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Shibpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T07:14:46Z

ArnoldBAp: added...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shibpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Shibpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Shibpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Rana Chatterjee]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 172
| established = 1967
| electors = 197,161
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Shibpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 172 Shibpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 8, 9, 21 to 23, 43 and 47 to 50 of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Shibpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Mrityunjoy Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Hari Sadhan Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Mrigendra Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Kanailal Bhattacharyya
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Satyendra Nath Ghose
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Jatu Lahiri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Jagannath Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Jatu Lahiri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Shibpur <ref name=sabha2026>{{cite web| url =https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS25172.htm|title = General Elections, India, 2026, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 5 May 2026}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rudranil Ghosh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89,615|percentage=49.42|change=+16.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rana Chatterjee]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=73,557|percentage=40.57|change=-10.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagannath Bhattacharya|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=12,542|percentage=6.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shrabanti Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,993|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,300|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,058|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=181,323|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 13.37%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Shibpur<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=172| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163339/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=172| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Shibpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
|votes = 92,372
|percentage = 50.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rathin Chakrabarty
|votes = 59,769
|percentage = 32.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Jagannath Bhattacharyya
|votes = 24,970
|percentage = 13.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,82,219
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Shibpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=172| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163339/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=172| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Shibpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jatu Lahiri
|votes = 100,739
|percentage = 61.83
|change = +10.93#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Jagannath Bhattacharya
|votes = 54,335
|percentage = 33.35
|change = -13.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prabir Ray
|votes = 3,967
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Asgar Ali
|votes = 1,850
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bidyut Rakshit
|votes = 1,119
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anup Chowdhury
|votes = 913
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162,923
|percentage = 82.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = 23.97%
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Dr. Jagannath Bhattacharya of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the 165 Shibpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Jatu Lahiri of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Jatu Lahiri of Trinamool Congress defeated Nepal Kanti Bhattacharjee of Forward Bloc in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Jatu Lahiri of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Prabir Kumar Banerjee of Forward Bloc in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> and Satyendra Nath Ghose of Forward Bloc in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Satyendra Nath Ghose of Forward Bloc defeated Mrigen Mukherjee of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kanailal Bhattacharya of Forward Bloc defeated Utpal Bhowmick of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Mrigendra Mukherjee of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp165.htm |title =165 – Shibpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===1967–1972===
Mrigendra Mukherjee of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Harisadhan Mitra of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Mrityunjoy Banerjee (economist)|Mrityunjoy Banerjee]] of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Director General of the National Investigation Agency

2026-05-07T14:58:09Z

ArnoldBAp: creating some entry w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Head of the National Investigation Agency in India}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Director General
| body = the National Investigation Agency
| incumbent = Rakesh Agrawal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| flag =
| insignia = National Investigation Agency Logo.png
| insigniacaption = Seal of the National Investigation Agency
| flagcaption = Flag of the National Investigation Agency
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2026|1|15|df=yes}}
| department = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] [[National Investigation Agency]]
| reports_to = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| seat = CGO Complex, [[Lodhi Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| appointer = The [[Government of India]]
| appointer_qualified = {{small|(with [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] approval)}}
| termlength = At the pleasure of the government until the age of 60
| termlength_qualified = Renewal for up to two years
| constituting_instrument = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2054/3/a2008-34.pdf National Investigation Agency Act, 2008]
| formation = {{start date and age|2009|01|19|df=yes}}
| first = [[Radha Vinod Raju]], IPS
| website = www.nia.gov.in
}}

The '''Director General of the National Investigation Agency''' ('''DG NIA''') is the head of the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), an Indian federal [[counter-terrorism]] [[law enforcement agency]]. The NIA was formed after passing ''National Investigation Agency Act, 2008'' during the [[UPA government]], when [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks in Mumbai]] took place. The director falls under the supervision of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].

== Background ==
After the Pakistani-based Islamic militant group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] were conducted a [[26/11|series of terrorist attacks in November 2008]] at Mumbai, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said in an all-party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency will be set up soon to co-ordinate action against terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-22 |title=PM for federal agency, better legal framework |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&type=News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122183027/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&type=News |archive-date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

Later laws such as [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] were amended, and the ''National Investigation Agency Act, 2008'' was passed. The NIA was formed in January 2009.

== Term of office ==
The director general of NIA is appointed by the [[Union Government]], through [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC). The ACC consists of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] of India. The director general can serve at the pleasure of the government but must retire at the age of 60. However, their term can be extended for up to two years. The director general must be a senior [[Indian Police Service]] officer in the rank of [[director general of police]] (DGP).

== List of the director generals ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name of the DG
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration of{{br}}service
!Prime Minister{{br}}during appointment
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1.
|[[Radha Vinod Raju]]
|19 January 2009
|10 February 2010
|{{ayd|2009|01|19|2010|02|10}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2012-06-21 |title=NIA founder DG R V Raju passes away |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/dg-r-v-raju-passes-away-16549.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|Sharad Chandra Sinha
|10 February 2010
|25 April 2013
|{{ayd|2010|02|10|2013|04|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Insider |first=IFSEC |date=2010-02-10 |title=S C Sinha appointed DG of NIA {{!}} IFSEC Insider |url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/uncategorized/s-c-sinha-appointed-dg-of-nia/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=IFSEC Insider {{!}} Security and Fire News and Resources}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|[[Sharad Kumar (police officer)|Sharad Kumar]]
|25 April 2013
|30 October 2017
|{{ayd|2013|04|25|2017|10|30}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NIA press release |url=https://nia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/PressReleaseNew/466_1_pressrelease.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140632/http://nia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/PressReleaseNew/466_1_pressrelease.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-29 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=nia.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|4.
|[[Yogesh Chander Modi]]
|30 October 2017
|31 May 2021
|{{ayd|2017|10|30|2021|05|31}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior IPS Officer Yogesh Chander Modi Takes Charge As New NIA Chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ips-officer-yc-modi-takes-charge-as-new-nia-chief-1768821 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| -
|''Kuldeep Singh (acting'')
|31 May 2021
|23 June 2022
|{{ayd|2021|05|31|2022|06|23}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Senior IPS officer Dinkar Gupta appointed Director General of NIA |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/senior-ips-officer-dinkar-gupta-appointed-director-general-of-nia-122062300979_1.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|5.
|Dinkar Gupta
|23 June 2022
|31 March 2024
|{{ayd|2022|06|23|2024|03|31|}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|6.
|[[Sadanand Date]]
|1 April 2024
|2 January 2026
|{{ayd|2024|04|01|2026|1|2}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Who is Sadanand Vasant Date, the 26/11 hero who has been appointed as the NIA chief? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/sadanand-vasant-date-26-11-hero-nia-chief-13754710.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| -
|''Rakesh Aggarwal (acting'')
|3 January 2026
|14 January 2026
|{{Ayd|3 January 2026|14 January 2026}}
|
|-
|7.
|[[Rakesh Aggarwal (police officer)|Rakesh Aggarwal]]
|15 January 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|15 January 2026}}
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Secretary of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
*[[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]]
*[[Director of the Special Protection Group]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://nia.gov.in/}}
* [http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/NIA%20-%20Houses.pdf NIA act]

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Indian government officials]]

Human Rights Forum

2026-05-02T06:22:23Z

ArnoldBAp: made stub...

{{Infobox organization
| name = Human Rights Forum
| formation = 1998
| abbreviation = HRF
| predecessor = Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee
| purpose = activism, human rights
| region_served = [[India]]
| key_people = [[K. Balagopal]]
| website = https://humanrightsforum.org/
}}

'''Human Rights Forum''' '''(HRF)''' is a [[rights]] organisation based in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] in India. It was formed in 1998 by a group of activists including [[K. Balagopal]] following a split from the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (APCLC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kannabiran |first=K G |date=2009 |title=A One in a Century Rights Activist |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663779 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=46 |pages=8–11 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kodandaram |first=M |date=2010 |title=To Remember Balagopal Is to Remember Our Own Humanness |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664014 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=37–39 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== Prominent Activities ==
The Human Rights Forum has run campaigns on issues like displacement, gender, [[Environmental justice|environment]], [[Caste system in India|caste]], [[Political repression|state repression]], etc. They have opposed nuclear power projects like the [[Kovvada Atomic Power Project]] and [[Uranium mining]] in [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-29 |title=The coast isn’t clear for India’s nuclear power quest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-coast-isn%E2%80%99t-clear-for-India%E2%80%99s-nuclear-power-quest/article14515294.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-05 |title=HRF Demands Resolution Against Uranium Mining |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/hrf-demands-resolution-against-uranium-mining-1859227 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-25 |title=HRF up in arms against thermal power project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hrf-up-in-arms-against-thermal-power-project/article6822475.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They have also actively campaigned against large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram project]] and other hydro and thermal projects citing concerns about displacement and environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Subhojit |date=2018-06-27 |title=Polavaram dam project has opened floodgates of corruption: activists |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/polavaram-dam-project-has-opened-floodgates-of-corruption-activists-60963 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-02-17 |title=Thermal Power: ‘థర్మల్‌’తో అభివృద్ధి.. బూటకమే! |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/human-rights-forum-opposes-thermal-power-project-in-srikakulam-1372007.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2025-10-18 |title=HRF calls Vizag Google-Adani data centre a ‘looming environmental disaster’ |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/hrf-calls-vizag-google-adani-data-centre-a-looming-environmental-disaster |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==
=== English ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=font-style: italic;|
*Ear to the Ground: Writings On Class and Caste - 2011 and 2025
*Of Capital and Other Punishments - October 2012
*Tsunduru: An Atrocity and Its aftermath - October 2014
*Understanding Fascism: Writings on Caste, Class and the State - October 2023
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Telangana]]

Kashmiri Muslims

2026-04-29T02:09:55Z

ArnoldBAp: made new details...

{{short description|Ethnic Kashmiris who practice Islam in the Kashmir Valley}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = Kashmiri Muslims
| image = Kashmiri Imam.jpg
| population = 
| langs = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]] majority) ([[Shia]] minority)
}}

'''Kashmiri Muslims''' are ethnic [[Kashmiris]] who practice [[Islam]] and are native to the Kashmir Valley of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Ling2008">{{cite book|last=Ling|first=Huping|title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|language=English |isbn=9780813543420|page=126|quote=Kashmiri Muslims represent the majority population in Kashmir Valley, while Kashmiri Hindus represent a small but significant minority community.}}</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni, while Shias form a minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgbnmgEACAAJ&pg=PR20|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220|pages=7|quote=As in Pakistan, Sunni Muslims comprise the majority population of Kashmir, whereas they are a minority in Jammu, while almost all Muslims in Ladakh are Shias.}}</ref> They refer to themselves as "Koshur" in their mothertongue, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|volume=22|pages=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighboring Punjab and North West Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&q=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&pg=PA223|title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9788176482363|quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|pages=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|pages=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs, but, dar, lone are descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA139 |year=1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |page=139}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300213/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Introduction|date=21 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.jktourism.org/index.php/cultural/ethnic-groups|title=Introduction}}</ref>

Currently, the Kashmiri Muslim population is predominantly concentrated in Kashmir Valley. Smaller communities also live in other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri Muslims have similar ethnic roots to the [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Hindu]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaw |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&pg=PA223 |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future |date=2001 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-236-3 |pages=223 |language=en |quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhasin |first1=M.K. |last2=Nag |first2=Shampa |year=2002 |title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf |journal=Journal of Human Ecology |publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises |pages=15 |access-date=1 January 2017 |quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref> Both Kashmiri Hindus and Muslims trace their descent [[Patrilineality|patrilineally]]. Property and titles are usually inherited through the male line, but some inheritances may also be accrued through the female lineage. Of the Kashmiri Hindus that were converted to Islam, many largely retained their family names (''kram'') which indicated their original profession, locality or community.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |date=2016-09-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43039-3 |pages=130 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]], a sizeable population of Kashmiri Muslims reside in the [[Doda district|Doda]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]] and [[Kishtwar District|Kishtwar]] districts, often referred to as the [[Chenab Valley|Chenab valley]]. [[Neelam Valley|Neelum]] and [[Leepa Valley]]s of Pakistani-administrated Kashmir is also home to Kashmiri Muslims. Since 1947, many have also lived in [[Punjab, Pakistan]], migrating from the Kashmir Valley during the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] and Sikh rule. <ref name="Snedden 2015">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+kashmiris+christopher+snedden+neelum+valley&pg=PT23|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220|quote=Small numbers of ethnic Kashmiris also live in other parts of J&K. There are Kashmiris who live in areas that border the Kashmir Valley, including Kishtwar (Kishtawar), Bhadarwah, Doda and Ramban, in Jammu in Indian J&K, and in the Neelum and Leepa Valleys of northern Azad Kashmir. Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiris and their descendants also can be found in Pakistan. Invariably, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan are Muslims.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":032" /><ref name=":53">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|pages=16|quote=In the early twentieth century, famine and the policies of the Dogra rulers drove many Kashmiri Muslims to flee their native land and further augment the number of their brethren already resident in the Punjab. Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of the populace in a number of Punjabi cities, especially Sialkot, Lahore, Amritsar and Ludhiana.}}</ref>

== History ==
Islam started making inroads in Kashmir during the 12th and 13th centuries. The earliest copy of [[Quran]] in Kashmir dates back to 1237 AD and was calligraphed by Fateh Ullah Kashmiri who is believed to be a then Kashmiri Islamic scholar.<ref>
{{cite news |author=IANS |title=HRD Ministry To Preserve Kashmir's Manuscripts, Paintings |date=21 July 2012 |publisher=jammu-kashmir.com |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2012/kashmir20120721a.html}}
</ref>
[[File:Quran from Kashmir 1821-22.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Quran]] from Kashmir, dated to around 1821-22.]]
The first Muslim missionary in Kashmir was Syed Sharaf-ud-Din Abdur Rahman Suhrawardi, popularly known as [[Bulbul Shah]].

He was an extensively traveled preacher, he came to Kashmir during the reign of Raja Suhadeva (1301–20) the king of [[Lohara dynasty]]. After Suhadeva was killed by [[Rinchan]] and became the ruler, he married Suhadeva's widow [[Kota Rani]] and appointed his son as chief, who later he adopted Islam per the advice of [[Shah Mir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/origins-of-islam-in-kashmir-valleys-saga-of-conflict-in-search-of-identity/cid/2019237|title=Origins of Islam in Kashmir: Valley’s saga of conflict in search of identity}}</ref> In 1339 Kashmir's throne was captured by Sultan Shahmir who founded the [[Shah Mir dynasty]].

Soon after, according to some accounts, some 10,000 Kashmiri people converted to Islam and hence the seeds of [[Islam in Kashmir]] were sown.<ref>{{citation |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |title=Kashīr, being a history of Kashmīr from the earliest times to our own, Vol. 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmFDAAAAYAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=83 |quote=After the conversion of Rinchan, his brother-in- law and commander-in-chief, and several others - according to one tradition ten thousand - embraced the creed of Bulbul Shāh.}}</ref> The spread of Islam among Kashmiris was further boosted by arrival of other [[Sayyid]]s, most prominent among them being Sayyid Jalal-ud-Din, Sayyid Taj-ud-Din and Sayyid Hussain Simanani.<ref>
{{cite web |author=Abida Quansar |title=Role of Mysticism in Unification and Peaceful Coexistence of People in India with Special Focus on Islam |website=IslamiCity |date=22 February 2012 |url=http://www.islamicity.com/articles/printarticles.asp?ref=IC1202-5019&p=2}}
</ref>

However, the greatest missionary whose personality wielded the most extraordinary influence in the spread of Islam in Kashmir was [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] of Hamadan (Persia) popularly known as Shah-i-Hamadan. He belonged to the Kubrawi order of Sufis and came to Kashmir along with seven hundred disciples and helpers. His emphasis was on the Islamization of royal family and the court as a pre-requisite for Islamizing people. This was an important modus operandi adopted by Syed Ali and his disciples. He was of the firm belief that the common masses followed the conduct and culture of their rulers. His disciples established shrines with lodging and langar at many places in Kashmir which served as centers for propagation of Islam. His preaching resulted in a large number of people, including priests of Hinduism and Buddhism and their followers converting to Islam, which became the vastly dominant religion of the Kashmiri masses by the fourteenth century. A greater part of the population converted during the reign of Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Andre |author-link1=Indo-Islamic Society, 14th-15th centuries |title=Al-Hind-The making of Indo-Islamic world |date=2004 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004135618 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PP10 |access-date=19 October 2019 |quote="To variable degrees the greater part of population of Kashmir valley converted in the reign of Sikander Butshikan (1389-1413) "}}</ref> Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's impact in Kashmir was not only confined to religion but had a great say on culture, industry and economy of Kashmir. Spread of shawl making, carpet manufacturing, cloth weaving, etc. gained great prominence by his efforts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazrat Amir-e-Kabir Shah-e-Hamdan |website=myasa.net |date=1997 |url=http://www.myasa.net/sufindia/hazrat%20amir-e-kabir%20shah-e-hamdan.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mohammad Ashraf |title=Shah-i-Hamadan, the "Apostle of Kashmir" |date=20 May 2007 |website=kashmirfirst.com |url=http://www.kashmirfirst.com/articles/history/070520_shah-i-hamadan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925081854/http://www.kashmirfirst.com/articles/history/070520_shah-i-hamadan.htm |archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref>

=== Sufi Orders ===
The [[Rishi order]], an indigenous Sufi tradition founded in the 15th century by [[Sheikh Noor-ud-din Noorani]] emphasized asceticism, vegetarianism, and communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims. This order significantly influenced Kashmiri Muslim culture, promoting unified practices that integrated local traditions with Islamic teachings.<ref name="Khan2009">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |title=Sufis of Kashmir |year=2009 |publisher=Gulshan Books |isbn=978-8189620219 |page=87 |quote=The Rishi order, under Sheikh Noor-ud-din, became a bridge between communities, advocating peace and mutual respect, which left a lasting impact on Kashmiri society.}}</ref>

=== Sikh Empire ===
In 1819 Kashmir came under [[Maharajah Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]'s Sikh Empire and [[Sikh Empire|Sikh rule]] over Kashmir lasted for 27 years till 1846. These 27 years of Sikh rule saw 10 Governors in Kashmir. Of these 10 Governors five were Hindus, three were Sikhs and two were Muslims. Due to the fact that Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghan rulers, they initially welcomed the Sikh rule. However the Sikhs turned out to be hard taskmasters and their rule was generally considered oppressive.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35mhDAAAQBAJ&q=Kashmir+famine+muslims+punjab&pg=PA149|title=Deadly Peaks: Mountaineering's Greatest Triumphs and Tragedies|last1=Hauptman|first1=Robert|last2=V. Hartemann|first2=Frederic|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=9781589798427|pages=149|quote=As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers. However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters and the local Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and banning the azaan, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begum to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated.}}</ref> Scholar [[Christopher Snedden]] states that the Sikhs exploited Kashmiris regardless of religion.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&q=sikh+rule+in+kashmir&pg=PT65|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220}}</ref>

The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim policies, subjecting the Muslim majority population of the Valley to a number of hardships in the practice of their religion. The central mosque, [[Jama Masjid, Srinagar|Jama Masjid]], was closed for 20 years and Muslims were prohibited from issuing the ''azan'' (call to prayer). If a Sikh murdered a Hindu the compensation amount allowed was four rupees. However, if a Sikh murdered a Muslim the compensation amount allowed was only two rupees.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC&q=sikh+rule+in+kashmir&pg=PA259|title=Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002-2010|last=Fahim|first=Farukh|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|year=2011|isbn=9788189479787|pages=259|chapter=Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle|quote=Sikh army entered Kashmir on 4th July, 1819, starting a new phase of tyranny and oppression...Describing the Sikh rule, Moorcraft, an English traveler reflected, 'Sikhs looked at Kashmiris 'a little better than the cattle. The murder of a native Sikh was punished with a fine to the government ranging from 16 to 20 rupees, of which four were paid to the family of the deceased if a Hindu, and two if he was a Mohammedan;. During this dark phase in Kashmir's history, people were in a most abject condition 'subjected to every kind of extortion and oppression'. Under Sikh rule Kashmir was ruled by 10 governors. Out of these, five were Hindus, three Sikhs, and two Muslims. Sikhs consistently followed anti-Muslim policies in Kashmir, subjecting the majority population of the Kashmir valley to severe hardship in relation to the practice of religion. It was also during this phase that the central mosque of Srinagar, the Jama Masjid was ordered to be closed and Muslims of Kashmir were not allowed to say azan (call to prayer). Sikhs tried to establish a 'Hindu' state where cow slaughter was declared a crime and a complete ban was passed against cow slaughter, lands attached to several shrines were also resumed on state orders...With the battle of Subraon, the Sikhs lost their independence. The treaty of Amritsar between British and Dogras signed on 16th of March 1846, gave way to Dogra rule in Kashmir.|editor=Harsh Dobhal}}</ref>

During the Sikh rule Kashmir had begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the Muslim peasantry and the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. According to some contemporary accounts, high taxes had depopulated large tracts of the countryside.<ref name=":42" /> Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for common Kashmiris during the Sikh rule. According to them, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA40|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=40|quote=Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions.}}</ref>

The Sikhs lost their independence with the Battle of Subraon. In 1846 Kashmir came under the rule of [[Gulab Singh]], a Hindu Dogra Maharajah under the British suzerainty.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":32" />{{clarify|reason=The source states these as "public perception of history". If so, it can't be described as true history|date=November 2016}}

=== Dogra Regime ===
The 100 year Dogra regime turned out to be a disaster for the Muslim peasantry of [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&q=lawrence+was+particularly+critical+of+kashmiri+pandits&pg=PA234|title=Transforming India|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780674728202|pages=233–4|quote=The hundred-year reign of the tinpot monarchy appointed as subcontractors of the Raj was an unmitigated disaster for the peasantry of Muslim faith who made up the overwhelming majority of the valley's population. Walter Lawrence wrote: ''when I first came to Kashmir in 1889, I found the people sullen, desperate and suspicious. They had been taught for many years that they were serfs without any rights....Pages might be written by me on facts which have come under my personal observation, but it will suffice to say that the system of administration had degraded the people and taken all heart out of them.'' Lawrence...was careful to absolve the ruler of personal culpability: ''the peasants, one and all, attributed their miseries to the deputies through which the Maharajas ruled, and they have always recognized that their rulers were sympathetic and anxious to ensure their prosperity. But the officials of Kashmir would never allow their master to know the real condition of the people.'' Who were these venal officials? Lawrence was particularly critical of princely state officials belonging to the Kashmiri Pandit community...}}</ref> [[Walter Roper Lawrence|Walter Lawrence]] described the conditions of the Kashmir Valley's peasantry as being 'desperate' and noted that the valley's peasantry attributed their miseries to the Maharajah's deputies rather than the rulers themselves. The state officials apparently kept the rulers from knowing the conditions of the Muslim peasantry in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name=":0" />

Lawrence in particular criticized the state officials who belonged to the [[Kashmiri Brahmins|Kashmiri Pandit]] community.<ref name=":0" /> [[Walter Roper Lawrence|Lawrence]] provided evidence that while many of the Kashmiri Pandit officials may have been <nowiki>''</nowiki>''individually gentle and intelligent, as a body they were cruel and oppressive''.<nowiki>''</nowiki> Scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]] states that the Maharajahs nurtured ties with Kashmiri Pandits and their Dogra kinsfolk in Jammu to trample on the rights of their subjects.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|pages=352|quote=A succession of maharajas, nurturing ties with a small group of Hindu pandits in the Kashmir valley and a more extensive network of Dogra kinsmen in Jammu, wilfully trampled on the rights of their subjects.}}</ref> [[Christopher Snedden]] also states that the Kashmiri Muslims were often exploited by the Kashmiri Pandit officials.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=Kashmiriyat+christopher+snedden&pg=PA29|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849043427|pages=29|quote=Incongruously, "Kashmiriness" did not deter rivalry and antipathy between Hindu Pandits, who were influential in government for long periods, and Muslim artisan and peasants, who invariably were poorer, illiterate and often exploited by Pandit officials.}}</ref>

Wingate and [[Walter Roper Lawrence|Lawrence]] spent many months in the rural hinterland of Kashmir and in an unprecedented manner brought to the fore the tensions that underlay Kashmiri society between the interests of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandit community and the numerically preponderant Kashmiri Muslim cultivators. However, while both acknowledged the oppression of Kashmiri Muslims, the solutions offered by Lawrence and Wingate differed from each other. While both acknowledged the responsibility of the Kashmiri Pandit community in exacerbating the situation of the Muslim cultivating classes, Wingate was far more uncompromising in demanding that the privileges of the Pandit community be eliminated. However, Lawrence proposed to provide relief to Kashmir's cultivating class without eliminating the privileges of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC&q=rai+mridu+kashmir+famine&pg=PA149|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|last=Rai|first=Mridu|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850657019|pages=148–149|quote=Wingate and Lawrence had spent many months in the rural hinterland of Kashmir. They brought to the fore, in an unprecedented manner, the tensions that underlay Kashmiri society, pitting the interests of the Hindu Pandit community against these of the numerically preponderant Kashmiri Muslim cultivators within the framework of the Dogra state. However, beyond agreeing about the nature and causesof the Kashmiri Muslims' oppression, the solutions offered by Wingate and Lawrence were at significant variance. While both acknowledged the responsibility of the Kashmiri Pandit community in exacerbating the situation of the Muslim cultivating classes, Wingate was far more uncompromising in demanding the elimination of the exemptions and privileges of the former. In contrast, while Lawrence's land settlement also sought to provide relief to the cultivating classes of Kashmir, it did so without entirely dismantling the privileges of the Kashmiri Pandit community.}}</ref>

Gawasha Nath Kaul described the poor conditions of the Kashmir Valley's Muslim population in his book ''Kashmir Then And Now'' and in it he wrote that 90 percent of Muslim households were mortgaged to Hindu moneylenders.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&q=migration+from+the+kashmir+valley+to+punjab&pg=PP211|title=Transforming India|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780674728202|quote=Indeed, in a book titled ''Kashmir Then and Now'', published in 1924, Gawasha Nath Kaul, a Kashmiri Pandit, painted a Dickensian picture of Srinagar: beggars, thieves, and prostitutes abounded along with disease and filth, and ''90 percent of Muslim houses [were] mortgaged to Hindu sahukars [moneylenders].''...local Muslims were barred from becoming officers in the princely state's military forces and were almost nonexistent in the civil administration. In 1941 Prem Nath Bazaz, one of a handful of Kashmiri Pandits who joined the popular movement for change that emerged during the 1930s and swept the Valley in the 1940s, wrote: ''the poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. Dressed in rags and barefoot, a Muslim peasant presents the appearance of a starving beggar...Most are landless laborers, working as serfs for absentee landlords...''}}</ref> Muslims were non-existent in the State's civil administration and were barred from officer positions in the military.<ref name=":1" />

[[Prem Nath Bazaz]], one of the few Kashmiri Pandits who joined the movement for change, described the poor conditions of the Valley's Muslim population as such:<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>The poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. Dressed in rags and barefoot, a Muslim peasant presents the appearance of a starved beggar...Most are landless laborers, working as serfs for absentee landlords.</blockquote>There was a famine in Kashmir between 1877-9 and the death toll from this famine was overwhelming by any standards. Some authorities suggested that the population of [[Srinagar]] had been reduced by half while others estimated a diminution by three-fifths of the entire population of the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC&q=rai+mridu+kashmir+famine&pg=PA149|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|last=Rai|first=Mridu|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850657019|pages=149|quote=The death toll from the famine had been overwhelming by any standards. Some authorities had suggested that the population of Srinagar had been reduced by half (from 127,400 to 60,000) while Indian Kashmiri officials estimate that the famine killed about three-fifths of the Kashmiri population.}}</ref> During the famine of 1877-9 not a single Pandit died of starvation during these annihilative years for the Muslim cultivators, according to reports received by Walter Roper Lawrence. During the famine the office of Prime Minister was held by a Kashmiri Pandit, Wazir Punnu, who is said to have declared that there <nowiki>''</nowiki>''was no real distress and that he wished that no [[Musulman]] might be left alive from [[Srinagar]] to Rambhan (in Jammu).''<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMx5mPJckkC&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+pandits&pg=PA151|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|last=Rai|first=Mridu|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850657019|pages=151|quote=The fatal results for Muslim agriculturists of this capacity for combination among the Hindu Kashmiris was demonstrated most clearly during the famine of 1877-9 when the office of prime minister was also held by a Kashmiri Pandit, Wazir Punnu. According to reports received by Lawrence, not a Pandit died of starvation during these annihilative years for the Muslim cultivators. Undoubtedly reflecting a selective Pandit view of the famine, Wazir Punnu is said to have declared that there 'was no real distress and that he wished that no Mussulman might be left alive from Srinagar to Rambhan [in Jammu].'}}</ref>

When lands fell fallow temporarily during the famine, Kashmiri Pandits took over substantial tracts of them claiming that they were uncultivated waste. Numerous Kashmiri Muslim cultivators who had left the Kashmir Valley for [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] to escape the devastation of those years found upon their return that they had been ousted from lands that they had cultivated over generations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMx5mPJckkC&q=famine+kashmiri+cultivators+punjab+returned&pg=PA157|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|last=Rai|first=Mridu|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850657019|pages=157|quote=When lands fell fallow temporarily during the Kashmir famine of 1877-9, Pandits took over substantial tracts of them claiming that they constituted uncultivated waste. Numerous Kashmiri Muslim cultivators who had left the valley for Punjab, to escape the devastation of those years, found upon their return that they had been ousted from lands they had cultivated over generations.}}</ref>

A large number of Muslim Kashmiris migrated from the Kashmir Valley<ref name=":032">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP211|title=Transforming India|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780674728202|page=211|quote=From the late nineteenth century, conditions in the princely state led to a significant migration of people from the Kashmir Valley to the neighboring Punjab province of ''British''-as distinct from ''princely''-India.}}</ref> to the Punjab due to conditions in the princely state<ref name=":032" /> such as famine, extreme poverty<ref name="Jalal2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|pages=352|quote=Extreme poverty, exacerbated by a series of famines in the second half of the nineteenth century, had seen many Kashmiris fleeing to neighboring Punjab.}}</ref> and harsh treatment by the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] Hindu regime (according to [[Prem Nath Bazaz]] the Kashmiri Muslims faced this harsh treatment because of their religion).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ&q=muslims+faced+harsh+treatment+only+because+they+were+muslims+bazaz&pg=PA8|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism|last=Chowdhary|first=Rekha|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317414056|pages=8|quote=Prem Nath Bazaz, for instance, noted that 'the Dogra rule has been Hindu. Muslims have not been treated fairly, by which I mean as fairly as Hindus'. In his opinion, the Muslims faced harsh treatment 'only because they were Muslims' (Bazaz, 1941: 250).}}</ref> According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 Kashmiri Muslims in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|NWFP]] this figure rose to 206,180.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|quote=According to the 1911 census there were 177, 549 Kashmiri Muslims in the Punjab; the figure went up to 206, 180 with the inclusion of settlements in the NWFP.}}</ref>

== Population ==
The 1921 Census report stated that Kashmiri Muslims formed 31% of the Muslim population of the entire princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18942|title=Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report|last=Mohamed|first=C K|pages=147|quote=The bulk of the population in Group I is furnished by the Kashmiri Musalmans (796,804), who form more than 31 per cent of the total Musalman population of the State. The Kashmiri Musalman is essentially an agriculturist by profession, but his contribution to the trade and industry of the Kashmir Province is by no means negligible.|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> The 1921 Census report also stated that Kashmiri Muslims are sub-divided into numerous sub-castes such as Bhatt, [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]], Wani etc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18942|title=Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report|last=Mohamed|first=C K|pages=150|quote=The Kashmiri Musalmans are sub-divided into numerous sub-castes such as Dar, Bat, Wain, etc.|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> The Kashmiri Muslim population in the 1921 Census was recorded as 796,804.<ref name=":04" />

The 1931 Census report also reiterated that the 'Kashmiri Muslim' population occupied the foremost position in the State (other communities in the princely State being [[Gurjar|Gujjars]], [[Brahman]]s, [[Sudhan]]s, [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and [[Arain]]s etc.).<ref name=":192">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18898|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part I: Report|last1=Anant|first1=Ram|last2=Raina|first2=Hira Nand|year=1933|pages=316|quote=Kashmiri Muslim.-The community occupies the fore-most position in the State having 1,352,822 members. The various sub-castes that are labelled under the general head Kashmiri Muslim are given in the Imperial Table. The most important sub-castes from the statistical point of view are the Bat, the Dar, the Ganai, the Khan, the Lon, the Malik, the Mir, the Pare, the Rather, Shah, Sheikh and Wain. They are mostly found in the Kashmir Province and Udhampur district of the Jammu Province.|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> It recorded the Kashmiri Muslim population as 1,352,822.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18994|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables|last1=Ram|first1=Anant|last2=Raina|first2=Hira Nand|pages=206|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> The 1931 Census report explains that the 'phenomenal' increase in the number of Kashmiri Muslims by 556,018 was due to several castes such as Hajjam, Hanji, [[Sayyid|Sayed]] and Sheikh being merged into the community.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18994|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables|last1=Ram|first1=Anant|last2=Raina|first2=Hira Nand|year=1933|pages=205|quote=The decrease in some of the Muslim castes is counterbalanced by the abnormal increase under ''Kashmiri Muslims'' which include a large number of castes.|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18898|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part I: Report|last1=Ram|first1=Anant|last2=Raina|first2=Hira Nand|year=1933|pages=318|quote=The Kashmiri Muslim shows a phenomenal increase of 556,018 which is due to several castes having been merged in the community. The Hajjam, Hanji, Sayed, Sheikh afford some instances of the process of amalgamation which while adding to the Kashmiri Muslim community in such vast numbers has reduced the strength of other communities who show a decrease.|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

The 1931 Census report stated that the [[Bhat]], [[Dar (surname)|Dar]], Ganai, [[Khan (surname)|Khan]], [[Lone (caste)|Lone]], Malik, [[Mir (clan)|Mir]], Pare, Rather, [[Kashmiri Shaikh|Sheikh]], [[Varrier]] and [[Wani (surname)|Wani]] were the most major tribes among Kashmiri Muslims.<ref name=":192" /> Below are the population figures for the various sub-castes among the Kashmiri Muslim population according to the 1931 Census.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18994|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables|last1=Ram|first1=Anant|last2=Raina|first2=Hira Nand|year=1933|pages=281–283|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Ailo
!Akhoon
![[Bhat (surname)|Bhat]]
!Chaupan
![[Dar (tribe)|Dar]]
!Ganai
!Hajam
!Hanji
!Khan
!Khawaja
![[Lone (caste)|Lone]]
!Magrey
!Malik
|-
!Population in entire [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] State
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Male
|5807
|2715
|90477
|6045
|64446
|32441
|10371
|2334
|18195
|3236
|34312
|4523
|31211
|-
|Female
|4622
|2383
|77751
|5208
|53906
|26800
|8504
|1780
|15770
|2669
|30055
|4145
|26743
|-
!Population in Kashmir Province
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Male
|4934
|2608
|80444
|5758
|61512
|31327
|10010
|2165
|18017
|2227
|29593
|4806
|17458
|-
|Female
|4280
|2211
|69286
|5025
|51418
|25957
|8154
|1648
|15672
|1679
|25870
|3788
|15604
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Mir (clan)|Mir]]
!Pandit
!Parray
!Pirzada
!Raina
!Rather
!Rishi
!Syed
!Sheikh
!Tantrei
![[Varrier]]
!Wani
!Others
|-
!Population in entire [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] State
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Male
|55092
|1911
|8317
|4452
|2111
|21765
|5672
|6756
|40264
|6158
|10333
|39670
|222655
|-
|Female
|47155
|1673
|7180
|3995
|1762
|17960
|4626
|5821
|34711
|6095
|9027
|32443
|189269
|-
!Population in Kashmir Province
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|Male
|49586
|1902
|7852
|4444
|2105
|19643
|5374
|6059
|37320
|4875
|10289
|34080
|196596
|-
|Female
|42285
|1670
|6739
|8995
|1755
|16572
|4469
|5298
|31787
|4790
|9014
|28622
|164986
|}

== Diaspora ==
{{Further|Kashmiri diaspora}}In the early twentieth century, famines and the policies of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] rulers drove many Kashmiri Muslims to flee their native land to [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of several Punjabi cities such as [[Gujranwala]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Ludhiana]].<ref name=":53"/> Kashmiris who migrated from [[Amritsar]] in 1947 have had a big influence on [[Lahore]]'s contemporary cuisine and culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/slide-show-1-lahore-amritsar-once-sisters-now-strangers/20121025.htm|title=Lahore, Amritsar: Once sisters, now strangers|date=26 October 2012|work=Rediff News|quote=The biggest influence on Lahore's contemporary culture and cuisine are the Kashmiris who migrated from Amritsar in 1947.|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> The Kashmiris of Amritsar were more steeped in their [[Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri culture]] than the Kashmiris of Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/columns/ahameed/column-45.html|title=Lahore Lahore Aye: Lahore's wedding bands|last=Hamid|first=A.|date=11 February 2007|website=Academy of the Punjab in North America|access-date=12 January 2017|quote=The Kashmiris of Lahore were not as steeped in their Kashmiri culture and heritage as the Kashmiris of Amritsar, which was why the Kashmiri Band did not last long.}}</ref> An exclusive research conducted by the "[[Jang Group of Newspapers|Jang Group]] and [[Geo Television Network]]" showed that the Kashmiri community had been involved in spearheading the power politics of [[Lahore District|Lahore district]] since 1947.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/67341-ayaz-sadiq-yet-another-arain-legislator-wins-from-lahore|title=Ayaz Sadiq: Yet another Arain legislator wins from Lahore|last=Shah|first=Sabir|date=12 October 2015|work=The News International|quote=An exclusive research conducted by the “Jang Group and Geo Television Network” shows that the Arain and Kashmiri communities have spearheaded the power politics in Lahore district since independence.|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>

Notable members of the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in Punjab include Pakistan's former Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] (paternal ancestry from Anantnag), Finance Minister [[Ishaq Dar]], politician [[Khawaja Muhammad Asif|Khawaja Asif]], and former Chief Justice Lahore High Court [[Khawaja Muhammad Sharif]] .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/as-nawaz-sharif-becomes-pm-kashmir-gets-voice-in-pakistan-power-circuit/1125778/|title=As Nawaz Sharif becomes PM, Kashmir gets voice in Pakistan power circuit|last=Jaleel|first=Muzamil|date=2013|work=The Indian Express|quote=Kashmir may have been missing from the agenda of the elections in Pakistan, but the country's new government will have Kashmiris in vital positions — beginning with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif himself. Sharif, 63, who was sworn in for a historic third term on Wednesday, belongs to a family that migrated to Amritsar from South Kashmir's Anantnag district in the beginning of the last century. Sharif's close confidant Ishaq Dar, and influential PML (N) leader Khawaja Asif — both of whom are likely to get important positions in the new government — too have roots in Kashmir. 'My father would always tell me that we are from Anantnag. We had migrated to Amritsar from there for business', Sharif told this correspondent in his office in Lahore's Model Town last month where he sat with his key associates tracking the results of the election. 'And my mother's family came from Pulwama'.|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Another notable member of the [[Kashmiri Muslim]] diaspora in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] was [[Muhammad Iqbal]] (who took pride in his Brahman ancestry<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|pages=16|quote=Iqbal's attachment to his Kashmiri lineage is evident from his poetic references to himself as a descendant of Kashmiri Brahmins.}}</ref> and whose poetry displayed a keen sense of belonging to the [[Kashmir Valley]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599370|quote=As one of the most highly educated Kashmiris in the Punjab, Muhammad Iqbal supported the Kashmiri cause through the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam and the lesser known Anjuman-i-Kashmiri Musalman. His poetry demonstrates a keen sense of belonging to Kashmir, the magnificent valley which the cruel hands of fate had allowed men of bestial disposition to reduce to abject slavery and benightedness.}}</ref> Another famous proud Kashmiri writer from Punjab was [[Saadat Hasan Manto]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=254L0WM45VYC&q=manto+kashmiri&pg=PT5|title=Bombay Stories|last1=Reeck|first1=Matt|last2=Ahmad|first2=Aftab|publisher=Random House India|year=2012|isbn=9788184003611|quote=He claimed allegiance not only to his native Punjab but also to his ancestors' home in Kashmir. While raised speaking Punjabi, he was also proud of the remnants of Kashmiri culture that his family maintained-food customs, as well as intermarriage with families of Kashmiri origin-and throughout his life he assigned special importance to others who had Kashmiri roots. In a tongue-in-cheek letter addressed to Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, he went so far as to suggest that being beautiful was the second meaning of being Kashmiri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuY1glf2n0YC&q=manto+kashmiri&pg=PT133|title=Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits|last=Pandita|first=Rahul|publisher=Random House India|year=2013|isbn=9788184003901|quote=By virtue of his disposition, temperament, features and his spirit, Manto remains a Kashmiri Pandit.}}</ref>

According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of Kashmiris settled in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] retained their [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] language. The number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the Kashmiris who had settled in Punjab had adopted the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language of their neighbors.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18931|title=Census of India, 1921.|volume=15|pages=309|chapter=Chapter IX-Language|quote=The only language belonging to the non-sanskritic sub-branch of the Indian branch of the Aryan sub-family spoken in the provinces is Kashmiri. The number of persons speaking this language was 8,523 in 1901 and 7,190 in 1911; but has now fallen to 4,690, a fact which shows that Kashmiris who have settled in these provinces have adopted the Punjabi language of their neighbors. This is amply proved if we compare the strength of Kashmiris returned in the caste Table XIII with that shown by the language table. Kashmiri now appears in the return as the language of 4,690 persons though Kashmiris themselves have a strength of 169, 761; in other words only about 3 out of every 100 Kashmiris still retain their own language.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In contrast, the 1881 Census of Punjab had shown that there were 49,534 speakers of the [[Kashmiri language]] in the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=167&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881|year=1883|pages=163|quote=Kashmiri is the language of the valley of Srinagar in Kashmir which nowhere touches our border. But famine and other causes, already fully discussed in the chapter on the Fluctuations of Famination, have driven a considerable number of immigrants at one time or another from Kashmir into the Panjab; and the language is now spoken by no fewer than 49,534 inhabitants of the Province.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The 1881 Census had recorded the number of Kashmiris in the Punjab as 179,020<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18838|title=Census of India, 1901. Vol. XVII: Punjab, its Feudatories, and the North West Frontier Province. Part I: The Report on the Census|last=Rose|first=H A|year=1902|pages=347|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> while the 1891 Census recorded the Kashmiri population as 225,307<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=336&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=324|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> but the number of Kashmiri speakers recorded in the 1891 Census was 28,415.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=132&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=120|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]] states that Kashmiris faced discrimination in the Punjab as well.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599370|pages=352|quote=...Kashmiris engaged in agriculture were disqualified from taking advantage of the Punjab Land Alienation Act...Yet Kashmiris settled in the Punjab for centuries faced discrimination.}}</ref> Kashmiris settled for generations in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] were unable to own land,<ref name=":20" /> including the family of [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref name=":5222">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|pages=16|quote=Like most Kashmiri families in Punjab, Iqbal's family did not own land.}}</ref> Scholar Chitralekha Zutshi states that Kashmiri Muslims settled in the Punjab retained emotional and familial links to Kashmir and felt obliged to struggle for the freedom of their brethren in the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=Kashmiri+Muslim+expatriates+in+the+Punjab+had+retained+emotional+and+familial+ties+to+their+soil+and+felt+compelled+to+raise+the+banner+of+freedom+for+Kashmir+and+their+brethren+in+the+Valley%2C+thus+launching+bitter+critiques+of+the+Dogra+administration.&pg=PA191|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=191–192|quote=Kashmiri Muslim expatriates in the Punjab had retained emotional and familial ties to their soil and felt compelled to raise the banner of freedom for Kashmir and their brethren in the Valley, thus launching bitter critiques of the Dogra administration.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Common}}
{{Kashmirifamalies}}

[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

A. V. Subramanian

2026-04-24T12:23:38Z

ArnoldBAp: put up a details and citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. V. Subramanian
| office = President [[Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 4 March 2020
| term_end = 9 June 2023
| predecessor = [[A. Namassivayam]]
| successor = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''A. V. Subramanian''' is an Indian politician who served as [[Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker of 10th Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Speakers |url=https://www.oneindia.com/puducherry-speakers-list/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref> and [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of 9th and 11th Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PONDICHERRY LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref> and former President of [[Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-13 |title=A.V. Subramanian re-appointed Puducherry PCC president |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/av-subramanian-reappointed-puducherry-pcc-president/article4809691.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A V Subramanian reappointed as PCC president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/jun/13/a-v-subramanian-reappointed-as-pcc-president-486417.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |newspaper=The New Indian Express | agency=PTI | date=13 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-04 |title=A.V. Subramanian is new Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee chief |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/av-subramanian-is-new-puducherry-pradesh-congress-committee-chief/article30980939.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In August 2020, he tested positive for [[SARS-CoV-2]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=PCC President A V Subramanian tests positive for Covid-19 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/pcc-president-a-v-subramanian-tests-positive-for-covid-19-879654.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, AV}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2001–2006]]

{{Puducherry-politician-stub}}

1990 Bijnor riot

2026-04-23T23:20:58Z

ArnoldBAp: put up initial info with sources!

{{Short description|Religious riot in Bijnor, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
In October 1990, a major communal riot took place in [[Bijnor]], a town in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Stemming from a celebratory procession by local Hindu groups, it was the most destructive riot in the wake of concurrent Hindu nationalist campaigns, which eventually led to the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of Babri Masjid]]. The riots were also characterized by phases of passive and active complicity of the state machinery.

Official estimates put the death toll at 87; unofficially, the count varies from around 200 to 300 with most of the dead being Muslims.

== Background ==
[[Amrita Basu]] et al. notes that there was a near-total absence of any communal riots at Bijnor before 1988.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Amrita|author-link=Amrita Basu|date=1995|title=Why Local Riots Are Not Simply Local: Collective Violence and the State in Bijnor, India 1988-1993|journal=Theory and Society|volume=24|issue=1|pages=35–78|issn=0304-2421|jstor=657919|doi=10.1007/BF00993322|s2cid=144839645 }}

:* A near-duplicate version of this article was also published over {{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Amrita|date=1994|title=When Local Riots Are Not Merely Local: Bringing the State Back in, Bijnor 1988-92|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1994/40/special-articles/when-load-riots-are-not-merely-local-bringing-state-back-bijnor|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=40|pages=2605–2621|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4401857|url-access=subscription}}
:* Another near-duplicate version of this article has been published over {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|last=Basu|first=Amrita|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-316-10571-9|pages=115–161|chapter=When Local Violence Is Not Merely Local: A Tale of Two Towns|doi=10.1017/cbo9781316105719.007|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/violent-conjunctures-in-democratic-india/when-local-violence-is-not-merely-local-a-tale-of-two-towns/5B60D095DC8B1727A1662AA32C1A3869}}
</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffery|first1=Roger|last2=Jeffery|first2=Patricia M.|date=1994|title=The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of a Mythical Special Relationship?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1994/10/special-articles/bijnor-riots-october-1990-collapse-mythical-special-relationship|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=10|pages=551–558|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4400897|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Population, Gender and Politics : Demographic Change in Rural North India|last1=Jeffery|first1=Roger|last2=Jeffery|first2=Patricia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780511621550|chapter=An island of peace?|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511621550.003}}</ref> A few distinct events manifested across the politico-religious sphere in the following years, that led to the gradual build-up of animosity and served as a precursor to the riots.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Municipal elections ===
In the 1988 municipal elections, a Muslim lawyer - Zafar Khan, from BSP was elected as the chair, having defeated Sandip Lal, a fellow Hindu contender from BSP, who was also backed by BJP.<ref name=":0" /> Effectively, it was more of a religious fight than a political once.<ref name=":0" /> Notwithstanding the demographic skew against Hindus, Lal was poorly educated and corrupt (contra Khan) and his history of switching political allegiances drastically hampered his chances; the election also saw a lower voter turnout among Hindus.<ref name=":0" />

Soon enough, the elected Hindus in the council (most of whom were prominent faces of communal outfits) accused Khan of being partisan in the distribution of funds and appointments at key posts including Vice Chairman, which was traditionally allotted to the opposition.<ref name=":0" /> The claims of fund misuse and partisan appointments have since been located to be entirely unfounded; a Muslim was illegally installed as the Vice Chairman, in absence of Khan, via a conspiracy hatched by the Hindu councilors.<ref name=":0" />

Along while, there were multiple attempts to bring a no-confidence motion against Khan especially by weaponizing the nominated members, but none managed to succeed especially that he was close to Mulayam Yadav, the then-chief minister from BSP (who changed nominated members at will).<ref name=":0" /> The last such attempt was in June 1990.<ref name=":0" />

=== Property dispute ===
In around July 1990, there was a huge fracas about the fate of vacant land adjoining a mosque.<ref name=":0" />

The Hindu councilors along with local members of RSS claimed that the property belonged to a Hindu, who was settled elsewhere but failed to pay taxes.<ref name=":0" /> On notification by the municipality of pending usurpation, he did pay the dues but yet Khan had evicted him to unilaterally allot the property to a Muslim, who was supposedly planning to inaugurate a beef shop.<ref name=":0" /> A local daily, ''The Bijnor Times'', (which was promised with favors by Lal, shall he were elected) heavily aided in the amplification, so as to discredit Khan.<ref name=":0" /> The allegations were unfounded in that the municipality owned the land, since long back and there was only a single request for renting out the property, which the entire council had approved of.<ref name=":0" />

On 25 August, a group of Hindus, led by [[Bajrang Dal]], occupied the property and were soon reinforced in large numbers, as rumors spread of an impending attack by Muslims.<ref name=":0" /> After a bout of stone-pelting between the communities, local police vacated the property by force and arrested the agitating Hindus.<ref name=":0" /> An old Muslim woman was killed by a ricocheting bullet and another Muslim died in the hospital, later.<ref name=":2" /> In light of the volatile situation, the municipality temporally stalled the scheduled land-allocation, in what was conceived as a victory by the Hindus.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ram-jyotis ===
In the wake to the Babri Masjid demolition, VHP organised a cross-state tour, wherein ''karsevaks'' went about in a procession with flame-torches and sought to rekindle the Hindu spirit.<ref name=":0" /> The then BSP government chose to prohibit them from entering the town by installing a barricade over the lone entry-bridge, fearing communal disturbances.<ref name=":0" />

In response, thousands of Hindu women formed into a flash mob, stormed the bridge in active defiance of state orders, and enabled the Ram-jyotis into the town.<ref name=":0" /> This proved to be a major turning point as to the inclusion of women in physical manifestations of Hindu nationalism, and for the female-inflicted violence, that would form a major part of the Bijnor riot.<ref name=":0" />

=== Communal harmony rally ===
The relations further deteriorated when the-then chief minister [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] held one of the many 'communal-harmony rally' at Bijnor on 9 October 1990.<ref name=":0" /> Poised as an antidote to RSS-BJP processions in the wake of Ayodhya, it was widely attended by Muslims from across nearby districts.<ref name=":0" /> Incidentally, Lal was the chief organiser, whilst Khan chose to boycott it, fearing a flare-up of tensions.<ref name=":0" />

In the speech, Mulayam vowed to protect the Babri Masjid and spoke about unity between Muslim and Backward Classes against Savarna Hindus.<ref name=":2" /> The speech was perceived to be inflammatory by Hindus and widespread violence followed soon afterward.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Muslims were heckled to prevent attending the rally and their vehicles were attacked, whilst returning during night; effigies of Mulayam were burnt by a combine of BJP and ShivSena, as well.<ref name=":0" /> The district president of VHP was attacked, in what has been since alluded to an internal conspiracy for the sake of rumor-mongering, by local intelligence agencies.<ref name=":0" />

Three people (two Hindus and one Muslim) died and thirty shops were subject to loot and arson, in the aftermaths; bomb blasts were frequently heard around the town and the local marketplace was closed for four days.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ninety-five people (sixty-five Hindus and thirty Muslims) were arrested but soon released due to continuous protests by the Hindu populace, who accused the authorities of minority appeasement.<ref name=":0" />

== Riot ==

=== Course ===

==== Build up ====
The initial destruction of Babri Masjid was planned on 30 October 1990.<ref name=":0" /> The karsevaks started to arrive by 25th and pursuant to instructions of Mulayam Yadav, were subject to mass-incarcerations; by 26th, 637 were already arrested and that local prisons were filled up, a girls' intermediate college was transformed to a temporary prison.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Securities at the latter facility were minimal and they wandered out to the town, with ease.<ref name=":0" />

Schools and colleges chose to announce indefinite closure, in light of the communally polarized environment.<ref name=":0" /> Public assemblies were banned soon afterwards.<ref name=":0" />

==== Immediate trigger ====
On 30 October, the detained karsevaks assembled at an Arya Samaj temple, in the town square with local VHP members, in anticipation of the demolition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> At around 11 a.m., a police officer reached the temple and spread misleading news, supposedly referenced from BBC, about the procession having reached Ayodhya and started with the planned destruction.<ref name=":0" /> Within an hour, a several-hundred strong victory procession made its way through a Muslim locality of the town and engaged in provocative sloganeering; the slogans were strikingly similar to those used in previous communal riots.<ref name=":0" /> Local Hindus however, rejected the claims and asserted of singing devotional songs, only.<ref name=":2" /> The administration did not choose to not pay any heed to multiple calls for action on the initial congregation, which was a violation of the imposed prohibition on public assembly or on preventing its passage through the Muslim quarters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Amidst this volatile atmosphere, a local Muslim doctor – Mushir Ahmed – chose to keep open his dispensary.<ref name=":0" /> After the Muslims started pelting stones at the Hindu rally; Ahmed chose to shelter a few Hindu women at the forefront of the rally, who were caught in the cross-fire.<ref name=":0" /> The Hindus in the rally however suspected Ahmed of abducting those women, and he was murdered.<ref name=":0" />

This served as the immediate basis for the riot that was to follow.<ref name=":0" /> As his dead body was taken back to home, the local Muslims attacked a Hindu neighborhood of Joggis, a lower caste among Hindus, and retaliation followed soon.<ref name=":0" /> By evening, 48 were killed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=422|language=en|chapter=The Early 1990s: How to conquer and retain power|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot}}</ref>

==== Curfew and state-complicity ====
The state responded by declaring a town-wide curfew at around 1:30 AM on 31 October and deploying [[State Armed Police Forces|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC).<ref name=":0" />

However, they were heavily partisan and effectively allowed the Hindus, to go on a rampage looting and burning down Muslim shops whilst restricting the Muslims to their houses; PAC later claimed of being accompanied Hindu nationalists, only as to their inability to maneuver in an alien territory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Basu notes that post the installation of a curfew, it was no longer a symmetric warfare but state-assisted and perpetrated mass-violence against Muslims, which continued unabated till 3 October.<ref name=":0" /> The-then editor of [[Dainik Jagran]] argues that the relatively one-sided violence perpetrated by Muslims in Bartwaan had de-professionalized the state-forces in entirety and raked in a communal mobocracy.<ref name=":0" />

There were numerous instances of the PAC torturing, physically violating and executing Muslims, whilst accompanied by local Hindu residents.<ref name=":0" /> Looting and arsons of Muslim houses were extensively facilitated, as well.<ref name=":0" /> 5 mosques were destroyed, per local reports.<ref name=":0" />

===== Spread =====
The riots were mostly restricted to urban Bijnor but sporadic bursts of violence were reported from some adjoining villages esp. in [[Rampur Bakli]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Agricultural equipment et al. were destroyed, in addition to torture, rape and [[summary execution]]s.<ref name=":0" />

==== Closure ====
The entire city was handed over to the Army on 3 November, who finally reined in the riot.<ref name=":2" /> Curfew timings were gradually relaxed, before being withdrawn all-together after 10 days.<ref name=":2" /> During the span, outsiders, even the local legislator were not allowed in.<ref name=":2" /> By mid-November, normalcy was restored.<ref name=":2" /> Official estimates put the death-toll at 87; unofficially, the count varied from around 200 to 300.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer|date=1991|title=The Bloody Trail: Ramjanmabhoomi and Communal Violence in UP|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1991/4/roots-specials/bloody-trail-ramjanmabhoomi-and-communal-violence.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=4|pages=155–159|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4397237|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Local media coverage ===
The local media (esp. ''Bijnor Times'') were actively complicit in contributing to the proliferation of rumors and sustaining the riot, via mis-reporting and partisan editorializing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> There was extensive pro-Hindu bias and the reporting during riots, were essentially [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

''Bijnor Times'' initially blamed the Muslims for stone-pelting on a peaceful procession by Hindus, and deemed the riots to be pre-planned by the local Muslim populace.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It soon changed its narrative and alleged that outsiders had instigated the riots; this was also readily accepted by the local administration.<ref name=":2" /> The paper also inflated the death toll, on the side of Hindus and alleged police appeasement towards the Muslims.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==
The entire administration was subject to a complete overhaul, soon.<ref name=":0" /> Pro-active policing was relied upon along with peace-building measures, to prevent any recurrence.<ref name=":0" /> The town has not been witness to any riot, since.<ref name=":2" />

The next elections for state as well as national legislature were won by BJP with percentage-totals of 53 and 47 respectively.<ref name=":2" />

== Analysis ==
The riot has been deemed to be the most destructive riot in the wake of concurrent Hindu nationalist campaigns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Jeffery argues that the riots primarily arose from pre-existing negative stereotyping of Muslims by the Hindu populace which reached a tipping point around November 1990, guided by the broader political sentiments of militant Hindu mobilization under BJP and aggressive responses by the BSP government in state; once the riots started there was a cycle of retaliation, further confirmation of prejudices and further retaliation, effectively leading to an unchecked cycle of positive feedback.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Jeffery failed to locate any standing in the economic sphere, though.<ref name=":2" />

He noted that local explanations varied from claiming of the riot being organised and perpetuated in entirety by outsiders to blaming the local Muslims and Khan.<ref name=":2" /> All the sides commonly blamed the state machinery for adding to the riots, though.<ref name=":2" /> Some gave justifications based on intersection of caste and religion, as well.<ref name=":2" /> Jeffery did note that a combination of all these factors, contributed to the riots, as well.<ref name=":2" />

Basu, however, argues that the causes ought be located in the intersection of social, political as well economic planes.<ref name=":0" />

Almost all the Hindus interviewed by Basu, in the aftermath of the riots, squarely blamed Khan, for communalizing the regional politics and even instigating the riots, contrary to all available evidence.<ref name=":0" /> The political need of the Hindus to exert themselves in the local municipal council and thus, gain greater control over economy, aided in the manifestation of the riot.<ref name=":0" /> Khan's success in forging a Muslim+Lower-caste electoral base under BSP's aegis and transgression of rigid social boundaries, also hampered the social goal of BJP to subsume all Hindus under the fold of [[Hindutva]], thus hampering larger political prospects in the region.<ref name=":0" /> This was since reflected in BJP playing integral roles in building up the volatile atmosphere up till the riots.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijnor riots, 1990}}
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990 mass murders]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990 murders in India]]
[[Category:1990 riots]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:October 1990 in India]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1990]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Bijnor]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Muslims in the 1990s]]

Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front

2026-04-23T14:19:31Z

ArnoldBAp: made new info

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|logo =
|name = Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front
|abbreviation = IGJF
|leader = [[Ajoy Edwards]]
|founder = [[Ajoy Edwards]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|25 November 2021}} (as Hamro Party)
|split = [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]]
|colorcode = {{Party color|Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front}}
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front}}}} [[Navy blue|Dark Navy Blue]]
| state_seats_name = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|6|45|hex={{Party color|Hamro Party}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Darjeeling Municipality]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|11|32|hex={{Party color|Hamro Party}}}}
|eci=
|alliance =
|ideology= [[Gorkhaland movement|Gorkhaland statehood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/indian-gorkha-janshakti-front-launched-with-call-for-separate-statehood-1562052|title=Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front launched with call for separate statehood|publisher=The Assam Tribune|date=23 Dec 2024|access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha nationalism]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]
|position=
|flag=
|symbol=}}

'''Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front''' ({{Small|[[Abbreviation|abbr.]]}} '''IGJF''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ajoy-edwards-launches-new-party-gorkhaland-to-be-prime-goal/articleshow/116571429.cms|title=Ajoy Edwards launches new party, Gorkhaland to be prime goal|publisher=Times of India|date=22 December 2024|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> formerly known as '''Hamro Party''', is a political party based in [[Darjeeling district]] and [[Kalimpong district]] of [[India]]. The president of the party is [[Ajoy Edwards]], who was earlier a leader of [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Hill party christened 'Hamro Party'|date=26 November 2021 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/new-hill-party-christened-hamro-party-459908|publisher=Millennium Post|accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref>

==Election history==
HP contested the [[Darjeeling Municipality]] election in February 2022. It won 18 seats out of a total of 32 seats and formed the board.<ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal: Formed 3 months ago, Hamro Party beats major players in Darjeeling polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-formed-3-months-ago-hamro-party-beats-major-players-in-darjeeling-polls/articleshow/89957924.cms/|work=The Times of India|date=3 March 2022 |accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref> HP contested all 45 seats in the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] election held on 26 June 2022 and won 8 seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=GTA polls: Hamro Party to contest in all 45 seats|date=3 June 2022 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/gta-polls-hamro-party-to-contest-in-all-45-seats-480632/|publisher=Millennium Post|accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Bengal GTA Election Results 2022|date=29 June 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/north-bengal-gorkhaland-territorial-administration-civic-election-results-2022-live-news-updates-darjeeling-siliguri-mahakuma-parishad-winning-candidates-list/2576134|publisher=Financial Express|accessdate=30 June 2022}}</ref> Two HP councillors of the GTA joined [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha]] on 5 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Hamro Party GTA Sabhasads cross over to BGPM|date=6 November 2022 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/two-hamro-party-gta-sabhasads-cross-over-to-bgpm-498199|publisher=Millennium Post|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref> Six HP ward commissioners of [[Darjeeling Municipality]] joined [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha]] on 24 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=With BGPM set to wrest Darjeeling Municipality, Anit Thapa takes centre stage in hills politics|date=26 November 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bgpm-to-wrest-darjeeling-municipality-anit-thapa-takes-centre-stage-in-hills-politics-8290999/|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Darjeeling municipality: Binay Tamang, Bimal Gurung add to chaos|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-municipality-binay-tamang-bimal-gurung-add-to-chaos-leading-to-fiasco/cid/1900492|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref> One more Hamro Party ward commissioner of Darjeeling Municipality joined BGPM on 21 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamro Party councillor switch relief for BGPM|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hamro-party-councillor-switch-relief-for-s-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha/cid/1924163|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]

Abhishek Nigam

2026-04-22T13:46:54Z

ArnoldBAp: put up new stub and citations!

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1997)}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Nigam
| image = Abhishek-Nigam-grace-the-special-screening-of-Panipat.jpg
| caption = Nigam in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|09|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Akbar – Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar]]''|''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''|''[[Ali Baba: Ek Andaaz Andekha]]''}}
| mother = Vibha Nigam
| relatives = [[Siddharth Nigam]] (brother)
| website =
}}
'''Abhishek Nigam''' (born 13 September 1997) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Tunisha Sharma Suicide Case: Sheezan Khan to be replaced by Abhishek Nigam as Ali Baba? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tunisha-sharma-suicide-case-sheezan-khan-to-be-replaced-by-abhishek-nigam-as-ali-baba-article-96594250 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He is known for portraying the characters [[Akbar]] in ''[[Akbar – Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar]]'' ''[[Big Magic]]'', Veer Nanda in ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'' and Ali Baba in ''[[Ali Baba: Ek Andaaz Andekha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=Abhishek Nigam To Return To TV With 'Alibaba' Chapter 2 - Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/tv/telly-news/abhishek-nigam-to-return-to-tv-with-alibaba-chapter-2/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=glamsham.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Siddharth Nigam, Abhishek Nigam And Vibha Nigam At Special Screening Of Panipat Movie ( Watermark Free Image) 2019.png|thumb|Abhishek Nigam with his family at a special screening of [[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]]]
Nigam was born and raised in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father, Ramvir Tokas, died during Nigam's childhood, he was raised under the care of his mother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Nigam – Wiki, Biography, Age, Girlfriend, Height, Weight, Family, Facts, Controversy |url=https://thecelebbio.com/actor/abhishek-nigam-wiki-biography-weight-height-family-facts-girlfriend-age-bio/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=The Celeb Bio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oltao |date=2023-03-16 |title=Siddharth Nigam Family, Father, Net Worth, Wife, Birthday, Brother, Bio, Height |url=https://teamboma.com/biography/siddharth-nigam-family-father-net-worth |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=TeamBoma |language=en-US}}</ref> He also has a younger brother, [[Siddharth Nigam]], who is a well-known actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=Siddharth Nigam joins brother Abhishek Nigam in Hero – Gayab Mode On |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/siddharth-nigam-joins-brother-abhishek-nigam-in-hero-gayab-mode-on-23167340 |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}</ref> He completed his early education at Delhi Public School (DPS), [[Prayagraj]], before moved to [[Pune]] for higher studies. There, he earned a master's degree in law from [[New Law College (Pune)|New Law College]]. Later, he relocated to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=A look at Abhishek Nigam's 5 best performances |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/before-abhishek-nigam-gets-roped-in-for-ali-babas-role-a-look-at-his-5-best-performances-1206483 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141705/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/before-abhishek-nigam-gets-roped-in-for-ali-babas-role-a-look-at-his-5-best-performances-1206483 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Actor Abhishek Nigam 'Mostly Performs Own Stunts' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/alibaba-actor-abhishek-nigam-mostly-performs-own-stunts-reveals-he-was-extremely-unwell-when-he-joined-show-7356127.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Abhishek Nigam made his film debut in 2015 with the short documentary ''[[India's Daughter|India’s Daughter]]'', which marked his first screen appearance.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4704768/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm |title=India's Daughter (2015) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-04-24 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> In 2017, he made his [[television]] debut with ''Akbar – Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar''.<ref>{{cite web | title=PICS: 'Ashoka' Siddharth Nigam's 'look alike' brother Abhishek Nigam is TV's new 'Akbar'! Did you know? | url=https://news.abplive.com/television/pics-ashoka-siddharth-nigams-look-alike-brother-abhishek-nigam-is-tvs-new-akbar-did-you-know-830914 | website=ABP Live | date=15 May 2017}}</ref> In the same year, he played supporting roles in ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]'', ''[[Chandra Nandini]]'', and ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 June 2017 |title=Abhishek Nigam excited to play teenage Krishna |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/abhishek-nigam-excited-to-play-teenage-krishna-117060100473_1.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=1 June 2017 |title=Abhishek Nigam excited to play teenage Krishna |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/abhishek-nigam-excited-to-play-teenage-krishna-1496323717.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2019, Nigam launched the music label Bon Bros Records with his brother, Siddharth.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chann Mahi Aaja: Featuring Sana Khan and Aamir Meer, This Is The Love Song Of The Season! | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211011-chann-mahi-aaja-featuring-sana-khan-and | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=11 October 2021}}</ref> Under the label, he directed several music videos, including ''Attachment'', ''Tu Mera Bhai Hai'', and ''Hasdi Reya Kar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attachment.Wav |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/attachment-wav-single/1590367229 |website=Apple Music – Web Player |date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Latest Hindi Song 'Tu Mera Bhai Hai' Sung By Ravish Khanna Starring Abhishek Nigam, Alam Khan, Ravish Khanna And Special Appearance Given By 'Siddharth Nigam' | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/friendship-hindi-single-2020-tu-mera-bhai-hai-by-ravish-khanna-starring-abhishek-nigam-alam-khan-ravish-khanna-and-special-appearance-siddharth-nigam/videoshow/75316424.cms | website=The Times of India | date=23 April 2020}}</ref> Later, he ventured into lyricism and music composition with the song ''Meri Hai Maa''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meri Hai Maa |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/meri-hai-maa-single/1590368088 |website=Apple Music – Web Player |date=14 October 2021}}</ref>

In December 2019, Nagam debuted in [[Bollywood]] with [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s [[Panipat (film)|''Panipat'']], where he played Vishwasrao Peshwa. From 2020 to 2021, he portrayed the role of Veer "Hero" Nanda in [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]'s ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'', opposite [[Yesha Rughani]] and [[Tunisha Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Abhishek Nigam undergoes rigorous training for Hero Gayab Mode On |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/abhishek-nigam-undergoes-rigorous-training-to-play-stuntman-on-hero-gayab-mode-on-1745486-2020-11-30 |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=India Today |date=30 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=Abhishek Nigam: Hero Gayab Mode On is a wholesome entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhishek-nigam-hero-gayab-mode-on-is-a-wholesome-entertainer-7095470/ |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he replaced [[Sheezan Khan]] as the titular character in the second season of [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Ali Baba (Indian TV series)|Ali Baba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Abhishek Nigam open up about replacing Sheezan Khan in Ali Baba: 'Comparisons are normal and inevitable' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/abhishek-nigam-on-replacing-sheezan-khan-in-ali-baba-comparisons-are-normal-101675700314229.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2024 |title=Abhishek Nigam reveals if taking up Alibaba transformed him as a person |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-abhishek-nigam-reveals-if-taking-up-alibaba-daastan-e-kabul-transformed-him-as-a-person-1308548 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, he played Chirag, a nerd, in [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]]'s anthology series ''[[Jab We Matched]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Nigam plays nerdy guy in 'Jab We Matched' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/abhishek-nigam-plays-nerdy-guy-in-jab-we-matched/articleshow/98062633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2024, he starred in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Pukaar – Dil Se Dil Tak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Nigam says Pukaar is a break for him from fantasy shows, larger-than-life characters: 'I'm trying to keep...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-abhishek-nigam-says-pukaar-is-a-break-for-him-from-fantasy-shows-larger-than-life-characters-3090623 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Abhishek Nigam joins Pukaar-Dil Se Dil Tak; talks about his role |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/pukaar-dil-se-dil-tak-promo-abhishek-nigam-to-star-opposite-sayli-salunkhe-former-shares-details-about-his-role-1303847 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621150526/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/pukaar-dil-se-dil-tak-promo-abhishek-nigam-to-star-opposite-sayli-salunkhe-former-shares-details-about-his-role-1303847 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Media ==
In August 2022, Nigam was named one of 75 cultural ambassadors by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] to commemorate the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 young cultural ambassadors of India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle-trends/india75-75-young-cultural-ambassadors-of-india-9027691.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=14 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" |2019
|[[Panipat (film)|''Panipat'']]
|[[Vishwasrao]] [[Peshwa]]
|Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 November 2019 |title=Abhishek Nigam Makes Bollywood Debut With 'Panipat' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/panipat-siddharth-nigams-brother-abhishek-nigam-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-arjun-kapoor-kriti-sanons-film-1102874 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |2017
|''Akbar – Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar''
|[[Akbar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2023 |title=Abhishek Nigam who made his TV debut with 'Akbar-Rakht se Takht ka Safar', seen in the web show 'Jab We Matched' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/topic/akbar-rakht-se-takht-ka-safar |website=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
|Young [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]]
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Abhishek to play young Sai Baba|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/abhishek-to-play-young-sai-baba-468127|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chandra Nandini]]''
|Rajkumar Bhadraketu
|Recurring role
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
|Teenage [[Krishna]]
|Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Nigam excited to play teenage Lord Krishna |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/abhishek-nigam-excited-to-play-teenage-lord-krishna-2011102.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2019
|''[[Ace of Space 2]]''
|Himself
|Episode 72
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ace Of Space Season 2 Episode 72 |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/ace-of-space/2/806221/who-will-ace-the-final-space/863548 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2020–2021
|''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
|Veer Nanda/Hero
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=Abhishek Nigam speaks on Hero- Gayab Mode On "Hero's character came to me naturally|url=https://www.businessupturn.com/interviews/abhishek-nigam-speaks-on-hero-gayab-mode-on-heros-character-came-to-me-naturally/|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Business Upturn|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ali Baba: Ek Andaaz Andekha]]''
|[[Ali Baba]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Nigam replaces Sheezan Khan as Ali Baba. Watch new promo. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/after-tunisha-sharmas-demise-abhishek-nigam-replaces-sheezan-khan-as-ali-baba-on-ali-baba-ek-andaaz-andekha-chapter-2-watch-new-promo-2322593-2023-01-17 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=17 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jab We Matched]]''
|Chirag
|Episode 1: "Dating Algorithm"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jab We Matched trailer out. Abhishek Nigam, Priyank Sharma, Jasmin Bhasin, Shivangi Joshi come together for romantic anthology |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jab-we-matched-trailer-out-priyank-sharma-jasmin-bhasin-shivangi-joshi-come-together-for-romantic-anthology-2331671-2023-02-07 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=7 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2024
|''Pukaar – Dil Se Dil Tak''
|Sagar Maheshwari
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Abhishek Nigam roped in as lead for TV show 'Pukaar Dil Se Dil Tak' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/abhishek-nigam-roped-in-as-lead-for-television-show-pukaar-dil-se-dil-tak-sony-entertainment-2537043-2024-05-09 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |2020
|''Sun Le Saathiya''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Check Out Latest Hindi Lyrical Song 'Sun Le Saathiya' Sung By Stebin Ben | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-latest-hindi-lyrical-song-sun-le-saathiya-sung-by-stebin-ben/videoshow/93203256.cms | website=The Times of India | date=29 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Tu Mera Bhai Hai''
|Ravish Khanna
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Tu Mera Bhai Hai | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tu-mera-bhai-hai-single/1509778413 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Tere Hi Ghar Ke''
| rowspan="2" |[[Yasser Desai]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Single by Yasser Desai & Anupama Raag on Apple Music | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tere-hi-ghar-ke-single/1529864295 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Dil Kahe''
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega fame Kanika Mann dazzles in 'Dil Kahe' music video: styled by Simrat Bohra | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200918-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-fame-kanika-mann | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=18 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''Meri Hai Maa''
|Tarsh
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Meri Hai Maa | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/meri-hai-maa-single/1513315930 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |2021
|''Hasdi Reya Kar''
|Gurnazar
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Single by Gurnazar, Abhishek Nigam & Vaishnavi Rao on Apple Music | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hasdi-reya-kar-single/1800490824 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=3 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Tum Bin''
|[[Palak Muchhal]]
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Swati | title=शादाब सिद्दीकी का नया गाना 'तुम बिन' हुआ वायरल, पलक मुच्छल की आवाज में छा गया VIDEO | url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/shadab-siddiqui-and-singer-palak-muchhal-new-song-tum-bin-watch-video-2392233 | website=ndtv.in | language=hi | date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Lockdown Main Mora Saiyaan''
|[[Antara Mitra]], Kettan Singh
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Rising star Megha Kaur takes everyone by surprise with her song Lockdown Main Mora Saiyaan with Abhishek Nigam | url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/rising-star-megha-kaur-takes-everyone-by-surprise-with-her-song-lockdown-main-mora-saiyaan-with-abhishek-nigam-23179758 | website=Mid-day | date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Majnu''
|[[Sukriti Kakar]], [[Prakriti Kakar]], Mellow D
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Nigam brothers come together for Sukriti, Prakriti's track 'Majnu' | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211001-nigam-brothers-come-together-sukriti | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2022
|''Heeriye''
|Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Heeriye | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/heeriye-single/1618391298 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Yeh Adah''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Watch Latest Hindi Video Song 'Ye Adah' Sung By Stebin Ben | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-video-song-ye-adah-sung-by-stebin-ben/videoshow/92829210.cms | website=The Times of India | date=12 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2023
|''Meri Aashiqui''
|Saaj Bhatt
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Check out 'Meri Aashiqui'- A romantic timeless classic ft. Abhishek Nigam And Yesha Rughani | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/230111-check-out-meri-aashiqui-romantic-timeless | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=11 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Burqa''
|[[Salman Ali]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=BURQA | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/burqa-single/1693792934 | website=Apple Music – Web Player | date=25 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor (Popular)
|''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
|{{Nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
|Favourite Sibling Jodi (With [[Siddharth Nigam]])
|{{n/a}}
|{{Nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actor (Drama)
|''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan|Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{IMDb name|nm7420955}}

{{Bollywood Hungama person|abhishek-nigam}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Abhishek Nigam
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Television
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nayak: The Real Hero

2026-04-21T07:23:56Z

ArnoldBAp: Added info

{{short description|2001 Indian film by Shankar}}
{{About||the Assamese film|Nayak (2001 Assamese film)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nayak The Real Hero poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Mudhalvan]]''|S. Shankar}}
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| writer = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Anurag Kashyap]]}}
}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Rani Mukerji]]|[[Amrish Puri]]|[[Paresh Rawal]]}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[B. Lenin]]
* [[V. T. Vijayan]]
}}
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| released = {{Film date|2001|9|7|df=yes}}
| runtime = 187 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayak The Real Hero |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/nayak-the-real-hero-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndg1mtk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092354/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/nayak-the-real-hero-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndg1mtk |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}21 crore<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Nayak |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=671 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203855/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=671 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}20.56 crore<ref name="BOI" />
}}
'''''Nayak: The Real Hero''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɑː|j|ə|k}} {{translation|''Hero''}}) is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language [[political fiction|political]] [[action film]] co-written and directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] (in his [[Bollywood]] debut) and produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]] under the Sri Surya Movies banner. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], with [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Paresh Rawal]], and [[Johnny Lever]] playing supporting roles. A remake of Shankar's 1999 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', it focuses on Shivaji Rao (Kapoor), a television cameraman and, later, television presenter, who accidentally hears and records a conversation between the police and the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] Balraj Chauhan. While interviewing Chauhan about the issues, Shivaji is challenged to take over the chief minister's job for a day.

''Nayak'' was announced in June 2000 and marked the first Hindi-language directorial venture of Shankar. The soundtrack was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics that were written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. Filming was done by [[K. V. Anand]], taking place in more than 100 locations across India.

The film was released on 7 September 2001 to mixed reviews from the critics, some of whom applauded the storyline, the performances (particularly Kapoor, Puri and Rawal), Shankar's direction and the themes and social message but criticised its lengthy duration, editing, pace and special effects. It was considered a commercial failure, grossing {{INRConvert|20.56|c}} at the box-office against the total production and marketing cost of {{INRConvert|21|c}}.

Although ''Nayak'' was a commercial failure at the time of its theatrical release, it later gained significant popularity on television and has since become a [[cult classic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Hindi remake of Tamil film was rejected by Aamir, Shah Rukh, flopped at box office, now will be revived with... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-remake-nayak-tamil-blockbuster-rejected-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-cult-classic-now-nayak-2-anil-kapoor-3089968 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008180112/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-remake-nayak-tamil-blockbuster-rejected-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-cult-classic-now-nayak-2-anil-kapoor-3089968 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-16 |title=Did you know Shah Rukh Khan signed Anil Kapoor starrer 'Nayak' for ONE rupee? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-signed-anil-kapoor-starrer-nayak-for-one-rupee/articleshow/111026822.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=When Shah Rukh Khan took one rupee as signing amount for Nayak, was later replaced by Anil Kapoor: ‘We had some issues, didn’t think the concept would work’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-ttok-one-rupee-signing-amount-for-nayak-replaced-by-anil-kapoor-had-some-issues-concept-didnt-work-9394671/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
Shivaji Rao is an ambitious television cameraman, working for QTV along with his friend Topi in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. While on his job, he is assigned to record riots triggered by a fight between college students and a bus driver and accidentally records a conversation in which [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] Balraj Chauhan takes an indifferent stand, so as not to lose his voter base. In the riots, Shivaji saves the life of one of the college students there, and it is recorded by Topi. Because of his actions, Shivaji is promoted to senior television presenter.

Meanwhile, due to police inaction, there is loss of life and damage to property. Explaining his actions, Chauhan later agrees to do a live interview with Shivaji, during which Shivaji raises these issues and broadcasts the conversation he has recorded. In response to Shivaji's allegations about the mismanagement by his government, Chauhan redirects the question by saying that his job is not easy. He challenges Shivaji to be the Chief Minister for a day to experience those problems himself. Shivaji reluctantly accepts the challenge.

An ordinance is passed in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and Shivaji takes over as CM. Assisted by Bansal, Shivaji handles issues that affect the populace every day. He manages affordable housing and employment for the needy, and he suspends inefficient and corrupt government officials. As the last act of the day, Shivaji has Chauhan arrested, as the latter is the root cause of all the corruption. Later, Chauhan posts bail after assuming back as CM and leaves jail, then passes an ordinance to nullify all orders passed by Shivaji. Insulted by Shivaji's success as well, Chauhan sends assassins after him, but they only manage to destroy his house.

Meanwhile, Shivaji falls in love with Manjari, a naïve, carefree villager whom he met when he was a cameraman. He asks her father to marry her, but her father refuses on the grounds that Shivaji is not employed by the government. As a result, he begins preparing for the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]]. However, Bansal arrives and informs him that his popularity has skyrocketed and that people want him to become the next Chief Minister. He is reluctant at first, but when Chauhan's henchmen vandalise QTV premises to intimidate him, and the people show their support by thronging to his place in huge numbers, he agrees to do so.

Across the ensuing state elections, Shivaji wins by a landslide. Chauhan's political allies desert him, causing his defeat. Manjari's father, angered by Shivaji's decision because he believes that it will render Shivaji careless towards Manjari and is too risky a job for him, refuses to let his daughter marry him. On becoming the Chief Minister, Shivaji effects many improvements and quickly becomes an idol in the people's eyes. However, his growing popularity is threatened continuously by Chauhan who uses his henchmen to try to kill him or tarnish his image as a public hero. After a failed attempt on Shivaji's life by hiring an assassin, a bomb is detonated at his home, killing his parents.

In a final attempt, Chauhan orders Pandurang to cause bomb explosions in various parts of the city. Accidentally, a priest hears that a few men are planning to detonate bombs and notifies Sivaji's office via the "complaint box", which was created by Shivaji to collect letters from the public about their complaints. Pandurang is arrested and, under tactical inquiry by Shivaji and Bansal, discloses the location of the four bombs.

A squad is able to defuse three bombs, but the fourth explodes—without injuring anyone—before they could reach it.
Chauhan uses this success against Shivaji by blaming him for the bomb. Seeing no way out, Shivaji summons Chauhan to the [[Maharashtra Council of Ministers|secretariat]] and creates a situation such that it would seem as if Chauhan was there to assassinate Shivaji but failed.

To do so, Shivaji takes up a gun, points it to his left arm, shoots himself on purpose, and then hands over the gun to Chauhan his shootout. Enraged, Chauhan attempts to shoot Shivaji, but his shot misses. The security guards gun down Chauhan and kill him. Later on, Shivaji laments to Bansal that he has finally become a politician, but Bansal calms him, revealing that Chauhan deserved what he wanted.

Apart from that, Manjari's father also comes to realise that Shivaji is a great man who sees duty before everything else and allows Manjari to marry him. The film ends with the state developing under the governance of Shivaji.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Shivaji Rao, a TV reporter and later [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as Manjari Ghatge
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Balraj Chauhan, corrupt ex-Chief Minister of Maharashtra
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Bansal Shroff, Secretary to the Chief Minister
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Topi, Shivaji's cameraman
* [[Pooja Batra]] as Laila, Shivaji's fellow reporter
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Pandurang, Chauhan's aide
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Mr. Ghatge
* [[Kitty (actor)|Raja Krishnamoorthy "Kitty"]] as Bhim Rao (voiced by [[Vikram Gokhale]])
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Mrs. Rao, Shivaji's mother
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Kumar Vishal
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Hemant Mishra, revenue minister
* [[Razak Khan]] as Topi's father-in-law
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Ranga (voiced by Manoj Pandey)
* Laxmi Ratten as the managing director
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Manohar, Shivaji's chief security officer
* Khyati Keswani as college girl
* [[Babu Antony]] as the sniper (guest appearance)
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Viru Bhatia
}}
The uncredited roles include [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]], who made special appearances in the song "Shakalaka Baby" and Boys Rajan who plays a member of the Desh Seva political party.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /><ref name="Interview">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv9y35uo2GY|title=திருநங்கையாக நடிக்கணும்னு ஆசை. - Actor Boys Rajan | Virunthinar Pakkam | Jaya TV|date=28 August 2022|work=[[Jaya TV]]|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=11 May 2025|language=ta|time=12:20-14:38}}</ref>

==Production==
{{quote box
| quote = "Anil Kapoor is a very flexible kind of personality. He can play any kind of role—he can do, comedy, play the common man or a very stylish person, and on top of everything he is extremely mature. He lends himself to any kind of role. And he has done a good job."
| source =Shankar on the casting of Anil Kapoor<ref name="Quest">{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=10 August 2001 |title=Quest for entertainment |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/quest-for-entertainment/article27971287.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522121815/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/quest-for-entertainment/article27971287.ece |archive-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}
''Nayak: The Real Hero'' serves as a remake of [[S. Shankar]]'s 1999 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', and was the director's first venture in [[Bollywood]]. The debut, announced in June 2000, was produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]] under the banner of Sri Surya Movies (his second [[Hindi]] film after that of ''Tejasvini'', released in 1994),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=17 June 2000 |title=Anil to star in Mudhalvan remake |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/17anil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092356/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/17anil.htm |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="citizen">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=29 May 2001 |title=In Nayak, citizen can! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/29intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504213437/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/may/29intro.htm |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> and addressed the issue of [[corruption in India]]. According to Shankar, he was motivated to remake ''Mudhalvan'' in Hindi because of its subject and did several changes to the original story. In an interview with ''[[Filmfare]]'' in August 2001, he said that he believed that the topic is well known among Indian people.<ref name="Action!">{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=August 2001 |title=Action!: Cut to director Shankar |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/august2001/ivw8.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040915001946/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/august2001/ivw8.html |archive-date=15 September 2004}}</ref> [[Anurag Kashyap]] wrote the dialogue.<ref name="Cast & Crew">{{Cite web |title=Nayak Cast & Crew |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6818/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903135819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6818/index.html |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The role of Shivaji was originally going to be played by [[Aamir Khan]], but Shankar did not cast him, explaining, "... the two of us faced a huge communication gap. His views about [''Mudhalvan''] didn't match mine." The next actor suggested was [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. However, he did not want to play the role after portraying a television presenter in his home production, ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000). Shankar's final choice was Anil Kapoor, although he was initially reluctant to choose him for the part but changed his mind after finding him more suitable than the previous actors, noting his discipline.<ref name="Action!" /> When asked by the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' about his character as well as his experience during the production of the film, Kapoor said that it was one of his career's finest roles and called it an honour to work with Shankar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=Sujoy |date=26 August 2001 |title=We all can be heroes |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug26/ent5.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010910053716/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug26/ent5.htm |archive-date=10 September 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ronjita |date=9 July 2001 |title=I just happen to be a hero! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/09anil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519073547/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/09anil.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> To prepare for the role, Kapoor underwent physical training for six or seven months,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=7 September 2001 |title=Cover Story |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010907/fcover.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011119150442/http://www.screenindia.com/20010907/fcover.html |archive-date=19 November 2001}}</ref> and watched many talk shows hosted by [[Larry King]], [[Prannoy Roy]], [[Rajat Sharma]], and [[Karan Thapar]]—later adopting their way of speaking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanda |first=Tanmaya Kumar |date=6 September 2001 |title=The Reel Hero |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/06anil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519080259/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/06anil.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com |location=New York, United States}}</ref> Nayak's character name was based on [[Rajinikanth]]'s real life name—Shivaji Rao Gaekwad—because Shankar made the script for ''Mudhalvan'' with Rajinikanth in his mind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nayak-completes-20-years-when-anil-kapoor-refused-to-shave-his-body-hair-took-up-rajinikanth-real-name-shivaji-rao-shankar-7492778/|title=Nayak turns 20: When Anil Kapoor refused to shave his body hair, adopted Rajinikanth's real name|work=The Indian Express|date=8 September 2021|last=Shekhar|first=Mimansa|access-date=9 May 2022|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509090357/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nayak-completes-20-years-when-anil-kapoor-refused-to-shave-his-body-hair-took-up-rajinikanth-real-name-shivaji-rao-shankar-7492778/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kapoor also directed a scene featuring himself and [[Johnny Lever]].<ref name="Interview"/>

Shankar chose [[Rani Mukerji]] to fulfill the part of Manjari, a village girl who becomes the love interest of Kapoor's character. He cast Mukerji over [[Manisha Koirala]], who played the role in the original version, as he thought that Mukerji has the bubbly image he needed for the character.<ref name="Action!" /> Playing the type of role for the first time, the actress admitted that she saw resemblances between Manjari and herself, noting their vibrant along with uninhibited character, and described her collaboration with Kapoor as a "growing-up experience".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |date=7 September 2001 |title=Interview: Analyse this |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010907/finter.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011119152055/http://www.screenindia.com/20010907/finter.html |archive-date=19 November 2001}}</ref> Talking to a journalist from ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Mukerji revealed that she immediately agreed to star in the film after hearing the story from Kapoor, which she felt was "mindblowing". Shankar wanted her to portray the role in her own way, not copying what Koirala had done before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2001 |title=I hope our jodi clicks! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/02rani.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519073542/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/02rani.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com |publisher=India News Feature Service}}</ref> [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] and [[Sushmita Sen]] made special appearances in the film.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /> Boys Rajan, who shot for a deleted scene in ''Mudhalvan'', also acted in ''Nayak: The Real Hero'', with Shankar assuring him that his scene will not be cut.<ref name="Interview"/>

[[Principal photography]] was handled by [[K. V. Anand]] and took place in more than 100 locations in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=2001 |title=Movie Preview: Nayak |url=http://indiafm.com/previews/01/nayak/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803031727/http://indiafm.com/previews/01/nayak/index.shtml |archive-date=3 August 2001 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Thota Tharani]] served as the art director, while [[H. Sridhar]] was the sound designer.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /> A 22-day schedule in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], and the cities in Tamil Nadu was started on 18 November 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2000 |title=22-day shoot for Nayak... |work=Screen |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20001124/rash.htm |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010203221900/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20001124/rash.htm#rus2 |archive-date=3 February 2001}}</ref> To shoot the song "Shakalaka Baby", Anand travelled to the United States to meet the filmmaker [[Spike Lee]] and asked for his help. It was simultaneously shot with 34 cameras bought from the German manufacturer [[Arri]] with a speed of 100 [[Frame rate|FPS]], instead of 24, and made the film over-budgeted; consequently, Anand spoke of his regret to do the idea.<ref name="citizen" /> After filming ended, ''Nayak'' was edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].<ref name="Cast & Crew" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nayak: The Real Hero
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 July 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=38|s=33}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] [[Tips Industries]]
| producer = A. R. Rahman
| prev_title = [[Lagaan]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Love You Hamesha]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The soundtrack for the film was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] with lyrics from [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref name="Cast & Crew" /> The vocals were performed by [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Pravin Mani]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Hans Raj Hans]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani]], and [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]].<ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |title=Nayak (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nayak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1138977853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092345/https://music.apple.com/in/album/nayak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1138977853 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released at a special ceremony at the Hotel Regent in [[Mumbai]] under the label of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], which bought the rights for {{INRConvert|60|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ronjita |date=5 July 2001 |title=Nayak: The real music |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/05nayak2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803090552/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/05nayak2.htm |archive-date=3 August 2016 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The album did not perform well commercially and, according to the film-trade website [[Box Office India]], only 1.4 million units were sold.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2002 |title=Will 2002 ring to sound of Bollywood music? |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/D610F64FA9D20DA565256B0C003EA5BA |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213810/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/D610F64FA9D20DA565256B0C003EA5BA |archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=12 July 2017 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Except for new tracks "Saiyyan" and "Tu Achcha" replacing "Mudhalvane" and "Azhagana Ratchasiye", Rahman retained most of the songs from ''Mudhalvan''.

Critically, the album was met with a poor reception from reviewers as well.<ref name="Pause">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=29 December 2001 |title=Pause: Rewind: Play |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29flop2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109073543/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/29flop2.htm |archive-date=9 January 2007 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] concluded that it was "quite a letdown" and "fails miserably", saying that she had expected more from Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=12 July 2001 |title=What a let down! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/12nay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519073532/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/12nay.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In an article for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Savitha Gautham found the album has the same composition to that from ''Mudhalvan'', but the lyrics are different. She noted that the songs have strong South Indian flavours, especially in "Saiyyan". Gautham declared "Shakalaka Baby" as the best song of the album, believing that it would be popular among Indian youth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautham |first=Savitha |date=30 July 2001 |title=Chords & Notes |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/chords-notes/article27969420.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092353/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/chords-notes/article27969420.ece |archive-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Nayak'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="iTunes" />
| all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chalo Chale Mitwa
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length1 = 6:41
| title2 = Shakalaka Baby
| extra2 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Pravin Mani]]
| length2 = 5:27
| title3 = Ruki Sukhi Roti
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length3 = 5:39
| title4 = Saiyyan
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Hans Raj Hans]]
| length4 = 6:14
| title5 = Chidiya Tu Hoti To (Not in the film)
| extra5 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani]]
| length5 = 5:49
| title6 = Tu Achcha Lagta Hai
| extra6 = Kavita Krishnamurthy, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length6 = 5:37
| title7 = Chalo Chale Purva
| extra7 = Kavita Krishnamurthy, Udit Narayan
| length7 = 3:06
| total_length = 38:33
}}

==Release==
Originally scheduled for release on 15 August 2001,<ref name="Quest" /> ''Nayak'' premiered at theatres on 7 September and failed to attract a large enough audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2001 |title=Nayak is for a world-class audience |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/18anil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519080259/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/18anil.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com |agency=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> Made on a production and marketing cost of {{INRConvert|21|c}}, the film opened on 280 screens across India and grossed {{INRConvert|0.85|c}} on its first day. It collected {{INRConvert|4.81|c}} after a week, and {{INRConvert|18.06|c}} following its theatrical run in India. Abroad, the film also did not perform well and only had a total gross of $530,000. Summing the film's revenues from India and overseas, Box Office India estimated ''Nayak'' earned {{INRConvert|20.56|c}}.<ref name="BOI" /> The film was released on [[DVD]] in the [[PAL]] widescreen format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayak: The Real Hero |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nayak-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B07VRF3892 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092353/https://www.amazon.com/Nayak-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B07VRF3892 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> Since 6 September 2019, the film is available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayak: The Real Hero |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nayak-the-real-hero |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128203129/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nayak-the-real-hero |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=23 May 2021 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayak |url=https://www.amazon.com/Nayak-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B07VRF3892 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092417/https://www.amazon.com/Nayak-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B07VRF3892 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>

==Critical response==
Critics gave mixed reviews to ''Nayak'', praising the performances of Kapoor and Puri from the first-half but panning the special effects, which they attributed to the film's commercial failure.<ref name="Pause" /> Rediff.com's Sarita Tanwar wrote, "A fairly interesting plot, a commendable performance from the leading artiste, lavish production values and terrific pieces of action, ''Nayak: The Real Hero'' has all the ingredients that make a commercially viable film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Sarita |date=6 September 2001 |title=If Anil were CM, India would rock!: The Nayak review |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/06nayak.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217193746/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/06nayak.htm |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from the entertainment portal [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film one star, calling its second-half "weak". However, he took note of the "superb" dialogue of the film, mostly that are said by Paresh Rawal's character, while deemed Johnny Lever's comedic scenes were "flat". Moreover, Adarsh said that Mukerji was given with a role that did not give her screen time to talk and Pooja Batra's role was better than hers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=5 September 2001 |title=Nayak: Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6818/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818020928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6818/index.html |archive-date=18 August 2011 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', giving the same rating, described the film as "a patchwork that's neither pretty nor useful".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=2001 |title=Nayak |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://167.216.192.98/infotainment/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsnayak.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020209145353/http://167.216.192.98/infotainment/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsnayak.shtml |archive-date=9 February 2002}}</ref> [[Ziya Us Salam]] claimed that Kapoor portrayed his part with "easy professionalism".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=14 September 2001 |title=Film Review: Nayak |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nayak/article27977039.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523085642/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nayak/article27977039.ece |archive-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>

The critic and trade analyst [[Komal Nahta]] opined that it did not "have enough entertainment value", suggesting that the film's lengthy duration could be cut for ten minutes. Kapoor's performance got appreciation from Nahta, who thought he was "splendid", otherwise Nahta hoped that Shankar's direction "could have been much better. His inept handling becomes conspicuous as unrealistic and unbelievable things happen in this serious issue-based drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=2001 |title=Nayak |url=http://www.radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/n/nayak.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011007072753/http://www.radiosargam.com/movies/moviereviews/n/nayak.htm |archive-date=7 October 2001 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Radio Sargam}}</ref> Writing for [[NDTV]], Parul Batra saw that Mukerji was wasted in her brief role although applauding her costumes. He agreed with Nahta about the duration problem, saying that it left him "disappointed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batra |first=Parul |date=2001 |title=Nayak |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviewhindi.asp?id=33&moviename=Nayak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210171750/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviewhindi.asp?id=33&moviename=Nayak |archive-date=10 February 2002 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Dinesh Raheja]] felt that the "spirited" performance of Kapoor was the highlight of the film,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=2001 |title=Nayak – Fails To Create A Tehelka |work=[[India Today]] |url=http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewnayak.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011025011656/http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewnayak.shtml |archive-date=25 October 2001}}</ref> and Devesh Sharma, in a review carried by ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'', observed of him, "Anil Kapoor once again proves his brilliance as an actor with this movie [...] he verily gets under the skin of his character and executes a faultless performance. His frustrations, his angst and his heart-rendering lamentations on seeing his parents blown away find answering echoes in the heart of every cinegoer."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=14 September 2001 |title=Nayak: The Real Hero — The Reel Hero |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010914/freview.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010917031720/http://www.screenindia.com/20010914/freview.html |archive-date=17 September 2001}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Most Sensational Actor|Most Sensational Actor]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|Anil Kapoor}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Z Gold Bollywood Awards Nominees |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/Nominees/Nominees2002page.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602061342/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/Nominees/Nominees2002page.html |archive-date=2 June 2002 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Most Sensational Actress|Most Sensational Actress]]
| {{sort|Mukerji|Rani Mukerji}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{sort|Venky|[[S. T. Venki|S. T. Venky]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Screen Awards 2001 |series=Screen Awards |network=[[StarPlus]] |date=18 January 2002}}</ref>
|-
| Best Action
| {{sort|Kannan|[[Kanal Kannan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
In September 2013, the media reported that Kapoor has signed to star in a sequel to ''Nayak'', titled ''Nayak Returns''. The project will have a different subject, but Kapoor has said that he will reprise his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthanna |first=Anjali |date=23 September 2013 |title=Anu Pallavi Anu star Anil Kapoor in Nayak Returns |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anu-pallavi-anu-star-anil-kapoor-in-nayak-returns/articleshow/22937120.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320053738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Anu-Pallavi-Anu-star-Anil-Kapoor-in-Nayak-Returns/articleshow/22937120.cms |archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> The sequel was officially announced later by [[Eros International]] in January 2017, with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] chosen to write the screenplay and the [[principal photography]] starting the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2017 |title=Anil Kapoor's Nayak gets a sequel |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-nayak-gets-a-sequel-4472381/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929234848/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-nayak-gets-a-sequel-4472381/ |archive-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>
In early 2026, Anil Kapoor confirmed that the Nayak 2 is in development.

== See also ==
* [[Servant of the People (2015 TV series)|''Servant of the People'' (TV series)]] (2015–2019), Ukrainian comedy television series with similar concept, starring [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=Will a stand-up comedian save Ukraine and the world from World War III? |work=NHP News |location=India |url=https://nhpnews.com/will-a-stand-up-comedian-save-ukraine-and-the-world-from-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225170246/https://nhpnews.com/will-a-stand-up-comedian-save-ukraine-and-the-world-from-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0291376}}

{{S. Shankar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak}}
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s political action films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]

Shanky

2026-04-21T02:42:10Z

ArnoldBAp: new...

{{short description|Indian professional wrestler (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Shanky
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Gurvinder Singh Malhotra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|06|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jagadhri, Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| alma_mater = Maharaja Agrasen College
| spouse = 
| children =
| parents =
| relativs =
| family =
| website = 
| ring_names = Dilsher Shanky Shanky Shanky Singh Blue Kane
| height = 7 ft 0 inch <ref name="WWE">{{cite web |title=Shanky |url=https://www.wwe.com/superstars/shanky |website=WWE |access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528004932/https://www.wwe.com/superstars/shanky |url-status=live }}</ref>
| weight = {{Convert|140.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="WWE"/>
| billed = [[Jalandhar]], India<ref name=B/>
| trainer = [[The Great Khali]] [[WWE Performance Center]]<ref name=B>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-AMB-OMC-wrestler-shanky-singh-interview-5673188-PHO.html|title=डेढ़ दर्जन अंडे, दूध,चिकन खाकर बनाई ऐसी बॉडी, US आने का मिल रहा बुलावा|date=19 August 2017|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=15 May 2022|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515182446/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-AMB-OMC-wrestler-shanky-singh-interview-5673188-PHO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| debut = 2015
| retired =
}}
'''Gurvinder Singh Malhotra''' (born 19 June 1991)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inuth.com/sports/professional-sports/shanky-singh-reveals-truth-behind-giving-chokeslam-to-police-constables/|title=Shanky Singh reveals truth behind giving 'chokeslam' to police constables|date=19 January 2018|work=InUth|access-date=8 May 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. He is best known for his tenure in [[WWE]], where he performed under the [[ring name]] '''Shanky'''. He is also known for his tenure in [[Continental Wrestling Entertainment]] (CWE).

==Early life==
Gurvinder was born to [[Indian Sikhs|Sikh parents]] Sardar Narendra Singh and Narendra Kaur in 1991 in [[Jagadhri, Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=डेढ़ दर्जन अंडे, दूध,चिकन खाकर बनाई ऐसी बॉडी, US आने का मिल रहा बुलावा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-AMB-OMC-wrestler-shanky-singh-interview-5673188-PHO.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=19 August 2017 |language=hi |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515182446/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-AMB-OMC-wrestler-shanky-singh-interview-5673188-PHO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="final"/> He saw [[The Great Khali]] talking about his new academy, Continental Wrestling Entertainment and decided to join CWE in 2015.<ref name="final">{{Cite web |url= https://m.hindustantimes.com/punjab/the-great-khali-s-final-move-a-desi-wwe-via-a-village-in-jalandhar/story-mlPcdVe6H7DmfjBI0uMYrL_amp.html |title= The Great Khali's final move: Desi-style WWE via a village in Punjab |work= Hindustan Times |date= 26 June 2016 |language= en |access-date= 11 May 2018 |archive-date= 12 May 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043926/https://m.hindustantimes.com/punjab/the-great-khali-s-final-move-a-desi-wwe-via-a-village-in-jalandhar/story-mlPcdVe6H7DmfjBI0uMYrL_amp.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Professional wrestling career ==
At the age of 24, Malhotra joined Continental Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) in 2015. He was officially announced as a CWE Superstar and named as Shanky Singh on 21 June 2016 through the official [[YouTube|YouTube channel]] of CWE.<ref>{{Citation|last=CWE|title=CWE Superstar ShankySingh {{sic|hight|nolink=y}} 7 feet from Jagadhri Haryana|date=21 June 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2TLqJubfUQ|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909122954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2TLqJubfUQ|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 March 2017, he announced that he had been selected for the WWE tryouts in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="WWETryout">{{Citation|last=CWE|title=CWE Superstar Shanky Singh sharing his views on his WWE Tryout 2017 in Dubai.|date=22 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzufVOuUB1E|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909122954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzufVOuUB1E|url-status=live}}</ref> During his time in CWE, he won the Heavyweight title twice.

On 29 January 2020, WWE announced the signings of three Indian trainees, including Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wrestlingculture.com/news/wwe/28-wwe-performs-new-tryout-great-khali-school-india/|title=WWE Performs New Tryout at The Great Khali School in India|author=|website=wrestlingculture.com|date=16 November 2017|language=en-US|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081542/http://wrestlingculture.com/news/wwe/28-wwe-performs-new-tryout-great-khali-school-india/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/65830-wwe-realiza-nuevo-tryout-en-la-escuela-de-the-great-khali-en-india|title=WWE realiza nuevo tryout en la escuela de The Great Khali en India|last=Solowrestling|date=16 November 2017|access-date=11 May 2018|language=es|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511215835/https://www.solowrestling.com/new/65830-wwe-realiza-nuevo-tryout-en-la-escuela-de-the-great-khali-en-india|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[WWE Superstar Spectacle|Superstar Spectacle]] on 22 January 2021, Malhotra, under the ring name Dilsher Shanky, teamed with Giant Zanjeer, [[Rey Mysterio]], and [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]] to defeat [[Claudio Castagnoli|Cesaro]], [[Dolph Ziggler]], [[Baron Corbin|King Corbin]], and [[Shinsuke Nakamura]] in an eight-man tag-team match. On 10 May episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Shanky, along with [[Rinku Singh (baseball)|Veer]], would align themselves with [[Jinder Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former WWE Champion Returns During WWE Raw|url=https://comicbook.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-jinder-mahal-returns-injury-new-faction-beats-jeff-hardy/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=WWE|language=en|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004802/https://comicbook.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-jinder-mahal-returns-injury-new-faction-beats-jeff-hardy/|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the [[2021 WWE Draft|2021 Draft]], both Shanky and Mahal were drafted to the SmackDown brand while Veer remained on the [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]] brand, ending their alliance with Veer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2021|title=See all the results from the 2021 Draft|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015104250/https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raw10042021">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/04/10-4-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-wwe-draft-night-two-goldberg-returns-the-build-to-wwe-crown-jewel-continues/|title=10/4 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of the WWE Draft night two, Goldberg returns, the build to WWE Crown Jewel continues|date=4 October 2021|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005061332/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/04/10-4-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-wwe-draft-night-two-goldberg-returns-the-build-to-wwe-crown-jewel-continues/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Beginning on the 27 May episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]'', Shanky began dancing before and after his matches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/it-s-drew-day-bryan-danielson-action-max-dupri-welcomed-smackdown-and-more-fight-size|title=It's A Drew Day, Bryan Danielson In Action, Max Dupri Welcomed To SmackDown, And More|work=Fightful|access-date=27 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528032051/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/it-s-drew-day-bryan-danielson-action-max-dupri-welcomed-smackdown-and-more-fight-size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-for-may-27-2022/|title=WWE Friday Night SmackDown Results for May 27, 2022|work=WrestlingNews.co|access-date=21 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527231334/https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-for-may-27-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2022-05-27|title=WWE SMACKDOWN May 27, 2022|work=WWE|access-date=27 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527184505/https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2022-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Triple H]] took over creative in June, Shanky disappeared from WWE programming. At the 2023 [[Superstar Spectacle]] live event, Shanky returned to the ring for the first time in over 14 months, where he unsuccessfully challenged [[Gunther (wrestler)|Gunther]] for the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship]]. On 21 September 2023, Shanky was released from his WWE contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=H. |date=2023-09-21 |title=WWE Releases Shanky From His Contract |url=https://www.ringsidenews.com/2023/09/21/wwe-releases-shanky-from-his-contract/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Ringside News |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921214410/https://www.ringsidenews.com/2023/09/21/wwe-releases-shanky-from-his-contract/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Championship and accomplishments==
*'''Continental Wrestling Entertainment'''
**CWE Heavyweight Championship (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=219839|title=CWE Saturday Night Show|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=5 May 2018|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607173921/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=219839|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other media==
Malhotra played the role of Zalzala Singh in the 2019 movie : ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''.
He also made his video game debut as a playable character in [[WWE 2K23]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Ankit|date=7 June 2019|title=सलमान खान की फिल्म 'भारत' में डेब्यू करने वाले 7 फुट लंबे रैसलर के बारे में 5 बड़ी बातें|url=https://hindi.sportskeeda.com/wwe/cwe-wrestler-shanky-singh-bharat-moive-debut-salman-khan-katrina-kaif|access-date=14 April 2021|website=hindi.sportskeeda.com|language=hi|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414183632/https://hindi.sportskeeda.com/wwe/cwe-wrestler-shanky-singh-bharat-moive-debut-salman-khan-katrina-kaif|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2019 || ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' || Zalzala Singh
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|cagematch=14512|wrestlingdata=37330|iwd=dilsher-shanky-17849}}

* {{IMDb name|nm10747580|Shanky Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanky, Dilsher}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Indian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century male professional wrestlers]]

Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy

2026-04-19T16:59:20Z

ArnoldBAp: made new pg...

{{Short description|Cabinet Minister Punjab and Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jalalabad,Punjab]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Raminder Singh Awla]]
| successor =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = BA LLB
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Advocate, Farmer and Politician
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}

'''Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, defeating [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]] by 31000 Votes.

==Career==
As of 2022 Goldy is the youth leader and leader of the Youth Wing of [[AAP Punjab]]. He is the AAP leader for [[Jalalabad district]]. In December 2021, he was appointed the AAP candidate for Jalalabad Assembly constituency.<ref name="Giant Slayers">{{cite news |title=Mobile Repair Shop Owner, 'Pad Woman', Outgoing CM's Namesake among AAP's 6 Giant Slayers |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mobile-repair-shop-owner-pad-woman-outgoing-cms-namesake-among-aaps-6-giant-slayers-4862234.html |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> defeating the president of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]] by a margin of 30,930 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Riding on AAP wave, Kamboj breaches Sukhbir's bastion, defeats SAD chief by 30,374 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/riding-on-aap-wave-kamboj-breaches-sukhbir-s-bastion-defeats-sad-chief-by-30-990-votes-101646913167186.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library]]<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance for Punjab Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|2019}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|2022}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Jalalabad, Punjab
| before= [[Raminder Singh Awla]]
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamboj Goldy, Jagdeep}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalalabad]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]

QNu Labs

2026-04-11T07:26:18Z

ArnoldBAp: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian cybersecurity company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = QNu Labs
| logo = [[File:QNu Labs logo.jpg|QNu Labs logo]]
| logo_alt = QNu Lab's logo
| type = Private
| industry = Computer security, Technology, Cybersecurity
| founded = 2016
| founder = Sunil Gupta, Srinivasa Rao Aluri, Mark Mathias, Anil Prabhakar
| hq_location = Bengaluru
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = {{URL| https://www.qnulabs.com/armos-quantum-key-distribution/|Armos}} {{URL|https://www.qnulabs.com/tropos-quantum-random-number-generator/|Tropos}} {{URL| https://www.qnulabs.com/qosmos-entropy-as-a-service/|Qosmos}} {{URL| https://www.qnulabs.com/hodos-post-quantum-cryptography/|Hodos}}
| website = https://www.qnulabs.com/
}}

'''QNu Labs''' (or QuNu Labs Private Limited) is a cybersecurity company headquartered in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India. It is credited to be the first firm in India to successfully develop commercial cybersecurity products using [[Quantum Physics|quantum physics]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=This techie aims to put India at the forefront of hack-proof communication |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/this-techie-aims-to-put-india-at-the-forefront-of-hack-proof-communication-119051300980_1.html |access-date=28 May 2021 |agency=Business Standard}}</ref> It has a subsidiary called QNu Labs Inc, which was set up in [[Massachusetts]], US in 2019.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |title=Indian start-up QNu Labs debuts on global quantum computing stage |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/indian-start-up-qnu-labs-debuts-on-global-quantum-computing-stage-120032701870_1.html |access-date=28 May 2021 |agency=Business Standard}}</ref>

The company was founded in 2016 by Sunil Gupta, Srinivasa Rao Aluri, Mark Mathias, and Anil Prabhakar.<ref>{{cite news |title=How India's building a strong base of deep tech ventures |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/how-indias-building-a-strong-base-of-deep-tech-ventures/articleshow/81708789.cms |access-date=28 May 2021 |agency=Gadgets Now}}</ref> It was incubated at [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology-Madras]] and later began operations in Bengaluru.

After conducting field trials for its quantum key distribution product, QNu Labs received support from [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] Launchpad in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, it launched two products—a quantum key distributor called Armos and a quantum random number generator called Tropos—for national and international markets in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=Swati|date=March 15, 2021|first2=Swati |last2=Rathor |title=Quantum Leap: This tech will boost communication security|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/quantum-leap-this-tech-will-boost-communication-security/articleshow/81501185.cms|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>. In April of 2026, the Indian government announced QNu Labs, under the [[National Quantum Mission India|National Quantum Mission]], developed 1000-km quantum communication network<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 8, 2026|title=National Quantum Mission achieves 1,000-km secure communication milestone in under 3 years of its launch: Dr. Jitendra Singh|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2250162&reg=3&lang=2|language=en}}</ref>.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.qnulabs.com/ Company Website]
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/drdo-successfully-tests-quantum-key-distribution-tech-for-secure-communication-between-2-facilities/ DRDO tests quantum key distribution tech for secure communication between two facilities]
* [https://dst.gov.in/budget-2020-announces-rs-8000-cr-national-mission-quantum-technologies-applications/ Budget 2020 announces Rs 8,000 crore national mission on quantum technologies and applications]
* [https://www.gatewayhouse.in/indias-push-quantum/ India's billion-dollar quantum push]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/03/08/post-quantum-cryptography-the-race-is-on/?sh=2720701b5123: The Race Is On]

[[Category:Quantum cryptography]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2016]]

Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)

2026-04-08T12:33:22Z

ArnoldBAp: Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Oru Murai Vanthu Parthayaa
|image = Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (2016) film poster.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = [[Sajan K Mathew]]
|producer = Siyad Koker
|writer = Abhilash Sreedharan
|starring = [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Sanusha]] [[Prayaga Martin]]
|music = Vinu Thomas
|cinematography = Dhanesh Raveendranath
|editing = Bibin Paul Samuel
|studio = [[Kokers Films]]
|distributor = Kokers Release [[Kalasangham Films]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|05|27}}
|runtime = 150 minutes
|country = India
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|budget = ₹3.5 [[crore]] 
|gross = ₹8 [[crore]] 
}}

'''''Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[black comedy]] [[Horror drama|horror drama film]] directed by [[Sajan K. Mathew|Sajan K Mathew]]. The film stars [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Sanusha]], and [[Prayaga Martin]] in lead roles. It narrates the story of a spirit (Prayaga) entering a youngster's (Mukundan) life to avenge her death. The film is produced by Siyad Koker through [[Kokers Films]]. It was released on 27 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/may/26/a-merry-triangle-908083.html|title=A Merry triangle|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 May 2016|access-date=22 November 2022|last=Sudhish|first=Navamy}}</ref> The title of the film is derived from a song in the film, [[Manichitrathazhu]].

==Plot==
Prakashan is an electrician who is a compassionate wrestler in Mallapuram village. Hailing from a family that follows tradition and superstitions, his mother, Sushila, often consults with an astrologer, Manoj, about Prakashan's marriage. Manoj knows about Prakashan's interest in Ashwathy. Manoj's friends, Kochukuttan, Kuriachan, Sankunni, and Shivan, help Prakashan in this matter.

The village's wrestling champion, Kunjachan, challenges Prakashan to fight. He happens to meet Parvathy while returning home. She pleads with him for a place to stay that night since her relatives are not available. Prakashan brings Parvathy to his house. His mother started treating Parvathy as her "daughter-in-law" though Prakashan narrated the truth. As days pass, he falls in love with her. Eventually, Prakashan defeats the wrestling champion, Kunjachan. While proposing his love to her, Prakashan is shocked to know that Parvathy is a ghost, and his friends also confirm the same.

Palani Ashan, a renowned tantric expert found that Prakashan and Parvathy were lovers in the past life. His past life father (who is Manoj's friend Shivan in this life) killed her through his aide. She tries to exact revenge on the people who killed her.

After that, Parvathy insists Prakashan to marry Aswathy. Prakashan and Aswathy get married. Parvathy forgives her killer and leaves without completing her revenge.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Unni Mukundan]] as Prakashan
*[[Sanusha]] as Ashwathy
*[[Prayaga Martin]] as Parvathy
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Shivan
*[[Bindu Panikker]] as Susheelamma
*Prasanth Alexander as Kuriachan
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Manoj
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Kunjammavan
*[[Sudhi Koppa]] as Kochukuttan
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Ghost hunter Suni
*Abraham Koshy as Ashwathy's father
*[[Kochu Preman]]
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Ashwathy's mother
*[[Bijukuttan]] as Sankunni
*[[Balaji Sarma]] as Kunjachan
*Jayaprakash Kuloor as Palani Ashan
*[[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Sukumaran
*Resmi Anil as Prasanna
*[[Tini Tom]]
*Disney James as S.I. Benjamin G.V.
}}

==Music==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!No.!!Title!!Lyrics!!Singers
|-
|1||"Muzhuthinkal Vannilthanka"||K. R. Narayanan||[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
|2||"Arikil Pathiye"||Abhilash Sreedharan||[[Najim Arshad]], Sangeetha Sreekanth
|-
|3||"Ariyathe"||K. R. Narayanan||Cicily
|}

==Box office==
The film was a hit at the box office collecting eight crores and completed 50 days in its theatrical run.<ref name=catchnews>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/half-yearly-report-nivin-pauly-dulquer-salmaan-and-unni-mukundan-delivered-2-hits-each-at-kerela-box-office-latest-report-top-malayalam-films-2016-1467639722.html|last=Nair|first=Sree Prasad|title=Half Yearly Report: Nivin Pauly, Dulquer Salmaan and Unni Mukundan delivered 2 hits each at Kerala Box Office!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/with-oru-murai-vanthu-parthaya-unni-mukundan-delivers-hat-trick-after-kl-10-and-style-unni-mukundan-success-news-1468569501.html|title=50 days of Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya: Unni Mukundan delivers hat-trick after KL 10 and Style|work=CatchNews|date=11 February 2017|accessdate=1 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029021416/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/half-yearly-report-nivin-pauly-dulquer-salmaan-and-unni-mukundan-delivered-2-hits-each-at-kerela-box-office-latest-report-top-malayalam-films-2016-1467639722.html|archivedate=29 October 2020}}</ref> The film grossed 1.27cr in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=737102936946286592|user=kboxstats|title=#UnniMukundan #PrayagaMartin #SanushaSantosh #OruMuraiVanthuParthaaya #OMVP 3 Days kerala gross 1.27 cr + :)|date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=catchnews/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]

Nethravathi (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:51Z

ArnoldBAp: Pg.

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Soap opera]]
* [[Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Santhosh Gowda
| starring = Durgashree Sunny Mahipal
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 683
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor = Gurumurthy
| cinematography = Dayakar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = Poornima Production House
| network = [[Udaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|3|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|5|27|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''Nethravathi''' was an Indian [[Kannada]] language [[soap opera]] which premiered on 15 March 2021 and ended on 27 March 2023 in [[Udaya TV]] and it is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=New soap opera Netharavathi goes on air from Monday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-soap-opera-netharavathi-goes-on-air-from-monday/articleshow/81429451.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Nethravathi Kannada Serial On Udaya TV Launching 15th March At 7:30 P.M |url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/nethravathi-serial-udaya-tv-info/ |access-date=2023-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Daily show Netravathi completes 200 episodes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-show-netravathi-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/87622828.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=500 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ ಪೂರೈಸಿದ 'ನೇತ್ರಾವತಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ; ಅಪ್ಪು ಪುಣ್ಯಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಪೂಜೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ ತಂಡ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/poornima-productions-actress-anjali-durgashree-starrer-nethravathi-serial-completes-500-episode/articleshow/95373938.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೇ ದಿನ 2 ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗಳು {{!}} Gauripuradagayyaligalu and Nethravathi two new serials in Udaya tv Begins from March 15th dpl |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/amp/tv-talk/gauripuradagayyaligalu-and-nethravathi-two-new-serials-in-udaya-tv-begins-from-march-15th-dpl-qpzsfz |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=kannada.asianetnews.com}}</ref> The serial stars Durgashree and Sunny Mahipal in lead roles. The serial marks the return of actress [[Anjali Sudhakar|Anjali]] after hiatus of two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Actress Anjali Comeback in Nethravathi Serial On Udaya TV |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/kannada-actress-anjali-comeback-in-nethravathi-serial-on-udaya-tv-676391 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Durgashree as Nethravathi
*Sunny Mahipal
*[[Anjali Sudhakar|Anjali]] as Bhagirathi, Nethravathi's mother
*Chaitra Rao

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sun Udaya original programming]]

D Korungthang

2026-04-04T04:21:05Z

ArnoldBAp: creating some pg added tags

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = D Korungthang
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place =
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tengnoupal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tengnoupal]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = [[W Morung Makunga]]
| successor1 = [[Letpao Haokip]]
| party = [[Naga People's Front]] (2022- ) [[Indian National Congress]] (2012-2022)
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Angkhul
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''D Korungthang''' is a politician from [[Maring Naga people|Maring]] tribe of [[Manipur]], India. He was elected from [[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency]] in the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] and [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017 elections]] to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Indian National Congress]]. He had also served briefly as Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Manipur]] from 2016 to 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=D Korungthang |url=https://myneta.info/manipur07/candidate.php?candidate_id=148 |website=My Neta |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur Cabinet Reshuffles |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..130416.apr16 |website=Epao |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tengnoupal Assembly result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tengnoupal-manipur-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korungthang, D}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Nayak (title)

2026-03-27T04:29:01Z

ArnoldBAp: added details per sources

{{Short description|Indian ruler's title}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Nayak (surname)]]}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Nayak (caste)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

'''Nayak''', '''Nayaka''' or '''Nayakar''', was historically a [[Indian honorifics|honorific]] [[Noble title|title]] conferred on a military captain in various [[Indian feudalism|feudal states]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name=":0" /> as a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit word Nāyaka.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=nAyaka&dir=au | title=Learn Sanskrit | website=www.learnsanskrit.cc}}</ref> The [[Noble title|title]] often came with a [[Prize of war|prize]] in the form of a [[Polygar|palayam]], [[jagir]], [[zamindar]]i, or similar grant of a [[fief]] carved out of the newly annexed territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=http://archive.org/details/aristocracyofsou00vadiuoft |title=The aristocracy of southern India |publisher=Printed by Vest |year=1903 |location=Madras |pages=129–152}}</ref> Today, they are also used as surnames by the descendants of the original recipients and as the modern military rank of [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]], while the film industry has co-opted the term with [[Katha Nayagan (disambiguation)|Katha Nayagan]] and [[Kathanayakudu (disambiguation)|Kathanayakudu]]. The title is closely related to the Telugu [[Nayakudu]], Nayudu, or [[Naidu]], the Malayali [[Nair]], and the Tamil Nayakar, [[Nayakan]], Naicken and Naicker. Nayaks are mostly [[Hindu]] with a few [[Sikh|Sikhs.]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHL_bToO9oEC |title=People of India: Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-564444-9 |page=54}}</ref>

== As a title ==
Today, the title is used by various [[Indian castes|castes]] and [[Indian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] across India as a matter of tradition and custom.

* [[Nayak (surname)|Nayak]] and Naik are surnames used by [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Princely state|Princely State]] of [[Jawhar State|Jawhar]] was founded by a [[Koliya|Koli]] Nayak [[Jayaba Mukne]] around 1300.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=103: the state of [[Jawhar]], below the mountains in the [[Konkan]], was founded by a Koli nayak around 1300 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Maval]] region was known as Koli country of fifty two [[valley]]s in [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]]. Each valley was controlled by a [[List of Koli states and clans|Koli]] Nayak and the Sirnayak, or head chief, lived at [[Junnar taluka|Junnar]], and presided over the [[Gotra|gotarni]], or caste council.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=221|quote=The Koli country was then known as the Bavan Mavals, or '52 valleys ' in Maratha Empire . Each valley was controlled by a Koli chief, or nayak . The sirnayak, or head chief, lived at Junnar, and presided over the gotarni, or caste council |language=en}}</ref> the [[Forts in India|Fort]] of [[Sinhagad]] was built and ruled by [[Koli people|Koli]] chief [[Nag Nayak of Sinhagad|Nag Nayak]] who resisted the [[Sultan]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] for eight months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Himanshu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAa9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Nayak+Koli&pg=PT23 |title=Veer Tanhaji Malusare |date=2019-11-05 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5296-955-5 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> the Kolis of Maharashtra revolted against Mughal ruler [[Aurangzeb]] under their Koli chief [[Khemirao Sarnaik|Khemirao Sirnaik]] and in 1769, Kolis revolted against Peshwa of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] under their Koli Naik [[Javji Bamble]] and broken the peace of Konkan and in 1798, Kolis challenged the [[East India Company|Company]] under their Koli Naik Ramji Naik Bhangria who was father of freedom fighters [[Bapuji Bhangare]] and [[Raghoji Bhangare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Koli+Naik&pg=PA333 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref>
* In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka, the Naik and Nayak versions are used by people belonging to [[Lambadi]] and [[Banjara]] social groups. Naicker and Naidu titles are also used by Telugu castes, such as [[Balija]], [[Golla (caste)|Golla]] and [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&pg=PA89|title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=M D Publications|author=A. Vijay Kumari|year=1998|page=89|isbn=978-81-7533-072-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=|quote=Naidu is a title assumed by a number of Telugu castes such as Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kaingi, Kamma, Kapu, Mutracha and Velama. They had migrated from Telugu country during the Vijayanagar rule.|title=Journal of Indian History - Volume 85|location= |publisher= Department of History, University of Kerala |year=2006|page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXJDAAAAYAAJ&q=++title+assumed++number+mutracha++Telugu+castes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|others=Assisted by K. Rangachari|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume V of VII
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYF-lsBwZnYC&dq=Balija%2C+Bestha%2C+B%C5%8Dya%2C+%C4%92kari%2C+Gavara%2C+Golla%2C+K%C4%81lingi%2C+K%C4%81pu%2C+Mutr%C4%81cha%2C+and+Velama&pg=PT89|publisher=Library of Alexandria|year=2020|orig-date=1909|isbn=978-1-4655-8240-9|quote=Naidu.— Naidu or Nāyudu is a title, returned at times of census by many Telugu classes, e.g., Balija, Bestha, Bōya, Ēkari, Gavara, Golla, Kālingi, Kāpu, Mutrācha, and Velama. A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person bearing this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu}}</ref> Also in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the Naik surname is adopted as a surname by other communities, including Bedar.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4bW-_jEvXoC |title=Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7022-471-6 |page=249}}</ref>
*In [[Karnataka]] it is used by some subcastes of the [[Vokkaliga]], [[Namadhari Naik]] communities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&dq=hale+paika&pg=PA281 | title=The Mysore Tribes and Castles }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= L. K. A. Iyer|date=2005|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC&pg=PA270|location=New Delhi|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=270|quote=Gauda and Naika are the titles affixed to their names, and the common honorific suffixes Appa and Ayya for males and Avva and Akka for females are also in use|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga|editor=B. N. Sri Sathyan|quote=Some Vokkaliga families also have surnames like Nayak and Heggade in this district.|url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Shimoga1975Chapter3Pdf.pdf|year=1975|publisher= Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|location=Karnataka (India)|page=102}}</ref> The Muslim [[Siddis of Karnataka]], use the surname Nayaka which they received as a title from the kings of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |page=226}}</ref>
* In Maharashtra the surname Nayak and Naik is used by [[Kshatriya]] [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], [[CKP]]s, [[Saraswat Brahmin]] and [[Deshastha Brahmin]] communities.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7IwDwAAQBAJ|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|author=Anupama Rao|page=315|isbn=978-0-520-25761-0}}</ref>
* [[Tamil Nadu]], Nayakkar, Naidu or Naicker is also a surname used by [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking communities, in some cases as a caste affiliation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Benbabaali |first=Dalel |date=2018-07-06 |title=Caste Dominance and Territory in South India: Understanding Kammas' socio-spatial mobility |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/caste-dominance-and-territory-in-south-india-understanding-kammas-sociospatial-mobility/3C335457E34C75BEE1A06B0BD578A7E3 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1938–1976 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000755 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Naicker, also spelt as Nayakar, is the Tamil equivalent for the Telugu Naidu and the Sanskrit Nayaka. This title was historically bestowed upon vassals and army commanders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] who once ruled present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]] and [[Polygar|Poligars]]. Many places in Tamil Nadu, which were once fortified palayams like [[Palayamkottai]] that were ruled by the local Nayak poligar, have [[portmanteau]] names prefixed by the original ruling poligar's [[patronymic]] followed by "naicken and "palayam", such as [[Narasimhanaickenpalayam]], [[Kamanaicken Palayam]], and [[Thimmanayakanpalayam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=B.S. Baliga |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08433 |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore |date=1966 |publisher=Madras, Director of Stationary and Printing |pages=64, 65}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nayaka dynasties]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Polygar|Poligars]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nayaks| ]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)

2026-03-23T13:43:11Z

ArnoldBAp: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Prince of Maharana Udai Singh II of Mewar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shakti Singh Sisodia of Mewar
| title = [[Maharaj]]
| birth_date = {{Circa|1540}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharaj Shakti Singh and the Shaktawats of Boheda: A History of Boheda Thikana|page=22}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Circa|1594}}
| death_place = [[Bhainsrorgarh]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharaj Shakti Singh and the Shaktawats of Boheda: A History of Boheda Thikana|page=53}}</ref>
| issue = 17 sons - Maharaj Bhan Singh of [[Bhinder]], Rawat Achal Das of [[Baansi]], Chaturbhuj Singh, Maldeo Singh, Jodh Singh, Ballu Singh, Bagh Singh, Bhopat Singh, Dalpat Singh, Raj Singh, Sujan Singh, Mandan Singh, Madan Singh, Jagganath Singh, Bairisal Singh, Sultan Singh, Madho Singh

Daughters - Manorathdeji (wife of [[Sur Singh]]), Princess married to [[Bikaner]], Rani Damiyanti (wife of Raja Maha Singh of [[Amber]])
| father = [[Udai Singh II]]
| mother = Sajja Bai Solanki
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]
}}

'''Shakti Singh Sisodia of Mewar''' known in the colloquial literature as Shakta/Sagta/Sagat, was the son of [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh II]] of [[Mewar]] and Maharani Sajja Bai [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]. He was a [[Kshatriya]] [[Rajput]] and was younger brother of the legendary [[Maharana Pratap]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh Rana |first=Bhawan |date=2014 |title=Maharana Pratap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |page= |isbn=9789350838693 |author-link= }}</ref> He was also the eponymous founder of the [[Shaktawat]] clan of [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]]s.

==Early life==
He was the second son of [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh II]] of [[Mewar]] born from his second wife Sajja Bai Solanki (of Toda Rai Singh Solanki family). He was born just months later after his elder brother [[Maharana Pratap]]. His younger brother was Maharaj Veeramdev, progenitor of the Veeramdevot Baba Ranawat branch of Mewar Sisodias, younger son of the same Solankini Rani. He had hostile relations with his father. Some sources say he was expelled from Mewar by his father Maharana Udai Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajputanavirasat.com/2022/05/28/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9/#:~:text=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%201540,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%20%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%A4|title= महाराज शक्तिसिंह का इतिहास|date= 28 May 2022}}</ref>

==Meeting with Akbar==
When [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] was marching towards [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]] to capture it, he invited Shakti Singh for meeting at [[Dholpur]], he accepted the proposal and they met on 31 August 1567 but when Akbar explained his plan to capture Chittaurgarh and offered him throne of Mewar against his own family in a hope that people of Mewar will not resist Akbar if Shakti Singh will be crowned. Shakti Singh left the meeting in anger without Akbar's permission and at midnight he ran away from Dholpur where he was encamped to inform his father about Akbar's plan to capture Chittor to save Chittor fort. This angered Akbar, resulting in immediate change of his plan to attack Malwa and he marched his army towards Chittaurgarh.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D118 Akbarnama by Abu'l Fazl]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6YlAwAAQBAJ Rana 2004, p. 38]</ref> Only because of Shakti Singh his father was able to make preparations for Mughal attack. However, Chittor was sacked in [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)]]

==Later life==
His father died at [[Gogunda]] on 28 February 1572 and his elder brother [[Maharana Pratap]] was coronated as the Maharana of Mewar on 1 March 1572 by nobles of Mewar. Some sources say he was again expelled this time by his brother due to mistaken death of Raj Purohit Narayanandas by Shakti. He went into the service of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] Rawal Askaran between 1572 and 1576, there he killed any noble named Jagmal due to his hot temper. He then went to Mughal service however there are no records of him fighting in any war for Mughals. In 1576 the [[Battle of Haldighati]], he returned to his brother [[Maharana Pratap]]'s side giving his own horse after the famous Chetak collapsed near [[Banas River]] to Maharana Pratap to retreat in the hills. He also killed Khurasan Khan and Multan Khan who were chasing Pratap. He also played a pivotal role in the [[Battle of Dewair (1582)|Battle of Dewair]] in 1582 for the Mewar forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajputanavirasat.com/2022/05/28/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9/#:~:text=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%201540,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%20%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%A4|title= महाराज शक्तिसिंह का इतिहास|date= 28 May 2022}}</ref>

==After Pratap==
Until his death in 1594, Shakti Singh lived in [[Bhainsrorgarh]], on the banks of [[Chambal River]]. Later during the reign of [[Amar Singh I|Maharana Amar Singh]], Shakti Singh's 11 out of 17 sons were martyred fighting for Mewar against Mughal forces. Rawat Achal Das of [[Baansi]], was the leader of Mewar Forces during his times. [[Battle of Untala]] is a famous incident of self sacrifice of the Chundawats and Shaktawats during the tough times of Mewar.

This couplet is very famous among Mewari people which praises Shakti -

शक्ता थारी शक्ति नु हरि जाने ना कोई,

शुरा थारी हुँकार सु महाकाल निकट ना आए <ref>{{cite book |author=Bhaskar Majumder |title=Rethinking Villages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwS53sZZZDkC&pg=PA45 |year=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-764-7 |pages=45 }}</ref>

His descendants are known as the [[Shaktawat]]s.

== Portrayal in adaptions ==
In Indian historical TV serial [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap]], adult Shakti Singh is portrayed by Vineet Kumar.

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian princes]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]

Tezpur Development Authority

2026-03-21T16:36:52Z

ArnoldBAp: article...

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Tezpur Development Authority
|nativename =
|logo =
|logo_width =
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|seal =
|seal_width =
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|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
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|jurisdiction =
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|employees =
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|minister1_name = –
|minister1_pfo = Chief Minister
|minister2_name = –
|minister2_pfo = Roads and Buildings
|chief1_name = Biraj Nath
|chief1_position = Chairman
|chief2_name = –
|chief2_position = Vice Chairman
|agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
|parent_agency = [[Government of Assam]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|keydocument1=
|website = {{URL|https://tcp.assam.gov.in/information-services/development-authorities}}
|footnotes =
|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=}}

'''Tezpur Development Authority''' is [[Statute|statutory]] civic body created for the development of [[Infrastructure]] and [[Housing]] projects in planned way in [[India]]n city of [[Tezpur]]. The foundation for current Indian Urban Development Authority is based on the structure designed during [[British Overseas Territories|British Colonial Government]] era as a result of [[Bombay plague epidemic|Bombay plague]] in 1896. Urban Development Authority for each town is created as per 74th amendment of [[Constitution of India]]. The authority consists of planners and bureaucrats who are specialised in civic planning. The officials of the authority work with local [[State governments of India|State Governments]] in town planning activities.

== History and objective ==

Tezpur Urban Development Authority was formed and consists of a group of non bureaucratic individuals and agencies who are responsible for planning Infrastructure development in Indian cities.<ref name="ud1">{{cite news |title=Who plans Indian cities? Development Authorities who still follow colonial masterplans |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/who-plans-indian-cities-development-authorities-who-still-follow-colonial-masterplans/770913/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=theprint.in |date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ud3">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Ramanath |title=Constituting Special Planning Authority within the area of a planning authority |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/constituting-special-planning-authority-within-the-area/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=29 April 2022}}</ref> The individuals are specialised in various aspects of town planning activities.<ref name="ud8">{{cite news |last1=Ramnani |first1=Vandana |title=Centre sets up expert panel to train 5000 urban planners in the next five years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/centre-sets-up-expert-panel-to-train-5000-urban-planners-in-the-next-five-years-8456801.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

Tezpur Urban Development Authority is governed by Chairman Biraj Nath.<ref name="te1">{{cite news |title=Urban Development Department appointed 9 development authority chairmen - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/urban-development-department-appointed-9-development-authority-chairmen-476958 |access-date=27 June 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=15 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Activities ==

Tezpur Urban Development Authority planners are responsible for the following.<ref name="te6">{{cite news |title=Assam Cabinet takes key decisions - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-cabinet-takes-key-decisions-581678 |access-date=27 June 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="te2">{{cite news |title=Tezpur fast losing its sheen due to haphazard growth, encroachments |url=https://assamtribune.com/tezpur-fast-losing-its-sheen-due-to-haphazard-growth-encroachments/ |access-date=27 June 2022 |publisher=assamtribune.com |date=12 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="te3">{{cite news |title=MLA Prithiraj Rabha inaugurates PMAY-U house in Tezpur - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/mla-prithiraj-rabha-inaugurates-pmay-u-house-in-tezpur-549224 |access-date=27 June 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ud2">{{cite news |title=Centre sets up expert panel to train urban planners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-sets-up-expert-panel-to-train-urban-planners-101651515024029.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="ud3" /><ref name="ud4">{{cite news |last1=Aijaz |first1=Rumi |title=How Fares the PMAY (U)? Taking Stock of India's National Housing Programme |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/how-fares-the-pmay/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=orfonline.org}}</ref><ref name="ud5">{{cite news |title=Govt to finalise 5 urban planning reform schemes for states |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-finalise-5-urban-planning-reform-schemes-for-states-101650135122990.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=hindustan times |date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

* Ensuring that Town planning schemes are implemented.
* Creating and implementing development plan of master plan for notified areas.
* Creation and implementation of urban area development initiatives like affordable housing,slum dwellers development.
* Implementation of Local Area Plan for the improvement of existing areas.
* Modernising building laws.
* Transit oriented development is promoted,
* Inclusion of conversion of heritage buildings in local area plans.
* Social and economic development planning.

== Challenges ==

Tezpur Urban Development Authority planners are faced with following challenges:<ref name="ud6">{{cite news |title=Colony redevelopment – An intrinsic component of urban rejuvenation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/colony-redevelopment-an-intrinsic-component-of-urban-rejuvenation/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="ud7">{{cite news |title=Guiding peri-urban transformation |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/guiding-peri-urban-transformation/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=orfonline.org |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

* Meeting housing needs of urban settlers.
* Investment on development initiatives.
* Resolving drinking water issues.
* Resolving sanitation issues.

== See also ==

* [[Urban Development Authority (India)]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tcp.assam.gov.in/information-services/development-authorities Official website]

[[Category:Urban planning in India]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities]]
[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]

Sadasiva

2026-03-17T13:37:12Z

ArnoldBAp: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Aspect of Hindu god Shiva as the Supreme Being}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Sadashiva|2=Talk:Sadasiva#Requested move 17 March 2026}}
</noinclude>{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Sadashiva.jpg
| caption = Sadasiva from West Bengal. 11th c. CE
| Devanagari =
| Sanskrit_transliteration =
| Tamil_transliteration =
| mantra = [[Om Namah Shivaya|Panchakshari mantra]]
| deity_of = [[Para Brahman]], the Supreme Being Primordial - [[Ultimate Reality]] God of Grace, Obscuration, [[Brahma|Creation]], [[Thirumal|Preservation]], [[Rudra|Destruction]], [[Kāla|Time]]
| affiliation = [[Parameshvara (epithet)|Parameshvara]], [[Shiva]], [[Rudra]], [[Mahakala]], [[Pashupati]], [[Batara Guru]]
| weapon = [[Trishula]] (Trident)
| symbols = [[Mukhalinga]]
| consort = [[Adi Parashakti]] (according to [[Shaivism]])
| children =
| abode = [[Tattva (Hinduism)|Sadakya Tattva]], [[Mount Kailash]]
| festivals =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Sadasiva''' ({{langx|sa|सदाशिव}}, {{IAST|Sadāśiva}}), is the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]] in the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. Sadasiva is the omnipotent, subtle, luminous absolute, the highest manifestation of [[Shiva]]. Sadasiva is believed to bestow ''anugraha'' and ''vilaya'', or grace and obscuration of [[Anava|pasha]], which are the fourth and fifth of the ''Panchakritya'', or the "five holy acts" of Shiva. Sadasiva is usually depicted having five faces and ten hands, and is considered one of the [[Panchavimshatimurti|''25 forms'']] of Shiva. [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Texts|Shiva Agamas]] conclude that the [[lingam]], especially the [[mukhalinga]]m, is another form of Sadasiva.{{sfnp|Srinivasan|1997|p=272}}

== Representation ==
The concept and form of Sadasiva initially emerged from South India, although many ancient sculptures of Sadasiva were obtained from various parts of India and South East Asia.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}} It is believed that the cult of Sadasiva was widespread in the region of [[Bengal]] during the period of [[Sena dynasty]] who traced their origin in [[South India]].{{sfnp|Mazumdar|2008|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Sadasiva is usually represented in the form of a [[Mukhalinga]] with the number of faces varying from one to five. The first ever sculpture of Sadasiva as a lingam with five faces was found in Bhita, near [[Prayagraj]], and dates to the 2nd century CE.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}} His five faces, ''Ishana, Tatpurusha, Vamadeva, Aghora'' and ''Satyojata'' are known as ''[[Panchabrahma]]s'' (five creators), the emanations towards the four directions and upwards from the ''nishkala'' (formless) [[Parashiva]]. Kamiga Agama, the first Agama of 28 [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Texts|Sivagamas]] depicts Sadasiva as having five faces and ten arms. His five right hands hold [[Trishula]], [[Axe]], [[Katvanga]], [[Vajra]] and [[Abhayamudra|Abhaya]] while his five left hands hold [[Snake]], [[Citron|Matulunga fruit]], [[Nymphaea nouchali|Nilotpala]], [[Damaru]], [[Rudraksha]] rosary and [[Varadamudra|Varadam]].{{sfnp|Sivacharya|2012}} The consort of Sadasiva is goddess [[Parvati|Mahagayatri]], a form of Parvati often known as ''Manonmani'' in Agamic texts.{{sfnp|Stutley|2006|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}{{sfnp|Hāṇḍā|1992|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} She is sometimes depicted having two arms and residing in the lap of Sadasiva.

{{gallery
|mode = nolines
|File:Trimurti_Wat_Phu_0519.jpg|Sadasiva standing midst [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]]. 10th c. CE sculpture at [[Vat Phou]], [[Laos]]
|File:Sadashiva (พระสทาศิวะ Phra Satha Siva).png|Sadashiva murti, Bangkok National Museum
|File:Sadashiva.JPG|A painting of Sadasiva murti, South India
}}

== Panchabrahma ==
{{main|Pañcānana}}
According to Shaivite texts,{{which|date=August 2021}} the supreme being [[Parameshwara (god)|Parashivam]] manifests as pentads, rather than the [[Trimurti|trinity]] of other Hindu sects - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. His five deeds, known "Panchakrityas" (five holy acts), are assigned to ''Panchamurti'', his five aspects, viz., [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Rudra]], [[Mahesvara]] and Sadasiva (Mahesvara and Sadashiva are forms of Shiva, Rudra is also refers as Shiva ). Creation, Preservation, Destruction, Obscuration and Grace are done by these five manifestations respectively. The five faces of Parashiva which emanate these five aspects are praised as "Panchabrahmas", the five creators or the five realities). The Panchamurtis of Shaivism are absorbed within Shaktism and named as "Panchapreta" (five bodies).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

=== Five faces ===
The five faces of Sadasiva are sometimes identified with Mahadeva, [[Parvati]], [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], [[Bhairava]] and Sadasiva himself.{{sfnp|Rao|1988|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} The ten arms of Sadasiva represent the ten directions.{{sfnp|Hāṇḍā|1992|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} Another variation of Sadasiva later evolved into another form of Shiva known as Mahasadasiva, in which Shiva is depicted with twenty-five heads with {{citation needed span|seventy-five eyes|date=August 2021}} and fifty arms. Given accounts relating to Sadasiva are collected from Kamika Agamam{{sfnp|Sivacharya|2012}} and Vishnudharmottara Purana.{{sfnp|Sharma|1976|pp=1–3}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |year=1992 |first=Omacanda |last=Hāṇḍā |title=Śiva in art: a study of Śaiva iconography and miniatures |publisher=Indus Pub. House}}
*{{cite book |year=2008 |first=Bijay Chandra |last=Mazumdar |isbn=978-1443767507 |title=The History of the Bengali Language |publisher=Read Books}}
*{{cite book|first=C. V. Ramachandra |last=Rao |title=Siva-Mahesa (Sadasiva) Murti of Bhairavakona: an iconographical study |year=1988 |publisher=Manasa Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwRFAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=Iconography of Sadasiva |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1976 |first=B.N. |last=Sharma |isbn=978-8170170372}}
* {{cite web |first=S.P. Sabharathanam |last=Sivacharya |title=Kamika Agama Uttara Pada |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-uttara-pada-part-2 |website=Hmalayan Academy |year=2012 |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616172501/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-uttara-pada-part-2 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Dorin |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |year=1997| publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004107588}}
*{{cite book |first=Margaret |last=Stutley |title=Hindu Deities: A Mythological Dictionary with Illustrations |year=2006 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-8121511643}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Sadashiva}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

Tara (Ramayana)

2026-03-15T04:36:37Z

ArnoldBAp: quick rework references to improve readability further and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Queen of Kishkindha and wife of the vanara king Vali in the Ramayana}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Episode from Kishkinda Kanda.jpg
| caption = Lakshmana Meets with Tara (leftmost), Sugriva (2nd from left) and Hanuman (rightmost) in the Palace of Kishkinda
| affiliation = [[Vanara]]/[[Apsara]], ''Panchakanya''
| Devanagari = तारा
| other_names = Tārā
| abode = [[Kishkindha]]
| consort = [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] 
| member_of = [[Panchakanya]]
| father = Sushena
| children = [[Angada]]}}

In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', '''Tara''' ({{langx|sa|तारा}}, {{IAST|Tārā}}, {{literally|star}})<ref>Lefeber p. 234</ref> is the Queen of [[Kishkindha]] and the wife of the [[vanara]] (monkey) King [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]].

Tara is described as the daughter of the vanara physician Sushena in the ''Ramayana'', and in later sources, as an ''[[apsara]]'' (celestial nymph) who rises from the [[Samudra manthan|churning of the milky ocean]]. She marries Vali and bears him a son named [[Angada]]. After Vali is presumed dead in a battle with a demon, his brother Sugriva becomes king , however, Vali returns and exiles his brother, accusing him of treachery.

When Sugriva challenges Vali to a duel, Tara wisely advises Vali not to accept because of the former's alliance with [[Rama]]—the hero of the ''Ramayana'' and an [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]]—but Vali does not heed her, and dies from Rama's arrow, shot at the behest of Sugriva. The ''Ramayana'' and its later adaptations emphasize Tara's lamentation. While in most vernacular versions, Tara casts a curse on Rama by the power of her [[chastity]], in some versions, Rama enlightens Tara.

Sugriva returns to the throne but spends his time carousing and fails to act on his promise to assist Rama in recovering his kidnapped wife, [[Sita]]. Tara now, chief diplomat—is then instrumental in reconciling Rama with Sugriva after pacifying [[Lakshmana]], Rama's brother, who was about to destroy Kishkinda in retribution for Sugriva's perceived treachery. After this incident, Tara is only mentioned in passing references, as the story moves from Kishkindha to the climactic battle in [[Lanka]] to retrieve Sita.

Tara's intelligence, presence of mind, courage and devotion to her husband Vali is praised. She is extolled as one of the ''[[Panchakanya (Hinduism)|panchakanya]]'' (five [revered] women), the recital of whose names is believed to dispel sin.

==Birth and early life==

In the ''Ramayana'', Tara is addressed by Vali as the daughter of the vanara physician Sushena.<ref name = "Mani"/><ref name="Bhattacharya"/> Some versions of the ''[[Balakanda|Bala Kanda]]'' (the first book of the ''Ramayana''), include verses describing principal monkeys created by various deities. Vali and Sugriva are described as sons of the king of the gods, [[Indra]] and the sun-god [[Surya]] respectively; while Tara is described as the daughter of [[Brihaspati]], the guru of the gods.<ref>Goldman p. 316</ref> The 12th century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Ramavataram]]'' and the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ''[[Ranganatha Ramayanam]]'' state that Tara and [[Rumā|Ruma]] rose, along with other ''[[apsara]]''s, from the [[ocean of milk]] during its [[Samudra manthan|churning by the gods and the demons]], to acquire the elixir of life (''[[amrita]]'').<ref name = "Mani">Mani p. 786</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya"/> In the [[Theyyam]] drama tradition of [[Kerala]], the gods tire and request Vali to help in the churning. When Vali just starts churning, Tara rises from the ocean and thus is gifted to Vali.<ref>Freeman pp. 197–8</ref>

According to the [[Java]]nese [[wayang]] puppet tradition, Tara (Dewi Tara) is the ''apsara'' daughter of Indra and his wife [[Indrani|Wiyati]]. Her siblings include a sister called Dewi Tari, the consort of the demon-king of [[Lanka]], [[Ravana]] (Rahwana) and brothers Citarata, Citragana, Jayantaka, Jayantara, and Harjunawangsa.<ref name="wayang"/>

While the ''Ramayana'' states that Tara first weds Vali, some Ramayana adaptations sometimes present a [[polyandrous]] relationship between Tara, Vali and Sugriva. The ''Ranganatha Ramayana'' states that Tara is given to Vali and Sugriva as a reward for helping the gods.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/> A Tamil folk tale tells that after the ''amrita'' emerged, Tara rises and is given as a common wife to both Vali and Sugriva.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|title=The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore|year=2002|publisher=Harrington Park Press|isbn=1-56023-181-5|page=109}}</ref> In the ''Mahabharata'', there is a reference to Vali and Sugriva fighting over an unnamed woman, who the mythologist Bhattacharya believes to be Tara.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/>

Some ''Ramayana'' retellings including some ''[[Mahabharata]]'' versions, the ''[[Narasimha Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahanataka]]'' portray Tara as originally Sugriva's wife that Vali snatched.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref>Meyer p. 411</ref> The [[Thai language|Thai]] ''[[Ramakien]]'' says that the gods give Vali and Sugriva a trident and Tara respectively, but Vali grabs Tara too and marries her.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> The [[Balinese dance]] [[Kebyar]] and the wayang tradition also tells that Tara was married to Sugriva (Sugriwa) initially, but appropriated by Vali (Subali).<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref name="wayang">Sudibyoprono pp. 536–7</ref>

In all versions, [[Angada]] is born from Tara's marriage to Vali.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref name="wayang"/>

In the ''Ramayana'', Vali goes to fight the demon Mayavi in a cave and instructs Sugriva to close the door of the cave if blood flows out from the cave, implying that he has been killed, but if milk flows out, it indicates that Mayavi is dead. After a year of combat, the dying demon turns the colour of his milky blood to red by sorcery. Sugriva believes that Vali is dead and closes the only opening to the cave. Sugriva also appropriates—sometimes interpreted as marriage<ref name = "Mukherjee"/>—Vali's "widow" Tara. After Vali returns, rejecting Sugriva's explanation, he exiles Sugriva and not only re-acquires Tara but also seizes Ruma, Sugriva's wife, in retaliation.<ref name = "Mukherjee"/><ref>Lefeber pp. 42, 157</ref> While Vali's act of usurping Ruma when her husband is alive is universally criticized by the ''Ramayana'' commentators, they excuse Sugriva's taking of Tara, as his wife, as he believed she was widowed.<ref>Lefeber p. 243</ref>

In the wayang variant, Vali (Subali) goes to battle the demon brother-rulers of Kishkinda, Jatasura and Lembusura, in the cave. Similar to the ''Ramayana'', Sugriva (Sugriwa) presumes Vali dead. The gods crown Sugriva the king of Kishkinda and grant him, Tara, as a reward for aiding his "dead" brother. Vali returns and instigated by Ravana, seizes Tara and the kingdom.<ref name="wayang"/>

==Death of Vali==

After his wife Sita is kidnapped by the demon-king [[Ravana]], Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] wander the forest searching for her. Upon meeting the monkey-warrior [[Hanuman]], they are taken to the exiled Sugriva. Rama forms an alliance with Sugriva, whom he will help; in order to defeat Vali and regain his wife Ruma and his kingship. In return, Sugriva will aid in the search for Sita. As agreed, Sugriva challenges Vali in the wrestling contest, but Rama is unable to distinguish between the two fighters and Sugriva loses the contest. Rama explains his predicament to Sugriva and tells him to re-challenge Vali, but this time, Rama garlands Sugriva to differentiate him from Vali.<ref name = "Mani_Bali">Mani p. 106</ref>

===Tara's warning===
[[File: Illustration of Sugriva challenging Vali from the Ramayana (c. 1628–1649).jpg|thumb|350px|Tara dissuades Vali (centre), as Sugriva challenges him]]

In the ''Kishkindha Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana'', when Sugriva re-challenges Vali for combat, Tara suggests that "appearances are deceptive"<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pradip|date=March–April 2004 |title=Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part I)|journal=[[Manushi]]|issue=141|pages=7–8|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf}}</ref> and normally, a combatant would not return so soon to a fight again after a decisive defeat. Having heard of the growing friendship between Sugriva and Rama, she cautions Vali. She urges him to forgive Sugriva, to anoint him as the crown prince, as a diplomatic move, and live peacefully with him, and also befriend the exalted Rama. Tara begs Vali to act on her advice, but acknowledging Tara's love and devotion, Vali argues that a warrior like him cannot refuse a challenge; despite this, he promises to not kill Sugriva, but just crush his pride.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/><ref name = "Mukherjee">Mukherjee pp. 36–7</ref><ref>Lefeber pp. 84–5</ref>

In the ''Mahabharata'' retelling, when Sugriva re-challenges Vali, Tara dissuades Vali from going to the fight and points out that Sugriva may have found a protector. Tara, described as lustrous like the moon, is praised by Vali as one who understands the language of all creatures and is astute to clarify her statement. Tara warns him about Sugriva's alliance with Rama and the plotting of Vali's death at the hands of Sugriva and his advisers. Vali not only disregards Tara's advice but also suspects Tara of cheating on him with Sugriva. Vali leaves, speaking harshly to Tara.<ref name = "ganguliCCLXXVIII">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 3: Vana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03278.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=SECTION CCLXXVIII}}</ref>

In the ''Ramavataram'', Tara warns about Rama's plans to kill Vali. However, Vali dismisses her warning as unfounded, arguing that Rama, a man of ''[[dharma]]'', would not shoot him when he and Sugriva are in a duel. Vali leaves, promising Tara that he will slay Sugriva.<ref>Srinivasan pp. 149–50</ref>

===Tara's lamentation===

[[File: Pullamangai Vaalivadham.JPG|thumb|upright|The miniature panel in the [[Tirupullamangai]] Temple, [[Pasupathikoil]] captures the scene of Valli's death. Tara, depicted with a monkey face, is seated at his feet, lamenting his death.]]

In the ''Bala Kanda'' Book of the ''Ramayana'', where the whole work is summarized, the lamentation of Tara is mentioned as a significant event.<ref>Goldman p.131</ref>

Ignoring Tara's sound advice, Vali engages in combat with Sugriva. While fighting, Rama shoots an arrow at Vali from behind, fatally wounding him. The news of Vali's death reaches Tara; she rushes to him with Angada. She sees monkeys running in terror on the way. They advise her to go back to the palace and consecrate Angada as the king. Tara refuses and says that she needs to see her husband first, leading them back to Vali.<ref name = "Mukherjee"/><ref>Lefeber pp. 96–7</ref> Embracing the dying Vali, Tara laments his death while reproaching Sugriva and Rama. Tara accepts Vali's death as punishment for seizing Ruma and exiling Sugriva.<ref>Lefeber pp. 97–8</ref><ref>Lefeber p. 250</ref>

In North Indian manuscripts of the ''Ramayana'', some interpolations elaborate Tara's lament. Tara mentions the hardships of widowhood and prefers death to it. She blames Rama for unjustly killing Vali and tells him that if they had forged an alliance, Vali could have helped him recover Sita. Tara invokes the power of her chastity<ref name="chastity">{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/chastity#ixzz1GYExGJdC|title=Chastity: definition|quote=A confusion of the terms ‘chastity’ and ‘celibacy’ has long existed. ‘Chastity’ — deriving from the Latin ‘castitas’, meaning ‘cleanliness’ or ‘purity’ — does not necessarily mean the renunciation of all sexual relations, but rather the temperate sexual behaviour of legitimately married spouses, for the purpose of procreation, or the sexual continence of the unmarried.|work=The Oxford Companion to the Body, cited at Answers.com|last=Shaw |first=Jane|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> and curses Rama so that he will soon lose Sita after he regains her. She declares that Sita will return to the earth.<ref>Lefeber p. 252</ref> The curse also appears in the North-western Indian manuscripts.<ref>Guruge p. 34</ref> In several vernacular adaptations of the ''Ramayana'' like the [[Oriya language|Oriya]] ''Vilanka Ramayana'' by [[Sarala Dasa]], Tara's curse is reiterated.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> Apart from the usual curse to Rama of his separation from Sita, in the Bengali ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]a'', Tara additionally curses Rama that in his [[reincarnation|next birth]], he will be killed by Vali.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=Tony K.|last2=Dimock|first2=Edward C.|editor=Richman, Paula |title=Questioning Ramayanas: a South Asian tradition |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22074-9|pages=254, 259|chapter=Krittibasa's Apochatic Critique of Rama's Kingship}}</ref> The ''[[Mahanataka]]'' and the ''[[Ananda Ramayana]]'' narrate that Vali is reborn as the hunter who kills [[Krishna]], Rama's next birth.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/>

Hanuman consoles Tara, telling her to look towards the future of her son, Angada. Hanuman suggests that Angada be consecrated as king, compensating her loss but Tara declares that since his uncle Sugriva is alive, it is inadvisable.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/><ref>Lefeber pp. 99–100</ref> With his last breath, Vali confesses his folly of abandoning Sugriva and urges Angada and Tara to support Sugriva. He declares that: <blockquote>
"Tara is ... thoroughly knowledgeable about deciding subtle matters and about various portents. Whatever she says is right should be done without doubt, for nothing Tara believes turns out to be otherwise."<ref>Lefeber p. 101</ref>
</blockquote>
Vali requests Rama to take care that Tara is not insulted and advises Sugriva to unquestioningly follow her advice.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref>Sharma p. 73</ref>

[[File:Vali dying.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Tara (right), depicted as a human, wailing with dying Vali in her arms]]
Vali dies in the embraces of Tara, who mourns his death in a painful and rebuking speech.<ref>Lefeber pp. 102–4</ref> According to Lefeber, Tara's lament has been significantly expanded, if not added completely, over the centuries. In South Indian manuscripts, some later interpolations elaborate Tara's lament, in which Tara asks Rama to kill her and lead her to Vali. Rama consoles Tara, saying that she should accept the preordained destiny.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/><ref>Lefeber pp. 259–60</ref> Rama guarantees her that her rights and those of Angada will be protected and that she will enjoy "continued comfort".<ref>Rao p. 57</ref> He tells her that a wife of a hero should not hold personal sorrow.<ref name = "Mukherjee"/>

In the ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'', while Tara wails over the death of Vali, Rama preaches to her, saying that the body is ephemeral, while only the soul is eternal; he tells her she should not grieve over the decay of Vali's body. Tara questions him asking "if the body is destructible, why does one feel pleasure and pain". Rama informs her that due to ''[[ahamkara]]'' (egoism) the mind is chained in bondage to desires. He declares that Tara will remain untouched by ''[[karma]]'' and be emancipated from the bondage of life. Having heard his sermon, and because she had been devoted to him in a [[Reincarnation|previous birth]], Tara thus becomes free of egoism and undergoes self-realization.<ref>Nath pp. 168–9</ref> This discourse of Rama also appears in [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramacharitamanasa]]'', but it is curtailed to just two verses and is possibly borrowed from the former text.<ref>Tulsidasa's Shri Ramacharitamanasa p. 523</ref> Rama says that the body is perishable, but the soul is immortal and listening to this, the enlightened Tara bows to Rama and gains the boon of supreme devotion.<ref name="Tulsidasa p. 516">Tulsidasa's Shri Ramacharitamanasa p. 516</ref>

A ''Ramayana'' version portrays her as trying to stabilize the kingdom after Vali's death in her arms. She declares that "With his last breath, King Vali begs you, his faithful subjects, to follow his brother [Sugriva] as your rightful king."<ref name="Devika"/> Angada cremates Vali, aided in the funeral rites by Tara and Sugriva.<ref>Lefeber pp. 105–7</ref>

==Marriage to Sugriva==

After Vali's death, Sugriva acquires Vali's kingdom as well as Tara.<ref name = "ganguliCCLXXVIII"/> The ''Ramayana'' does not record any formal marriage<ref name = "Sharma48"/> or any ritual purification—like the trial by fire Sita had to undergo when she is reacquired by Rama from Ravana—that Tara must undertake to marry Sugriva or return to Vali following his return from the dead.<ref name = "Sharma48">Sharma p.48</ref> The lack of the description of formal marriage suggests, according to some critics, that Tara's relationship to Sugriva is neither widow re-marriage nor polyandry, but simply appropriation by Sugriva.<ref>Guruge p. 203</ref> In the references of the coronation of Sugriva as king, Angada is also described as the heir-apparent crown prince, while Tara is mentioned as Sugriva's wife.<ref name = "Sharma48"/> The ''Adhyatma Ramayana'' declares that Sugriva acquires Tara.<ref>Nath p. 178</ref>

While Vali's acquisition of Ruma— elder brother taking his younger sister-in-law as a wife—is universally condemned; however as in Tara's case, the elder brother's widow marrying her younger brother-in-law seems to be a social norm. Ramashraya Sharma considers that Rama's silence on the marriage of Tara and Sugriva does not signal non-acceptance of the act, but rather that he is not concerned with the issue of the sexual relations of the loose charactered ''vanaras'', in which Tara and Ruma exchange hands between the brothers.<ref>Sharma pp. 97, 99–101</ref> The ''Ramayana'' mentions that Sugriva indulges in sexual pleasures of women, including Ruma and Tara, who he coveted.<ref>Lefeber p. 115</ref> In the ''Ramayana'' however, Angada criticizes Sugriva for his lustful marriage to his elder sister-in-law Tara, who is like a mother to him.<ref name = "Mukherjee"/><ref>{{cite book|last= Singh|first=Sarva Daman|title=Polyandry in Ancient India|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=81-208-0487-2|pages=139–140}}</ref> Though a political marriage, Tara serves Sugriva loyally.<ref name="Devika"/>

The commentaries of the ''Ramayana'' suggest that it would be right for Sugriva to marry the widowed Tara. The ''Amritakataka'' of Kataka Madhava Yogindra says that this was right as they were animals. The ''Tilaka'' by Nahesh Bhatt(Ramavarma) justifies Sugriva's marriage to Tara since Sugriva was her dead husband's brother. It further states that Tara should remarry as she did not belong to the first three [[caste]]s and was young.<ref>Lefeber p. 256</ref> Tara's action of taking Sugriva as her husband after Vali's death is seen as her attempt to secure the futures of Angada and the kingdom.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref name="Devika"/>

In some rare instances like in the ''Ramavataram'', Tara does not remarry. Sugriva treats her as a mother figure and salutes her.<ref name="Srinivasan">Srinivasan p. 159</ref>

==Tara pacifies Lakshmana==
[[File: Angry Lakshmana.jpg|alt=|thumb|307x307px|Tara pacifies an angry Lakshmana, as a frightened Sugriva hides behind her.]]
The rainy season ensues and ends and Rama in despair fears that Sugriva has forgotten his promise to help him trace and recover Sita. Rama sends Lakshmana to Kishkindha to remind the complacent monarch of his promise to help. Irritated that the city is barricaded, Lakshmana kicks down the city gate and threatens to destroy Sugriva and the monkey kingdom with his divine power. Lakshmana is unable to tolerate Sugriva breaking his vow to Rama, enjoying material and sensual pleasures, while Rama suffers alone.

When the agitated Lakshamana—reaching the inner chambers of Sugriva and his harem—reproaches Sugriva for being ungrateful to Rama and forgetting his promise,<ref>Lefeber pp. 128–9</ref> the critical edition of the ''Ramayana'' states that Tara voluntarily intervenes to calm the wrath of Lakshmana.<ref name = "Lefeber129"/> In some ''Ramayana'' adaptations and North-western Indian manuscripts of the ''Ramayana'', it is Tara, not Ruma in whom Sugriva is engrossed when Lakshmana arrives.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/><ref>Guruge p. 168</ref> The South Indian manuscripts portray the drunk Sugriva, who is engrossed in lustful revel as being ignorant of Lakshmana's anger and sending Tara to pacify him, in some versions, even though she is drunk.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/><ref name="Devika"/><ref>Lefeber p. 286</ref> Though intoxicated with "half-closed eyes and unsteady gait", Tara manages to disarm Lakshmana.<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> The intoxication of Tara is also described in the original ''Ramayana'', but in a different context. Tara is described as having made it a habit to visit Sugriva always in a tipsy state, before indulging in the "new pleasures of love".<ref>Meyer p. 328</ref>

The ''Ramayana'' narrates: Tara says that Sugriva is mindful that through Rama, Sugriva has gained the kingship, Ruma and herself. She defends Sugriva saying that even great sage [[Vishwamitra]] was tempted by pleasure, Sugriva—a mere forest-dwelling monkey—is fatigued by his past hardships and is relaxing, but not partaking in carnal pleasures. Tara informs Sugriva that Vali told her that Ravana is a mighty king with several ''rakshasas'' in his service. She reminds Lakshmana that without an ally like Sugriva, Rama cannot defeat such a powerful foe. Tara informs him that Sugriva has summoned all monkey commanders and troops to the capital.<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/><ref name = "Lefeber129">Lefeber pp. 129–131</ref> The ''Adhyatma Ramayana'' also presents a similar description, where Tara, Angada and Hanuman are sent by Sugriva to calm Lakshmana.<ref>Nath pp. 182–3</ref> In a condensed one-verse description, the ''Ramacharitamanasa'' says that Tara and Hanuman were dispatched by Sugriva and were successful in appeasing Lakshmana by singing Rama's praises.<ref name="Tulsidasa p. 516"/> In the ''Ramavataram'', though not Sugriva's consort, Tara pacifies Lakshamana. The usual epithet of Tara, lustrous as the moon, in the ''Ramavataram'', signifies her white clothes, the sign of a widow. Lakshmana is reminded of his own widowed mother seeing Tara.<ref name="Srinivasan"/>

Pacified by Tara and praised further by Sugriva, Lakshmana begs for Sugriva's pardon for abusing him.<ref>Lefeber pp. 131–2</ref> It is only through the diplomatic intervention of Tara that the crisis is averted.<ref>Rao p. 58</ref>

==Commentary==

<blockquote>
Ahalya Draupadi Kunti Tara Mandodari tatha panchakanya smare nityam mahapataka nashanam Remembering ever the virgins five -[[Ahalya]], [[Draupadi]], [[Kunti]], Tara and [[Mandodari]] Destroys the greatest of sins.<ref name="panchakanya">{{cite journal|last=Devika|first=V.R.|title=Women of substance: Ahalya|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date = October 29, 2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|page = 52}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Hindus remember ''Panchakanya'': the five virgins or maidens, in this daily morning prayer.<ref>Mukherjee p. 36</ref><ref name = "Mukherjee48ff">Mukherjee pp. 48–9</ref><ref>Sharma p. 66</ref> Tara, with Ahalya and Mandodari, belong to the ''Ramayana'', while the rest are from the ''Mahabharata''.

V. R. Devika, author of ''Tara: Unsung heroine'' describes her as a woman "treated like an equal and her opinion mattered as if she were one of the lieutenants."<ref name="Devika">{{cite journal|last=Devika|first=V.R.|title=Women of substance: Tara : Unsung heroine|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date = October 29, 2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|page = 46}}</ref> ''Ramayana'' presents Tara as a woman, intensely loved and respected by Vali, her husband. Her regard is so great that her counsel to Vali sometimes has a commanding tone.<ref>Sharma p. 83</ref> Pradip Bhattacharya, author of the book ''Panchkanya: Women of Substance'' describes Tara as "a woman of unusual intelligence, foresight and confidence."<ref name=" Bhattacharya"/> Tara's devotion to her husband is also praised.<ref>Mukherjee p.50</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last = Freeman | first = Rich | title = Questioning Rāmāyaṇas: a South Asian Tradition | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2001 | chapter = Thereupon Hangs a Tail: the Deification of Vali in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar | isbn = 978-0-520-22074-4 }}
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|title=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: Balakanda|series=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: An Epic Of Ancient India|volume=1|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-3089-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Guruge|first=Ananda|title=The society of the Rāmāyaṇa|year=1991|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-265-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364}}
* {{cite book|last=Lefeber|first=Rosalind |title=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: Kiskindhakanda|series=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: An Epic Of Ancient India|volume=4|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3165-0}}
*{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|author-link =Vettam Mani}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Johann Jakob |title=Sexual life in ancient India|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=81-208-0638-7|orig-year = 1971}}
* {{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Prabhati|title=Hindu Women: Normative Models |year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=Calcutta|isbn=81-250-1699-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Nath|first=Baij|title=The Adhyatma Ramayana|year=2005|publisher=Cosmos Publications for Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd.|isbn=81-7755-895-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=I. Panduranga|title=Valmiki|series=Makers of Indian Literature|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-680-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ramashraya |title=A socio-political study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa|edition=1|year=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ}}
* {{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=K. S.|title=Ramāyaṇam as Told by Vālmīki and Kamban|year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-307-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Ensiklopedi Wayang Purwa | publisher=Balai Pustaka| editor=Sudibyoprono, R. Rio | year=1991 | location=Jakarta | language = id | isbn=979-407-341-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Tulsidasa's Shri Ramacharitamanasa|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=978-81-208-0443-2}}

{{Hindu apsaras}}
{{Ramayana}}

[[Category: Vanara in the Ramayana]]
[[Category: Apsara]]
[[Category: Characters_in_the_Ramayana]]

Dhouns River

2026-03-13T23:02:25Z

ArnoldBAp: creating basic place first draft - done

{{Short description|River flowing on the plains of Mithila region}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Dhouns Nadi
| country = India and Nepal
| state = Bihar (India) and Madhesh Pradesh (Nepal)
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| district = Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Darbhanga, Mahottari and Dhanusha
| parent = Adhwara
| name_other = धौंस नदी
| image = File:Dhouns river.jpg
| image_caption = View of Dhouns river at [[Basuki Bihari]] from a bridge
| image_upright =
}}
[[File:Dhouns River.jpg|thumb|View of the Dhouns River from [[Saharghat, Madhubani|Saharghat]] Bridge]]
The '''Dhouns''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: धौंस) is a river that flows on the plains of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Nepal and India. It is the part of ''[[Adhwara]]'' group of rivers flowing from Nepal to the western part of the [[Madhwapur]] block area in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=धौंस नदी के जलस्तर में वृद्धि से सहमे गांव के लोग |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/people-scared-of-increase-in-water-level-of-dhauns-river |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तर बिहार में बाढ़ का कहर जारी, मधुबनी में धौंस नदी का सुरक्षा बांध टूटा - Flood havoc continues in North Bihar, security dam of Dhons river broken in Madhubani |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-flood-havoc-continues-in-north-bihar-security-dam-of-dhons-river-broken-in-madhubani-21971582.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=धौंस नदी के जलस्तर में वृद्धि जारी, प्रशासन अलर्ट |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-water-level-of-dhauns-river-continues-to-rise-administration-on-alert-10386379.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Description ==
Dhouns river is a major river flowing on the plains of the western part of the [[Madhubani district]] in Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=धौंस नदी का पानी काला दो लाख आबादी प्रभावित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-water-of-dhauns-river-black-two-lakh-population-affected-9397868.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> It originates from the hills in the [[Terai]] part of Nepal. In this river, the streams of Adhwara group like ''Bighi, [[Doodhmati]]'', ''Ghoghra'', ''Hardinath'', ''[[Jamuni River|Jamuni]]'' and ''[[Thumhani River|Thomne]]'' merge at different locations. The Dhouns river finally merges into the larger river [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] in the [[Darbhanga district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-06-30 |title=दरभंगा: धौंस नदी के जलस्तर में वृद्वि के कारण टूटा चचरी पुल, गांव के लोगों का प्रशासन से नाव चलाने की मांग |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/darbhanga/chachari-bridge-damaged-due-to-dhons-river-rise-water-level-in-darbhanga/bh20210630084048889 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बागमती नदी के जलस्तर में उतार-चढ़ाव जारी, दहशत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/fluctuation-in-water-level-of-bagmati-river-continues-panic-133480665.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बागमती व धौंस नदी की धारा में बह गया चचरी पुल, आवागमन बाधित - Chachri bridge flows in Bagmati and Dhauns river stream, traffic disrupted - Bihar Darbhanga General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-chachri-bridge-flows-in-bagmati-and-dhauns-river-stream-traffic-disrupted-20497488.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The stream of Bigghi river approximately starts from the river at Aurahi Bridge near [[Mahendranagar, Dhanusha|Mahendranagar]] town in the Mithila region of Nepal. The river flows towards southern plains of the Teria region. In [[Nepal]], the stream of Bigghi river is also known as ''Bigghi Khola''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Roads Bridge Programme |url=https://bims.lrbpnepal.org/intro/bridge_details/2349 |website=Bridge Information Management System (BIMS)}}</ref>
[[File:Bigghi Khola, Matihani.jpg|thumb|View of ''Bigghi Khola'' at [[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]] in Nepal ]]

== Religious significance ==
In [[Hinduism]], river has an important place in its cultural activities, religious rituals and sacred bathings. In many occasions people take holy bath at banks of rivers in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. During the [[Chhath]] festival, the banks of the Dhouns river is used for the Chhath [[ghat]] in the region around the river. A huge number of devotees from both the countries India and Nepal simultaneously offer Arghya of faith during the Chhath festival to the setting and rising sun at the [[Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat|Indo-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat]] near the [[Madhwapur]]-[[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]]-[[Rampur Village|Rampur]] boarder, which stretches for about six kms parallel to the holy Dhouns river.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मधवापुर में मैत्री छठ घाट पर रात भर रुकी व्रतियां, उदीयमान सूर्य को दिया अर्घ्य |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mithri-chhath-ghat-in-madhwapur-stayed-on-overnight-giving-birth-to-the-rising-sun-033709-3189938.html/ |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> The junction of the two streams ''Bigghi'' and ''Jamuni'' at [[Akharharghat]] is a religious place for the local Hindu pilgrimage called as ''Jamuni Sangam''. On the occasion of [[Kartika Purnima|Kartik Purnima]], the adherents take holy bathes at the Jamuni Sangam and do ''Jalabhisheka'' on the ''[[Lingam|Shivlinga]]'' of the ''Trilokinath Mahadev Mandir'' near the sangam at Akharharghat, with the holy water of the Dhouns river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कमला में स्नान के बाद शिलानाथ महादेव की पूजा-अर्चना - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-worshiping-shilanath-mahadev-after-bathing-in-kamala-19750234.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

During the [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]] month in [[Hinduism]], the devotees of ''Sawan Sombari'' pilgrimage fill the sacred water from the Uttarvahini Dhouns river at Matihani to do [[Jalabhisheka]] on the Shivlingas at [[Pancheshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]] and ''[[Narmadeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|Narvadeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]'' at [[Madhwapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बोल बम के जयकारे के बीच हुआ जलाभिषेक - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-12782767.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly the devotees in the [[Bisfi]] Block fill the sacred water of the river at ''Balha Ghat'' to do the sacred ''Jalabhisheka'' on the Shivalinga of the [[Bhairava Ugna Mahadev Mandir|Ugna Mahadev Mandir]] at ''Bhairava Dham'' in the Bisfi Block.<ref>{{Cite news |title=धौंस नदी के बलहा घाट से जल भरा और शिवालय की ओर चल पड़े, बोलबम के जयकारे से वातावरण गुंजायमान रहा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/bisfi/news/they-filled-water-from-balha-ghat-of-dhauns-river-and-started-walking-towards-the-shiva-temple-the-atmosphere-was-resonating-with-the-chants-of-bolbam-133401273.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Floods ==
The water of river causes some major floods in the areas connecting the river. Every year during the heavy rains, the overflowing water of the Dhouns river causes many casualties and loss of wealth, commodities, animals and agricultural products around its connecting areas. The water level of the river is directly affected by the rains in the [[Terai]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=धौंस नदी के जलस्तर में वृद्धि जारी, प्रशासन अलर्ट |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-water-level-of-dhauns-river-continues-to-rise-administration-on-alert-10386379.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Agricultures ==
The water flowing in the Dhouns river is the major source of water for irrigation of agricultural lands by the farmers in the region. Apart from irrigation, the water is also used for bathing and drinking by the cattles of the farmers residing near the river.<ref name=":0" />

== Pollution ==
The linkage of waste chemicals from the factories at Mahendranagar town in Nepal are flowed in the river. These waste chemicals are polluting the water of the river. The water of the river is becoming poisonous and black due to the mixing of the waste chemicals in the river.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Nepal}}

[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nepal]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Venkatesh Shankar

2026-03-12T02:02:13Z

ArnoldBAp: added...

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Venkatesh Shankar
|image = Venkatesh shankar.jpg
|caption = Venkatesh Shankar
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education = [[IIT Kharagpur]] [[IIM Lucknow]] [[Northwestern University]]
|occupation = Marketing Professor, Author and Consultant
|website = {{URL|http://www.venkyshankar.com/}}
}}

Venkatesh (Venky) Shankar is an American [[marketing]] professor, consultant and author. He is currently Brierley Endowed Professor of Marketing and Academic Director of Brierley Institute for Customer Engagement at [[Cox School of Business]], [[Southern Methodist University]]. He is the co-editor of the ''Handbook of Marketing Strategy'' <ref>{{cite book | title=Handbook of Marketing Strategy | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qpCxOdBRScC| isbn=9781781005224| last1=Shankar| first1=Venkatesh| last2=Carpenter| first2=Gregory S.| last3=Hamilton| first3=James Farley/Booz Allen| year=2012 | publisher=Edward Elgar }}</ref> and the author of ''Shopper Marketing''.

Shankar is widely cited in [[Marketing Strategy]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Take Risks to Manage Uncertainty | url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/rYeernjo0RPyESqZEJHp8K/Take-risks-to-manage-uncertainty.html| date=2014-01-28}}</ref> Digital Strategy, [[International Marketing]], [[Innovation]], [[Product Management|New Product Management]], [[Pricing]], [[Retailing]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Interview with Venkatesh Shankar | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140110/jsp/t2/story_17770306.jsp#.UwiWv_mSzuI| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225060800/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140110/jsp/t2/story_17770306.jsp#.UwiWv_mSzuI| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref> and [[Brand]]ing. The ''Shankar-Spiegel Award'' <ref>{{cite web | title=Shankar-Spiegel best Dissertation Award | url=https://spiegel.medill.northwestern.edu/about/shankar-spiegel/}}</ref> is named in his honor.

==Education==
Shankar received his bachelor's degree in engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1984, and he completed his MBA at the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] in 1986. He received his Ph.D. in [[Marketing]] at the [[Kellogg School of Management]] in [[Northwestern University]] in 1995.

==Career==
Shankar started his academic career at the [[Robert H. Smith School of Business]] at [[University of Maryland]], where he served as co-director, Quality Enhancement Systems and Teams (QUEST) Program from 1998 to 2000 and as an associate professor from 2000 to 2004. He was Visiting Scholar at [[Sloan School of Management]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] from 2001 to 2002. In 2004, he joined the Mays Business School at Texas A&M University as a professor and Coleman Chair in Marketing. During his time at Mays Business School, Shankar has served as Marketing PhD Program Director from 2006-to 2012. Shankar was Academic Trustee of [[Marketing Science Institute]] from 2007 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title=Academic Trustee of Marketing Science Institute | url=https://experts.tamu.edu/expert/venkatesh-shankar/}}</ref> He was a Visiting Scholar at the Graduate School of Business, [[Stanford University]] during 2017.

Shankar is currently Harold M. Brierley Endowed Professor and Academic Director, Brierley Institute for Customer Engagement at Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University. Shankar has consulted with organisations such as [[Allstate]], [[Capgemini|Capgemini Ernst & Young]], [[Colgate Palmolive]], [[Deloitte]], [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[Hewlett Packard]], [[HSBC]], [[Humana]], [[IBM]], [[Intel]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Lucent Technologies]], [[Marriott International]], [[Medtronic]], [[Microsoft]], [[Northrop Grumman]], [[PepsiCo]], [[Philips]], and [[Volvo]].

==Publications==
Shankar has published in academic journals such as the [[Journal of Marketing Research]], [[Management Science]], [[Marketing Science]], [[Strategic Management Journal]], [[Journal of Marketing]], [[Journal of Public Policy and Marketing]], Journal of Retailing, [[Harvard Business Review]], and [[Sloan Management Review]], and in business periodicals such as [[Wall Street Journal]] and [[Financial Times]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Publications of Venkatesh Shankar| url=https://mays.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Shankar-Vita-Aug-2023.pdf}}</ref>

==Awards==
*In 2024, received Charles Coolidge Parlin Award.<ref>{{cite web | title= Parlin Award| url=https://www.ama.org/charles-coolidge-parlin-marketing-research-award/}}</ref>
*In 2024, named AMA Fellow by the American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web | title= AMA Fellow | url=https://www.ama.org/about-the-ama-fellows/}}</ref>
*In 2020, 2021, and 2022, was ranked among Top 1% of scientists in marketing by Mendeley Data based on citation data covering 7 million scientists in 22 major fields.<ref>{{cite web | title= Top 1% scientists | url=https://mays.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Shankar-Vita-Feb-2022.pdf}}</ref>
*In 2022, received Margaret H. Blair Award for Marketing Accountability from the [[Marketing Accountability Standards Board]] (MASB).<ref>{{cite web | title= Margaret H. Blair Award | url=https://themasb.org/shankar-recognized-as-accountable-marketer/}}</ref>
*In 2017, named AMS Cutco/Vector Distinguished Marketing Educator by the Academy of Marketing Science.<ref>{{cite web | title= AMS Custco/Vector Award | url=https://www.ams-web.org/award/ams-cutco-vector-distinguished-marketing-educators}}</ref>
*In 2015, received Distinguished Alumnus Award from the [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite web | title= Distinguished Alumnus Award | url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/sites/default/files/annualreport/1/AnnualReport-2015-16.pdf}}</ref>
*In 2014, earned EMAC-IJRM Steenkamp Award for Long-term Marketing Impact from the International Journal of Research in Marketing.<ref>{{cite web | title= EMAC-IJRM Steenkamp Award for Long-term Marketing Impact | url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-research-in-marketing/awards/jan-benedict-em-steenkamp-award-for-long-term-impact-winners-2009-2020}}</ref>
*In 2014, listed among The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds. According to Thomson Reuters, “(Researcher with) the greatest numbers of reports officially designated by Essential Science Indicators as Highly Cited Papers—ranking among the top 1% most cited for their subject field and year of publication—between 2002 and 2012.”<ref>{{cite web | title= World's Most Influential Minds | url=https://www.ae-info.org/attach/Acad_Main/News_Archive/The%20Most%20Influential%20Scientific%20Minds%20of%20the%20World%202014/worlds-most-influential-scientific-minds-2014.pdf}}</ref>
*In 2013, winner of the [[Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta]] (IIMC) Distinguished Alumnus Award.<ref>{{cite web | title=IIM Calcutta Distinguished Alumnus Award 2013 | url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/alumni/distinguished-alumnus-award/2013}}</ref>
*In 2013, awarded the ''Retailing Lifetime Achievement Award'' by the [[American Marketing Association]] for lifetime contributions to retailing research.<ref>{{cite web | title=Retailing Lifetime Achievement | date=April 3, 2021 | url=https://amarapsig.org/?page_id=429}}</ref>
*In 2012, named as one of the Top 10 experts on [[innovation management]] worldwide by the [[Journal of Product Innovation Management]]<ref>{{cite journal | title=Rankings of the World's Top Innovation Management Scholars Based on Eight Top Management and Marketing Journals | journal=Journal of Product Innovation Management| volume=29| issue=2| pages=319–331| doi=10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00898.x| year=2012 | last1=Yang | first1=Pianpian | last2=Tao| first2=Lei}}</ref>
*In 2012, received the Vijay Mahajan Award from the [[American Marketing Association]] for his lifetime contributions to marketing strategy<ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay Mahajan Award for Lifetime Contributions to Marketing Strategy | url=https://www.ama.org/the-vijay-mahajan-award-for-career-contributions-to-marketing-strategy/}}</ref>
*In 2006, received Robert B. Clarke Outstanding Educator Award from the Direct Marketing Educational Foundation for outstanding lifetime contributions to Direct and Interactive Marketing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Clarke Outstanding Educator Award | url=https://mays.tamu.edu/maysnews/2007/10/25/marketing-award-named-in-shankars-honor/}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.venkyshankar.com/ Personal Webpage]
*[https://www.smu.edu/cox/academics/faculty/venky-shankar// Department Webpage]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Venkatesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University faculty]]
[[Category:Kellogg School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Madhavav

2026-03-10T02:04:54Z

ArnoldBAp: Added stub

{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Madhavav
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|22.709364|71.674411|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location_town = [[Wadhwan]]
|location_country = India
|architect = Local
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = 1294
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Indian architecture]]
| floor_count = Six storied stepwell
|designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] State Protected Monument No. S-GJ-226
|mapframe-zoom =14
|mapframe-marker=water
}}
'''Madhavav''' or '''Madhav Vav''' is a [[stepwell]] located in [[Wadhwan]] town of [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is located in the western side of old town.

==History==
[[File:Plan and section of Madhavav, a stepwell in Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Plan and section of Madhavav]]
[[File:Sculptured screens from Madhavav, a stepwell in Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|sculptured screens from Madhavav]]
There are two inscriptions in the stepwell. The Sanskrit inscription states that it was built by Madhav and Keshav, the [[Nagar Brahmin]] minister brothers in the court of [[Karandev II]] of [[Vaghela dynasty]] in 1294 ([[Vikram Samvat]] 1350) in honour of his parents. The second inscription, which is much eroded, tells about Lashamidevi (Lakshamidevi), daughter of [[Nagar Brahmin]] minister Sodhal; and Sindhu, son of Soma who were probably the parents of Madhav.<ref name="Bhatt2014">{{cite book|author=Purnima Mehta Bhatt|title=Her Space, Her Story: Exploring the Stepwells of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWmiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT45|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-84757-08-3|pages=45–46}}</ref><ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981">{{cite book|author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC&pg=PA77|date=1 January 1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02284-3|pages=22, 51–53, 77}}</ref> The stepwell is now state protected monument but is not maintained well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-MAT-latest-vadhvan-news-034003-218437-NOR.html|title=ઝાલાવાડની ઐતિહાસિક માધાવાવ જીર્ણશીર્ણ થઇ|date=2014-07-09|newspaper=Divya Bhaskar|access-date=2017-02-18|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104277|title=Somanatha And Other Mediaeval Temples In Kathiawad|last=Cousens|first=Henry|date=1931|publisher=Government of India Publication Branch|location=Calcutta|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104277/page/n66 54]–55}}</ref>

==Legends==
According to legend, the stepwell was dry for twelve years after its construction. The royal astrologer predicted the need of sacrifice by an ideal couple for water in the stepwell. The prince and her wife agreed for welfare of people even though they had an infant. They descended the stepwell in bridal clothes. As they reached the seventh step, the stepwell filled with water and they drowned. They sacrifice ensured water in the stepwell.<ref name="Bhatt2014"/><ref name="Ray2005">{{cite book|author=Bharati Ray|title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=142HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA528|date=15 September 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0264-9|pages=527–528}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Samachar 2012">{{cite web | title=Madhavav: Photo-story | first=Jhaverilal | last=Mehta | website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] | date=22 August 2012 | url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120822/purti/shatdal/photo.html | language=gu | access-date=18 February 2017 | archive-date=18 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218105223/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120822/purti/shatdal/photo.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The legend is popular folklore and is celebrated in folk-songs.<ref name="Bhatt2014"/> It is also believed locally that a ghost haunts the stepwell and demands death of a person by drowning every three years.<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981"/>

==Architecture==
The stepwell is constructed in east-west direction; the entrance is in the west while the well is in the east. It is 55 metres long and the stepped corridor are 49.80 metres long. It is entered by small narrow staircase. It has six ''kuta'' (pavilion towers) and six flights of steps to descend. The breadth decrease at each pavilion; 6 metres at the flight of steps to 3.6 metres at the pavilion. Each pavilion formed by four pilasters is 2.7 metres long. Due to height of 4.80 metre between two pavilion, the thick wall is necessary. There are slightly convex roofs on each ''kuta'' in [[ogee]] moulding formed by nine horizontal tiers. The roofs are crowned by small finials in form of [[kalasha]].<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981"/>

The well is 5.3 metres in diameter. At the top of the round well-shaft, there are six double-bent [[strut]]s in the last storey; four in back wall covered with stone lintel for drawing up water, in leathern bags for irrigation purposes.<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981"/><ref name=":0" />

There are stone screens on each side of first ''kuta'' forming its walls. Each screen has 16 squares, four in each of four rows. The pattern of these screens are identical to Vimal Vasahi temple of [[Dilwara Temples]] on Mount Abu and Queens' Mosque, Sarangpur, [[Ahmedabad]]. The door-frame has small sculptures of seated gods in compartments of vertical parts of frame and scenes of daily life in horizontal lintel.<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981"/>

In the walls, upon either side, at intervals in the descend, are sculptured niches holding groups of images which are very much mutilated. It includes sculptures of [[Bhairava]], [[Saptamatrika]], [[Navagraha]], [[Dashavatara]] and other gods and goddesses which are difficult to recognise due to its condition. There is sculptures of couple in one niche which is recognised as that of Madhav and his wife. There is a short inscription under it. It also has some erotic sculptures.<ref name="Bhatt2014"/><ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981"/><ref name=":0" />

==In popular culture==
The legend was depicted in Gujarati film ''Vanzari Vav'' (1977). ''Dehuna Daan Arthat Madhavav'', a play was created based on the legend. The folk-song of Madhavav is collected in ''Radhiyali Ratna Raas'' by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]]. Lalit Trivedi published a poem on the legend in his poetry collection, ''Andar Bahar Ekakar''.<ref name="GujLit">{{cite web | title=બાર બાર વરસે માધાવાવ ગળાવિયા / લલિત ત્રિવેદી | website=ગુજરાતી લિટરેચર | url=http://gujlit.com/book-index.php?bIId=1708&name=%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%20%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%20%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%20%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%20%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%20/%20%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%20%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80 | language=gu | access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tahuko.com/?p=10818 Read and listen two versions of folk-song on Madhavav on ''Tahuko'']
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1294]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]

Swami Public Ltd.

2026-03-04T09:47:13Z

ArnoldBAp: refined page and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swami Public Ltd.
| native_name = स्वामी पब्लिक लि.
| image = Swami_public_ltd.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| producer = [[Poonam Shende]]
| writer = [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| cinematography = [[Vikram Amaladi]]
| starring = [[Subodh Bhave]] [[Vikram Gokhale]] [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] [[Vinay Apte]] [[Neena Kulkarni]] [[Milind Shinde]] [[Savita Malpekar]] [[Mukta Patwardhan]] [[Bharat GaneshPure]] [[Vinod Khedkar]] [[Vinod Satav]] [[Saunskruti Kher]]
| music = [[Uttam Singh]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
| runtime = 104 Minutes
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| distributor = Saarrthi Entertainment
}}
'''''Swami Public Ltd.''''' ('''Marathi''': स्वामी पब्लिक लि.) is a 2014 Indian Marathi film starring [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] late [[Vinay Apte]] in lead roles. The film is written & directed by [[Gajendra Ahire]], produced by [[Poonam Shende]] under the banner Saarrthi Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/swami-public-ltd/movie-review/45315334.cms | title=Swami Public Ltd Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Swami Public Ltd by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Siddharth ([[Chinmay Mandlekar]]) is a simpleton and socially aware young man. Having been brought up by his grandmother ([[Neena Kulkarni]]), he completes his MSW to work for social causes. However, he is taken onthis path by a shrewd businessman Nachiket ([[Subodh Bhave]]). Nachiket is a master in marketing and packaging of ideas and concepts. Having understood this need of mental support by the masses, launches Siddharth as a Swami. Systematic & strategic planning, excellent communication and with perfect marketing, this Swami becomes a Brand.

==Cast==
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Siddharth/Swami
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Nachiket
* [[Vikram Gokhale]]
* [[Vinay Apte]]
* [[Milind Shinde]]

==Release==
The film will be releasing all over the Maharashtra on 28 November 2014.

==Soundtrack==
Music of the film was composed by renowned music composer [[Uttam Singh]], with lyrics penned by [[Gajendra Ahire]] & [[Ajay Chakravarty]].
The background music was scored by [[Chaitanya Adkar]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Swami Public Ltd.
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Chahe Kusumbi Chola Pehanoo" || [[Ajay Chakravarty]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Main Nahi Janata" || [[Sukhvinder Singh]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Tujhya Chandanyanna" || [[Prasenjit Kosambi]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4471566}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gajendra Ahire]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Pakal Nakshatrangal

2026-03-03T21:32:37Z

ArnoldBAp: minor add formatting based on references further and added references per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakal Nakshatrangal
| image = Pakal Nakshatrangal.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rajeev Nath]]
| producer = Chaya Films
| screenplay = [[Anoop Menon]]
| story = Rajeev Nath
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] Anoop Menon [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
| narrator = Anoop Menon
| music = '''Songs''': [[Shahabaz Aman]] '''Score''': [[Sharreth]]
| cinematography = Ramachandra Babu
| editing = K. Sreenivas
| studio = Chaya Films
| distributor = Chaya Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|11|29}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| gross =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pakal Nakshatrangal''''' ({{Translation|''Daytime Stars''}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Rajeev Nath]] and written by [[Anoop Menon]] from a story by Nath. It was the debut screenplay of Menon. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], Anoop Menon, and [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]. It is about the lives of a group of intellectuals in [[Kerala]] in the later half of the 1990s. The film was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/01review-pakal-nakshatrangal%20.htm|title=Review: Pakal Nakshatrangal |website=Rediff.com|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pakal-nakshatrangal-review-malayalam-pclwPvcfjbcai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325083441/https://www.sify.com/movies/pakal-nakshatrangal-review-malayalam-pclwPvcfjbcai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2022|title=Pakal Nakshatrangal|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=August 2020}}
''Pakal Nakshatrangal'' tells the story of Siddharthan, narrated by Siddharthan's son, Adi, to his wife as the content of his new book. Siddharthan is a brilliant filmmaker but leads a [[Giacomo Casanova|Casanova]] lifestyle entwined with women, alcohol, and drugs. His house 'Daffodils' is his salvation and the epicentre for art with his big bunch of friends.

One day, Siddarthan is found dead at Daffodils. His untimely death is considered suspicious but eludes the police due to lack of evidence. Adi decides to dig into his father's past and solve the mystery surrounding his death. Adi converses with Siddharthan's friends, reads his diary and articles, and gets help from a psychic, Dr. Vaidyanathan. The story revolves around what Adi finds out about his father's life and how he finds out the truth about the mysterious death.

Adi continues investigating the mysterious death of his father, Sidharthan, a renowned filmmaker. He meets Thilakan, the retired police officer who originally handled the case. Thilakan confides that he always believed Sidharthan was murdered—pushed off the terrace of Daffodils—but the case lacked evidence to proceed. His original suspects included Madhavan (Sidharthan’s close friend), Lopez (a man from Kochi), and a film producer. With the producer ruled out, Thilakan pursued Lopez, a shady character who had tried to exploit his sister Aida by offering her to Sidharthan during a film shooting where Aida was cast in a supporting role. However he learns from Aida that Lopez died of a lightning strike a couple of months after the incident.

Adi rules out Madhavan as a suspect, despite a past disagreement with Sidharthan. Through Madhavan, he learns about a talented but troubled poet who once joined their circle. The poet believed that true life began after death, inspiring a screenplay admired by Sidharthan. Their debates on death led to conflict between Madhavan and Sidharthan, and the poet eventually took his own life to experience his maniacal theory of life after death, a decision he had allegedly justified to his wife Raji, who was later forced into prostitution. Raji confirms that Sidharthan admits to witnessing the poet’s suicide when both of them were high on weed.

Adi also meets Dr. Usha, a homeopathy doctor and Sidharthan’s former lover who used to have an affair with him behind her husband’s back, who reveals that Sidharthan had a mysterious phone relationship with an anonymous woman he never met. Suffering from a terminal illness (implied to be cancer or an STD), he wanted to die with dignity rather than endure a slow decline, in contrast to his otherwise undisciplined, life-loving persona.

Seeking further clarity, Adi consults Dr. Vaidyanathan, an eccentric professor who claims to have spoken with Sidharthan’s spirit. As Adi assembles the pieces, the story evolves into a biographical portrait of his father.

In the end, Adi reveals to his wife that his mother, Maidhili—Sidharthan’s wife—was the one who killed him. A devoted but neglected spouse, Maidhili had posed as the anonymous caller to feel closer to her estranged husband. Upon learning of his illness and his wish for a swift death, she confronted him on the terrace and pushed him, with Sidharthan recognizing her identity just before falling. Adi claims that his father revealed this truth to him in a dream.

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Sidharthan
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Dr. Vaidhyanathan
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Aadhi Sidharthan
**[[Ganapathi (actor)|Ganapathi]] as young Aadhi Sidharthan
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Aadhi's wife
* [[Manianpilla Raju]] as Tharakan
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Raji
* Reena Basheer as Dr. Usha
* [[K. B. Venu]] as Madhavan, Sidharthan's friend
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as Thushar
* Murugan
* [[N. L. Balakrishnan]]
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]
* Jagannathan
* [[Sukumari]]

==Awards==
[[Mohanlal]] got the Kerala Film Critics Award and the [[Mathrubhumi]] Film Awards for Best Actor for this film.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1414369|Pakal Nakshatrangal}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anoop Menon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shahabaz Aman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajeevnath]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

National Highway 167 (India)

2026-02-21T12:42:55Z

ArnoldBAp: Added entry!

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=16.2|frame-long=78.5|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25352251|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 167}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 483
|length_notes =
| length_round =
| length_ref =
| established =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Hagari]]
| junction =
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Kodad]]
| states = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]].
| destinations = [[Hagari Bommanahalli|Hagari]], [[Alur, Kurnool|Alur]], [[Adoni]], [[Yemmiganur]], [[Mantralayam]], [[Raichur]], [[Makthal]], [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Jadcherla]], [[Kalwakurthy]], [[Devarakonda]], [[Nidamanur mandal|Nidamanur]], [[Miryalaguda]], [[Huzurnagar]], [[Kodad]].
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 67
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 166 
| next_route = 167 
}}

'''National Highway 167''' ('''NH 167'''), is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]], which was formed as a new National Highway by up-gradation and passes through the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It starts at [[Hagari Bommanahalli|Hagari]] in [[Karnataka]] and ends at [[Kodad]] in [[Telangana]]. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 67 (India)|National Highway 67]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|title=New highways notification dated August, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Gadkari visit: TS readies charter of demands|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gadkari-visit-ts-readies-charter-of-demands/article7055704.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1223">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/172852.pdf|title=National highway 167 route substitution notification dated Nov, 2016|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=14 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==

It starts at the junction of [[Hagari Bommanahalli|Hagari]] and passes through [[Alur, Kurnool|Alur]], [[Adoni]], [[Yemmiganur]], [[Mantralayam]], [[Raichur]], [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Jadcherla]], [[Kalwakurthy]], [[Deverakonda]], [[Konda malle pally]], [[Nidamanoor Taluka, Telangana|Haliya]], [[Nidamanur mandal|NIDMANOOR]], [[Miryalaguda]], [[Nereducherla]], [[Huzurnagar]], [[Kodad]] in [[Telangana]].<ref name="ap" /><ref name=":1223" /><ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=National Highways in Telangana State|url=http://tsroads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do|website=Roads and Buildings Department – Government of Telangana|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518102903/http://tsroads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do|url-status=dead}}</ref>

State–wise route length (in km.)

*[[Andhra Pradesh]] – {{Convert|99.15|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="ap" />
*[[Karnataka]] – {{Convert|55|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="ap" />
*[[Telangana]] - {{Convert|321.88|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="telangana" />

== Junctions list ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|67|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Paramadevanahalli]].<ref name=":1223" />
: {{jct|NH|150|country=IND}} near Krishna.
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Jadcherla.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|765|country=IND}} near Kalwakurthy.
: {{jct|NH|565|country=IND}} near Nidamanoor.
: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} Terminal near Kodad.<ref name=":1223" />

==Sirat-e-joodi bridge==
Sirat-e-joodi bridge over [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river was constructed between 1933 and 1943. The bridge was named as Sirat-e-joodi in honour of Nawab Javvadjaha Bahadur, the prince of Hyderabad. This {{Age in years|1943}} years old bridge is {{convert|2488|ft|m}} long, {{convert|20|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|60|ft|m}} high from the riverbed of Krishna river.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Krishna-bridge-on-NH-167-to-close-for-40-days-for-renovation/article14427964.ece|title=Krishna bridge on NH-167 to close for 40 days for renovation|date=16 June 2016|work=[[The Hindu]] online|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> near Shakthinagar, Raichur

[[File:Krishna bridge Panorama.jpg|thumb|center|650px|Sirat-e-joodi bridge over Krishna river carries NH 167]]

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3461042 NH 167 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH67 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:National highways in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Telangana]]

Kolamai

2026-02-14T22:52:37Z

ArnoldBAp: made a stub...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolamai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Kolamai.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kolamai in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06745|N|78.49382|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.658
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1625
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kolamai''' ({{IAST|Kolāmaī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,625, in 245 households.

== Geography ==
Kolamai is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland. Nearby villages include [[Matsena, India|Matsena]] to the northwest, [[Itora]] to the southwest, and [[Jendamai]] to the south.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kolamai had a population of 1,625, in 245 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 54.6% male (887) and 45.4% female (738). The 0–6 age group numbered 273 (140 male and 133 female), making up 16.8% of the total population. 489 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 30.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kolamai as having a population of 958 people (502 male and 456 female), in 161 households and 155 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kolamai as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 757 people (396 male and 361 female), in 125 households and 80 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 410 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kolamai had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Khasi Hills

2026-02-11T21:30:57Z

ArnoldBAp: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khasi Hills
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = East Khasi Hills.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Eastern Khasi Hills
| image_flag =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| anthem =
| image_map =
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| coordinates =
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,468,223
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_type2 =
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| parts_type =
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| p1 =
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| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 10,443
| area_total_sq_mi =
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| elevation_max_point =
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m =
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| utc_offset2 =
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| blank_name_sec1 = Districts
| blank_info_sec1 =
* [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
* [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]]
* [[South West Khasi Hills district|South West Khasi Hills]]
* [[Eastern West Khasi Hills]]
* [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = #[[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
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| footnotes =
}}

The '''Khasi Hills''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|s|i}}) are a low mountain formation on the [[Shillong Plateau]] in the [[Meghalaya]] state of [[India]]. The Khasi Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range and connect with the [[Purvanchal Range]] and the larger [[Patkai Range]] further east. The Khasi Hills, and the whole Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range, are in the [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]] ecoregion.

The Khasi Hills, and the entire Meghalaya state, was administratively part of [[Assam]] before 1970. In older sources in particular, the alternative [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] '''Khasia Hills''' is seen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=A.B. Chaudhuri & D.D.|title=Megadiversity conservation : flora, fauna, and medicinal plants of India's hot spots|year=2003|publisher=Daya Publishing House|location=Delhi|isbn=8170353017}}</ref>

The region is inhabited mainly by tribal [[Khasi people|Khasi]] dwellers, who are traditionally in various chieftainships, states known as the [[Khasi Hill States]]. One of its capitals, [[Cherrapunji|Sohra]], is considered one of the wettest places in the world.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news
| first = Subir
| last = Bhaumik
| title = World's wettest area dries up
| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2977169.stm
| format = stm
| work = South Asia News
| publisher = BBC
| location = Calcutta
| date = 2003-04-28
| access-date = 2008-02-21
}}</ref>
The majority of Khasis are Presbyterians followed by Catholics and Anglicans.

The region came under the Khasi Hills district, which was divided into the [[West Khasi Hills]] and [[East Khasi Hills]] districts on 28 October 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharjya|first=Umasaday|title=Local government in Khasi Hills|publisher=Vivek, 1980|pages=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJgmAAAAMAAJ&q=khasi+hills|year=1980}}</ref>

The highest peak is Lum Shyllong which is {{convert|1968|m|ft}} high.<ref>{{cite book|last=Karlsson|first=Bengt G.|title=Unruly Hills : a political ecology of India's northeast|year=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0857451040|author-link=Bengt G. Karlsson}}</ref> It is situated a few kilometers south of [[Shillong]] town.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Riggins|editor-first=Stephen Harold|title=Beyond Goffman : studies on communication, institution, and social interaction|year=1990|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=3110122081}}</ref>

== Administration ==

Administratively, the Khasi Hills used to be a part of the Khasi Hills district.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shangpliang|first=Rekha M.|title=Forest in the life of the Khasis|year=2010|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8180696671}}</ref> The district was divided into [[East Khasi Hills district]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eastkhasihills.gov.in/ | title=East Khasi hills | publisher=Government of India | access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> and [[West Khasi Hills district]] on 28 October 1976. On 4 June 1992, the [[Ri-Bhoi District]] was carved out of the East Khasi Hills District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About district |url=https://ribhoi.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Ri Bhoi District {{!}} Government of Meghalaya |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The population of the region according to the 2011 Census was 1,468,223.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} East Khasi Hills {{!}} India |url=https://eastkhasihills.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} West Khasi Hills District {{!}} Government of Meghalaya {{!}} India |url=https://westkhasihills.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} South West Khasi Hills District {{!}} India |url=https://southwestkhasihills.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Ri Bhoi District {{!}} India |url=https://ribhoi.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Khasi Hills (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|value1 = 76.88
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|color2 = Orange
|value2 = 12.42
|label3 = Niam Khasi
|value3 = 8.70
|color3 = Maroon
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|color4 = Green
|value4 = 1.19
|label5 = Others
|color5 = Grey
|value5 = 0.81
}}

A vast majority of 1,128,769 people in Khasi Hills follow [[Christianity]] of various denominations, mostly [[Presbyterian]] and [[Catholic]]. [[Hinduism]] is mainly followed by 182,353 people, mainly non-tribals ([[Bengalis]], [[Nepalis]], [[Biharis]], [[Marwaris]] etc.) living in the region. A small segment of Khasi tribe members numbering around 127,735 still follow their indigenous tribal religion called "Ka Niam Khasi", [[Islam]] is a tiny minority with around 17,471 people following it.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> 0.81 percent follow other religions.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Khasi Hills (2011)<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=C-16: Population by Mother Tongue|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| value1 = 78.27
| color1 = darkblue
| label2 = [[Garo language|Garo]]
| value2 = 6.03
| color2 = limegreen
| label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value3 = 3.82
| color3 = gold
| label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value4 = 3.27
| color4 = maroon
| label5 = Others.
| value5 = 8.61
| color5 = red
}}

[[Khasi language|Khasi]] is spoken by 1,149,178 people as their mother tongue, and [[Garo language|Garo]] is spoken by 88,533, while [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] come in at 3rd and 4th position, spoken by 56,086 and 48,010 people respectively.<ref>DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.xlsx</ref> A vast number of non-tribals can be found in the multi-diverse [[East Khasi Hills]] district.

==See also==
*[[Garo Hills]]
*[[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]]
*[[Patkai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{ cite journal | last=Yule | first=Henry | author-link=Henry Yule | year=1844 | title=Notes on the Khasia Hills, and people | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | volume=14 Part 2, Jul-Dec| issue=152 | pages=612–631 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40125685 }}

{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{India topics}}

{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Geography of Asia}}
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25|35|N|91|38|E|region:IN_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Hills of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]

{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

Jayati Chakraborty

2026-01-24T13:07:08Z

ArnoldBAp: made stub

{{short description|Bengali singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayati Chakraborty
| image = JayaTi ChakraBorty.jpg
| native_name = জয়তী চক্রবর্তী
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = singer
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse = Married
}}

'''Jayati Chakraborty''' is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[India]]n exponent of [[Rabindra Sangeet]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] songs. She has worked as a playback singer in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=I'm not dying to work in Mumbai: Jayati - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Im-not-dying-to-work-in-Mumbai-Jayati/articleshow/6110792.cms|access-date=2020-10-10|website=The Times of India|date=July 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananjan Studio – Jayati Chakraborty|url=https://www.ananjanstudio.com/artiste/jayati-chakraborty|access-date=2020-10-10|website=www.ananjanstudio.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-01|title=Jayati Chakraborty mesmerises Dhaka audience|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/jayati-chakraborty-mesmerises-dhaka-audience-1292227|access-date=2020-10-10|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

== Partial albums ==
She has released many albums, such as:

* Durer Pari
* Kagojer Nouka
* Tomaro Ashime
* E Hridoy
* Akasher Nir
* Ke Jabi
* Komal Gandhar (2015)
* Folk Lok (2016)
* Ebong Jayati (2018)
* Best of Jayati Chakraborty (2019)

== Partial filmography ==

* ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mrs. Sen]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Aamar Aami]]'' (2014)
* ''Bodhon'' (2015)
* ''[[Jogajog (2015 film)|Jogajog]]'' (2015)
* ''Tagore's Natir Puja: The Court Dancer'' (2016)
* ''[[Bilu Rakkhosh]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Bhootchakra Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Gangulys Wed Guhas]]'' (2021)
==Awards==
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]: [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Dyakho Dyakho Kanaiye" from [[Lawho Gouranger Naam Re]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5268067/ Jayati Chakraborty] IMDb
* [https://gaana.com/artist/jayati-chakraborty Jayati Chakraborty] gaana.com

{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Jayati}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]

Sarai (building)

2026-01-21T21:11:31Z

ArnoldBAp: new...

{{Infobox building
| name = Sarai
| image = Saragadisaraiasr.jpeg
| caption = Saragarhi Sarai near the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab
| location = [[Amritsar]]
| location_country = India
| owner = [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|S.G.P.C]]
| building_type = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}

A '''Sarai''' or '''Niwas''' is a type of [[Sikh architecture|Sikh structure]] that function as rooming-houses, inns, or hostels for religious pilgrims.{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'serai'.|group=note}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=The Sikh Educational Trust |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |edition=1st |pages=42}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sarai Booking |url=https://old.sgpc.net/sarai-booking/index.asp |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Darshan |title=The Sikh Art and Architecture |publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Sikh Studies, Panjab University |year=1987 |pages=22}}</ref> Nearly all of the major Sikh gurdwaras have sarais associated with them.<ref name=":5" /> Many well-known sarais are attached to the Golden Temple complex in [[Amritsar]] and are operated by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].

== History ==
This Guru Ram Das Niwas was originally built in 1931, with its foundation stone having been laid by Sant Sadhu Singh of Patiala on 17 January 1931.<ref name=":0" />

There are six sarais operating to serve pilgrims of the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarai Info |url=https://sgpc.net/sarai-info/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee}}</ref> A couple of the sarais serving the Golden Temple were lit on fire during [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth About Punjab: SGPC White Paper |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1996 |location=Amritsar |quote=The buildings of Guru Ram Das Sarai, Guru Nanak Niwas and the S.G.P.C. office in the Teja Singh Samundri Hall were also set on fire.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Deora |first=Man Singh |title=Aftermath of Operation Bluestar |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1992 |pages=443, 449, 459}}</ref>

In 2021, ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' reported that the SGPC planned to demolish the structure of the Guru Ram Das Niwas for new constructions, which was criticized by heritage-advocates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2021 |title=Don't raze Sri Guru Ramdas Ji Niwas 'sarai' in Golden Temple: Activists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/dont-raze-golden-temple-sarai-activists-291623/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== List of sarais ==

=== Amritsar ===
Some notable sarais of Amritsar include:

* Shri Guru Ram Das Niwas – 160 rooms (free).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Guests generally can only lodge at the sarai for three days at a time and must obey the principles of Sikhism during their stay.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Golden Temple |url=https://old.sgpc.net/golden-temple/around.asp |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee}}</ref> It is currently the oldest extant sarai of the Golden Temple complex.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2016 |title=Sikh body against demolition of oldest serai at Golden Temple |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/sikh-body-against-demolition-of-oldest-serai-at-golden-temple-258534/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
* Shri [[Guru Nanak]] Niwas – 21 rooms (free).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This sarai is also contains sectarian offices of various departments of the SGPC.<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Guru Arjan]] Dev Niwas – containing 65 rooms.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Located at the entrance point to the main sarai section.<ref name=":0" /> A branch of the [[Punjab & Sind Bank]] can be found in it.<ref name=":0" />
* Shri [[Guru Hargobind]] Ji Niwas – containing 88 rooms and 3 halls.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is located near [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] and its basement hosts the Sri Guru Ramdas Library.<ref name=":0" />
* Mata Ganga Ji Niwas – containing 94 rooms and situated exactly opposite to the Guru Hargobind Niwas.<ref name=":0" /> The structure hosts the Internet department of the SGPC.<ref name=":0" />
* New Akal Rest House – containing 45 rooms<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Baba Deep Singh Ji Niwas – containing 142 rooms and located near Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib (Shaheedan).<ref name=":0" />
* Mata Bhag Kaur Ji Niwas – containing 41 rooms and located at Chownk Ram Talai, G.T. Road.<ref name=":0" />
* Saragarhi Niwas<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=18 June 2024 |title=Golden Temple sarai: Despite plaint, devotees still being duped by fake web portals on pretext of booking rooms |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/despite-plaint-devotees-still-being-duped-on-pretext-of-booking-rooms-632089/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Photograph of the Shri Guru Hargobind Ji Niwas of the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Photograph of the Shri Guru Hargobind Ji Niwas of the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023
File:Photograph of the Mata Ganga Ji Niwas of the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Photograph of the Mata Ganga Ji Niwas of the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023
File:Photograph of the Shri Guru Ram Das Ji Niwas within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Photograph of the Shri Guru Ram Das Ji Niwas within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023
File:Photograph of the Akali Baba Phula Singh Jathedar Budha Dal N.R.I. Niwas, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Photograph of the Akali Baba Phula Singh Jathedar Budha Dal N.R.I. Niwas, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Seraglio]]
* [[Dharamshala (type of building)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikh architecture]]

Trijata

2026-01-10T09:16:19Z

ArnoldBAp:

{{short description|Demoness in the Hindu epic Ramayana}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Trijata TMnr 4283-4.jpg
| caption = Trijata, depicted as Vibhishana's daughter in a [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] [[Wayang golek]] puppet
| name = Trijata
| Devanagari = त्रिजटा
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Trijaṭā
| affiliation = [[Rakshasi]]
| abode = [[Lanka]]
| father = [[Vibhishana]]
[[Sarama]](mother)
| consort = none
| offspring = Asurapada(son)
}}

'''Trijata''' ({{langx|sa|त्रिजटा}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Trijaṭā}}) is a [[rakshasi]] (demoness) in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' who is assigned the duty of guarding goddess [[Sita]] who was kidnapped by the demon-king of [[Lanka]] [[Ravana]].<ref name="Mani">Mani pp. 792–93</ref> In later adaptions of Ramayana, Trijata is described as a daughter of [[Vibhishana]], the brother of Ravana.

In the ''Ramayana'', Trijata appears as a wise old rakshasi, who dreams of Ravana's destruction and the victory of God [[Rama]], the husband of goddess Sita who wages war against Ravana to rescue goddess Sita. Trijata accompanies goddess Sita on a survey of the battlefield of the war between God Rama and demon Ravana, and reassures goddess Sita of God Rama's well-being when goddess Sita sees her husband unconscious and presumes him dead. In later ''Ramayana'' adaptations, Trijata becomes the daughter of Vibhishana, the brother of Ravana who sides with God Rama. She plays a much greater role in later versions, especially Southeast Asian ones.

Barring a few exceptions where Trijata is cast as Ravana's agent, she is generally portrayed as a friend and loyal companion of Goddess Sita in Her adversity. On numerous occasions, she offers solace to Goddess Sita and brings news from the outside world; she also dissuades Goddess Sita from committing suicide. After God Rama's victory and Ravana's death, Trijata is richly rewarded by Goddess Sita and God Rama. She is worshipped as a local Goddess in [[Varanasi]] and [[Ujjain]]; both in India.

==Names==
While Indian, Javanese and Balinese versions of the ''Ramayana'' call her Trijata, she is known as Punukay in the Laotian ''[[Phra Lak Phra Lam]]'', Benyakai ({{lang|th|เบญกาย}}) in the [[Thai people|Thai]] ''[[Ramakien]]'' and Devi Seri Jali in the Malay ''[[Hikayat Seri Rama]]''.<ref name="Columbia2004">Bose p. 359</ref>

==The ''Ramayana''==
[[File:Rama and Lakshmana bound - Ramayana, Yuddha Kanda (1652), f.34 - BL Add MS 15297.jpg|thumb|450px|Scene from ''Yuddha Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana'', where Trijata is seen thrice with Sita. On the top right, Trijata (in a red saree) is seen twice in the Pushpaka Vimana, surveying the battlefield and seeing Rama and Lakshmana bound by Indrajit's weapon. In the right side (bottom panel), she is seen with Sita in the Ashoka vatika.]]

In the original ''[[Ramayana]]'' by [[Valmiki]], Trijata is described as an aged rakshasi (demoness) who is prominently featured in two incidents. The first takes place in the ''[[Sundara Kanda]]'', the epic's fifth book. The kidnapped princess Sita is imprisoned in the [[Ashoka Vatika]] of [[Lanka]]. The demon-king of Lanka, [[Ravana]] has ordered the raskshasis who guard Sita to convince her to marry him by any means possible, since Sita adamantly refuses and is still faithful to her husband [[Rama]]. After Ravana leaves, the rakshasis start to harass Sita to compel her to change her will. The aged Trijata intervenes and narrates a prophetic dream that predicts Ravana's doom and Rama's victory.<ref name="bulcke104ff">Bulcke pp. 104–5</ref>

In her dream, Trijata sees Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] riding the celestial elephant [[Airavata]] toward Sita. Rama takes Sita in his lap and rises high in the sky, allowing Sita to touch the Sun and the Moon. Then the trio ride to Lanka and get into the [[Pushpaka Vimana]] (aerial chariot of Ravana) to fly towards the north, while Ravana, drenched in oil and with a red complexion, lies on the ground. Ravana then heads south on a donkey and falls in a pit of dung. A black woman in a red saree, drags him to the south. Other members of Ravana's family, like his brother [[Kumbhakarna]] and son [[Indrajit]], face similar fates. Ravana's brother [[Vibishana]] is seen in regal white garments, riding a four tusked elephant near the Pushpaka Vimana. The city of Lanka drowns in the ocean and a [[vanara]] messenger of Rama burns the city.<ref name="Mani"/> Trijata advises the rakshasis to take refuge in Sita and apologise to her; in turn, Sita promises that if Trijata's dream materialises, she will protect her rakshasi guards.<ref name="bulcke104ff"/>

The second incident is found in the sixth book, ''Yuddha Kanda''. Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] come with a ''vanara'' army to rescue Sita from the clutches of the demon-king. On the first day of war, Ravana's son Indrajit binds the brothers with the weapon ''Nagapasha'' (serpent-noose) and the brothers lose consciousness. Ravana sends Sita with Trijata to see the battlefield. Thinking her husband is dead, Sita laments, but is reassured by Trijata that the brothers are still alive. Trijata expresses her love for Sita and tells her that the captive's "moral character and gentle nature" have compelled her to love her.<ref name="bulcke104ff"/>

==Trijata and Vibhishana==
In the ''Ramayana'', Sita has few other rakshasi benefactors besides Trijata. When [[Hanuman]] – the ''vanara''-general of Rama who was tasked to find Sita – meets her in Lanka, she tells him that the wife of [[Vibhishana]] (the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama in the war) sent her daughter Kala (in other recensions of the ''Ramayana'', known as Nanda or Anala) to proclaim Ravana's intention to not surrender Sita to Rama, despite the advice of the wise minister [[Avindhya]] and Vibhisana. Another friend, [[Sarama (Ramayana)|Sarama]], consoles Sita when Ravana shows Sita an illusory severed head of Rama. She also informs her of Rama's well-being and his entry in Lanka with his army. In some versions of the ''Ramayana'', an interpolated canto mentions how Sarama also tells Sita of the burning of Lanka by Hanuman after his meeting with Sita. Ravana's wife [[Mandodari]] is described to have rescued Sita in some versions, when Ravana tries to kill Sita. In later Rama-centric literature, Sarama was identified as Vibishana's wife, while Trijata was regarded as his daughter.<ref name="bulcke105ff">Bulcke pp. 105–7</ref>

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epic ''[[Ramavataram|Kamba Ramayana]]'', Govindaraja's commentary on the ''Ramayana'' (''Bhushana''), the [[Oriya language|Oriya]] ''[[Balaramadasa Ramayana]]'', the Javanese ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]'' and the [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] ''[[Hikayat Seri Rama|Seri Rama]]'' all accord the status of Vibhishana's daughter to Trijata, a trend generally followed by post-''Ramayana'' literature.<ref name="Bulcke107ff"/> Though Govindaraja's commentary on the ''Ramayana'' states that Trijata is Vibhishana's daughter in the epic, Goldman considers this "strange" given her advanced age in the original epic.<ref>Goldman p. 422</ref>

A few works relate Trijata to Vibhishana in a position other than his daughter. The ''[[Ananda Ramayana]]'' and the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ''[[Bhavartha Ramayana]]'' of [[Eknath]] regard Trijata as the wife and the sister of Vibhishana (thus sister of Ravana) respectively.<ref name="Bulcke107ff">Bulcke pp. 107–8</ref> The Jain version, the ''[[Vasudeva-hindi|Vasudevahindi]]'' of Samghadasa Gani, says Trijata is a sister of Ravana, Vibhishana, [[Kumbhakarna]], and [[Shurpanakha]].<ref name="Iyengar2005">Shah p. 63</ref> Jayamangala's commentary on the ''[[Bhaṭṭikāvya|Bhattikavya]]'' also describes Trijata as Ravana's sister.<ref name="Bhaṭṭi1973">Leonardi p. 80</ref>

==Trijata and Sita==
[[File:Hanuman finds Sita in the ashoka grove, and shows her Rama's ring.jpg|thumb|Hanuman meets Sita in the Ashoka vatika, where she is surrounded by rakshasis like Trijata.]]

In later literature, Trijata plays the roles which were attributed to Kala, Sarama, and Mandodari in the original ''Ramayana''.<ref>Bulcke p. 105</ref> She becomes a more important character in Southeast Asian versions of the ''Ramayana'',<ref>Nagar p. 389</ref> particularly in Indonesian retellings such as the ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Bulcke110"/>

In the ''[[Ramopakhyana]]'' (the narrative of Rama in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''), Sita informs Hanuman that Trijata brought her a message from Avindhya about the well-being of Rama, and that he and Lakshamana will soon come to rescue her from Lanka. Trijata thus assumes the role assigned to Kala in the original ''Ramayana''.<ref name="Bulcke108">Bulcke p. 108</ref> The ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'', the ''[[Setubandha]]'', the ''Balaramadasa Ramayana'', the ''Kakawin Ramayana'' and the ''Seri Rama'' all replace Sarama with Trijata in the episode where the truth of the illusory head of Rama is revealed to Sita. The ''[[Prasannaraghava]]'' has Trijata inform Sita about the burning of Lanka, instead of Sarama.<ref name="Bulcke108"/> The ''Balaramadasa Ramayana'' makes Trijata the saviour of Sita, when she stops Ravana from killing Sita in the Ashoka Vatika; this role was originally assigned to Mandodari. Trijata again saves Sita's life when a vengeful Ravana rushes to slay his captive after his son Indrajit is killed in the war. In the ''Ramayana'', Suparshva – a minister of Ravana – stops him, while other adaptations attribute the act variously to Avindhya or Mandodari.<ref name="Bulcke108"/>

Besides crediting Trijata for acts attributed to others in the original epic, later literature adds new elements which grant Trijata a bigger role. In the ''Ramayana'', just before meeting Hanuman, the thought of suicide crosses Sita's mind, but she never attempts it. In the ''Prasannaraghava'', Trijata and Sita engage in a "friendly conversation" before Ravana comes to meet her. After Ravana's departure, Sita tells Trijata of her intent to commit suicide and urges Trijata to help her create a wood pyre. Trijata, however, refuses, saying there is not enough firewood.<ref>Bulcke pp. 108–9</ref> The ''Kakawin Ramayana'' also narrates that, when Sita sees the illusory severed heads of Rama and Lakshmana, she prepares a pyre. Trijata is ready to die with Sita, but first wants to inform her father Vibhishana. She returns with the news of Rama's well-being. Later on, after seeing Rama and Lakshmana bound by Indrajit's Nagapasha, Sita instructs Trijata to again create a pyre, but Trijata holds off until she can confirm the truth from her father, and returns with the news that Rama is alive.<ref name="Bulcke110"/>

Many adaptations of the ''Ramayana'' narrate the friendship and companionship developed between Trijata and Sita. Trijata fulfils two important objectives: she comforts Sita and constantly updates Sita about the happenings of the war and the welfare of Rama. The ''Balaramadasa Ramayana'' describes Trijata assuaging Sita's grief when they hear that Indrajit has wounded Rama and Lakshmana a second time. In the ''[[Balaramayana]]'' of [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]], Trijata employs two rakshasas to bring her news from the battlefield. The ''Ananda Ramayana'' narrates that, upon hearing Lakshmana's conch sound, Sita urges Trijata to find out what has happened. Trijata learns of the death of Indrajit by Lakshmana and passes the news to Sita.<ref name="Bulcke109"/> The ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' of [[Tulsidas]] also depicts Trijata breaking the news of Indrajit's death to Sita, upon her inquiry.<ref name="Nagar364">Nagar p. 364</ref> In another episode in the text, the two discuss the impending duel between Rama and Ravana on the final day of war. Sita is concerned that the ten-headed Ravana is invincible and will magically regrow his severed heads. Trijata reassures Sita that Rama will slay Ravana by shooting an arrow through the demon-king's heart.<ref name="Bulcke109">Bulcke p. 109</ref> The text emphasises that Trijata is a devotee of Rama, a feature also found in the ''Bhavartha Ramayana''.<ref name="Nagar364"/>

The ''Kakawin Ramayana'' says that, when Sita is tormented by her 300 rakshasi guards, only Trijata comes to her rescue and offers her solace, keeping her company and playing games with her.<ref name="Bulcke110ff">Bulcke pp. 110–111</ref> In the ''Seri Rama'', Trijata (here called "Dewi Srijati") is in charge of Sita's custody in Lanka. Sita tells Ravana that she will not even consider Ravana's marriage proposal while her husband is alive, and will believe he's dead only if she sees his head in Ravana's hands. To trick Sita, Ravana visits her with two heads and proclaims that they belong to Rama and Lakshmana, but Trijata stops him and asks him to return the next day. She presents the heads to Sita, who decides to commit suicide, but Trijata asks her to wait until she can verify the truth. Carrying Sita's dagger, she meets Rama and in return receives a girdle woven by Sita from Rama. She is carried back to Lanka by Hanuman. When Ravana arrives the next day, Trijana rebukes him for his deception and informs him that she had met Rama herself the previous day. An enraged Ravana tries to kill Trijata, who runs and seeks refuge in Sita, who takes all the blame. Trijata is recused of her duties and Sita is transferred to an iron castle, guarded by an army commanded by one of Ravana's ministers.<ref name="Bulcke111ff">Bulcke pp. 111–112</ref>

==Trijata as Ravana's agent==
[[File:Sita captive.jpg|thumb|In [[Balinese people|Balinese]] [[Kecak]] dance, Trijata is trying to convince Sita to marry Ravana.]]
While Trijata is generally portrayed in a positive light, the early [[Jain]] versions of the ''Ramayana'' either ignore her or demonise her as an agent of Ravana. Svayambhudeva's ''Paumacriu'', as well as [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Yogashastra'' and ''Ramayana'', say that when Hanuman meets Sita and shows her Rama's signet-ring, Sita is overjoyed; Trijata reports this to her master Ravana. Hemachandra emphasises that Trijata's job was to "tempt" Sita at Ravana's behest. The ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]a'', possibly influenced by Jain narratives, portrays Trijata appealing to Sita to wed Ravana and rule as the queen of Lanka; it is Sarama who functions as Sita's friend in this version.<ref name="Bulcke110">Bulcke p. 110</ref>

==After the war==
[[File:Benyakai and Hanuman, Siam, storie del ramakien, xix secolo, hanuman smaschera benyagi 01.jpg|thumb|In Thai ''[[Ramakien]]'', Trijata marries Hanuman.]]
Numerous ''Ramayana'' adaptations record the gratitude of Sita and Rama who reward Trijata richly.<ref name="Bulcke112"/> In the ''Mahabharata'' version, Trijata is rewarded and honoured by Rama at the end of the war.<ref name="Bulcke108"/>

The ''Balaramayana'' mentions that after the war, Trijata accompanies Sita to her kingdom [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] in the [[Pushpaka Vimana]]; Rama uses the Pushpaka Vimana to return to Ayodhya. In the ''Ananda Ramayana'', both Trijata and Sarama journey to Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana. Later, when Sita visits Lanka, she tells Sarama to treat Trijata as if she would her.<ref name="Bulcke109"/> The ''Kakawin Ramayana'' mentions how Trijata is honoured with rich gifts by Sita at Ayodhya as her loyal companion and solace, and the one who saved her life twice.<ref name="Bulcke111">Bulcke p. 111</ref>

The oldest Indian manuscript to mention Trijata's presence in Ayodhya is the ''Paumacriu''. Many suggest that, after Sita's exile and the subsequent battle between Rama and his sons, Sita be reaccepted by Rama. Trijata and Lankasundari are called from Lanka to attest to Sita's chastity and both of them suggest an ordeal to convince the world of her purity.<ref name="Bulcke109"/>

In the Thai ''Ramakien'', Hanuman helps Vibhishana (here called Phiphek) kill a demon. Hanuman then marries Trijata (Benyakai); their union results in the birth of a son, Asuraphat, a demon with a monkey head. In the Malay version, after the great war, Vibhishana requests that Hanuman wed his daughter Trijata (Seri Jati). Hanuman agrees, on the condition that he remain with her for only a month. While Hanuman leaves for Ayodhya with Rama, Trijata gives birth to his son Hanuman Tegangga (Asurapada).<ref name="Kam2000">[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGrXAAAAMAAJ&q=asurapada Kam 2000]</ref> The Javanese and Sundanese ''[[Wayang]]'' puppet tradition also portrays Trijata as the wife of Hanuman.<ref name="Tropenmuseum">{{cite web | url=http://collectie.tropenmuseum.nl/default.aspx?idx=ALL&field=*&search=4283-4 | title=Houten wajangpop voorstellende Trijata | publisher=[[Tropenmuseum]] | access-date=24 June 2014 | language=nl}}</ref>

==Remembrance and assessment==
Trijata is remembered as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her time of need. [[Camille Bulcke]], an expert on the literature of Rama, summarises Trijata's character:
<blockquote>
For more than twenty centuries the poets, who retold the Rāma-story, have dealt lovingly on Trijatā's friendship for Sītā. [...] [Trijatā] conquered the heart of those poets, and through them, the heart of all those who become acquainted with the Rāma-story. [...] the poets of the Rāmāyana [...] conferred on the humble Trijatā the boon of immortality. No dream is better known in India than the dream of Trijatā, who will live for ever in the hearts of millions as the ideal of a true friend, because she comforted Sītā in her darkest hour: A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED.<ref name="Bulcke112">Bulcke p. 112</ref>
</blockquote>

A temple dedicated to Trijata (called Tirjata in this region) is situated near the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the most prominent temple in [[Varanasi]]. As per local lore, Trijata wanted to accompany Sita to Ayodhya, but Sita said that she would not be allowed in Ayodhya as she was a demoness. Sita suggested her to visit Varanasi and attain [[moksha]] (emancipation) and blessed her to be worshipped as a goddess. Trijata enjoys daily worship as a local goddess. Flowers and green vegetables are offered to appease her. Women - who worship at her shrine for seven consecutive Wednesdays - are believed to be blessed with progeny and with the goddess' protective glaze on their family. Many devotees flock the shrine on [[Kartik Poornima]], the last day of the Hindu month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] and its next day, the first day of [[Margashirsha]] month. It is believed that the goddess will fulfill the wishes of all who worship at her shrine, after paying obeisance at Kashi Vishwanath Temple on Kartik Poornima.<ref name = "aajtak">{{cite episode | title=राक्षसी से देवी बनीं त्रिजटा (Trijata transforms from a demoness to a goddess) | credits=Aaj Tak Bureau | network=[[Aaj Tak]] |location=New Delhi | airdate=24 February 2009 | url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/video/-1-7997.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017121917/http://aajtak.intoday.in/video/-1-7997.html | archive-date=17 October 2014}} [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x15hq6t_mata-trijata-devi-ka-rahasya_lifestyle Alt URL]</ref> On the first day of Margashirsha, worshippers who had observed a ''[[vrata]]'' (fast) in the previous month of Kartik conclude the ''vrata'' by bathing in the [[Ganges]] at the [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]] in the name of Trijata. Local lore holds that Rama granted a boon to Trijata: those who do not bathe in her honour after observing the ''vrata'' will lose all merit (''punya'') – gained from the fast – to her.<ref name="Pintchman2005">Pintchman pp. 41–42</ref>

A temple of Trijata also exists in the temple complex of Balveer Hanuman Temple, [[Ujjain]]. Special ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (worship rituals) is offered to the goddess for 3 days, starting from Kartik Poornima.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/JYO-DD-jyts-mast-balweer-hanuman-ujjain-4385303-NOR.html | title=हनुमानजी का सैकड़ों साल पुराना मंदिर, यहां हैं दो चमत्कारी प्रतिमाएं | work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] | publisher=[[D B Corp Ltd.]] | access-date=13 October 2014 | author=Dharma Desk | location=Ujjain | date=25 September 2013 | archive-date=14 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914204358/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/JYO-DD-jyts-mast-balweer-hanuman-ujjain-4385303-NOR.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ''Sita Puranamu'', [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy|Ramaswami Chaudari]] portrays Trijata as the daughter of the [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] Vibhishana and the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] [[Gandharva]] Sarama. Trijata, a half-Aryan, is labelled a traitor, who betrays her uncle Ravana and helps Sita. Vibhishana's betrayal towards his brother and defection to Rama is also blamed on his Aryan wife.<ref name="Richman2001">Rao pp. 176–77</ref>

The worship of Trijata is said to have its origins in the Treta Yuga. According to legend, Trijata was once a devotee of Lord Shiva. One day, she was cursed by a sage and transformed into a rakshasi. However, she continued to worship Shiva, and her devotion eventually pleased the god. Shiva restored Trijata to her human form, and she is now revered as a benevolent spirit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varanasi: काशी में है इस 'राक्षसी' का मंदिर, एक दिन के लिए बन जाती है देवी! ऐसे होती है पूजा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-trijata-devi-temple-devotees-perform-worship-single-day-in-year-know-full-story-4867371.html |work=News18 हिंदी |date=9 November 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|author=Leodardi, G. G.|title=Bhaṭṭikāvyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uk-fOgEqf8C&pg=PA80|year=1973|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-03555-9}}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Mandakranta|editor1-last=Bose|title=The Ramayana Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_vuoXvAUfQC&pg=PA359|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803763-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bulcke|first=Camille|editor=Prasāda, Dineśvara|title=Rāmakathā and Other Essays|year=2010 |orig-year=1964 |publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5000-107-3|pages=104–112|chapter = Sita's Friend Trijata|author-link=Camille Bulcke}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|author2=Goldman, Sally J. Sutherland|title=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: Sundarakāṇḍa|series=The Ramayana Of Valmiki: An Epic Of Ancient India|year=1996|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-06662-0|volume=V}}
*{{cite book|first=Garrett|last=Kam|title=Ramayana in the Arts of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=시사영어사|isbn=978-0-07-115785-8}}
*{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|author-link =Vettam Mani|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/792 792–793]}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagar|first=Shanti Lal |title=Genesis and Evolution of the Rāma Kathā in Indian Art, Thought, Literature, and Culture: From the Earliest Period to the Modern Times|year=1999|publisher=B.R. Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7646-084-2|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|first=Tracy|last=Pintchman|title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares|year= 2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6595-0}}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Paula|editor1-last=Richman|last=Rao|first=Velcheru Narayana|chapter=The Politics of Telugu Ramayanas|title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition|date=1 January 2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22074-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Umakant P.|title=Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia: Their Cultural, Social and Anthropological Significance', New Delhi, January 1981|year=2003|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3|chapter=Ramayana in Jaina Tradition}}


{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

Sriram Parthasarathy

2026-01-08T00:31:59Z

ArnoldBAp: updated structure additionally for consistency

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sriram Parthasarathy
| birth_name = Sriram Parthasarathy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|05|9}}
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| spouse = Sruthi Sriram
| years_active = 2001–present
}}

'''Sriram Parthasarathy''' is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocalist]] and [[playback singer]] who predominantly works in Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam films.

==Early life==
Sriram Parthasarathy hails from a family of classical musicians. He is a disciple of [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]].<ref name="musicplug1">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicplug.in/blog.php?blogid=7138 |title=Classical – Vocal – Sriram Parthasarathy_AIR – Sriram Parthasarathy Is From A Renowned Musical Lineage |publisher=Musicplug.in |date=2007-05-30 |access-date=2012-03-05}}</ref>

==Career==
Sriram has recorded several singles and released them in the classical genre.

He has regularly collaborated with [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<ref name=raja>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Sriram-is-a-relaxed-person/articleshow/7253832.cms|title= Sriram is a relaxed person |work= The Times of India |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Harris Jayaraj]], while also working with other veteran music directors, such as [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], and [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. He has also won awards for his beautiful renditions.

Sriram's most famous songs include "Elangaathu Veesudhe"<ref name="raja"/> from ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003), "Suttum Vizhi"<ref name="musicplug1"/> from ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005), and "Aanandha Yaazhai" from ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' (2013). He has won a Tamil Nadu Filmfare Award for "Suttum Vizhi", as well as SIIMA and Filmfare Awards for "Aanandha Yaazhai".

Sriram received appreciations for his rendition in 'Shades of Blue: A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu' sung along with [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]] and is considered among his career best.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/director-mani-ratnam-releases-musical-tribute-to-jeyamohans-epic-venmurasu-2021-10-19/|title=Director Mani Ratnam Releases Musical Tribute to Jeyamohan's Epic Venmurasu|website=www.marketwatch.com|language=en|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year!! Film
! Song !! Music director !! Language !! Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="3"|2001
! ''[[Dhill]]''
| "Dhill Dhil" || rowspan="2" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || rowspan="7" |Tamil || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Timmy
|-
! ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]''
| "Pudhu Malar Thottu" ||
|-
! ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]''
| "Adhisaya Thirumanam" || rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Kalyani Menon]], Sriram Narayan
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
! ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
| "Chittukuruvi" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Arjun Sarja]]
|-
! ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| "Thirumaangalyam" || [[Ramesh Vinayagam]] || [[Sujatha Mohan]], Saijanani
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Pithamagan]]''
| "Elangaathu Veesudhe" || rowspan="2" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|"Elangaathu Veesudhe" (Solo)
|
|-
! ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''
| "Masthura Masthura" || [[A. R. Rahman]] ||Telugu || [[Chitra Sivaraman]], [[Mathangi Jagdish]], George Peter
|-
| 2004
! ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''
| "Neathi Adida" || [[Srikanth Deva]] || Tamil || [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 2005
! ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
| "Suttum Vizhi" || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || rowspan="12" |Tamil || [[Bombay Jayashree]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
! ''[[Aacharya (2006 film)|Aacharya]]''
| "Androru Thai" || [[Srikanth Deva]] ||
|-
! ''[[Chennai Kadhal]]''
| "Thimirae Thimirae" || [[Joshua Sridhar]] || [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| 2007
! ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| "Kelamal Kayyilae" || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Saindhavi]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2008
! rowspan="4" |''[[Uliyin Osai]]''
| "Kaalathai Vendra" || rowspan="4" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| "Pularkindra Pozhuthu" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| "Kallai Irunthen" || Dhanya
|-
| "Ethanai Bhavam Undu" ||
|-
! ''[[Jayam Kondaan]]''
| "Adhai Koodavaa" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]''
| "Unakkullae" || rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Bela Shende]]
|-
| "Kannanukku Enna" || [[Bhavatharini]], Prasanna
|-
! ''[[Vaazhthugal]]''
| "Muzhumai Nila" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
! ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa]]''
| "Emaindo Gaani Chusthu" || rowspan="2" |[[Achu Rajamani]] || Telugu ||
|-
! ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa|Yennai Theriyuma]]''
| "Vor Parvai Parthu" || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||
|-
| 2009
! ''[[Kannukulle]]''
| "Puthu Pournami" || rowspan="3" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Darshini Gopi
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
! rowspan="2" |''[[Gaayam 2]]''
| "Andaala Lokam" || rowspan="2" |Telugu || [[Geetha Madhuri]]
|-
| "Endukamma Prema Prema" || Shashwathi
|-
| rowspan="8"|2011
! ''[[Thambikottai]]''
| "Unakkaka Uyirey Vaythey" || [[D. Imman]] || rowspan="4"|Tamil || [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
! ''[[Ayyan (film)|Ayyan]]''
| "Manasoram" || rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
! ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]''
| "Kannai Padithen" || Shreya Ghoshal
|-
! ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
| "Venpaniye" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bombay Jayashree]]
|-
! ''[[Ko (film)|Rangam]]''
| "Ee Manchullo" || Telugu
|-
! ''Konjam Veyil Konjam Mazhai''
| "Usira Thirudi Pora" || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] || Tamil ||
|-
! ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
| "Sri Rama Lera" || rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||Telugu || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
! ''Thandavakone''
| "Enna Pol Oruthan" || rowspan="5" |Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012
! ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]''
| "Kadaal Karayile" || [[Achu Rajamani]] ||
|-
! ''[[18 Vayasu]]''
| "Unnai Onru" || Charles Bosco & Dinesh Kanagaratnam ||
|-
! ''[[Mayilu]]''
| "Thukkamenna Thuyaramenna" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
| 2013
! ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]''
| "Aanandha Yaazhai" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
| 2014
! ''[[Persiakaran]]''
| "Njan Kanda Swapnathin" || Ranjith Meleppat || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015
! ''[[Anegan]]''
| "Deivangal Ingae" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || Tamil ||
|-
! ''[[Anegan|Anekudu]]''
| "Dheivamu Vundhi" || Telugu ||
|-
! ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]''
| "Santhoshame Endrum" || [[Srikanth Deva]] || rowspan="9"|Tamil ||
|-
! ''[[Sivappu]]''
| "Oru Ganam Vaanum" || [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
! ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]''
| "Konji Pesida Venam" || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
! ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
| "Oru Thalai Raagam" || [[Kuralarasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
! ''[[Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga]]''
| "Vaa Jannal" || [[C. Sathya]] ||
|-
! ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]''
| "Engeyo Pogum" || [[Justin Prabhakaran]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
! ''[[Peranbu]]''
| "Vaanthooral" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
! ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
| "Kaarkuzhal Kadavaiye" || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || [[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
! rowspan="2" |''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
| "Varalama" || rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|-
| "Dhari Jera Deevinchu" || Telugu ||
|-
| 2021
! ''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''
| "Anaikatti Aada Vandha" || Javed Riaz || rowspan="6" |Tamil
|-
| 2022
! ''[[Valimai]]''
| "Enna Kurai" || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Nandini Srikar]]
|-
|2024
! ''[[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]''
|"Aagasa Usaram"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|Unreleased
! ''Therodum Veedhiyile''
| "Maranthuvidu" || rowspan="2" |[[D. Imman]] ||
|-
! ''Ennathan Pesuvadho''
| "Tholaivil Irikkum Megam" ||
|-
! ''[[Idam Porul Yaeval]]''
| "Kondaatamae" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
|}

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/list_albums/i/29-tamil_soundtracks/11376-Sriram_Parthasarathy/#/list_albums/i/29-tamil_soundtracks/11376-Sriram_Parthasarathy/2!q= |title=Tamil/Movie Songs – Movies containing Singer: Sriram Parthasarathy – Free Indian Music, Listen to Free Bollywood, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Carnatic, Hindustani, Devotional Music |publisher=MusicIndiaOnline |access-date=2012-03-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/singers/Sriram+Parthasarathy.html |title=Sriram Parthasarathy Tamil songs. Sriram Parthasarathy music videos, interviews, non-stop channel |publisher=Raaga |access-date=2012-03-05}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Best Singer Award from the Music Academy
* Best Concert Award from the Music Academy
* Yuva Kala Jyothi from Nada Veda Mahothsavam Trust (Chennai)
* Tamil Nadu State Award from the Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] for the song ''Suttum Vizhi'' from ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
* International Jury Award from [[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA]] group from [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
* Saraswathi Sangeetha Seva Rathna from Saraswathi Sabha (Kumbakonam)
* Best Singer from The Lions Club
* Most Popular Cine Song Award from Shivaji Awards (Chennai)
* Best Singer from [[Radio Mirchi]] Hyderabad
*2005 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback]] – "Suttum Vizhi" – ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml |work=Cinesouth |date=7 September 2007 |access-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml |archive-date=11 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*2014 – [[61st Filmfare Awards South]] for Best Male Playback – "Anandha Yaazhai" – ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]''
*2014– [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Aananda Yaazhai" – ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathy, Sriram}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]

Ravé Mehta

2026-01-06T00:40:34Z

ArnoldBAp: Stub.

{{Short description |American engineer, author and musician}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=July 2011}}
'''Ravé Mehta''' is an American engineer, author, musician, artist and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] of [[Indian people|Indian]] descent.
[[File:The Inventor – Nikola Tesla (7799882160).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''The Inventor: The Story of Tesla'']]
Mehta is the founder of Helios Entertainment and Helios Interactive, which is a 3D [[game development]] and [[technology]] company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://venturebeat.com/2010/07/01/helios-interactive-snares-indie-game-developers-with-cross-platform-gamecore-tools/|title=Helios Interactive snares indie game developers with cross-platform GameCore tools|date=2010-07-01|work=VentureBeat|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the Managing Director of [[Mehta Group|MEHTA Group]], a transportation infrastructure holding company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2010/03/29/daily15.html|title=Digital media incubator launched|last=|first=|date=2010-03-30|website=Orlando Business Journal|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

Along with his sister, Mehta is half a member of the [[electronic dance music]] group Renaiszance.{{cn|date=January 2026}} Their first full album was fully released in April 2013.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=» Press RENAISZANCE |url=http://renaiszance.com/press |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111201913/http://renaiszance.com/press |archivedate=2013-11-11}}</ref>

Mehta is on the Wall Street Journal's 2003 Businessmen of the Year list as the engineer and entrepreneur who pioneered the experiential learning technology approach originally used for DoD simulation and training.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

He was also named on one of the 100 Most Influential People in Central Florida published by the [[Orlando Business Journal]] in 2001.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Mehta is the author of the biographical [[graphic novel]], ''The Inventor: The Story of Tesla''. The novel chronicles the life of electrical engineer [[Nikola Tesla]]{{cn|date=January 2026}} "The novel follows Tesla from his origins in Serbia through his immigration to the United States and his rivalry with inventor Thomas Edison."<ref>{{cite news|title=Graphic novel stars Nicola Tesla, inventor of AC power and an oddball physicist|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/graphic-novel-stars-nicola-tesla-inventor-of-ac-power-and-an-oddball-physicist/2012/07/16/gJQAphtApW_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=11 November 2013|first=Aaron|last=Leitko|date=16 July 2012}}</ref>

Mehta has garnered recognition in numerous media outlets including:

*100 Most Influential People in Central Florida published by the [[Orlando Business Journal]] in 2001{{cn|date=July 2025}}
*2008 Featured Artist in the Q Gallery in [[Orlando, Florida]]<ref name=":1" />
*2009 City of Orlando featured artist<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoforlando.net/arts/exhibitions/09_rave/index.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927175936/http://www.cityoforlando.net/arts/exhibitions/09_rave/index.htm|archivedate=2011-09-27|title=City of Orlando :: Public Arts :: Upcoming Exhibitions }}</ref>
*[[Wall Street Journal]] in its 2003 Businessmen of the Year list<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wildriverreview.com/essay/culture/gravity-of-thought/mehta/May-2009|title=Science - Gravity of Thought - Wild River Review|work=Wild River Review|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Rave}}
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American graphic novelists]]
[[Category:American electronic dance music musicians]]

Giddha (film)

2025-12-29T00:40:26Z

ArnoldBAp: creating initial article more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Giddha
| image = Cover ZakhmiDil.jpg
| caption = Poster of Hindi dubbed version
| director = B.S. Shaad
| producer = Ruplal Sanger
| writer =
| starring =
| music = Mahinder Dehlvi, Ved Pal
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|10|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Giddha''''' is an Indian Punjabi-language film starring [[Dharmendra]], Sujit Kumar, [[Dara Singh]], [[Veerendra]] and Mala Jaggi. The film was later dubbed in Hindi as Zakhmi Dil and released in 1983.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Giddha+1976&pg=PA107|title=bollyswar- page 106 - Zakhmi dil|date= 21 December 2021|isbn=9788193848227|last1=Arunachalam|first1=Param|publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Bantoo
*[[Dara Singh]] as Dulla Bhalwaan
*Daljit Kaur as Jeeto Masterni
*[[Navin Nischol]] as Special Appearance
* [[Veerendra]] as Dr Balveer
* [[Mala Jaggi]] as Roop

== Soundtrack ==

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Mahendra Dehlvi
| title1 = Sasural To Hai Sabhi Ko Pyara
| extra1 = [[Dilraj Kaur]], Savita Suman
| length1 =

| title2 = Mere Peer Hove Se
| extra2 = Dilraj Kaur, Savita Suman

| extra3 = Dilraj Kaur
| title3 = Aanchal Sarke Bindiya Chamke

| title4 = Mera Chandi Ka Challa
| extra4 = Dilraj Kaur

| title5 = Naa Tur Sapni Ki Tor
| extra5 = [[Meenu Purushottam]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]

| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title6 = Raah Mushkil Mod Anjaane
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|zakhmi-dil}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Kannada

2025-12-04T02:56:08Z

ArnoldBAp: Added details

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Veeranna Madiwalara || ''Nelada Karuneya Dani'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || Arif Raja || ''Jangama Fakeerana Jolige'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || Lakkur Ananda || ''Batavadeyagada Raseethi'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Kavya Kadame || ''Dhyanake Thaareekhina Hangilla'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=Poetry dominates Sahitya Akademi Yuva awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poetry-dominates-sahitya-akademi-yuva-awards/article6342960.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Mounesh Badiger || ''Mayakolahala'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2016 || Vikrama Hatwara || ''Zero Mathu Ondu'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2017 || Shanthi K. Appanna || ''Manasu Abhisaarike'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2018 || Padmanabha Bhat || ''Kepina Dabbi'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Fakeer (Shridhar Banvasi G.C.) || ''Beru'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2020 || K. S. Mahadevaswamy || ''Dhoopada Makkalu'' || Short Stories || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || H. Lakshmi Narayan Swamy || ''Togala Cheelada Karna'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Dadapeer Jyman || ''Neelakurinji'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2023 || Manjunayak Challur || ''Phoo Mattu Ithara Kathegalu'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Shruthi B. R. || ''Zero Balance'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || R. Dileepkumar || ''Pacceya Jaguli'' || Criticism ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Kannada]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Ramnagar, Varanasi

2025-12-01T10:27:45Z

ArnoldBAp: Stub.

{{Other uses|Ramnagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.28|N|83.03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 64
| population_total = 49132
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code = 0542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 221008
| registration_plate = UP-65
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramnagar''' is a town, just adjacent to [[Varanasi|Varanasi city]] and a [[municipal board]] in [[Varanasi district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Ramnagar has a fort known as [[Ramnagar Fort]] which is still the residence of King of Varanasi (Benares). He was known as [[Vibhuti Narayan Singh|Kashi Naresh]] meaning king of Kashi (Ancient name of Beneres) and is still regarded by old residents of the city of [[Varanasi]]. [[Ramnagar Fort]] and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of [[Benares]] and since the 18th century has been the home of [[Kashi Naresh]].<ref name="Mitra 2002 216">{{cite book
| first = Swati
| last = Mitra
| title = Good Earth Varanasi city guide
| publisher = [[Eicher Goodearth Limited]]
| year = 2002
| isbn = 978-81-87780-04-5
| page = 216
}}</ref> Even today the [[Kashi Naresh]] is deeply revered by the people of [[Benares]].<ref name="Mitra 2002 216"/> He is the religious head and the people of [[Benares]] consider him the incarnation of [[Shiva]].<ref name="Mitra 2002 216"/> He is also the chief cultural patron and an essential part of all religious celebrations.<ref name="Mitra 2002 216"/> Ramnagar is popular for [[Ramlila]] that is held annually under the aegis of King of Varanasi.<ref>[http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/fairs-festivals/varanasi-ramlila.html Ramlila of Varanasi] ''bharatonline.com''.</ref>

Recently Ramnagar has emerged as a favourite spot for shooting movies because of the scenic location of the Ramnagar Fort (residence of the King of Varanasi) near the [[Ganges]]. [[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]], [[Raanjhanaa]] are one of the popular movies shot here. [[Amazon Prime]] web series [[Mirzapur]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]] Gangs of Wasseypur was also shot in Ramnagar. The town has many century-old houses and structures near the fort area.

==History==
{{See also|Benares State}}
The Ramnagar Fort was built by [[Vibhuti Narayan Singh|Kashi Naresh]] Raja Balwant Singh with creamy ''chunar'' [[sandstone]] in the eighteenth century.<ref name="Mitra 2002 216"/> It is a typically [[Mughal Architecture|Mughal]] style of architecture with carved balconies, open courtyards, and picturesque pavilions.<ref name="Mitra 2002 216"/>

[[File:Ramnagar Fort in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Ramnagar Fort]] near [[Varanasi]]]]

==Ramlila==
Over a million pilgrims arrive annually for the vast processions and performances of [[Ramlila]] organized by Kashi Naresh. The Ramlila of Ramnagar basically operated by Maharaja of Banaras with the help of Pt. Laxmi Narayan Pandey and his cultural family every year.<ref>{{cite book | first = Martin | last = Banham | title = The Cambridge Guide to Theatre | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1995 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-521-43437-9 | page = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/1247 1247] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/1247 }}</ref> It is one of the majestic show which happens once in the year every time. The venues are well scattered across Ramnagar, Lanka, Janakpuri, PAC and several small areas.

==Geographical indication==
[[Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2023 and is valid until 3 November 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan and langda mango, among others, receive GI tag |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/banarasi-paan-and-langda-mango-among-others-receive-gi-tag-10359511.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Kashi Vishwanath Farmer Producer Company from [[Varanasi]], proposed the GI registration of Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal).<ref name=":7"/> After filing the application in November 2020, the Brinjal was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)" exclusive to the Brinjal grown in the region. It thus became the first brinjal variety from Uttar Pradesh and the 45th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajpai |first1=Namita |title=Pride of UP: Banarasi Langda, paan among 10 products to get GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Apr/04/pride-of-up-banarasi-langda-paan-among-10-products-to-get-gi-tag-2562512.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the brinjal from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sweet Pride of Varanasi: Banarasi Paan, Langda Aam, Two Other Products Get GI Tag |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sweet-pride-of-varanasi-banarasi-paan-langda-aam-two-other-products-get-gi-tag-recognition-7461901.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder</ref> Ramnagar had a population of 49,132. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ramnagar has an average literacy rate of 70%, lower than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 43%. In Ramnagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Varanasi district}}

==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/elishams/sets/1168301/ Images of the famous Ramnagar Ramlila]
* [http://www.bongblogger.com/ramnagar_fort-varanasi-benaras/ Ramnagar Fort]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh]]

India at the 2006 Winter Olympics

2025-11-23T15:12:01Z

ArnoldBAp: made a info...

{{good article}}
{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Winter Olympics
| year = 2006
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
|website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Turin]]
| competitors = 4 (3 men, 1 woman)
| sports = 3
| flagbearer = [[Neha Ahuja]] (opening and closing)
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1964
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] sent a delegation to compete at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]] in [[Turin]], Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was the nation's seventh appearance in a [[Winter Olympic Games]]. The Indian delegation consisted of four athletes, two in [[alpine skiing]], one in [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skiing]], and one in [[luge]]. Their best performance in any event was 25th by luger [[Shiva Keshavan]] in the [[Luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]].

==Background==
The [[Indian Olympic Association]] was recognized by the [[International Olympic Committee]] on 31 December 1926.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/india|title=India – National Olympic Committee (NOC)|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326005433/https://www.olympic.org/india/|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, by this time, they had already competed in three [[Summer Olympic Games]], in [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]].<ref name="INDSR">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|title=India|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233500/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India has participated in every Summer Olympics since 1920.<ref name="INDSR" /> The nation did not make its first Winter Olympics appearance until the [[1964 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="INDSR" /> With India missing the Winter Olympics from 1972 to 1984 and in [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]], Turin marked India's seventh appearance at a Winter Olympics.<ref name="INDSR" /> The 2006 Winter Olympics were held from 10–26 February; a total of 2,508 athletes representing 80 [[National Olympic Committees]] took part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/turin-2006|title=Turin 2006 Winter Olympics|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626205348/https://www.olympic.org/turin-2006|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indian delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two in alpine skiing, one in cross-country skiing, and one in luge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/winter/2006/|title=India at the 2006 Torino Winter Games|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051105/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/winter/2006/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alpine skier [[Neha Ahuja]] was the flag bearer for both the [[2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/torino/2006/list-of-flag-bearers_sto830383/story.shtml|title=List of flag bearers – Torino 2006 – Olympics|date=10 February 2006|publisher=Eurosport|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429005607/https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/torino/2006/list-of-flag-bearers_sto830383/story.shtml|archive-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and the [[2006 Winter Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/flag-bearers-for-the-closing-ceremony-2|title=Flag Bearers for the Closing Ceremony – Olympic News|date=26 February 2006|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016180938/https://www.olympic.org/news/flag-bearers-for-the-closing-ceremony-2|archive-date=16 October 2016}}</ref>

==Alpine skiing ==
[[File:Neha Ahuja.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Neha Ahuja]] before the Opening Ceremonies of the 2006 Olympics]]
{{main|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics}}
[[Neha Ahuja]] was 24 years old at the time of these Olympics, and was making her Olympic debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/neha-ahuja-1.html|title=Neha Ahuja Bio, Stats, and Results|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224606/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/neha-ahuja-1.html|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 22 February, she competed in the [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's slalom|women's slalom]], finishing her first run in 55.45 seconds,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom-run-1.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Slalom Run 1|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711150122/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom-run-1.html|archive-date=11 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and her second in 1 minute and 0.71 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom-run-2.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Slalom Run 2|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711150235/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom-run-2.html|archive-date=11 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her combined time was 1 minute and 56.16 seconds, placing her last among the 51 competitors who finished both legs of the race; the gold medal was won by [[Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Sweden]]{{'s}} [[Anja Pärson]] in 1 minute and 29.04 seconds; the silver was taken by [[Austria at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Austrian]] [[Nicole Hosp]] and the bronze by her fellow Austrian [[Marlies Schild]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Slalom|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405214820/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-slalom.html|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 24 February, Ahuja took part in the [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom|women's giant slalom]], finishing her first run in 1 minute and 15.59 seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom-run-1.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom Run 1|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707060923/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom-run-1.html|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and her second in 1 minutes and 25.72 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom-run-2.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom Run 2|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712035127/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom-run-2.html|archive-date=12 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her total time was 2 minutes and 41.31 seconds, putting her in 42nd place out of 43 classified finishers.<ref name="WGSF">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Women's Giant Slalom|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040319/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/womens-giant-slalom.html|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The gold medal was won by [[Julia Mancuso]] of the [[United States at the 2006 Winter Olympics|United States]] in 2 minutes and 9.19 seconds; the silver by [[Tanja Poutiainen]] of [[Finland at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Finland]], and the bronze was won by Swede [[Anna Ottosson]].<ref name="WGSF" />

[[Hira Lal (skier)|Hira Lal]] was 25 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was also making his Olympic debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/hira-lal-1.html|title=Hira Lal Bio, Stats, and Results|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073858/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/hira-lal-1.html|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He competed in the [[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|men's giant slalom]] on 20 February, but did not finish the first run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/mens-giant-slalom-run-1.html|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Giant Slalom Run 1|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702223515/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/mens-giant-slalom-run-1.html|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The gold medal in this race was won by [[Benjamin Raich]] of Austria, the silver was taken by [[Joël Chenal]] of [[France at the 2006 Winter Olympics|France]], and the bronze was won by a second Austrian, [[Hermann Maier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/mens-giant-slalom.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417224720/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/ASK/mens-giant-slalom.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|title=Alpine Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Giant Slalom|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="5"|Final
|-
!Run 1
!Run 2
!Total
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Neha Ahuja]]
|[[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's giant slalom|Women's giant slalom]]
|align="center"|1:15.59
|align="center"|1:25.72
|align="center"|2:41.31
|align="center"|42
|-
|[[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's slalom|Women's slalom]]
|align="center"|55.45
|align="center"|1:00.71
|align="center"|1:56.16
|align="center"|51
|-
|[[Hira Lal (skier)|Hira Lal]]
|[[Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|Men's giant slalom]]
|colspan=4 align="center"|did not finish
|}

== Cross-country skiing ==
{{main|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics}}
[[Bahadur Gupta]] was 29 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and making his only Olympic appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/bahadur-gurung-gupta-1.html|title=Bahadur Gurung Gupta Bio, Stats, and Results|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000214/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/bahadur-gurung-gupta-1.html|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the qualifying round of the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint|men's sprint]] on 22 February, he finished the race with a time of 2 minutes and 43.30 seconds, and he was 78th out of 80 competitors to finish. Only the top 30 qualified for the next round, and Gupta was eliminated, the slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 20.46 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/CCS/mens-sprint-qualifying-round.html|title=Cross Country Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Sprint Qualifying Round|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705130608/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/CCS/mens-sprint-qualifying-round.html|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The gold medal was eventually won by [[Björn Lind]] of Sweden, the silver by [[Roddy Darragon]] of France, and the silver by [[Thobias Fredriksson]], also of Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/CCS/mens-sprint.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418021144/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/CCS/mens-sprint.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Cross Country Skiing at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Sprint|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Qualifying
!colspan="2"|Quarterfinal
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Total
!Rank
!Total
!Rank
!Total
!Rank
!Total
!Rank
|-
|[[Bahadur Gupta]]
|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint|Men's sprint]]
|align="center"| 2:43.30
|align="center"| 78
|colspan=5 align="center"| Did not advance
|align="center"| 78
|}

==Luge ==
[[File:2017-12-01 Shiva Keshavan by Sandro Halank–02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shiva Keshavan]] made six Olympic appearances over his career.]]
{{main|Luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics}}
[[Shiva Keshavan]] was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his third Olympic appearance, after representing India at the [[1998 Nagano Olympics]] and the [[2002 Salt Lake City Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/shiva-keshavan-1.html|title=Shiva Keshavan Bio, Stats, and Results|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231709/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/shiva-keshavan-1.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]] was held on 11–12 February, and was held over four runs, two runs on each day. The final placement was determined by adding up all the run times for each athlete.<ref name="Luge">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816195154/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles.html|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On the first day, Keshavan finished the first run in a time of 53.729 seconds,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-1.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles Run 1|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142813/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-1.html|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the second in 52.972 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-2.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles Run 2|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142929/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-2.html|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Overnight, he was in 29th place out of 36 competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-runs-1-2.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles Runs 1–2|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615071122/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-runs-1-2.html|archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The next day, he posted run times of 52.696 seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-3.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles Run 3|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202622/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-3.html|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 52.540 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-4.html|title=Luge at the 2006 Torino Winter Games: Men's Singles Run 4|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142707/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/2006/LUG/mens-singles-run-4.html|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Overall, the sum of his run times was 3 minutes and 31.937 seconds, which meant he finished in 25th place out of 35 lugers who completed all four runs.<ref name="Luge" /> The gold medal was won by [[Armin Zöggeler]] of [[Italy at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Italy]] in a time of 3 minutes and 26.088 seconds; the silver medal was taken by [[Albert Demchenko]] of [[Russia at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Russia]], and the bronze by [[Mārtiņš Rubenis]] of [[Latvia at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Latvia]].<ref name="Luge" /> Keshavan would go on to represent his country at the [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010]], [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014]], and the [[2018 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/shiva-keshavan|title=Shiva Keshavan – Olympic Luge – India|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323202534/https://www.olympic.org/shiva-keshavan|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/pyeongchang-2018-indias-shiva-keshavan-finishes-34th-in-mens-singles-luge-event-at-sixth-and-last-olympics-4346353.html|title=Pyeongchang 2018: India's Shiva Keshavan finishes 34th in men's singles luge event at sixth and last Olympics|work=Firstpost|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222433/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/pyeongchang-2018-indias-shiva-keshavan-finishes-34th-in-mens-singles-luge-event-at-sixth-and-last-olympics-4346353.html|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="6"|Final
|-
!Run 1
!Run 2
!Run 3
!Run 4
!Total
!Rank
|-
|[[Shiva Keshavan]]
|[[Luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|align="center"|53.729
|align="center"|52.972
|align="center"|52.696
|align="center"|52.540
|align="center"|3:31.937
|align="center"|25
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Winter Olympics by year|2006 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian sport|Winter Olympics]]

British Cemetery of Surat

2025-11-15T11:20:12Z

ArnoldBAp: creating first details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Burial ground in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = British Cemetery of Surat
| image = Old English Tombs 1.jpg
| caption = Old English Tombs at Surat
| established = {{start date and age|1883}}
| country = India
| location = [[Katargam]] Darwaja,[[Surat]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|12|45|N|72|49|43|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type =
| type =
| owner =
| size =
| graves = 400
| website =
| politicalgeo =
}}
'''British Cemetery of Surat'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Scarre |first1=Chris |last2=Roberts |first2=J. |date=2005-12-01 |title=The English cemetery at Surat: pre-colonial cultural encounters in western India |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1599159 |journal=Antiquaries Journal |language=en |volume=85 |pages=251–291 |doi=10.1017/S0003581500074400 |issn=0003-5815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Cemetery |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/south-zone/surat/english-cemetery.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=gujrattourism |language=en}}</ref> also known as the English Cemetery,<ref name="auto"/> located at [[Katargam]] Darwaja in [[Surat]], walking distance from the Dutch cemetery. The British Cemetery was established around 1651, and contains graves of former governors of [[Bombay Presidency]] and a number of officials of [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-30 |title=Gujarat: 372-year-old British cemetery in tatters |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/372-year-old-cemetery-in-tatters/articleshow/84870731.cms |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tombs of the Early English Settlers, Surat (9185928036).jpg|thumb|British Cemetery]]
British Cemetery of Surat was established during the seventeenth century when the [[East India Company]] was established in Indian city of [[Surat]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/abs/english-cemetery-at-surat-precolonial-cultural-encounters-in-western-india/96218C0D967FFC805547218D29C2B6D3|title=The English Cemetery at Surat: Pre-Colonial Cultural Encounters in Western India|first1=Chris|last1=Scarre|first2=Judith|last2=Roberts|date=21 September 2005|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|volume=85|pages=251–291|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0003581500074400}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Surat's Neglected Colonial Cemeteries and the Grandiose Dreams of the Nabobs |url=https://thewire.in/history/surats-forgotten-cemeteries |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Dr George Buist visited in 1855 and recorded a number of inscriptions.<ref name="SURAT_CEMETERY">{{cite journal |author-last=Buist |author-first=George |title=Notes on a journey through part of Kattiawar and Goozerat in Jan. 1855 |journal= Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society |date= 1857 |volume=13 |issue= |pages=11–107 |url= https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b233990 }}</ref>

==Notable burials==
<mapframe latitude="21.2119" longitude="72.8282" zoom="16" width="400" height="300" align="center" text="English Cemetery">
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*[[George Oxenden (governor)|George Oxenden]], Governor of Bombay<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |title=History of Gujarat: The Maratha Period: 1758 A.D. to 1818 A.D. |publisher=Gujarat Vidya Sabha |year=1980 |pages=502–505}}</ref>
*[[Gerald Aungier]], Governor of Bombay<ref name=":0" />
*[[Bartholomew Harris]], Governor of Bombay<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Surat]]
* [[History of Surat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Surat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat]]
[[Category:16th-century architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

Tiffany Brar

2025-11-11T07:02:49Z

ArnoldBAp: improve intro also and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Tiffany Brar
|image = Tiffany Brar.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = Tiffany Maria Brar
|birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|birth_date =
|occupation = Founder of [[Jyothirgamaya Foundation]], Disability Rights Activist
|alma_mater = [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University]], [[Coimbatore]]
|profession = [[Social worker]], [[Special educator]]
|awards = National Award from the [[President of India]] for Best Role Model, [[Holman Prize]], [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] the highest civilian Honour for women in India from the [[President of India]]
|known_for = Social activist, [[Motivational Speaker]], Inclusion, Disability rights and Advocacy
}}

'''Tiffany Brar''' is an Indian community service worker who became [[Visual impairment|blind]] as an infant due to [[Oxygen toxicity#Eyes|oxygen toxicity]]. Brar is the founder of the [[Jyothirgamaya Foundation]], a non-profit organization<ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> that teaches life skills to blind people of all ages. She is a trainer, a campaigner for disability awareness and an advocate for an inclusive society.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Welcome to Jyothirgamaya Foundation! {{!}} Jyothirgamaya|url = http://www.jyothirgamayaindia.org/|website = www.jyothirgamayaindia.org|access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Tiffany Brar is the only daughter of General T. P. S. Brar and Leslie Brar.<ref name="Tiffany Reference6" /> Tiffany was born in [[Chennai]], India, where her father was posted, and grew up in [[Punjab]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference9">{{cite news|last=George|first=Sanu|title=Visually challenged Tiffany Brar has big vision |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/visually-challenged-tiffany-brar-has-big-vision--536494|access-date=4 April 2021|publisher=thehansindia.com|date=10 June 2019|language=en}}</ref>

Tiffany Brar had [[Retinopathy of prematurity|Terry Syndrome]] and became blind six months after her birth.<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /><ref name="Tiffany Reference4">{{cite news|title=Tiffany's next, pre-school for visually impaired kids|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/tiffany-s-next-pre-school-for-visually-impaired-kids-786546|access-date=2 April 2021|publisher=Tribuneindia News Service|date=12 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> Due to her father's military occupation,<ref name="Tiffany Reference1">{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Madhuvanti S.|title=From darkness to light|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/From-darkness-to-light/article13986332.ece|access-date=1 April 2021|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> Brar travelled widely. Because she was blind, verbal communication was important and she became multilingual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Dispelling-Darkness--Jyothirgamaya-Foundations-Tiffany-Brar/2016/03/08/article3315172.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309102254/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Dispelling-Darkness--Jyothirgamaya-Foundations-Tiffany-Brar/2016/03/08/article3315172.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2016|title=Dispelling Darkness- Jyothirgamaya Foundation's Tiffany Brar|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref><ref name="Tiffany Reference5">{{cite news |last1=Koshy |first1=Sneha Mary |title=Visually Impaired Teacher Helps Others See the World |url=https://www.ndtv.com/thiruvananthapuram-news/visually-impaired-teacher-helps-others-see-the-world-1214536 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=5 September 2015}}</ref>

During her childhood, Brar learnt to fluently speak five Indian languages.<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /> She started her education in [[Great Britain]] while her father was posted there.<ref name="Tiffany Reference9" /><ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> When her family returned to India, Brar studied in schools for the blind, in integrated schools and in military schools.<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /> After completing her primary education in [[Kerala]], her father was transferred to [[Darjeeling]], where Tiffany studied at the Mary Scott Home for the Blind.<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" />

As a blind person, Brar found school difficult.<ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> She was made to sit at the back of the class and was sometimes not allowed to answer questions. Her [[Braille]] notes either arrived late or did not arrive at all.<ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> She was looked after by her parents.<ref name="Tiffany Reference5" />

At her schools, Brar experienced segregation and isolation by other pupils, and was excluded from events. She reached first position in the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] board exam in 12th grade<ref name="Tiffany Reference9" /> in a school alongside sighted counterparts.

After completing school in 2006, Brar joined for the bachelor's degree programme in [[English literature]] at [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], affiliated to the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /> After graduating in 2009, Brar started working for [[Braille Without Borders]] as a telephone operator.<ref name="Tiffany Reference10">{{cite news|last=Ramadurai|first=Charukesi|title=India's mobile school for blind students puts empowerment on the curriculum {{!}} Charukesi Ramadurai|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/aug/29/india-blind-school-braille-without-borders|access-date=4 April 2021|work=The Guardian|date=29 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /> She travelled to various organizations where she came across many underprivileged blind people who were confined to their homes and lacked proper training.<ref name="Tiffany Reference1" /> During one trip, she found roads are slippery or covered with stones, making them unsuitable for blind people, and that in some parts of India, blind people are confined to their homes by unsupportive societies. This encouraged her to found the [[Jyothirgamaya Foundation]]<ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> to support the education of blind and partially sighted children.<ref name="Tiffany Reference4" /> In Kerala, visually impaired children are trained in [[Malayalam]], the regional language, through text-recognition software but do not attend special schools and are taught neither Braille nor English. Brar campaigns though Jyothirgamaya to change the system.<ref name="Tiffany Reference10" />

After working for two years, Brar pursued her [[B.Ed]] in [[special education]] ([[visual impairment]]) from Sree [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University]] in [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference9" /> In July 2012, she began running the [[Jyothirgamaya Foundation|Jyothirgamaya]] (meaning "leading to light") mobile school for the blind. The idea for the organization came from a retired police officer from [[Tamil Nadu]], N. Krishnaswamy, to help children constrained by poverty, disability, or distance.<ref name="Tiffany Reference10" />

In 2018, the [[Government of India]] praised Brar for her efforts during flooding in [[Wayanad]], where she collected materials for relief camps.<ref name="Tiffany Reference2">{{cite news|title=Tiffany Brar of Jyothirgamaya Foundation gets Mindtree Helen Keller Award|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/dec/04/tiffany-of-jyothirgamaya-foundation-gets-mindtree-helen-keller-award-1906988.html|access-date=2 April 2021|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

Brar now travels alone throughout India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-all-about-tiffany-brar-and-the-jyothirgamaya-foundation/article8077057.ece|title=From darkness to light|date=2016-01-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Spm8zKyBaj8|title=Tiffany Brar|work=[[YouTube]]|date=10 November 2017|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Tiffany Brar's first job was as a receptionist, after which, she studied for a [[B.Ed]] in special education at [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University]] then went on to found the [[Jyothirgamaya Foundation]] in July 2012<ref>{{Cite news|title = Behold a world unseen|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/behold-a-world-unseen/article3672492.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2012-07-23|access-date = 2016-01-28|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref> to improve the lot of blind and partially sighted people in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/40485/tiffany-brar-working-for-blind/|title=They Say the Blind Should Not Lead the Blind. She Proves Them Wrong.|date=2015-12-22|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://motivateme.in/tiffany-brar-the-blind-woman-who-now-lead-other-people-through-jyothirgamaya/|title=Tiffany Brar, the blind woman who now lead other people through 'Jyothirgamaya' - MotivateMe.in|date=2016-01-07|website=MotivateMe.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>

Brar set up a mobile school for blind children, saying; "If the blind cannot go to school then the school shall go to them."<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Star Named 'Tiffany'|url = http://www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=2962&A|website = The Citizen|access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref> She was inspired with this idea after her leadership training at Kanthari run by a German lady, Sabriye Tenberken and her Dutch partner, Paul Kronenberg at Vellayani.<ref name="Tiffany Reference6" />

Through the Jyothirgamaya Foundation, Brar trains blind people in Braille, mobility, basic computer use, and life skills.<ref name="Tiffany Reference2"/> She has also recently initiated a project, Road to Independence, which holds training camps in Kerala. She is an artist, teacher and motivational speaker,<ref name="Jyothirgamaya Reference7">{{cite news |title=Dispelling Darkness- Jyothirgamaya Foundation's Tiffany Brar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/mar/08/dispelling-darkness--jyothirgamaya-foundations-tiffany-brar-901198.html |access-date=4 April 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2016}}</ref> and has served as an ambassador for the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]'s 2016 [[Earth Hour]] campaign in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/outshining-the-darkness|title=Interview Of The Week: Outshining The Darkness - Trivandrum News {{!}} Yentha.com|website=www.yentha.com|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref> In 2020 she, became the first Indian to receive [[Holman Prize]] from the US-based organisation [[LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference6" />

In 2019, Brar opened a preparatory school and kindergarten for visually-impaired children in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], which was inaugurated by Kerala Health Minister [[K.K.Shailaja]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference7" />

[[File:Tiffany_Brar_protesting_for_accessible_currecny_for_the_Blind.jpg|thumb|Tiffany Brar while protesting for accessible currency in Trivandrum,2018]]

[[File:Tiffany Brar In EU Parliament.JPG|thumb|Brar attending the screening of a documentary about social change makers around the world at the [[European Parliament]] in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] in 2017]]

Brar designed the Tiffy template, which was built by inventor [[Paul D'Souza]]; it is a small template that identifies Indian currency notes to prevent blind people from being cheated by traders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fueladream.com/home/campaign/127|title=TIFFY TEMPLATE: NOW, NO CHEATING THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED!|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/310117/bengaluru-notes-for-the-blind-detecting-fake-currency-from-real-thing.html|title=Bengaluru man invents device to help the blind distinguish fake currency|date=31 January 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Nari Shakti Puraskar to Tiffany Brar for empowering visually impaired rural women.jpg|thumb|Tiffany Brar receiving the Nari Shakti Puraskar, the Highest Civilian Honor for Women for outstanding contribution to women's empowerment from the Honorable President of India Ram Nath Kovind on 8 March 2022 on the occasion of International Women's Day]]
[[File:Tiffany_Brar_receiving_National_Award_from_the_President_of_India,Dr.Ram_Nath_Kovind.jpg|thumbnail|Tiffany Brar receiving National Award for Best Role Model from the Honourable President of India, Dr.[[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 3 December 2017 on the occasion of International Day of Persons with Disabilities]]
*In 2023 she received International Woman's day Award from the Delhi Commission for women
*In 2022 she was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for empowering visually impaired rural women.
*In 2021, she received the Inspiring Woman Award from eiT NASSCOM.
*In 2020, she received The Holman Prize<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Kerala-based visually-challenged activist vows to empower disabled|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/may/09/this-kerala-based-visually-challenged-activist-vows-to-empower-disabled-2300212.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 May 2021 }}</ref> from the Lighthouse for the Blind, United States.<ref name="Tiffany Reference6">{{cite news |title=Tiffany Brar bags Holman Prize 2020|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/aug/30/tiffany-brar-bags-holman-prize-2020-2190106.html|access-date=2 April 2021|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=30 August 2020}}</ref>
*In 2020, She received the Spirit Awards from [[World Pulse]], United States.
*In 2019, she received The Spindle Award for Project Jyothirgamaya From Voice, [[Netherlands]].
*In 2019, she received World of Difference International Award from [[The International Alliance for Women]], [[Australia]].
*In 2019, she received Iconic women for making the world a better place Award from [[Women Economic Forum]].
*In 2019, she received the Award for Excellence in social service from the Kochouseph Chittilappilly Foundation, awarded by [[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]].
*In 2019, she received the Wonder Woman Award for her Community service from Ladies Circle India.
*In 2019, she received the Neelam Khurshid Kanga Award from the National Association for the Blind, awarded by [[John Abraham]].<ref name="Tiffany Reference11">{{cite news|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|title=Thiruvananthapuram: Tiffany to start 'school' for visually challenged|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180719/thiruvananthapuram-tiffany-to-start-school-for-visually-challen.html|access-date=4 April 2021|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 July 2019|language=en}}</ref>
*In 2018, she received the Helen Keller award from the [[National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People]] (NCPEDP), awarded by Dr. Sathya Pal Singh, Honorable Minister of State for Human Resource Development.<ref name="Tiffany Reference2"/>
*In 2018, she received karma Rathna Award for Outstanding social worker from Palm International.
* In 2018, she received the Real Hero Award by ZEE TV from [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Omung Kumar]] and [[Huma Qureshi]].
* In 2018, she received the Vocational Excellence Award from [[Rotary International]].
* In 2018, she received the Phoenix Award from [[Padma Shri]] [[Mammooty]].
* In 2018, she received the Women of Vision Kerala vanitha Rathna Award.
* In 2018, she received the Make A Difference Award from [[Rotary International]].
* In 2018, she received the Women of the Year Award from Job Day Foundation.
* In 2017, she received the National Award for being a 'Best role model' from the [[President of India]]<ref name="Tiffany Reference7">{{cite news |title=This 28-year-old woman plans to change lives of visually-challenged children of Trivandrum|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/jul/29/this-28-year-old-visually-impaired-woman-plans-to-change-lives-of-visually-challenged-children-of-tr-2010799.html|access-date=2 April 2021|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
* In 2017, she received the Age of Unknown Award by [[TEDx]] vazthacaud.
* In 2017, she received the Sarojini Trilok Nath-National Best Role Model Award from National Association for the Blind.
* In 2017, she received the Bold and Beautiful Award from [[Doordarshan]].
* In 2016, she received the Prestigious Saarthak Naari Women Achievers Award.
* In 2016, she received the For the Sake of Honour Award, [[Rotary International]]'s highest award.
* In 2015, she received the Women of the Year Award from Hope Trust.
* In 2012, she received the Kerala State Award for Social Worker.

==Recognition==
[[File:Tiffany photo Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumbnail|Tiffany Brar with former president of India Dr.[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] during his visit in [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
*[[Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]] calls her<ref>http://jyothirgamayaindia.org/content/president-calls-tiffany-courageous-daughter-india The courageous daughter of India</ref> while addressing the Nation during his speech on [[United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities]] when she received the National Award, in 2017, for the Best Role Model. He recognized her achievements in the field of social service and adventurous activities.
*[[A.P.J.Abdul Kalam]] former president of India, appreciated Tiffany Brar for her efforts to empower her fellow visually impaired people around the world.
*Tiffany Brar was felicitated for her achievements by the Malayalam actor Padma Shri [[Mohanlal]], in his talk show [[Lal Salam (TV series)|''Lal Salam'']]. He called Brar "A miraculous woman".

==References==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p091k9nm|title=Tiffany Brar at BBC radio service|date=16 December 2020 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/jul/07/for-your-eyes-only-632640.html|title=For Your Eyes Only|date=6 July 2014 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/thiruvananthapuram-news/visually-impaired-teacher-helps-others-see-the-world-1214536|title=Visually Impaired Teacher Helps Others See the World|work=NDTV}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/mar/30/reading-notes-in-a-jiffy-1587490.html|title=Reading notes in a jiffy|date=30 March 2017 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/life-style/lighting-up-lives/150060.html|title=Lighting up Lives|work=The Tribune|publisher=|date=2015-10-25}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/From-darkness-to-light/article13986332.ece|title=From darkness to light|journal=The Hindu|first=Madhuvanti S.|last=Krishnan|date=7 January 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianwomenblog.org/read-how-visually-impaired-tiffany-brar-is-changing-lives-of-others-like-her/|title=Read How Visually Impaired Tiffany Brar Is Changing Lives Of Others Like Her|work=Indian Women Blog - Stories of Indian Women|date=8 September 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ay.tv/tiffany-brar-life-beautiful-athmeeya-yathra-television/|title=Tiffany Brar: Life is Beautiful|work=Athmeeya Yathra Television|date=15 February 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://taazakhabarnews.com/ability-beyond-disability/|title=Ability beyond disability|work=Taaza Khabar News|date=1 June 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://jyothirgamayaindia.org/content/tiffany-brar-live-doordarshan|title=Doordarsan Live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://blog.mydala.com/every-woman-is-wonder-woman/|title=Every Woman is a wonder}}
* {{cite web|url=http://jyothirgamayaindia.org/content/community-sensitization-program-featured-manorama-news|title=It's not sympathy that Blind needs|work=Manorama News}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/--1.2066398|title=വെളിച്ചത്തിലേക്ക്‌ നടക്കാം കൂട്ടിന്‌ ടിഫാനിയുണ്ട്‌}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/070717/carpe-diem-in-europe.html|title=Carpe diem in Europe!|date=7 July 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/may/17/cinema-for-thought-1815616.html|title=Kerala State Award for Best documentary: Prakasham Parathunna Penkutty|work=New Indian Express|date=17 May 2018 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/avalvikatan/2018-aug-21/inspiring-stories/143182-tiffany-brar-is-best-role-model.html|title=எல்லாம் நல்லபடியா நடக்கும்! - டிஃபனி பிரார் - Tiffany Brar is best role model|work=Aval Vikatan - அவள் விகடன்|author=K. Anandaraj|date=7 August 2018}}

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Commons category}}
* [http://jyothirgamayaindia.org/ Organisation website-Jyothirgamaya]
* [http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/outshining-the-darkness 2012, yentha.com, Outshining The Darkness, July 30,2012]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140709114219/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/For-Your-Eyes-Only/2014/07/07/article2314509.ece 2014, The New Indian Express, For your Eyes only, July 7, 2014]
* [http://www.thecitizen.in/NewsDetail.aspx?Id=2962&A%2FSTAR%2FNAMED%2F%E2%80%98TIFFANY%E2%80%99 2015, The Citizen, A star named tiffany, March 20, 2015]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/instilling-independence-in-them/article8039117.ece 2015-The Hindu-Tiffany Brar-Instilling Independence]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/topic/tiffany-maria-brar/videos 2015-NDTV-Tiffany Brar-Jyothirgamaya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309102254/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Dispelling-Darkness--Jyothirgamaya-Foundations-Tiffany-Brar/2016/03/08/article3315172.ece 2016-Dispelling Darkness-Tiffany Brar-The New Indian Express]
* {{YouTube|id=Spm8zKyBaj8|title=Speech delivered at TKM College of engineering}}
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Tiffany}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Blind activists]]
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[[Category:Blind educators]]

Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat

2025-11-08T05:28:35Z

ArnoldBAp: creating basic data added tags

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority, Vidhik Seva Marg, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh – 495001.<ref name="cld ref1">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority |url=https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/CGl |website=Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
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'''Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat''' or Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “Access to Justice for All”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la ref10">{{cite news |title= chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat |last1=Gupta |first1=Vishal |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat-on-september-11 |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com |date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2022-01-04|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="la ref7">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sarfaraz Ahmed |title=Lok adalat : an effective alternative dispute resolution mechanism |date=2006 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRWJjouEesC&dq=bihar+lok+adalat&pg=PA67 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="la ref9">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Jus Dicere |date=16 June 2020}}</ref> The primary value [[Keel laying|laid down]] as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.<ref name="la ref8">{{cite news |title=Significance of Lok Adalats in present scenario. |url=http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/583/Significance-of-Lok-Adalats-in-present-scenario..html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=legalservicesindia.com}}</ref>

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority organised India's first E-Lok Adalat in July'2020.<ref name="cla ref3" /><ref name="cla ref5">{{cite news |title=Nation’s First E-Lok Adalat Inaugurated In Chhattisgarh High Court |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/nations-first-e-lok-adalat-inaugurated-in-chhattisgarh-high-court/ |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=India Education Diary Bureau Admin |date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

Hon'ble Chief Justice P R Ramachandra Menon, [[Chhattisgarh High Court]], is current Patron-in-Chief of Chhattisgarh State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="cla ref3">{{cite news |title=India’s first ever E-Lok Adalat opens in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/indias-first-ever-e-lok-adalat-opens-in-chhattisgarh/ |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=indialegallive.com |date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="cla ref2">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: National Lok Adalats to be organized across state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-national-lok-adalats-to-be-organized-across-the-state-on-september-11/articleshow/85211809.cms |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.<ref name="la ref10" />
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.<ref name="cla ref4">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh organises India's first e-Lok Adalat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/11/chhattisgarh-organises-indias-first-e-lok-adalat-2168331.html |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.

== Details of cases Resolved ==

* Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat settled 2270 cases in first E-Lok Adalat organised in India in July 2020.<ref name="cla ref3" />
* Chhattisgarh Lok Adalat settled over 10,000 cases during National Lok Adalat organised in July 2021.<ref name="cla ref6">{{cite news |title=Over 10,000 cases resolved in National Lok Adalat in Chhattisgarh: State govt |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/over-10000-cases-resolved-in-national-lok-adalat-in-chhattisgarh-state-govt/2118415 |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=Outlook.com |date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="cla ref7">{{cite news |title=over 10000 cases resolved in lok adalat in chhattisgarh/ |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/international/over-10000-cases-resolved-in-lok-adalat-in-chhattisgarh/ |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=lokmattimes |date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/CG Official website]


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Nokari

2025-11-04T13:17:01Z

ArnoldBAp: New.

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, Indiagh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nokari
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Nokari During Winter.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nokari in winter
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.182751|N|88.596849|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,032
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Dakshin]]
| website = {{URL|https://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nokari''' is a village in the [[Ranaghat II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= Nokari (R)|shape-color35=black| label-size35=13|label-color35=black 
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Nokari is located at {{coord|23.182751|N|88.596849|E|display=inline}}.

The maps of Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD blocks, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', shows the census towns of [[Kamgachhi]], [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]], [[Panpara]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Anulia]], [[Halalpur Krishnapur]], [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]] and [[Ranaghat (CT)]] forming a cluster around [[Ranaghat]]. Certain other localities such as Nokari, [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]], [[Cooper's Camp]], [[Birnagar]], [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]], [[Gopalpur, Nadia|Gopalpur]] and [[Parbbatipur]] are also linked with this cluster.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Ranaghat I CD block, page 449, and Map of Ranaghat II CD block, page 475| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nokari had a total population of 5,032, of which 2,582 (51%) were males and 2,450 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 443. The total number of literate persons in Nokari was 3,583 (78.08% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 May 2017 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Ranaghat II CD block are located at Nokari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 May 2017 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
There is a [[Bank of India]] branch in Nokari beside flower market and a Kisan CO-Operative Bank Near Nokari Gram Panchayat Office.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

Nokari flower market provides a variety of flowers for decorations and other purposes.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Education==
Nokari GSFP Primary School is the only primary school of Nokari. Students of Nokari prefer to go Purnanagar_Purna_Chandra_Higher_Secondary_School and [[Pal Choudhury High School]] for high school education.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} A large number of students are the alumni of [[Ranaghat College]].

==Transport==
A short stretch of Ranaghat-Duttapulia Road connects Nokari to Aistala, where [[National Highway 12 (India)]] meets [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=nolines widths=200px>
File:Marigold Field.jpg|Marigold Field
File:Nokari path.jpg|Nokari
File:Beauty of Nokari.jpg|Nokari in Winter
File:Nokari jame mosque.jpg|Nokari jame mosque
File:Kisan cooperative bank.jpg|Kisan cooperative bank
File:BOI Branch.jpg|Bank of India branch in front flower market
File:Nokari Primary School.jpg|Nokari GSFP Primary School
File:Nokari Flower Market.jpg|Nokari Flower Market
File:Front of CPM Office.jpg|CPM office
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

The Lord of the Rings (musical)

2025-10-30T05:11:05Z

ArnoldBAp: quick fix

{{Short description|2006 stage musical}}
{{About|the theatre production||The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox musical
| name = The Lord of the Rings
| image = Lord of the Rings Theatre.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[Värttinä]]
* Christopher Nightingale
}}
| lyrics = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shaun McKenna]]
* [[Matthew Warchus]]
}}
| book = {{Plainlist|
* Shaun McKenna
* Matthew Warchus
}}
| basis = {{Based on|''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''|[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]}}
| setting = [[Middle-earth]]
| premiere_date = {{start date|2006|3|23}}
| premiere_location =[[Princess of Wales Theatre]], [[Toronto]]
| productions = {{Plainlist|
* 2006 [[Toronto]]
* 2007 [[West End theatre|West End]]
* 2023 [[Berkshire]]
* 2024 [[Chicago]]
* 2024 [[Auckland]]
* 2025 [[Sydney]]/Australian tour
* 2025 [[Singapore]]
}}
| awards =
}}
'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a [[stage musical]] with music by [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Värttinä]], and Christopher Nightingale, and lyrics and book by [[Shaun McKenna]] and [[Matthew Warchus]], based on the novel of the [[The Lord of the Rings|same name]] by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]. It is the most prominent of several theatre adaptations of the novel. Set in the world of [[Middle-earth]], the musical tells the tale of a humble [[hobbit]] who is asked to [[Heroism in The Lord of the Rings|play the hero]] and undertake [[Quests in Middle-earth|a treacherous mission]] to destroy [[One Ring|an evil, magic ring]] without being [[Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings|seduced by its power]].

The musical has been performed in four professional productions. It was first performed in 2006 at the [[Princess of Wales Theatre]] in [[Toronto]]. The second production opened at [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] in [[West End theatre|London's West End]] in June 2007 where it played until July 2008. The musical was revived in 2023 at the [[Watermill Theatre]] in [[Berkshire]], winning Best Regional Production in TheWhatsOnStage Awards 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/the-24th-annual-whatsonstage-awards-full-list-of-winners_1564910/ | title=The 24th Annual WhatsOnStage Awards: Full list of winners | date=11 February 2024 }}</ref> The Watermill production was announced to open in July 2024 at the [[Chicago Shakespeare Theater]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chicagoshakes.com/plays_and_events/2425_the_lord_of_the_rings | title=Chicago Shakespeare Theater: The Lord of the Rings | date=May 2024 }}</ref> before transferring to the [[Civic Theatre, Auckland|Civic Theatre]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kevinwallace.co.uk/the-lord-of-the-rings-a-musical-tale-comes-home-to-middle-earth-this-november-in-a-5-week-blockbuster-season-at-the-civic-theatre-auckland-new-zealand | title=KevinWallace.co.uk: News }}</ref> In January 2025, the production embarked on an Australian tour, opening with a new cast at the [[State Theatre, Sydney|State Theatre]] in [[Sydney]]. An international tour continued to the [[The Sands Theatre|Sands Theatre]] at the [[Marina Bay Sands]] Resort, [[Singapore]] in August 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seet |first=Mingli |date=31 December 2024 |title=The Lord of the Rings musical will debut in Singapore in August 2025 |url=https://www.timeout.com/singapore/news/the-lord-of-the-rings-musical-will-debut-in-singapore-in-august-2025-123124 |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=Timeout Singapore}}</ref> before it was due to return to the UK for a run at the [[Theatre Royal, Plymouth]] in October 2025, before embarking on a European tour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/the-lord-of-the-rings-musical-to-return-to-uk-shores-ahead-of-european-tour_1639831/ | title=The Lord of the Rings musical to return to UK shores ahead of European tour | date=14 October 2024 }}</ref> The Plymouth run was cancelled in September 2025, with the status of any potential future productions being unknown<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=The Lord of the Rings musical pulls UK run next month |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/the-lord-of-the-rings-musical-pulls-uk-run-next-month_1693855/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>.

==Productions==

===Toronto===

The London-based theatre producer [[Kevin Wallace (theatre producer)|Kevin Wallace]] and his partner, [[Saul Zaentz]], who held the stage and film rights, in association with Toronto theatre owner [[David Mirvish]] and concert promoter [[Michael Cohl]], produced a stage musical adaptation. The book and lyrics were written by [[Shaun McKenna]] and [[Matthew Warchus]]. The music was by [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Värttinä]], collaborating with Christopher Nightingale. The three-and-a-half-hour-long three-act production, with a cast of 65 actors, was mounted in [[Toronto]], Canada, at the [[Princess of Wales Theatre]], at a cost of approximately [[Canadian dollar|C$]]30 million. It was promoted as a spectacle of unusual scale. It starred [[Brent Carver]] as Gandalf and [[Michael Therriault]] as Gollum, and was directed by Matthew Warchus and choreographed by Peter Darling, with set and costume design by [[Rob Howell]]. The production began performances on 4 February 2006, had its opening on 23 March 2006, and its final performance on 3 September 2006. The show played to almost 400,000 people in Toronto. It was nominated for 15 Dora Awards, winning 7, including Outstanding New Musical and awards for direction, design and choreography. It received wide-ranging critical reaction, including both positive and hostile reviews from the press.<ref name="Swain 202-3">{{cite news |last1=Swain |first1=Marianka |title=Inside the disastrous Lord of the Rings musical that crippled its cast |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/lord-rings-disastrous-west-end-musical-crippled-backers-cast/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=What could go wrong? Well, everything. The show... closed after less than six months – a failure both commercially (not recouping its budget) and critically. A coolly devastating Variety review branded it “a saga of short people burdened by power jewelry”, while the Toronto Star's Richard Ouzounian said he was “bored of the Rings”, and the Telegraph’s Charles Spencer cried: “It should come with an elf warning!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 25, 2006 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/mixed-reviews-for-lord-of-the-rings-musical-1.582845 |title=Mixed reviews for 'Lord of the Rings' musical |work=CBC |access-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606023104/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/03/24/lordoftherings-reviews.html |archive-date=June 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=4acf79d2-bed4-462a-b258-facd7a2e0846&k=9658 |journal=[[Financial Post]] |title=No screaming pop-opera here |date=April 1, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319161431/http://www.financialpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=4acf79d2-bed4-462a-b258-facd7a2e0846&k=9658 |archive-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2006/03/24/middle_earth_takes_center_stage/ |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |first=J. Kelly |last=Nestruck |title=Middle-earth takes center stage: A 'Lord of the Rings' musical actually works. Who knew? |date=March 24, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref> [[Richard Corliss]] of ''[[Time Magazine]]'' described it as "ingenious"<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174805,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903170031/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174805,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2010 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]] |title=The Ring Sings (p. 1) |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=March 20, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref> and a "definitive [[megamusical]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174805-4,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619193029/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174805-4,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |magazine=Time Magazine |title=The Ring Sings (p. 4) |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=March 20, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref> [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] labelled it "a saga of short people burdened by power jewellery".<ref name="Rajan 2008 Indie"/> The ''[[Toronto Star]]'' dubbed it "Bored of the Rings".<ref name="Rajan 2008 Indie"/> [[Ben Brantley]] of the ''[[New York Times]]'' said it was "largely incomprehensible", explaining that "Everyone and everything winds up lost," ... "includ(ing) plot, character and the patience of most ordinary theatergoers."<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last=Brantley |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Brantley |date=March 24, 2006 |url=http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/theater/reviews/24ring.html?pagewanted=1&n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FCanada%2FOntario%2FToronto |title=Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings,' Staged by Matthew Warchus in Toronto |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 23, 2012}}</ref>

=== London ===

The significantly re-written show, shortened to three hours, began previews at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] on 9 May 2007, with its official premiere on 19 June 2007. The same creative team as the Toronto production was involved in the London production, with only four cast members reprising their roles from Toronto—[[James Loye]] (Frodo), Owen Sharpe (Pippin), Peter Howe (Sam) and [[Michael Therriault]] (Gollum). The production featured a cast of 50 actors and reportedly cost £12 million (approximately US$25 million),<ref>Different sources have put the cost of the production as anywhere between £7 million and £25 million. The confusion seems to come from conversions to and from US dollars.</ref> making it one of the most expensive musicals ever produced in the [[West End theatre|West End]]. It was nominated for 7 Whatsonstage Theatregoer's Choice Awards in 2007 and 5 Olivier Awards in 2008, including book and lyrics, lighting ([[Paul Pyant]]), sets and costumes (both Rob Howell) and sound.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/feb/07/theatre.awardsandprizes1|work=The Guardian|title=Olivier awards 2008: nominations in full|date=February 7, 2008|access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=471&do_long=1085#UKTW1085|work=whatsonstage.com|title=Shortslists Announced in the Eighth Annual WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers' Choice Awards |date=December 7, 2007|publisher=Bandwidth Communications Ltd|access-date=April 23, 2012}}</ref> The production took its final bow on 20 July 2008,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821205487931/%A312m+Lord+of+the+Rings+Sets+Closing+Date,+19+Jul.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209041646/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821205487931/%A312m+Lord+of+the+Rings+Sets+Closing+Date,+19+Jul.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 February 2013 | title=£12m Lord of the Rings Sets Closing Date, 19 Jul | publisher=Whats on Stage | work=whatsonstage.com | date=14 March 2008 | access-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref> after 492 performances over a 13-month run.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/118517-lord-of-the-rings-musical-to-close | title=Lord of the Rings musical to close | publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] | work=metro.co.uk | access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

The production received mixed reviews from critics. Among the positive reviews, ''[[The Times]]'' called it "a brave, stirring, epic piece of popular theatre"<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/theatre/article1957609.ece1 ''The Times'' review, "The Lord of the Rings", 20 June 2007]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the show a four star rating, calling it "a hugely impressive production".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2007/jun/20/theatre1|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|last=Billington|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Billington (critic)|title=''Guardian'' review, "The Lord of the Rings"|date=June 19, 2007|access-date=April 22, 2012}}</ref> In The Stage, [[Mark Shenton]] wrote the production “both looks and behaves as a spectacular piece of music theatre, and there isn’t a single production element that doesn’t impress and frequently thrill.<ref>[https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-review-at-theatre-royal-drury-lane-london The Lord of the Rings Review at Theatre Royal Drury Lane London]</ref> Despite several positive reviews, [[Amol Rajan]] in ''[[The Independent]]'' wrote that it had "received a critical mauling throughout most of its run", leading to its closure.<ref name="Rajan 2008 Indie">{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=Amol |author-link=Amol Rajan |title=Lord of the Rings musical to close after bad reviews |newspaper=The Independent |date=15 March 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/lord-of-the-rings-musical-to-close-after-bad-reviews-796255.html}}</ref> It was remarked upon at the time for its lack of commercial success.<ref name="Guardian 2014 flop">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/gallery/2014/feb/25/the-fastest-west-end-flops-in-pictures |title=The fastest West End Flops – in pictures |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> [[Susannah Clapp]] in ''[[The Observer]]'' called the stage design "gargantuan" with "a terrific, house-size spider", "black-leather Orcs ... like scarab Richard IIIs" and "long-winded ents ... on stilts". The trouble, she wrote, was that none of these characters "moves events along with any urgency."<ref name="Clapp 2007 Observer">{{cite news |last=Clapp |first=Susannah |title=A hobbit that's easy to kick |date=23 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2007/jun/24/theatre |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

The London [[original cast recording]] was released on 4 February 2008, and features 18 musical numbers from the show.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Rahman |first=A. R. |title=The Lord of the Rings Original London Production |publisher=Kevin Wallace Music |year=2008 |id=LOTR 1001 }}</ref>

=== Later productions ===

In 2013, [[Playbill]] announced that the show would be revived for a world tour in 2015. The first location for the tour would have been in [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hetrick |first=Adam |date=11 November 2013 |title=Lord of the Rings Musical Will Embark On 2015 World Tour |url=https://playbill.com/article/lord-of-the-rings-musical-will-embark-on-2015-world-tour-com-211617 |website=Playbill}}</ref> but dates and other locations were never announced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lord of the Rings - An Epic Stage Adventure - World Tour Premiere 2015 |url=https://www.lotr.com/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=www.lotr.com}}</ref>

In 2023, the [[Watermill Theatre]], [[Bagnor]], [[Berkshire]], revived a scaled-down version of the show for a 12-week run as ''The Lord of the Rings: A Musical Tale''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/newbury-theatre/news/lord-of-the-rings-musical-revival_58457.html |title=The Lord of the Rings musical to be revived in 'semi-immersive' production this summer |date=2 March 2023 |publisher=Whatsonstage |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wild |first=Stephi |title=Immersive THE LORD OF THE RINGS Musical Will Open in the UK This Summer |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Immersive-THE-LORD-OF-THE-RINGS-Musical-Will-Open-in-the-UK-This-Summer-20230302 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Broadway World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/lord-of-the-rings-music-stage-adaptation-watermill-theatre-jrr-tolkien-matthew-warchus-1235276555/ |title='Lord Of The Rings' Musical Co-Created By 'Matilda' Director Matthew Warchus Headed For Immersive Open-Air Performance In UK |date=2 March 2023 |publisher=Deadline |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, the Watermill production was announced to be making its [[North American]] premiere at the [[Chicago Shakespeare Theater]], running from 19 July to 1 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watermill Theatre's The Lord of the Rings to stage American premiere |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/watermill-theatres-the-lord-of-the-rings-to-stage-american-premiere_1591244/ |date=9 April 2024 |publisher=Whatsonstage |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> It was also confirmed that the production would go on an international tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Lord Of The Rings' UK Musical Sets Chicago U.S. Premiere |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/lord-of-the-rings-musical-chicago-1235879454/ |date=9 April 2024 |publisher=Deadline |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> In November 2024, the production made its New Zealand premiere, with a limited run at the [[Civic Theatre, Auckland]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lord of the Rings musical to open in New Zealand |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/news/the-lord-of-the-rings-musical-to-open-in-new-zealand_1613268/ |date=9 July 2024 |publisher=Whatsonstage |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> to positive reviews from the New Zealand Herald<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-a-musical-tale-review-the-most-exhilarating-and-immersive-musical-iteration-of-middle-earth-yet/QLFIJLMDWFDYLPVRGZDLLZUTNI/ |title=Dance battles, puppetry and singing hobbits? It's Lord of the Rings, the musical |date=8 August 2024 }}</ref> and Radio New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/533624/what-is-the-lord-of-the-rings-a-musical-tale-like |title=What is the Lord of the Rings - A Musical Tale like? |website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=13 November 2024 }}</ref> The production opened at the [[State Theatre, Sydney|State Theatre]] in [[Sydney]], Australia with a new cast on 7 January 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney Season January 2025 |url=https://kevinwallace.co.uk/adventure-awaits-the-lord-of-the-rings-a-musical-tale-is-coming-to-sydney/ |date=14 August 2024 |publisher=kevinwallace.com |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> before embarking on an Australian tour to Perth, Melbourne and the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], followed by a season at [[Marina Bay Sands]], Singapore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-musical-to-make-asian-debut-in-singapore-in-august-2025 | title=Lord of the Rings musical to make Asian debut in Singapore in August 2025 | work=The Straits Times | date=26 December 2024 }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==

=== Act I ===
The half-Elven maiden Arwen sings the prologue, urging those to whom she sings to trust their instincts ("Prologue" ('Lasto i lamath')). In the region of Middle-earth known as the Shire, Bilbo Baggins, an eccentric and wealthy Hobbit, celebrates his eleventyfirst birthday by vanishing from his birthday party, leaving his greatest treasure, a mysterious magic Ring, to his young relative Frodo Baggins ("Springle Ring"). The Ring is greatly desired by the Dark Lord Sauron, who could use it to conquer the world, and must be destroyed in the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor. Frodo and his friends Samwise Gamgee, Merry Brandybuck and Pippin Took set out along the road that leads out of the Shire, where they meet a group of Elves led by Elránien, an original female character who fills the role of Gildor Inglorion from the source material ("The Road Goes On"). Meanwhile, the corrupt wizard Saruman also desires the Ring ("Saruman").

At the Inn of the Prancing Pony in the village of Bree, Frodo and his friends sing and dance for their fellow guests ("The Cat and the Moon"). With the assistance of the Ranger Strider, the four Hobbits escape pursuit by the Black Riders, servants of Sauron, and safely reach the Ford of Bruinen ("Flight to the Ford"). Awaiting them at the Elven settlement of Rivendell is Arwen, the beloved of Strider, whose true name is Aragorn, heir to the throne of Gondor ("The Song of Hope"). Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, calls a Council of Elves, Men and Dwarves at which it is decided that Frodo will carry the Ring to Mordor. The Fellowship of the Ring sets out from Rivendell: Frodo and his three fellow Hobbits, Aragorn, the warrior Boromir, the Elf Legolas, the Dwarf Gimli, and the wizard Gandalf. Arwen and the people of Rivendell invoke the power of the star Eärendil to protect and guide the Fellowship on its journey ("Star of Eärendil"). In the ancient, ruined Dwarf-mines of Moria, Gandalf confronts a Balrog, a monstrous creature of evil, and falls into the darkness.

=== Act II ===
The Fellowship takes refuge in Lothlórien, the mystical realm of Galadriel, an Elven lady of great power and wisdom ("The Golden Wood", "Lothlórien"). As their journey south continues, Boromir attempts to take the Ring from Frodo; Frodo and Sam flee from the rest of the Fellowship, and Boromir falls in battle. Gandalf returns in time to intervene at the Siege of the City of Kings, where the Lands of Men are under attack by the forces of Saruman and the Orcs of Mordor ("The Siege of the City of Kings"). Meanwhile, Frodo and Sam are joined on their journey by Gollum, a wretched creature who possessed the Ring for centuries and desires to have it for his own again. As they approach Mordor, Frodo and Sam sing to each other about the power of stories ("Now and for Always"). Gollum is moved by their song, but the evil side of his personality asserts itself and he plans to betray the Hobbits ("Gollum/Sméagol").

=== Act III ===
If Aragorn can defeat the forces of evil and reclaim the kingship of Men, he will receive Arwen's hand in marriage ("The Song of Hope (Duet)"). Meanwhile, Gollum leads Sam and Frodo to the lair of an enormous spider named Shelob so he can take the Ring from Frodo when he is dead, but the hobbits manage to survive and make their way to Mount Doom. Galadriel casts spells to protect the forces of good in the final battle ("Wonder", "The Final Battle"). Frodo and Sam finally reach the Cracks of Doom to destroy the Ring once and for all, but Frodo is consumed by the Ring's power and claims it for himself. Suddenly, Gollum reappears and takes the Ring from Frodo, but he loses his balance and falls into the fire with it. With the Ring's destruction, Sauron is defeated and the dominion of Men begins. Aragorn becomes King and marries Arwen ("City of Kings"), but Frodo, wearied by his quest, decides to leave Middle-earth forever and sail with Bilbo, Gandalf and the Great Elves to the lands of the West ("Epilogue (Farewells)"). After bidding farewell to their friend, Sam, Merry and Pippin return to the Shire ("Finale").

== Production changes ==

During the scene at the Ford, Elrond was originally present in Toronto. In London however, Elrond is replaced by Alma Ferovic's character. Toronto also featured a scene in which Galadriel, Arwen, and Elrond, even though they are not physically present, view the action through magic. When the show moved to London, the prologue scene, which was shown as a shadow play, was completely absent. In addition, "Galadriel's Song" was transferred from the Lothlórien scene in Act Two to Act Three. The whole Lothlórien scene was also redesigned, and the script tightened, with many characters from Toronto being completely cut.<ref>{{cite book |last=Russel |first=Gary |title=The Lord of the Rings: The Official Stage Companion |date=2007 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page= }}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2023}}


In the 2023 Watermill Theatre production, the show was changed from having three acts to only having two. In this revision, the act break happens following the death of Boromir and the departure of Sam and Frodo. Act Two begins with the introduction of Gollum into the story.

==Casts==

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" |Character
! Toronto<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/94185-Precious-News-Tony-Award-Winner-Will-Play-Gandalf-in-Lord-of-the-Rings-Musical-Cast-Announced | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131174658/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/94185-Precious-News-Tony-Award-Winner-Will-Play-Gandalf-in-Lord-of-the-Rings-Musical-Cast-Announced | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 January 2013 | title=Precious News! Tony Award Winner Will Play Gandalf in Lord of the Rings Musical; Cast Announced | publisher=[[Playbill]] | work=playbill.com | date=25 July 2005 | access-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref>
! London<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/96211/malcolm-storry-headlines-londons-the-lord-of-the-rings-full-cast-announced/ | title=Malcolm Storry Headlines London's The Lord of the Rings; Full Cast Announced | publisher=Broadway World | work=broadway.com | date=16 January 2007 | access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.londontheatredirect.com/news/113/The-Lord-Of-The-Rings-cast-announced.aspx | title=The Lord of the Rings cast announced | publisher=London Theatre Direct | work=londontheatredirect.com | date=15 January 2007 | access-date=6 October 2012 | last1= | first1= }}</ref>
! Berkshire<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE LORD OF THE RINGS |url=https://www.watermill.org.uk/the-lord-of-the-rings#cast-ttab |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=www.watermill.org.uk}}</ref>
! Chicago<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=The Lord of the Rings |url=https://www.chicagoshakes.com/productions/the-lord-of-the-rings/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Chicago Shakespeare Theater |language=en-US}}</ref>
! Sydney<ref>{{cite web|last=Bergman|first=Gabi|url=https://www.aussietheatre.com.au/news/the-lord-of-the-rings-a-musical-tale-confirms-australian-cast-and-tour|title=Lord Of The Ring – A Musical Tale confirms Australian cast and tour|date=16 October 2024|website=Aussie Theatre|publisher=Tickets Global|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 2006
! 2007
! 2023
! 2024
! 2025
|-
! scope="row"| [[Bilbo Baggins]]
| align="center"| Cliff Saunders
| align="center"| Terence Frisch
| align="center"| John O'Mahony
| align="center"| Rick Hall
| align="center"| Laurence Coy
|-
! scope="row"| [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise "Sam" Gamgee]]
| align="center" colspan="2"| Peter Howe
| align="center"| Nuwan Hugh Perera
| align="center"| Michael Kurowski
| align="center"| Wern Mak
|-
! scope="row"| Rose "Rosie" Cotton
| align="center"| Kristin Galer
| align="center"| Kirsty Malpass
| align="center"| Charlotte Grayson
| align="center"| Suzanne Hannau
| align="center"| Ruby Clark
|-
! scope="row"| [[Frodo Baggins]]
| align="center" colspan="2"| [[James Loye]]
| align="center"| Louis Maskell
| align="center"| Spencer Davis Milford
| align="center"| [[Rarmian Newton]]
|-
! scope="row"| [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey / Gandalf the White]]
| align="center"| [[Brent Carver]]
| align="center"| Malcolm Storry
| align="center"| Peter Marinker
| align="center"| [[Tom Amandes]]
| align="center"| [[Terence Crawford (actor)|Terence Crawford]]
|-
! scope="row"| [[Peregrin Took|Peregrin "Pippin" Took]]
| align="center" colspan="2"| Owen Sharpe
| align="center"| Amelia Gabriel
| align="center"| Ben Mathew
| align="center"| Hannah Buckley
|-
! scope="row"| [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck]]
| align="center"| Dylan Roberts
| align="center"| [[Richard Henders]]
| align="center"| Geraint Downing
| align="center"| Eileen Doan
| align="center"| Jeremi Campese
|-
! scope="row"| Elránien
| align="center"| Monique Lund
| align="center"| Alexandra Bonnet
| align="center"| Sioned Saunders
| align="center"| Bernadette Santos Schwegel
| align="center"| Gianna Cheung
|-
! scope="row"| [[Saruman the White]]
| align="center"| Richard McMillan
| align="center"| [[Brian Protheroe]]
| align="center"| Tom Giles
| align="center"| Jeff Parker
| align="center"| [[Ian Stenlake]]
|-
! scope="row"| [[Barliman Butterbur]]
| align="center"| Shawn Wright
| align="center"| Tim Parker
| align="center"| Bridget Lappin
| align="center"| Joey Faggion
| align="center"| James Whiting
|-
! scope="row"| [[Bill Ferny]]
| align="center"| Patrick McManus
| align="center"| [[Michael Hobbs (actor)|Michael Hobbs]]
| align="center"| Reece Causton
| align="center"| Adam Qutaishat
| align="center"| David Cuny
|-
! scope="row"| [[Aragorn|Strider / Aragorn]]
| align="center"| [[Evan Buliung]]
| align="center"| [[Jérôme Pradon]]
| align="center"| [[Aaron Sidwell]]
| align="center"| Will James Jr.
| align="center"| Rob Mallett
|-
! scope="row"| [[Glorfindel]]
| {{n/a}}
| align="center"| Alma Ferovic
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Arwen Undómiel]]
| align="center"| Carly Street
| align="center"| [[Rosalie Craig]]
| align="center"| Aoife O'Dea
| align="center"| Alina Taber
| align="center"| Stefanie Caccamo
|-
! scope="row"| [[Elrond|Lord Elrond]]
| align="center"| Victor A. Young
| align="center"| Andrew Jarvis
| align="center"| Tom Giles
| align="center"| Jeff Parker
| align="center"| Andrew Broadbent
|-
! scope="row"| [[Boromir]]
| align="center"| Dion Johnstone
| align="center"| Steven Miller
| align="center"| Peter Dukes
| align="center"| Matthew C. Yee
| align="center"| Rohan Campbell
|-
! scope="row"| [[Gimli (Middle-earth)|Gimli]]
| align="center"| Ross Williams
| align="center"| Sévan Stephan
| align="center"| Folarin Akinmade
| align="center"| Ian Maryfield
| align="center"| Connor Morel
|-
! scope="row"| [[Legolas Greenleaf]]
| align="center"| Gabriel Burrafato
| align="center"| Michael Rouse
| align="center"| Yazdan Qafouri
| align="center"| Justin Albinder
| align="center"| Conor Neylon
|-
! scope="row"| [[Gollum|Gollum / Sméagol]]
| align="center" colspan="2"| [[Michael Therriault]]
| align="center"| Matthew Bugg
| align="center"| Tony Bozzuto
| align="center"| Laurence Boxhall
|-
! scope="row"| Haldir
| align="center"| [[The Tenors|Fraser Walters]]
| align="center"| Wayne Fitzsimmons
| align="center"| Elliot McKenzie
| align="center"| Arik Vega
| align="center"| Anthony Garcia
|-
! scope="row"| [[Lady Galadriel]]
| align="center"| [[Rebecca Jackson Mendoza]]
| align="center"| [[Laura Michelle Kelly]]
| align="center"| Georgia Louise/Sioned Saunders
| align="center"| [[Lauren Zakrin]]
| align="center"| [[Jemma Rix]]
|-
! scope="row"| [[Treebeard]]
| align="center"| Shawn Wright
| align="center"| Michael Hobbs
| align="center"| Peter Dukes
| align="center"| [[John Lithgow]]
| align="center"| [[Terence Crawford (actor)|Terence Crawford]]
|-
! scope="row"| [[Denethor|Steward of the Lands of Men]]
| {{n/a}}
| align="center"| Tim Morgan
| align="center"| John O'Mahony
| align="center"| Rick Hall
| align="center"| Laurence Coy
|-
|}

===Notable replacements===
====London (2007–2008)====
Frodo Baggins: [[James Byng]]

==Musical numbers==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
; Act I
* "Springle Ring" – Company
* "Prologue" ('Lasto i lamath') – Arwen
* "[[The Road Goes Ever On (song)|The Road Goes On]]" – Frodo, Sam, Pippin, Merry and Company
* "Saruman" – Female Voices
* "The Cat and the Moon" – Frodo, Sam, Pippin, Merry and Company
* "Flight to the Ford" – Glorfindel and Female Voices
* "The Song of Hope" – Arwen
* "Star of [[Eärendil]]" – Arwen and Company
* "Lament for [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]]" – Gandalf and Gimli
{{col-3}}
; Act II
* "The Golden Wood" – Company
* "[[Lothlórien]]" – Legolas, Galadriel and Company
* "Lothlórien" (Reprise) – Galadriel and Company
* "The Siege of the City of Kings" – Female Voices
* "Now and for Always" – Frodo and Sam
* "Gollum/Sméagol" – Gollum/Sméagol
{{col-3}}
; Act III
* "The Song of Hope" (Duet) – Aragorn and Arwen
* "Wonder" – Galadriel
* "The Final Battle" – Galadriel
* "City of Kings" – Company
* "Epilogue (Farewells)"
* "Finale" – Company
{{col-end}}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center"| 2008
| rowspan="5"| [[Laurence Olivier Award]]
| colspan="2"| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical|Best New Musical]]
| {{nom}}<ref name="nom">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/feb/07/theatre.awardsandprizes1 | title=Olivier awards 2008: nominations in full | publisher=[[The Guardian]] | work=guardian.co.uk | date=7 February 2008 | access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="res">{{cite web|url=http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98374/olivier-winners-2008/ |title=Olivier Awards 2008 |publisher=[[Laurence Olivier Award]] |work=olivierawards.com |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120212017/http://www.olivierawards.com/about/previous-winners/view/item98374/Olivier-Winners-2008/ |archive-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design|Best Set Design]]
| rowspan="2"| Rob Howell
| {{nom}}<ref name = "nom"/><ref name = "res"/>
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{nom}}<ref name = "nom"/><ref name = "res"/>
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Design|Best Lighting Design]]
| [[Paul Pyant]]
| {{nom}}<ref name = "nom"/><ref name = "res"/>
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| Simon Baker
| {{nom}}<ref name = "nom"/><ref name = "res"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://lotrmusical.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140417102829/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/184268-Lord-of-the-Rings-Musical-Will-Embark-On-2015-World-Tour/I%3E-Musical-Will-Embark-On-2015-World-Tour Playbill 2014]

{{The Lord of the Rings}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord Of The Rings}}
[[Category:West End musicals]]
[[Category:Middle-earth theatre]]
[[Category:Musicals based on novels]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman albums]]
[[Category:2006 musicals]]
[[Category:2007 musicals]]
[[Category:2008 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Music based on The Lord of the Rings]]
[[Category:Musicals set in fictional countries]]

List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons

2025-09-17T08:36:35Z

ArnoldBAp: Added a entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]''' commonly referred to as '''Mohun Bagan''' '''('''''Football Department of [[Mohun Bagan AC]]''''')''' is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest football clubs in [[Asia]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant|access-date=2020-08-28|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan have won the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] thrice, the [[I-League]] twice, the [[Indian Super League]] once and are the current defending champions. They are the most successful team in the history of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] having won it fourteen times.

==Key==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* P = Played
* W = Games won
* D = Games drawn
* L = Games lost
* F = Goals for
* A = Goals against
* Pts = Points
* Pos = Final position
{{col-3}}
* NFL = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
* IL = [[I-League]]
* ISL = [[Indian Super League]]
{{col-4}}
* R1 = Round 1
* R2 = Round 2
* R3 = Round 3
* R4 = Round 4
* R5 = Round 5
* R6 = Round 6
* Group = Group stage
* R16 = Round of 16
* QF = Quarter-finals
* SF = Semi-finals
* F = Final
{{col-end}}

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center"
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st or W||Winners
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd or RU||Runners-up
|-
|bgcolor=#F0FFF0| {{Up-arrow|alt=promoted}} ||[[Promotion and relegation|Promoted]]
|-
|bgcolor=#FFE4E1| {{Down-arrow|alt=relegated}} ||[[Promotion and relegation|Relegated]]
|-
|bgcolor=#FFE4B5| ♦ ||Top scorer in division
|}

==Seasons==
''Note:'' The club's competitive record only since 1996, when the first national-level league was incepted, is listed below.
<section begin=MB/>
{|class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Season
! colspan="8" style="width:50%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|National Football League (till 2007) I-League (2007–2020) Indian Super League (2020– )
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|ISL Play–Offs (2020–)
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Federation Cup (till 2017) Super Cup (2018–)
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Durand Cup
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Asian club competition
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Calcutta Premier Division
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:Green; color:Maroon;"|Other major honours
|-
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|Pos|Position in League}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|Pl|Played}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|D|Drew}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"|{{abbr|Pts.|Points}}
|-
|align=left|1996–97
| style="text-align:centre;"| '''5th'''{{efn|name=NFL'96|Mohun Bagan originally finished the season in the relegation zone, but the decision to relegate was repelled later.}} of 6 ([[1996–97 National Football League (India)|First phase]])
| align="right" |5
|align=right|1
|align=right|3
|align=right|1
|align=right|6
|align=right|5
|align=right|6
| rowspan="25" style="Background: #EEE; Vertical-Align: Middle; Text-Align: Center; " Class="Table-Cast"|{{abbr|'''N/A'''|Not applicable}}
| '''[[1996 Indian Federation Cup|Quarterfinalists]]'''
|''DNP''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|-
|align=left|1997–98
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|9
|align=right|6
|align=right|2
|align=right|20
|align=right|10
|align=right|34
| '''[[1997 Indian Federation Cup|Semifinalists]]'''
|style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|1998–99
|align=centre|'''[[1998–99 National Football League (India)|4th]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|6
|align=right|9
|align=right|5
|align=right|19
|align=right|17
|align=right|27
| style="background:gold;"| '''[[1998 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
| '''Semifinalists'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|1999–00
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|14
|align=right|5
|align=right|3
|align=right|36
|align=right|17
|align=right|47
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| '''Semifinalists'''
![[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|Asian Club Championship]]
| align="left" |[[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship#Second round|Qualifying round 2]]
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|2000–01
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;"|'''[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2nd]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|40
|align=right|19
|align=right|45
| style="background:gold;"| '''Winners'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Rovers Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2001–02
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|5
|align=right|4
|align=right|31
|align=right|19
|align=right|44
| style=background:gold;| '''[[2001 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
|'''2nd''' of 3
(Final group stage)
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|-
|align=left|2002–03
|align=centre|'''[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|7th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|9
|align=right|6
|align=right|7
|align=right|35
|align=right|25
|align=right|33
| '''Semifinalists'''
| rowspan="2" | ''DNP''
![[2002–03 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| align="left" |[[2002–03 AFC Champions League qualification#Round 4|Qualifying round 4]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2003–04
|align=centre|'''[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|9th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|6
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|23
|align=right|24
|align=right|24
|{{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|2004–05
|align=centre|'''[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|8th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|5
|align=right|8
|align=right|9
|align=right|16
|align=right|19
|align=right|23
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
|style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2005–06
|style="text-align: centre; background:#c96;"|'''[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|3rd]]'''
|align=right|17
|align=right|8
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|17
|align=right|10
|align=right|30
| '''Pre-quarterfinalists'''
| ''DNP''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2006–07
|align=centre|'''[[2006–07 National Football League (India)|8th]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|5
|align=right|6
|align=right|7
|align=right|15
|align=right|21
|align=right|21
|style=background:gold; | '''Winners'''
| '''Semifinalists'''
! [[2007 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align="left" |2nd of 4
([[2007 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2007–08
|align=centre|'''[[2007–08 I-League|4th]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|8
|align=right|6
|align=right|4
|align=right|22
|align=right|17
|align=right|30
| '''Semifinalists'''
| rowspan="2" |''DNP''
| colspan="2" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|2008–09
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;"|'''[[2008–09 I-League|2nd]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|4
|align=right|5
|align=right|30
|align=right|20
|align=right|43
|style=background:gold;|[[2008 Indian Federation Cup|'''Winners''']]
![[2009 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| align="left" |4th of 4
([[2009 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group Stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2009–10
|align=centre|'''[[2009–10 I-League|5th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|10
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|48
|align=right|43
|align=right|36
| '''[[2009-10 Indian Federation Cup|Semifinalists]]'''
|style="background:silver;" |'''[[2009 Durand Cup final|Runners-up]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2010-11 Mohun Bagan FC season|2010-11]]
|align=centre|'''[[2010–11 I-League|6th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|8
|align=right|10
|align=right|8
|align=right|34
|align=right|32
|align=right|34
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| rowspan="5" |''DNP''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2011–12 Mohun Bagan season|2011–12]]
|align=centre|'''[[2011–12 I-League|4th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|13
|align=right|8
|align=right|5
|align=right|51
|align=right|32
|align=right|47
| '''4th''' of 4
([[2011 Indian Federation Cup|Final Group Phase]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|[[2012–13 Mohun Bagan FC season|2012–13]]
|align=centre|{{efn|name=IL'12|Mohun Bagan refused to field a side for the second half of a league match due to crowd troubles. For this reason the club was fined and had to start from nil points midway through the season.}}'''[[2012–13 I-League|10th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|11
|align=right|8
|align=right|7
|align=right|40
|align=right|34
|align=right|29
| '''2nd''' of 4
([[2012 Indian Federation Cup|Final group phase]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|[[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|[[2013–14 Mohun Bagan FC season|2013–14]]
|align=centre|'''[[2013–14 I-League|8th]]'''
|align=right|24
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|8
|align=right|23
|align=right|24
|align=right|28
|[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|'''Semifinalists''']]
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2014–15 Mohun Bagan FC season|2014–15]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2014–15 I-League|1st]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|11
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|33
|align=right|16
|align=right|39
| '''3rd''' of 5
([[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season|2015–16]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2015–16 I-League|2nd]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |16
| rowspan="2" align="right" |8
| rowspan="2" align="right" |6
| rowspan="2" align="right" |2
| rowspan="2" align="right" |32
| rowspan="2" align="right" |16
| rowspan="2" align="right" |30
| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | '''[[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
|data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" rowspan="2" | ''Cancelled''
! [[2016 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| align="left" |[[2016 AFC Champions League#Preliminary round 2|Qualifying round 2]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; background:#c96;" | '''3rd'''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! [[2016 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align=left|[[2016 AFC Cup#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|-
| align="left" |[[2016–17 Mohun Bagan FC season|2016–17]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2016–17 I-League|2nd]]'''
| align="right" |18
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |2
| align="right" |27
| align="right" |12
| align="right" |36
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| ''DNP''
! [[2017 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align="left" |3rd of 4
([[2017 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:#c96;" |'''3rd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season|2017–18]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;"|'''[[2017–18 I-League|3rd]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|8
|align=right|7
|align=right|3
|align=right|28
|align=right|14
|align=right|31
|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|'''Semifinalists''']]
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season|2018–19]]
|align=centre|'''[[2018–19 I-League|5th]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|8
|align=right|5
|align=right|7
|align=right|27
|align=right|28
|align=right|29
| ''DNP''{{efn|name=boycott|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] was boycotted by [[I-League]] clubs in protest of partiality against them over [[Indian Super League|ISL]] clubs.}}
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2019–20 Mohun Bagan FC season|2019–20]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2019–20 I-League|1st]]'''
|align=right|16
| align="right" |12
|align=right|3
|align=right|1
|align=right|35
|align=right|13
|align=right|39
|rowspan=3 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2019 Durand Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left |[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2nd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |12
|align=right |4
|align=right |4
|align=right |28
|align=right |15
|align=right |40
| style="background:silver;" |[[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Runners-up''']]
| {{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
! [[2021 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| style="text-align:left"| [[2021 AFC Cup knockout stage#Inter-zone play-off semi-finals|Inter-zone play-off semifinal]]
| {{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
|
|-
|align=left |[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;|'''[[2021–22 Indian Super League|3rd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |10
|align=right |7
|align=right |3
|align=right |37
|align=right |26
|align=right |37
| [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Semifinalists''']]
| ''DNP''
! [[2022 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| style="text-align:left"| [[2022 AFC Cup knockout stage#Inter-zone play-off semi-finals|Inter-zone play-off semifinal]]
| rowspan="2" |''DNP''
|
|-
| align=left |[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;" |'''[[2022–23 Indian Super League|3rd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |10
|align=right |4
|align=right |6
|align=right |24
|align=right |17
|align=right |34
| style="background:gold;"| [[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Winners''']]
| '''3rd''' of 4
([[2023 Indian Super Cup|Group Stage]])
| '''3rd''' of 5
([[2022 Durand Cup group stage|Group Stage]])
| colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —
|
|-
| align=left |{{nowrap|[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2023–24]]}}
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2023–24 Indian Super League|1st]]'''
|align=right |22
|align=right |15
|align=right |3
|align=right |4
|align=right |47
|align=right |26
|align=right |48
| style="background:silver;" |[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Runners-up''']]
| '''2nd''' of 4
([[2024 Indian Super Cup|Group Stage]])
|style="background:gold;"| [[2023 Durand Cup final|'''Winners''']]
! [[2023-24 AFC Cup|'''AFC Cup''']]
|align=left |3rd of 4
([[2023–24 AFC Cup group stage|Group Stage]])
|align=right | '''5th''' of 6
([[2023 CFL Premier Division|Super Six]])
|-
| align=left |[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2024–25 Indian Super League|1st]]'''
|align=right |24
|align=right |17
|align=right |5
|align=right |2
|align=right |47
|align=right |16
|align=right |56
|style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|Winners]]'''
|[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|'''Semi Finalists''']]
|style="background:silver;"| [[2024 Durand Cup final|'''Runners-up''']]
! [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|'''AFC Champions League Two''']]
|align=left |Withdrawn
([[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two group stage|Group Stage]])
|align=right | '''7th''' of 13
([[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|Group Stage]])
|}
{{notelist}}<section end=MB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Mohun Bagan Super Giant Seasons}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons| ]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant-related lists|Seasons]]
[[Category:Indian football club seasons by club|Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]

Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar

2025-09-07T05:44:06Z

ArnoldBAp:

{{Short description|Law college in Haryana, India}}
{{Self-published|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar
| other_names = C.R. Law College Hisar
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 2003
| closed =
| type =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Krishen Kumar Kajal
| dean =
| director =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hisar, Haryana]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|29.1503|75.7223|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|19|acre}}
| former_names =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| mascot =
| website = {{url|www.crlawcollege.com}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar''' is a college located on Hisar-Rajgarh road in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=IP1>[http://www.crlawcollege.com/ CRL Jat college]</ref>

==History==
The classes of newly established college were held in a wing of the old Jat High School building. It was built up by [[Seth Chhaju Ram]] in 1929 in the memory of his son Ajit Kumar (1905–1913). It now functions out of its own building on Rajgarh Road next to Akashwani Bhawan and District Court Hisar.<ref name=IP2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crlawcollege.com/about-colllege.php?AM2 |title=CRL Jat college history |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601143508/http://www.crlawcollege.com/about-colllege.php?AM2 |archive-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The college is run by the non-profit Jat Educational Society Hisar (JES), which [[Utande|also runs]] [[CRM JAT College]], [[Chhaju Ram College of Education, Hisar]], [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar]] and [[Chhaju Ram Public School, Hisar]].<ref name=jat1>[http://crpublicschool.com/ C.R. Public School society]</ref>

==Academics==
''C. R. Law College, Hisar'' offers 160 seats every year in three-year LLB bachelor's degree (Professional) and 120 seats of five-year B.A. LLB Integrated degree course affiliated to the [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]], Hisar.<ref name=IP3>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crlawcollege.com/course.php |title=CRL Jat college courses |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325195417/http://crlawcollege.com/course.php |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.crmjatcollege.com}}
* [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/CRM+Jat+College/@29.1503576,75.7223171,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xf239592f3e92543d?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSh63zjK3MAhUCkY4KHR2jDMsQ_BIIfDAO Google map]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]

Syed Mueen Ali Shaihab Thangal

2025-09-02T21:33:26Z

ArnoldBAp: reworked article and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Syed Mueen Ali Shihab Thangal''' is a member of the [[Pukkoya Tangal]] family and the national vice president of the [[Muslim Youth League]].<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mueen-ali-thangal-s-controversial-remark-muslim-league-to-hold-leadership-meet-to-plan-action-kunhalikutty-kt-jaleel-mla-from-thavanur-constituency-shihab-thangal-1.5888915 "Mueen Ali Thangal’s controversial remark: Muslim League to hold leadership meet to plan action"], "Mathrubhumi English", 6 August 2021</ref> He is the son of former [[Indian Union Muslim League]] State president Panakkad [[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/trouble-brewing-in-iuml-over-ed-notice/article35751599.ece "Trouble brewing in IUML over ED notice"], "The Hindu", 5 August 2021</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Lurinjyoti Gogoi

2025-09-01T11:57:18Z

ArnoldBAp: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]

{{R from person}}
{{R with history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Lurinjyoti}}

Neisatuo Mero

2025-08-12T09:27:24Z

ArnoldBAp:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Neisatuo Mero''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfutsero Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Phek district]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], as an independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.Neisatuo Mero in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/drneisatuo-mero-pfutsero-candidate-s17a016c003/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News Bureau |first=ABP |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagaland-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-nagaland-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-npf-jd-npp-ndpp-1585557 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mero is from [[Pfütsero|Pfutsero]], Phek district, Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Neisatuo Mero to contest from Pfutsero as independent candidate |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/dr-neisatuo-mero-to-contest-from-pfutsero-as-independent-candidate |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref> He is the son of late Ditsozu Mero. He completed his BDS in 1995 at [[Gauhati University]]. His wife is in government service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr.Neisatuo Mero(Independent(IND)):Constituency- PFUTSERO (ST)(PHEK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6760 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mero won from Pfutsero Assembly constituency as an independent candidate in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,995 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Neiba Kronu]] of the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]], by a margin of 104 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Nagaland Election Result 2023 live updates: Neiphiu Rio set to be Nagaland chief minister for record fifth term |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-election-results-2023-live-updates-ndpp-bjp-alliance-eye-comfortable-win/liveblog/98346394.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It was a big shock to the NDPP, as Kronu was a cabinet minister for land revenue and parliamentary affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election 2023: Top 6 seat flips » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/nagaland-election-2023-top-6-seat-flips/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=mokokchungtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mero, Neisatuo}}

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Phek district]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]

Kalpattu

2025-08-11T20:56:30Z

ArnoldBAp: made a data...

{{Short description|Village in Villupuram, Tamil Nadu }}
{{primary sources|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = kalpattu
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = kalpattu aerial view 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = view of kalpattu from the rocky mountain
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Villupuram
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Viluppuram district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Viluppuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 605302
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Viluppuram]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''"Kalpattu'''" or '''Kelpet''' is a village neighbourhood of [[Mambalapattu]], [[Tamil Nadu]], kanai block.The village is spelt in two ways kalpattu or kelpet. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=Kalpattu Village Population - Viluppuram - Viluppuram, Tamil Nadu|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> There are up to 900 household with up to 4000 people.

The village is widely known for St.Paul the Hermit church.

==St.Paul the Hermit church==
[[File:St.Paul_Hermit_Church_Old_church.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|Old St.Paul the Hermit church]]
St.Paul the Hermit churchis the old church, the newer one attached to the right side of old church.. The St. Paul's feast comes every year on 8 August the feast celebrate very grandly every year, people come from everywhere and some people stay there till the feast end.<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Villupuram/St-Paul-The-Hermit-Shrine-Kalpattu/9999P4146-4146-180101235016-D8B5_BZDET</ref>
[[File:St_Paul_the_hermit_Church,_kalpattu.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|New St. Paul the Hermit church]]
== Sri Shaniswarar Temple==
This temple is also famous where the people come from nearby villages for festival <ref>https://www.justdial.com/Villupuram/Shri-Saneeswaran-Temple-Kalpattu/9999P4146-4146-191120204535-X1J4_BZDET</ref>
==Location==
The Kalpattu village which is located in kannai block,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/villupuram/kanai-pincode-605301.html|title=KANAI Pin Code - 605301, Villupuram All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search VILLUPURAM Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref> [[Viluppuram]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.google.com/maps/place/Kalpattu,+Tamil+Nadu+605302/@11.9367005,79.3704909,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bacab37ff20cbcd:0xe684f588cf0a6c3c?hl=en-IN&gl=in
|title= kalpattu, Google maps
|publisher=Google maps
|access-date=2023-06-21
}}</ref>.In Villupuram city the road called [[Mambalapattu]] road through the road able to go kalpattu and many other villages and also known town [[Tirukoilur]] nowadays people not getting buses for kalpattu there are only few buses at all so mostly people take tirukoilur bus and they go to mambalapattu and then they go through kalpattu road to reach kalpattu.
==Education==
In kalpattu there are R.C primary <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.google.com/maps/place/W9PC%2BV6V+R.C.+Primary+School,+Kalpattu,+Tamil+Nadu+605302/@11.9372497,79.3705462,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bacab37c2892841:0xaca08b19d74eb878!8m2!3d11.9372497!4d79.3705462!16s%2Fg%2F11g6jbbw1b?hl=en-IN
|title=R.C primary school kalpattu, Google maps
|publisher=Google maps
|access-date=2023-06-21
}}</ref> and government schools.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.google.com/maps/place/W9P9%2B2G4+Govt+school,+Kalpattu,+Tamil+Nadu+605302/@11.9349207,79.3691807,18z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bacab39d4475b4d:0x1539da01a5ebc56e!8m2!3d11.9350096!4d79.3688149!16s%2Fg%2F11c37_m5sl?hl=en-IN
|title=government school kalpattu, Google maps
|publisher=Google maps
|access-date=2023-06-21
}}</ref> In r.c primary school 1st to 5th standard and after that students go to government school. so education is only available till 10th standard in kalpattu after that students go to [[Mambalapattu]] school for 11th and 12th after 12th they to city for colleges.
==Business==
Their main business is agriculture however some of them are working in cities

==See also==
* [[Mambalapattu]]

* [[Viluppuram district]]

* [[Tirukoilur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikicommons}}

[[Category:Villages in Viluppuram district]]

Veterinary College, Bengaluru

2025-08-02T13:53:36Z

ArnoldBAp: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Veterinary College Bangalore
| image = Veterinary college Bangalore emblem.jpg
| former_name = Mysore Veterinary College
| type = Public
| established = 25 July 1958
| founder = Maharaja Shri Jaya Chamarajendra Wodeyar
| affiliation = Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University
| chancellor = Governor of Karnataka
| vice_chancellor = Dr. K. C. Veeranna (KVAFSU)
| dean = Dr N K Shivakumar Gowda
| undergrad = ~4000
| postgrad = ~1200
| city = Bengaluru
| state = Karnataka
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|1|45.7|N|77|35|6.0|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=it}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = 196 acres
| website = https://www.kvafsu.edu.in/vch_bengaluru.html
}}
The '''Veterinary College, Bangalore''' was established on 25 July 1958 affiliated with [[Mysore University]]. The college started in a temporary shed located in the then [[Mysore]] Serum Institute, now called the institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]. The Veterinary College became a constituent college of the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru|University of Agricultural Sciences]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veterinary College, Bangalore|url=http://www.kvafsu.kar.nic.in/Veterinary%20Coll%20Bangalore.htm|publisher=[[Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University|KVAFSU]]|accessdate=5 December 2010|archive-date=17 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317225628/http://www.kvafsu.kar.nic.in/Veterinary%20Coll%20Bangalore.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Veterinary College golden jubilee fete|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/19/stories/2007091953730400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415021527/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/19/stories/2007091953730400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2008|accessdate=5 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 September 2007}}</ref>
It became part of the newly established [[Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University]], [[Bidar]] from April 2005. The college is located on the [[Bangalore]] to [[Hyderabad]] highway at a distance of about 7 km. from [[Vidhana Soudha]].

There are 19 departments in the college –
* Veterinary Anatomy
* Veterinary Biochemistry
* Veterinary Physiology
* Veterinary Microbiology
* Veterinary Parasitology
* Veterinary Pharmacology
* Veterinary Public Health
* Veterinary Pathology
* Veterinary Medicine
* Veterinary Surgery and Radiology
* Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics
* Veterinary extension education
*Livestock production Management
* Livestock products Technology
* Veterinary Nutrition
* Animal Genetics and Breeding
* Poultry Science
* Wildlife Medicine

The courses offered are B.V.Sc. & A.H. (Bachelor of [[Veterinary Science]] and [[Animal husbandry]]), M.V.Sc. (Master of Veterinary Science) and Ph.D. ([[Doctor of Philosophy]]). The college follows the course structure laid down by the Veterinary Council of India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Veterinary schools in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Veterinary medical colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Mysore State]]

Madalagatti

2025-05-19T17:33:08Z

ArnoldBAp: Added new info!

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Madalagatti''' is a village in [[Hoovina Hadagali]] [[Taluk]] of [[Vijayanagara district]] in [[Karnataka]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> There is an old [[Anjaneya]] [[Swami]] [[temple]], which is a famous temple in this region. Annually, a [[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] takes place during the month of December(15 - 20). Devotees from all over the [[Gadag district]] and [[Ballari district|Bellary district]] visit the place.

The Madalagatti bridge crosses the [[Tungabhadra River]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord|15.11037248143468|N|75.88997332136664|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Villages in Vijayanagara district]]
{{Vijayanagara-geo-stub}}