of Sri Lanka, who ran for the presidential election in 2019 as well.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|date=2019-09-26|title=UNP names Sajith Premadasa as presidential candidate|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unp-declares-sajith-premadasa-as-presidential-candidate/article29519171.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103014837/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/unp-declares-sajith-premadasa-as-presidential-candidate/article29519171.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], who served as prime minister of Sri Lanka from 1993 to 1994, 2001 to 2004, 2015 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019, is a nephew of former Sri Lankan president [[J. R. Jayewardene]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|date=2018-12-22|title=Ranil Wickremesinghe, who has just made another comeback, looks ahead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ranil-wickremesinghe-who-has-just-made-another-comeback/article25807913.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013020101/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ranil-wickremesinghe-who-has-just-made-another-comeback/article25807913.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, a defense state minister of his government, [[Ruwan Wijewardene]], is a cousin of [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Cabinet ministers sworn in|url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/61073/new-cabinet-ministers-sworn-in|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.dailymirror.lk|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126233443/https://www.dailymirror.lk/61073/new-cabinet-ministers-sworn-in|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, [[Ruwan Wijewardene|Ruwan]] is the great-grandson of UNP founder and Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister [[D. S. Senanayake]]. [[Ruwan Wijewardene|Ruwan]] has been given a high priority in the party by [[Ranil Wickremesinghe|Ranil]], by giving leadership roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ruwan Wijewardene elected Deputy Leader of UNP|url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/Ruwan-Wijewardene-elected-Deputy-Leader-of-UNP/155-195851|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.dailymirror.lk|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205015445/https://www.dailymirror.lk/top_story/Ruwan-Wijewardene-elected-Deputy-Leader-of-UNP/155-195851|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=tharindu|title=Ranil's focus on giving UNP leadership to Ruwan?|url=https://www.srilankamirror.com/news/19179-ranil-s-focus-on-giving-unp-leadership-to-ruwan|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.srilankamirror.com|language=en-gb|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528021405/https://www.srilankamirror.com/news/19179-ranil-s-focus-on-giving-unp-leadership-to-ruwan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lancelot|date=2020-09-14|title=Opinion: It's Ruwan! – Wijewardene in line to lead the UNP|url=https://www.lankabusinessonline.com/opinion-its-ruwan-wijewardene-in-line-to-lead-the-unp/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Lanka Business Online|language=en-US|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526011928/https://www.lankabusinessonline.com/opinion-its-ruwan-wijewardene-in-line-to-lead-the-unp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spain ===
Nepotism occurred in [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Colonial America]] when offices were given to family members.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alan R. Freitang, Ashli Quesinberry Stokes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPrOtG3lv0QC&pg=PA208|title=Global Public Relations: Spanning Borders, Spanning Cultures|author2=Ashli Quesinberry Stokes|date=22 December 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06129-7|page=208|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs]], son of [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]] (president of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) from 1980 to 2001), has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 2001; his daughter, Maria Teresa Samaranch Salisachs, has been president of the Spanish Federation of Sports on Ice since 2005.<ref name="ElPais">{{Cite news | title = La larga carrera de un hombre polifacético | url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/larga/carrera/hombre/polifacetico/elpepudep/20100421elpepudep_9/Tes | newspaper = El País | date = 21 April 2010 | access-date = 22 April 2010 | archive-date = 13 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513114249/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/larga/carrera/hombre/polifacetico/elpepudep/20100421elpepudep_9/Tes | url-status = live }}. {{in lang|es}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
The [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]], who was [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] for three separate occasions from 1885 to 1902 for a total of approximately 14 years, appointed his nephew, [[Arthur Balfour]], as [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] in 1887 and later as prime minister in 1902. This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "[[Bob's your uncle]]".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Saki, a life of Hector Hugh Munro: with six short stories never before collected|last=Langguth|first=A. J.|date=1981|publisher=Simon and Schuster|others=Saki, 1870–1916.|isbn=978-0-671-24715-7|location=New York|pages=65|oclc=7554446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4K8AAAAIAAJ|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023610/https://books.google.com/books?id=B4K8AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1977, during his father-in-law [[James Callaghan]]'s term as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]], [[Peter Jay (diplomat)|Peter Jay]] was appointed [[United Kingdom Ambassador to the United States|ambassador to the United States]].<ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=Stephen |title=Peter Jay obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/sep/23/peter-jay-obituary |work=The Guardian |date=23 September 2024}}</ref> As Jay was just 40 years old, was not a diplomat and had never held any public office; the appointment caused some controversy and accusations of nepotism.<ref name=Observer>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/jun/18/life1.lifemagazine6 |title=Jay talking |newspaper=The Observer|location= London |access-date=11 January 2011|date=18 June 2000}}</ref>

In February 2010, Sir Christopher Kelly, chairman of the [[Committee on Standards in Public Life]], said that more than 200 MPs used Parliamentary allowances to employ their own relatives in a variety of office roles. He suggested that the practice should be banned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8520548.stm|access-date=27 August 2011|date=17 February 2010|work=BBC News|title=Ban on MP spouse jobs 'essential'|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8520548.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

North Yorkshire Police's Chief Constable [[Grahame Maxwell]] was disciplined by the IPCC in 2011, but refused to resign, after admitting that he assisted a relative through the first stages of a recruitment process.<ref>{{cite news | title=Chief constable remains despite calls for resignation | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-13369301 | newspaper=BBC News | location=North Yorkshire, UK | date=12 May 2011 | access-date=12 May 2011 | archive-date=12 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-13369301 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Many Northern Irish politicians employ family members. In 2008, 19 elected politicians of the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] (DUP) directly employed family members and relatives, comprising 27 of its 136 staff.<ref>{{Cite news | title = DUP's two tribes | url = http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/dups-two-tribes-13387086.html | newspaper = [[Belfast Telegraph]] | date = 22 February 2008 | access-date = 4 December 2011 | archive-date = 27 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327010154/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/dups-two-tribes-13387086.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2020, [[Kate Bingham]], the wife of [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]] politician and then-[[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]] [[Jesse Norman]], was appointed chair of the UK's Vaccine Taskforce—the group set up to lead UK efforts to find and manufacture a [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] vaccine — despite other more qualified people being proposed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kate Bingham Appointed Chair of UK Vaccine Taskforce|url=https://www.herefordvoice.co.uk/forums/topic/4128-kate-bingham-appointed-chair-of-uk-vaccine-taskforce/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Hereford Voice|date=16 May 2020 |language=en-GB|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101052450/https://www.herefordvoice.co.uk/forums/topic/4128-kate-bingham-appointed-chair-of-uk-vaccine-taskforce/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States ===
[[Palm Beach County, Florida]], schools reinforced nepotism rules as of 2012 to ensure an "equitable work environment".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-12/news/fl-nepotism-palm-schools-20120412_1_nepotism-relatives-indirect-supervision|title=Palm Beach County School Board reinforces nepotism rules|work= sun-sentinel.com |access-date=12 May 2017| language= en |archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170403190136/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-04-12/news/fl-nepotism-palm-schools-20120412_1_nepotism-relatives-indirect-supervision}}</ref>

In December 2012, a report from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' indicated various nepotism practices from the [[District of Columbia]] and Northern [[Virginia]]'s [[Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority]] (MWAA), including one family with five members working for the MWAA. One of the reasons given by the associate general counsel to defend the alleged nepotism was "if [the employees are] qualified and competed for [the positions] on their own, I don't see a problem with relatives working in the same organization."<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomson|first=Cheryl W.|title=D.C. airport authority employment is frequently a family affair| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/dc-airport-authority-employment-is-frequently-a-family-affair/2012/12/08/e29ab88a-3eef-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html|access-date=10 December 2012|newspaper= The Washington Post| date=8 December 2012|archive-date=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216091224/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/dc-airport-authority-employment-is-frequently-a-family-affair/2012/12/08/e29ab88a-3eef-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html|url-status= live}}</ref> The inspector general of the [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] and the US Congress pressured the MWAA to resolve practices of nepotism. Authority employees are no longer allowed to directly or indirectly influence the hiring or promotion of relatives, as documented in their ethics policy.<ref>{{cite news |author=Editorial Board |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/airports-authority-must-clean-up-its-act-on-nepotism/2012/12/10/dc217b7a-4308-11e2-8061-253bccfc7532_story.html |title=Airports authority must clean up its act on nepotism |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213193356/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/airports-authority-must-clean-up-its-act-on-nepotism/2012/12/10/dc217b7a-4308-11e2-8061-253bccfc7532_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Politics ====

President [[John Adams]] appointed his son, [[John Quincy Adams]], as the first [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany|United States Minister to Prussia]].

Around 30 family members or relatives of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] prospered financially in some way from either government appointments or employment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime, Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P41ij0GoFL4C&q=James+Watson+Webb+Scandal+in+Brazil&pg=PA374| first= Lawrence M. | last= Salinger|pages=374–375|volume=2| year=2005 |isbn=
978-0-7619-3004-4| access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023608/https://books.google.com/books?id=P41ij0GoFL4C&q=James+Watson+Webb+Scandal+in+Brazil&pg=PA374|url-status=live}}</ref>

President Franklin Roosevelt submitted the name of his son [[Elliott Roosevelt (general)|Elliott Roosevelt]] to the Senate for promotion to brigadier general. Following threats of resignation and pressure, Elliott Roosevelt was made a rated pilot during World War II. A suitable vacancy could not be found for him after his father's death, and his last day of service was [[VJ-Day]]. Franklin Roosevelt also appointed his son, [[James Roosevelt]], as an administrative assistant to the president and a secretary to the president. James Roosevelt was the White House coordinator for 18 federal agencies. ''Time'' magazine suggested that he might be considered "Assistant President of the United States".

President [[John F. Kennedy]] made his brother-in-law, [[Sargent Shriver]], the first director of the [[Peace Corps]] and his brother, [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Attorney General.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Jeffrey M. | last1= Elliot| first2= Sheikh R. | last2= Ali|title=The Presidential Congressional Political Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppIIbWkftv4C&pg=PA88|access-date=20 June 2013|date=1 September 2007 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=978-1-4344-9140-4|page=88}}</ref>

President [[Richard Nixon]] faced lingering allegations stemming from the business dealings of his younger brother [[Donald Nixon]], notably the younger Nixon's ties to the influential US defense businessman [[Howard Hughes]], who loaned him $205,000 in 1956 to prop up his failing restaurant business; although the loan was never repaid, he subsequently maintained a close relationship to [[John H. Meier]], a prominent Hughes lieutenant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartlett |first1=Donald L. |last2=Steele |first2=James B. |date=2004 |orig-date=1979 |title=Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness |location=New York City |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=0-393-32602-0|pp=203–204, 410–414}}</ref> Richard Nixon also appointed [[John Eisenhower]] as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Belgium|United States Ambassador to Belgium]]. Richard Nixon was the father of Eisenhower's daughter-in-law.

In 1979, [[Bill Clinton]], within weeks of being newly elected as Governor of Arkansas, appointed his wife, [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]], to chair the Rural Health Advisory Committee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Kelly (editor)|title=The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html|work=The New York Times|date=20 January 1993|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170524190132/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, newly elected as President of the United States, he again [[Hillary Clinton#Health care and other policy initiatives|appointed]] his wife to chair a Task Force on National Health Care Reform. In 2013, Bill appointed his daughter, [[Chelsea Clinton|Chelsea]], a member of the governing board of the [[Clinton Foundation]] and [[Clinton Foundation#Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) and CGI U|Clinton Global Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web|last=McGann|first=Eileen|author-link=Eileen McGann (author)|title=Nepotism Princess Chelsea Clinton To Write Book For Young People On Most Important Issues; No Mention Of Jobs And Student Loans Debt| url= http://thehillarydaily.com/nepotism-princess-chelsea-clinton-to-write-book-for-young-people-on-most-important-issues-no-mention-of-jobs-and-student-loans-debt/|publisher=The Hillary Daily|date=5 May 2015|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=30 April 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160430015038/http://thehillarydaily.com/nepotism-princess-chelsea-clinton-to-write-book-for-young-people-on-most-important-issues-no-mention-of-jobs-and-student-loans-debt/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Trump With Family February 1 2016.jpg|thumb|The [[Trump family]]]]
In 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] was [[Hiring and personnel concerns about Donald Trump#Family members in major roles|accused of nepotism]] after appointing both his son-in-law, [[Jared Kushner]] and his daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] (married to Kushner) into [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|advisory roles to the president]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Alan | last= Yuhas |title=Trump names son-in-law Jared Kushner as senior adviser, testing anti-nepotism law |date=10 January 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/09/jared-kushner-senior-adviser-donald-trump |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191009125621/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/09/jared-kushner-senior-adviser-donald-trump |url-status=live }}</ref> Neither Jared nor Ivanka had any experience in public service. In 2020, President Trump appointed his son [[Eric Trump]]'s brother-in-law, Kyle Yunaska, to the position of [[NASA]] Deputy Chief of Staff.

In 2024, President [[Joe Biden]] was accused of nepotism for pardoning his son [[Hunter Biden]]'s federal felony gun and tax convictions, as well as any offense against the United States occurring between January 1, 2014 and December 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haner |first=Joanne |date=2024-12-02 |title=CNN legal analyst calls Hunter Biden pardon 'historic act of political nepotism' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5017753-biden-pardons-hunter-biden/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203033943/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5017753-biden-pardons-hunter-biden/ |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Hill |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=MILLER |first1=ZEKE |last2=RICHER |first2=ALANNA DURKIN |last3=LONG |first3=COLLEEN |date=2024-12-02 |title=Biden pardons his son Hunter despite previous pledges not to |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-son-hunter-charges-pardon-pledge-24f3007c2d2f467fa48e21bbc7262525 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

====Legality====
Current (since 1995)<ref>{{Cite case|case=Sean T. HADDON, Appellant, v. Gary J. WALTERS, Chief Usher, Appellee|court=[[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit]]|last=Buckley|first=James L.|year=1995|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12409994638406990093|last2=Ginsburg|first2=Ruth Bader|last3=Sentelle|first3=David Bryan|via=[[Google Scholar]]}}</ref> US court rulings have held that the [[White House]] itself does not constitute an "agency" for the purposes of adhering to existing anti-nepotism laws on the books.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sheth |first=Sonam |title=Ivanka Trump's new White House position could be an ethical minefield |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ivanka-trump-white-house-west-wing-donald-trump-ethics-legal-2017-3 |work=Business Insider |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200215205954/https://www.businessinsider.com/ivanka-trump-white-house-west-wing-donald-trump-ethics-legal-2017-3 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Venezuela ===
Nepotism is known to be practiced by the President of the Venezuelan National Assembly, [[Cilia Flores]]. Nine positions in the National Assembly were filled by Flores' family members, including a mother-in-law, aunt, three siblings, a cousin and her mother, and two nephews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/americas/18iht-venez.html?_r=0|title=Chávez family dogged by nepotism claims|date=18 February 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 June 2013|author=Simon Romero|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145626/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/americas/18iht-venez.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2008/07/08/pol_ava_cilia-flores-niega-i_08A1777279.shtml|title=Nacional y Política - eluniversal.com|publisher=Buscador.eluniversal.com|language=es|access-date=6 March 2011|archive-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515041514/http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2008/07/08/pol_ava_cilia-flores-niega-i_08A1777279.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Zimbabwe ===
The late [[Robert Mugabe]] was reported to be preparing his wife, [[Grace Mugabe]], to be the next president of Zimbabwe while he was president.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Thornycroft | first1=Peta |last2=Blair |first2=David | title=Mugabe accused of 'bedroom coup' as he prepares his wife for presidency | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=31 October 2014 | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11201716/Mugabe-accused-of-bedroom-coup-as-he-prepares-his-wife-for-presidency.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11201716/Mugabe-accused-of-bedroom-coup-as-he-prepares-his-wife-for-presidency.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | access-date=2 November 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Types of partiality ==
Nepotism refers to partiality to family, whereas [[cronyism]] refers to partiality to an associate or [[friend]]. [[In-group favoritism|Favoritism]], the broadest of the terms, refers to partiality based upon being part of a favored group, rather than job performance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/government_ethics/introduction/cronyism.html | title=Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism | publisher=Santa Clara University | access-date=20 June 2013 | author=Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman | archive-date=12 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612111602/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/government_ethics/introduction/cronyism.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Political families]]
* [[Ingroup bias]]
* [[Hereditary politicians]]
* [[Aghazadeh]]
* [[Nepo baby]]
* [[Collectivism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711635 "American Calendar"] in ''American Quarterly'' 25.4 (October 1973): 493–96.
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/ ''Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice''] University of North Texas Digital Library.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728160914/http://www.newstatesman.com/200309290012 "Nepotism: is it back?"] ''New Statesman,'' 29 September 2003.
*{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222851/http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780415882767/|title=''Nepotism in Organizations''|date=10 June 2015}}
* {{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622 | journal=Journal of Development Studies| volume=57| pages=1373–1396| year=2021| last1=Diwan| first1=Ishac| last2=Haidar| first2=Jamal Ibrahim|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/112109/1/MPRA_paper_112109.pdf | title=Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon| issue=8| s2cid=229717871| url-access=}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|nepotism}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?177312-1/praise-nepotism ''Booknotes'' interview with Adam Bellow on ''In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History'', 24 August 2003.]

{{Corruption}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nepotism| ]]
[[Category:Group processes]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for forms of government]]

Ravi Prakash Singh

2026-03-08T05:29:58Z

ArnulfoVos: added bio!

{{Short description|Indian scientist and wheat geneticist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ravi Prakash Singh
| image = President Droupadi Murmu presents Padma Shri in the field of Science & Engineering to Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh receiving the Padma Shri award in 2024
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], India
| fields = [[Agricultural science]], [[Genetics]], [[Plant breeding]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[University of Sydney]]
| workplaces = [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]]
| known_for = Wheat genetics and rust resistance research
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024) [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] (2021) [[Friendship Award (China)|China's Friendship Award]]
}}

'''Ravi Prakash Singh''' is an Indian agricultural scientist and wheat geneticist known for his contributions to crop improvement and global food security. He served at the [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]] (CIMMYT) for nearly four decades and led significant research on developing disease-resistant and climate-resilient wheat varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri for Kashi scientist Ravi Prakash Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/padma-shri-for-kashi-scientist-ravi-prakash-singh/articleshow/107197075.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distinguished wheat scientist Dr. Ravi Singh receives prestigious Padma Shri award |url=https://agrospectrumindia.com/2024/01/29/distinguished-wheat-scientist-dr-ravi-singh-receives-prestigious-padma-shri-award.html |website=AgroSpectrum India |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in [[Varanasi]], India. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in agriculture from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1977 and 1979, respectively. He obtained a Ph.D. in plant breeding and genetics from the [[University of Sydney]] in 1983.<ref name="padma2024">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri - Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024115.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BHU Alumni Spotlight: Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Images/files/Ravi%20Prakash%20Singh.pdf |website=BHU |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1983, Singh joined CIMMYT, headquartered in Mexico, where he worked until his retirement in 2022.<ref name="padma2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri for Kashi scientist Ravi Prakash Singh |url=https://www.cimmyt.org/news/padma-shri-for-kashi-scientist-ravi-prakash-singh/ |website=CIMMYT |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref> He played a pivotal role in wheat improvement research and was instrumental in combating wheat rust diseases globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico-based Indian scientist leading fight against wheat diseases receives Padma Shri |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/79209/mexico-based-indian-scientist-leading-fight-against-wheat-diseases-receives-padma-shri |website=AP7AM |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexican-based wheat expert Dr. Ravi Singh honored by India |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/nri-news/mexico-based-indian-scientist-leading-fight-against-wheat-diseases-receives-padma-shri |website=Gujarat Samachar |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Singh has received numerous international recognitions:

* In 2021, he was conferred the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], India's highest honour for overseas Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards-2021 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33381/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Awards2021 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

* In recognition of his contributions to China's agricultural development, he received the [[Friendship Award (China)|Friendship Award]] from the Government of China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mollins |first=Julie |title=CIMMYT wheat scientist Ravi Singh wins China's Friendship Award |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20151007212023-5z342 |website=Thomson Reuters Foundation |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

* In 2024, the Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the nation's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contribution to science and engineering.<ref name="padma2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release on Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

[[File:President_Droupadi_Murmu_presents_Padma_Shri_in_the_field_of_Science_&_Engineering_to_Dr._Ravi_Prakash_Singh.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Dr. Ravi Prakash Singh receiving the Padma Shri from President Droupadi Murmu, 2024]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cimmyt.org/news/padma-shri-for-kashi-scientist-ravi-prakash-singh/ Profile at CIMMYT]
* [https://www.bhu.ac.in/Images/files/Ravi%20Prakash%20Singh.pdf Alumni feature at BHU]
* [https://alumni.bhu.ac.in/f/Happy-Republic-Day-Celebrating-Excellence-Padma-Shri-Award-for-Dr-Ravi-Prakash-Singh-27477 BHU Alumni Community post]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravi Prakash}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Indian descent]]

Islet

2026-03-07T05:18:40Z

ArnulfoVos:

{{short description|Very small island}}
{{Distinguish|Eyelet (disambiguation){{!}}Eyelet}}
{{About||the music band|Islet (band)|human anatomy|Pancreatic islets}}
[[File:Rockall - geograph.org.uk - 1048791.jpg|thumb|[[Rockall]], an islet located west of Ireland and Scotland]]
[[File:Bangchuidao Island.JPG|thumb|Bàngchuí Island in [[Dalian]], [[Liaoning]], [[China]], is a typical rock islet]]
[[File:Mokolea Rock 2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mōkōlea Rock]] in Kailua Bay, [[O‘ahu]], {{convert|2.2|km}} off North Beach, [[Marine Corps Base Hawaii]]]]

An '''islet''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|l|ə|t}} {{Respelling|EYE|lət}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Definition of ISLET |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/islet |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> is generally a small [[island]]. Definitions vary and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no [[vegetation]] unable to support [[human habitation]]. It may be made of rock, sand and/or [[hard coral]]; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced [[reef]] or [[seamount]]); and may exist in the [[sea]], [[lake]]s, [[river]]s or any other sizeable [[bodies of water]].

== Definition ==
[[File:Danmark Sandvika Bærum.jpg|thumb|Danes on the islet [[Danmark (islet)|Danmark]] in [[Norway]]. It is a typical Nordic [[skerry]].]]

As suggested by its origin ''islette'', an [[Old French]] [[diminutive]] of "isle",<ref>''[[Merriam-Webster|Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition]]'', 1958</ref> use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability.

The World Landforms website says, "An islet landform is generally considered to be a rock or small island that has little vegetation and cannot sustain human habitation", and further that size may vary from a few square feet to several square miles, with no specific rule pertaining to size.<ref name=lf>{{cite web | title=Islet Landforms | website=World Landforms of the Earth | url=http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/islet/ | access-date=29 April 2020 | archive-date=27 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527145049/http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/islet/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Other terms==
[[File:Tahitian sunset.jpg|thumb|A Tahitian motu off the island of [[Raiatea]] at sunset]]
* [[Ait]] (/eɪt/, like eight) or eyot (/aɪ(ə)t, eɪt/), a small island. It is especially used to refer to river islands found on the [[River Thames]] and its tributaries in England.<ref>{{cite web | title=Eyot | website=World Wide Words | date=21 June 2003 | url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-eyo1.htm | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Definition of eyot | website=www.dictionary.com | date=20 April 2020 | url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/eyot | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=atlas>{{cite web | last=Misachi | first=John | title=What is an Ait? Ait Defintion [sic] | website=WorldAtlas | date=5 April 2019 | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-ait-ait-defintion.html | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Cay]] or key, an islet formed by the accumulation of fine sand deposits atop a [[reef]], especially in the [[Caribbean]] and West Atlantic. [[Rum Cay]] in the [[Bahamas]] and the [[Florida Keys]] off [[Florida]] are examples of islets.
* The French suffix ''[[-hou]]'' from the Scandinavian ''-holm'', is used for the names of some islets in the [[Channel Islands]], such as [[Écréhous]], [[Burhou]], [[Lihou]] and [[Les Houmets]], and off [[Normandy]], such as [[Tatihou]].
* '''Inch''', a term used especially in [[Scotland]], from the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] ''innis'', which originally meant island, but has been supplanted to refer to smaller islands, such the islet of Inch, off [[St Mary's Isle Priory]], [[Inch Kenneth]], [[Inchkeith]], [[Keith Inch]] (no longer an island) and [[Inchcailloch]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A New and Popular Pictorial Description of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the British Islands|first =Robert|last=Sears|edition=6th
|publisher= R. Sears|date=1847|quote=Original from [[University of Iowa]], Digitized 9 Mar 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEtHAQAAMAAJ&q=inch+island+scotland+ireland&pg=PA479|pages=479–481}}</ref>
* '''Motu''', a reef islet formed by broken [[coral]] and sand, surrounding an [[atoll]], especially in [[Polynesia]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Motus – What They Are and Why They're Key to the Tahiti Experience | website=LandLopers | date=12 April 2017 | url=https://landlopers.com/2017/04/11/motus | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> such as [[Motu One (Society Islands)|Motu One]], [[Motu Nao]] and [[Motu Paahi]].
* [[River island]], an islet within the current of a river, such as the [[Île de la Cité]] in [[Paris]].
* '''{{vanchor|Rock}}''', in the sense of a type of islet, is an uninhabited landform composed of exposed [[rock (geology)|rocks]], lying offshore, and having at most minimal vegetation, such as [[Albino Rock]] in the [[Palm Island group]] off [[Queensland]], Australia.
* [[Sandbar]] or shoal, an exposed [[bar (landform)|sandbar]].
* [[Sea stack]], a thin, vertical landform jutting out of a body of water.
* [[Skerry]], a small rocky island, usually defined to be too small for habitation, especially in [[Ireland]].
* Subsidiary islets, a more technical application, is applied to small land features isolated by water, lying off the shore of a larger island. Similarly, any emergent land in an atoll is also called an islet.<ref>{{cite web | website= Marine National Park Headquarters | title=Floristic composition and vegetation classification of the Penghu Southern Four Islands | date=18 March 2016 | url=https://www.marine.gov.tw/ecology-and-conservation/research-report/258-2015/1951-Floristic%20composition%20and%20vegetation%20classification%20of%20the%20Penghu%20Southern%20Four%20Islands | access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Tidal island]], small islands (not always islets) which lie closely off the coast of a [[mainland]] or a much larger island, being connected to it (and thus becomes a [[peninsula]]/[[promontory]]) in low tide and isolated by a [[channel (geography)|channel]] in high tide.

== In international law ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = Islets involved in ICJ cases

| image1 = Filfla 1.jpg
| alt1 = Filfla
| caption1 = [[Filfla]] (1985)

| image2 = Zmeinyi-sea.JPG
| alt2 = Snake Island
| caption2 = [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]] (2009)
}}
Whether an islet is considered a rock or not, it can have significant economic consequences under Article 121 of the [[UN Convention on the Law of the Sea]], which stipulates that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no [[exclusive economic zone]] or [[continental shelf]]". One long-term dispute over the status of such an islet was that of [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]].<ref name="Lathrop">Coalter G. Lathrop (July 22, 2009) "Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine)". [[American Journal of International Law]], Vol. 103. {{ssrn|1470697}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2006/07/14/Ukraine-Romania-spar-over-islet/UPI-61671152893296/ Ukraine, Romania spar over islet], [[United Press International|UPI]] 2006-7-14</ref><ref>[http://www.euronews.com/2009/02/03/romania-and-ukraine-avoid-rocky-horror-show/ Romania and Ukraine avoid rocky horror show] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070604/http://www.euronews.com/2009/02/03/romania-and-ukraine-avoid-rocky-horror-show/ |date=2018-03-15 }}, [[Euronews]], 03/02/09</ref>

The [[International Court of Justice]] jurisprudence however sometimes ignores islets, regardless of inhabitation status, in deciding territorial disputes; it did so in 2009 in adjudicating the [[Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea case|Romania–Ukraine dispute]], and previously in the dispute between Libya and Malta involving the islet of [[Filfla]].<ref name="Lathrop"/><ref name="Smith1991">{{cite book|author=Hance D. Smith|title=The Development of Integrated Sea Use Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH5LYOBEs48C&pg=PA82|year=1991|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-03816-4|page=82}}</ref>

== List of islets ==
There are thousands of islets on Earth: approximately 24,000 islands and islets in the [[Stockholm archipelago]] alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Águila Islet]], the southernmost point of the [[Americas]]
* [[Aplin Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Apia, Tokelau|Apia]]
* [[Lake Auster|Auster Lake Islet]]
* [[Ball's Pyramid]], South Pacific
* [[Bay Islet]] or See Chau, [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Benggala Island]], Indonesia
* [[Bikirrin]], in [[Majuro]], Marshall Islands
* [[Black Rock, South Georgia|Black Rock]], South Atlantic
* [[Boundary Islet]], Australia
* [[Bogskär]], Finland
* [[Briggs Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Bushy Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Capitancillo Islet]], in Bogo City, Cebu, Philippines
* [[Chão]], in the [[Madeira]] Islands, Portugal
* [[Cholmondeley Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Clubes Island]], [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]]
* [[Columbretes Islands]], Spain
* [[Cone Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Douglas Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Dry Tortugas]], [[Florida Keys]], USA
* [[Dugay Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Edwards Islet (Tasmania)|Edwards Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Enekalamur]] in Majuro, Marshall Islands
* [[Enemanit]] in Majuro, Marshall Islands
* [[Fairway Rock]], [[Bering Strait]]
* [[Fastnet Rock]], Ireland
* [[Filfla]], southern Malta
* [[Formigas]], in the [[Azores]] islands
* [[Gáshólmur]], [[Faroe Islands]]
* [[Granite Island (South Australia)]], Victor Harbor, South Australia.
* [[Galatasaray Islet]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey
* [[Halfway Islet]], Queensland, Australia
* [[Herald Island (Arctic)|Herald Island]], [[Arctic Ocean]]
* [[Île Vierge]], France
* [[Isles of Scilly]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Kid Island]], Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri [[United States]]
* [[List of islets of Caroline Island|Islets of Caroline Island]], in [[Kiribati]]
* [[Islets of Mauritius]]
* [[Isla de Alborán]], Spain, Western Mediterranean
* [[Jardine Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Jethou]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]]
* [[Keelung Islet]], off the northern shore of [[Taiwan]]
* [[Klein Bonaire]], [[Netherlands]]
* [[Kolbeinsey]], Iceland
* [[Liancourt Rocks]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Lihou]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]]
* [[Magra Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Mañagaha]], [[Saipan]]
* [[Martin Islet (New South Wales)]]
* [[Mid Woody Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Milman Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Monchique Islet]], Europe's westernmost point, in the [[Azores]], Portugal
* [[Nā Mokulua]], O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, United States
* [[Noorderhaaks]], off the coast of the Netherlands
* [[Oodaaq]], Greenland
* [[Pula Ulor]], [[Beserah]], [[Kuantan District]], [[Pahang]], [[Malaysia]]
* [[Parece Vela]], West Pacific
* [[Perejil Island]], Strait of Gibraltar
* [[Penguin Islet (Tasmania)]]
* [[Pigeon Island National Park|Pigeon Island]], Sri Lanka
* [[Pokonji Dol]], [[Croatia]]
* [[Velika Sestrica]], [[Croatia]]
* [[Rockall]], North Atlantic
* [[Saint Peter and Saint Paul rocks]], equatorial Atlantic
* [[Salas y Gómez]], Northeast from [[Easter Island]]
* [[San Juan Islet]], [[Puerto Rico]]
* [[Saunders Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Seacrow Islet]], southeastern Australia
* [[Shag Rocks, South Georgia|Shag Rocks]], South Atlantic
* [[Silver Islet, Ontario]]
* [[Sinclair Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Skull Islet]], in British Columbia, Canada
* [[Star Keys/Motuhope]], New Zealand
* [[Saltholm]], small Islet in Oresund west of Copenhagen
* [[Sue Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Sumbiarholmur]], Faroe Islands
* [[Sunday Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Taprobane Island (Weligama)|Taprobane Island]], Sri Lanka
* [[Thomson Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Tindhólmur]], Faroe Islands
* [[Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea)|Vilkitsky Island]], Arctic Ocean
* [[Wallace Islet (Queensland)]]
* [[Wachusett Reef]], [[Ernest Legouve Reef]], and [[Maria Theresa Reef]], South Pacific Ocean
* [[Westward Islet]], in the [[Pitcairn Islands]]
* [[Ynys Lawd]], [[Wales]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|editor1=Myron H. Nordquist |editor2=John Norton Moore |editor3=Alfred H.A. Soons |editor4=Hak-So Kim|title=The Law of the Sea Convention: US Accession and Globalization|year=2012|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-20136-1|chapter=Islands or Rocks, Is that the Real Question? The Treatment of Islands in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries|author=Clive Schofield|pages=322–340}}

{{coastal geography}}

[[Category:Coastal and oceanic landforms]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Islands by type]]

April 2015 Nepal earthquake

2026-03-06T08:55:37Z

ArnulfoVos: typo fix

{{Short description|Magnitude 7.8 earthquake in Nepal}}
{{About|the Nepal earthquake that took place on 25 April 2015|the major aftershock on 12 May 2015|May 2015 Nepal earthquake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = April 2015 Nepal earthquake
| timestamp = 2015-04-25 06:11:25
| local-date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015|04|25}}
| local-time = 11:56:25 [[Nepal Standard Time|NST]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002926|title=M7.8 – 36 km E of Khudi, Nepal|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>
| anss-url = us20002926
| isc-event = 607208674
| image = 2015 Nepal depremi (7).jpg
| image alt =
| caption = Damaged homes in Kathmandu after the April mainshock.
| map2 = {{Location map+|Nepal
|places=
{{Location map~|Nepal|lat=28.230|long=84.731|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=50}}
{{Location map~|Nepal|lat=27.7|long=85.33|label=Kathmandu|mark=Green pog.svg}}
|relief=yes
|width=250
|float=center
|caption=Epicentre of earthquake}}
| magnitude = {{M|w|link=y}} 7.8–7.9 {{M|s|link=y}} 8.1
| intensity = {{MMI|X}}<ref>{{Cite CiteSeerX|title=A quick report on the 2015 Ghorka, Nepal earthquake and its geo engineering aspects|author=Ömer Aydan|author2=Resat Ulusay|citeseerx=10.1.1.733.9209}}</ref><ref name="JOURNAL">{{Cite journal|title=Slip pulse and resonance of Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal imaged with geodesy|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/fmwbk-xbt82/files/aac6383-Galetzka-SM.pdf?download=1|author1= Jean-Philippe Avouac|author2=Ratna mani Gupta|author3=Diego Melgar|author4=Thakur Prasad Kandel|journal=Science|year=2015|volume=349|issue=6252|pages=1091–1095|doi=10.1126/science.aac6383|pmid=26249228|s2cid=16661860|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| tsunami =
| aftershocks = [[May 2015 Nepal earthquake|7.3 Mw on 12 May at 12:50]]<ref name=usgs2>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us2000292y#general_summary|title=M6.6 – 44 km E of Lamjung, Nepal}}</ref> 6.7 Mw on 26 April at 12:54<ref name="earthquake.usgs.gov">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us200029bt#general_summary|title=M6.7 – 21 km SSE of Kodari, Nepal|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> 459 aftershocks of 4 Mw and above as of 24 May 2016<ref name="NSC Nepal">{{cite web|url=http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/|title=Aftershocks of Gorkha Earthquake|publisher=National Seismological Centre, Nepal}}</ref>
| depth = {{convert|8.2|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=USGS/>
| location = {{Coord|28.230|N|84.731|E|type:event_region;NP-P4|display=it}}<ref name=USGS/>
| type = [[Thrust fault|Thrust]]<ref name=USGS/>
| affected = {{bulleted list|[[Nepal]]|[[India]]|[[China]]|[[Bangladesh]]}}
| casualties = 8,962 dead in Nepal,<ref name=drrportal>{{cite web|url=http://drrportal.gov.np/|work=Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal|publisher=drrportal.gov.np|title=Incident Report of Earthquake 2015|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="D2015">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-earthquake-death-toll-rises-to-8413/articleshow/47187088.cms|title=Nepal earthquake death toll rises to 8,413|date=7 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509190440/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-earthquake-death-toll-rises-to-8413/articleshow/47187088.cms}}</ref> 21,952 injured,<ref name=drrportal/>
3.5 million homeless<ref name=drrportal/>
| damage = $10 billion {{small|(about 50% of Nepal's nominal [[GDP]] at that time.)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-28/nepal-rebuilding-cost-to-exceed-10-billion-finance-chief-says|title=Nepal Says Earthquake Rebuilding Cost to Exceed $10 Billion|date=28 April 2015|access-date=22 May 2017|publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref>}}
| name =
| alt =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Nepal 2020
| duration = 50 seconds
| fault = [[Main Himalayan Thrust]]
| pga = 0.25 [[peak ground acceleration|''g'']]<ref name=NEPAL-EQ-2015/>
| pgv = 108 [[peak ground velocity|cm/s]]<ref name=NEPAL-EQ-2015/>
| landslide = 21
| foreshocks = 7
| citations =
}}

The '''April 2015 Nepal earthquake''' (also known as the '''Gorkha earthquake''')<ref name="NSC Nepal"/><ref>{{cite news|author1=Chidanand Rajghatta|title=Is this the 'Big Himalayan Quake' we feared?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Is-this-the-Big-Himalayan-Quake-we-feared/articleshow/47055477.cms|access-date=26 April 2015|work=The Times of India|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> killed 8,962 people and injured 21,952 across the countries of Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh. It occurred at <time datetime="2015-04-25 11:26">{{tooltip|11:56 Nepal Standard Time|06:11:25 UTC; NST—Nepal Standard Time}}</time> on Saturday 25 April 2015, with a magnitude of [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]] 7.8–7.9<ref name=USGS/><ref name="GCMT">{{citation |title=Global CMT Catalog Search|url=https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2015&mo=4&day=25&oyr=2015&omo=4&oday=26&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=5&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000&lts=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0 |type=Data set |publisher=[[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]]|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=isc>{{Cite isc|EB|607208674}}</ref> or [[Surface wave magnitude|Ms]] 8.1<ref name=CENC>{{cite web|url=http://www.cenc.ac.cn/publish/cenc/887/20150425200758215232226/index.html|publisher=China Earthquake Networks Center|script-title=zh:2015年4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震情况通报|language=zh-cn|date=25 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225151/http://www.cenc.ac.cn/publish/cenc/887/20150425200758215232226/index.html|archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> and a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli Intensity]] of X (''Extreme''). Its [[epicenter]] was east of [[Gorkha District]] at Barpak, Gorkha, roughly {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of central [[Kathmandu]], and its [[hypocenter]] was at a depth of approximately {{convert|8.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=USGS/> It was the worst natural disaster to strike [[Nepal]] since the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/04/26/what-1934-told-nepal-to-expect-about-the-next-big-quake/|title=What 1934 Told Nepal to Expect About the Next Big Quake|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2015|last1=Sugden|first1=Joanna}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/neighbours/timeline-nepal-2015-to-nepal-1934-the-worst-earthquake-disasters-in-the-last-80-years|title=Timeline: Nepal 2015 to 1934, the worst quake disasters in the last 80 years|access-date=28 April 2015|date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-nepal-earthquake-eerie-reminder-of-1934-tragedy-2080754|title=Nepal earthquake: Eerie reminder of 1934 tragedy|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, was of low frequency, which, along with its occurrence at an hour when many people in rural areas were working outdoors, decreased the loss of human lives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parajuli|first1=Rishi Ram|last2=Kiyono|first2=Junji|date=1 January 2015|title=Ground Motion Characteristics of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Survey of Damage to Stone Masonry Structures and Structural Field Tests|journal=Frontiers in Built Environment|page=23|doi=10.3389/fbuil.2015.00023|volume=1|doi-access=free|hdl=2433/240972|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The earthquake triggered [[2015 Mount Everest avalanches|an avalanche on Mount Everest]], killing 22 people,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/world/asia/katmandu-nepal-fear-loss-and-devastation.html?emc=edit_th_20150427&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=58413496&_r=0 nytimes.com 2015-04-27 katmandu-nepal-fear-loss-and-devastation], ''[[The New York Times]]''; accessed 28 April 2015.</ref> the deadliest incident on the mountain on record.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trapped at 20,000 feet: Many Everest climbers await choppers as supplies run low|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/04/26/8-dead-as-quake-triggered-avalanche-sweeps-everest-in-nepal|access-date=26 April 2015|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426032034/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/04/26/8-dead-as-quake-triggered-avalanche-sweeps-everest-in-nepal/|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the [[Langtang]] valley, where 250 people were reported missing.<ref name="Langtang"/>

Hundreds of thousands of Nepalese were made homeless with entire villages flattened<ref name="Langtang"/><ref name="MontanaPublicRadio"/><ref name="Barpak"/> across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s in the [[Kathmandu Valley]], including some at the [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], the [[Patan Durbar Square]], the [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]], the [[Changu Narayan]] Temple, the [[Boudhanath]] [[stupa]], and the [[Swayambhunath]] stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/experts-had-warned-for-decades-that-nepal-was-vulnerable-to-a-killer-quake/2015/04/25/0275959e-eb78-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html|title=Experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a killer quake|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/25/opinions/stark-nepal-earthquake-geology/|title=Nepal earthquake: 'A tragedy waiting to happen' – CNN.com|author=Colin Stark|date=26 April 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> [[Dharahara]], also called Bhimsen Tower, a nine-storey {{convert|61.88|m|adj=on}} tall tower, was destroyed. It was a part of the architecture of Kathmandu recognized by UNESCO.

Continued [[aftershock]]s occurred throughout Nepal at intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at <time dateandtime="2015-04-25 12:54">12:54:08</time> [[Nepal Standard Time|NST]].<ref name="earthquake.usgs.gov"/> The country also had a continued risk of landslides.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth Quake-hit Nepal at high risk of landslides in coming weeks|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/earth-quake-hit-nepal-at-high-risk-of-landslides-in-coming-weeks|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

[[May 2015 Nepal earthquake|A major aftershock]] occurred on 12 May 2015 at <time datetime="2015-05-12 12:35">{{tooltip|12:50 NST|07:05 UTC; NST—Nepal Standard Time}}</time> with a [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] (Mw) of 7.3.<ref name="Earthquake again in Nepal">{{cite web|title=Earthquake Again in Nepal 12 May 2015|url=http://naturaldisasters.tk/|website=The Natural Disasters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021153/http://naturaldisasters.tk/|archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital, Kathmandu, and Mount Everest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-32701385|title=Nepal earthquake, magnitude 7.3, strikes near Everest|publisher=BBC News|date=12 May 2015}}</ref> More than 200 people were killed and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless.<ref name=CNN2nd>{{cite news|title=Death toll from this week's Nepal earthquake rises above 125|publisher=CNN|date=14 May 2015|author=Manesh Shrestha|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/14/asia/nepal-earthquake/|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>
{{toc limit|3}}

==Earthquake==
[[File:NepalAftershockMap.png|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Map of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May, showing location of major historical earthquakes]]

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at <time datetime="2015-04-25 11:56">11:56 am</time> [[Nepal Standard Time|NPT]] (06:11:25 UTC) at a depth of approximately {{convert|8.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),<ref name=NatGeo>{{cite web|title=Nepal Earthquake Strikes One of Earth's Most Quake-Prone Areas|work=[[National Geographic]]|author=Howard, Brian Clark|date=25 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150425-nepal-earthquake-faults-geology-science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428062836/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150425-nepal-earthquake-faults-geology-science/|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> with its [[epicentre]] approximately {{convert|34|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Lamjung District|Lamjung]], Nepal, lasting approximately 50 seconds.<ref name=alj>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/powerful-earthquake-hits-nepal-150425063918183.html|title=Powerful earthquake hits Nepal|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> The earthquake was initially reported as {{M|ww|link=y}} 7.5 by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to {{M|ww}} 7.8, while the [[Global Centroid Moment Tensor]] (GCMT) reported a magnitude of {{M|w}} 7.9.<ref name=GCMT/><ref name=isc/> The [[China Earthquake Networks Center]] (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 {{M|s}}. The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake had its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal. [[Bharatpur, Nepal|Bharatpur]] was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, {{convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} as the crow flies from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 {{M|w}}. It occurred {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} below the earth's surface. Over 38 aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 {{M|w}} or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including one of 6.8 {{M|w}}.<ref name="earthNP">{{cite web|title=1 Day, Magnitude 2.5+ Worldwide |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/#%7B%22feed%22%3A%221day_m25%22%2C%22search%22%3Anull%2C%22listFormat%22%3A%22default%22%2C%22sort%22%3A%22newest%22%2C%22basemap%22%3A%22grayscale%22%2C%22autoUpdate%22%3Atrue%2C%22restrictListToMap%22%3Atrue%2C%22timeZone%22%3A%22utc%22%2C%22mapposition%22%3A%5B%5B24.666986385216273%2C80.145263671875%5D%2C%5B30.80791068136646%2C91.636962890625%5D%5D%2C%22overlays%22%3A%7B%22plates%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22viewModes%22%3A%7B%22list%22%3Atrue%2C%22map%22%3Atrue%2C%22settings%22%3Afalse%2C%22help%22%3Afalse%7D%7D |access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>

According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden short sharp upthrust along the [[convergent boundary]] where the [[Indian plate]], carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the [[Eurasian plate]], carrying much of Europe and Asia.<ref name=NatGeo/> Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, rapidly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds.<ref name=SydMorn>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/kathmandu-shifts-three-metres-in-30-seconds-20150426-1mtc5x.html|date=27 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|title=Kathmandu shifts three metres in 30 seconds|newspaper=The Washington Post|via=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Joel Achenbach}}</ref>

The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, ''The Hindu'' quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the [[Main Frontal Thrust]]], now to produce an 8-magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/was-this-the-big-earthquake-that-was-predicted-in-the-himalayas/article7141086.ece|title=Was this the big earthquake that was predicted in the Himalayas?|author=Internet Desk|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 April 2015|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake." The previous earthquake to which he referred [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|occurred in 1934]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/experts-had-warned-for-decades-that-nepal-was-vulnerable-to-a-killer-quake/2015/04/25/0275959e-eb78-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html|title=Experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a killer quake|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref> In fact, the 600-km-long Central Himalayan [[Seismic gap|Gap]] hadn't ruptured [[1505 Lo Mustang earthquake|since 1505]].

==Geology==
{{Further|Geology of Nepal|Thrust tectonics}}
[[File:Himalayan Tectonic Summary.png|thumb|left|upright=1.1|M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014]]

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse [[continental collision|collisional]] boundary where the [[Indian plate]] underthrusts the [[Eurasian plate]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Amos, Jonathan|publisher=BBC|date=25 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|title=Why Nepal is so vulnerable to quakes|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32462763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Earthquakes Are Devastating Nepal|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/150512-nepal-earthquake-101?sf9136411=1|website=video.nationalgeographic.com|access-date=13 May 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the {{convert|2400|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are subdivided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west, and almost parallel to sub-parallel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malekhureport.blogspot.com/p/geology-of-nepal-himalaya.html|title=Geology of Nepal – Himalaya|date=n.d.|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref> These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) [[Terai]] Plain; (2) Sub Himalaya ([[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik Range]]); (3) [[Lesser Himalaya]] (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys); (4) Higher Himalaya; and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).<ref name="Nepal Geology">{{cite web|url=http://www.dmgnepal.gov.np/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=60|publisher=Government of Nepal|title=General Geology|date=2014|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211559/http://www.dmgnepal.gov.np/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=60}}</ref> Each of these zones is clearly identified by its morphological, geological, and tectonic features.<ref name="Nepal Geology"/>

The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about {{convert|45|mm|abbr=on}} per year. The location, magnitude, and [[focal mechanism]] of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.<ref name=USGS/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-deadly-nepal-earthquake-happened-graphic1|title=How The Deadly Nepal Earthquake Happened [GRAPHIC]|author=Josh Fischman|work=scientificamerican.com|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} of [[sedimentary rock]]s, representing the infilling of a lake.<ref name="Mugnier et al 2011">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252784985|title=Seismites in the Kathmandu basin and seismic hazard in central Himalaya|author=Mughier J.L.|author2=Huyghe P.|author3=Gajurel A.P.|author4=Upreti B.N.|author5=Jouanne F.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Tectonophysics|year=2011|volume=509|issue=1–2|pages=33–49|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2011.05.012|bibcode=2011Tectp.509...33M|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Return period of great Himalayan earthquakes in Eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the Main Frontal Thrust|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|doi=10.1002/2014JB010970|author1=L. Bollinger|author2=S. N. Sapkota|author3=P. Tapponnier|author4=Y. Klinger|author5=M. Rizza|author6=J. Van der Woerd|author7=D. R. Tiwari|author8=R. Pandey|author9=A. Bitri |author10=S. Bes de Berc|year=2014|bibcode=2014JGRB..119.7123B|volume=119|issue=9|pages=7123–7163|hdl=10220/25516|s2cid=56236286|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110591/file/2014JB010970.pdf}}</ref> A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the 1934 earthquake and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal quake 'followed historic pattern'|date=27 April 2015|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32472310}}</ref> A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s.<ref name="West China">{{cite journal|last1=Men|first1=Ke-Pei|last2=Zhao|first2=Kai|title=The 2015 Nepal M8.1 earthquake and the prediction for M ≥ 8 earthquakes in West China|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=82|issue=3|pages=1767–77|date=2016|doi=10.1007/s11069-016-2268-2|bibcode=2016NatHa..82.1767M|s2cid=130330089}}</ref>

===Intensity===
[[File:April 2015 Nepal earthquake ShakeMap version 6.png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|USGS shakemap]]

According to the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] website, the maximum intensity was VIII (''Severe''), however certain reports state an intensity of X (''Extreme'') or higher.<ref name="USGS"/> In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VIII-IX, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Gujarat]], in the National Capital Region around [[National Capital Region (India)|New Delhi]] and as far south as [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Stacey S.|last2=Hough|first2=Susan E.|last3=Hung|first3=Charleen|date=1 November 2015|title=Ground Motions from the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Constrained by a Detailed Assessment of Macroseismic Data|journal=Seismological Research Letters|volume=86|issue=6|pages=1524–1532|doi=10.1785/0220150138|bibcode=2015SeiRL..86.1524M|hdl=10356/104422|issn=0895-0695|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha.<ref name=":1" /> Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as [[Kochi]] in the southern state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1" /> The intensity in [[Patna]] was V (''Moderate'').<ref>{{cite news|title=Massive 7.9 Earthquake jolts Bihar, North India and Nepal|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/04/massive-7-7-earthquake-jolts-bihar-north-india-and-nepal|access-date=25 April 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=25 April 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2016}} The intensity was IV (''Light'') in [[Dhaka, Bangladesh]].<ref name="USGS"/> The earthquake was also experienced across [[southwest China]], ranging from the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] to [[Chengdu]], which is {{convert|1900|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the epicenter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2015/04-25/7233529.shtml|script-title=zh:尼泊尔8.1级地震致中国西藏震感强烈有房屋倒塌|language=zh|date=25 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|agency=China News}}</ref> Tremors were felt in [[Pakistan]]<ref name=Hjelmgaard>{{cite news|author1=Kim Hjelmgaard|title=Nepal hit by major aftershock as search for quake survivors intensifies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/26/earthquake-nepal-aid-rescue-teams/26401907|access-date=26 April 2015|work=USA Today|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> and [[Bhutan]].<ref name="USGS"/><ref name=":1" />

===Aftershocks===
{{Main|List of aftershocks of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake}}
[[File:2015 Nepal earthquake.svg|thumb|right|Aftershocks of 2015 Nepal earthquake]]

A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Kodari]], Nepal.<ref name=Hjelmgaard/><ref>{{cite news|title=Fresh Tremors in North India, Including Delhi, a Day After Nepal Earthquake|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fresh-tremors-in-north-india-including-delhi-a-day-after-nepal-earthquake-758240|access-date=26 April 2015|work=NDTV|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including [[Kolkata]], [[Siliguri]], [[Jalpaiguri]], and [[Assam]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/neighbours/live-nepal-continues-to-battle-amid-fear-death-toll-still-rising/|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=LIVE: Death toll rises to 2200 in Nepal earthquake, India resumes rescue ops|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> The aftershock caused a landslide on the [[List of roads in Nepal|Koshi Highway]], which blocked the section of the road between [[Dharan, Nepal|Bhedetar]] and Mulghat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/04/26/top-story/koshi-highway-obstructed/404544.html|title=Koshi Highway obstructed|work=ekantipur.com|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518063503/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/04/26/top-story/koshi-highway-obstructed/404544.html}}</ref>

A model of GeoGateway, based on a [[United States Geological Survey]] mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as the location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° [[strike and dip|dip]] towards the north, striking at 295°, was {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|150|km|abbr=on}} long, and had a dip slip of {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc/specialevents/2015/04/25/nepal|title=IRIS: Special Event: Nepal|publisher=IRIS Consortium}}</ref> The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="auto"/>

As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.<ref name="NSC Nepal"/>

===12 May 2015 earthquake===
{{Main|May 2015 Nepal earthquake}}

A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a [[moment magnitude]] (Mw) of 7.3Mw 18 km (11 mi) southeast of [[Kodari]]. The epicenter was near the [[China–Nepal border|Chinese border]] between the capital city of [[Kathmandu]] and [[Mount Everest]]. It struck at a depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered an [[aftershock]] of the 25 April quake.<ref name="USGS Desc 2">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002ejl#general_summary|title=M7.3 – 18 km SE of Kodari, Nepal|publisher=United States Geological Survey |department=Earthquake Hazards Program}}</ref> Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] and other North-Indian States.<ref>{{cite news|title=7.3 Magnitude Earthquake hits North India including Bihar|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/7-3-magnitude-earthquake-hits-north-india-including-bihar/|access-date=12 May 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32701385|title=Nepal earthquake, magnitude 7.3, strikes near Everest|date=12 May 2015|publisher=BBC News|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=M7.3 – 18 km SE of Kodari, Nepal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002ejl#general_summary|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=12 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hough|first1=Susan E.|last2=Martin|first2=Stacey S.|last3=Gahalaut|first3=Vineet|last4=Joshi|first4=Anand|last5=Landes|first5=M.|last6=Bossu|first6=R.|date=1 December 2016|title=A comparison of observed and predicted ground motions from the 2015 MW7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1661–1684|doi=10.1007/s11069-016-2505-8|bibcode=2016NatHa..84.1661H|s2cid=133079443|issn=0921-030X|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232832}}</ref> At least 153 people died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China.<ref name=CNN2nd /><ref name=CNNclimbs />

==Aftermath==
{{See also|Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)}}

Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become [[Butterfly effect|a long drawn out chain of events]], in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades on end. The aftereffects of the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: [[human trafficking]], [[Employment|labour]] cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, [[urbanization]], private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, [[tourism]], disease, and damage to the healthcare system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://growuptogether.org/cause/nepal-earthquake/|title=Grow Up Together " Nepal Earthquake|website=growuptogether.org|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509160221/http://growuptogether.org/cause/nepal-earthquake/|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> A survey [https://phys.org/news/2017-11-nepal-earthquake-reconstruction-wont-vulnerability.html some 30 months later] found only 12% of the reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization.

===More direct effects===
Some disasters that came with the [[monsoon season]] were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June, killing 53 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/06/11/top-story/taplejung-landslide-death-toll-reaches-53/406438.html|title=Taplejung landslide death toll reaches 53|work=ekantipur.com|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612215150/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/06/11/top-story/taplejung-landslide-death-toll-reaches-53/406438.html}}</ref> Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in the particularly hard-hit Solukhumbhu district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/06/11/top-story/glacial-lake-burst-triggers-floods-in-solu/406455.html|title=Glacial lake burst triggers floods in Solu|work=ekantipur.com|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612215140/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/06/11/top-story/glacial-lake-burst-triggers-floods-in-solu/406455.html}}</ref> Whether or not the quake contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but it is certainly possible.


{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px;"
|+Casualties by country, all nationalities
|-
! Country
! Deaths !! Injuries !! Ref.
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|align=right|8,857
|align=right|22,304
|<ref name=drrportal/><ref name="MoHA">{{cite news|work=National Emergency Operation Centre (Nepal Govt.) on Twitter|date=3 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|url=https://twitter.com/NEoCOfficial|title=National Emergency Operation Centre|language=ne}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|align=right|78
|align=right|560
|<ref name="Zee India Toll">{{cite web|title=Quake toll in India now 78|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/quake-toll-in-india-now-78_1587267.html|website=Zee News|date=29 April 2015|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|align=right|25
|align=right|383
|<ref name="Xinhua">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/28/c_134193125.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518122639/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/28/c_134193125.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=25 dead, 383 injured in Tibet following Nepal earthquake|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=28 April 2015|access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|align=right|4
|align=right|200
|<ref name="Bdnews24.com">{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/04/27/4-killed-18-bangladesh-districts-affected-in-earthquake-says-govt|title=4 killed, 18 Bangladesh districts affected in earthquake, says govt|publisher=Bdnews24.com|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Total
! style="text-align:right"| 8,964
! style="text-align:right"| 23,447
!
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; clear:right;"
|+Foreign casualties in Nepal
|-
!Nationality !!Deaths !!<abbr title="References">Ref.</abbr>
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|align=right|78 
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/human-interest/nepal/40-indian-nationals-confirmed-dead-in-nepalearthquake-8-are-missing|access-date=4 May 2015|title=40-indian-nationals-confirmed-dead-in-nepalearthquake-8-are-missing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055528/https://www.saddahaq.com/human-interest/nepal/40-indian-nationals-confirmed-dead-in-nepalearthquake-8-are-missing|archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|align=right|10
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/nepal/la-france-et-le-nepal/evenements-4190/article/nepal-tremblement-de-terre-point|title=Népal – Tremblement de terre – Point de situation (11.05.15)|author=Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international|work=France Diplomatie :: Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|align=right|7
|<ref>{{cite news|title=España concluye el rescate en Nepal al dar por muertos a los desaparecidos|newspaper=El País|url=http://elpais.com/m/politica/2015/05/09/actualidad/1431180457_531742.html|language=es|date=9 May 2015|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|align=right|7
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.komonews.com/news/local/Families-now-convinced-2-Seattle-teens-died-in-Nepal-quake-303848951.html|title=Families now convinced 2 Seattle teens died in Nepal quake|publisher=[[KOMO-TV|KOMO News]]|agency=Associated Press|date=14 May 2015|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113819/https://komonews.com/news/local/families-now-convinced-2-seattle-teens-died-in-nepal-quake-11-21-2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2015/06/09/family-of-mainer-dawn-habash-acknowledges-her-death-on-facebook/|title=Family of Augusta woman acknowledges her death in Nepal earthquake|author=David Hench|date=9 June 2015|newspaper=[[Portland Press Herald]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|align=right|5
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/images/crisis-detail-2072-01-18/Earthquake%20Disaster072.01.22.pdf|title=Foreigner victims Detail of Earthquake|publisher=[[Nepal Police]]|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.n24.de/n24/Nachrichten/Panorama/d/6634278/fuenftes-deutsches-erdbeben-opfer-entdeckt.html|title=Fünftes deutsches Erdbeben-Opfer entdeckt|publisher=n24.de|date=13 May 2015|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|align=right|4
|<ref name="BBC-Int">{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: International aid effort increased|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32483119|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|align=right|4
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emergenza24.org/terremoto-nepal-25-04-2015|title=terremoto Nepal|work=Emergenza24|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|align=right|2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/st-albert-couple-confirmed-dead-following-nepal-earthquake/|title=St. Albert couple confirmed dead following Nepal earthquake|publisher=[[CFRN-DT|CTV Edmonton]]|date=2 May 2015|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|align=right|2
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/520389.html|title=Russian Diplomats Missing in Nepal Found Dead|newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=8 May 2015|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''(dual)'' {{flag|Australia}} {{flag|India}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmiri-origin mountaineer Renu Fotedar dies in Everest avalanche|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=(includes input from) [[Press Trust of India]]|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kashmiri-origin-mountaineer-renu-fotedar-dies-in-everest-avalanche-family-mourns/article1-1341690.aspx|date=28 April 2015|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kashmiri-origin-mountaineer-renu-fotedar-dies-in-everest-avalanche-family-mourns/article1-1341690.aspx|archive-date=2015-04-28|quote=Fotedar, 49, was an avid climber who held dual Indian and Australian citizenship}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: Melbourne woman Renu Fotedar killed|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/nepal-earthquake-melbourne-woman-renu-fotedar-killed-20150427-1muljl.html|date=27 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>
* {{cite news|title=Teadaolevalt on Nepali maavärinas hukkunud üks Eesti kodanik|language=et|trans-title=One Estonian citizen is known to have died in the Nepal earthquake|work=[[Postimees]]|date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.postimees.ee/3169817/teadaolevalt-on-nepali-maavarinas-hukkunud-uks-eesti-kodanik|access-date=28 April 2015}}
* {{cite news|title=Earthquake claims life of one Estonian|work=Postimees|url=http://news.postimees.ee/3170559/earthquake-claims-life-of-one-estonian|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong resident confirmed dead in Nepal earthquake as 15 more remain missing|publisher=SCMP|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1779232/hong-kong-resident-confirmed-dead-nepal-earthquake|date=28 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>
* {{cite news|title=Rescue team: Body of missing Israeli found in Nepal|trans-title=Emergency relief group says 22-year-old Or Asraf's body was located and identified|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=3 May 2015|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/rescue-team-body-of-missing-israeli-found-in-nepal/|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake death toll expected to rise sharply – live updates|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/apr/27/nepal-earthquake-rescue-efforts-thousands-seek-shelter-rolling-report|date=27 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/body-confirmed-be-malaysian-nepal-earthquake|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518113637/http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/body-confirmed-be-malaysian-nepal-earthquake|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=Body confirmed to be Malaysian in Nepal earthquake|author=Desiree Tresa Gasper|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]/[[Asia News Network]]|publisher=[[AsiaOne]]|date=8 May 2015|access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/asia/68081530/One-Kiwi-dead-after-Nepal-earthquake|title=One Kiwi dead after Nepal earthquake|author1=Andrea Vance|author2=Rosanna Price|date=28 April 2015|publisher=Stuff|location=New Zealand|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|align=right|1
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: British gap year student confirmed dead|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-32674395|publisher=BBC News|date=9 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Total
! style="text-align:right"|127
!
|}

===Casualties===
====Nepal====
The earthquake killed at least 8,857 people in Nepal<ref name=drrportal/><ref>{{cite news|author1=Jason Burke|author2=Ishwar Rauniyar|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/01/nepal-earthquake-death-toll-passes-6000-with-thousands-still-missing|title=Nepal earthquake death toll exceeds 6,000 with thousands unaccounted for | World news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://drrportal.gov.np/incidentreport|title=Incident Report of Earthquake 2015|website=Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal|date=29 June 2015|access-date=22 May 2017|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629024928/http://drrportal.gov.np/incidentreport|archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit.<ref>"[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/04/29/the-latest-on-nepal-under-rubble-man-says-he-drank-urine The Latest on Nepal: In Ravaged Hamlets, Lives Were Spared]", ''U.S. News & World Report'', 29 April 2015.</ref> As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.<ref name=CNNclimbs>{{cite news|title=Nepal's latest earthquake: Death toll climbs above 100|publisher=CNN|date=15 May 2015|author=Manesh Shrestha|author2=Jethro Mullen|author3=Laura Smith-Spark|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/14/asia/nepal-earthquake/|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless, causing around 2.6 million [[Internally displaced person|internal displacements]].<ref name="MoHA"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2016|title=2016 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID 2016)|url=https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2016-global-report-internal-displacement-IDMC.pdf|website=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118024343/https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/2016-global-report-internal-displacement-IDMC.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

''[[The Himalayan Times]]'' reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

====India====

A total of 78 deaths were reported in India – including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.<ref name="Zee India Toll"/>

====China====
Twenty-seven people were confirmed dead, 383 were injured and 4 were missing, all from the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref name="Xinhua"/>
The quake destroyed 2,500 houses and damaged 24,700 others across 19 counties in [[Tibet]], affecting nearly 300,000 people, among whom 47,500 were displaced, while a total of 82 temples were also damaged.<ref name="Xinhua"/> The counties of [[Gyirong County|Gyirong]], [[Nyalam County|Nyalam]] and [[Tingri County|Tingri]] in [[Shigatse|Xigazê]] were worst hit, where nearly 80 percent of the houses in the three counties collapsed.<ref name="Xinhua"/>

====Bangladesh====
Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh.<ref name="Bdnews24.com"/> A six-story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Bdnews24.com"/> A 22-year-old man died when trying to flee the [[Dhaka Medical College]] in a panic.<ref name="Bdnews24.com"/> In [[Tangail]], a woman died trying to escape a building.<ref name="Bdnews24.com"/> Another woman was crushed to death by a collapsed wall while a teacher died of a [[heart attack]] during the earthquake.<ref name="Bdnews24.com"/>

====Avalanches on Mount Everest====
{{Main|2015 Mount Everest avalanches}}
This earthquake caused [[avalanche]]s on [[Mount Everest]]. At least 19 died,<ref name=WAPOeyes>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/everest-avalanche-2015/|title=Everest's avalanche, through the climbers' eyes|date=2 May 2015|access-date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> with at least 120 others injured or missing.<ref name=WAPOeyes/>

====Landslides in the Langtang Valley====
In the [[Langtang|Langtang valley]] located in [[Langtang National Park]], 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.english.astroawani.com/world-news/89-foreigners-missing-after-earthquake-nepal-60604|title=89 foreigners missing after earthquake in Nepal|publisher=aswani|date=23 May 2015|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611135322/http://m.english.astroawani.com/world-news/89-foreigners-missing-after-earthquake-nepal-60604}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150428/250-people-feared-missing-after-mudslide-in-nepal-village|title=250 people feared missing after mudslide in Nepal village|date=28 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|work=Daily News|last=Daigle|first=Katy}}</ref> and the [[Langtang, Bagmati|village of Langtang]]. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2015/04/29/langtang-1/|title=Landslides in Langtang during and after the Nepal earthquake|date=29 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|website=AGU Blogosphere|last=Dave}}</ref> The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller [[landslide]]s occurred in the [[Trishuli River]] Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and [[Archale]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11564493/British-archeologist-terrified-after-narrowly-escaping-death-in-Nepalese-earthquake.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11564493/British-archeologist-terrified-after-narrowly-escaping-death-in-Nepalese-earthquake.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=British archeologist 'terrified' after narrowly escaping death in Nepalese earthquake|access-date=28 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/south-central-asia/91479-nepal-avalanche-missing-ghodatabela-langtang|title=Landslides in Langtang during and after the Nepal earthquake|date=29 April 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|website=Rappler.com|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were bodies of foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shashank Bengali and Bhrikuti Rai|title=Nepal quake: 52 bodies found in remote valley where trekkers missing|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-nepal-earthquake-dead-20150504-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|date=4 May 2015|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=R. N.|last2=Hancox|first2=G. T.|last3=Petley|first3=D. N.|last4=Massey|first4=C. I.|last5=Densmore|first5=A. L.|last6=Rosser|first6=N. J.|date=20 October 2015|title=Spatial distributions of earthquake-induced landslides and hillslope preconditioning in the northwest South Island, New Zealand|journal=Earth Surface Dynamics|volume=3|issue=4|pages=501–525|doi=10.5194/esurf-3-501-2015|issn=2196-6311|bibcode=2015ESuD....3..501P|doi-access=free|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1428951/1/Published%20Journal%20Article}}</ref> This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qiu|first=Jane|author-link=Jane Qiu|date=28 April 2016|title=Killer landslides: The lasting legacy of Nepal's quake|journal=Nature|volume=532|issue=7600|pages=428–431|doi=10.1038/532428a|pmid=27121822|bibcode=2016Natur.532..428Q|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Damage===
[[File:Qatar Airways Cargo B777 providing humanitarian support after the 2015 Nepal earthquake April 26, 2015.JPG|thumb|People waiting on airport tarmac for flights after aftershocks forced the airport to open all exit doors]]
[[File:durbarsquare after earthquake 3.JPG|thumb|Damage in the [[Nautalle Durbar|Basantpur Durbar]] Square]]

Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.<ref name="Langtang">{{cite news|last1=Shrestha|first1=Sahina|title=Langtang is gone|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/langtang-destroyed-in-earthquake,2205|access-date=2 May 2015|work=[[Nepali Times]]|date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="MontanaPublicRadio">{{cite news|last1=McCarthy|first1=Julie|title=He Carried His Mom on His Back For 5 Hours En Route To Medical Care|url=http://mtpr.org/post/he-carried-his-mom-his-back-5-hours-en-route-medical-care|access-date=2 May 2015|work=Montana Public Radio|date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Barpak">{{cite news|last1=Kaini|first1=Sudip|title=Great Earthquake wipes out Barpak|url=http://www.ekantipur.com.np/the-kathmandu-post/2015/04/29/news/great-earthquake-wipes-out-barpak/275829.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211559/http://www.ekantipur.com.np/the-kathmandu-post/2015/04/29/news/great-earthquake-wipes-out-barpak/275829.html|archive-date=4 May 2015|access-date=2 May 2015|work=The Kathmandu Post|date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

The [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/World/2015/04/25/article568316.ece/Kathmandu-airport-shut-flights-to-resume-from-Sunday|title=Kathmandu airport shut, flights to resume from Sunday|publisher=ABP Live|date=25 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/quake-agony-revealed-quietly-on-trip-from-nepal-airport/2015/04/26/2720d6ac-ec2b-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225215/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/quake-agony-revealed-quietly-on-trip-from-nepal-airport/2015/04/26/2720d6ac-ec2b-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|archive-date=4 May 2015|title=Quake agony revealed quietly on trip from Nepal airport|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kathmandu shuts airport to big jets|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/world/kathmandu-shuts-airport-to-big-jets-328542.html|website=Irish Examiner|access-date=4 May 2015|date=3 May 2015}}</ref> During strong aftershocks, the airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/rescue-crews-expand-helicopter-sorties-to-reach-remote-villages/2015/04/27/e44280c2-ec63-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=In earthquake's deadly aftermath, Nepalis grieve the loss of their sacred landmarks|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relief for tourists after Pokhara flights resume|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/14186-relief-for-tourists-after-pokhara-flights-resume.html|website=[[The Myanmar Times]]|date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Kathmandu Durbar Square, Nepal.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Kathmandu Durbar Square]] before the earthquake]]

Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/nepal-quake-collapses-churches-on-worshippers-during-service-bodies-still-not-recovered-138517|title=Nepal Quake Collapses Churches on Worshippers During Service; Bodies Still Not Recovered|date=May 2015|publisher=Christianpost.com|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2015/april/nepal-earthquake-dashes-christians-hopes-constitution.html|title=Nepal Earthquake Collapses Churches during Weekly Worship Services|date=27 April 2015|publisher=ChristianityToday.com|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>

Several [[temple]]s on [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], collapsed,<ref name=alj/> as did the [[Dharahara]] tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,<ref>{{cite news|title=Historic Tower Collapses in Nepal Earthquake|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/25/dharahara-tower-nepal-earthquake_n_7142484.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|access-date=28 April 2015|date=25 April 2015|last1=Goyette|first1=Braden}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Deepak Nagpal|title=LIVE: Two major quakes rattle Nepal; historic Dharahara Tower collapses, deaths reported in India|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/live-two-major-quakes-rattle-nepal-historic-dharahara-tower-collapses-deaths-reported-in-india_1584785.html|access-date=25 April 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Historic Dharahara tower collapses in Kathmandu after earthquake|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-historic-dharahara-tower-collapses-in-kathmandu-after-quake-2080587|date=25 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/180-bodies-retrieved-from-debris-of-Nepals-historic-tower/articleshow/47051438.cms|title=180 bodies retrieved from debris of Nepal's historic tower|website=The Times of India|date=25 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> [[Manakamana]] Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of [[Janaki Mandir]] in [[Janakpur]] was reported to have been damaged.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Several temples, including [[Kasthamandap]], Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.<ref name="naturaldisasters1">{{cite web|title=Earthquake in Nepal 2015|url=http://naturaldisasters.tk/|website=The Natural Disasters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021153/http://naturaldisasters.tk/|archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/25/world/asia/nepal-landmarks-before-after-earthquake.html Before and After the Earthquake in Nepal (photographs)], ''The New York Times'', 25 April 2015; accessed 4 May 2015.</ref>

The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the [[Pashupatinath Temple]], [[Swyambhunath]], [[Boudhanath]] Stupa, [[Ratna Mandir]], inside Rani Pokhari, and [[Durbar High School]] have been destroyed.<ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/Historical-monuments-lost-forever-30258805.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426124959/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/Historical-monuments-lost-forever-30258805.html|archive-date=26 April 2015|magazine=[[The Nation]]|title=Historical monuments lost forever|date=26 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed.<ref name="auto1"/>

Outside the Valley, the [[Manakamana]] Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in [[Kavrepalanchowk District|Kabhrepalanchok District]], the Rani Mahal in [[Palpa District]], the [[Churiyamai]] in [[Makwanpur District]], the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in [[Dolakha District]], and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in [[Kathmandu]], [[Bhaktapur]] and [[Lalitpur District, Nepal]]. They cannot be restored to their original states."<ref name="auto1"/> The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Nepal Earthquake 2015 01.jpg|Building damage as a result of the earthquake
File:Gorkha Earthquake Effect.jpg|Damaged building in Balaju area
</gallery>

===Economic loss===
[[File:Nepal Earthquake 2015 08.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Road damage in Nepal]]

Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the [[Monsoon]] rains.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Nepal, senior UN official warns 'clock is ticking' for earthquake relief efforts|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50757#.VUfEByzhWeI|access-date=4 May 2015|work=The United Nations News Centre|date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal Economy Devastated Following Earthquake|url=http://primepair.com/global-outlook/nepal-economy-devastated-following-earthquake-27-04-2015|website=PrimePair|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065506/http://primepair.com/global-outlook/nepal-economy-devastated-following-earthquake-27-04-2015|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.<ref name="Bloomberg Business">{{cite news|title=Nepal's Slowing Economy Set for Freefall Without Global Help|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=26 April 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-26/nepal-s-slowing-economy-set-for-freefall-without-world-s-help|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Even before the quake, the [[Asian Development Bank]] estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.<ref name="Bloomberg Business"/> The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 per cent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.<ref name="Bloomberg Business"/>

Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a [[Colorado]]-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" US$5 billion.<ref name="Bloomberg Business"/><ref name="times-herald.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/The-Latest-on-Nepal-Quake-Aid-Arriving-as-Deaths-Top-4000/2015/04/27/article2786074.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429164957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/The-Latest-on-Nepal-Quake-Aid-Arriving-as-Deaths-Top-4000/2015/04/27/article2786074.ece|archive-date=29 April 2015|title=The Latest on Nepal Quake: Aid arriving as deaths top 4,000|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2015|reason=only part of this quotation is found in the sources}}

More recent studies estimate the damage from the earthquake to be closer to US$10 billion (which would be around 50% of Nepals GDP at the time).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Starr|first=Stephen|date=2018-12-05|title=Nepal: first came the earthquake, then came the debt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/05/kathmandu-earthquake-debt-nepal|access-date=2024-10-03|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Social effects===
It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake.<ref name=Burke5May2015>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Jason|title=Nepal quake survivors face threat from human traffickers supplying sex trade|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/05/nepal-quake-survivors-face-threat-from-human-traffickers-supplying-sex-trade|access-date=7 May 2015|work=The Guardian|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.<ref name=UNWorkers>{{cite web|title=Migrant Workers and their Families|url=http://un.org.np/oneun/undaf/migrant_workers|publisher=United Nations Nepal Information Platform|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508025037/http://un.org.np/oneun/undaf/migrant_workers}}</ref> In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms.<ref name="People in Need">{{cite web|title=FALSE PROMISES: 12 000 NEPALESE GIRLS ARE TRAFFICKED FOR SEX WORK EVERY YEAR|url=https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en/false-promises-12-000-nepalese-girls-are-trafficked-for-sex-work-every-year-4422gp|website=People in Need|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

===Most affected===
Single women had very little access to relief, according to a report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors have increased after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-07-31/women-have-little-access-to-relief-report.html|title=Women have little access to relief: Report|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to a government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being [[Tamang people|Tamang]] and [[Chepang people|Chepang]] peoples.<ref name="malnutrition">http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/07/30/national/malnutrition-stalks-quake-hit-kids/408642.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802025512/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/07/30/national/malnutrition-stalks-quake-hit-kids/408642.html |date=2 August 2015 }} The Kathmandu Post: Malnutrition stalks quake-hit kids</ref> Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme.<ref name="malnutrition" />

===Disease===
Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of [[scrub typhus]] while 240 people were taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016.<ref>http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-10-01/infectious-mites-found-in-70-pc-of-mice-samples.html Kathmandu Post "Infectious mites found in 70 pc of mice samples"</ref> The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/15/nepal-earthquake-mental-health-disaster|title=The Nepal earthquakes have unleashed a mental health disaster|website=The Guardian|date=15 May 2015}}</ref> Medical Doctors from India, Ramachandra Kamath, Edmond Fernandes and Prakash Narayan stated that elderly care in disaster was more important than women and child focused one for Nepal earthquake and absence of military support for medical aid providers impacted relief work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kamath|first1=Ramachandra|last2=Fernandes|first2=Edmond|last3=Narayanan|first3=Prakash|date=2015|title=Medical relief in Nepal earthquake: Observations and lessons to learn|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/SEAJPH/article/view/28317|journal=South East Asia Journal of Public Health|volume=5|issue=2|pages=77–78|doi=10.3329/seajph.v5i2.28317|issn=2313-531X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Rescue and relief==

About 90% of soldiers from the [[Nepalese Army]] were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under [[Operation Sankat Mochan]], with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.<ref>[http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/04/28/top-story/deadly-earthquake-death-toll-reaches-4400/404555.html ''Deadly earthquake: Death-toll reaches 4400''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501135151/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/04/28/top-story/deadly-earthquake-death-toll-reaches-4400/404555.html |date=1 May 2015 }} In: ''[[Kantipur (daily)|Kantipur]]'', 28 April 2015.</ref> Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Latest on Nepal: Chance of finding more survivors slim|url=http://tbo.com/health/the-latest-on-nepal-chance-of-finding-more-survivors-slim-ap_health5b1927e40a5b4e87a733dec1ecea7fad|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150509181051/http://tbo.com/health/the-latest-on-nepal-chance-of-finding-more-survivors-slim-ap_health5b1927e40a5b4e87a733dec1ecea7fad|archive-date=9 May 2015|access-date=2 May 2015|work=The Tampa Tribune|date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal Earthquake: Man Explains How He Survived in Rubble for 82 Hours|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/nepal-earthquake-man-explains-survived-rubble-82-hours/story?id=30665137|access-date=4 May 2015|publisher=ABC News|location=United States (US)|agency=Associated Press|date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Four survivors pulled alive from earthquake rubble in Nepal|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2015/0503/698422-nepal-earthquake/|access-date=4 May 2015|publisher=RTÉ News, Ireland|date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="ekan-5days">{{cite web|last1=Sedhai|first1=Roshan|title=Still finding survivors|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/01/top-story/still-finding-survivors/404695.html|website=ekantipur.com|access-date=2 May 2015|ref=2 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055201/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/01/top-story/still-finding-survivors/404695.html}}</ref>

As of 1 May international aid agencies like [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] and the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,<ref name="MontanaPublicRadio"/> and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.<ref name="msf29Apr">{{cite web|title=Nepal – 1 May 2015|url=http://www.msf.org/nepal|publisher=Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders)|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="redcross">{{cite web|date=30 April 2015|title=Japanese Red Cross medical teams reach communities beyond Kathmandu|url=http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/nepal/the-red-cross-medical-team-starts-relief-activities-68534/|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Brianna|title=Nepal Earthquake: In Tent Cities, Water Shortages, Open Toilets Add To Fears of Looming Health Disaster|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/nepal-earthquake-tent-cities-water-shortages-open-toilets-add-fears-looming-health-1903756|access-date=2 May 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Technology Finds Nepal Survivors by Their Heartbeats|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150507-nasa-finder-nepal-earthquake-survivors-rescue-technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509023221/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150507-nasa-finder-nepal-earthquake-survivors-rescue-technology/|archive-date=9 May 2015|website=[[National Geographic News]]|access-date=8 May 2015|first1=Brian Clark|last1=Howard|date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

Volunteers used [[crisis mapping]] to help plan emergency aid work.<ref name=":0" /> Local organization [[Kathmandu Living Labs]] helped coordinate local knowledge on the ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in [[crowdmapping]] and added details into online maps.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT)|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_earthquake}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Liat|title=How Nepal's Earthquake Was Mapped in 48 Hours|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-04/28/mapping-nepal-after-the-earthquake|access-date=4 May 2015|work=Wired (U.K.)|date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shakya|first1=Ayesha|title=Mapping the aftermath|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/data-mapping-the-aftermath-of-earthquake,2218|access-date=4 May 2015|work=Nepali Times|date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Can workers save Nepal's sacred sites before the monsoons hit?|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/can-workers-save-nepals-sacred-sites-monsoons-hit|publisher=PBS NewsHour|access-date=6 January 2017|date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How data gathering has helped in Nepal|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/how-data-gathering-has-helped-in-nepal-1.2219588|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How social media is helping Nepal rebuild after two big earthquakes|url=https://qz.com/406562/how-social-media-is-helping-nepal-rebuild-after-two-big-earthquakes-2/|work=Quartz|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bochenski|first1=Natalie|title=Brisbane developers assist Nepal|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/brisbane-developers-netengine-helping-nepal-via-crowdmapping-20150505-gguto1.html|newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]]|access-date=6 January 2017|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/advisory-support/emergency-support/9911/earthquake-nepal-india-bangladesh-china|title=Earthquake in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, China|work=un-spider.org|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Laura|title=How 'Crisis Mapping' Is Shaping Disaster Relief in Nepal|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150501-nepal-crisis-mapping-disaster-relief-earthquake/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503052722/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150501-nepal-crisis-mapping-disaster-relief-earthquake/|archive-date=3 May 2015|access-date=4 May 2015|work=National Geographic|date=1 May 2015}}</ref> of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help.<ref>{{cite web|title=Showing Reports... (Nepal Earthquakes 2015)|url=http://quakemap.org/reports|website=Kathmandu Living Labs|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508192548/http://quakemap.org/reports|archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. The technologies used by [[Kathmandu Living Labs]] were built on top of existing open source solutions which allowed them to work in a fast and cost effective manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opensource.com/life/16/6/open-source-open-data-nepal-earthquake|title=Open source and open data's role in Nepal earthquake relief|date=8 June 2016|first=Nirab|last=Pudasaini|website=Opensource.com|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

Digital mappers, through the [[Kathmandu Living Labs]], were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soden|first1=Robert|last2=Budhathoki|first2=Nama|last3=Palen|first3=Lasia|title=Resilience-Building and the Crisis Informatics Agenda: Lessons Learned from 'Open Cities Kathmandu'|journal=Proceedings of the 11th International ISCRAM Conference – University Park, Pennsylvania (USA) – (May 2014)|url=https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~palen/palen_papers/SodenBudhathokiPalen-ISCRAMKathmandu.pdf|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225134/https://www.cs.colorado.edu/~palen/palen_papers/SodenBudhathokiPalen-ISCRAMKathmandu.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

India pledged to donate $1 billion in cash and materials to Nepal. India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said "I am happy to announce Government of India's pledge for Nepal's post-earthquake reconstruction of Nepali Rupees 10,000 crores, equivalent to one billion US dollars, one fourth of it as Grant." The International Conference on Nepal's Reconstruction has been organised by the Nepalese government to raise funds for rebuilding the country.<ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite news|title=India to donate $1 billion to Nepal. However, most of that pledge has not been fulfilled yet.|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150625/jsp/frontpage/story_27732.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170111223136/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150625/jsp/frontpage/story_27732.jsp|archive-date=11 January 2017|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Reports are also coming in of sub-standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/27/top-story/nhrc-to-govt-take-action-against-wfp/405734.html|title=NHRC to govt: Take action against WFP|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528044913/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/27/top-story/nhrc-to-govt-take-action-against-wfp/405734.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/26/top-story/7000-liters-of-relief-oil-disposed/405723.html|title=7,000 liters of relief oil disposed|work=ekantipur.com|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527083234/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/26/top-story/7000-liters-of-relief-oil-disposed/405723.html}}</ref>

A [[United States Marine Corps]] helicopter [[2015 Charikot Helicopter Crash|crashed on 12 May]] while involved in delivering relief supplies. The [[Bell UH-1Y Venom]] crashed at [[Charikot]], roughly 45 miles (72 kilometres) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepalese soldiers and six American Marines died in the crash.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Sugam Pokharel|author2=Kimberly Hutcherson|title=8 bodies recovered from U.S. helicopter crash site; pilot identified|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/16/asia/us-helicopter-found-nepal/|publisher=CNN|date=16 May 2015|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

Need-fulfillment application, Getmii, launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New 'Getmii' app has roots in Spearfish|url=http://www.bhpioneer.com/local_news/article_3772a60c-66c9-11e5-b03d-a39eb4015daf.html|website=Black Hills Pioneer|date=29 September 2015|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>

Imaging technologies such as satellites and smartphones, were instrumental to relief efforts in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pool|first1=Rebecca|title=Photonics technologies are first responders to Nepal earthquake|url=http://spie.org/newsroom/technical-articles/052115-nepal-quake|publisher=SPIE Newsroom|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> GLIMS, group of volunteer scientists from nine nations, were able to provide rapid, systematic mapping of the damaged area, allowing the investigation of earthquake-induced geo-hazard processes that provided information to relief and recovery officials on the same timeframe as those operations were occurring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kargel|first1=J. S.|last2=Leonard|first2=G. J.|last3=Shugar|first3=D. H.|last4=Haritashya|first4=U. K.|last5=Bevington|first5=A.|last6=Fielding|first6=E. J.|last7=Fujita|first7=K.|last8=Geertsema|first8=M.|last9=Miles|first9=E. S.|date=8 January 2016|title=Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal's 2015 Gorkha earthquake|journal=Science|volume=351|issue=6269|article-number=aac8353|doi=10.1126/science.aac8353|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26676355|bibcode=2016Sci...351.8353K |s2cid=43852640|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/63100/2/Kargel-SM.pdf}}</ref>

Charities and [[Crowdfunding]] platforms received over $230 million in donations from support groups. The money was used to provide medical supplies, for reconstruction of damaged buildings including schools and hospitals, and building orphanages for the victims among other things.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millions Raised for Nepal Earthquake Relief|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=content.view&cpid=2176|access-date=2022-08-24|website=Charity Navigator}}</ref>

==Repair and reconstruction==

===Monuments===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Patan Durbar Square05.jpg
| image2=Lalitpur Durbar Square Temple 2023.jpg
| footer= [[Patan Durbar Square]]'s Hari Shankar Temple completely collapsed after 2015 earthquake (left), and after its full restoration; pictured in 2023 (right)
}}
UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses is planned. Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction. According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal's 8 Key Historic Sites: What's Rubble, What's Still Standing|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150427-nepal-earthquake-damage-temples-buddhism-hinduism-world-heritage-monuments-unesco|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429025829/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150427-nepal-earthquake-damage-temples-buddhism-hinduism-world-heritage-monuments-unesco/|archive-date=29 April 2015|website=National Geographic News|access-date=10 June 2015|first1=Kristin|last1=Romey|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed monasteries, temples, historic houses, and shrines across the country. The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site, including [[Swayambhunath|Swayambhu]], the three squares namely [[Kathmandu Durbar Square|Durbar square of Kathmandu]], [[Patan Durbar Square]], and [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]], and the Hindu temples of [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] and [[Changu Narayan Temple|Changu Narayan]]. Out of them only three were damaged in the quakes—three Durbar squares, the temple of Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu.<ref name="Prasad 2016 k947">{{cite web|last=Prasad|first=Madhav|title=Nepal after earthquake – safe to travel – mosaic adventure|website=Mosaic Adventure|date=2016-05-08|url=https://mosaicadventure.com/nepal-after-earthquake/|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Drones fly above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Race to Fix Nepal's Ravaged Monuments Before Monsoons Hit|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150608-nepal-kathmandu-earthquake-history-archaeology-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105659/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150608-nepal-kathmandu-earthquake-history-archaeology-world/|archive-date=10 June 2015|website=National Geographic News|access-date=10 June 2015|first1=Andrew|last1=Lawler|date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

===Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program===

After an international donors conference held in Kathmandu on 25 June 2015 a multi donor trust fund of US$4.4 billion was established to aid the reconstruction of affected housing in 14 districts of Nepal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/4-4-bn-committed-for-recovery-reconstruction/|title=$4.4 bn committed for recovery, reconstruction|date=2015-06-26|website=[[The Himalayan Times]]|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nepal/brief/nepal-reconstruction-program|title=Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program|website=World Bank|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> This covered 66 per cent of the country's total recovery and reconstruction needs of US$6.7 billion.<ref name=":2" /> Implementation of the Program consisted of five phases i.e. Survey, Identification and Validation, Enrollment, Reconstruction and Completion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2016|title=Program Overview|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/195221468184471099/pdf/102951-WP-P155969-Box394845B-NRHRP-ProgramOverview-O1-2016-PUBLIC.pdf|website=The World Bank|publisher=Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program}}</ref> The data collection for the program was done digitally using tablets and resulted in collection of over 10 TB of data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kathmandulivinglabs.org/projects/details/national-housing-reconstruction-programme|title=National Housing Reconstruction Programme|website=Kathmandu Living Labs|access-date=2020-01-03}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The data was openly released to the public by the [[National Planning Commission of Nepal|National Planning Commission]] and is available for download on their website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eq2015.npc.gov.np/#/about|title=2015 Nepal Earthquake: Open Data Portal|website=eq2015.npc.gov.np|access-date=2020-01-09|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117033606/http://eq2015.npc.gov.np/#/about}}</ref>

==International aid==
{{Main|Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake}}
{{See also|2015–2017 Nepal humanitarian crisis}}

A total of $3bn was pledged by donors to help rebuild Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/25/nepal-earthquakes-3bn-aid-pledge-international-donors-kathmandu|title=Nepal donors pledge $3bn for rebuilding in aftermath of earthquakes|date=2015-06-25|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-04-12|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Bhadra|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/world/asia/foreign-donors-pledge-3-billion-to-help-rebuild-quake-ravaged-nepal.html|title=Foreign Donors Pledge $3 Billion to Help Rebuild Quake-Ravaged Nepal|date=2015-06-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-12|last2=Najar|first2=Nida|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] said close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.<ref>{{cite web|title=29 April 2015 – Nepal Earthquake: New appeal for children amid growing need- UNICEF|url=http://unicef.org.np/blogs/2015/04/29/nepal-earthquake-new-appeal-for-children-amid-growing-need-unicef|publisher=UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503103745/http://unicef.org.np/blogs/2015/04/29/nepal-earthquake-new-appeal-for-children-amid-growing-need-unicef|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> Numerous other organizations provided similar support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthquakenepalin2015.com|title=Open Sans|work=earthquakenepalin2015.com|access-date=17 May 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072737/http://earthquakenepalin2015.com/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

India was the first to respond within hours, being Nepal's immediate neighbour,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhardwaj|first1=Mayank|last2=Dutta|first2=Ratnajyoti|title=China? India? We're grateful for their help: Nepal's ambassador to India|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/04/28/china-india-were-grateful-for-their-help-nepals-ambassador-to-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430014723/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2015/04/28/china-india-were-grateful-for-their-help-nepals-ambassador-to-india/|archive-date=30 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015|work=Reuters|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> with [[Operation Maitri]] which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals. India has been the largest aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake with a billion dollar support apart from other non-monetary reliefs extended.<ref name="The Telegraph"/> China, the Asian Development Bank and the United Kingdom provided significant bilateral aid and other nations and organisations provided aid, rescue teams and helicopters as requested by the Nepalese government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nepal-earthquake-uk-aid-response|title=Nepal earthquake: UK aid response|date=14 May 2015|website=GOV.UK|access-date=23 May 2015|quote=The UK's humanitarian response now stands at more than £33 million [$51 million]|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/15/raf-chinooks-recalled-from-nepal-quake-effort-without-flying-a-mission|title=RAF Chinooks recalled from Nepal quake effort without flying a mission|date=15 May 2015|access-date=16 May 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: Racing against time, government pleads for rescue helicopters to reach remote mountain regions|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/nepal-earthquake-racing-against-time-government-pleads-for-rescue-helicopters-to-reach-remote-mountain-regions-10220057.html|access-date=23 May 2015|newspaper=The Independent|date=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese helicopters aid Nepal quake recovery|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/TopNews/2015-05/06/content_4583537.htm|website=Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|publisher=Xinhua/Wang Shoubao|access-date=23 May 2015|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528140121/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/TopNews/2015-05/06/content_4583537.htm}}</ref>

On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake. They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters.<ref name="Mark Scott">{{cite news|author=Mark Scott|title=Nepal Earthquake Poses Challenge to International Aid Agencies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/27/world/asia/nepal-earthquake-international-aid-agencies.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TimeAidAgencies">{{cite magazine|last1=Sifferlin|first1=Alexandra|title=Medics Race Against Time to Save Nepal's Quake Survivors|url=https://time.com/3837207/nepal-health-earthquake/|access-date=30 April 2015|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center. After concerns were raised, it was clarified that "Non-profits" or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund.<ref name="Mark Scott"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Anyadike|first1=Obinna|title=Nepal quake fund move is PR fiasco|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/101452/nepal-quake-fund-move-is-pr-fiasco|access-date=6 May 2015|publisher=IRIN Nairobi|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Aid mismatch and supply of "leftovers" by donors,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Ruchir|title=No, thank you: Nepal asks India to not send old clothes as relief|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-earthquake-india-relief-material-old-clothes/article1-1344053.aspx|access-date=6 May 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506103141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-earthquake-india-relief-material-old-clothes/article1-1344053.aspx}}</ref> aid diversion in Nepal,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghimire|first1=Yubaraj|last2=Khan|first2=Hamza|last3=Dutta|first3=Amrita|title=Nepal aid getting 'hijacked': Organised groups are obstructing the work or 'hijacking' aid material to Nepal midway.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-others/aid-getting-hijacked/|access-date=6 May 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniel|first1=Frank Jack|last2=Mahr|first2=Krista|title=Nepal, aid agencies trade blame as confusion mars quake relief|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/nepal-aid-agencies-trade-blame-as-confusion-mars-quake-relief-20150506-ggv4hp.html|access-date=6 May 2015|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bell|first1=Thomas|title=Nepal earthquake: Many survivors receiving no help despite relief effort|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/nepal-earthquake-many-survivors-receiving-no-help-despite-relief-effort-10221693.html|access-date=3 May 2015|work=The Independent|date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Satisfied with coordination of foreign relief aid, says Army chief|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/02/top-story/satisfied-with-coordination-of-foreign-relief-aid-says-army-chief/404740.html|access-date=2 May 2015|work=eKantipur|date=2 May 2015|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502222339/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/02/top-story/satisfied-with-coordination-of-foreign-relief-aid-says-army-chief/404740.html}}</ref> congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts were also reported.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ratcliffe|first1=Rebecca|title=Nepal customs holding up earthquake relief efforts, says United Nations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/02/nepal-customs-holding-up-relief-jamie-mcgoldrick-united-nations|access-date=2 May 2015|work=The Guardian|date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sriram|first1=Jayant|title=Hopes dim for survivors|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nepal-earthquake-hopes-dim-for-survivors/article7165513.ece|access-date=3 May 2015|work=The Hindu|date=3 May 2015}}</ref> On 3 May 2015, restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the [[Tribhuvan International Airport]], Nepal's only airport able to handle larger jet aircraft.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nepal-earthquake/nepal-earthquake-kathmandu-airport-closes-damaged-runway-big-planes-n352781|title=Nepal Earthquake: Kathmandu Airport Closes Damaged Runway to Big Planes|publisher=NBC News|date=3 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/03/nepal-forced-to-shut-main-airport-to-big-planes|title=Nepal earthquake aid fears after main airport shut to big planes | World news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>

The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immediately.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-02/unlikely-more-survivors-will-be-found-after-nepal-earthquake-gov/6439554|title=Nepal earthquake: Government rules out possibility of finding more survivors as frustration grows over aid distribution delays|date=2 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|author=Siobhan Heanue}}</ref>


{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; line-height:16px; width:100%;"
|-
|+Summary of international aid to Nepal for earthquake relief 
(See details in the [[Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake]] article)
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Aid agency / country
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|Cash donation (US $)
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" class="unsortable"|Humanitarian aid and supplies
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"|Other aid
! scope="col" style="width:05%;" class="unsortable"|Source
|-
|[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]]
|{{sort|00053564455|$535,664.55 emergency fund activated}}
|Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue)
|Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="redcross"/>
|-
|[[Médecins Sans Frontières|Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)]]
|
|Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Gorkha (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed)
|Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="msf29Apr"/> <ref name="TimeAidAgencies"/>
|-
|{{flag|European Union}}
|{{sort|003300000|$3.3 million}}
|Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2015|title=EU Commissioner Stylianides to arrive in Nepal|url=http://www.ekantipur.com.np/2015/04/30/top-story/eu-commissioner-stylianides-to-arrive-in-nepal/404673.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073649/http://www.ekantipur.com.np/2015/04/30/top-story/eu-commissioner-stylianides-to-arrive-in-nepal/404673.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|publisher=Kantipur|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{sort|001000000|$1 million}}
|70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Algeria sends rescuers, drugs to quake-hit Nepal|agency=Xinhua News Agency (via Global Post)|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6529251/2015/04/26/algeria-sends-rescuers-drugs-quake-hit-nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072827/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6529251/2015/04/26/algeria-sends-rescuers-drugs-quake-hit-nepal|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{sort|0158600000|$15.86 million}}
|
• $3,568,500 to the United Nations relief effort, $793,000 to the [[World Health Organization]], $793,000 to the [[Australian Red Cross]], $396,500 to the RedR Australia relief organisation, $3.172 million for other Australian NGOs. 
• Two [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|Boeing C-17]] aircraft carrying 15 tons of Australian aid and two [[Royal Australian Air Force|RAAF]] aero medical evacuation teams. 
• The [[Government of Tasmania]] donated $7,930 to [[Rotary International|Rotary]] Tasmania's Nepal Earthquake Appeal.
|
• 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team initially. 
• 70 defence personnel, immigration and other federal government officials to distribute aid and help with evacuation efforts.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake in Nepal|work=Minister for Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2015/jb_mr_150426.aspx|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430000646/http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2015/jb_mr_150426.aspx|archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/nepal-earthquake-defence-evacuates-australians-from-kathmandu/story-e6frg8yo-1227329666077|title=Subscribe – theaustralian|website=theaustralian.com.au|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: Extra $10m provided by Australia for recovery efforts; search for bodies in Langtang village suspended|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-10/nepal-funding-extra-10-million-langtang-village-search-suspended/6458878|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|date=10 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|author=Sallese Gibson|title=Tasmanian Government donates $10,000 to Nepal Earthquake Appeal|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-11/tasmanian-government-donates-10-000-to-nepal-earthquake/6459204|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|date=10 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{sort|000835000|$835,000}}
|
|[[Austrian Red Cross]] search-&-rescue staff
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Werner Faymann: "Regierung beschließt Nepal-Hilfe von 750.000 Euro"|work=Bundeskanzleramt|date=28 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|url=https://www.bka.gv.at/site/cob__59333/6597/default.aspx|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926074632/https://www.bka.gv.at/site/cob__59333/6597/default.aspx|archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|
|1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations)
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://azertag.az/en/xeber/Azerbaijan_sends_humanitarian_aid_to_Nepal-851019|title=Azerbaijan sends humanitarian aid to Nepal|publisher=[[Azerbaijan State Telegraph Agency]]|date=30 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|
|
• [[Bangladesh Air Force|BAF]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130B]] aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc. 
• Four cargo trucks carrying approximately 25 tonnes of essential relief materials for earthquake victims in Nepal left Dhaka. The cargoes will travel through Banglabandh-Fulbari-Panitanki-Kakarbhitta land route. The relief materials include 3000 cartons (12 tonne) of dry food and fruit juice donated by [[PRAN]], and 5000 pieces of blankets donated by [[BRAC (NGO)|Brac]], according to a press release of the Embassy of Nepal in Bangladesh. 
• Bangladesh will provide at least one hundred thousand tons of rice and other relief materials including drinking water to help the earthquake victims in Nepal.
|A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials). Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh to send 1 lakh tonnes rice to Nepal|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladesh-send-1-lakh-tonnes-rice-nepal-80453|access-date=4 May 2015|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Biman flight returns to Dhaka failing to get landing clearance in earthquake- ravaged Kathmandu|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/biman-flight-returns-failing-land-kathmandu-79475|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150427064122/http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/biman-flight-returns-failing-land-kathmandu-79475|archive-date=27 April 2015|work=The Daily Star|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh to help Nepal in wake of devastating earthquake|url=http://bdnews24.com/neighbours/2015/04/25/bangladesh-to-help-nepal-in-wake-of-devastating-earthquake|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=BD Air Force aircraft reaches Nepal with relief materials|url=http://www.unb.com.bd/pm-nepal-lead|work=UNB|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702095632/http://unb.com.bd/pm-nepal-lead|archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{sort|005500000|$5.5 million}}
|
|Search-&-rescue teams
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Balachandran>{{cite news|title=Indian helicopters, Israeli hospitals and Malaysian medics: How the world is coming to Nepal's aid|author=Balachandran, Manu|work=Quartz|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://qz.com/391567/indian-helicopters-israeli-hospitals-and-malay-medics-how-the-world-is-coming-to-nepals-aid/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{sort|001000000|$1 million}}
|
|63 personnel medical team
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=(Untitled)|author=Kuensel Online|via=Facebook|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=984399071594992&id=140918395943068|author-link=Kuensel}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|author=Tobgay, Tshering|title=(Untitled)|via=Facebook|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=726970087415697&substory_index=0&id=410112025768173|author-link=Tshering Tobgay}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Tobgay|first=Tshering|author-link=Tshering Tobgay|user=tsheringtobgay|number=592488408917770240|date=27 April 2015|title=DeSuups loading supplies on special flight bound for Nepal. His Majesty has commanded 63-member medical team to assist in rescue and relief|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010213403/https://twitter.com/tsheringtobgay/status/592488408917770240|archive-date=10 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Earthquake: Everything is fine in Bhutan, says minister|url=http://www.oneindia.com/international/earthquake-everything-is-fine-in-bhutan-says-minister-1727518.html|access-date=25 April 2015|work=OneIndia|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutan to dispatch medical team to Nepal|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/no-reports-of-damage-or-injuries-so-far-government/|access-date=27 April 2015|publisher=Kuensel Online|date=25 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|
|
|8-man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from the [[Royal Brunei Armed Forces]] (RBAF) and Brunei's [[Gurkha Reserve Unit]] (GRU)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/bookmarks-breaking/2015/04/29/brunei-sends-relief-contingent-nepal|title=Brunei sends relief contingent to Nepal|author=Aaron Wong|newspaper=[[The Brunei Times]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|{{sort|004160000|$4.16 million; $832,000 to the [[Canadian Red Cross]]}}
|A [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|Boeing C-17]] with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps
|150 [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian troops]]; a [[Disaster Assistance Response Team]] – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal Earthquake Kills More than 1,900 people|publisher=CBC|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nepal-earthquake-kills-more-than-1-900-people-1.3048792}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: 2,500 dead as aftershocks terrify survivors|work=CBC|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nepal-earthquake-2-500-dead-as-aftershocks-terrify-survivors-1.3049305}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: a roundup of relief efforts|work=Toronto Star|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/04/25/nepal-earthquake-a-roundup-of-relief.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Canada will match contributions to Nepal earthquake relief fund|work=Canadian Press (via CP24)|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=http://www.cp24.com/mobile/news/canada-will-match-contributions-to-nepal-earthquake-relief-fund-1.2346948}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Canada sends military transport to deliver aid to Nepal|work=Global Post|date=27 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6530305/2015/04/27/canada-sends-military-transport-deliver-aid-nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074409/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6530305/2015/04/27/canada-sends-military-transport-deliver-aid-nepal|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|{{sort|009900000|$483 million}}
|Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens
|China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal Earthquake: India and China Send Rescue Teams to Himalayan Nation|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nepal-earthquake-china-sends-search-and-rescue-team-to-katmandu-1430032246}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:中国国际救援队出发尼泊尔驻华大使感叹患难之交|language=zh|url=http://gb.cri.cn/42071/2015/04/26/6351s4943191.htm|access-date=28 April 2015|work=CRI|date=26 April 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074821/http://gb.cri.cn/42071/2015/04/26/6351s4943191.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:中国国际救援队飞赴尼泊尔震区精选6条搜救犬|language=zh|url=http://video.sina.com.cn/p/news/c/v/2015-04-26/074764879167.html?opsubject_id=top1|work=CCTV|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=China offers 20 mln yuan in humanitarian aid to quake-hit Nepal|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/26/c_134186099.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504063545/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/26/c_134186099.htm|archive-date=4 May 2015|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=China prepares relief supplies for quake-hit Nepal|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/26/c_134184369.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518122611/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/26/c_134184369.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:中国第二轮援助尼泊尔灾区4000万物资|language=zh|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2015-04-28/235031772838.shtml|work=Sina|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|Fundraising by the [[Colombian Red Cross]]
|Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies.
|Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Santos se solidarizó con víctimas de la tragedia en Nepal|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/terremoto-en-nepal-santos-se-solidarizo-con-las-victimas/15628595|language=es|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/nacional/cruz-roja-habilita-cuentas-bancarias-hacer-donaciones-d-articulo-557701|title=Cruz Roja habilita cuentas para donación – ELESPECTADOR.COM|work=ElEspectador|access-date=29 April 2015|language=es|date=29 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cruzrojacolombiana.org/noticias-y-prensa/comunicado-4-la-cruz-roja-llama-la-solidaridad-de-los-colombianos-para-ayudar-los|title=Comunicado No. 4 La Cruz Roja llama a la solidaridad de los colombianos para ayudar a los damnificados del Terremoto en Nepal|work=cruzrojacolombiana.org|access-date=29 April 2015|language=es|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113754/http://www.cruzrojacolombiana.org/noticias-y-prensa/comunicado-4-la-cruz-roja-llama-la-solidaridad-de-los-colombianos-para-ayudar-los}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcnradio.com/noticias/colombia-esta-lista-para-brindar-ayuda-humanitaria-nepal-ungrd-208318|title=Colombia está lista para brindar ayuda humanitaria a Nepal: UNGRD|work=rcnradio.com|date=26 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429191311/http://www.rcnradio.com/noticias/colombia-esta-lista-para-brindar-ayuda-humanitaria-nepal-ungrd-208318|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{sort|000791378|$791,378}}
|Blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team – transported with a Boeing 737
|36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Czech Republic will help Nepal (in Czech)|url=http://www.vlada.cz/cz/media-centrum/aktualne/ceska-republika-posle-nepalu-tym-zdravotniku--129467|website=Government of the Czech Republic|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Czech medical team to help earthquake victims in Nepal|url=http://www.praguepost.com/world-news/47374-czech-medical-team-to-help-earthquake-victims-in-nepal|website=The Prague Post|date=28 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Czech authorities establish contact with all Czechs in Nepal|url=http://radio.cz/en/section/news/czech-authorities-establish-contact-with-all-czechs-in-nepal|website=Radio Prague|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{sort|000744000|$744,000}}
|
|Aid (TBD)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Denmark sends aid to Nepal after earthquake|work=The Local|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://m.thelocal.dk/20150426/denmark-sends-aid-to-nepal-following-earthquake|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426234533/http://m.thelocal.dk/20150426/denmark-sends-aid-to-nepal-following-earthquake|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|Fundraising
|
|15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Eesti ja Soome päästemeeskond ei lenda Nepali|language=et|trans-title=Estonian and Finnish rescue team won't fly to Nepal|work=Postimees|date=28 April 2015|url=http://maailm.postimees.ee/3171643/eesti-ja-soome-paastemeeskond-ei-lenda-nepali|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Eesti päästemeeskonna juht: lootus peab alati säilima, muidu me ei läheks sinna|work=Uudised|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=http://www.postimees.ee/3170137/eesti-paastemeeskonna-juht-lootus-peab-alati-sailima-muidu-me-ei-laheks-sinna|language=et}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Lakson|first=Piret|title=Eesti päästemeeskonna juht tõdes, et varustuse pakkimisel tehti vigu|language=et|trans-title=Estonian rescue team leader admitted that mistakes were made in packaging of equipment|work=Postimees|date=29 April 2015|url=http://www.postimees.ee/3174083/eesti-paastemeeskonna-juht-todes-et-varustuse-pakkimisel-tehti-vigu|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{sort|003350000|$3.35 million; fundraising by the [[Finnish Red Cross]]}}
|Medical and logistical supplies
|A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=The Finnish Red Cross kicks off campaigns for earthquake victims in Nepal|work=YLE|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/the_finnish_red_cross_kicks_off_campaigns_for_earthquake_victims_in_nepal/7955553}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Red Cross logistical unit gets green light for Nepal trip|work=YLE|date=30 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/red_cross_logistical_unit_gets_green_light_for_nepal_trip/7964079}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Suomi lahjoittaa kaksi miljoonaa euroa Nepaliin|language=fi|trans-title=Finland donates €2 million to Nepal|work=Helsingin Sanomat|date=28 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015|url=http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/a1430189909185}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Suomi antaa miljoona euroa lisää Nepalin maanjäristyksen uhrien auttamiseksi|language=fi|trans-title=Finland gives additional €1 million to help Nepal earthquake victims|work=Helsingin Sanomat|date=5 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015|url=http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/a1430795224939?jako=95e0e2ad37aa0fb9d888d78103699897}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|
|Equipment and supplies
|Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Népal – Tremblement de terre (25 avril 2015)|work=France Diplomatie|date=25 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/nepal/la-france-et-le-nepal/evenements-4190/article/nepal-tremblement-de-terre-25-04|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426154949/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/nepal/la-france-et-le-nepal/evenements-4190/article/nepal-tremblement-de-terre-25-04|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Népal – Tremblement de terre – Déclaration de Laurent Fabius|work=France Diplomatie|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/nepal/la-france-et-le-nepal/evenements-4190/article/nepal-tremblement-de-terre|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427162037/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/nepal/la-france-et-le-nepal/evenements-4190/article/nepal-tremblement-de-terre|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{sort|068340000|$68.34 million (€60 million), donated by the public}}
|A mobile medical centre
|52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the [[Technisches Hilfswerk|German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)]]'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="DZI study">{{cite news|title=Study of the German Central Institute for Social Issues (DZI)|date=15 May 2015|publisher=Mannheimer Morgen|author=dpa|author-link=Deutsche Presse-Agentur}}</ref> <ref name="Daily AFAD">{{cite news|title=Turkey's AFAD and international aid organizations rush to Nepal after devastating earthquake|work=Daily Sabah Asia Pacific|date=25 April 2015|access-date=25 April 2015|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/04/25/turkeys-afad-and-international-aid-organizations-rush-to-nepal-after-devastating-earthquake}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Germany, France sending rescue teams, emergency relief to quake-hit Nepal|work=680 News|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2015/04/26/germany-france-sending-rescue-teams-emergency-relief-to-quake-hit-nepal/}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thw.de/SharedDocs/Meldungen/DE/Pressemitteilungen/international/2015/04/pressemitteilung_001_erdbeben.html|title=Erdbeben in Nepal: THW entsendet Voraus- und SEEWA-Team|work=thw.de|date=26 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|language=de|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113257/https://www.thw.de/SharedDocs/Meldungen/DE/Pressemitteilungen/international/2015/04/pressemitteilung_001_erdbeben.html}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|
|
|Search-&-rescue teams
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Balachandran/>
|-
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{sort|001000000|$1 million}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>[http://www.hougansydney.com/whats-happening-in-haiti/haiti-made-a-million-dollar-donation-to-nepal-devastated-by-two-powerful-earthquakes Haiti's president Michel Joseph Martelly has allocated a million dollar to the Nepalese government], hougansydney.com; accessed 18 May 2015.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|{{sort|006450000|$6.45 million}}
|[[World Vision]] Hong Kong raised $1.29 million to provide victims with tents, tarpaulins, solar-powered lights, and other necessities.
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=CE expresses deepest sympathies for Nepal earthquake victims|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201504/26/P201504260527.htm|website=info.gov.hk|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=HKSARG to provide relief and financial assistance for quake victims in Nepal|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201504/28/P201504280842.htm|website=info.gov.hk|date=26 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20150503/news_20150503_55_1096795.htm|script-title=zh:宣明會為尼泊爾救災重建籌 1000 萬港元|work=rthk.hk|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{sort|001000000|$1 million ([[Hungarian forint|HUF]] 300 million)}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=No Hungarian casualties reported in Nepal earthquake|url=https://bbj.hu/economy/no-hungarian-casualties-reported-in-nepal-earthquake_96547|work=Budapest Business Journal|date=27 April 2015|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|{{sort|01000000000|$1 billion by the government}}
|Material aid in [[Operation Maitri]]: 
• 8 tons of baby food 
• Over 100 tons of medical supplies 
• 75,000 vials of [[insulin]] 
• Over 200 tons of water 
• 100,000 bottles of water every day from the [[Indian Railways]] 
• Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations 
• 43 tons of relief material 
• 10 tons of blankets 
• Several tons of stretchers, tents 
• A [[reverse osmosis]] (RO) plant 
• Oxygen regenerators & cylinders 
• 345 tons of relief material, dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Rescue aid: 
• 16 [[National Disaster Response Force]] teams, over 1,000 personnel, search-&-rescue dogs 
• Hundreds of retired [[Indian Gorkha]] soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] 
• Hundreds of Indian Army and [[Indian Air Force]] personnel 
• Military task forces headquartered in [[Kathmandu]] and [[Barpak]] 
• Relief sorties by [[Ilyushin Il-76]], [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130J Hercules]], [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]], [[Antonov An-32]] aircraft 
• Civilian aircraft 
• Helicopters – [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]], Cheetah, [[HAL Dhruv]] ALH 
• [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]] (UAVs) 
• 18 member medical team 
• 3 [[field hospitals]] 
• 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors 
• 41 member medical team from the state of [[Rajasthan]] 
• [[Indian Air Force]] rapid action medical team 
• 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel 
• Light vehicles 
• Earth moving equipment 
• 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces ([[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]) 
• [[Indian Oil Corporation]] team 
• [[PowerGrid Corporation of India]] engineers 
• 36+ vehicles – ambulances and water tankers – from the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] 
• 39 member Indian Army team deployed at the [[Everest Base Camp]] to search for, rescue and assist climbers

Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/04/india-sends-10-ndrf-teams-for-relief-and-resue-operation-in-nepal/|title=India sends 10 NDRF Teams for Relief and Rescue Operation in Nepal|work=Bihar Prabha}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nepal-earthquake/aid-arrives-nepal-after-devastating-earthquake-n348431|title=Nepal Earthquake: Major Aftershock Hits Kathmandu as Toll Climbs|publisher=NBC News|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/nepal-earthquake-relief-rescue-operations-as-they-happened-on-monday_1585623.html|title=Nepal earthquake: Relief, rescue operations as they happened on Monday|work=Zee News|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nepal-earthquake-rescue-operations-india-s-operation-maitri-death-toll/article1-1341152.aspx|title=Nepal quake: India launches 'Operation Maitri', airlifts many|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426205731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nepal-earthquake-rescue-operations-india-s-operation-maitri-death-toll/article1-1341152.aspx}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/live-kathmandu-airport-reopens-nepal-quake-death-toll-rises-to-2263-2212618.html|title=Live: Kathmandu airport reopens for rescue ops, Nepal quake death toll rises to 2263|work=FirstPost|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-operation-maitri-india-launches-massive-relief-and-rescue-efforts-in-nepal-2080936|title=Operation Maitri: India launches massive relief and rescue efforts in Nepal|work=DNA India|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nepal-quake-indian-railway-provides-one-lakh-rail-neer-bottles-as-relief-2080790|title=Nepal quake: Indian Railway provides one lakh 'rail neer' bottles as relief|work=DNA India|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150427/jsp/nation/story_16909.jsp#.VUBKsNKqqkp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150429032332/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150427/jsp/nation/story_16909.jsp%23.VUBKsNKqqkp|archive-date=29 April 2015|title=Operation Maitri in full swing|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Operation-Maitri-in-Full-Swing-to-Pull-Nepal-Out-of-Rubble/2015/04/28/article2786787.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130241/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Operation-Maitri-in-Full-Swing-to-Pull-Nepal-Out-of-Rubble/2015/04/28/article2786787.ece|archive-date=19 May 2015|title=Operation Maitri in Full Swing to Pull Nepal Out of Rubble|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/nepal-earthquake-rescue-relief-work-as-they-happened-on-tuesday_1586217.html|title=Nepal earthquake: Rescue, relief work as they happened on Tuesday|work=Zee News|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bagchi|first=Arindam|author-link=Arindam Bagchi|user=MEAIndia|number=592939002392670208|date=28 April 2015|title=#IndiaWithNepal 8 Tonnes of Baby food and skimmed milk, 6 Tonnes of Medicines, 2 Tonnes of biscuits in other material http://t.co/JTDng3Hdl8|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204012457/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/592939002392670208|archive-date=4 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bagchi|first=Arindam|author-link=Arindam Bagchi|user=MEAIndia|number=592938532915785728|date=28 April 2015|title=#IndiaWithNepal More materials for rescue and relief efforts today: 2 Engineering Task Forces, 100 Personnel, 55 tonnes of drinking water|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112901/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/592938532915785728|archive-date=12 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/live-indias-help-like-extending-blank-cheque-says-nepal-earthquake-death-toll-at-5057-2212618.html|title=Live: India's help was like extending blank cheque, says Nepal; earthquake death toll at 5,057|work=FirstPost.com|date=5 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-evacuates-170-foreigners-from-nepal-115042800885_1.html|title=India evacuates 170 foreigners from Nepal|work=DNA India|date=28 April 2015|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-evacuates-170-foreign-nationals-from-Nepal/articleshow/47084427.cms|title=India evacuates 170 foreign nationals from Nepal|work=The Times of India|date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bagchi|first=Arindam|author-link=Arindam Bagchi|user=MEAIndia|number=594171243655397376|date=1 May 2015|title=#OperationMaitri 345 tonnes of relief material, dry food, water & essential medicines, from the State Govts of Bihar & UP arrived in Nepal|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022034111/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/594171243655397376|archive-date=22 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|last=Bagchi|first=Arindam|author-link=Arindam Bagchi|user=MEAIndia|number=593790041299628032|date=30 April 2015|title=#OperationMaitri The facts till date. http://t.co/Lx0JPjMDMI|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116010326/https://twitter.com/meaindia/status/593790041299628032|archive-date=16 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150625/jsp/frontpage/story_27732.jsp#.VtfVYX197IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625102951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150625/jsp/frontpage/story_27732.jsp#.VtfVYX197IU|archive-date=25 June 2015|title=India to donate $1 billion to Nepal|work=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{sort|002000000|$2 million}}
|2 [[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-400s]] belonging to the [[Indonesian Armed Forces]] and [[Garuda Indonesia]], flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines
|66 personnel of SAR and Medical team
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia Kirim Tim SAR dan Medis ke Nepal|url=http://news.metrotvnews.com/read/2015/04/27/119740/indonesia-kirim-tim-sar-dan-tim-medis-ke-nepal|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081919/http://news.metrotvnews.com/read/2015/04/27/119740/indonesia-kirim-tim-sar-dan-tim-medis-ke-nepal|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia kirim bantuan 6 ton ke Nepal|url=http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2015/04/29/173661971/Indonesia-Kirim-6-Ton-Bantuan-ke-Nepal|date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|
|An {{convert|80000|lb|kg}} relief package (via India)
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|script-title=fa:اعلام مراتب تسلیت جمعیت هلال احمر ایران به دولت و مردم نپال/ آمادگ هلال احمر ایران برای انجام عملیات پاسخگویی به حادثه و کمک به زلزله زدگان نپالی|url=http://rcs.ir/?p=68430|access-date=26 April 2015|language=fa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084049/http://rcs.ir/?p=68430|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Iran Red Crescent ready to send relief to Nepal|url=http://www7.as.irna.ir/en/News/81585193/|agency=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080659/http://www7.as.irna.ir/en/News/81585193/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=40 tons humanitarian relief supplies ready to dispatch to Nepal|url=http://www7.as.irna.ir/en/News/81585863//|access-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080655/http://www7.as.irna.ir/en/News/81585863//|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{sort|001126000|$1.126 million}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ireland responds to Nepal earthquake|url=https://www.irishaid.ie/news-publications/news/newsarchive/2015/april/ireland-responds-to-nepal-earthquake|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|
|Three [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|Hercules]] and two [[El Al]] [[Boeing 747-400]] jets carrying a joint [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|MFA]] search-&-rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. The planes were also used for evacuation.
|264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Search and rescue team to depart shortly from Israel to region; will include doctors|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Netanyahu-Israel-will-provide-all-possible-help-to-Nepal-399148|access-date=25 April 2015|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Rescuers on 2 El Al jets heading for Nepal Sunday|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/194537|access-date=25 April 2015|work=Arutz Sheva|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=IAF plane brings babies born in quake-struck Nepal to Israel|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IAF-plane-with-first-batch-of-Israeli-survivors-of-Nepal-quake-lands-at-military-base-399291|access-date=27 April 2015|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{sort|000326000|$326,000}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Times of Israel">{{cite news|title=Leaders, charities offer condolences, help after Nepal quake|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/leaders-charities-offer-condolences-help-after-nepal-quake/|access-date=15 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=25 April 2015|last1=Katz|first1=Gregory}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{sort|008400000|$8.4 million}}
|Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000
|70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]], and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Balachandran/> <ref>{{cite news|title=Japan Starts Emergency Assistance to Nepal over the Great Earthquake|url=http://www.povertist.com/japan-starts-emergency-assistance-to-nepal-over-the-great-earthquake|access-date=25 April 2014|work=Poverist|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Emergency Grant Aid to Nepal for the Earthquake Damage|url=http://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/ann/270415a.html|access-date=29 April 2014|work=Poverist|date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Macau}}
|{{sort|002000000|$2 million}}
|MGM Macau donated {{sort|000060000|$60,000}} to the Macau Red Cross for the ongoing earthquake relief effort in Nepal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Macau government and gaming operator give financial aid to Nepal|url=https://macaunews.mo/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%9A%E5%BD%A9%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5%E5%95%86%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94/|work=Macau News|date=8 May 2015|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908072740/https://macaunews.mo/%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%9A%E5%BD%A9%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5%E5%95%86%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|
|
|20 doctors – [[Mercy Malaysia]] and [[Malaysian Red Crescent]]; 30-man rescue team – Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/81740|title=Malaysia ready to help Nepal, says Anifah|author=Azura Abas|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=26 April 2015|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-to-send-doctors/1808214.html|title=Malaysia to send doctors, rescuers to Nepal: PM Najib|publisher=[[Channel News Asia]]|date=26 April 2015|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www-nst-com-my.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.nst.com.my/node/81866/amp?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQA#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2Fmalaysia-send-assistance-nepal|title=Malaysia to send assistance to Nepal|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=26 April 2015|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|
|Other aid (TBA)
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/60294|title=IGMH Group gives USD 10,000 disaster aid to Nepal|work=HaveeruOnline|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220157/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/60294|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|
|
|Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Daily AFAD" /> <ref>{{cite news|title=Estas son las formas en que puedes ayudar a Nepal desde México|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2015/04/27/nepal-sismo-terremoto-donaciones-donativos-ayuda-socorro-oxfam-cruz-roja|access-date=28 April 2015|agency=[[Turner Broadcasting System]]|publisher=CNNMéxico|date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080700/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2015/04/27/nepal-sismo-terremoto-donaciones-donativos-ayuda-socorro-oxfam-cruz-roja|archive-date=18 May 2015|language=es|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Topos de Tlatelolco apoyarán en labores de rescate en Nepal|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/2015/04/28/1021198|access-date=28 April 2015|agency=[[Excélsior]]|publisher=Excélsior|date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080700/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2015/04/27/nepal-sismo-terremoto-donaciones-donativos-ayuda-socorro-oxfam-cruz-roja|archive-date=18 May 2015|language=es|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|
|Other aid (TBA)
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Daily AFAD"/>
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{sort|029844275.18|$4.45 million by the government and $25.394.275,18 raised by GIRO 555 Action ('Netherlands helps Nepal')}}
|5 tons of relief supplies
|62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nederland, bedankt voor deze prachtige start!=GIRO 555 WEBSITE|date=26 May 2015|access-date=26 May 2015|url=http://giro555.nl/newsarticle/nederland-bedankt-voor-deze-prachtige-start/|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101159/http://giro555.nl/newsarticle/nederland-bedankt-voor-deze-prachtige-start/}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Dutch rescue team to aid Nepal earthquake response|work=NL Times|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2015/04/26/dutch-rescue-team-to-aid-nepal-earthquake-response/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150427000701/http://www.nltimes.nl/2015/04/26/dutch-rescue-team-to-aid-nepal-earthquake-response/|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{sort|000771000|$771,000 in humanitarian aid}}
|
|45 urban search and rescue technicians, 2 aid workers and an engineer.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rilkoff|first1=Matt|title=Strong 6.7 aftershock rocks Nepal|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/asia/68061957/strong-67-aftershock-rocks-nepal|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nz.news.yahoo.com/top-stories/a/27535464/nz-aid-workers-off-to-nepal/|title=NZ aid workers off to Nepal – Yahoo New Zealand|publisher=Nz.news.yahoo.com|date=9 April 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085655/https://nz.news.yahoo.com/top-stories/a/27535464/nz-aid-workers-off-to-nepal/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{sort|031100000|$31.1 million (as of 25 May 2015). Including: $17.3 million (Norwegian government) and $13.8 million in donations to Norwegian aid organizations through aid concerts and donations from the Norwegian public.}}
|
|Deployed NORSAR Search and Rescue team, consisting of [[search dogs]], emergency medical personnel and firefighters and equipment and aid of 15.3 tonnes. Transported with the help of a Boeing [[737-800]] of [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]].
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Regjeringen bidrar med ytterligere 100 millioner kroner til Nepal|work=Regjeringen|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/aktuelt/regjeringen-bidrar-med-ytterligere-100-millioner-kroner-til-nepal/id2409067/|date=28 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015|language=no}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Norwegian Search and Rescue Team i Nepal|url=http://www.norske-redningshunder.no/nyhetsarkiv/norwegian-search-and-rescue-team-i-nepal|access-date=23 May 2015|language=no|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113346/https://www.nrh.no/nyhetsarkiv/norwegian-search-and-rescue-team-i-nepal}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/jordskjelvkatastrofen-i-nepal/artister-samlet-inn-19-millioner-til-nepal-ofre/a/23456080/|title=Artister samlet inn 19 millioner til Nepal-ofre|author=Frank Haugsbø|work=VG|access-date=13 June 2015|date=25 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|
|
•Four [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130]] planes 
•30-bed hospital 
•2,000 [[Military rations|military meals]] 
•600 blankets 
•200 tents 
other assorted relief items
|Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined [[Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority|ERRA]]-[[National Disaster Management Authority (Pakistan)|NDMA]]'s special search and rescue teams with [[Search and rescue dog|sniffer dogs]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: Rescue effort intensifies|publisher=BBC|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32470731}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake kills 1,341 people while climbers 'run for their lives' after avalanche on Everest|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11562782/Nepal-earthquake-live.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11562782/Nepal-earthquake-live.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=25 April 2015|access-date=25 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|
|
|Soldiers, [[Philippine Red Cross]] staff, the [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]] Humanitarian Assistance Team and volunteers
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/04/27/1448484/aquino-nepal-not-alone-after-deadly-quake|title=Aquino: Nepal is not alone after deadly quake|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Mabasa|first1=Roy|title=DFA to help 2 Pinoys on Everest as Nepal quake toll nears 2,000|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/dfa-to-help-2-pinoys-on-everest-as-nepal-quake-toll-nears-2000/|access-date=27 April 2015|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429232514/http://www.mb.com.ph/dfa-to-help-2-pinoys-on-everest-as-nepal-quake-toll-nears-2000/|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/690480/nepal-quake-victims-get-clean-drinking-water-thanks-to-mmda-team|title=Nepal quake victims get clean drinking water, thanks to MMDA team|author=Maricar B. Brizuela|work=inquirer.net|date=11 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|
|15 tons of humanitarian aid, including food, medicines, clothes, [[water purification tablets]], etc., donated by the Republic of Poland and various Polish charitable organizations.
|81 firefighters of the [[State Fire Service]], 12 [[search and rescue dog]]s, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kontakt24.tvn24.pl/najnowsze/polscy-strazacy-polecieli-z-pomoca-do-nepalu,166183.html|title=Polscy strażacy polecieli z pomocą do Nepalu|date=25 April 2015|work=[[TVN24]]|language=pl}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/1429534,Trzesienie-ziemi-w-Nepalu-Polacy-pomoga-w-akcji-ratunkowej|title=Trzęsienie ziemi w Nepalu. Polacy pomogą w akcji ratunkowej|date=26 April 2015|work=[[Polskie Radio]]|language=pl}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/wydarzenia/galeria/489370,trzesienie-ziemi-w-nepalu-nepal-otrzyma-pomoc-humanitarna-z-polski.html|title=15 ton pomocy. Polskie wojsko poleciało do Nepalu. ZDJĘCIA|website=Dziennik.pl|date=2 May 2015|access-date=11 December 2023|language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{sort|000200000|$200,000 (€160,000)}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Four Portuguese caught in Nepal earthquake devastation|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/four-portuguese-caught-in-nepal-earthquake-devastation/34638|work=The Portugal News|date=30 April 2015|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|
|2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by [[Qatar Red Crescent Society|Qatari Red Crescent]]
|Aid operations
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar supplies aid to earthquake victims in Nepal|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/qatar/178/details/436604/qatar-transports-aid-to-nepal-earthquake-victims|website=[[Gulf Times]]|access-date=27 April 2015|date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|
|Two [[Ilyushin Il-76]] airplanes with 'a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment,' and 'a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity.'
|50 highly skilled rescue workers
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia provides assistance to citizens of all post-Soviet states in Nepal|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/792299|work=TASS|date=28 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Russia's Emergencies Ministry offers aid to Nepal in eliminating aftermaths of earthquake|url=http://tass.ru/en/russia/791789|work=TASS|date=25 April 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|
|The Kingdom has sent 190 tons of aid to earthquake-hit Nepal, which includes food, tents and medical supplies, according to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The Kingdom also sent medical workers.
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/featured/news/750811|title=Saudi Arabia sends 190 tons of aid to Nepal|date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{sort|000100000|$100,000}}
|
|60 members of the [[Singapore Civil Defence Force]]; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the [[Gurkha Contingent]]; another relief team
|style="text-align:center;"|.<ref name=Balachandran/> <ref>{{cite news|title=Singapore prepares to send 55-man search-and-rescue team to Nepal|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/singapore-prepares-send-55-man-search-and-rescue-team-ne|access-date=28 April 2015|work=The Straits Times|date=25 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{sort|000033000|$33,000}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/274897/lajcak-vyclenil-30-000-eur-pre-nepal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150509181050/http://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/274897/lajcak-vyclenil-30-000-eur-pre-nepal|archive-date=9 May 2015|title=Lajčák vyčlenil 30 000 eur pre Nepál|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|language=sk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{sort|000055000|$55,000}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenskenovice.si/novice/slovenija/slovenija-nepalu-namenila-50-tisoc-evrov-pomoci|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150429152222/http://www.slovenskenovice.si/novice/slovenija/slovenija-nepalu-namenila-50-tisoc-evrov-pomoci|archive-date=29 April 2015|title=Slovenija Nepalu namenila 50 tisoč evrov pomoči|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|language=sl}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.sta.si/2130065/government-to-give-eur-50-000-to-quake-stricken-nepal|title=Government to Give EUR 50,000 to Quake-Stricken Nepal|publisher=STA|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/government-to-give-eur-50-000-to-quake-stricken-nepal|title=Government to Give EUR 50,000 to Quake-Stricken Nepal|work=[[The Slovenia Times]]|date=29 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113842/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/government-to-give-eur-50-000-to-quake-stricken-nepal}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|
|
|A search and rescue team composed of members of the [[South African Police Service]] with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Magubane|first1=Khulekani|title=South African police to assist with search-and-rescue efforts in Nepal|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/04/28/south-african-police-to-assist-with-search-and-rescue-efforts-in-nepal|website=[[TimesLIVE]]|publisher=RDM News Wire, Business Day|access-date=29 April 2015|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{sort|001000000|$1 million}}
|Sindhupalchok area 
• 1000 tents 
• Food packages for 230 families (Rice 10 kg, bean 1 kg, salt 1 kg, oil, Nepal noodle 1 kg, 10 vitamin tablets etc. per a package) 
• 2.4 tons of rice, 320 bottles of vegetable oil, salts for 740 villagers
|42 search and rescue workers including 15 medics and two assistants. Two sniffer dogs.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LPOD&mid=sec&oid=001&aid=0007554795&isYeonhapFlash=Y|script-title=ko:정부 "네팔에 100만달러 지원…한국인 부상자 3명으로 늘어"(종합2보)|date=26 April 2015|language=ko}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/04/27/0301000000AEN20150427002553315.html|title=S. Korea to send 40-member relief team to quake-hit Nepal|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/05/01/90/0301000000AEN20150501003000315F.html|title=S. Korea sends 32 more aid workers to quake-hit Nepal|date=1 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kfhi.or.kr/Together/News/MinistryNewsView.asp?WorkMasterNo=360&selectNews=G|script-title=ko:기아대책 네팔 지진 긴급구호 상황일지[DAY11,12]|date=8 May 2015|website=Korea Food for the Hungry Intl.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090801/http://www.kfhi.or.kr/Together/News/MinistryNewsView.asp?WorkMasterNo=360&selectNews=G|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|
|30 tons of humanitarian aid, including more than 3,200 blankets, 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets, donated in part by Spanish Red Cross.
|47 soldiers of the [[Military Emergencies Unit]] and seven agents of the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]], with 60 tons of material, in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2015/05/01/internacional/1430482413_894054.html|title=España encabeza la ayuda europea de emergencia en Nepal|date=1 May 2015|language=es|website=Cadena Ser}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ondacero.es/noticias/internacional/espana-enviara-toneladas-ayuda-emergencia-nepal_2015042700129.html|title=España enviará 30 toneladas de ayuda de emergencia a Nepal|date=27 April 2015|language=es|website=Ondacero|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113840/https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/mundo/espana-enviara-toneladas-ayuda-emergencia-nepal_20150427553e48a10cf2a0530b729c63.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/05/01/actualidad/1430482619_021357.html|title=España envía a Nepal un equipo de rescate con 59 militares y agentes|date=1 May 2015|language=es|newspaper=El País|last1=González|first1=Miguel}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|
|[[Sri Lanka Air Force|SLAF]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] flight and SriLankan Airlines [[Airbus A330]] flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc.
|Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 [[Sri Lanka Army]] personnel, 14 [[Sri Lanka Navy]] personnel, 11 [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] personnel
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/70317/sri-lanka-to-send-emergency-relief-to-nepal|title=Sri Lanka to send emergency relief to Nepal|date=25 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Apr29_1430324462CH.php|title=Sri Lanka sends second flight with service personnel and supplies to Nepal|date=29 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113522/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Apr29_1430324462CH.php}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{sort|001500000|$1.5 million}}
|
|40 support personnel: ICT, coordination, assessment, camp technicians, structural engineer
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Swedish rescue team stuck on way to Nepal|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20150428/swedish-rescue-team-stuck-en-route-to-nepal|publisher=The Local Sweden|last=Löfgren|first=Emma|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{sort|026700000|$26.7 million (fundraising)}}
|38 tonnes of relief supplies
|Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Séisme au Népal: les Suisses sont les plus généreux en comparaison internationale|work=Chaîne du Bonheur|date=27 May 2015|access-date=28 May 2015|url=http://www.bonheur.ch/fr/infotheque/actualite/detail/news/2015/05/27/4790_seisme_au_nepal_les_suisses_sont_les_plus_genereux_en_comparaison_internationale.html|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528221131/http://www.bonheur.ch/fr/infotheque/actualite/detail/news/2015/05/27/4790_seisme_au_nepal_les_suisses_sont_les_plus_genereux_en_comparaison_internationale.html|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Earthquake in Nepal: Switzerland sends 38 tonnes of relief supplies to the affected area|work=Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency|date=1 May 2015|access-date=6 May 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/earthquake-nepal-switzerland-sends-38-tonnes-relief-supplies-affected-area}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title="Everyone is on edge": Swiss emergency and reconstruction aid in Nepal after the earthquake of April 2015|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/fdfa/aktuell/newsuebersicht/2020/04/nepal-erdbeben-2015.html|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA)|date=24 April 2020|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{sort|000300000|$300,000}}
|
|Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "[[Foreign relations of Taiwan#International disputes|China factor]]".
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/earthquake-katmandu-nepal-updates/nepal-rejects-taiwans-offer-to-help-rescue-efforts-but-accepts-medical-help/|title=Nepal Rejects Taiwanese Offer of Rescue Help, but Accepts Medical Aid|first=Austin|last=Ramzy|date=27 April 2015|access-date=22 May 2017|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan donates US$300,000 to Nepal in wake of massive quake|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=2727088|website=Taiwan News|access-date=26 April 2015}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{sort|006080000|$200,000 by government $302,000 by the king $5.56 million by the public}}
|
|Medics and rescue staff
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.co.th/women/317705|script-title=th:'ในหลวง-ราชินี'พระราชทาน เงิน 10 ล้านช่วยชาวเนปาล|work=Daily News|date=30 January 2017|language=th}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thairath.co.th/content/495255|script-title=th:น้ำใจไทยไม่แพ้ใคร! 'บิ๊กตู่' จัดเต็ม ส่งทีมแพทย์-บรรเทาทุกข์ ช่วยชาวเนปาล|website=Thairath|date=26 April 2015|language=th}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.posttoday.com/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87/361424/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%98-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5|script-title=th:บิ๊กตู่สั่งสธ.-กองทัพส่งความช่วยเหลือให้เนปาล|work=Post Today|language=th|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519034633/http://www.posttoday.com/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87/361424/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%98-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hilight.kapook.com/view/119628|script-title=th:รวมรายชื่อหน่วยงานเปิดรับบริจาค ช่วยแผ่นดินไหวเนปาล|website=hilight.kapook.com|date=27 April 2015|language=th}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000055329|script-title=th:รบ.เผยยอดบริจาคช่วยผู้ประสบภัยเนปาลกว่า 186 ล.|website=Manager|language=th|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521012349/http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000055329}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|
|1,000 tents and 320 food packages.
|Up to 96 search and rescue staff
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/headline/501619--nepalis-frustrated-by-aid-delay-thousands-leave-capital|title=More than 1,800 killed in Nepal earthquake|access-date=2 May 2015|work=AA|date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{Sort|001360000|$1.36 million}}
|Medical and food supplies, purchased from India
|88 search and rescue staff
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Balachandran/> <ref>{{cite news|title=UAE aid to Nepal earthquake victims|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=26 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/uae-aid-to-nepal-earthquake-victims-1.51245/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{sort|130000000|$130 million (£83 million), of which $51 million (£33 million) was donated by the government and $79 million (£50 million) was donated by the public}}
|30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 8 tonnes of equipment
|Around 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts deployed by the [[Department for International Development]]'s [[United Kingdom International Search and Rescue Team]]; engineers from the British Army's [[Brigade of Gurkhas]]; three [[Boeing Chinook (UK variants)|Chinook]] helicopters (returned unused by the Nepalese government)
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal earthquake: UK aid response|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nepal-earthquake-uk-aid-response|website=GOV.UK|access-date=16 May 2015|date=14 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Dec Nepal Earthquake Appeal Reaches Milestone £50M|url=http://www.dec.org.uk/appeals/nepal-earthquake-appeal/press-release/dec-nepal-earthquake-appeal-reaches-milestone-£50m|publisher=Disasters Emergency Committee|access-date=16 May 2015|date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512201057/http://www.dec.org.uk/appeals/nepal-earthquake-appeal/press-release/dec-nepal-earthquake-appeal-reaches-milestone-%C2%A350m|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: British Chinooks banned from delivering aid in case they blow roofs off|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/nepal-earthquake-british-chinooks-banned-from-delivering-aid-in-case-they-blow-roofs-off-10246876.html|access-date=16 May 2015|newspaper=The Independent|date=13 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=British Army Gurkha engineers to fly to Nepal earthquake zone|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11566969/British-Army-Gurkha-engineers-to-fly-to-Nepal-earthquake-zone.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11566969/British-Army-Gurkha-engineers-to-fly-to-Nepal-earthquake-zone.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=27 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: RAF aid flight prepares to leave Brize Norton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-32488583|access-date=29 April 2015|publisher=BBC|date=27 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: UK aid donations reach £15m|publisher=BBC|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 April 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32508586}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{sort|010000000|$10 million by government, the public donates separately through several agencies}}
|
|A disaster response team from [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]]; [[Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1]] from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the [[Dover Air Force Base]]; Los Angeles County's [[Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2]]; U.S. Army [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Green Beret]] soldiers; 900 Marines of the [[3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade]]; eight C-130s, five helicopters and four [[Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|V-22 Osprey]] [[VTOL]] aircraft
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal earthquake: US to send disaster response team and m in aid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/25/nepal-earthquake-us-disaster-response-aid|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 April 2015|date=25 April 2015|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> <ref>{{cite tweet|author=Fairfax County Fire/Rescue|user=ffxfirerescue|number=592134306694311936|date=26 April 2015|title=VATF1 will depart for Dover AFB @ 0100 hours to board a Military plane to head to Kathmandu later this morning landing @ 4/27/15|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531171718/https://twitter.com/ffxfirerescue/status/592134306694311936|archive-date=31 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.talkradionews.com/world-news/2015/04/27/the-latest-on-u-s-aid-to-nepal.html#.VT_EtmOootV $10 Million: The Latest On U.S. Aid To Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003351/http://www.talkradionews.com/world-news/2015/04/27/the-latest-on-u-s-aid-to-nepal.html#.VT_EtmOootV |date=5 May 2015 }} Talk Radio News Service; 28 April 2015</ref> <ref name="NYT-Latest">{{cite news|title=The Latest on Nepal Quake: US Soldiers Stay in Nepal to Help|work=The New York Times|date=26 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/04/26/world/asia/ap-as-nepal-earthquake-the-latest.html?_r=0}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/kerry-unveils-10-mln-nepal-quake-aid-160615711.html|title=US sends $10 mn in Nepal quake aid|date=27 April 2015|publisher=Yahoo News}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Nepal quake: US aid planes arrive in Kathmandu|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32572533|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 May 2015|date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City}}
|{{sort|000100000|$100,000}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>[https://archive.today/20150501154225/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1501805.htm Pope Francis' reaction to Nepal earthquake includes sending $100,000], catholicnews.com; accessed 1 May 2015.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{sort|000080000|$50,000 by government $30,000 by the Vietnam Red Cross}} 
|
|11 rescuers – [[Red Cross of Viet Nam|Vietnam Red Cross]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Vietnam-Red-Cross-sends-aid-to-Nepal/20154/64917.vnplus|title=Vietnam Red Cross sends aid to Nepal|publisher=Vietnam+|date=30 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnam-red-cross-team-draws-flak-for-leaving-nepal-amid-crisis-42799.html|title=Vietnam Red Cross team draws flak for leaving Nepal amid crisis|author=Ta Ban|publisher=[[Thanh Niên]]|date=3 May 2015|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226113747/http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnam-red-cross-team-draws-flak-for-leaving-nepal-amid-crisis-42799.html}}</ref>
|-
|Approximate Total
|US$3 billion
|
|
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2015-06-25|title=Nepal donors pledge $3bn for rebuilding in aftermath of earthquakes|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/25/nepal-earthquakes-3bn-aid-pledge-international-donors-kathmandu|access-date=2020-04-12|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Bhadra|last2=Najar|first2=Nida|date=2015-06-25|title=Foreign Donors Pledge $3 Billion to Help Rebuild Quake-Ravaged Nepal|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/world/asia/foreign-donors-pledge-3-billion-to-help-rebuild-quake-ravaged-nepal.html|access-date=2020-04-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Nepal|China|India}}
* [[Economy of Nepal]]
* [[Foreign aid to Nepal]]
* [[Geology of the Himalaya]]
* [[List of avalanches]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2015]]
* [[List of earthquakes in China]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Nepal]]
* [[List of earthquakes in South Asia]]
* [[List of people who died climbing Mount Everest]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal]]
* [[Operation Sahayogi Haat]]
* [[Politics of Nepal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="NEPAL-EQ-2015">{{cite journal|title=Strong ground motion in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. Earth Planets Space 68, 10 (2016).|journal=Earth, Planets and Space|date=26 January 2016|volume=68|issue=1|page=10|publisher=Takai, N., Shigefuji, M., Rajaure, S. et al.|doi=10.1186/s40623-016-0383-7|s2cid=41484836|last1=Takai|first1=Nobuo|doi-access=free|hdl=2115/60622|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|2015 Nepal earthquake}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181224014520/https://earthquake-report.com/2015/04/25/massive-earthquake-nepal-on-april-25-2015/ Deadly earthquake Nepal]}} on Earthquake Report Website
* [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/ USGS Earthquake Hazards Program] on USGS Website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150505095611/http://seismonepal.gov.np/index.php National Seismological Center] Nepali National Seismological Centre
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VjaSFEf4BU Tectonics & Earthquakes of Himalaya and the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal] – [[IRIS Consortium]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOXsywyYJo8 The 25 April 2015, Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: An Expected Event that Defied Expectations] – United States Geological Survey
* {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2015-000048-npl}}
* {{EQ-isc-link|607208674}}
*[http://eq2015.npc.gov.np/#/ Nepal Earthquake Open Data Portal] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117033606/http://eq2015.npc.gov.np/#/ |date=17 January 2020 }}) by [[National Planning Commission of Nepal|National Planning Commission]] has [[Structural engineering|structural]] and [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic]] data of over 1 million [[household]] and 762 thousand [[building]]s of districts most severely effected by the earthquake.
* A number of digital resources relating to the earthquake and the aftermath are hosted by [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/results/?t=sway SOAS Digital Collections].

{{2015 Nepal earthquakes}}
{{Earthquakes in Nepal}}
{{Disasters in India in 2015}}
{{Earthquakes in 2015}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}

[[Category:2015 Nepal earthquakes| ]]
[[Category:2015 earthquakes|Nepal,04]]
[[Category:2015 disasters in India|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:2010s in Tibet]]
[[Category:2015 in China]]
[[Category:2015 disasters in China|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:2015 in Bangladesh|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:2015 in Bhutan|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:2015 in Pakistan|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Nepal|2015, 04]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Tibet]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Bihar]]
[[Category:April 2015 in Asia|Nepal earthquake]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]

S. A. Ashokan

2026-03-06T07:52:50Z

ArnulfoVos: slightly correct lead for accuracy and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian actor (1931–1982)}}
{{distinguish|text=the Malayalam actor [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. A. Ashokan
| image = S. A. Ashokan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anthony
| birth_place = [[Trichinopoly]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| birth_date = {{birth-date|20 May 1931}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|11 November 1982|20 May 1931}}
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]
| occupation = Actor
| known_for =
| spouse = Mary Gnanam
| children = 2, including [[Vincent Asokan]]
| relatives = [[Prameela]] (cousin)
}}

'''S. A. Ashokan''' (20 May, 1931-11 November, 1982), born as '''Antony''' and often spelled '''Asokan''', was an Indian actor who worked mainly in [[Tamil cinema]] and theatre. He was popular mainly for playing negative roles but was also a successful [[character actor]].

== Early life ==
Ashokan was born on 20 May 1931 as Anthony in [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=இதே நாளில் அன்று |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/1893871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101437/http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=1893871 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> He showed interest in stage plays and frequently took part in oratorical and writing competitions during his childhood. He finished his B.A. degree at the [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli|St. Joseph's College]], Tiruchirapalli.<ref name="CINE">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2011 |title=S A Ashokan |url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/09/03/s-a-ashokan |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023103910/http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/09/03/s-a-ashokan |archive-date=23 October 2011 |access-date=24 June 2012 |website=Cinefundas}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his degree, Anthony met director [[T. R. Ramanna]], who introduced him to the film industry. Anthony changed his name to Ashokan upon Ramanna's request and maintained the same name for life. Ashokan made his acting debut in a minor role in the film ''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyar]]''. He was given a positive role in the film ''Penn Kulathin Ponvilakku'' (1959) as an admirer of a woman he considers a sister. He gained the attention of the general public with the film ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' in 1961, where he portrayed the role of [[District collector|Collector]] [[Robert Ashe (administrator)|Robert Ashe]]. Later films which featured him in the lead were, however, moderately successful. Active mostly in the 1960s and 1970s, he acted mainly in villainous roles and did [[Character actor|character roles]] opposite many leading actors of those times.<ref name=CINE />

Ashokan's performance as a helpless traveller who gets conned in ''Vallavanukku Vallavan'', and as the historical Indian character [[Duryodhana]] in the mythology film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' were well received. He was regularly cast in supporting roles as an elder brother, father or father-in-law, or the main villain in 59 films with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in the lead role, right from ''Baghdad Thirudan'' in 1960 to ''Ninaithadhai Mudippavan'' in 1975. Some of the popular films with MGR – S. A. Ashokan combination are ''Arasilangkumari, Thaai Sollai Thattadhe, Thayai Katha Thanayan, Kudumba Thalaivan, Panathottam, Koduthu Vaithaval, Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum, Periya Idathu Penn, Anandha Jodhi, Panakkara Kudumbam, Needhikkuppin Paasam, Kaanchi Thalaivan, Vettaikaaran (1964 film), Dheiva Thaai, Thozhilali, Panam Padaithavan, Kanni Thaai, Thazhampoo, Anbe Vaa, [[Mugaraasi]], Chandhrodhayam, Thaali Bhagyam, Thanipiravi, Parakkum Paavai, Petralthan Pillaiya, Thaikku Thalaimagan, Arasa Kattalai, Kaavalkaaran (1967 film), Vivasayee, Ragasiya Police 115, Thaer Thiruvizha, Kannan En Kadhalan, Oli Vilakku, Kanavan, Kadhal Vaaganam, Adimaippenn, Nam Naadu (1969 film), Maattukara Velan, En Annan, Thalaivan (1970 film), [[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]], [[Engal Thangam]], [[Kumari Kottam]], Rickshawkaran, Neerum Neruppum, Oru Thaai Makkal, Sange Muzhangu, Nalla Neram, Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film), Ulagam Sutrum Valiban, Pattikaattu Ponnaiya'', ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' and ''Ninaithadhai Mudippavan''. His performance as Professor Bhairavan in the [[M. G. Ramachandran]]-starrer ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' was considered a "landmark performance". Some of his other well-known performances include the role of [[Soorapadman]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' (1967), an intriguing character role in the [[AVM Studios]] hit ''[[Veera Thirumagan]]'', and important roles in ''Attukara Allamelu, [[Adimai Penn]], [[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]], [[Kaanji Thalaivan]], [[Vivasayee]]'' and ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''.<ref name=CINE />

== Other work ==
Ashokan also worked as a singer in the film ''[[Iravum Pagalum]]'' for the song "Iranthavanai Somanthavanum." The film also marked actor [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]'s debut. He introduced filmmaker A. C. Trilokchander to [[AVM Studios]], which helped the filmmaker make his mark. Ashokan, along with Jaishankar, and a troupe of popular artists, often toured all over [[Tamil Nadu]] to conduct cultural programs.<ref name=CINE />

== Personal life ==
Ashokan was married to Mary Gnanam (originally named Saraswathi). They had two sons, including [[Vincent Asokan]], who is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2005 |title=Actor Vincent Asokan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/asokan/tamil-cinema-interview-vincentasokan.html |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050640/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/asokan/tamil-cinema-interview-vincentasokan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M.Baby vs Vincent Asokan on 9 March, 2000 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/77186927/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162632/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/77186927/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.'' 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1953 ||''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyar]]''|| King Chozhan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1954 ||''[[Ethir Paradhathu]]''|| Moorthi
|
|-
|''[[Illara Jothi]]''||
|
|-
| 1955 ||''[[Doctor Savithri]]''||
|
|-
| 1956 ||''[[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1956 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]]''|| Minister
|
|-
| 1957 ||'' [[Pudhaiyal]]'' ||Puthaiyal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958 ||''[[Anbu Enge (1958 film)|Anbu Enge]]''|| Guest Appearance
|
|-
| ''Maya Manithan'' ||
|
|-
| 1959 ||''[[Athisaya Penn]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1960 ||''[[Vijayapuri Veeran (1960 film)|Vijayapuri Veeran]]''|| Nanjappan
|
|-
|''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]''||Thiyagu
|
|-
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]] ''|| Chozhan King Parthiban
|
|-
|''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]'' ||Mayor
|
|-
|''[[Paavai Vilakku]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bhaktha Sabari]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1961 ||''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]''|| Sub – Collector Ash
|
|-
|''[[Manapanthal (1961 film)|Manapanthal]]''|| Rajasekaran
|
|-
|''[[Thaai Sollai Thattadhe]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1962 ||''[[Kannadi Maaligai|Kannadi Maligai]]''|| Manager Rathinam
|
|-
|''[[Kudumba Thalaivan]]''|| Somu
|
|-
|''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]''|| Maanickam
|
|-
|''[[Indira En Selvam]]'' ||Sekar. Dr.
|
|-
|''[[Paasam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Veerathirumagan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Thaayai Kaatha Thanayan]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1963 ||''[[Anandha Jodhi]]''|| Inspector Baskar
|
|-
|''[[Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]''|| Chalukiya King Pulikesi
|
|-
|''[[Kaithiyin Kathali]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''|| Guest
|
|-
|''[[Ezhai Pangalan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Needhikkuppin Paasam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]''|| Manickam
|
|-
|''[[Panathottam]]''|| Natarajan
|
|-
|''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]''|| Sabapathy
|
|-
|''[[Idhu Sathiyam]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1964 ||''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]]''|| Manikandan
|
|-
|''[[Dheiva Thaai]]''|| Karunakaran
|
|-
|''[[Muradan Muthu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]''|| Muthaiah
|
|-
|''[[Padagotti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]''|| Prince Duriyodhanan
|
|-
|''[[Vettaikaaran (1964 film)|Vettaikaaran]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Thozhilali]]''|| Murugappa
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1965||''[[Iravum Pagalum]]''|| Govindhan
|
|-
|''[[Karthigai Deepam (1965 film)|Karthigai Deepam]]''|| Pasubathi
|
|-
|''[[Kaattu Rani (1965 film)|Kaattu Rani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kanni Thaai]]''|| Vasu
|
|-
|''[[Panam Padaithavan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Poomalai (1965 film)|Poomalai]]''|| Anand
|
|-
|''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]''|| Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Thaayum Magalum]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Thazhampoo]]''|| Kanthasamy
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1966 ||''[[Chandhrodhayam]]''|| Zamindar Ponnambalam
|
|-
|''[[Iru Vallavargal (1966 film)|Iru Vallavargal]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mugaraasi]]''|| Jambu
|
|-
|''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]''|| Police Inspector Chezhiyan
|
|-
|''[[Parakkum Paavai]]''|| Vidjayan
|
|-
|''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''|| Sekhar
|
|-
|''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]''|| Rangan
|
|-
|''[[Thanipiravi]]''|| Rathnapuram
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1967 ||''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]''|| Kamalanathan
|
|-
|''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''|| Prince Vilavan
|
|-
|''[[Iru Malargal]]''|| College Correspontent
|
|-
|''[[Kandhan Karunai]]''|| Soora Padman
|
|-
|''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]''|| Doctor Singh
|
|-
|''[[Penn Endral Penn]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sabash Thambi]]''|| Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]''|| Somaiah
|
|-
|''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Vivasayee]]''|| Gurusamy
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1968 ||''[[Andru Kanda Mugam (1968 film)|Andru Kanda Mugam]]''|| Advocate Aathmanathan
|
|-
|''[[Kanavan]]''|| Mani
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]''|| Pandjachalam
|
|-
|''[[Kuzhanthaikkaga (1968 film)|Kuzhanthaikkaga]]''|| The Police Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Oli Vilakku]]''|| Master Jambhu
|
|-
|''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]''|| Nambirajan
|
|-
|''[[Pudhiya Bhoomi]]''|| Mayandi
|
|-
|''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''|| Doctor Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Moondrezhuthu (1968 film)|Moondrezhuthu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Neelagiri Express (1968 film)|Neelagiri Express]]''|| Bald Man
|
|-
|''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]''|| Solaimulanga/Somu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1969 ||''[[Akka Thangai (1969 film)|Akka Thangai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Adimai Penn]]''|| King Sengodan
|
|-
|''[[Kaaval Dheivam]]''||
|
|-
|''Manasatchi''||
|
|-
|''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''|| Aalavandar
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1970 ||''[[En Annan]]''|| Dharmaraj
|
|-
|[[Engal Thangam]]
|Banker Selvaraj
|
|-
|''[[Maanavan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Maattukara Velan]]''|| Chairman Nagalingam
|
|-
|''[[Kann Malar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]''|| Bhairavan
|
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]''|| Suresh
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1971 ||''[[Kumari Kottam]]''|| Sethupathi
|
|-
|''[[Rickshawkaran]]''|| Kailasam
|
|-
|''[[Neerum Neruppum]]''|| The King Marthadhan
|
|-
|''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''|| Selvanayakam
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1972 ||''[[Deivam]]''|| Thief
|
|-
|''[[Nalla Neram]]''|| Dharmalingam
|
|-
|''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''|| Govindanraj
|
|-
|''[[Sange Muzhangu]]''|| Nagarajan
|
|-
|''[[Shakthi Leelai]]''|| Vaana Sooran
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1973||''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Komatha En Kulamatha (1973 film)|Komatha En Kulamatha]]''|| Sengotan
|
|-
|''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]''|| Master – wrestler Singaiya
|
|-
|''[[Ponvandu]]''|| Kannan's father
|
|-
|''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''|| Scientist Bhairavan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1974 ||''Doctor Amma''||
|
|-
|''[[Vairam]]''|| Thief Samy
|
|-
|''Doctoramma''||
|
|-
|''Thai Piranthal ''||
|
|-
|''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''|| 'Perum Puli' Jambu
| Also producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975 ||''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''|| Police Officer Jagadeesh
|
|-
|''[[Pattikkaattu Raja]]''|| Tiger
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 ||''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]''|| The King Ravanan or Ilangeswaran
|
|-
|'' Nee Oru Maharani''||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1977 ||''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Palabishegam (1977 film)|Palabishegam]]''|| Landlord
|
|-
|''[[Olimayamana Ethirkalam]]'' || ||
|-
|''Nallathukku Kalamillai''||
|
|-
|[[Gayathri (1977 film)|''Gayathri'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Murugan Adimai]]''||
|
|- ''[[Gaayathri]]'' || Shama Iyer
| rowspan="3" |1978 ||''[[Shri Kanchi Kamakshi]]''|| Kabaligan
|
|-
|''Ival Oru Seethai''||
|
|-
|''[[Thai Meethu Sathiyam]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979 ||''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]''|| Bhootham
|
|-
|''[[Dharma Yuddham]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Annai Oru Aalayam]]'' || Game warden
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 ||''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981 ||''[[Thee (1981 film)|Thee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]''||
|
|-
|[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Savaal]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sankarlal]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982 ||''[[Krodham (1982 film)|Krodham]]''|| Inspector Prasad
|
|-
|''Oru Varisu Uruvagiradhu''||
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1125166}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashokan, S. A.}}
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

Sagar Sangam

2026-03-03T23:46:51Z

ArnulfoVos: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sagar Sangam
| image = Sagar Sangam.jpg
| caption = Vinyl Records Cover
| director = [[Dulal Guha]]
| producer = [[Dulal Guha]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Raakhee]] [[Asha Parekh]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Nana Patekar]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] [[Prem Chopra]] [[Utpal Dutt]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|07|29}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}
'''''Sagar Sangam''''' is a 1988 [[Hindi]]-language film. A family drama, it had a very long delayed release. The film was announced in 1985, had its records released in 1986. It stars [[Raakhee]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Utpal Dutt]]. The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2024}}
Ganga's husband is accused of robbery and sent to prison. Outside the court a conman abducts her son and goes to sell him to Chagganlal but his wife Yashoda adopts the boy. Chagganlal gets arrested and jailed for a year when he comes out he abandons her adopted son. Gopi is raised by a criminal Ramu Ustad who has his eyes on the treasure of Devupur Temple.

Gopi grows up to become a thief and gets arrested by Inspector Arjun Sharma and forbidden to stay in Bombay. Gopi goes to Devipur where Ganga runs a temple trust. She does not allow Gopi to enter the temple as he is a criminal. Gopi finds a sister in Subhadra and falls in love with Radha. He notices the illegal activities in the village run by Dayal Das (none other than Chagganlal) and recognizes Yashoda as his adopted mother but does not approach them. Arjun is transferred to Devipur and finds out the truth about Dayal Das and team up to expose him. Ramu Ustad reaches the village to rob the treasure. Arjun and Gopi find out that there is one more powerful person who controls everything.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Inspector Arjun Sharma
*[[Raakhee]] as Ganga
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Gopal/Gopi Ustad
*[[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Radha
*[[Anita Raj]] as Subhadra
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Chhaganlal/Dayal Das
*[[Asha Parekh]] as Yashoda
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Ramu Ustad
*[[Vijay Arora]] as Pandit
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Mary
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Inspector Shamsher Singh
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Bhujang Chaudhary
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Thakur
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Superintendent
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as CID Inspector Jaishankar
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Girdhari
*[[Birbal]] as Manglu
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Maqbool
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Binu
*[[T. P. Jain]] as Lallu
{{div col end}}

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ab To Yahi Sapne"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Patit Pavani"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Ek Mamta"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Nanha Sa Tan"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Humri Mano To"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Gaon Ki Chhori"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "Man Bairagi, Tohe Dhunde Shyam"
| [[Chandrani Mukherjee]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0216171|Sagar Sangam}}
*[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2008/anita-raj-comback-190608.html Oneindia]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20100208052917/http://glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/jun/18-anita-raaj-makes-a-comeback-060806.asp

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Allari Pilla

2026-03-03T18:17:17Z

ArnulfoVos: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}{{Infobox film
| name = Allari Pilla
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer = [[S. Gopala Reddy]]
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Priyadarshan]]
| starring = [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] Chidathala Apparao
| narrator =
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Ch.Ramanaraju <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0707275/|publisher=IMDB|title=Ramanaraju Bio|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref>
| editing = T. Thirunavukkarasu <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1981054/|publisher=IMDB|title=Editor Bio|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref>
| studio = Bhargav Art Productions
| distributor = Sri Sairam Films, [[Secunderabad]] Sri Lakshmi Pictures, [[Vijayawada]] Sri Satya Narayana Films, [[Visakhapatnam]] SriDevi Pictures, [[Rajahmundry]] Usha Pictures, [[Eluru]] Sri Lalitha Films, Guntur Sumanth Pictures, [[Nellore]] Sri Satyanarayana Combines, [[Guntakal]] Bhaskara Pictures, [[Tirupati]] S.N.G.Movies, [[Bengaluru]] Sri Varalakshmi Pictures, [[Berhampur]]
| released = {{Film date|1992|04|23}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| native_name =
}}
'''''Allari Pilla''''' ({{translation}} ''Naughty Girl'') is a 1992 Indian Telugu-language [[Musical film|musical]]-[[comedy film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and screenplay was written by [[Ganesh Patro]]. The film was remake of the 1991 Malayalam film ''[[Kilukkam]]'' which was reported to have been inspired by the 1953 movie ''[[Roman Holiday]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-movies-that-ran-for-more-than-300-days/photostory/49802155.cms|title = Mollywood movies that ran for more than 300 days| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/odiyan-poster-launch-7-times-mohanlal-blew-you-away-with-his-performances|title = Odiyan poster launch: 7 times Mohanlal blew you away with his performances}}</ref> The story revolves around Nandini ([[Meena (actress)|Meena]]), an orphan who comes to [[Tirupati]] in search of her father, wherein she meets Taxi Driver cum Tourist guide Raju ([[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]) and his friend ([[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]]). It also stars [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], Chidathala Apparao and Eswara Rao in pivotal roles. The film is the 13th film produced by [[S. Gopala Reddy]] under the banner Bhargav Art Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/company/co0049757/|title=Bhargav Art Productions|website=IMDb|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> and is received well at the box-office.

== Plot ==
Raju ([[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]) is a taxi driver and tourist guide down on his luck. Nandini ([[Meena (actress)|Meena]]), a tourist with [[intellectual disability]], makes her presence in [[Tirupati]] and meets Raju, then a series of events are intertwined with the lives of Raju and his friend Nethranandham ([[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]]). In the early part of the movie, hilarity ensues in their misguided attempts in getting rid of Nandini. However, Raju and Nethranandham happen to know that she is an escaped mental patient who has a bounty on her safe return. When they find that the bounty has been increasing for a while, they decide to hide Nandini for a while and surrender her to claim the bounty when it gets big enough. They also change her appearance by cutting her long hair short. Nandini reveals her true story to Raju that she was born to her unknown mother and retired Justice Pundarikam ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]) but is brought up in orphanage. She used to call Pundarikam who used to visit her in orphanage as "Sweet Man" unaware of the fact that he was her father. After knowing the fact that he was her father, she obtains the address of her father from her warden and goes to see her father. In the absence of her father, she was drugged and sent to mental asylum by Pundarikam's sons and daughters-in-law. She managed to escape from the asylum and that is how she met Raju. Raju promises to help Nandini and appoints her as housemaid in her father's home. In time, they realize that things are not as they seem, and more complications are unraveled.

== Cast ==
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Raju
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Nandini
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Nethranandham, Photographer
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Retired Justice Pundarikam
* Chidathala Apparao as Kuppuswamy, Servant
* Eswara Rao as Lawyer, Judge's elder son
* Suryakala as Rajeswari, Judge's elder daughter in law
* Lathasri as Santhi, Judge's handicapped daughter
* Kalpana Rai as School Teacher
* Phani
* Jaggu

== Music ==
The songs were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and lyrics were penned by [[Vennelakanti|Vennelakanti Prasad]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No
!Song
!Artist(s)
!Writer
|-
|1
|"Bhale Chance"
|[[Mano (singer)|''Mano'']], ''Lalitha Sagari''
| rowspan="4" |[[Vennelakanti]]
|-
|2
|"Alakalaku Lalijo"
|''[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]'', ''Lalitha Sagari''
|-
|3
|"Thoorupu Sindhoorapu"
|''[[K. S. Chithra]]''
|-
|4
|"Inta Inta"
|''[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]'', ''[[Minmini]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0779721}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]

Phone Bhoot

2026-03-02T04:56:20Z

ArnulfoVos: quick fixed formatting after review and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|2022 Indian horror comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phone Bhoot
| image = Phone Bhoot 2022 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Gurmmeet Singh
| writer = Ravi Shankaran Jasvinder Singh Bath
| producer = [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Katrina Kaif]]
* [[Ishaan Khatter]]
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]
}}
| cinematography = [[K. U. Mohanan]]
| editing = Manan Ashwin Mehta
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Mikey McCleary]] [[Roy (singer)|Roy]] '''Background Score:''' John Stewart Eduri
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|11|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/phone-bhoot-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda4mzyy |title=Phone Bhoot |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| budget = {{INR|45}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Kaif's 'Phone Bhoot' to make OTT debut, but in a different way. Read here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/katrina-kaifs-phone-bhoot-to-make-ott-debut-but-in-a-different-way-read-here/articleshow/96395922.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|18.73}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/phonebhoot/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Phone Bhoot''''' ({{Translation|''Phone Ghost''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[supernatural]] [[comedy film]] directed by Gurmmeet Singh and produced by [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] under the banner of [[Excel Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Phone Bhoot: Katrina Kaif, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Ishaan Khatter to star in horror-comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-ishaan-khatter-phone-bhoot-film-announcement-6514466 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127172744/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-ishaan-khatter-phone-bhoot-film-announcement-6514466/ |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Phone Bhoot: Katrina Kaif, Siddhant Chaturvedi, Ishaan Khatter Team up For Horror Comedy |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/phonebhoot-katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-ishaan-khatter-team-up-for-horror-comedy-know-details-4089668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214071524/https://www.india.com/entertainment/phonebhoot-katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-ishaan-khatter-team-up-for-horror-comedy-know-details-4089668/ |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=India.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ishaan Khattar]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=Katrina Kaif Teams Up With Siddhant Chaturvedi, Ishaan Khatter For Horror-Comedy 'Phone Bhoot' |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Katrina-Kaif-teams-up-with-Siddhant-Chaturvedi-Ishaan-Khatter-for-horror-comedy-Phone-Bhoot-/20-07-2020-299134/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214071509/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Katrina-Kaif-teams-up-with-Siddhant-Chaturvedi-Ishaan-Khatter-for-horror-comedy-Phone-Bhoot-/20-07-2020-299134/ |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=Business World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2020 |title='Bhoot Police', 'Phone Bhoot': A look at horror-comedy films with new-age spin |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bhoot-police-phone-bhoot-a-look-at-horror-comedy-films-with-new-age-spin-2857782 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121130612/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bhoot-police-phone-bhoot-a-look-at-horror-comedy-films-with-new-age-spin-2857782 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=Business World}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 4 November 2022 to mixed responses from the critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/phone-bhoot-katrina-kaif-ishaan-khatter-siddhant-chaturvedi-film-gets-new-release-date-deets-inside-2022-07-15-792391 |title=Phone Bhoot: Katrina Kaif, Ishaan Khatter, Siddhant Chaturvedi's film gets new release date, deets inside |work=India TV News |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Major and Gullu are two unemployed young men who aspire to become [[exorcist]]s. They always pray to their close friend 'Raaka', a statue, to help them alleviate their poverty. They decide to host a ghost Halloween party. At midnight, Raaka's glowing eyes shut down. In the process of mending it, Major and Gullu are electrocuted and enter the realm of the dead, where they meet Ragini, a benevolent ghost who promises to help them achieve their dream in return for a favour. Major and Gullu agree to the deal: to help attain [[moksha]] ([[salvation]]) for depraved souls by exposing the criminals who've wronged them in life. In return, Ragini will help Major and Gullu earn money.

Inspired by her, the duo start a "Phone Bhoot" company and she helps them. Their business eventually grows and attains fame. Atmaram, an evil [[Tantra|tantrik]] becomes jealous as Phone Bhoot is destroying his business and tries to destroy them but his efforts are thwarted by Ragini. Atmaram learns that Ragini is none other than the deceased lover of the late king Raja Dushyant Singh. Both were murdered in a car crash that was orchestrated by Atmaram himself in order to end Dushyant's reign as king. In the present, Atmaram captures Ragini in a bottle during the lunar eclipse when Ragini's powers are weakest. Major and Gullu feel deceived, realizing that Ragini manipulated them to seek revenge on Atmaram. Dushyant's soul is now held captive by Atmaram in his treasury of magic bottles.

The duo is confronted by another benevolent ghost that they'd previously helped with Ragini. This ghost reveals that Ragini is in dire trouble and requires their help in order to free many souls from Atmaram, including Dushyant's. Major and Gullu have a change of heart and confront Atmaram's, soon they are joined by their now animated Raaka, and free Ragini. Later other souls they have helped, liberated or helped attain salvation join them too in defeating Atmaram and throw him into the underworld's hellfire. Dushyant is now free. Ragini and Dushyant reunite in their metaphysical form and assure Major and Gullu that they'll help whenever it is needed.

The movie ends with a hint at a sequel.

== Cast ==
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Ragini Maheshwari
* [[Ishaan Khatter]] as Galileo Parthasarthy aka Gullu
* [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as Sherdil Shergill aka Major
* Naufal Azmir Khan as Raghu Jadhav
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Atmaram Dhyani
* [[Sheeba Chaddha|Sheeba Chadha]] as Chikni Chudail
* [[Nidhi Bisht]] as Lady Diana (Daayan)
* Omara Shetty as Lavanya
* [[Manu Rishi|Manu Rishi Chadha]]
* Armaan Ralhan as Dushyant Singh
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] as [[Fukrey|Hunny]] (cameo)
* [[Varun Sharma]] as [[Fukrey|Choocha]] (cameo)
* [[Manjot Singh]] as [[Fukrey|Lali]] (cameo)
* Manuj Sharma as Rahu
* Shrikant verma as Ketu
* Mohit Thakur as Jonny Dushman
* MD Abu Yousuf
* Vipul Deshpande as Mr.Kulkarni

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Phone Bhoot
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Mikey McCleary]] and [[Roy (singer)|Roy]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|10|18|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/phone-bhoot/5CbBXDvUEkE_ |title=Phone Bhoot – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=20 October 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=16|s=19}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| year = 2022
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|_XntSOdvyBs|Phone Bhoot - Full Album}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Phone Bhoot
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Kinna Sona
| single1date = 13 October 2022
| single2 = Kaali Teri Gutt
| single2date = 18 October 2022
}}
}}

The first song "Kinna Sona" released on 13 October 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kinna Sona (From "Phone Bhoot") |date=13 October 2022 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/01CCBoJ4sg9yAcYcv1hZXy |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Sung by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Zahrah S Khan. Lyrics and composed by Bagchi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kinna Sona - Phone Bhoot {{!}} Katrina Kaif, Ishaan, Siddhant Chaturvedi {{!}} Tanishk Bagchi, Zahrah S Khan | date=12 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVSaI17FxWw |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

The second song "Kaali Teri Gut" released on 18 October 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaali Teri Gutt (From "Phone Bhoot") |date=18 October 2022 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6zZ7FeExA9gSd0pbmJMYXb |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Sung by Romy and Sakshi Holkar. Composed by [[Roy (singer)|Roy]] and lyrics by [[Kumaar]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaali Teri Gutt - Phone Bhoot {{!}} Katrina Kaif, Ishaan, Siddhant C {{!}} Romy, Sakshi Holkar, Roy, Kumaar | date=18 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n2PZihvoIU |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

The other songs was released as album on 18 October 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Phone Bhoot (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=18 October 2022 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3NPV9huxwSBPQFZTe2S9dq |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Third song "Phone Bhoot Theme" official video was released on 31 October 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Phone Bhoot - Theme Song {{!}} Katrina Kaif, Ishaan, Siddhant Chaturvedi {{!}} Baba Sehgal {{!}} Mikey McCleary | date=31 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llxxyMsdXGU |language=en |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>

{{Tracklisting
| total_length = 16:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kinna Sona
| extra1 = Tanishk Bagchi, Zahrah S. Khan
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length1 = 3:18
| title2 = Kaali Teri Gutt
| extra2 = Romy, Sakshi Holkar
| music2 = [[Roy (singer)|Roy]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Phone Bhoot Theme
| extra3 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| music3 = [[Mikey McCleary]]
| lyrics3 = Baba Sehgal
| length3 = 3:07
| title4 = Jaau Jaan Se
| extra4 = Rochak Kohli, [[Lisa Mishra]]
| music4 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics4 = Kumaar
| length4 = 3:17
| title5 = Jaau Jaan Se
| note5 = Chill Mix
| extra5 = Rochak Kohli, Lisa Mishra
| music5 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| length5 = 3:20
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] commenced on 12 December 2020 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Katrina Kaif-starrer Phone Bhoot goes on floors |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-starrer-phone-bhoot-goes-on-floors-7102818 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213053452/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-starrer-phone-bhoot-goes-on-floors-7102818/ |archive-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Katrina Kaif, Ishaan Khatter, Siddhant Chaturvedi begin shooting for horror-comedy Phone Bhoot |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-ishaan-khatter-siddhant-chaturvedi-begin-shooting-for-horror-comedy-phone-bhoot-9106851.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213084532/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-ishaan-khatter-siddhant-chaturvedi-begin-shooting-for-horror-comedy-phone-bhoot-9106851.html |archive-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Phone Bhoot'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif's Phone Bhoot disappoints to the core at Box Office, registers shocking figure on Day 1 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/katrina-kaifs-phone-bhoot-disappoints-at-box-office-registers-shocking-figure-on-day-1-2531270.html |website=[[Zee News]] |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Did Katrina Kaif's Phone Bhoot take a subtle dig at Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt's Avengers? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/did-katrina-kaifs-phone-bhoot-take-a-subtle-dig-at-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|33|5|12|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Bhoot {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/phone_bhoot |access-date=4 February 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Rachana Dubey of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Gurmmeet Singh puts out a unique horror comedy which is a departure from most material one has seen in the year so far. For that itself this one deserves a visit to the theatre".<ref>{{cite news |title=Phone Bhoot Movie Review : This dial-a-ghostbuster comedy is a riot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/phone-bhoot/movie-review/95268893.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' is heavily dependent on Katrina Kaif and she honestly does her best to pull the film. Where she fails, the makers have strategically placed Ishaan and Siddhant, both known for their spunky comic timing, to add a redbull boost".<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi air is bad, Katrina Kaif's Phone Bhoot isn't. Choose wisely |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/phone-bhoot-movie-review-katrina-kaif-siddhant-chaturvedi-ishaan-khatter-2293276-2022-11-04 |website=[[India Today]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' is perhaps the silliest horror comedy you"ll ever see".<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Review |url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/phone-bhoot-review-55724.amp |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' has a fine first half with all the ingredients of a youthful, fun horror comedy. However, the second half could have been better. At the box office, the film will appeal to an audience who love horror comedies".<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/phonebhoot/critic-review/phonebhoot-movie-review/phone-bhoot-has-a-fine-first-half-with-all-the-ingredients-of-a-youthful-fun-horror-comedy/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Soumyabrata Gupta of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' is a trippy horror ride which could have done better with a few more episodes on the chopping block.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot movie review: Ishaan Khatter, Siddhant Chaturvedi channel their inner Keanu Reeves alongside Katrina Kaif in this nonsensical horror comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/phone-bhoot-movie-review-ishaan-khatter-siddhant-chaturvedi-channel-their-inner-keanu-reeves-alongside-katrina-kaif-in-this-nonsensical-horror-comedy-article-95297947 |website=[[Times Now]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Booth'' isn't an earth-shattering, game-changing deal for the genre but it has the feel of a full-on mad hatters' party where everything goes".<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Review: Katrina Kaif, Ishaan Khatter And Siddhant Chaturvedi's Film Is Wacky, Wild And Weird |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/phone-bhoot-review-katrina-kaif-ishaan-khatter-and-siddhant-chaturvedis-film-is-wacky-wild-and-weird-2-5-stars-3490032 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film’s own, original comedy, rarely works except when stars like Jackie Shroff and Sheeba Chaddha are at work".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Phone Bhoot' is Somehow Both Funny and Unfunny |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/phone-bhoot-katrina-kaif-ishaan-khattar-siddhant-chaturvedi-full-movie-review#read-more |website=[[The Quint]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' would be a lot more memorable if it wasn't merely a costume ball doffing its hat at Hollywood, Bollywood, Fukrey, Thalaivaa, a heroine who drinks mango juice like few can or a hero who can't stop playing his flute".<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Review: Cheesy, Campy, Fun |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/phone-bhoot-review/20221104.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Sanyukta Thakare of ''[[Mashable]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Phone Bhoot'' isn't the perfect choice, but it is worth a watch for a chill-out session when you are tipsy with your friends".<ref>{{cite web |title=Phone Bhoot Review: Katrina Kaif's Horror Comedy Is Funny Only If You Are High |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/41230/phone-bhoot-review-katrina-kaifs-horror-comedy-is-funny-only-if-you-are-high |website=[[Mashable]] |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|12740760}}

[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mikey McCleary]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]

Devaswom boards in Kerala

2026-02-15T08:58:44Z

ArnulfoVos: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Socio-religious trusts in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
'''Devaswom''' ({{langx|sa|dēvasvaṁ}};
{{translation|"Belonging to the God"}}) are socio-religious trusts in [[India]], whose members are nominated by the government and community. They oversee [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples and their assets to ensure their smooth operation in accordance with traditional rituals and customs. The devaswom system notably exists in the state of [[Kerala]], where most temples are either managed by [[Government of Kerala]]-controlled devaswoms or private bodies or families. The properties of each temple are deemed to be the personal property of the presiding deity of the temple, and are managed through a body of trustees who bear allegiance to that deity.

The five Kerala devaswoms—Guruvayur, Travancore, Malabar, Cochin, and Koodalmanikyam—manage nearly 3,000 temples together.<ref name="G Rajiv, TP Nijeesh 2012, pp 3">{{cite news |title=They Manage the Wealth of the Gods |work=The Times of India |date=4 September 2012 |page=3}}</ref>

== Governance and administration ==
Devaswom boards are statutory autonomous bodies constituted by the government to administer, manage, and oversee [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]] and their assets.

At the government level, Minister for Devaswoms is a Cabinet-level position responsible for policy formulation, oversight, and overall political leadership of the Devaswoms portfolio. The incumbent Devaswom Minister is [[V. N. Vasavan]].

Devaswom boards function under the administrative supervision of the [[Government of Kerala]], primarily through the Revenue (Devaswoms) Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devaswom Department - Cochin Devaswom Board |url=https://www.cochindevaswomboard.org/dept.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.cochindevaswomboard.org}}</ref> The current Devaswom Secretary is M. G. Rajamanickam, IAS.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-20 |title=Kerala government effects bureaucratic reshuffle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-effects-bureaucratic-reshuffle/article69718335.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Revenues ==
The five devaswoms earn about 1,000 [[crore]] rupees annually.<ref name="G Rajiv, TP Nijeesh 2012, pp 3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Managing-Gods-wealth-Keralas-four-Devaswoms-together-earn-Rs-1000-crore-annually/articleshow/16245083.cms |title=Managing Gods' wealth: Kerala's four Devaswoms together earn Rs 1000 crore annually |work=The Times of India |date=2012-09-04 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Devaswom !! Annual revenue (crores of INR) !! Net assets (crores of INR) !! Number of temples !! Richest temples (annual revenue in crores (INR))
|-
| [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board|Guruvayur]] || align="right" | 400 || align="right" | 2500 || align="right" | 12 || Sri Guruvayurappan Temple (400)
|-
| [[Travancore Devaswom Board|Travancore]] || align="right" | 683 (2017-18)<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-10-16 |title=Travancore Devaswom Board incurred expense of Rs 678 crore in the last fiscal year: Kadakampally |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Oct/16/travancore-devaswom-board-incurred-expense-of-rs-678-crore-in-the-last-fiscal-year-kadakampally-1886074.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>|| align="right" | N/A || align="right" | 1240 || Sabarimala Hill Shrine (200) Chettikulangara Devi temple, Mavelikkara (100)
Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple Ettumanoor Siva Temple (60) Malayalappuzha Devi Temple (5.75)
|-
| [[Malabar Devaswom Board|Malabar]] || align="right" | 80 || align="right" | N/A || align="right" | 1337 || Kadambuzha Sri Parvati Temple (8)
|-
| [[Cochin Devaswom Board|Cochin]] || align="right" | 50 || align="right" | N/A || align="right" | 403 || Chottanikkara Devi Temple (6)
|-
| [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Koodalmanikyam]] || align="right" | N.A. || align="right" | N/A || align="right" | 13 || Koodalmanikyam Temple
|}

== Travancore Devaswom Board ==
The [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] is an autonomous body formed by the Travancore Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act of 1950. Sabarimala is the main income source of the Board, with 255 crore rupees accruing to it from the temple during the previous pilgrimage season.<ref name="TDB">{{cite web | last = Nair | first = N.J | title = Sabarimala revenue touches record Rs 255 crore | publisher = The Deccan Chronicle (newspaper) | date = 17 January 2018 | url =https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170118/sabarimala-revenue-touches-record-rs-255-crore.html }}</ref> The income from the rest of the temples in Kerala was 57 crore rupees.<ref name="TDB" />

== Malabar Devaswom Board ==
The [[Malabar Devaswom Board]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malabardevaswom.kerala.gov.in/ |title=Malabar Devaswom Board |publisher=Malabardevaswom.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> was formed by the H.R & C.E (Amendment) Ordinance of 2008 of the Government of Kerala. The board has nine members. There are five divisions: Kasaragod Division, Thalassery Division, Kozhikode Division, Malappuram Division, and Palakkad Division. Temples are in Special Temple category and the others in A, B, C, D categories.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
== Guruvayur Devaswom Board ==
The [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board]] was formed to administer the activities of [[Guruvayur Temple]].

== Cochin Devaswom Board ==
The [[Cochin Devaswom Board]] was formed under the act of XV of Travancore–Cochin Hindu Religious institutions Act, 1950 to make provisions for the administration, supervision, and control of incorporated and unincorporated Devaswoms and of other Hindu Religious Endowments and funds under the Ruling area of the former Cochin State. Each temples on CDB has controlled by devaswoms.

==Koodalmanikyam Devaswom Board==
The Koodalmanikyam Devaswom Board is situated in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district]]. It manages the [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devaswom Boards - Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/devaswom-boards|publisher=Kerala.gov.in|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223210419/http://kerala.gov.in/devaswom-boards|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Working==
Prior to 2015, the appointments to the various posts in the devawoms were governed by the provisions in the Madras Hindu Religious Act and Charitable Endowment Act 1951, Koodalmanikyam Devaswom Act 2005, Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act 1950, and Guruvayoor Devaswom Act 1978.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-government-to-constitute-devaswom-recruitment-board/articleshow/48031152.cms|title=Kerala government to constitute Devaswom Recruitment Board|access-date= 12 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2015, based on the recommendations by the [[K. S. Paripoornan|Justice Paripoornan Commission]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] government set up an autonomous body for recruitment in the Dewaswom Boards.<ref name="auto"/>

===Reservation===
About half of the Devaswom board recruitments are based on reservation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/reservation-kerala-government-pinarayi-vijayan-reservation-for-economically-weaker-in-kerala-493891/|title=Devaswom boards: Kerala govt announces 10 per cent reservation for economically weaker among Hindu forward communities|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ezhava]] (17%)
* Hindu OBC excluding Ezhava (6%)
* [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] (12%)
* Economically backward High caste Hindus (10%)

==Issues and Controversies==

=== Financial mismanagement and audit issues during 2026 ''Global Ayyappa Sangamam'' ===
Kerala Devaswom Boards, particularly the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB), have faced repeated allegations of financial mismanagement, with courts and audit authorities flagging serious irregularities in accounting and auditing practices.

In 2025–26, the [[Kerala High Court]] examined the audited accounts of the ''Global Ayyappa Sangamam'', an event organised by the [[Travancore Devaswom Board]], and found several irregularities. The court found that there has been discrepancies between the Board’s public claims and the figures shown in the audit report, including improper accounting of items distributed to devotees such as ''aravana'', ''appam'', and other ritual materials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court flags audit irregularities in Global Ayyappa Sangamam accounts |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/kerala-high-court-flags-audit-irregularities-in-global-ayyappa-sangamam-accounts/ |work=The South First |date=11 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala HC asks TDB to explain irregularities found in audited accounts of Global Ayyappa Sangamam |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-hc-asks-tdb-to-explain-irregularities-found-in-audited-accounts-of-global-ayyappa-sangamam-1503555323.html |work=The Statesman |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> The High Court also stated that audited figures appeared to contradict earlier statements by Devaswom authorities regarding sponsorship receipts and reimbursements.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explain ‘irregularities’ in Global Ayyappa Sangamam, HC asks TDB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/explain-irregularities-in-global-ayappa-conclave-hc-asks-tdb-101770838329744.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

The Travancore Devaswom Board rejected media reports on the audit findings and described them as misleading. The Board maintained that the expenditures were legitimate and that clarifications would be provided before the court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Travancore Devaswom Board responds to audit allegations |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/travancore-devaswom-board-responds-to-audit-allegations-51543.html |work=Awaz The Voice |date=13 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> The Kerala government distanced itself from the controversy, stating that financial accountability for the event lay solely with the Travancore Devaswom Board. Ministers indicated that the Board was responsible for clarifying audit objections and any reported financial losses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Ayyappa Sangamam loss: Kerala govt shies away from responsibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/global-ayyappa-sangamam-loss-kerala-govt-shies-away-from-responsibility/articleshow/128212218.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Political interference and appointments ===
In 2025, the appointment [[K. Jayakumar]], as the president of the Travancore Devaswom Board became the subject of legal scrutiny when a senior Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer challenged the appointment in the Kerala High Court. The petitioner argued that the appointment violated provision which says a government employee cant be chosen as president.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS officer moves court challenging appointment of Travancore Devaswom Board president |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/05/b-ashok-moves-court-seeking-disqualification-k-jayakumar-tdb-president.html |work=Onmanorama |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

In 2025, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] alleged violations of established recruitment norms. The BJP state general secretary M.T.Ramesh alleged that the CPM workers are being appointed as employees under Guruvayur Dewaswom and money is being collected from jobseekers to conduct Dewaswom recruitment exams.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP calls for probe into alleged irregularities in Devaswom Board appointments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/10/23/bjp-calls-for-cbi-probe-into-devaswom-board-irregularities |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Administrative and governance failures ===
The Kerala High Court has on multiple occasions criticised the Travancore Devaswom Board for administrative inefficiencies, including failure to establish effective internal vigilance systems, delays in addressing complaints of malpractice and crowd management.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court issues guidelines to improve vigilance system in Travancore Devaswom temples |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/01/29/kerala-high-court-issues-tdb-temple-vigilance-guidelines.html |work=Onmanorama |date=29 January 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-19 |title=Kerala HC pulls up TDB for poor crowd management at Sabarimala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-hc-pulls-up-tdb-for-poor-crowd-management-at-sabarimala/article70299175.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-03 |title=Case against Cochin Devaswom Board in Kerala for violating distance norms while parading elephants at temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/case-against-cochin-devaswom-board-in-kerala-for-violating-distance-norms-while-parading-elephants-at-temple/article68941777.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Administrative failures, inadequate infrastructure, poor coordination, and lapses in enforcement during peak pilgrimage seasons have drawn criticism from the Kerala High Court over poor crowd control and pilgrim safety at major temples.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala temples face criticism over crowd management and safety lapses |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/05/kerala-temples-extortion-warning.html |work=Onmanorama |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala: HC slams CPM-controlled Kochi Devaswom Board for deploying bouncers for crowd management during festival |url=https://www.vsktelangana.org/Encyc/2025/12/6/kerala-hc-slams-controlled-kochi-devaswom-board-rowd-management-during-festival.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.vsktelangana.org |language=en}}</ref>
===Attempt to abolish Devaswom===
In 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] agreed to examine the petition started by [[Subramanian Swamy]] and [[T. G. Mohandas]] to abolish government interference in temples through the devaswom board. [[U. U. Lalit]] and [[K. M. Joseph]] issued notice to the Government of Kerala and Devaswom Board of Travanacore and Cochin, and sought their response in six weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/13/supreme-court-issues-notice-to-kerala-on-devaswom-board-1884903.html|title=Supreme Court issues notice to Kerala on Devaswom Board|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2018 }}</ref> In 2019, the Government of Kerala opposed Swamy's plea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-opposes-swamy-s-plea-to-make-devaswom-boards-free-of-state-s-control-119012301349_1.html|title=Kerala opposes Swamy's plea to make Devaswom boards free of state's control|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 January 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.travancoredevaswomboard.org/ The official website of Travancore Devaswom Board]
*[http://www.cochindevaswomboard.org/ The official website of Cochin Devaswom Board]
*[http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/ The official website of Guruvayur Devaswom Board]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112081225/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011163831100.htm Devaswom Board members to work together, The Hindu news]
*[http://www.kerala.gov.in/tdevaswomboard.pdf Government of Kerala, Travancore Devaswom Board]{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devaswom Boards in Kerala}}
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kerala]]

Jasminum officinale

2026-02-10T16:45:49Z

ArnulfoVos: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Jasminum_officinale_-_Bot._Mag._31,_1787.jpg
| image_caption = Botanical illustration
| genus = Jasminum
| species = officinale
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map =
}}
[[File:Common Jasmine.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Jasminum officinale.JPG|right|thumb]]
[[Image:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|right|thumb|150px|Floral wreath of jasmine representing the shield of Pakistan]]

'''''Jasminum officinale''''', known as the '''common jasmine''' or simply '''jasmine''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the olive [[family (biology)|family]] Oleaceae. It is native to the Caucasus and parts of Asia, also widely naturalized.

It is also known as '''summer jasmine''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''poet's jasmine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> '''white jasmine''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''true jasmine''' or '''jessamine''',<ref name=GRIN/> and is particularly valued by gardeners throughout the [[temperateness|temperate]] world for the intense fragrance of its flowers in summer. It is also the [[National flower]] of [[Pakistan]].

==Description==
''Jasminum officinale'' is a vigorous, twining [[deciduous]] [[vine|climber]] with sharply pointed [[pinnate]] leaves and clusters of starry, pure white flowers in summer, which are the source of its heady scent.<ref name=RHSAZ /> The leaf has 5 to 9 leaflets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jasminum officinale - Plant Finder|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b559|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''officinale'' means "useful".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>

==Distribution==
It is found in the Caucasus, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Himalayas, Tajikistan, India, Nepal and western China ([[Guizhou]], [[Sichuan]], [[Xizang]] (Tibet), [[Yunnan]]). The species is also widely cultivated in many places, and is reportedly naturalized in Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Algeria, Florida and the West Indies.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>

==Chemical composition==
''J. officinale'' has been found to contain [[alkaloid]]s, [[coumarin]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[terpenoid]]s, [[glycoside]]s, emodine, [[leucoanthocyanin]]s, [[steroid]]s, [[anthocyanin]]s, phlobatinins, [[essential oil]] and [[saponin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324521531 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1214994|year=2018 |last1=Al-Snafi |first1=Ali Esmail |title=Pharmacology and Medicinal Properties of Jasminum Officinale- A Review |journal=Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=05 |issue=4 |pages=2191–2197 }}</ref>

==Garden history==
''Jasminum officinale'' is so ancient in cultivation that its country of origin, though somewhere in [[Central Asia]], is not certain.<ref>Alice M. Coats, ''Garden Shrubs and Their Histories'' (1964) 1992, ''s.v.'' "Jasminum".</ref> H.L. Li, ''The Garden Flowers of China'',<ref>Li, ''The Garden Flowers of China'', 1959, noted in Coats (1964) 1992.</ref> notes that in the third century CE, jasmines identifiable as ''J. officinale'' and ''[[Jasminum sambac|J. sambac]]'' were recorded among "foreign" plants in Chinese texts, and that in ninth-century Chinese texts ''J. officinale'' was said to come from [[Byzantium]]. Its Chinese name, ''Yeh-hsi-ming'' is a version of the Persian and Arabic name.<ref>Coats (1964) 1992.</ref>

Its entry into European gardens was most likely through the Arab-Norman culture of Sicily, but, as the garden historian John Harvey has said, "surprisingly little is known, historically or archaeologically, of the cultural life of pre-Norman Sicily".<ref>John Harvey, ''Mediaeval gardens'' (1981:48).</ref> In the mid-14th century the [[Florence|Florentine]] author [[Boccaccio]] in his ''[[Decameron]]'' describes a [[walled garden]] in which "the sides of the alleys were all, as it were, walled in with roses white and red and jasmine; insomuch that there was no part of the garden but one might walk there not merely in the morning but at high noon in grateful shade."<ref>Boccaccio, ''Decameron'', third day.</ref> Jasmine water also features in the story of Salabaetto in the ''Decameron''.<ref>"They then took from the basket silver vases of great beauty, some of which were filled with rose water, some with orange water, some with jasmine water, and some with lemon water, which they sprinkled upon them".</ref> ''Jasminum officinale'', "of the household office" where perfumes were distilled, was so thoroughly naturalized that [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] thought it was native to Switzerland.<ref>Noted in Coats (1964) 1992.</ref> As a garden plant in London it features in [[William Turner (naturalist)|William Turner]]'s ''Names of Herbes'', 1548.

Double forms, here as among many flowers, were treasured in the 16th and 17th centuries.

==Cultivars==
Numerous [[cultivars]] have been developed for garden use, often with [[variegation|variegated]] foliage. The cultivar 'Argenteovariegatum',<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Jasminum officinale'' 'Argenteovariegatum'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/48266/Jasminum-officinale-Argenteovariegatum-(v)/Details|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> with cream-white [[variegation]] on the leaves, has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 56 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 March 2018}}</ref>

==Aromatherapy==
[[File:JasmineAbsolute.png|thumb|180px|Essential oil]]
The [[essential oil]] of ''Jasminum officinale'' is used in [[aromatherapy]]. Jasmine ''absolute'' has a heavy, sweet scent valued by perfumers. The flowers release their perfume at dusk, so flowers are picked at night and a tiny amount of oil is obtained from each blossom by solvent extraction. The result is an expensive oil which can be used in low concentrations.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==Safety==
Jasmine is "[[generally recognized as safe]]" (GRAS) as a food ingredient by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name="lactmed">{{cite web |title=Jasmine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501843/ |publisher=LactMed, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=24 May 2023 |date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

It is unknown whether jasmine consumption affects breastmilk, as the safety and efficacy of jasmine in nursing mothers or infants has not been adequately studied.<ref name=lactmed/> Drinking small amounts of jasmine tea likely are not harmful during nursing.<ref name=lactmed/>

[[Allergic reaction]]s to jasmine may occur.<ref name=lactmed/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q515610}}

[[Category:Jasminum|officinale]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Flora of Guizhou]]
[[Category:Flora of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Dermatologic drugs]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2019)

2026-01-30T12:46:33Z

ArnulfoVos: added new stub!

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2019 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2019
| location = [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]], [[Bangalore]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner = See [[Rajyotsava Awards (2019)#List of awardees|list]]
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2016)|2016]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2022)|2022]]
}}
The '''2019 Rajyotsava Awards''' ceremony took place at the [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] on 1 November 2019. Awarded annually by the [[Government of Karnataka]], the ceremony saw 64 individuals being awarded for achievements in various fields. The number was chosen to mark the 64th anniversary of the [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|formation of the State of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/291019/64-chosen-for-rajyotsava-award.html |title=64 chosen for Rajyotsava Award |last=M. B. |first=Girish |date=29 Oct 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

==List of awardees==

===Individual===
[[File:K-chidananda-gowda.png|upright|thumbnail|Dr. K. Chidananda Gowda, Educator]]

[[File:Famous thenku thittu artist Sri. Shreedhara Bhandary, Puttur.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Shreedhara Bhandary, Thenkutittu artists (Yakshagana)]]

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Dronacharya Award, 2018 to Shri Subedar Chenanda Achaiah Kuttappa for Boxing, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 25, 2018.JPG|upright|thumbnail|Chenanda Achaiah Kuttappa receives the Dronacharya Award from the President of India.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style = "width: 30px;" | Awardee
! style = "width: 20px;" | Area of expertise
! style = "width: 50%;" | Highlights
|-
| Prof. S. R. Gunjal || Education || S.R.Gunjal is an accomplished [[Library and information science|Library and Information Science]] teacher and Information scientist. He hails from [[Koliwad]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/taluk-sahitya-sammelana-on-sunday/articleshow/67678728.cms |title=aluk Sahitya Sammelana on Sunday |date=25 January 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> in [[Dharwad District]]. He has authored many books related to his field as well as in Kannada. His biography titled "''Library Scientist Dr. S.R. Gunjal: A Critical Biography''" was written by Mallikarjun Patil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lislinks.com/forum/topics/prof-s-r-gunjal-has-conferred-with-karnataka-rajyotsava-award-for |title=Prof. S.R. Gunjal being conferred with Karnataka Rajyotsava award for the year 2019 |date=29 October 2019 |website=Lislinks.com |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Prof. T. Shivanna || Education || Shivanna is an [[economics]] professor and former member of the [[syndicate]] of [[Bangalore University]]. He has been felicitated and awarded for his contribution to education many times.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BU-economics-prof-Shivanna-felicitated/articleshow/711481285.cms |title=BU economics prof Shivanna felicitated |date=16 August 2001 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[K. Chidananda Gowda|Dr. K. Chidananda Gowda]] || Education || Educationist, Author and Engineer who hails from Chokkadi, [[Sullia|Sullia Taluk]], [[Dakshina Kannada District]]. He was the former [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kuvempu University]]. For his book ''Putanigala Vignana Padyagalu'', he received the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]] Award in the year 1986.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
| Dr. Gururaj Karajagi || Education || He is a doctorate in Chemistry from [[Karnataka University]]. He is a passionate educator, author<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Dr-Gururaj-Karajagi/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3ADr.+Gururaj+Karajagi |title=Books authored by Gururaj Karajagi |website=Amazon.in |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> and inspirational speaker. He has published over 22 research papers in International journals. He founded the Academy for Creative Teaching, and through it supported the creation of over 86 schools high quality. He is a renowned columnist and has authored 1500 columns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.actedu.in/teacher/dr-gururaj-karajagi/ |title=Dr. Gururaj Karajagi |website=Academy for Creative Teaching |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> His daily spiritual discourses appear on [[Sri Sankara TV|Sankara TV]] (over 500 programmes). His books series "''Karunaalu Baa Belake''" is popular. He was awarded the Nadaprabhu [[Kempegowda Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/100-to-get-kempegowda-award/article29326628.ece |title=100 to get Kempegowda award |date=4 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Parashuram Siddi || Theatre ||
|-
| Pal Sudrashan || Theatre ||
|-
| Hooli Shekhar || Theatre ||
|-
| N. Shivalingaiah || Theatre ||
|-
| HK Ramanath || Theatre ||
|-
| [[Bhargavi Narayan]] || Theatre || [[:Category: Kannada theatre|Kannada Theatre]] artist with a career spanning 65 years. Also actress in Kannada Cinema. Her biography ''Naanu, Bhargavi'' (I am, Bhargavi), won her numerous awards including that of the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/the-award-is-a-recognition-of-65-years-in-theatre-bhargavi-narayan/articleshow/71818980.cms |title=The award is a recognition of 65 years in theatre: Bhargavi Narayan |last=Chakravorty |first=Joyeeta |date=31 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> She has written and directed plays for [[All India Radio]]. She has been awarded by the Karnataka Nataka Academy.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
| [[Chhote Rahimat Khan|Chote Rahimat Khan]] || Music ||
|-
| Nagavalli Nagaraj || Music ||
|-
| Dr. Muddu Mohan || Music ||
|-
| Srinivasa Udupa || Music ||
|-
| Manjappa Shetty Masagali || Literature ||
|-
| B Rajashekarappa || Literature ||
|-
| Chandrakanth Karadalli || Literature || [[Children's literature|Children's writer]] and retired government teacher. Author of 25 literary works and poems for children. ''Nalidadu Baa Navile'', ''Puttana Kanasu'', ''Namma Halli Namage Chanda'' are some of his famous works. Awarded ''Sahitya Academy Award'' for ''Bala Sahitya'' in 2019. He hails from [[Shahapur, Karnataka|Shahpur]] town of [[Yadgir district]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
| Saraswathi Chimmalagi || Literature ||
|-
| Dr. Shreedhara Bhandary || Yakshagana || An exponent of the dance form for 59 years. He learnt the fundamentals of the [[Yakshagana]] art form from his father Sheenappa Bhandary. He was subsequently a student of Kuriya Vittala Shastri and Hosahitlu Malinga Bhatta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://drshridharabhandary.in/about_en.html |title=Dr.Shridhara Bhandary, Artist of his own class |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> He was a part of Yakshagana troupes Subrahmanya mela and Ballambettu mela. He is renowned for playing the roles of [[Abhimanyu]], [[Babruvahana]], Ganamani, [[Parashurama]], [[Krishna|Sreekrishna]] and [[Srinivasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=179908 |title=Houston: Dr Shridhar Bhandary to be honoured by BANA |date=15 July 2013 |website=Daijiworld |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Y Mallappa Gavayi || Bayalata || [[Bayalata]] exponent from Karnataka.
|-
| [[Shylashri|Shailashree]] || Films || Actor in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], Tamil and Malayalam cinema with a career spanning over 5 decades. Her debut was in Malayalam film ''[[Kalanjukittiya Thankam]]''. Her debut in Kannada was with the 1966 film ''[[Sandhya Raga]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sudarshan-relives-his-celluloid-journey/article15513874.ece |title=Sudarshan relives his celluloid journey |date=10 January 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref> directed by A. C. Narasimha Murthy. She is noted for her role in the 1971 National Award-winning film ''[[Naguva Hoovu]]''. She also wrote the story for the film. She acted in many movies with Kannada actor [[R.N.Sudarshan]] such as ''[[Kadina Rahasya]]'', ''Kallara Kalla'', ''Malathi Madhava'', among others.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
| Jayakumar Kodaganura || Television ||
|-
| Chenada Achaiah Kuttappa || Sports || Received the [[Dronacharya Award]] in 2018 for Boxing. India's chief boxing coach since Dec 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/11/boxing-coach-sure-of-good-olympics-show-2045821.html |title=Boxing coach sure of good Olympics show |date=11 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> He is behind the rise of boxers [[Vijender Singh]] and [[Amit Panghal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/field/896083/know-your-dronacharya-awardee-ca-kuttappa-the-man-behind-vijender-and-amit-panghals-rise |title=Know your Dronacharya awardee: CA Kuttappa, the man behind Vijender and Amit Panghal's rise |last=R |first=Vishal |date=28 September 2018 |work=Scroll.in |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> Kuttappa is native of [[Kodagu]]. He is an armyman and serves as [[Subedar]] in [[Mysuru]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/once-bested-by-his-arjuna-dronacharya-kuttappa-comes-out-of-shadows/articleshow/65886514.cms |title=Once bested by his 'Arjuna', 'Dronacharya' Kuttappa comes out of his shadows |date=20 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Nandita Naganagoudar || Sports || Mountaineer from [[Hubbali]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/i-am-honoured-that-mountaineering-has-been-recognised-nandita-nagangoudar/articleshow/71852510.cms |title=I am honoured that mountaineering has been recognised |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=2 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> She has completed climbing 4 of the 7 peaks in the [[Seven Summits|7 summits]]. She trained with the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports|Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering]]. She has climbed [[Mount Everest|Mt Everest]] in 2016,<ref name="NNDH">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/3-more-mountains-wait-700360.html |title=Three more mountains wait for Hubballi's gritty girl |last=Kumar H |first=Pavan |date=28 October 2018 |work=The Deccan Herald |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> Australia's [[Carstensz Pyramid]] in 2017, Africa's [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in 2017 and Russia's [[Mount Elbrus]] in 2018. She was given the honour of attended the recent [[ASEAN]] summit.<ref name="NNDH"/>
|-
| Vishwanatha Bhaskar Ganiga || Sports || [[Powerlifting|Power lifter]] who hails from [[Kundapur]] in [[Udupi district]]. He won the gold medal in the Commonwealth Powerlifting championships of 2019 (''Canada, Men's equipped open, 93kg''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://commonwealthpowerlifting.com/2019/powerlifting.htm |title=Commonwealth Powerlifting 2019 results |date=21 September 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>) and 2017 (''South Africa, Men's equipped open, 83kg''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://commonwealthpowerlifting.com/2017/powerlifting.htm |title=Commonwealth Powerlifting 2017 results |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>). He has overall won 6 gold medals at the international level and 17 gold medals at the National level. An accident in March 2018 (leading to spinal injuries and a cracked skull) did not come in the way of winning global laurels in 2019 for this gritty power lifter.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/sep/20/powerlifter-puts-behind-accident-trauma-goes-for-gold-in-canadian-championship-2036283.html |title=Powerlifter puts behind accident trauma, goes for gold in Canadian championship |date=20 September 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| H Khushi || Yoga||
|-
| Srimathi Vanithakka || Yoga||
|-
| Dr. Anjanappa || Medicine ||
|-
| Dr. Hanumantharaya Pandit || Medicine ||
|-
| Dr. Krishna Prasad K || Medicine || Dr. Krishna Prasad is a renowned ophthalmologist from [[Udupi]]. He is founder and director of Prasad Netralaya. Prasad is credited with bringing world class eye care and surgery facilities to tier 2 cities like Udupi and [[Mangaluru]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/seven-from-dk-and-udupi-chosen-for-rajyotsava-award/article29817194.ece |title=Seven from DK and Udupi chosen for Rajyotsava award |date=28 October 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Dr. Nagarathna || Medicine ||
|-
| Dr. G. T. Subhash || Medicine ||
|-
| Bheemsingh Sakaram Rathod || Folk Art ||
|-
| Holabasaiah Dundaiah Sambalad || Folk Art ||
|-
| K R Hosalayya || Folk Art ||
|-
| Kotresha Chennabasappa Kotrappanavar || Folk Art ||
|-
| Neelgararu Doddagavibasappa || Folk Art ||
|-
| Usman Saab Khadar Saab || Folk Art ||
|-
| V. A. Deshpande || Sculpture || Vyasamurthy Ananthrao Deshpande was a sculptor born in [[Badami]] at [[Bagalkot district]]. He learnt his art from [[Dharwad]] School of Art and his sculpture from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vadeshpande.weebly.com/about-me.html |title=V A Deshpande - About |website=vadeshpande.weebly.com/ |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> He was awarded scholarships by the Karnataka Lalitkala Academy and the Faculty of Fine Arts. He was the Dean of [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts]] (CAVA) in [[Mysuru]] from 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/National-sculpture-camp-in-Dharwad-from-today/articleshow/12156323.cms |title=National sculpture camp in Dharwad from today |date=6 Mar 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

Some of his renowned works of sculpture are those of [[Babu Jagjivan Ram]] (9.5 feet), [[Sarvagna]] (9 feet), [[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka Devi]] (9 feet), [[Sutturu]] Sri Rajendra Swamiji (5.8 feet) and [[Kuvempu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://starofmysore.com/four-from-mysuru-among-64-achievers-to-receive-rajyotsava-award-tomorrow/ |title=Four From Mysuru Among 64 Achievers To Receive Rajyotsava Award Tomorrow |date=31 October 2019 |work=Star of Mysore |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| K. Jnaneshwar || Sculpture || Sculptor from Karnataka.
|-
| Mohan Sitnoor || Painting || Artist who hails from [[Gulbarga]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.passion4art.com/members/msitnoor/profile.html |title=MOHAN H. SITNOOR |website=Passion4art.com |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> He trained at [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] under [[Y. Subramanya Raju]]. His paintings have been featured in numerous exhibitions and galleries round the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/we-need-our-voices-prejudices/article28375921.ece |title=We need our voices, prejudices |date=18 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Ramesh Rao || Painting || Artist who hails from [[Udupi]] and a family of artists. His work typically covers small town scenes and vignettes. He has won awards from the State Art Academies of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beautywallspot.com/artists/ramesh-rao/ |title=Artist Ramesh Rao |website=Beautywallspot.com |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> His paintings have been displayed in numerous galleries<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saatchiart.com/account/artworks/1222495 |title=Ramesh Rao Art work |website=Saatchi Art |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> worldwide. His work has been auctioned by [[Sotheby's]] and part of various collections. He founded the "Artists Forum" (art professionals in Karnataka) and the Drishya School of Arts in Udupi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=60230 |title=Udupi: Artists' Forum to Felicitate Ramesh Rao on his 60th Birthday |date=23 May 2009 |website=Daijiworld |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Saalumarada Veerachar || Environment || Veerachar is an [[environmentalist]] from Karnataka.
|-
| Shivaji Chatrappa Kagnekar || Environment || [[Environmentalist]], [[Social activist]] and [[Gandhian]]. Since 1970 he has uplifted and transformed lives of villagers in 26 villages near forests in [[Khanapur]], [[Belagavi]] and [[Hukkeri]] taluks of [[Belagavi district]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/560157/on-sustainable-path.html |title=On a sustainable path |last=Pailoor |first=Anitha |date=26 July 2016 |work=The Deccan Herald |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> His work with the people has resulted in reaching ten thousand villagers through literacy campaigns, plantation of three lakh saplings and getting [[Biogas|Gobar gas]] connection for 1 lakh homes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dishabharat.org/real-hero-shivaji-kagnekar-a-true-gandhian/ |title=Real Hero : Shivaji Kagnekar-A true Gandhian |website=Dishabharat.org |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> His approach to village development is holistic, covering the spectrum of activities: Encouraging rearing cattle, creating biogas, weaning people from cutting trees, creating of tanks and water shed management, advocating organic farming, planting trees, creating sustainable incomes for farmers (gobar gas), reviving schools and ensuring youth and adult education. He has created awareness and ensured villagers volunteered and also become self sustained in village development.
|-
| B. K. Deva Rao || Agriculture || Organic farmer from Mittabagilu (near [[Ujire]]) in [[Dakshin Kannada]] district recognized for preserving and growing 155 varieties of [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]]. He also grows 80 varieties of [[mangoes]] and 50 varieties of [[jackfruit]]. He is one of very few farmers who have undertaken large scale conservation of crop diversity progressively over 35 years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/karnataka-bk-deva-rao-conferred-with-rajyotsava-award-for-achievements-in-paddy-cultivation-119110200175_1.html |title=Karnataka: BK Deva Rao conferred with Rajyotsava Award for achievements in paddy cultivation |date=2 November 2019 |work=Business Standard |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Vishveshwar Sajjan || Agriculture || Organic farmer with a 6-acre farm, from Hulikere village in [[Kudligi|Koodligi]] taluk of [[Bellary district]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/ballari/agriculturist-vishweshwara-sajjan-got-rajyotsava-award-178374.html |title=ಸಾವಯವ ಕೃಷಿಕ ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರ ಸಜ್ಜನರಿಗೆ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ; ಅವರ ಕೃಷಿ ಲೋಕದಲ್ಲೊಂದು ಸುತ್ತು |last=ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ |first=ರೋಹಿಣಿ |date=30 October 2019 |work=One India Kannada |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| B V Mallikarjunaiah || Journalism ||
|-
| S. G. Bharathi || Social service ||
|-
| Kattige Channappa || Social service ||
|-
| Navaratna Indukumar || Cottage industry ||
|-
| K. V. Subramanyam || Literary critic ||
|-
| Justice N. Kumar || Judiciary || Retired senior judge of the Karnataka High Court. Mr. Kumar had delivered several important judgements during his tenure as judge for 16 years. Judgements in cases related to Guidelines for appointments and recruitments through KPSC, [[mother-tongue]] in primary education, appointment of DGP [[Shankar Bidari]], women's right over father's ancestral properties, appointment of [[Karnataka Lokayukta|Upa lokayukta]] Chandrashekaraiah, among others.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/%E2%80%98Bad-behaviour-by-one-judge-will-impact-reputation-of-entire-judiciary%E2%80%99/article14404942.ece |title=Bad behaviour by one judge will impact reputation of entire judiciary |date=27 June 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Ramesh Vaidya || Cooperatives || He was recognized for his contributions to the [[Cooperative|Cooperative sector]] over 35 years. Ramesh Vaidya is the National President of ''Sahakar Bharati'', an [[NGO]] focussed on spreading and strengthening the [[cooperative movement in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiancooperative.com/featured/karnataka-cm-felicitates-sah-bharati-president-for-co-op-efforts/ |title=Karnataka CM felicitates Sah Bharati President for co-op efforts |last=Gupta |first=Rohit |date=4 November 2019 |work=Indian Cooperative |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> He received the ''Sahakarita Bandhu'' Award from [[IFFCO]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/iffco-celebrates-50th-anniversary-at-kalol-plant-1075979-2017-11-03 |title=IFFCO celebrates 50th anniversary at Kalol plant |date=3 November 2017 |work=India Today |access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
|-

| Gangadhar Bevinakoppa || Expats ||
|-
| Jayavanth Mannoli || Expats || Kannadiga expat for contributions.
|-
| B. G. Mohandas || Expats ||
|-
| K. Prakash Shetty || Other fields || Hospitality industry executive and chairman of MRG Hospitality and Infrastructure. He runs the Goldfinch boutique group of hotels across India. Prakash hails from [[Udupi]] and is known for starting ''Banjara the restaurant'' in Bengaluru.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
|-
| LT. Gen. B.N.B.M. Prasad || Other fields ||
|-
| N. T. Shantha Gangadhar || Other fields ||
|-
| Dr. N Someshwar || Other fields ||
|-
| Dr. Channaveera Shivacharya || Other fields ||
|-
| Dr. Vijay Sankeshwar || Other fields ||
|-
|}

===Organisations/Associations===

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=95%
|-
! width=6%|Sl.No !! width=25%|Awardee !! width=14%|Area of expertise !! width=15%| Location !! width=40%|Highlights
|-
| 1 || Sri Patanjali Yoga Shikshana Samiti || || Hanumanthapura ||
|-
| 2 || Prabhat Art International || || ||
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2019]]

Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul

2026-01-25T19:21:51Z

ArnulfoVos:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi lyricist, composer and music director (1956–2019)}}
{{infobox person
|name=Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul
|image =Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date|1956|1|1|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Dhaka]], Pakistan
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|1|22|1956|1|1|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|occupation = Lyricist, composer and music director
|spouse = Suborna Imtiaz (divorced)
|children = 1|awards = [[#Awards|Full list]]
}}

'''Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul''' (1 January 1956 – 22 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Musician Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/ahmed-imtiaz-bulbul-passes-away-1691179 |work=The Daily Star |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi lyricist, composer and music director, active since the late 1970s. He was a freedom fighter who joined the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] at the age of 15.<ref name=star>{{cite news |title=Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul seeks security |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/imtiaz-bulbul-seeks-security/ |date=10 March 2013 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> He won [[Ekushey Padak]] and [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director]] twice for the films ''[[Premer Taj Mahal]]''
(2001) and ''[[Hajar Bachhor Dhore]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=15609 |first=Ershad |last=Kamol |work=The Daily Star |title=Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul talks about his Liberation War days |date=2007-12-16}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bulbul was born on 1 January 1956 in Dhaka. He studied at [[West End High School (Dhaka, Bangladesh)|West End High School]] in [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur]], Dhaka.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Bulbul's compositions include a number of works for films, beginning with 1978's ''Megh Bijli Badol''.<ref name="star2">{{Cite news |first=Ershad |last=Kamol |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/11/06/d611061401111.htm |work=The Daily Star |title=Seasoned music composer on his kaleidoscopic journey |date=6 November 2006}}</ref>

He has also released independent albums and created works for a number of Bangladeshi performers, including [[Samina Chowdhury]], [[Kanak Chapa]], [[Khalid Hassan Milu]] and [[Andrew Kishore]].<ref name="star2"/>

He was a judge on the talent show ''[[CloseUp1|Closeup 1 Tomakei Khujchhe Bangladesh]]'' for three seasons.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Discography==
{{Further|Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul discography}}
'''Selected composed film songs'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width= "18%"| Film
! width= "20%"| Song
! width= "20%"| Picturised
! width= "20%"| Singer
! width= "18%"| Notes
|-
| ''Golam'' || "Duti Mone Lege Geche Jura" ||[[Shakib Khan]], Shabnur||[[Rumana Islam Kanak Chapa|Kanak Chapa]], Andrew Kishor||
|-
| ''[[Praner Cheye Priyo]]'' || "Je Prem Shorgo Theke Ashe" ||[[Riaz (actor)|Riaz]], Ravina||Kanak Chapa, Khalid Hassan||
|-
| ''[[Praner Cheye Priyo]]'' || "Porena Chokher Polok Ki" ||Riaz, Ravina||Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''[[Premer Taj Mahal]]'' || "Ei Buke Boichhe Jamuna" ||Riaz, [[Shabnur]]||Kanak Chapa, [[Monir Khan]]||
|-
| ''[[Hajar Bachhor Dhore]]'' || "Tumi Sutoi Bedhechho Shapla" ||Riaz, Shashi||[[Subir Nandi]], Anupoma||
|-
| ''Phool Nebo Na Ashru Nebo'' || "Amar Hridoy Ekta Ayna Ei" ||Shakib Khan, Shabnur||Kanak Chapa, Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''Phool Nebo Na Ashru Nebo'' || "Bidi Tumi Bole Daw Ami Kar" ||Shakib, Amin Khan, Shabnur||Kanak Chapa, Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''[[Biyer Phul]]'' || "Tomay Dekhle Mone Hoy" ||[[Shakil Khan]], Shabnur||Kanak Chapa, Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''[[Biyer Phul]]'' || "Oi Chad Mukhe Jeno Lagena" ||Riaz, Shakil Khan, Shabnur||Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''Noyoner Alo'' || "Amar Sara Deho Kheyore" ||Zafor Iqbal||[[Andrew Kishore]]||
|-
| ''Chandan Diper Rajkonna'' || "Ami Tomari Premo Bhikhari" ||[[Wasim (actor)|Wasim]], [[Anju Ghosh]]||[[Syed Abdul Hadi]]||
|-
| ''Shohojatri'' || "Prithibir Joto Shukh Ami" ||[[Ilias Kanchan]], [[Champa]]||[[Sabina Yasmin]], Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''[[Anondo Osru]]'' || "Tumi Mor Jiboner Vabona" ||[[Salman Shah (actor)|Salman Shah]], Shabnur, Kanchi||Kanak Chapa, Andrew Kishore||
|-
| ''Bhalobashi Tomake'' || "Onek Shadhonar Pore Ami" ||Riaz, Shabnur||Kanak Chapa, [[Khalid Hassan Milu|Khalid Hassan]]||
|-
| ''Bhalobasha Bhalobasha'' || "Premo Ronge Rangiyechi Mon" ||Riaz, Shabnur||Kanak Chapa, Monir Khan||
|-
|}

== Bangladesh Liberation war ==
Bulbul joined the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 when he was 15 years old. He served in a [[Mukti Bahini]] base in Zinzira. His older brother, Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed Tutul, served in the [[Crack Platoon]] of the Mukti Bahini. He trained in India and fought in [[Lalbagh Thana]] and [[New Market Thana]] of Dhaka.

In October, he was captured by the Pakistan military and Razakars while returning to India for more training.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/entertainment/2019/01/22/musician-ahmed-imtiaz-bulbul-dies-at-62 |title=Musician Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul dies |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> He was transferred to a jail in Mymensingh, where he was tortured and witnessed the mass execution of 39 [[Mukti Bahini]] prisoners by the Pakistan military. He was transferred to the residence of Dana Miah, which served as the local office of the [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee]]. He was tortured there along with other members of the Mukti Bahini. He was able to escape from the camp.<ref name=":0" />

===War crime witness===
Bulbul testified against convicted former Jamaat chief [[Ghulam Azam]] in the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]]. Following the testimony as a witness, Bulbul's younger brother was killed, and his dead body was found near the Kuril overpass in Dhaka. Bulbul urged the government to ensure his security after the murder of his brother. He said that he had received death threats several times.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/ahmed-imtiaz-bulbuls-brother-found-dead-in-city |title=Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul's brother found dead in city |date=2013-03-10 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Bulbul was married to Suborna Imtiaz, a film producer and music video director. They eventually got divorced. They have a son named Samir Imtiaz (born September 30, 1996). After Bulbul's divorce, Samir stayed with Bulbul. Bulbul never remarried after his divorce. According to Samir's Facebook post, Surborna died from [[COVID-19]] in August 2021 after being at [[Evercare Hospital Dhaka|Evercare Hospital]] for 2 months.

Bulbul was taken to Universal Medical College and Hospital in Dhaka around 6:15 am, where the doctors declared him dead.<ref name="Died">{{cite news |title=Musician Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul passes away |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/news/190049/Ahmed-Imtiaz-Bulbul-passes-away |work=Prothom-Alo |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> He had suffered from cardiac arrest.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
{{Further|List of awards and nominations received by Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul}}
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (2010)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director]] (2001, 2005)
* President's Award
* Shikha Anirban Award (the highest honour conferred by the Bangladesh Armed Forces)
* [[Bachsas Awards]] (11 times)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbul, Ahmed Imtiaz}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak in arts]]
[[Category:Best Music Director National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:Crime witnesses]]

Chowdarguda mandal

2026-01-23T13:36:56Z

ArnulfoVos: added new data and citations!

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chowdarguda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Chowderguda
| nickname = gudem
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TS-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mahabubnagar
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Shadnagar
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chowdarguda''' is a mandal of [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranga Reddy district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Ranga-Reddy-geo-stub}}

Kanti, Muzaffarpur

2026-01-21T13:28:28Z

ArnulfoVos: added basic stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{update needed|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2167|N|85.3000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20873
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kanti Nagar Parishad
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 843109
| registration_plate =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mohammad Israil Mansuri]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Veena Devi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kanti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanti]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanti''' is a town and a [[notified area]] in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is also a block headquarters belongs to [[Tirhut division]]. It is located 15km by road from district headquarters located in [[Muzaffarpur]]. Kanti holds a distinct history for it was a spot for indigo production. Kanti was once a site for saltpeter production. In 2022, Kanti Nagar Panchayat was upgraded to Nagar Parishad (Municipal Council).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-fresh-formation-and-delimitation-of-wards-in-kanti-municipal-council-6820524.html|title=कांटी नगर परिषद में नए सिरे से वार्ड का हुआ गठन व परिसीमन}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-26-wards-made-in-kanti-of-muzaffarpur-and-26-in-sahebganj-municipal-council-22666322.html|title=मुजफ्फरपुर के कांटी व साहेबगंज नगर परिषद में बनाए गए 26-26 वार्ड, देखें पूरी ल‍िस्‍ट}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-motipur-city-council-notification-issued-3910370.html|title=मोतीपुर नगर परिषद की अधिसूचना जारी}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/seven-new-city-panchayats-will-also-be-formed-in-kanti-motipur-and-sahebganj-128038402.html|title=जिले में नगर निकायों की संख्या हो जाएगी 11:कांटी, मोतीपुर और साहेबगंज में अब नगर परिषद, सात नई नगर पंचायत भी बनेगी|work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=22 December 2020|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222215929/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/seven-new-city-panchayats-will-also-be-formed-in-kanti-motipur-and-sahebganj-128038402.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-kanti-city-council-will-be-formed-by-combining-seven-more-villages-3234697.html|title=सात और गांव को मिलाकर बनेगा कांटी नगर परिषद}}</ref> The PIN (Postal Index Number) code of this location is 843109.

== Transportation ==
Kanti is connected by rail and [[Kanti railway station]] is situated on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]. It is 13 km by railway from [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station|Muzaffarpur Junction]] and 4 km from [[Piprahan railway station|Piprahan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanti Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kanti-kti/5066|access-date=2021-09-20|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kanti had a population of 272,858. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kanti has an average literacy rate of 66.68%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 61.01%, and female literacy is 48.27%. In Kanti, 17.54% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirhut Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Muzaffarpur district]]

{{Muzaffarpur-geo-stub}}

Fori Nehru

2025-12-19T16:17:41Z

ArnulfoVos: added new entry needs work

{{Short description|Hungarian-born Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Fori Nehru
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Fori (Shobha) Nehru.png
| alt = 
| caption = Fori Nehru (Lahore, 1935)
| birth_name = Magdolna Friedmann
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|4|5|1908|12|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kasauli]], India
| citizenship = Hungary (former) India<ref>{{cite web |title=This poll will miss Nehru-Gandhi's first 'videshi bahu' vote in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Oct/26/this-poll-will-miss-nehru-gandhis-first-videshi-bahu-vote-in-himachal-pradesh-1683639.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 October 2017 }}</ref>
| other_names = Auntie Fori, Mrs. B.K. Nehru, Shobha Nehru
| education = [[London School of Economics]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Social work Founder [[Refugee Handicrafts]]
| notable_works = 
| boards = [[Delhi Emergency Committee]] (1947) [[All India Handicrafts Board]]
| spouse = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]]
| partner = 
| children = 3
| parents = 
| mother = Regina, née Hirshfeld
| father = Armin Friedmann
| family = See [[Nehru-Gandhi family|Nehru family]]
}}
'''Shobha Nehru''', commonly known as '''Fori Nehru''' and '''Auntie Fori''' (born '''Magdolna Friedmann'''; 5 December 1908 – 25 April 2017), was a Hungarian-born Indian [[social work]]er and the wife of the Indian civil servant [[Braj Kumar Nehru]] of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]].

In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], Nehru was the only female member on the [[Delhi Emergency Committee|Emergency Committee]], to assist in the protection and transport of Muslims in Delhi who had sought refuge in the camps at [[Purana Qila]] and [[Humayun's Tomb]]. She co-founded an employment campaign to sell stitched and embroidered works made by refugee women. Later she became a member of the [[All India Handicrafts Board]] and for several years worked voluntarily at the Central Cottage Industries Emporium in Delhi, promoting crafts made in India.

Nehru accompanied her husband on his travels during his civil service career and between 1958 and 1968, she was present with him when he was appointed [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|India's ambassador to the United States]], was in London when he became [[high commissioner]] there, and is mentioned in several memoirs as a hostess. When her husband was appointed governor of Assam in the late 1960s, she contributed to the supervision of refugees in [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bengal during the 1971 war]]. In 1976, she was one of a very few close to the then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]], that confronted her about the forces used during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]]. Nehru was noted to speak a high standard of Hindi and for always wearing a saree. In 1989, she moved to Kasauli with her husband, where they lived their remaining lives.

In 1998, after asking her son's university friend and [[Winston Churchill]]'s official biographer, [[Martin Gilbert|Sir Martin Gilbert]], to recommend a book about the [[history of the Jews]], he responded by writing Nehru a letter every week for 140 weeks, each addressed "Dear Auntie Fori". The letters were published in a collection titled ''[[Letters to Auntie Fori]]'' (2002), in which he traced 5,000 years of [[Jewish history]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:Balaton Hungary Landscape.jpg|thumb|right|Lake Balaton, where Fori Nehru's family had a house]]
Fori Nehru, sometimes spelled Fory,<ref name=Letters>{{cite book |title=Two Alone, Two Together: Letters Between Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru 1922–1964 |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303245-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwB7ebB8TK8C&pg=PR8 |language=en |chapter=Nehru Family Tree|pages=xxiv-xxv}}</ref><ref name="Sahgal2010">{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-670-08357-2 |pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KycnN-MlfY4C&q=fory&pg=PP9 |language=en}}</ref> and also known as Auntie Fori, was born Magdolna Friedmann on 5 December 1908 in [[Budapest]], then part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref name="Gilb2002.Ep">{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0aDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR72 |title=The Story of the Jewish People: Letters to Auntie Fori |date=2002 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=0-75381-693-8 |location=London |pages=367–380 |language=en |chapter=Epilogue}}</ref><ref name="Barry2017">{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |title=Shobha Nehru Dies at 108; Escaped Holocaust and Married Into Indian Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/world/asia/shobha-nehru-death.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303115257/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/28/world/asia/shobha-nehru-death.html|archive-date=3 March 2022|work=The New York Times |date=29 April 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Her father, Armin Friedmann, had a seat somewhere between row three and five at the [[Dohány Street Synagogue]] and her mother Regina, née Hirshfeld, was a member of the notable wealthy [[Bettelheim|Bettelheim family]], who made toys and earned the right to use the prefix ''[[von]]''.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> Her father also owned a house on [[Lake Balaton]].<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> As a child, she was affectionately known as "Dundi", meaning a little fat girl, according to Nehru.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> The [[History of the Jews in Hungary#Interwar (1918–1939)|treatment of Jews in Hungary]] at the time, led to the family changing their name to Forbath, which in turn led to the nickname of 'Fori' at school.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> After laws changed requiring a change back to Friedman, she remained 'Fori' to those around her.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> She was still a young school girl when the [[October Revolution|Red Revolution]] broke out in Hungary in 1919, following which she recalled that her father was on a committee, guarded the streets and regularly travelled to villages.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> At the time, one of her troubling memories was of seeing people hanged from trees.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/>

In 1928 at the age of 20, she was refused a place at [[Budapest University]] due to the [[Jewish quota]] which restricted the number of Jews who could enrol, so her parents sent her to study at first in France and then at the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Barry2017"/><ref name="Bhatt2017">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=The Jewish bahu of Anand Bhavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-jewish-bahu-of-anand-bhavan/article18209963.ece |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301072158/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-jewish-bahu-of-anand-bhavan/article18209963.ece|archive-date=1 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 1930 in the LSE history library she met and fell in love with [[Braj Kumar Nehru|B. K. Nehru]], a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] of the [[Nehru-Gandhi family|Nehru family]], who was studying for the [[Indian Civil Service]] exams.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/><ref name=Nehru2012p.117>Nehru, B.K. ''Nice guys finish second: memoirs ''. pp.117–128</ref>{{efn|B.K. Nehru (B.K.) was first-cousin-once-removed of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He is sometimes referred to as Jawaharlal's nephew.<ref name=Letters/>}}

==Early years in India==
In 1932, the parents of both B. K. Nehru and Fori met in Budapest.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/>{{efn|His parents were [[Brijlal Nehru]] and [[Rameshwari Nehru]].<ref name=Letters/>}} Two years later, in January 1934, she travelled to India for a trial period with the Nehru family.<ref name="Barry2017"/><ref name="Viswanath2017">{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=Meylekh |title=The Hungarian Jewish girl who became Indian almost-royalty |url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/the-hungarian-jewish-girl-who-became-indian-almost-royalty/ |access-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301071836/https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/the-hungarian-jewish-girl-who-became-indian-almost-royalty/|archive-date=1 March 2022 |work=[[jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com|JewishStandard]] |date=7 December 2017}}</ref> It was agreed that should she not fit in in India, she would be allowed to return to Hungary.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> After taking Hindi lessons from at first B. K. Nehru and then Indologist [[Ervin Baktay]], she arrived in Bombay on the ''[[Italia Marittima|Lloyd Triestino]]'' in February 1934, before taking a train to Lahore.<ref name=Nehru2012p.117/> The year with the Nehru family was a success and according to later recollections "the Nehru family fell in love with her".<ref name="Gilbert2002">{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-0aDAAAQBAJ |title=The Story of the Jewish People: Letters to Auntie Fori |date=2002 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=0-75381-693-8 |location=London |pages=xiii-xvii |language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> In [[Allahabad]] she was welcomed at [[Anand Bhavan]], the family home, by [[Swarup Rani Nehru]], who was by this time quite frail and elderly.<ref name="Kaur2017">{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Charanjeet |title=Homage |url=https://www.sparrowonline.org/downloads/SNL-36-October-2017.pdf |work=Sparrow Newsletter |issue=36 |publisher=Sparrow Sound and Picture &Archives for Research on Women |date=October 2017}}</ref> When she visited [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in prison, he affectionately welcomed her, telling her not to cry at his situation "In this family we keep [[stiff upper lip]]".<ref name="Sahgal2010"/>{{efn|The reply regarding crying came via a letter after the prison visit as confirmed in her recollection years later.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Journey of Thoughts – with Fori Nehru |website = [[YouTube]]| date=March 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxExHVqp2lw |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}} She married B. K. Nehru in [[Lahore]] on 25 January 1935 and was renamed Shobha.<ref name=Nehru2012p.117/><ref name="Gandhi2017">{{cite news |last1=Gandhi |first1=Gopalkrishna |title='Fori', and the unwritten autobiography |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/-fori-and-the-unwritten-autobiography-399817 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302144535/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/-fori-and-the-unwritten-autobiography-399817|archive-date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Under British Imperial law in India, people of different faiths [[Anti-miscegenation laws|were not permitted to marry]]; both would have had to renounce their faith before being allowed to marry. Gandhi intervened in this case.<ref name="Frank2010">{{cite book|author=Frank, Katherine.|title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bt5jZv2DHsC&pg=PA177|year=2010|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-00-638715-2|page=177|author-link=Katherine Frank (biographer)|chapter=9. Not a normal, banal, boring life}}</ref>}} According to her husband, to ensure the marriage was widely known about, photographs of the wedding were featured in several newspapers.<ref name=Nehru2012p.117/>{{efn|According to Braj's autobiography, widespread media coverage of a wedding proved it happened, and avoided later disputes.<ref name=Nehru2012p.117/>}} Subsequently, she was also referred to as Mrs. B. K. Nehru.<ref name=Johnson2007>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Lady Bird |title=A White House Diary |date=2007 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-71749-7 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVMDSiGzCRIC&dq=Mrs+BK+Nehru&pg=PA154 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi2011">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Gopal |title=Of a Certain Age: Twenty Life Sketches |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-670-08502-6 |page=v |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Inp4jPFUHUkC&dq=%22Mrs.+B.+K.+Nehru%22&pg=PR5 |language=en}}</ref> During these years [[Mahatma Gandhi]] inspired her to learn about Indian handicrafts.<ref name="Chauhan">{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Swaraaj |last2=Columnist |first2=International |title=India's Fori Nehru: World's Oldest Jewish Woman Alive – The Moderate Voice |url=https://themoderatevoice.com/indias-fori-nehru-worlds-oldest-jewish-woman-alive/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=1 January 2011}}</ref> She later recalled that when she first came to India, wealthy women wore French [[Chiffon (fabric)|chiffons]], "there was hardly anything made in India. Isn't it strange that at that time no Indian craft was considered beautiful – only things imported from England and Paris".<ref name="Salvi1999">{{cite book |last1=Salvi |first1=Gouri |title=Development Retold: Voices from the Field |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-798-4 |pages=97–107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGYdgQWpzHAC&dq=fori+nehru&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[interwar years]] and subsequent years, Nehru lost many friends in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Mišković2013">{{cite journal |last1=Mišković |first1=Nataša |title=Tito, Nehru Chruščëv und der ungarische Volksaufstand 1956: Blockfreies Krisenmanagment im Kalten Krieg |journal=Südost-Forschungen |date=2013 |volume=72 |pages=190–229 |url=https://edoc.unibas.ch/35641/ |language=German |issn=0081-9077}}</ref> All her immediate family survived.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> Her father survived with the help of his German housekeeper.<ref name="Barry2017"/> Her mother escaped from the Nazis, travelled to India the day before [[World War II]] broke out, and lived with Nehru in India throughout the war.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> One of her maternal uncles emigrated to [[Mandate Palestine|British Mandatory Palestine]], the younger uncle, a philatelist and poet, moved to Tangier, and her younger sister emigrated to Australia.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> Her brother Joseph was an officer in the Hungarian army and survived with the assistance of his unit Captain.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> He later escaped from Hungary by swimming across the Danube to Czechoslovakia.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/>

From her early years in India, Nehru became acquainted with other Hungarian women in India, including the wife of [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Majithia]], [[Marie Antoinette Gottesman|Marie Antoinette]], who she first met when living in [[Simla]] in 1935–36.<ref name=Dalmia2013>{{cite book |last1=Dalmia |first1=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-921-1 |pages=36 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmMctE3wAgIC&pg=PT36 |language=en |chapter=2. The Rebel: Hungarian at heart}}</ref> Later, she would salvage some of the paintings by Antoinette's daughter, [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], who died in 1941; one was a famous self-portrait.<ref name="Dalmia2013"/> She remained friends with Amrita's sister, Indira, and later helped translate several of her Hungarian letters for [[Vivan Sundaram]]'s biography of Amrita.<ref name=Sundaram2010>{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|page=vii|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}</ref> By the time of India's independence, she had lived in several Indian cities including Allahabad, Delhi, [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], [[Ambala]] and Lahore.<ref name=Stanford2013/>

==Early post-independence years==
[[File:The Emergency Committee Conttrol Romm, Delhi, September 1947.jpg|thumb|The Emergency Committee Control Room, Delhi, September 1947]]
[[File:Women refugees at the kingsway camp busy in sewing and knitting, September 1947.jpg|thumb|Women refugees at the [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, sewing and knitting, September 1947]]
In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], she took to social work.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> On 11 September 1947 she was appointed as the only female member to the [[Delhi Emergency Committee|Emergency Committee]] to assist in the protection and transport of Muslims in Delhi who had sought refuge in the camps at [[Purana Qila]] and [[Humayun's Tomb]].<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/><ref name=Sackley2025>{{cite book |last1=Sackley |first1=Nicole |title=The United States and South Asia from the Age of Empire to Decolonization: A History of Entanglements |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-94-006-0442-1 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |pages=235–266 |chapter=10 - The Bankura Horse as Development Object : Women’s Work, Indo-American Exchanges, and the Global Handicraft Trade |doi=10.1017/9789400604421 |editor-last2=Slate |editor-first2=Nico |chapter-url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802204501/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Llyod>{{cite web |title=Archive / Papers / Lloyd-Jones (D.E.) Papers: Box 4 |url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/papers/item/lloyd-jones-d-e-papers-box-4/ |website=Centre of South Asian Studies |publisher=University of cambridge |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Between 90,000 and 100,000 refugees were housed in Purana Qila and 62,000 in Humayun's Tomb in 1947.<ref name="Raj2017">{{cite book |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Mrinalini |title=Building Histories: The Archival and Affective Lives of Five Monuments in Modern Delhi |date=2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-33189-8 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdQZDgAAQBAJ&dq=refugee+camps+delhi+1947+purani+quila+humayan&pg=PA218 |language=en}}</ref>}} When one of the trains that she helped board with families were all dragged off and killed, she couldn't face sending another for several days, she recalled.<ref name="Barry2017"/> Along with [[Kitty Shiva Rao]] and [[Prem Bery]], she began an employment campaign, '[[Refugee Handicrafts]]', for the purpose of supplementing the income of refugee families.<ref name=Nehru2012p.211>Nehru, B.K. ''Nice guys finish second: memoirs ''. p.211</ref><ref name=Kaushik1998>{{Cite book |last=Kaushik |first=Vijay Kumari |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnJ9J9UygR0C&dq=Fory&pg=PA358 |title=Women's Rights and World Development |date=1998 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-015-5 |volume=5 |location=New Delhi |pages=358 |language=en |chapter=11. UNO and Women}}</ref> The three housewives took materials to the refugee women, who used their skills in embroidery, needlework, sewing and cutting.<ref name=Nehru2012p.211/> Patel Brothers in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] lent them one of their counters.<ref name="Nehru2012p.211" /><ref name="Nanda2020">{{cite news |last1=Nanda |first1=Gulshan |title=A Lifelong Tryst With Handicrafts |url=https://thewire.in/culture/a-lifelong-tryst-with-handicrafts |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=The Wire |date=7 August 2020}}</ref> They later moved to a shop on [[Barakhamba#Barakhamba Road|Barakhamba Road]], which continued to operate until 1952, when it moved to [[Janpath]] and merged with the [[Central Cottage Industries Emporium]].<ref name="Dalmia2013"/><ref name=Stanford2013>[https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition/catalog?f%5Blanguage%5D%5B%5D=English&page=3&per_page=10&sort=title_sort+asc%2C+pub_year_isi+desc The 1947 Partition Archive]. Stanford Libraries (24 September 2013)</ref> That year, Nehru became a member of the [[All India Handicrafts Board]] (AIHB) at the request of [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="Salvi1999"/><ref name="Kam">{{cite journal |title=Kamaladevi Ji's vision for Development of Handicrafts and Handlooms through the Co-operative Movement |journal=International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://globalinch.org/article/?starting_with=K |issn=2581-9410}}</ref> Thousands of displaced women in the Delhi camps had contributed to producing the handicrafts, including the one at [[Kingsway Camp|Kingsway]].<ref name="Kam"/><ref name="Singh2010"/> The Indian artist [[Anjolie Ela Menon]] recalled that post independence, Nehru was one of a small group of women "who took it upon themselves to preserve and develop handicrafts and the handloom industry, without any remuneration".<ref name="Dalmia2013"/>

In 1948, she was asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to take care of the foreign diplomats at the funeral of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/> The following year she left Refugee Handcrafts to move to Washington with her husband.<ref name="Salvi1999"/> In the same year, she took her three sons to visit Hungary.<ref name="Barry2017"/> Her son Ashok, recalled her tears ..."She used to go out every day, to meet her friends...many of them had disappeared".<ref name="Barry2017"/> She later said "I have a feeling of guilt," ... "I wasn't there. I was safe. The guilt feeling is still with me. Why should I not have suffered?"<ref name="Barry2017"/>

Nehru visited Delhi in 1952 and was back in the US in 1953, using her time and influence there to promote Indian handicrafts.<ref name="Salvi1999"/> Her samples included art from the Heritage crafts village [[Raghurajpur]].<ref name="Tikkha2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tikkha |first1=Neelam G. |title=36 IT and CSR Activities A New Milestone (Case studies) |journal=Global Journal of Enterprise Information System |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |url=https://www.gjeis.com/index.php/GJEIS/article/view/506/477 |language=en |issn=0975-1432}}</ref> The founders of [[Fabindia]], became interested after seeing some samples of the Indian work when Nehru met one of them in 1953, but any further progression in promoting them was hampered by the 90% import duty on embroidered crafts at the time in the US.<ref name="Singh2010">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Radhika |title=The Fabric of Our Lives: The Story of Fabindia |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-670-08434-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug118gkYq7gC&dq=fori+nehru+cottage+industry&pg=PA9 |language=en |chapter=1. A Biography of the Beginning, 1890-1960}}</ref> In 1954, she returned to India, where she remained until 1958.<ref name="Salvi1999"/> During this time she worked as a volunteer at the Emporium.<ref name="Salvi1999"/> In 1958 she resigned from the AIHB as her husband was posted to Washington as India's Ambassador, upon which she was appointed chairman of the Cottage Industries Export Committee of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India.<ref name="Chauhan"/><ref name="Salvi1999"/> She subsequently persuaded [[Lord & Taylor]], [[Macy's]] and [[Neiman Marcus]] to take interest in India's cottage industries.<ref name="Salvi1999"/>

==Wife of an Indian official==
Throughout her husband's career, Nehru accompanied him in his posts as governor of several parts of East India including [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]], [[List of governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]] [[List of governors of Manipur|Manipur]], [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]] and [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]].<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> After time in London as high commissioner there, he was appointed governor of [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] and then [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]], and later worked with the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Gilbert2002"/>

An advocate of the [[Calendar-based contraceptive methods|rhythm method]] of contraception, she approached [[Margaret Sanger]] in 1952, to ask for assistance to the [[Family Planning Association of India]].<ref name=Ivry2017>{{cite news |last1=Ivry |first1=Benjamin |title=Shobha Nehru, A Quiet Witness To History, Dies At 108 |url=https://forward.com/culture/370650/shobha-nehru-a-quiet-witness-to-history-dies-at-108/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[The Forward]] |date=2 May 2017}}</ref> On 22 March 1965, after Sanger's death, she addressed an audience of 1,000 at a ceremonial dinner in her honour, describing Sanger as "single-handedly carried the torch of responsible motherhood".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Deb |date=2017-12-07 |title=The Hungarian Jewish girl who became Indian almost-royalty |url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/the-hungarian-jewish-girl-who-became-indian-almost-royalty/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Jewish Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chesler2007">{{cite book |last1=Chesler |first1=Ellen |title=Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America |date=2007 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5369-4 |page=464 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNkTEWUQXIcC&dq=%22Mrs+B.K.+Nehru%22&pg=PA464 |language=en}}</ref>

Between 1958 and 1968, as the wife of [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|India's ambassador to the US]], Nehru would act as hostess.<ref name="Schlesinger2012">{{cite book |last1=Schlesinger |first1=Marian Cannon |title=I Remember: A Life of Politics, Painting and People |date=2012 |publisher=TidePool Press, LLC |isbn=978-0-9755557-8-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DloCEi-LgIC&dq=%22fori+nehru%22&pg=PA148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Copley |first=Antony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghd0CwAAQBAJ&dq=Fori+Nehru&pg=PA206 |title=A Memoir: Historian and Homosexual: Search for a Post-War Identity |date=2016-01-26 |publisher=Fast-Print Publishing |isbn=978-1-78456-297-7 |language=en}}</ref> In one memoir, [[Marian Cannon Schlesinger]] called her more Indian than the Indians.<ref name="Schlesinger2012"/><ref name="Carb2017">{{cite news |last1=Carbonara |first1=Julie |title=Shobha Magdolna Friedmann Nehru |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news/shobha-magdolna-friedmann-nehru-1.445838 |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |date=10 October 2017}}</ref> She was noted to speak a high standard of Hindi and for always wearing a saree.<ref name="Viswanath2017"/><ref name="Carb2017"/> [[Lady Bird Johnson]] noted in her diaries that when she accompanied President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], Nehru and her husband to a memorial for Jawaharlal Nehru at the [[Washington National Cathedral]] in the summer of 1964, she was most moved by the grief expressed by Nehru, "not Indian at all, Hungarian".<ref name=Johnson2007/> In 1966, she hosted a dinner "that would break the ice" between then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, and US President Johnson.<ref name="Bhatt2017"/>

When her husband was posted as governor of Assam, she contributed to assisting with the supervision of refugees in [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bengal during the 1971 war]].<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/><ref name="Bhatt2017"/> In his autobiography, [[Jayanta Bagchi]], who was awarded the [[Padma Sri]] for his services in the relief effort of Bengali refugees said that Nehru "helped me a lot in relief matters and also civil defence matters and whenever I had a problem, I went to her".<ref name="Bagchi2005">{{cite book |last1=Bagchi |first1=Jayanta |title=Sparkling Moments (An Autobiography) |date=2005 |publisher=I. K. International Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-88237-25-8 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X9IaovRV4UC&dq=Mrs.+B.K.+nehru&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref> According to him, the story of the efforts in the relief operations is incomplete without mentioning her.<ref name="Bagchi2005"/> When in Kashmir, she led the province's family planning association and in setting up schools for Buddhist children.<ref name=Gilb2002.Ep/>

<gallery widths="250px" heights="200px">
File:Dinner in Honor of President John F. Kennedy Given by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1).jpg|Dinner in Honor of President John F. Kennedy given by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Fori Nehru (first left) (1961)
File:Group Greets First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy upon her Return from India.jpg|Nehru greeting Jaqueline Kennedy upon her return from [[Jaqueline Kennedy’s 1962 goodwill tour of India|goodwill tour of India]] (1962)
File:Guests of a State Dinner for President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan of India.jpg|Guests of a State Dinner for [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. Fori Nehru (middle of second row) (1963)
File:Visits from Ambassador Nehru of India and Senator Gore (7365767876).jpg|Visits from Ambassador Nehru of India and Senator Gore. Fori Nehru (third from left) (1963)
File:President John F. Kennedy and President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan of India Depart White House.jpg|President John F. Kennedy and President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Fori Nehru in blue saree (1963)
</gallery>

==Later life==
Fori Nehru began practicing [[Hinduism]] after marriage; her son Ashok recalls her as "perhaps the only practicing Hindu" in the family. She did pilgrimage to [[Tirumala]] four times and had a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' shrine with images of [[Ganesha]] and [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] at her home in Kasauli.<ref name=":0" />

In 1976, Nehru was one of a very few close to India's Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] that confronted her about the forces used during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].<ref name="Stein2008">{{cite book |last1=Steinberg |first1=Blema S. |title=Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher |date=2008 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Canada |isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1 |page=40 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UGZsfnOqfAC&dq=fory+nehru1976&pg=PA40 |language=en |chapter=1. Indira Gandhi: From Prime Minister's Daughter to Prime Minister}}</ref> The story of how she presented Gandhi with a list of names of men who had been forcibly sterilised is told in Nehru's husband's memoirs.<ref name="Barry2017"/>

In 1989, Nehru and her husband moved to Kasauli, where he died in 2002.<ref name="Dalmia2013"/>

==''Letters to Auntie Fori'' (2002)==
{{Main|Letters to Auntie Fori}}
In 1958 Nehru met [[Martin Gilbert]], a friend of her son Ashok from university days and later historian and official biographer of [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> When he arrived at the Nehru home that year he was unwell, and he later recounted that she successfully nursed him to recovery with rice and yoghurt.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> Gilbert visited her in Washington in the 1960s, and later in London when her husband was Indian High Commissioner there.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> They continued to correspond but did not see each other again until 1998.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> He referred to the Nehru's as Auntie Fori and Uncle Birju, and until 1998 had no idea she was from [[history of the Jews in Hungary|Budapest's Jewish community]].<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> She asked him to recommend a book about the history of Jews.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/><ref name="Alderman2012">{{cite news |last1=Alderman |first1=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Alderman|title=Review: Letters to Auntie Fori by Martin Gilbert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/27/historybooks.highereducation |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=26 April 2002 |language=en}}</ref> In response, he wrote her one letter every week for 140 weeks, each addressed "Dear Auntie Fori", tracing the course of Jewish history over 5,000 years.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/><ref name="Gilbert2020">{{cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Sir Martin's Letters to Auntie Fori |url=https://www.martingilbert.com/blatt/auntie-fori/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124063714/https://www.martingilbert.com/blatt/auntie-fori/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Sir Martin Gilbert}}</ref> The letters were collectively published in a book titled ''[[Letters to Auntie Fori|Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith]]'' (2002).<ref name="Gilbert2002"/><ref name=Gilbert2020/>

==Death and legacy==
Nehru died in [[Kasauli]] on 25 April 2017, at the age of 108.<ref name="Barry2017"/><ref name="Carb2017"/> She is frequently mentioned as a friend in biographies of [[Indira Gandhi]], and in her husband's autobiography, ''[[Nice Guys Finish Second]]'', as "a wife who gives direction and stability".<ref name=Bhattacherjee2017>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=About Fori Nehru: a reclusive icon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/about-fori-nehru-a-reclusive-icon/article18595356.ece |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=29 May 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=Lall1997>{{cite journal |last1=Lall |first1=John |title=Review of NICE GUYS FINISH SECOND |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |date=1997 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=125–128 |jstor=45064433 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45064433 |issn=0971-8052|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gilbert's ''Letters to Auntie Fori'' (2002) are dedicated to her.<ref name="Gilbert2002"/> Mahatma Gandhi's grandson, [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], dedicates his book on 20 key figures throughout the Gandhi-Nehru years, ''Of a Certain Age: Twenty life sketches'' (2011) to Nehru; she likely knew many of them he explains.<ref name="Gandhi2011"/> She was listed in [[John Kenneth Galbraith]]'s dedications in his 1983 book ''The voice of the poor''.<ref name=Ivry2017/><ref name="Galbraith1983">{{cite book |last1=Galbraith |first1=John Kenneth |title=The Voice of the Poor: Essays in Economic and Political Persuasion |date=1983 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-94296-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qys-W5g8uYC |language=en}}</ref>

Some of Nehru's experiences and contributions to the lives of those displaced in the Delhi camps after partition are included in ''Development Retold: Voices from the field '' (1999).<ref name=Venugopal>{{cite journal |last1=Venugopal |first1=P |title=Book Review: Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management in Transition |journal=Management and Labour Studies |date=April 2000 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1177/0258042x0002500213 |s2cid=167872959 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0258042X0002500213?journalCode=mlsa |issn=0258-042X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her oral history (2013) of partition is held in the 1947 Partition Archives at [[Stanford University Libraries|Stanford Libraries]].<ref name=Stanford2013/>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=B. K |title=Nice guys finish second: memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341782-8 |location=New Delhi |language=English |oclc=1117765699}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|IxExHVqp2lw|Interview with Fori Nehru (2013)}}
*{{cite web |title=Letters To Auntie Fori: The Story Of The Jewish People – Book written by Sir Martin Gilbert |url=https://www.martingilbert.com/book/letters-to-auntie-fori-the-story-of-the-jewish-people/ |website=Sir Martin Gilbert}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Fori}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:People from Budapest]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Social workers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:1947 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Handloom industry in India]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Hungarian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Judaism]]

M. Jayashree

2025-12-18T06:42:29Z

ArnulfoVos: minor update references after review and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|B. Jayashree|B. Jaya (actress)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N Jayashree
| image = M. Jayashree in Mutthaide Bhagya.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Jayashree in ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]'' (1956)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1921
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore state]], [[British India]] (in present-day [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|29|1921|df=y}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| years_active = 1948–1996
| height =
}}
'''M. Jayashree''' (1921 – 2006), was an Indian actress who worked mainly in [[Kannada]] films. She is known for her supporting roles in such movies including [[Rayara Sose]] (1957), [[Naagarahaavu]] (1972), [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]] and [[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

She was fondly referred to as 'Amma of Silvar screen'. She received [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the movie ''Amara Bharathi'' in 1970.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Career ==
Jayashree was brought to Pakshiraj Studio of Tamil Nadu by Devi, the sister of the studio owner who allowed her to cast in Tamil film ''Vazhivil Thirunal''. Offers were poured in for Jayashree in Tamil movies.<ref name="M.Jayashree"/> This was noticed by Kannada film maker [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]] and he made her to debut in Kannada films with the 1948 movie [[Bhakta Kumbara (film)|Bhakta Kumbara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhakta-Kumbara-1949/9219800742|title=Bhakta Kumbara|accessdate=21 September 2020|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209214323/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhakta-Kumbara-1949/9219800742|archivedate=9 February 2015}}</ref>

Her next project in Kannada as heroine was [[Nagakannika]] in 1949, a blockbuster movie directed by G. Vishwanath.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sepia stories at 60 |url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031601760100.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509033718/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031601760100.htm |url-status= dead |author=B V Shiva Shankar|date= 16 March 2007 |work= [[The Hindu]] |archivedate= 9 May 2013}}</ref> This film considered to be the first Kannada movie based on a folk tale.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} She played the title role in her next movie ''Thilotthame'' in 1951. Gradually she got shifted to supporting roles playing mother, mother-in-law, aunt for stalwarts like [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Gangadhar]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and many. In her five decades acting career, Jayashree starred more than 450 films.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Last days and death ==
Jayashree did only two movies in the 1990s. Her last released movie was ''Savira Mettilu'', an unfinished film of Puttanna Kanagal and finished by [[K. S. L. Swamy]].

Jayashree spent last years of her life in ''Sri Vasavi Shantidhama'', an old age home in Mysore. She died of heart attack early morning on 29 October 2006.<ref name="M.Jayashree">{{ cite news | url= http://kannada.thenewsism.com/m-jayashri/ |title=ಬೆಳ್ಳಿತೆರೆಯ ಅಜರಾಮರ ಅಭಿನೇತ್ರಿ ಎಂ. ಜಯಶ್ರೀ | language=Kannada |trans-title=Immortal actress of silver screen M. Jayashree |website=The Newsism.com | date= 12 July 2017 | accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 1970-71 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the film ''‛Amara Bharathi’''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Selected filmography ==
{{incomplete list|date=November 2020}}

===Kannada===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Bhakta Kumbara (film)|Bhakta Kumbara]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Nagakannika]]'' (1949)
* ''Thilotthame'' (1951)...Thilotthame
* ''[[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (1951)
* ''Mangala Gowri'' (1953)
* ''Natashekhara'' (1954)
* ''[[Sodari]]'' (1955)...Chanchaladevi
* ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1956 film)|Muttaide Bhagya]]'' (1956)...Gowri
* ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' (1957)...Gowri
* ''[[Sati Nalaayini]]'' (1957)...[[Parvati]]
* ''[[Bettada Kalla]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Rani Honnamma]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Rathna Manjari]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Swarna Gowri]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Mahathma Kabir]]'' (1962)...Neema
* ''[[Jenu Goodu]]'' (1963)...Sharada
* ''[[Mana Mecchida Madadi]]'' (1963)...Girija
* ''[[Naandi (film)|Naandi]]'' (1964)...Savitri
* ''[[Chandavalliya Thota]]'' (1964)...Puttathayi
* ''[[Kalaavati]]'' (1964)...Puttamma
* ''[[Thumbida Koda]]'' (1964)...Jaya
* ''[[Ide Mahasudina]]'' (1965)...Poornima
* ''[[Miss Leelavathi]]'' (1965)...Ganga
* ''[[Madhumalathi]]'' (1966)...Gajalakshmi
* ''[[Lagna Pathrike]]'' (1967)...Savitri
* ''[[Bhagyada Bagilu]]'' (1968)...Kamala
* ''[[Hannele Chiguridaga]]'' (1968)...Raji
* ''[[Uyyale]]'' (1969)...Krishna's mother
* ''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' (1969)...Kamala
* ''[[Margadarshi]]'' (1969)...Raji
* ''[[Bhale Raja]]'' (1969)... Parvattamma
* ''[[Hasiru Thorana]]'' (1970)...Jayashree
* ''[[Devara Makkalu]]'' (1970)...Rukmini
* ''Lakshmi Saraswathi'' (1970)...Lalitha
* ''[[Sakshatkara]]'' (1971)...Maniyamma
* ''[[Baala Bandhana]]'' (1971)...Parvati
* ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972)...Sonabai
* ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' (1972)...Ramu
* ''[[Devaru Kotta Thangi (1973 film)|Devaru Kotta Thangi]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Kesarina Kamala]]'' (1973)...Parvati
* ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' (1974)...Gowri's mother
* ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Bayalu Daari]]'' (1976)...Anusuya
* ''Baduku Bangaravayithu'' (1976)...Ganga
* ''[[Sose Tanda Soubhagya]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Paduvaaralli Pandavaru]]'' (1978)...Lakshmi
* ''[[Haddina Kannu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Moogana Sedu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'' (1982)
* ''Premave Balina Belaku'' (1983)...Susheela
* ''[[Nanna Prathigne]]'' (1985)...Seethamma
* ''[[Aruna Raaga]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Karna (1986 film)|Karna]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Aaganthuka]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Ee Bandha Anubandha]]'' (1987)...Vijay's aunt
* ''[[Nammoora Hammera]]'' (1990)
{{div col end}}

===Telugu===
* ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Anthuleni Katha]]'' (1976)

== See also ==
[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6482718}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayashree, M.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]

Warangal Central Jail

2025-11-25T03:40:10Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Correctional facility in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{infobox prison
| prison_name = Warangal Central Jail
| image = Warangal_central_jail.jpg
| caption = Central Prison in Warangal
| location = [[Warangal]], Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.9959|79.5919|region:GB_scale:2500_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| status =
| classification =
| capacity =
| population =
| populationdate =
| opened = 1885
| closed =
| managed_by = Director General & Inspector General of Prisons and Correctional Services, [[government of Telangana]]
| director =
| governor =
| prisoners =
}}

'''Warangal Central Jail''' is a prison in [[Warangal]], Telangana, India. The facility is {{convert|150|km|mi}} from [[Hyderabad]].

== Infrastructure ==
Warangal Central Jail is in an area spread across {{convert|64|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/jun/21/101-acres-allotted-for-new-prison-in-warangal-2319268.html|title=101 acres allotted for new prison in Warangal|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> It employs prisoners in handloom, agricultural, dairy activities etc. Jail is being shifted to adjacent to Mamnoor police battalion with {{convert|100|acre}} allocated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rs-250-crore-allocated-new-warangal-central-jail-old-one-becomes-hospital-150321|title=Rs 250 crore allocated for new Warangal central jail as old one becomes hospital|date=8 June 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/eviction-of-warangal-central-jail-begins/article34697217.ece|title=Eviction of Warangal Central Jail begins|first=N.|last=Rahul|work=The Hindu |date=1 June 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Prison land has been handed over to the Telangana health department to build a [[Warangal Multi Super Speciality Hospital|multi super-specialty hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/prisoners-shifted-135-year-old-telangana-jail-emptied-to-build-hospital-2456549|title=Prisoners Shifted, 135-Year-Old Telangana Jail Being Emptied For Hospital|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/warangal-to-get-33-storied-hospital-to-tower-over-hyd/articleshow/83733350.cms|title=Warangal to get 33-floor hospital, to tower over Hyderabad | Hyderabad News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 June 2021 }}</ref>

== History ==
The Central Prison, Warangal, was established in 1886. The total area of the prison is 54.5 acres [CONVERT], which includes the closed prison area, quarters, and open area around the prison. The prison has a central tower with octagonal architecture. Many political prisoners were confined in this prison during the emergency, and the majority of Maoist (Naxal) prisoners and their leaders have been confined in this prison since the emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS Prisons Department |url=https://tsprisons.gov.in/cpw.htm |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=tsprisons.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Warangal topics}}

[[Category:Prisons in Telangana]]
[[Category:Warangal]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1880s]]

{{Telangana-stub}}

Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)

2025-11-23T09:57:19Z

ArnulfoVos:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Meghalaya Democratic Alliance
|native_name =
| abbreviation = MDA
| founder =
| colorcode = {{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| president = [[Conrad Sangma]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]])}}
| incumbent =
| formerpm =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| national_convener =
| foundation = 2018
| ideology = [[Big tent]]
| position = [[Center (politics)|Centre]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|2|hex={{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}}}
([[Meghalaya]])
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex={{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}}}
{{small|([[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]-1)}} ([[Meghalaya]])
| state_seats_name = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|51|60|hex={{Party color|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018)}}}}
|eci=}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
'''Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (MDA)''' is a [[States and union territories of India|state-level]] [[alliance]] in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] led by [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-27 |title=Meghalaya bypolls: MDA ties up with NPP, UDP after parties win by-elections, increases tally to 39 seats |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/meghalaya-bypolls-mda-ties-up-with-npp-udp-after-parties-win-by-elections-increases-tally-to-39-seats-5056101.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meghalaya CM Conrad K Sangma wins South-Tura Assembly bypoll |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meghalaya-cm-conrad-k-sangma-wins-south-tura-assembly-bypoll/articleshow/65558338.cms |access-date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-28 |title=Coalition stable, working on delivery mechanism: Meghalaya CM Conrad Sangma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coalition-stable-working-on-delivery-mechanism-meghalaya-cm-conrad-sangma/story-h6B4pfXzrLkJTKVWbd5mKP.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
The Post-Poll Alliance won majority in [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] but did not contest unitedly in [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] as [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] decided to go solo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Meghalaya assembly polls 2023: NPP to go solo, says Conrad Sangma |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2022/08/12/meghalaya-npp-will-contest-alone-in-the-upcoming-state-assembly-election-2023/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> Other parties also declared to contest alone or in small regional alliance in one or more constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themeghalayan.com/hspdp-udp-form-regional-alliance-in-umroi-for-2023-elections/|title=HSPDP, UDP form regional alliance for 2023 elections|date=10 October 2022 }}</ref> Despite this, the MDA formed government with a majority through post poll alliance.

==Members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No
!colspan=2|Party
!Symbol
![[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|MLAs in Meghalaya Assembly]]
|-
|1
| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 33
|-
|2
| {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Drums.png|50px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 12
|-
|3
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
|4
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
|style="text-align: center;" |2
|-

|5
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018-present)}}
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]

Dulam Nageswara Rao

2025-11-10T21:17:10Z

ArnulfoVos: added some bio v1!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dulam Nageswara Rao
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
| successor = [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
| constituency = [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1959
| birth_place = [[Kaikalur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| spouse = Veera Kumari
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}
'''Dulam Nageswara Rao''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket from [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur Constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Krishna district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaikalur Constituency Election Results 2019: Kaikalur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kaikalur |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaikalur Assembly Election 2024: Kaikalur Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kaikalur-constituency-result-1073 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is re-nominated by YSRCP to contest from the Kaikalur seat in the 2024 Assembly Election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=2024-02-09 |title=BJP may seek Kaikaluru if it joins TDP-JSP poll alliance |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/bjp-may-seek-kaikaluru-if-it-joins-tdp-jsp-poll-alliance-857446 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=2024-03-18 |title=YSRCP fields 10 sitting MLAs from erstwhile Krishna dist |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/ysrcp-fields-10-sitting-mlas-from-erstwhile-krishna-dist-865694 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> On 22 April 2024, he filed his nomination papers for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]].

== Early life and education ==
He hails from Kaikalur, Krishna district. His father is Veeranna. He married Veera Kumari. He completed his 7th Class from Zilla Parishad Oriental High School, Kaikalur in 1969. He is a businessman and belongs to [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-30 |title=Dulam Nageswara Rao {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Kaikalur {{!}} Krishna {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/dulam-nageswara-rao/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulam Nageswara Rao(YSRCP):Constituency- KAIKALUR(KRISHNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6748 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]]. Later, he joined YSRCP and won the Kaikalur seat in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Jayamangala Venkata Ramana of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 9,357 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2023-02-17 |title=TDP former MLA Jayamangala Venkataramana joins YSR Congress Party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-former-mla-jayamangala-venkataramana-joins-ysr-congress-party/article66516781.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rao polled 82,128 votes against 72,771 votes polled by Venkata Ramana, who later joined YSRCP in February 2023 in the presence of Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2023-02-17 |title=Former TD MLA joins YSRC in Jaganâ€™s presence |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/160223/former-td-mla-joins-ysrc-in-jagans-presence.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-17 |title=Former TDP MLA Venkata Ramana joins YSR Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/former-tdp-mla-venkata-ramana-joins-ysr-congress/articleshow/97997773.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Along with his wife, Veera Kumari, Rao has taken up door-to-door campaigning in the district which has a huge population from Dalit and BC communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=2024-01-18 |title=Dalit, BC voters play decisive role in Kaikaluru |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/dalit-bc-voters-play-decisive-role-in-kaikaluru-852099 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The Constituency is now part of the new [[Eluru district]] and comes under the [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dulam, Nageswara Rao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Kadampuzha Devi Temple

2025-11-05T16:34:15Z

ArnulfoVos: updated page

{{original research|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kadampuzha Devi Temple
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Devi Temple, [[Kadampuzha]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.943935|N|76.043513|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| location = [[Kadampuzha]]
| elevation_m = 130.7
| deity = Goddess [[Parvati]]/[[Durga]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website = https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.com/
| festival = Laksharchana
| image = KadampuzhaTempleFrontGate.jpg
}}
[[File:Kadampuzha Temple Down Stair.jpg|thumb|Kadampuzha Temple]]

'''Kadampuzha Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] and pilgrimage center at [[Kadampuzha]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadampuzha Devi Temple, Kerala - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/kadampuzha-devi-temple-kerala/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad |language=en-US}}</ref> The main deity of this temple is Goddess [[Parvati]]/[[Durga]] in the form of a huntress. There is no idol of Goddess in this temple, and she is worshipped in a pit. The presence of Lord [[Ganesha]] is also believed to be with the Goddess, and there are sub-shrines for Lord [[Sastha]] and serpent deities. A separate [[Shiva]] temple exists near the temple, called 'Madambiyarkavu'. Both these temples are under the control of [[Malabar Devaswom Board]].

== Offerings ==
The importance of performing Vazhivadus in this temple is that the devotees are facilitated to witness the Vazhivadu performance by posing at the door step of the Sreekovil which is closer to the idol as there is no Sopanam in front of the Sreekovil.

The most important Vazhivadus here are the Poomoodal and Muttarukkal. Devotees can book the offering through the official online [https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.in/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818171550/https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.in/ |date=18 August 2022 }} : https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818171550/https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.in/ |date=18 August 2022 }}

Various other Vazhivadus can also be performed, the details of which are provided elsewhere.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Pooja Name
|-
| Muttarukkal
|-
| Thrikalapooja
|-
| Rekthapushpanjali
|-
| Dehapushpanjali
|-
| Maala
|-
| Neyvilakku
|-
| GanapathiHomam
|-
| Kedavilakku
|-
| Pattucharthal
|-
| Elluthiri
|-
|}

== Timings ==

* Darsana timings will be : 04.30 AM to 12.00 Noon. >> 03.30 PM to 07.00 PM
* Vazhipadu Counters Timings : 05.00 AM to 11.00 AM. >> 03.30 PM to 05.00 PM

== Festivals ==
'''Thanthrik Festivals (Poushtika Karmas)'''

'''Rigveda Laksharchana'''

In the month of Dhanu, Rigveda Laksharchana, under the auspices of thanthri and attended by great vedic scholars, is performed for 8 days. The Rigveda Archana commences in the early hours every day and Abhisheka will be performed in the evening.

Cultural programs will be held during the first 7 days staging temple arts and art forms, well attended by large audiences and many dignitaries.

'''Dravya Kalasam'''

Dravya Kalasam in the month of Thulam is conducted with its thanthrik and ritualistic varieties for 8 days under the auspices of Temple Thanthri. The Dravya Kalasam will commence with Aacharyavaranam, Mulayidal, Praasdasudhi, Rakshoknahoma, Asthrakalasa, Vaasthukalasa, Dhara, Sudhi, Homas, Thatwahoma, and finally concludes with Brahmakalasa Abhisekha accompanied by Valiyapani and Melavadhyams etc.

'''Murajapam:'''There will be one day’s special thanthri pooja every month followed with Murajapa by great vedic scholars.

== See also ==
* [[:ml:കാടാമ്പുഴ ഭഗവതിക്ഷേത്രം|Kadampuzha Temple Malayalam Wiki]]
* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Vairankode Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Vairankode Vela]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kadampuzha Devi Temple}}
other Vazhivadus can also be performed, the details of which are provided elsewhere.
* [https://www.kadampuzhadevaswom.com/origin Official Website Of Kadampuzha Devi Temple]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

Daab chingri

2025-11-02T15:44:07Z

ArnulfoVos: added the article basic info!

{{Short description|Bengali prawn curry}}
{{Infobox food
|name=Daab Chingri
|image=Daab Chingri.jpg
|image_size=290px
|alternate_name= Prawn malai curry
|country= [[Bengal]] (India and Bangladesh)
|type= [[Curry]]
|course=[[Main course]]
|served=Hot
|main_ingredient=[[Prawn]]s and [[coconut]]
|variations=
|calories=
|other=
}}
'''Daab chingri''', also known as '''chingri daab''', is a [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] [[prawn]] curry, cooked and served in a [[Coconut|green coconut]] shell.<ref>{{cite book|title=Festival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxNuAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Statesman Limited|page=286}}</ref><ref name="BoldSky">{{cite web|title=Daab Chingri: Bengali|url=http://www.boldsky.com/cookery/non-vegetarian/sea-food/daab-chingri-bengali-recipe-270212.html|publisher=BoldSky|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Have you tried daab chingri in Navi Mumbai?">{{cite news |last=Shinde |first=Srishti Ghosh |date=29 April 2014 |title=Have you tried daab chingri in Navi Mumbai?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Have-you-tried-daab-chingri-in-Navi-Mumbai/articleshow/34037186.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>

== Ingredients ==
The interior ingredients are large prawns, butter or [[ghee]] or mustard oil, onions, [[turmeric]] powder, chopped green chilli, garlic paste and [[ginger]] paste. On top are various spices. The curry is cooked and served in a green coconut shell.<ref name="BoldSky" /><ref name="oneindia" />

== Popularity ==
Daab chingri is a popular Bengali dish.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web |script-title=bn:সাদা ভাত আর ডাব চিংড়ি, ব্যস কেল্লাফতে! |url=http://bengali.oneindia.com/cookery/daab-chingri-bengali-recipe-002630.html |language=bn |accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> It is often cooked during [[Pohela Boishakh]], [[Raksha Bandhan]] and other events.<ref name="Poila palate">{{cite news |title=Poila palate |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050415/asp/calcutta/story_4592240.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519154050/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050415/asp/calcutta/story_4592240.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 19, 2006 |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> It is served at restaurants in [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]] among others.<ref name="Have you tried daab chingri in Navi Mumbai?" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali curries]]
[[Category:Indian seafood dishes]]

Vaishali (restaurant)

2025-10-18T02:09:54Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| name = Vaishali
| image = Vaishali Restaurant, FC Road.JPG
| image_caption =
| slogan =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| established = 1954
| head_chef =
| food_type = Vegetarian
| dress_code =
| rating =
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| seating_capacity = 240
| reservations =
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
| other_information =
| website = www.vaishalihotel.in
}}
'''Vaishali''' is a restaurant popular in Pune for [[South Indian]] food. Everyday more than 500 people daily visit this place . Since many year three youngsters visited this place by making lots of memories. The three youngsters were Abhinay, Kunal, and Narendra<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYzoCAAAQBAJ|title=Ordinarily Extraordinary|last=Raghuraman|first=N.|date=2014-04-17|publisher=Prabhat Books|isbn=9789350487532|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nighot">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kX9LCAAAQBAJ|title=U n Me . . . . . . It's Complicated!!!|last=Nighot|first=Aditya|date=2015-04-13|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482846423|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Deccan-Gymkhana-Theres-a-lot-in-a-name/articleshow/11007368.cms?referral=PM|title=Deccan Gymkhana: There's a lot in a name - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref> It is located on Ferguson College Road.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-vaishali-owner-gets-a-memorable-treat-1901856|title=Vaishali owner gets a memorable treat|website=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It was established in 1954 by Jagannath B Shetty, as Madras Cafe<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punecity.life/vaishali/|title=Vaishali - Pune City Life|website=Pune City Life|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-02}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== In popular culture ==
Vaishali was mentioned in ''U n Me . . . . . . It's Complicated!!!'' a novel by Aditya Nighot.<ref name="Nighot"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Restaurants in Pune]]
[[Category:Culture of Pune]]

Satgachhia

2025-09-23T06:09:52Z

ArnulfoVos: Put up a details!

{{for|the Legislative Assembly constituency|Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satgachhia
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4056|N|88.1816|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Budge Budge II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.86
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 2129
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743318
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Satgachhia''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Nodakhali]] police station in the [[Budge Budge II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Satgachhia is located at {{coord|22.4056|N|88.1816|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Satgachhia had a total population of 2,129.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 30 October 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Satgachhia to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Budge Budge railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Bakrahat]], is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =8 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

{{South24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Kanakakkunnu Palace

2025-08-05T10:00:45Z

ArnulfoVos: quick corrected lead after review additionally and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Historical building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg|thumb|The Kanakakkunnu palace in Trivandrum]]
[[File:Kanakakkunnu_Palace_Thiruvananthapuram_Kerala_DSC00225.JPG|right|thumb|Kanakakkunnu Palace View]]
[[File:Kanakakkunnu_Palace_Thiruvananthapuram_Kerala_DSC00228.JPG|right|thumb|Kanakakkunnu Palace Other Side]]
[[File:Kanakakkunnu Palace DSW.jpg|350px|thumb|A full view of Kanakakkunnu Palace at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]

{{Coord|8.510663|N|76.958123|E|display=title}}
'''Kanakakkunnu Palace''' is situated in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] near the [[Napier museum]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivandrumonline.com/travelinformation/kanakakunnupalace.htm |title=Trivandrum - Tourist Places - Kanakakunnu Palace |publisher=Trivandrumonline.com |access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> It served as an [[official residence]] for [[Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer]] during his dewanship, in addition to [[Bhakti Vilas]] and Padma Vilas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Niranjana M. |date=2022-06-17 |title=A guest house for the English elite |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/Jun/17/a-guest-house-for-the-english-elite-2466821.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

It is India's first digital garden, created by Akhilesh S. V. Nair and A. Gangaprasad, [[University of Kerala]], Department of Botany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/|title=Asia's Premier News Agency - India News, Business & Political, National & International, Bollywood, Sports | ANI News|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730135357/https://www.aninews.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/botany-student-modifies-palace-into-indiarsquos-first-digital-garden.html |title=Botany student modifies palace into India’s first digital garden |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816162610/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/botany-student-modifies-palace-into-indiarsquos-first-digital-garden.html |archive-date=2018-08-16}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-student-modifies-palace-into-india-s-first-digital-garden-scan-qr-code-to-get-info-on-tree-348557.html|title=Kerala Student Modifies Palace Into India's First Digital Garden; Scan QR Code To Get Tree Info|date=2 July 2018|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jun/04/kanakakkunnu-palace-flora-goes-digital-1823679.html|title=Kanakakkunnu Palace flora goes digital: Scan QR code to know tree info|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Today the palace and its sprawling grounds are the venue for many cultural meetings and programmes. An all India Dance Festival (October - March) is organised by the Department of Tourism every year. During this period the [[classical Indian Dance]] performances are conducted every day.

==History==
It is said to be built by Sree Moolam Thirunal. In the past It has been later used by the Travancore royal family to entertain its guests and serve non-vegetarian food as the royal family was vegetarian. It is now protected by the [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] the palace plays host to a lot of cultural meets and programs. The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) has listed this place as a heritage monument. Two Malayalam movies, [[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]] and it's sequel [[L2 Empuraan]], both which were written by [[Murali Gopy]], directed by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead titular role were shot here.

==Details==
Located about 800 meters north east of the Napier Museum in the heart of Thiruvananthapuram city, Kanakakunnu Palace is one of the last architectural vestiges of the colonial era. Built during the reign of Travancore king [[Moolam Thirunal|Sree Moolam Thirunal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.com/|title=Kerala, Kerala Tourism, Kerala News, Kerala Hotels, Events in Kerala, Kerala Real Estate, Official Website for Kerala|website=www.kerala.com}}</ref> (1885−1924) with the help of [[Viswabrahmin|Vishwakarmas]], the palace served as the main venue for royal banquets. Later Chithira Thirunal, one of Travancore’s popular rulers, refurbished the palace and constructed tennis courts in the premises. He also did use it for a few years as a summer retreat.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Now under the Kerala government’s wing, the palace complex walls-in the Nishagandhi open-air auditorium and Sooryakanthi auditorium. The auditoriums are the venues for various cultural meets and programs. The All India Dance Festival aka Nishagandhi festival is hosted annually by the Department of Tourism at the Nishagandhi open-air auditorium. Indian classical dance exponents from across the country come down to participate in the festival.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Prominent events==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Event !! Periodicity !! Notes
|-
| All India Dance Festival aka Nishagandhi festival || Annual ||
|-
| [[Mathrubhumi International Festival of Letters]] || Annual || Literature Festival
|}

==References==
{{commons category|Kanakakunnu Palace}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Palaces in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Nagaland Lok Adalat

2025-07-21T16:07:42Z

ArnulfoVos: made some pg initial version!

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Nagaland Lok Adalat, Nagaland State Legal Services Authority, Old Secretariat Complex, KOHIMA - 797001.<ref name="nla ref1">{{cite web |title=National Legal Services Authority! |url=https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/NL |website=nalsa.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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'''Nagaland Lok Adalat''' or Nagaland State Legal Services Authority(People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Nagaland]].The Nagaland Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-12-28|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Nagaland Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Nagaland Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Hon'ble Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia, Chief Justice, Gauhati High Court, is current Patron-in-Chief of Nagaland State Legal Services Authority.

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="nla ref9">{{cite news |last1=Ambrocia |first1=Medolenuo |title=Nagaland: National Lok Adalat settles 110 cases |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/nagaland/2021/04/11/nagaland-national-lok-adalat-settles-110-cases/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=EastMojo |date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.<ref name="nla ref2">{{cite news |last1=Gogoi |first1=Bhadra |title=Quarterly national Lok Adalat in Nagaland on Dec 11 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/quarterly-national-lok-adalat-in-nagaland-on-dec-11.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=nenow.in |date=10 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="nla ref7">{{cite news |title=Gauhati High Court Kohima Bench disposes off 14,146 cases |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/gauhati-high-court-kohima-bench-disposes-off-14-146-cases/245886.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=nagalandpost.com |date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.<ref name="nla ref5">{{cite news |title=NSLSA to conduct national Lok Adalat on Sep. 10 – Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nslsa-to-conduct-national-lok-adalat-on-sep-10/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=easternmirrornagaland.com |date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Nagaland Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="la ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

* Nagaland Lok Adalat resolved 576 out of 1113 cases with a settlement amount of over Rs 4.86 crore during 3rd quarterly Lok Adalat held in September 2021.<ref name="nla ref2" /><ref name="nla ref4">{{cite news |title=3rd quarterly Lok Adalat settles 576 cases |url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/3rd-quarterly-lok-adalat-settles-576-cases/240119.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=nagalandpost.com |date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
* Nagaland Lok Adalat resolved 24 out of 38 cases with a settlement amount of around Rs 36,35,776 during 2nd quarterly Lok Adalat held in July 2021.<ref name="nla ref5" /><ref name="nla ref6">{{cite news |title=2nd Quarterly National Lok Adalat in Nagaland Held |url=http://www.hornbilltv.com/north_east_stories/2nd_quarterly_national_lok_adalat_nagaland-491 |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=HORNBILL TV |date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nslsa.nagaland.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

INA Colony

2025-07-20T05:25:44Z

ArnulfoVos: slightly adjusted formatting for clarity also and corrected details based on references

{{refimprove|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = INA Colony
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5756|N|77.2097|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110023
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''INA colony''' is a residential colony in South Delhi, [[New Delhi]], [[India]].

Situated on [[Aurobindo Marg]], across [[Dilli Haat]] and behind INA Market, the colony lies near [[Safdarjung Airport]], on [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]], [[Kotla Mubarakpur]] opposite to [[Laxmibai Nagar]] adjacent to Kidwai Nagar East. The INA market also has shops selling varieties of imported foodstuff and wines for [[expatriate]]s due to its proximity to [[Chanakyapuri]] diplomatic enclave.

Starting 2010, it is serviced by the [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]] underground station of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=INA likely to be one of the busiest metro stations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article534776.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 July 2010 }}</ref>

==Location==
The colony is located in [[South Delhi]] between [[Ring Road]] and [[Delhi Ring Railway|Ring Railway]]. It lies on the eastern side of [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]], opposite to [[Laxmi Bai Nagar]].

Nearby landmarks include:
* [[Safdarjung Terminal]]
* [[Dilli Haat]], [[AIIMS]]
* [[Safdarjung Hospital]]
* [[Safdarjung Airport]]
* [[Lodhi Colony]] Railway Station

INA colony is located at {{coord|28.576278|77.212032|region:IN_type:landmark}}

==Size==
This colony comprises two pockets - A & B, and has five types of flats, viz
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type
! Block
|-
| I,
| A
|-
| II,
| C
|-
| III,
| B
|-
| IV,
| D
|-
| V,
| E
|}

Approximately 1000 flats in total are located.

==Postal details==
PIN code - '''110 023'''
Post Office - [[Sarojini Nagar]]
Nearest Police station [[Sarojini Nagar]], [[Lodhi colony]], [[Kotla Mubarakpur]].
Police Station Jurisdiction [[Kotla Mubarakpur]].

==Facilities available==
*Medical Centre
*Community centre
*Children Parks (3 nos) located in pkts A & B
*Transit Hostel
*Kendriya Bhandar [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317035331/http://persmin.nic.in/dopt/KB1.html]
*Electrical & Civil Complaint cell
*Wellness centre
*{{plain link | 1 = http://www.kalyanmayee.org Kalyanmayee office }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801151915/http://kalyanmayee.org/ |date=1 August 2015 }}
*AAEU employee union office
*{{plain link|http://aaoaindia.com/intro.htm AAOA Office}}
*ACOA(I) office
*{{plain link|http://www.atcguild.com ATC guild office}}
*Gopal [[Mandir]] in pkt - A
*[[Gurudwara]]
*5 gates equipped with 24 hour security guards posted.

==INA Consists of==

*INA Colonies
*Kendriya Bhandar
*Two schools:- '''[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], INA Colony''' and '''[[Delhi Directorate of Education|Sarvodaya Vidyalaya]], INA Colony''', adjacent to each other and near Vikas sadan.
*One Montessori School:-'''MMI KALYANMAYEE''', Pocket B, INA Colony
*'''[[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] offices''', also known as "'''Vikas Sadan'''"
*'''[[Central Vigilance Commission]] office, INA Colony'''

==Picture gallery==

<gallery>

Image:Ina cly (1).jpg|
Image:Ina cly (2).jpg|
Image:Ina cly (3).jpg|
Image:Ina cly (4).jpg|
Image:Ina cly.jpg|
Image:Ina cly (5).jpg|
Image:INA cly Mandir.jpg| Gopal Mandir, at INA colony
Image:INA cly Mandir (1).jpg|
Image:INA cly Mandir (2).jpg|
Image:INA cly Mandir (3).jpg|
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|INA colony}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ina Colony}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]

{{delhi-geo-stub}}

108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot

2025-06-18T19:10:27Z

ArnulfoVos: minor refined section after review and fixed typos for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[108th Regiment of Foot (Madras Infantry)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Town Hall, Bulandshahr

2025-06-06T13:30:12Z

ArnulfoVos:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Town Hall, Bulandshahr
| native_name =
| image = Town Hall Bulandshahr. North Verandah. Photograph by Chunni Lál.jpg
| caption = Town Hall Bulandshahr (19th century)
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]
}}
The '''Town Hall''' in [[Bulandshahr]], India, was built by [[Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan]] at a cost of Rs. 30,000 in the late 19th century. The project was overseen by [[Frederic Growse]], a British civil servant of the [[Indian Civil Service]], who had been appointed [[District magistrate|collector]] of the region in 1878. It is situated in Moti Bagh, which was created as a public garden. The main approach was via the [[Garden Gate, Bulandshahr|Garden Gate]].<ref name=Till1989>{{cite book |last1=Tillotson |first1=G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert) |title=The tradition of Indian architecture : continuity, controversy, and change since 1850 |date=1989 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-04636-6 |pages=84–92 |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionofindia0000till/page/86/mode/2up?q=bulandshahr}}</ref> It was built in 1883.<ref name=Dis1922>{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh Bulandshar (1922)|volume=V |date=1922 |location=Lucknow |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1369/page/n219/mode/2up?q=rao|page=205}}</ref><ref name=Growse1885>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inEIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PT1 |title=Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District |date=1885 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |location=Allahabad |language=en}}</ref>

==Entrance (west)==
The main approach was via the [[Garden Gate, Bulandshahr|Garden Gate]].<ref name=Growse1884>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNKVY1WkfCIC&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PA70 |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Garden Gate, Bulandshahr (1880s).png|Garden Gate, Bulandshahr (1880s)
File:Bulandhar Garden Gate night view.tif|Garden Gate, Bulandshahr (2023)
</gallery>

==2023==
<gallery>
File:Town Hall front view, Bulandhshar (2023).tif|Town Hall North Verandah (2023)
File:Wooden door, Town Hall, Bulandhshar.tif|Wooden door
File:Roof terrace, Town Hall, Bulandhshar.tif|Roof terrace
</gallery>

==See also==
*''[[Bulandshahr; or, Sketches of an Indian district; social, historical and architectural]]'' (1884)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite thesis |last1=Mallick |first1=Bhaswar |title=Agency of Labor Resistance in Nineteenth Century India: Significance of Bulandshahr and F.S. Growse's Account |date=2018 |publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]] |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1543581416769978 |language=en}}

==External links==
*[https://bulandshahrlegacy.org/2021/07/23/frederic-salmon-growse-the-man-that-built-bulandshahr-in-the-19th-century/ Frederic Salmon Growse: The Man that built Bulandshahr in the 19th Century]

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bulandshahr]]

Hindumalkote railway station

2025-05-24T07:18:25Z

ArnulfoVos:

{{Short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hindumalkote railway station
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[Train station|station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| coordinates = {{coord|30.13637|73.91685|type:railwaystation_globe:earth_region:IND|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|180|m|ft}}
| line = [[Suratgarh–Bathinda line]]
| other =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HMK
| division = Ambala
}}
| structure = Standard on Ground
| platform = 1
| levels =
| tracks = 1 ({{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]])
| parking =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1897<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/sri-ganganagar-news/hindumalkot-railway-station-in-sri-ganganagar-1-3471381/|title=Hindumalkot Railway station in Sri ganganagar district|publisher=Patrika}}</ref>
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]]
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mmtspassengers=
| services =
| map_dot_label = Hindumalkote railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan##Location in India
}}

'''Hindumalkote railway station''' is located in [[Hindumalkote]], [[Shri Ganganagar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] in India. It is situated near the [[India–Pakistan Border]] and serves the Hindumalkote village.

==See also==
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/4045? Hindumalkote railway station]

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Ambala railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1897]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}