https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ArleneLigertwood 2026-08-08T05:29:27Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_holidays&diff=549277 2026-06-01T03:42:06Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Dynamic list}}<br /> <br /> This is a list of [[holiday]]s and [[festival]]s celebrated within the [[Buddhist]] tradition.<br /> <br /> ==Holidays==<br /> *[[Vesak]]: The Buddha's birthday is known as Vesak and is one of the major festivals of the year. It is celebrated on the first moon day in May, or the fourth lunar month which usually occurs in May or during a lunar leap year, June. In some countries this has become an occasion to not only celebrate the birth but also the enlightenment and parinirvana of the Buddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Buddhist Holidays 2013|url=http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhistholidays/tp/buddhistholidays.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]|access-date=April 28, 2013|archive-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218185508/http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhistholidays/tp/buddhistholidays.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Parinirvana Day]]: also known as Nirvana Day, a [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhist]] [[holiday]] celebrated in [[East Asia]], [[Vietnam]] and the [[Philippines]] usually on February 15.<br /> *[[Magha Puja]]: Magha Puja is an important religious festival celebrated by Buddhists in Thailand, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Laos on the full moon day of the third lunar month (this usually falls in February or March)<br /> *[[Buddha Jayanti]]: In South Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam and China, it is celebrated in April 8 in Lunar calendar. Also known as &quot;Hanamatsuri&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt; it is celebrated April 8. In Japan, baby Buddha figurines are ceremonially washed with tea.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Asalha Puja]] Day: Also known as &quot;Dharma Day&quot; celebrates the Buddha's first teaching on the full moon day of the 8th lunar month, approximately July.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Festivals and Special Days|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/festival.htm|publisher=Buddhanet|access-date=April 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Uposatha]]: This day is known as observance day, there are four holy days on the new moon, full moon, and quarter moon days every month.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Kathina]] Ceremony: This robe offering ceremony, is held on any date within the end of the [[Vassa|Vassa Retreat]]. New robes and other requisites can be offered by the laity to the monks.<br /> *[[Abhidhamma Day]]: According to [[Culture of Burma|Burmese]] tradition, this day celebrates when the Buddha went to the [[Tushita|Tushita Heaven]] to teach his mother the Abhidhamma. It is celebrated on the full moon of the seventh month the Burmese lunar year which starts in April.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|date=13 September 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&amp;q=%22Abhidhamma+Day%22&amp;pg=PA4|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598842050|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Loy Krathong]]: When the rivers and canals are full of water, this festival takes place in all parts of Thailand on the full moon night of the twelfth lunar month. Bowls made with leaves, candles, and incense sticks, are in the water, and represent bad luck disappearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Madhu Purnima]]: It occurs on the day of the full moon in [[Bhadro]] (August/September). The day commemorates an occasion on which the Buddha retreated to the wilderness of Parileyya forest to bring peace between two quarrelling factions of disciples.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Royal Ploughing Ceremony|The Ploughing Festival]]: During the half moon in May, two oxen pull a plough painted gold. Following behind them are girls dressed in white scattering rice seeds. This was to celebrate the Buddha's first moment of enlightenment.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *The Elephant Festival: The Buddha used an example of a wild elephant which is harnessed to a tame one to be trained. He said that a person who is new to Buddhism should have a special relationship with an older Buddhist. This festival takes place on the third Saturday in November.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Kandy Esala Perahera|The Festival of the Tooth]]: In Sri Lanka there is a temple that houses a tooth relic of the Buddha. It can't be seen, but once a year there is a procession for it on the full moon in August.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Ghost Festival|Hungry Ghost Festival]]: &quot;Ancestor Day&quot; or &quot;Ulambana&quot; is celebrated from the first to the fifteenth days of the eighth lunar month. This is the day when the monastics complete their Rains Retreat. It was considered that many monastics would have made progress during their retreat and therefore become a greater field of merit. Lay devotees make offerings on behalf of their ancestors and dedicate the merit towards those suffering in the preta realm to relieve their suffering.&lt;ref name=&quot;buddhanet&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Avalokitesvara's Birthday: This festival celebrates the [[Bodhisattva]] ideal. On the full moon day in March, it represents the perfection of compassion in Mahayana traditions of Tibet, China, Vietnam and the Philippines.<br /> *[[Bodhi Day]]: The holiday which commemorates the day that the historical Buddha experienced enlightenment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://familydharma.pulelehuadesign.com/bodhi.htm|title=Buddhist Holidays|publisher=Family Dharma|access-date=April 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005817/http://familydharma.pulelehuadesign.com/bodhi.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Festivals ==<br /> [[File:Sky Lantern.jpg|thumb|150px|Buddhists fly lanterns during the Pavāraṇā ceremony in [[Bandarban]], Bangladesh]]<br /> [[China|Chinese]], [[Korea|Korean]], [[Japan]]ese, [[Vietnam|Vietnamese]], [[List of Burmese traditional festivals|Burmese]], [[Cambodia|Khmer]], [[Tibetan festivals|Tibetan]], [[India]]n, [[Nepal]]ese, [[Bhutan]]ese, [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Marma people|Marma]] and [[Barua (Bangladesh)|Barua]] festivals often show the influence of [[Buddhist culture]]. [[Pagoda festival]]s in Myanmar are one example. In Tibet, India and Bhutan these festivals may include the traditional [[cham dance]].<br /> <br /> [[Lunar New Year]] festivals of Buddhist countries in east, south and southeast Asia also include some aspects of Buddhist culture, but they are considered cultural festivals as opposed to religious ones.<br /> <br /> {{incomplete list|date=October 2017}}<br /> <br /> === A ===<br /> <br /> * [[Ambedkar Jayanti]] <br /> * [[Aluth Sahal Mangallaya]]<br /> * [[Asalha Puja]] (or Dharma Day)<br /> <br /> === B ===<br /> <br /> * [[Barua festivals]]<br /> * [[Bhumchu]]<br /> * [[Bodhi Day]]<br /> * [[Bon Festival]]<br /> * [[Bon Om Touk]]<br /> * [[Boun Suang Huea]]<br /> * [[Buddha's Birthday]]<br /> * [[Bunga Dyah Jatra]]<br /> <br /> === C ===<br /> <br /> * [[Chak phra]]<br /> * [[Cheung Chau Bun Festival]]<br /> * [[Chotrul Duchen]]<br /> * [[Choul Chnam Thmey]]<br /> <br /> === D ===<br /> <br /> * [[Dhammachakra Pravartan Din]]<br /> * [[Diwali]]<br /> * [[Dongzhi Festival]]<br /> * [[Deezezazu]]<br /> <br /> === F ===<br /> <br /> * [[Festival of Floral Offerings]]<br /> <br /> === G ===<br /> <br /> * [[Ghost Festival]]<br /> * [[Gozan no Okuribi]]<br /> * [[Gunla]]<br /> * [[Gunla Bajan]]<br /> * [[Guru Purnima]]<br /> <br /> === H ===<br /> <br /> * [[Hari-Kuyo]]<br /> * [[Hungry ghost]]<br /> <br /> === J ===<br /> <br /> * [[Jana Baha Dyah Jatra]]<br /> <br /> === K ===<br /> <br /> * [[Kagyed]]<br /> * [[Kandy Esala Perahera]]<br /> * [[Kathina]]<br /> <br /> === L ===<br /> <br /> * [[Lhabab Duchen]]<br /> * [[Loi Krathong]]<br /> <br /> === M ===<br /> <br /> * [[Madhu Purnima]]<br /> * [[Magha Puja]]<br /> * [[Mohani]]<br /> * [[Monlam Prayer Festival]]<br /> <br /> === O ===<br /> <br /> * [[Ōmisoka]]<br /> <br /> === P ===<br /> <br /> * [[Pagoda festival]]<br /> * [[Parinirvana Day]]<br /> * [[Pavāraṇā]]<br /> * [[Phi Ta Khon]]<br /> * [[Poy Sang Long]]<br /> * [[Poson]]<br /> <br /> === R ===<br /> <br /> * [[Rocket Festival]]<br /> <br /> === S ===<br /> <br /> * [[Sambuddhatva jayanthi]]<br /> * [[Samyak]]<br /> * [[Sanghamitta]]<br /> * [[Sangrai festival in Bangladesh|Sangrai]] (New year Water Festival Celebrated by [[Marma people|Marma]] and [[Rakhine people|Rakhine People]] in Bangladesh)<br /> * [[Sanja Matsuri]]<br /> * [[Setsubun]]<br /> * [[Shuilu Fahui]]<br /> * [[Songkran]]<br /> * [[Songkran (Lao)]]<br /> * [[Songkran (Thailand)]]<br /> * [[Swanti (festival)]]<br /> <br /> === T ===<br /> <br /> * [[Tak Bat Thewo]]<br /> * [[Tango no sekku]]<br /> * [[Tazaungdaing festival]]<br /> * [[Tết]]<br /> * [[Thadingyut Festival]]<br /> * [[Thingyan]]<br /> * [[Tibetan festivals]]<br /> * [[Torgya]]<br /> * [[Tshechu]]<br /> <br /> === U ===<br /> <br /> * [[Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival]]<br /> * [[Uposatha]]<br /> <br /> === V ===<br /> <br /> * [[Vassa]]<br /> * [[Vesak]]<br /> <br /> === W ===<br /> <br /> * [[Kathina|Wacho]] (Start of Rain Retreat by [[Marma people|Marma]] People and [[Rakhine people|Rakhine People]])<br /> * [[Wan Ok Phansa]]<br /> * [[Kathina|Wagyowai]] (End of Rain Retreat by [[Marma people|Marma]] People and [[Rakhine people|Rakhine People]])<br /> * [[Water-Sprinkling Festival]]<br /> <br /> === Y ===<br /> <br /> * [[Yenya]]<br /> * [[Yeongsanjae]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Buddhist calendar]]<br /> * [[Culture of Buddhism]]<br /> * [[Religious festival]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Buddhism topics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Buddhist festivals}}<br /> [[Category:Buddhist holidays| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist festivals| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism-related lists|Festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of observances]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of religious festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of festivals in Asia]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rewind_(2024_film)&diff=530419 2026-05-07T22:48:58Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting some stub v1...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Kalyan Chakravarthy}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Rewind (2024 film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br /> | writer = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | producer = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> * [[Sai Ronak]]<br /> * Amrutha Chowdary<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Shivaram Charan<br /> | editing = Thushara Pala<br /> | music = Ashirvad Luke<br /> | studio = Krosswire Kreations<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|10|18|df=y|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 110 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Rewind''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[science fiction film]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written, directed and produced by Kalyan Chakravarthy. The film features [[Sai Ronak]] and Amrutha Chowdary in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=Rewind: టైం ట్రావెల్ కాన్సెప్ట్ తో ఆకట్టుకున్న రివైండ్ మూవీ ట్రైలర్.. విడుదలు ఎప్పుడంటే..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/time-travel-concept-rewind-movie-trailer-promises-a-interesting-movie-vn-169581 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released on 18 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=What's in theatres this Friday? [October 18]: Love Reddy, Rewind, and more! |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/friday-movie-releasing-october-18-telugu-malayalam-tamil-films-in-theatres-2725793 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Sai Ronak]] as Karthik<br /> * Amrutha Chowdary as Shanti<br /> * [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Karthik’s father<br /> * Samrat Reddy<br /> * Viva Raghav<br /> * Abhishek Viswakarma<br /> * Jabardast Nagi<br /> * Ramu Gandham<br /> * Rajesh Vulli<br /> * Funbucket Bharath<br /> * Neelima Pathakamsetti<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The film's music is composed by Ashirvad Luke<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_music = Ashirvad Luke<br /> | title1 = Software Vaddura Mama<br /> | length1 = 3:37<br /> | lyrics1 = Ravi Varma Akula<br /> | extra1 = Ashique Ali<br /> | title2 = Love At First Sight<br /> | length2 = 3:07<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | title3 = Love You Nanna<br /> | length3 = 3:33<br /> | lyrics3 = Ravi Varma Akula<br /> | extra3 = [[Javed Ali]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Rewind'' was released on 18 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ఈ 18న థియేటర్లలో 'రివైండ్' మూవీ రిలీజ్ {{!}} Rewind Movie Telugu Release Details {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rewind-movie-telugu-release-details-2218847 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Streaming rights ===<br /> This movie was later released on [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 7 March 2025, which is said to be the first telugu movie to stream on Lionsgate Play making their telugu debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rewind OTT Release: When And Where To Watch The Telugu Sci-Fi Film On Time Travel |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rewind-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-telugu-sci-fi-film-on-time-travel-aa-9248289.html |work=News18 |accessdate=3 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a positive review saying that &quot;Rewind is an interesting time travel movie. It is an engaging film that makes you want to watch it from start to end without missing a single scene&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=Rewind an interesting tale of time travel |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rewind-movie-review-1831128 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and praised the screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=రివైండ్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. టైమ్ ట్రావెల్ సినిమా ఏ మేరకు ఆకట్టుకుందంటే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rewind-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2614630.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[NTV (India)|NTV]] rated the film 2.75 out of 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=18 October 2024 |title=Rewind Movie Review: టైం ట్రావెల్‌ 'రివైండ్‌' మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/amrutha-chowdary-rewind-movie-review-696479.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=33240751|title=Rewind}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 science fiction films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s science fiction thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:2020s films about time travel]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sholingur_Assembly_constituency&diff=535231 2026-05-07T11:31:27Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Started</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 39<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Sholingur.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Tamizhaga Vetri Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[Dr.G.Kapil]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | name = Sholingur<br /> | electors = 257,522 <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sholingur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Vellore district|Ranipet district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 39. It consists of portions of the [[Walajapet taluk|Walajah]] and [[Arakkonam taluk]]s. It falls under [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | M. Subramaniya Naicker<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | B. Bakthavathaalu Naidu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[Aranganathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[S. J. Ramasamy|S. J. Ramasamy Mudaliyar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[C. Gopal Mudaliyar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[N. Shanmugam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[A. M. Munirathinam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | A. M. Munirathinam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | A. M. Munirathinam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[R. Vilvanathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[D. Arul Anbarasu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[P. R. Manogar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[N. G. Parthiban]] - Disqualification by Assembly Speaker 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019 by-election]]<br /> | [[G. Sampathu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | A. M. Munirathinam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |[[G. Kapil]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.79}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|38.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|54.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.90}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|36.16}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sholingur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57997|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saravanan|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=78820|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashok Kumar (A) Magizhan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=6468|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Kapil]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=84506|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=231701|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =257522 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,10,228 |percentage=49.46% |change=17.28% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Krishnan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=83,530 |percentage=37.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. G. Parthiban]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,979 |percentage=5.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. R. Pavendhan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,656 |percentage=4.33% |change=3.94% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jawahar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,664 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,239 |percentage=0.56% |change=-0.25% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,698 |percentage=11.98% |change=7.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,22,870 |percentage=80.33% |change= -1.70% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=245 |percentage=0.11% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,77,440 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.67% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Sholingur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC039.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216061718/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC039.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = [[G. Sampathu]]<br /> |votes = 1,03,545<br /> |percentage = 48.00<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = A. Asokan<br /> |votes = 87,489<br /> |percentage = 40.56<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = T. G. Mani<br /> |votes = 12,868<br /> |percentage = 5.97<br /> |change =+5.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |candidate = P. Gokulakrishnan<br /> |votes = 5,188<br /> |percentage = 2.40<br /> |change =+2.40<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Makkal Needhi Maiam<br /> |candidate = A. Malayarajan<br /> |votes = 2,466<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change =+1.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 2,112<br /> |percentage = 0.98<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 16,056<br /> |percentage = 7.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 2,15,795<br /> |percentage = 82.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. G. Parthiban]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,651 |percentage=36.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,919 |percentage=32.18% |change=11.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saravanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=50,827 |percentage=24.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Manogar]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,167 |percentage=2.92% |change=-36.05% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,691 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar. M |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,468 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,732 |percentage=4.61% |change=-0.42% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,064 |percentage=82.03% |change= -2.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,57,291 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -2.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Manogar]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=69,963 |percentage=38.98% |change=29.64% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=60,925 |percentage=33.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Arul Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,957 |percentage=20.59% |change=-25.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Bhavani. |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=3,858 |percentage=2.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Paramasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,288 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,268 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Inbanathan |party= |votes=1,181 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dhinakaran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,076 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,038 |percentage=5.04% |change=-0.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,864 |percentage=84.72% |change= 8.21% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,499 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.00% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Arul Anbarasu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,502 |percentage=45.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopal. C |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,586 |percentage=40.25% |change=-9.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prabakaran. C. D |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,900 |percentage=9.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velu. V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,026 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopi. R |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,319 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. D |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,308 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suresh. S |party=Independent politician |votes=773 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,916 |percentage=5.73% |change=-2.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,112 |percentage=76.52% |change= 5.22% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,495 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Vilvanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,576 |percentage=50.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]] |party=Puthiya Needhi Katchi |votes=52,781 |percentage=42.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi. N |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,033 |percentage=2.43% |change=1.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Laksmipathi S. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,539 |percentage=2.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. M |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=2,409 |percentage=1.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babu. K. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,504 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,795 |percentage=7.85% |change=-20.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,24,842 |percentage=71.30% |change= -3.40% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,100 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -4.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=65,361 |percentage=54.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugham. S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=31,431 |percentage=26.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayababu. R. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,849 |percentage=17.33% |change=-36.57% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugham. R. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,557 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,930 |percentage=28.21% |change=-3.19% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,293 |percentage=74.70% |change= 4.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,374 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,563 |percentage=53.90% |change=14.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,453 |percentage=22.51% |change=-10.56% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Panchatcharam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=22,600 |percentage=20.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Santha Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,543 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chandiran |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,110 |percentage=31.40% |change=25.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,647 |percentage=70.57% |change= 9.43% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,696 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Munirathinam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,419 |percentage=39.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,161 |percentage=33.06% |change=-13.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Gopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,125 |percentage=20.11% |change=-31.28% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanmani Porki Alias Selvaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,692 |percentage=4.33% |change=-47.05% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=728 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,258 |percentage=6.17% |change=1.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=85,171 |percentage=61.14% |change= -17.49% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,254 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,967 |percentage=51.38% |change=1.99% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Moorthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,918 |percentage=47.05% |change=-2.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kanthappan |party=Independent politician |votes=952 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,049 |percentage=4.34% |change=4.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,351 |percentage=78.63% |change= 16.16% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,595 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.99% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Gopal Mudaliyar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,783 |percentage=49.40% |change=11.16% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Moorthy. K |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,626 |percentage=49.18% |change=19.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annamalai Reddiar V. S |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanthappan. A |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periasamy Reddiar. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=0.22% |change=-8.09% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,442 |percentage=62.46% |change= 0.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,710 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. J. Ramasamy|S. J. Ramasamy Mudaliyar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,997 |percentage=38.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,348 |percentage=29.93% |change=-14.69% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajendran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,393 |percentage=13.81% |change=-41.57% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.S. Sundararaman |party=Janata Party |votes=9,266 |percentage=13.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thiyagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,420 |percentage=2.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kanthappan |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Munisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=652 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,649 |percentage=8.31% |change=-2.47% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,995 |percentage=61.51% |change= -17.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,141 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,776 |percentage=55.39% |change=14.02% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natrajan K. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,621 |percentage=44.61% |change=-7.06% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,155 |percentage=10.78% |change=0.47% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,397 |percentage=79.11% |change= -3.87% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,522 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Aranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,225 |percentage=51.67% |change=16.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,201 |percentage=41.37% |change=-14.65% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,466 |percentage=5.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,282 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,024 |percentage=10.30% |change=-10.78% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,174 |percentage=82.98% |change= 3.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,378 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.35% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,291 |percentage=56.02% |change=0.57% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Munuswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,762 |percentage=34.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Reriasamy Rreddy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,308 |percentage=7.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathy Kannappa Mudali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,069 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,529 |percentage=21.08% |change=-0.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,430 |percentage=79.37% |change= 23.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,223 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. Bakthavathaalu Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,991 |percentage=55.44% |change=27.85% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramanian Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=14,037 |percentage=33.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,440 |percentage=10.71% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,954 |percentage=21.59% |change=13.02% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=41,468 |percentage=55.90% |change= 2.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,186 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Commonweal Party |swing= 19.28% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sholingur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramanya Naicker |party=Commonweal Party |votes=12,028 |percentage=36.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Ramaswami Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,177 |percentage=27.59% |change=27.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal Alias Nannaya Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,754 |percentage=8.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnaswami Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,473 |percentage=7.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Manavala Chowdary |party=Independent politician |votes=2,453 |percentage=7.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amavasaigan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,195 |percentage=3.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Ratnavelu Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,136 |percentage=3.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tiruvangada Naicker |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,072 |percentage=3.22% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,851 |percentage=8.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=33,262 |percentage=53.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,097 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|13.11|79.42|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Vellore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omanathinkal_Pakshi&diff=522918 2026-05-06T07:50:53Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting new post basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language soap opera}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption =<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | genre = [[Soap opera]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''Omanathinkal Pakshi''|Joycee}}<br /> | inspired_by = <br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = Joycee<br /> | screenplay = Joycee<br /> | story = Joycee<br /> | director = Joycee&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/vanitha-beatz/literary-beatz/2023/10/17/joicee-writer-special-interview.html|title='ആദ്യം എഴുതിയത് ചാച്ചൻ കത്തിച്ചു കളഞ്ഞു...അവാർഡ് കിട്ടിയതോടെ ‌ഭാവി അടഞ്ഞു...': മലയാളിയെ വായിപ്പിച്ച 40 വർഷങ്ങൾ: ജോയ്സിയുടെ എഴുത്തും ജീവിതവും|website=Vanitha|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Sudheesh Sankar]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunji-ammakku-anju-makkalne-is-a-hilarious-sitcom/articleshow/14083522.cms Kunji Ammakku Anju Makkalane is a hilarious sitcom - The Times of India]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Lenaa]]<br /> * [[Srividya]]<br /> * (''[[#Cast|See below]]'')<br /> }}<br /> | voices = [[Devi S.]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | open_theme = &quot;Omanathinkalpakshi&quot; by [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = <br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = [[Suresh Unnithan]]<br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = Manoj Kumar<br /> | editor = K. Srinivas<br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = 20-22 minutes<br /> | company = Sree Movies<br /> | budget = <br /> | network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2005|01|24|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2006|03|24|df=y}} <br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Omanathinkal Pakshi''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television drama that aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from January 2005 to 24 March 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Asianet brings new soap for primetime |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/regional/asianet-brings-new-soap-for-primetime-050121 |work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=2005-01-21 |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Padma |date=22 June 2021 |title=11 Forgotten Malayalam Television Serials |url=https://www.pinklungi.com/11-forgotten-malayalam-television-serials/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=pinklungi.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mandaram to Kayamkulam Kochunni: Popular Malayalam TV shows that will drive you nostalgic during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mandaram-to-kayamkulam-kochunni-popular-malayalam-tv-shows-that-will-drive-you-nostalgic-during-lockdown/photostory/75043857.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2020-04-08 |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was directed by [[Sudheesh Sankar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=In the dark of the night |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/in-the-dark-of-the-night/article2281381.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=April 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; based on the novel of the same name by Joycee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Radhika |title='Jancy' came to me when I was clueless about what to do in life: Actress Lena on 'Omanathinkalpakshi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jancy-came-to-me-when-i-was-clueless-about-what-to-do-in-life-actress-lena-on-omanathinkalpakshi/articleshow/76041535.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2020-05-28 |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; It starred [[Lenaa]] and [[Srividya]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ജീവിതം തന്നെ മാറ്റിമറിച്ച ടെലിവിഷൻ സീരിയ‌ലിനെക്കുറിച്ച്‌ ലെന! താനും കണ്ടിട്ടുണ്ടെന്ന് അനുശ്രീ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/lena-shares-her-experience-in-malayalam-television-serial-omanathinkal-pakshi/articleshow/75427116.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=Times Internet |date=2020-04-28 |language=ml |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='എന്‍റെ ജീവിതം മാറ്റിമറിച്ച ടെലിവിഷന്‍ പരമ്പര'; ഓര്‍മ്മ പങ്കുവച്ച് ലെന |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-lena-about-her-old-memories-of-omanathinkal-pakshi-serial-q9m3nc |work=Asianet News Malayalam |date=2020-04-28 |language=ml |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The show was re-telecast on [[Asianet Plus]] during the 2020 [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Bidhun |date=27 April 2020 |title=മാനസപുത്രിയും ഓട്ടോഗ്രാഫും അടക്കമുള്ള ഹിറ്റ് പരമ്പരകള്‍ മടങ്ങിയെത്തുന്നു |trans-title=Hit serials including Manasaputhri and Autograph are returning |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/asianet-plus-re-telecast-old-hit-serials-q9g9dj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623185014/https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/asianet-plus-re-telecast-old-hit-serials-q9g9dj |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/ente-manasaputhri-serial-retelecast-asianet-lockdown-days-3679331/|title=പാവം സോഫിയും വില്ലത്തി ഗ്ലോറിയും വീണ്ടുമെത്തുന്നു; 'എന്റെ മാനസപുത്രി'യുമായി ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ്|date=28 April 2020|website=Indian Express Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Lenaa]] as Jancy&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/she-is-no-cry-baby/article3216829.ece |title=She is no cry baby |first=Shilpa Nair |last=Anand |date=20 January 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301021904/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/she-is-no-cry-baby/article3216829.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Srividya]] as Annamma&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Anusree remembers sharing the screen with late actress Sreevidya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anusree-remembers-sharing-the-screen-with-late-actress-sreevidya-says-she-hit-me-for-a-scene-but-later-apologised-and-gave-me-so-many-presents/articleshow/94708209.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2026-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/when-srividya-wanted-to-cry-on-scene-despite-maker-s-opposition-joicy-s-words-goes-viral-092483.html|work=Filmibeat|title=എനിക്ക് കരയണം; ശ്രീവിദ്യ വാശി പിടിച്ചു; ഷൂട്ടിം ഗ് നിർത്തി; അവർക്ക് എന്നോടാ അനിഷ്ടം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു- ജോയ്സി |date=24 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Jimmy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=ആ നല്ലസമയം കാത്തിരിക്കുന്നു... | website=Mangalam | url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/60657-mangalam-varika.html | language=ml | access-date=2020-10-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/rajeev-parameshwar-actor-special-interview.html|title=തിരക്കിൽ നിൽക്കുമ്പോൾ രാജീവ് പരമേശ്വരൻ എവിടേക്കു മറഞ്ഞു? ആ ചോദ്യത്തിന് ഇതാ ഉത്തരം &amp;#124; rajeev parameshwar actor special interview|website=vanitha.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Beena Antony]] / [[Anju Aravind]] as Mercy<br /> *[[Kanya Bharathi]] as Dr. Vimala George<br /> *[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]]<br /> *[[Sabitha Anand]]<br /> *[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br /> *[[Shalu Menon]]<br /> *Tony Antony as Captain Benny Thomas&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-true-success-of-an-actor-is-that-people-recognise-him-for-his-roles-tony-antony/articleshow/62410694.cms The true success of an actor is that people recognise him for his roles: Tony Antony - The Times of India]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Anil Mohan<br /> *Sitara Balakrishnan<br /> *[[Nikitha Rajesh]] as Annamol&lt;ref name=&quot;.1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/writer-joycee-on-mazha-thorum-munpe-if-youre-after-flashy-sarees-or-trendy-earrings-of-the-heroine-this-isnt-the-show-for-you-its-a-slice-of-life-story/articleshow/122367109.cms|title=Writer Joycee on Mazha Thorum Munpe: If you're after flashy sarees or trendy earrings of the heroine, this isn't the show for you; it's a slice-of-life story|website=Times of India |date=10 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *Anusree as Jithumon&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2021&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth to Rebecca Santhosh: TV actors who started their career as child artists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-to-rebecca-santhosh-tv-actors-who-started-their-career-as-child-artists/photostory/83279139.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2021 |access-date=22 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-roles-i-play-help-me-in-real-life-situations-as-well-prakrithi/articleshow/71370742.cms The roles I play help me in real-life situations as well: Prakrithi]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> [[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddayya_Gari_Matham&diff=535629 2026-05-06T00:23:31Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=June 2017}}<br /> '''Siddayya Gari Matham''' is a shrine in [[Mudumala]] village of [[Brahmamgari Matam mandal]], [[YSR Kadapa district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<br /> [[File:Siddayyagari jeeva samadhi.jpg|thumb|250px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Kadapa-geo-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Kadapa district]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Begum&diff=488856 2026-05-05T19:32:16Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> '''Baby Begum''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Dhubri Assembly constituency in Dhubri district representing the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baby Begum, DHUBRI constituency, INC, Assam Assembly Election 2026: Profile &amp; Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Assam2026/baby-begum-296/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baby Begum, DHUBRI INC Election Results 2026: Baby Begum Vidhan Sabha Chunav Seat, Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Assets Parinam News in Hindi {{!}} बेबी बेगम धुबरी विधानसभा चुनाव 2026 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/assam/candidate-baby-begum-5677 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Begum is from [[Dhubri]], Assam. She married Aynal Hoque, a cultivator. She studied arts at H.N. Seminary High School, Bagribari and passed the Class 12 examinations in 2002 under Assam Higher Secondary Education council. She runs her own business.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baby Begum(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DHUBRI(DHUBRI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=296 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Begum became an MLA winning the [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dhubri Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress. She polled 1,18,362 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Najrul Hoque|Nazrul Hoque]] of the [[All India United Democratic Front]], by a margin of 68,661 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhubri Election Result 2026 Highlights: INC's Baby Begum wins Dhubri with 118362 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dhubri-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-assam-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-aaelb-2905095-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhubri Assembly Election Results 2026 Highlights: Congress's Baby Begum wins by 68,661 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/dhubri-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-bjps-uttam-prasad-and-congress-baby-begum-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130696352.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Baby}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dhubri district]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parbhani_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=524425 2026-05-04T19:40:39Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting first entry initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Parbhani Lok Sabha<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Parbhani.map}}<br /> | map_caption =Parbhani Lok Sabha Constituency map<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | mp = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav|Sanjay Jadhav]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | electors = <br /> | preceded_by = [[Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar]]<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Parbhani]]''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Parbhani district]] and a part of [[Jalna district]].<br /> <br /> ==Vidhan Sabha segments==<br /> At present, Parbhani (परभणी) Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611071623/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2004|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Name<br /> ! District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party <br /> ! colspan=2 |Leading&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(in 2024)}}<br /> |-<br /> |95<br /> |[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]<br /> |[[Meghana Bordikar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 96<br /> |[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]<br /> |[[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Rahul Patil]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> |-<br /> |97<br /> |[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]<br /> |[[Ratnakar Gutte]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]<br /> |-<br /> |98<br /> |[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]<br /> |[[Rajesh Vitekar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |99<br /> |[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jalna district|Jalna]]<br /> |[[Babanrao Lonikar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |100<br /> |[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]<br /> |[[Hikmat Udhan]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |Narayanrao Waghmare<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |Nagorao Pangarkar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ramrao Narayanrao Yadav|Ramrao Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Shivajirao Shankarrao Deshmukh|Shivajirao Deshmukh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Sheshrao Deshmukh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ramrao Narayanrao Yadav|Ramrao Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ashokrao Deshmukh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Suresh Jadhav|Suresh Ramrao Jadhav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[Suresh Warpudkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Suresh Jadhav|Suresh Ramrao Jadhav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Tukaram Ganpatrao Renge Patil|Tukaram Renge Patil]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Ganeshrao Nagorao Dudhgaonkar|Ganeshrao Raut Dudhgaonkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav|Sanjay Jadhav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|dab=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)<br /> |candidate=[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]|votes=6,01,343|percentage=45.17|change=''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha<br /> |candidate=[[Mahadev Jankar]]|votes=4,67,282|percentage=35.10|change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi<br /> |candidate=Panjabrao Dakh|votes=95,967|percentage=7.21|change={{down}}4.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above<br /> |candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=3,385|percentage=0.25|change={{down}}0.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,34,061|percentage=10.07|change={{down}}6.70<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=13,31,176|percentage=62.70|change={{down}}0.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> | winner = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)<br /> | loser = Shiv Sena<br /> | swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Shiv Sena<br /> | candidate = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]<br /> | votes = 5,38,941<br /> | percentage = 43.02<br /> | change = -6.75<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | candidate = [[Rajesh Vitekar]]<br /> | votes = 4,96,742<br /> | percentage = 39.65<br /> | change = +0.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi<br /> | candidate = Alamgir Mohammed Khan<br /> | votes = 1,49,946<br /> | percentage = 11.97<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Communist Party of India<br /> | candidate = Comrade Rajan Kshirsagar<br /> | votes = 17,095<br /> | percentage =1.36<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> | votes = 4,550<br /> | percentage = 0.36<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 42,199<br /> | percentage =3.37<br /> | change = -7.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 12,53,092<br /> | percentage =63.12<br /> | change = -1.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> | winner = Shiv Sena<br /> | loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]<br /> |votes = 5,78,455<br /> |percentage = 49.77 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Manikrao Bhamble<br /> |votes = 4,51,300<br /> |percentage = 38.83 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Gulmir Khan<br /> |votes =33,716<br /> <br /> |percentage = 2.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> | votes = 17,502<br /> | percentage = 1.51<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Communist Party of India<br /> | candidate = Comrade Rajan Kshirsagar<br /> | votes = 12,404<br /> | percentage =1.07<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =1,27,155<br /> |percentage = 10.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,62,371<br /> |percentage = 64.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Ganeshrao Nagorao Dudhgaonkar|Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar]]<br /> |votes = 3,85,387<br /> |percentage = 44.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]]<br /> |votes = 3,19,000<br /> |percentage = 36.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajshri Jamage<br /> |votes = 64,611<br /> |percentage = 7.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha<br /> |candidate = Mule Baban Dattarao<br /> |votes =11,861<br /> |percentage = 1.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 65,418<br /> |percentage = 7.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 8,70,726<br /> |percentage = 54.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Tukaram Ganpatrao Renge Patil]]<br /> |votes = 3,39,318<br /> |percentage = 50.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]]<br /> |votes = 2,83,147<br /> |percentage = 41.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Gaffar Master<br /> |votes = 17,736<br /> |percentage = 2.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sonwane Rajesh Namdev<br /> |votes = 17,083<br /> |percentage = 2.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 56,171<br /> |percentage = 8.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 6,75,417<br /> |percentage = 58.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = Suresh Ramrao Jadhav (Patil)<br /> |votes = 2,54,019<br /> |percentage = 38.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Raosaheb Bapusaheb Jamkar<br /> |votes = 2,10,354<br /> |percentage = 31.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]]<br /> |votes = 1,79,443<br /> |percentage = 27.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Govind Dhondopant Chatorikar Guruji<br /> |votes = 7,140<br /> |percentage = 1.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Noorjahan Begum Rahemankhan<br /> |votes = 3,780<br /> |percentage = 0.57<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 43,665<br /> |percentage = 6.61<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 6,61,632<br /> |percentage = 62.70<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]]<br /> |votes = 3,20,415<br /> |percentage = 52.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = Suresh Ramrao Jadhav (Patil)<br /> |votes = 2,74,922<br /> |percentage = 45.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br /> |candidate = Kishanrao Janardhanrao More<br /> |votes = 7,123<br /> |percentage = 1.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Dr Bharati Murkute (Ghuge)<br /> |votes = 4,045<br /> |percentage = 0.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Shrinivas Dinkar Kulkarni<br /> |votes = 1,595<br /> |percentage = 0.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 45,493<br /> |percentage = 7.48<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 6,08,100<br /> |percentage = 59.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Shiv Sena<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Parbhani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Suresh Ramrao Jadhav]]<br /> |votes = 230,762<br /> |percentage = 46.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ashok Anand Rao Deshmukh<br /> |votes = 115,887<br /> |percentage = 23.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Sahebrao Patil<br /> |votes = 55,407<br /> |percentage = 11.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Raut Dudhgaonkar<br /> |votes = 31,674<br /> |percentage = 6.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 114,875<br /> |percentage = 23.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 4,94,696<br /> |percentage = 48.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Parbhani district]]<br /> * [[Jalna district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Jalna district topics}}<br /> {{coord|19.3|76.8|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Parbhani district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jalna district]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaakha_Kaakha&diff=507179 2026-05-02T09:31:57Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: made the stub v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2003 Indian film by Gautham Vasudev Menon}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Kaakha Kaakha poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br /> | writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon<br /> | producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Suriya]]<br /> *[[Jyothika]]<br /> *[[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]]<br /> *[[Daniel Balaji]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = [[Sathyaraj]]<br /> | cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]<br /> | editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]<br /> | music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | studio = [[V. Creations]]<br /> | released = {{film date|2003|8|1|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 153 minutes{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=247}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Kaakha Kaakha''''' ({{translation|''To Protect''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]. The film stars [[Suriya]], [[Jyothika]] and [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]], with [[Daniel Balaji]], Vivek Anand, [[Devadarshini]], Sethu Rajan and [[Yog Japee]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].<br /> <br /> ''Kaakha Kaakha'' released on 1 August 2003 and became a commercial success, winning four [[Filmfare Awards South]], two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and three [[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA]] Awards. It was considered a breakthrough for Menon, Suriya and Jeevan. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004) by Menon, in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]'' (both 2011).<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film starts with a man being shot and falls from his home to river but survives when he swims to ground. The man is revealed to be Anbuselvan, who now remembers his past.<br /> <br /> Anbuselvan, an orphan and an honest but stone-hearted [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer in the [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai City Police]], works as the [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner of Police Officer]] in the Crime Branch. Anbuselvan and his IPS friends Shrikanth, Arul and Ilamaran are recruited as a part of a special unit of police officers, who are battling [[Organised crime in India|organised crime]] in Chennai. Anbuselvan is violent and laconic in his duties and finds little patience for his personal life. The unit is ruthless in its confrontation with criminals, going as far as assassinating gang members. The unit is finally disbanded by [[Human rights in India|human rights]] authorities when they assassinate five gangsters in three months, believing that killing them is more beneficial than arresting them and dealing with the legal system, and so Anbuselvan is posted to duties in the [[control room]].<br /> <br /> One day, Maya, a school teacher, rebuffs Anbuselvan's routine questions regarding safety, not knowing about his profession. Anbuselvan meets Maya again when she and her friend are questioned for driving without a license. However, Anbuselvan lets them off with a warning. When one of Maya's students has a problem with local kids, she asks Anbuselvan for help. Anbuselvan resolves this problem and a mutual respect develops between them, where they begin to see each other everyday. When Maya gets into a road accident, Anbuselvan helps her recover and they fall in love with each other. Shrikanth and his wife Swathi become good friends with Maya.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Agaram Sethu, a gangster who escaped from [[encounter killing|encounter]] operations, meets his estranged brother Pandiya, who returns to Chennai after 14 years of crime life in [[Maharashtra]]. Pandiya has a peculiar tactic: he kills a family member of his opponent, but leaves the opponent alive to rot in depression over the loss of his family member. Sethu's gang, aided by Pandiya's planning, commits major kidnappings in the city and becomes powerful in 6 months. The special unit is reassembled by the commissioner with all four back in the crime branch. One day, Sethu and pandiya go to make a deal with Vasu Seth. On the deal, the unit tracks down and kills Sethu in a railyard, while the others escape.<br /> <br /> Pandiya takes over the gang, promising to exact revenge against the special unit for Sethu's death. Pandiya and his gang members kill the family of Vasu Seth, leaving only him alive. Then, Pandiya calls Anbuselvan to tell him that he will kidnap his girlfriend in front of his eyes. Alerted, Anbuselvan and his team find Pandiya where Anbuselvan injures him but Pandiya escapes, and the same night Pandiya and his men murder Ilamaran. The entire department is mobilised and all family members of the remaining three are sent into hiding. Maya and Anbuselvan get married in a hurry and leave for [[Pondicherry]], but Pandiya and his thugs track down the couple at their cottage. Anbuselvan tries to defend but his gun is unloaded. Pandiya and his thugs kidnap Maya and seemingly kill Anbuselvan, who later survives.<br /> <br /> In the present, Srikanth and Arul find Anbuselvan, who is left for dead and the two admits him to hospital. Anbuselvan recovers while Shrikanth reveals that Swathi was kidnapped earlier at the airport and confesses that he was the one who gave away Anbuselvan's location to Pandiya and swapped his pistol's magazine with an empty one, for Swathi's safe return. Shrikanth feels extreme remorse over the brutal events that happened to Anbuselvan and Maya. While in the hospital, they receive a message from Pandiya to meet him at a particular location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. When they go there, they find two packages, one containing Swathi's severed head and the other containing Maya's arm flesh. Shrikanth and Anbuselvan are distraught, with the former being hysterical upon seeing Swathi's head. Feeling guilty and responsible, Shrikanth shoots himself dead.<br /> <br /> Anbuselvan and Arul track down Pandiya before he can escape from [[Tamil Nadu]] and fights with the gang. Anbuselvan aims to shoot Pandiya, but Pandiya, while using Maya as a human shield shoots her and she dies in Anbuselvan's arms. Enraged, Anbuselvan tracks down Pandiya and kills him, avenging Maya and his friends' deaths. In the aftermath, Anbuselvan pays respects to Maya as he leaves for work.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> &lt;!-- per beginning and end credits: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0EHIxpE3b8 --&gt;<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Suriya]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Anbuselvan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br /> * [[Jyothika]] as Maya Anbuselvan<br /> * [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]] as Pandiya<br /> * [[Daniel Balaji]] as Shrikanth IPS<br /> * Vivek Anand as Arul IPS<br /> * [[Devadarshini]] as Swathi<br /> * Sethu Rajan as Ilamaran IPS<br /> * [[Yog Japee]] as Agaram Sethu<br /> * [[Ramya Krishnan]] (special appearance in the song &quot;Thoodhu Varumaa&quot;)<br /> * [[Pondy Ravi]] as Constable Kaththa Muthu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa |date=14 March 2013 |title=Cop in! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065004/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |archive-date=18 March 2013 |access-date=12 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Birla Bose as ACP Kumaravel<br /> * [[Cool Suresh]] as a rogue<br /> * [[Sathyaraj]] as narrator in the ending{{efn|credited as Special Thanks|name=&quot;credits&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ;Uncredited<br /> * [[Manobala]] as Ramana<br /> * [[Rajeevan]] as Maya's brother-in-law<br /> * [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Vasudevan Nair{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=248}}<br /> * [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] (special appearance in the song &quot;Oru Ooril&quot;)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] revealed that he was inspired to make ''Kaakha Kaakha'' after reading articles about [[Encounter killing|encounter specialists]].&lt;ref name=&quot;story of a cop&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=18 July 2003 |title=The story of a cop |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/18/stories/2003071801390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103145451/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/18/stories/2003071801390200.htm |archive-date=3 January 2004 |access-date=20 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was initially titled ''Paathi'' ({{Translation|Half}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cinebits |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522103318/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c66.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=2 August 2012 |website=Nilacharal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then ''Kalam'' ({{Translation|Field}}) before the team opted for ''Kaakha Kaakha'', a line from [[Kanda Shasti Kavasam]], a devotional song.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=How Kandha Sashti Kavasam helped Suriya, Vikram, Ajith &amp; Arun Vijay! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-kandha-sashti-kavasam-helped-suriya-vikram-ajith-arun-vijay/articleshow/77041215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719142205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-kandha-sashti-kavasam-helped-suriya-vikram-ajith-arun-vijay/articleshow/77041215.cms |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many producers refused to finance the film as they could not agree on the budget fixed by Menon; it was [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] who finally did so.&lt;ref name=&quot;kalki&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=3 July 2005 |title=கலங்க வைத்த 'காக்க காக்க'! |trans-title=''Kaakha Kaakha'' induced emotional distress! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-07-03/kalki2005-07-03.pdf |access-date=30 January 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=20–23 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinematography was handled by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]], editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and art direction by [[Rajeevan]].{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=247}}<br /> <br /> === Casting and filming ===<br /> Menon approached [[R. Madhavan]] for the lead role, but the actor felt he could not convincingly play an encounter specialist.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm1&quot; /&gt; [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] were also approached, but were reluctant to play a police officer at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;story of a cop&quot; /&gt; [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] declined as he wanted a complete script, whereas Menon decided to finalise the climax only during filming.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=When Gautham Menon Narrated Kaakha Kaakha Script To {{sic|nolink=y|Thaplathy}} Vijay, Ajith Kumar And Vikram |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-gautham-menon-narrated-kaakha-kaakha-script-to-thaplathy-vijay-ajith-kumar-and-vikram-8823823.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406234846/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-gautham-menon-narrated-kaakha-kaakha-script-to-thaplathy-vijay-ajith-kumar-and-vikram-8823823.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPWo7woT8VA |title=Exclusive Interview with Gautham Menon {{!}} Kalaignar TV |date=31 December 2016 |language=ta |publisher=[[Kalaignar TV]] |time=11:38 |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131074912/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPWo7woT8VA |archive-date=31 January 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lead actress [[Jyothika]] asked Menon to consider [[Suriya]] for the role, and he was selected after Menon saw his portrayal in ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001).&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 December 2006 |title=Interview: Gautham Menon |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812052934/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/ |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]] was cast as the antagonist after Menon saw him on a poster of ''[[University (film)|University]]'' (2002), the actor's debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 December 2002 |title=Meeting with Jeevan (hero of 'University') |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jeevan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030302162024/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jeevan.asp |archive-date=2 March 2003 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His voice was dubbed by Menon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=12 February 2024 |title=2000களில் மிரட்டிய வில்லன்களுக்கு டப்பிங் கொடுத்த கௌதம் மேனன்!.. படத்துக்கே அதுதான் மாஸ்!. |trans-title=Gautham Menon dubbed for villains in the 2000s.. That's the greatness of the films! |url=https://cinereporters.com/director-gowtham-menon-and-his-superhit-dubbing-voice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213044902/https://cinereporters.com/director-gowtham-menon-and-his-superhit-dubbing-voice/ |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ramya Krishnan]] agreed to do an [[item number]], at a time she believed no leading actress would agree to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=9 August 2023 |title=Ramya Krishnan interview: On her 'Jailer' reunion with Rajinikanth, and reigniting the 'Padayappa' magic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramya-krishnan-interview-on-her-jailer-reunion-with-rajinikanth-and-reigniting-the-padayappa-magic/article67171002.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808173309/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramya-krishnan-interview-on-her-jailer-reunion-with-rajinikanth-and-reigniting-the-padayappa-magic/article67171002.ece |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vincent Asokan]] auditioned for the role of a police officer and participated in a photo shoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay2qLGjigk4 |title=அவர பாத்து shock ஆயிட்டேன்😅 {{!}} Sirithale Inikkum {{!}} Actor Vincent Asokan {{!}} Podcast {{!}} Adithya TV |date=13 February 2026 |last=Adithya TV |author-link=Adithya TV |language=Ta |trans-title=I got shocked on seeing him |time=1:58 |access-date=2 May 2026 |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=ay2qLGjigk4 |archive-date=2 May 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Menon did a rehearsal of the script with the actors, a costume trial with Jyothika and then enrolled Suriya in a commando training school before beginning production, which he described as a &quot;very planned shoot&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm1&quot; /&gt; To prepare for the role, Suriya met two actual police officers Vijayakumar and Shailendra Babu who discussed their encounter experiences. An outhouse set was built at [[Nuwara Eliya]] at Sri Lanka which cost {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2003}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;kalki&quot; /&gt; To build the set on 24 feet of water, Rajeevan hired thirteen carpenters, two painters and the set was built within 15 days and the green-grass roof of the house had to be watered every day to prevent the grass from drying up.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 December 2003 |title=Directing art and aesthetics |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901600900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051209020612/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901600900.htm |archive-date=9 December 2005 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suriya performed the scene where his character falls from the outhouse without a stunt double.&lt;ref name=&quot;kalki&quot; /&gt; The song &quot;Uyirin Uyire&quot; was shot at [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=1 June 2022 |title='From 'Appadi Podu' to 'Uyirin Uyire': Revisiting Singer KK's Iconic Tamil Songs' |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/music/features/from-appadi-podu-to-uyirin-uyire-revisiting-singer-kks-iconic-tamil-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601080240/https://silverscreenindia.com/music/features/from-appadi-podu-to-uyirin-uyire-revisiting-singer-kks-iconic-tamil-songs/ |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ஜீவகணேஷ் |first=ப. |date=2 May 2025 |title=Retro: ''கார்த்திக் சுப்புராஜ் அது மாதிரி கதை வெச்சிருக்காரு; அதை தான் முதல்ல சொன்னாரு!'' - சூர்யா |trans-title=Retro: Karthik Subbaraj has a story like that; he said that only at first! - Suriya |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/suriya-opens-up-about-the-first-story-told-by-karthik-subbaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721114639/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/suriya-opens-up-about-the-first-story-told-by-karthik-subbaraj |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], with lyrics by [[Thamarai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KAAKHA KAAKHA / MOUNAM PASIYADHE&amp;nbsp;– Harris Jayaraj &amp; Yuvan Shankar Raja Original 1st Edition Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/kaakha-kaakha-mounam-pasiyadhe-harris-jayaraj-yuvan-shankar-raja-original-1st-edition-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809160539/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/kaakha-kaakha-mounam-pasiyadhe-harris-jayaraj-yuvan-shankar-raja-original-1st-edition-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2003 |title=Kaakha Kaakha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kaakha-kaakha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/686799806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/roF8I |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Ondra Renda&quot; is based on &quot;Dil Ko Tumse Pyar Hua&quot; from the 2001 Hindi film ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' in which Harris himself was the music composer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title=6 times Gautham Menon redefined romance in movies |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/news/entertainment/best-gautham-menon-movies-romance/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717115609/http://www.suryanfm.in/news/entertainment/best-gautham-menon-movies-romance/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=[[Suryan FM]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Jyotika pens romantic lines from her song 'Ondra Renda' in her latest post for husband Suriya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/jyotika-pens-romantic-lines-song-ondra-renda-latest-post-husband-suriya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125085130/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/jyotika-pens-romantic-lines-song-ondra-renda-latest-post-husband-suriya/ |archive-date=25 January 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While writing the song &quot;Oru Ooril&quot;, Thamarai wanted to highlight a woman's personality over her appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=23 April 2010 |title=Changing trends in film lyrics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Changing-trends-in-film-lyrics/article16024662.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009012409/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Changing-trends-in-film-lyrics/article16024662.ece |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 25:48<br /> | title1 = Ennai Konjam<br /> | extra1 = Timmy, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Pop Shalini]]<br /> | length1 = 4:57<br /> | title2 = Ondra Renda<br /> | extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]<br /> | length2 = 5:07<br /> | title3 = Oru Ooril<br /> | extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | length3 = 4:50<br /> | title4 = Thoodhu Varuma<br /> | extra4 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Febi Mani]]<br /> | length4 = 4:42<br /> | title5 = Uyirin Uyirae<br /> | extra5 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Suchitra]]<br /> | length5 = 5:22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Kaakha Kaakha'' was cleared with a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] with no cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2003 |title=“Kaakha Kaakha&quot; cleared by the censors |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13210064 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122102547/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13210064 |archive-date=22 November 2003 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released in theatres on 1 August 2003.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=247}} It was released in the United Kingdom under the title ''The Police''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Police |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-police-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjywodk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614062445/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-police-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjywodk |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=249}} It had an [[alternate ending]] which showed Jyothika's character surviving, but was released only on DVD as an extra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wareham |first=Karl |date=23 August 2003 |title=Kaakha Kaakha Review |url=https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/content/12567/kaakha-kaakha/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029095618/https://www.thedigitalfix.com/film/content/12567/kaakha-kaakha/ |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=The Digital Fix |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Revisiting Kaakha Kaakha: 20 lesser-known facts about Suriya's breakthrough movie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Aug/19/revisitingkaakha-kaakha-20lesser-known-facts-about-suriyas-breakthrough-movie-486.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241128071143/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Aug/19/revisitingkaakha-kaakha-20lesser-known-facts-about-suriyas-breakthrough-movie-486.html |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |page=17 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11south.htm --&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> Guru Subramaniam of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' labelled ''Kaakha Kaakha'' a &quot;career high film&quot; and wrote, &quot;Though the director is a tad biased while describing the police, one must salute his positive attitude.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Guru |date=11 August 2003 |title=A career high film for Surya |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11kaaka.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529072959/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11kaaka.htm |archive-date=29 May 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as being for &quot;action lovers who believe in logical storylines and deft treatment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 August 2003 |title=Kaakha Kaakha |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004104049/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870200.htm |archive-date=4 October 2003 |access-date=28 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cinesouth'' wrote, &quot;Goutham has made an action film without getting caught in the [[Masala film|masala]] trap. Appreciated!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kakka Kakka |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kakka_kakka.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040420054452/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kakka_kakka.shtml |archive-date=20 April 2004 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 41 out of 100, praising Suriya and Jyothika's performances and Menon's direction, saying the director proved that [[Ram Gopal Varma]]-type films could be made even in Tamil.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |pp=248–249}} Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting, police research, music, direction and climax.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=7 September 2003 |title=காக்க... காக்க... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-09-07/page/88/mode/2up |access-date=30 November 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=88 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, &quot;Gautam Menon has once again asserted that he is a path breaking writer-cum-director who has his viewers adrenalin pumping with his engrossing crime drama Kaakha Kaakha. The 153 minute film packs in quite a solid punch as it overflows with sharp dialogues and operatic violence. Moreover an exceptional ensemble cast does full justice to this stylised tale of love and death&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaakha Kaakha |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2429&amp;id=13214506 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030830215209/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2429&amp;id=13214506 |archive-date=30 August 2003 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Accolades ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Recipient<br /> !{{Ref heading}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[51st Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Villain&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Villain&amp;nbsp;– Tamil]]<br /> |[[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2004 |title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |archive-date=15 September 2015 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography&amp;nbsp;– South|Best Choreography]]<br /> |[[Brinda Master|Brindha]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director&amp;nbsp;– Tamil|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer&amp;nbsp;– South|Best Cinematographer]]<br /> |[[R. D. Rajasekhar]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |Harris Jayaraj<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 February 2006 |title=Tamilnadu State Film Awards&amp;nbsp;– awards for Vikram, Jyotika |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218164138/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml |archive-date=18 February 2006 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=Cinesouth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]<br /> |Anthony<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA Awards]]<br /> |[[ITFA Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]<br /> |Suriya<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2004 |title=Kakka Kakka receives eight ITFA awards |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419222046/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |archive-date=19 April 2005 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Yahoo Movies]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[ITFA Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]&amp;nbsp;– Special Jury<br /> |[[Jyothika]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[ITFA Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]<br /> |Harris Jayaraj<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Remakes ==<br /> Menon remade the film in Telugu as ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gharshana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/preview.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2424&amp;id=13518190 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823071223/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/preview.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2424&amp;id=13518190 |archive-date=23 August 2004 |access-date=6 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2004, he agreed terms to direct and produce another version of ''Kaakha Kaakha'' in Hindi with [[Sunny Deol]] in the lead role and revealed that the script was written five years ago with Deol in mind, but the film eventually failed to take off.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=21 July 2004 |title=Sunny in 'Kaakha Kaakha' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sunny-in-kaakha-kaakha-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvK6dacdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126061755/http://www.sify.com/movies/sunny-in-kaakha-kaakha-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvK6dacdj.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, producer [[Vipul Shah]] approached Menon to direct the Hindi version ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011); he initially agreed before pulling out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=14 February 2010 |title=John Abraham loved 'Kaakha Kaakha' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/John-Abraham-loved-Kaakha-Kaakha/iplarticleshow/5569383.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013021106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/John-Abraham-loved-Kaakha-Kaakha/iplarticleshow/5569383.cms |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=28 April 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also remade in Kannada in 2011 as ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lakshminarayana |first=Shruti Indira |date=15 April 2011 |title=Review: ''Dandam Dashagunam'' is no match to original |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-dandam-dashagunam/20110415.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320122214/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-dandam-dashagunam/20110415.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menon and Thanu floated the idea of an English version with a [[Chechnya]]n backdrop, though talks with a potential collaboration with [[Ashok Amritraj]] collapsed.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvm1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> ''Kaakha Kaakha'' emerged a breakthrough for Menon and Suriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2 October 2009 |title=Suriya: Bollywood's hottest six-pack |url=https://www.livemint.com/2009/10/02211011/Suriya-Bollywood8217s-hott.html?pg=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195939/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7KRxtPzMttlQkDr0wz4pdN/Suriya-Bollywood8217s-hottest-sixpack.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=31 August 2011 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 January 2010 |title=Gautham Menon excited over National Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gautham-Menon-excited-over-National-Award/article16839332.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416013919/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gautham-Menon-excited-over-National-Award/article16839332.ece |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=Suriya: Best performances of the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/suriya-best-performances-of-the-actor/photostory/65100104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124050333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/suriya-best-performances-of-the-actor/photostory/65100104.cms |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thanu considered it his comeback after the failure of ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' (2001).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=3 September 2005 |title=The many faces of success |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090302070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502143757/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090302070300.htm |archive-date=2 May 2008 |access-date=31 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though Jeevan fetched significant attention for his role and more offers to play antagonists, he declined as he was only in favour of lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 March 2005 |title=Jeevan is back |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jeevan-is-back-news-tamil-kkfv7zefgfasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111754/http://www.sify.com/movies/jeevan-is-back-news-tamil-kkfv7zefgfasi.html |archive-date=16 July 2018 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 July 2005 |title=Glory locks |url=http://hindu.com/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800580200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014103610/http://hindu.com/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800580200.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=7 August 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the film attained popularity among Tamil audiences for seemingly romanticising [[Police brutality in India|police brutality]] and vigilantism, as with other contemporaneous Tamil films, Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote in 2018 that Tamil filmmakers should &quot;reconsider their idea of vigilante justice that they have been fond of so far&quot;, especially after the [[Thoothukudi violence|Thoothukudi police firing]] which killed 13 civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=30 May 2018 |title=Kaakha Kaakha to Saamy: How Tamil cinema has glorified police brutality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/police-brutality-in-tamil-cinema-kaakha-kaakha-saamy-sterlie-1245985-2018-05-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502083425/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/police-brutality-in-tamil-cinema-kaakha-kaakha-saamy-sterlie-1245985-2018-05-30 |archive-date=2 May 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |language=en |oclc=733724281}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000s police films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about police brutality]]<br /> [[Category:Films about violence against women]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._P._Karmarkar&diff=495158 2026-04-19T03:51:05Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = D. P. Karmarkar<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = D. P. Karmarkar Lok Sabha photo.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | constituency_MP = [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]]<br /> | parliament = <br /> | majority = <br /> | predecessor = ''none''<br /> | successor = [[Sarojini Mahishi]]<br /> | term_start = 17 April 1952<br /> | term_end = 31 March 1962<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1902|7|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Mantur, [[Dharwad district|Dharwad District]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br&gt;(now in [[Karnataka]], India)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1991|06|20|1902|07|20|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = [[ILS Law College]]<br /> | occupation = Lawyer<br /> | profession = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dattatraya Parashuram Karmarkar''', known as '''D. P. Karmarkar''' (20 July 1902 – 20 June 1991) was an Indian politician and Union government minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok_Sabha&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=16 July 1991 |title=Lok Sabha Debates (First Session, Tenth Lok Sabha)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3317/1/lsd_10_1_16-07-1991.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=1|issue=1 |pages=2 |doi= |access-date=28 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Karmarkar was educated at [[Karnatak College Dharwar]], [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] and the [[ILS Law College]], from which he qualified as a lawyer. He served in the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] from 1945 to 1947, and became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Provisional Parliament]] in 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;1957_Lok_Sabha&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=1957 |title=Parliament of India, Second Lok Sabha: Who's Who 1957 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782487/1/publications_whoswho_english_02_1957.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=182–184}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1952, he was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from the constituency of [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]],&lt;ref name=&quot;1957_Lok_Sabha&quot;/&gt; holding this seat until the [[1962 Indian general election|1962 general election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RS_Bio&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> From August 1950 to May 1952, Karmarkar was a deputy commerce minister in the Union government, with the additional responsibilities of a deputy trade minister from May to August 1952. He was given cabinet rank in August 1952 and served as Commerce Minister until June 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;Council&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2016 |title=Council of Ministers (1947–2015) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/759802/1/Council_of_Ministers_English.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then served as Minister of State for Trade until April 1957, and was then appointed Minister of State (Health), serving in this role until the dissolution of the [[third Nehru ministry]] in April 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;Council&quot;/&gt; He was appointed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 3 April 1962 and served until 2 April 1968, during which time he was chairman of the House Committee from 1964 to 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;RS_Bio&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2019 |title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952–2019|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-par|in-lwr}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=none}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] |years=1952 – 1957}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=Himself}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Himself}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] |years=1957 – 1962}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Sarojini Mahishi]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Karmarkar, D. P.}}<br /> [[Category:1902 births]]<br /> [[Category:1991 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Health ministers of India]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahpur,_Himachal_Pradesh_Assembly_constituency&diff=534305 2026-04-16T04:36:36Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Other places|Shahpur (disambiguation){{!}}Shahpur}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Shahpur<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 17<br /> | map_image = 17-Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh constituency.svg<br /> | mla = Kewal Singh Pathania<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]<br /> | established = 1972<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:89978}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|1}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Shahpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. Shahpur is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shahpur.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Shahpur Assembly constituency]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> | Kultar Chand Rana ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Ram Rattan ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br /> |rowspan=4| [[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] <br /> |rowspan=4|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br /> | [[Sarveen Choudhary]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> | [[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Sarveen Choudhary]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Active Members HP Vidhan Sabha|url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ContactDirectory/MenuContactDirec|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br /> | [[Kewal Singh Pathania]]||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kewal Singh Pathania]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,603 |percentage=55.39% |change={{increase}}28.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=24,360|percentage=36.86%|change={{decrease}}1.06}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Joginder Singh (Panku Kangdia)|party=Independent politician|votes=2,298|percentage=3.48%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhishek Singh|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,576|percentage=2.38%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=519|percentage=0.79%|change={{decrease}}0.87}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Gautam|party=Independent politician|votes=330|percentage=0.50%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Banarshi Dass Dogra|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=306|percentage=0.46%|change={{decrease}}0.38}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashish Sharma|party=Hindu Samaj Party|votes=96|percentage=0.15%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,243 |percentage=18.53% |change= {{increase}}8.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=66,088|percentage=73.45%|change={{decrease}}2.61}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,978 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,104 |percentage=37.92% |change={{decrease}}10.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Major Vijay Singh Mankotia|party=Independent politician|votes=16,957|percentage=27.83%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kewal Singh Pathania]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,333|percentage=26.81%|change={{decrease}}15.57}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=1,111|percentage=1.82%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Desh Raj Chaudhary|party=Independent politician|votes=1,108|percentage=1.82%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=1,010|percentage=1.66%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Banarshi Dass Dogra|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=516|percentage=0.85%|change={{decrease}}0.23}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,147 |percentage=10.09% |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=60,924|percentage=76.06%|change={{increase}}3.36}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,097 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.34 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,487 |percentage=48.29% |change={{decrease}}0.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,364 |percentage=42.38% |change={{increase}}28.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,814 |percentage=3.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=1,750 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banarshi Dass Dogra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=567 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}30.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=324 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipan Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=311 |percentage=0.59% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,123 |percentage=5.92% |change= {{decrease}}11.68 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,776 |percentage=72.70% |change= {{increase}}0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,593 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.28 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.76 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,174 |percentage=49.06% |change={{increase}}7.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Onkar Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=16,143|percentage=31.46%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kewal Singh Pathania]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,225|percentage=14.08%|change={{decrease}}36.35}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Balbir Choudhary|party=Independent politician|votes=2,119|percentage=4.13%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pourush Kumar|party=Lok Jan Shakti Party|votes=613|percentage=1.19%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,031 |percentage=17.60% |change= {{increase}}8.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=51,315|percentage=72.30%|change={{decrease}}7.32}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,977 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.96 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Vijay Singh Mankotia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,572 |percentage=50.43% |change={{increase}}4.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,276 |percentage=41.61% |change={{decrease}}11.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=2,837 |percentage=5.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Swaroop |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=636 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Dutt |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=407 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,296 |percentage=8.82% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=48,728 |percentage=79.66% |change= {{increase}}3.08 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,206 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.53 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,919 |percentage=52.94% |change={{increase}}6.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Vijay Singh Mankotia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,101 |percentage=45.81% |change={{decrease}}4.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=497 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,818 |percentage=7.13% |change= {{increase}}3.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=39,517 |percentage=77.43% |change= {{decrease}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,972 |percentage=49.96% |change={{increase}}8.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarveen Choudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,691 |percentage=46.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=476 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}54.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Prashad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=265 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=262 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhi Chand Choudhary |party= |votes=206 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,281 |percentage=3.56% |change= {{decrease}}10.83 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,974 |percentage=77.47% |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,776 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=17,130 |percentage=55.37% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,677 |percentage=40.98% |change={{decrease}}21.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwarika Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sansar Chand Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,453 |percentage=14.39% |change= {{decrease}}12.46 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=30,938 |percentage=70.17% |change= {{decrease}}3.42 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,477 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.00 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.06 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,956 |percentage=62.43% |change={{increase}}35.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,094 |percentage=35.58% |change={{increase}}10.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piaju Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvi Raj Pathania |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=137 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,862 |percentage=26.85% |change= {{increase}}6.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,558 |percentage=73.54% |change= {{decrease}}2.80 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.19 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}15.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijai Singh Mankotia]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,301 |percentage=46.92% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,386 |percentage=26.51% |change={{decrease}}1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,022 |percentage=25.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar Dogra |party=Independent politician |votes=181 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,915 |percentage=20.41% |change= {{decrease}}8.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,085 |percentage=77.13% |change= {{increase}}15.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,782 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Janata Party |votes=9,812 |percentage=57.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kultar Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,796 |percentage=27.88% |change={{decrease}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,382 |percentage=8.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,215 |percentage=7.06% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,016 |percentage=29.15% |change= {{increase}}28.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,205 |percentage=61.37% |change= {{increase}}19.65 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.28 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kultar Chand Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,474 |percentage=33.63% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=3,400 |percentage=32.92% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=1,214 |percentage=11.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,052 |percentage=10.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=8.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=74 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,329 |percentage=42.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,424 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kangra district|Kangra]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|32.22|76.18|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Kangra district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapar_Assembly_constituency&diff=529708 2026-04-15T23:25:45Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting some article first draft...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = 9. Rapar Assembly Constiituency<br /> | mla = [[Virendrasinh Jadeja|Virendrasinh Bahadursinh Jadeja]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:247463}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat ; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |access-date=13 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 6<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rapar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]] district. It is numbered as 6-Rapar.<br /> <br /> ==List of segments==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Rapar Taluka<br /> # Bhachau Taluka rapar(Part) Villages – Dholavira, Kharoda, Kalyanpar, Janan, Ratanpar, Gadhada, Amarapar, Ganeshpar, Bambhanka, Bapurai, Bharudia, Kankhoi, Chobari, Kakarva, Kanthkot, Nara, Gamdau, Toraniya, Jadsa, Adhoi (Pasakayara), Pasa, Vasatva, Shivlakha, Lakadiya, Gharana, Rajansar, Khodasar, Rajthali, Chandrodi, Naransari, Katariya Juna, Katariya Nava, Laliana, Amaliyara, Jangi, Godpar, Vandhiya, Modpar, Lakhapar, Lakhdhirgadh (Alepar), Shikarpur<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture <br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Jadavji Raghavji Morabia<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |B. Gajsinhji<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Premchand Otamchand<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]<br /> |Harilal Patel<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Babubhai Shah<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Harilal Patel<br /> |rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Babubhai Shah<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |[[Dhirubhai Shah]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Babubhai Shah<br /> |rowspan=2|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |[[Patel Vaghajibhai Dharamshibhai]]<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 elections in India#Gujarat|2014^]]<br /> |Pankaj Mehta<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Santokben Aarethiya]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br /> |[[Virendrasinh Jadeja|Virendrasinh Bahadursinh Jadeja]]<br /> |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Rapar Assembly constituency }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Virendrasinh Jadeja|Virendrasinh Bahadursinh Jadeja]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 66961<br /> |percentage = 46.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Bhachubhai Dharamshi Aarethiya<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 66384<br /> |percentage = 45.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Amba Parbat Patel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |votes = 2434<br /> |percentage = 1.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 3942<br /> |percentage = 2.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 577<br /> |percentage = 0.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:247463}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Elections ECI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2017===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Rapar&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Santokben Bachubhai Arethiya<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 63,814<br /> |percentage = 49.05<br /> |change = +12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Pankaj Mehta<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 48,605<br /> |percentage = 37.36<br /> |change = -12.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 15,209<br /> |percentage = 11.69<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,30,112<br /> |percentage = 59.93<br /> |change = 12.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain|<br /> <br /> |winner = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |loser = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2014: Rapar}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Pankaj Mehta<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 59,165<br /> |percentage = 49.65<br /> |change<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Meghji Shah<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 44,151<br /> |percentage = 37.05<br /> |change = +3.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 15,014<br /> |percentage = 12.60<br /> |change = +6.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 119,160<br /> |percentage = 47.76<br /> |change = -14.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> <br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Rapar]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Vaghajibhai Patel<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 55,280<br /> |percentage = 39.95<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Meghji Shah<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 46,064<br /> |percentage = 33.29<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 9,216<br /> |percentage = 6.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,38,389<br /> |percentage = 62.74<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2007===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 42934<br /> |percentage = 46.1<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Virendrasinh Jadeja]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 37295<br /> |percentage = 40.05<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 5639<br /> |percentage = 6.05<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 93137<br /> |percentage = 52.07<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2002===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 40939<br /> |percentage = 38.98<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dhirubhai Shah<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 36652<br /> |percentage = 34.90<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 4287<br /> |percentage = 4.08<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 105024<br /> |percentage = 62.07<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1998]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dhirubhai Shah<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 29860<br /> |percentage = 42.60<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = All India Rashtriya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 22046<br /> |percentage = 31.45<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 7814<br /> |percentage = 11.15<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 73870<br /> |percentage = 54.13<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = All India Rashtriya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1995===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1995]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 37826<br /> |percentage = 47.03<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Ratanshi Savla<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 35229<br /> |percentage = 43.80<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2597<br /> |percentage = 3.23<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 83364<br /> |percentage = 60.84<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1990===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1990]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harilal patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 33984<br /> |percentage = 51.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Murubha Jadeja<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 25731<br /> |percentage = 39.11<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 8253<br /> |percentage = 12.55<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 67741<br /> |percentage = 53.75<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1985===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1985]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harilal patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 35048<br /> |percentage = 55.86<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 26324<br /> |percentage = 41.96<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 8724<br /> |percentage = 13.91<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 64907<br /> |percentage = 54.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1980]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babubhai Shah<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 30619<br /> |percentage = 55.51<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harilal Patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 21951<br /> |percentage = 39.79<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 8668<br /> |percentage = 15.71<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 57214<br /> |percentage = 53.30<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1975===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1975]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harilal patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 24751<br /> |percentage = 50.39<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babulal Shah<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 24368<br /> |percentage = 49.61<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 383<br /> |percentage = 0.78<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 52507<br /> |percentage = 58.41<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Independent (politician)<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1972===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1972]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Premchnd Otamchand<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 13704<br /> |percentage = 41.13<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babulal Shah<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 12151<br /> |percentage = 36.47<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1553<br /> |percentage = 4.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 35728<br /> |percentage = 50.83<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Independent (politician)<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1967]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = B. Gajsinhji<br /> |party = Swatantra Party<br /> |votes = 15060<br /> |percentage = 50.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = H. N. Patel<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 13205<br /> |percentage = 44.42<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1855<br /> |percentage = 6.24<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 33395<br /> |percentage = 53.90<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Swatantra Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1962]]: Rapar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Jadavji Raghavji Morabia<br /> |party = Swatantra Party<br /> |votes = 26113<br /> |percentage = 66.06<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Harilal Patel<br /> |party =Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 13418<br /> |percentage = 33.94<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 12695<br /> |percentage = 32.11<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 40110<br /> |percentage = 54.58<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Swatantra Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Kachchh district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.57|70.64|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kheri_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=509725 2026-04-15T00:36:28Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: made initial pg w/ infobox...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Kheri &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|UP-28}}<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | mp = [[Utkarsh Verma]]<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kheri.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kheri Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Palia Assembly constituency|Palia]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nighasan Assembly constituency|Nighasan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency|Gola Gokarannath]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sri Nagar Assembly constituency|Sri Nagar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Kheri Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Kheri Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/028_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-28-Kheri|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |137<br /> |[[Palia Assembly constituency|Palia]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]<br /> |[[Harvindar Kumar Sahani]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |138<br /> |[[Nighasan Assembly constituency|Nighasan]]<br /> |[[Shashank Verma]]<br /> |-<br /> |139<br /> |[[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency|Gola Gokrannath]]<br /> |[[Aman Giri]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |140<br /> |[[Sri Nagar Assembly constituency|Sri Nagar]] (SC)<br /> |[[Manju Tyagi]]<br /> |-<br /> |142<br /> |[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]<br /> |[[Yogesh Verma]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;Kheri Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=1 July 2025 |title=Kheri Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kheri-lok-sabha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701135150/https://resultuniversity.com/election/kheri-lok-sabha |archivedate=1 July 2025 |accessdate=1 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |Kushwaqt Rai<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Balgovind Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]<br /> |Surat Bahadur Shah<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]<br /> |[[Balgovind Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |1980^<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Usha Verma<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gendan Lal Kanaujia<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ravi Prakash Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<br /> |[[Zafar Ali Naqvi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ajay Mishra Teni]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Utkarsh Verma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> ^ by poll<br /> <br /> ==Elections results==<br /> <br /> === General Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kheri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24142.htm?ac=142 |accessdate=20 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220132146/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24142.htm?ac=142 |archivedate=20 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kheri Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Kheri Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kheri |accessdate=20 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220130544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kheri |archivedate=20 February 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Utkarsh Verma]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=5,57,365|percentage=45.94|change={{up}}11.56}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ajay Mishra Teni]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,23,036|percentage=43.11|change={{down}}10.52}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anshay Kalra|party= Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,10,460|percentage=9.10|change={{up}}9.10}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)<br /> |candidate=None of the above|votes=7,931|percentage=0.65|change={{down}}0.12}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=34,329|percentage=2.83|change={{down}}16.42}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=12,13,359|percentage=64.88|change={{up}}0.68}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party <br /> |loser = BJP<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kheri]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes =6,09,589<br /> |percentage =53.63<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dr. Purvi Verma<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes =3,90,782<br /> |percentage =34.38<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Zafar Ali Naqvi<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes =92,155<br /> |percentage =8.11<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Vipnesh Shukla<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |votes =11,857<br /> |percentage =1.04<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes =8,750<br /> |percentage =0.77<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,18,807<br /> |percentage = 19.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,36,772<br /> |percentage = 64.20<br /> |change =+0.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014 election results ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kheri]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 3,98,578<br /> |percentage = 36.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Arvind Giri<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 2,88,304<br /> |percentage = 26.75<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Zafar Ali Naqvi]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 1,83,940<br /> |percentage = 17.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ravi Prakash Verma]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = 1,60,112<br /> |percentage = 14.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Vipnesh<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |votes = 16,401<br /> |percentage = 1.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 12,031<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,10,274<br /> |percentage = 10.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,77,881<br /> |percentage = 64.18<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kheri]]<br /> * [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]<br /> * [[Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Lucknow division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|27.92|80.73|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Fail&diff=481621 2026-04-14T09:21:01Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = 12th Fail<br /> | image = 12th Fail poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br /> | producer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra&lt;br /&gt;Yogesh Ishwar<br /> | writer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra&lt;br /&gt;Jaskunwar Kohli&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''12th Fail''|Anurag Pathak}}<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Vikrant Massey]]<br /> * [[Medha Shankr]]<br /> * [[Anant Joshi]]<br /> * [[Anshumaan Pushkar]]<br /> * [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = [[Anant Joshi]]<br /> | music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]<br /> | cinematography = Rangarajan Ramabadran<br /> | editing = Jaskunwar Kohli&lt;br /&gt;[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br /> | studio = {{ubl|[[Vinod Chopra Films]]}}<br /> | distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|27}}<br /> | runtime = 146 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/12th-fail-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3mdm3 |title=''12th Fail'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115500/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/12th-fail-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3mdm3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|20 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |script-title=hi:बॉलीवुड की इन कम बजट वाली फिल्मों में बॉक्स ऑफिस पर मचाया धमाल, मेकर्स हुए मालामाल |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-12th-fail-to-the-kashamir-files-and-many-more-bollywood-low-budget-films-collected-so-much-on-box-office-2527604 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi |quote=विक्रांत मैसी की हालिया रिलीज फिल्म 12th फेल 28 अक्टूबर को रिलीज हुई है. ये फिल्म सिर्फ '''20 करोड़''' के बजट में बनी है लेकिन बॉक्स ऑफिस पर अच्छी कमाई हो रही है। फिल्म ने सिर्फ 21 दिन में करीब 50 करोड़ का कलेक्शन कर लिया है। |trans-quote=Vikrant Massey's recent release film 12th Fail has been released on 27th October. This film has been made with a budget of only '''Rs 20 crore''' but is earning well at the box office. The film has collected around Rs 5 crore in just 5 days. |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104033310/https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-12th-fail-to-the-kashamir-files-and-many-more-bollywood-low-budget-films-collected-so-much-on-box-office-2527604 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|69.64 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=12th Fail Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/12th-fail/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=8 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''12th Fail''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed, produced and written by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]. It is based on the 2019 eponymous non-fiction book by Anurag Pathak about [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]], who overcame extreme poverty to become an [[Indian Police Service]] officer, and [[Shraddha Joshi]], who became an [[Indian Revenue Service]] officer and married Sharma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-massey-on-working-with-vidhu-vinod-chopra-in-12th-fail-dream-come-true-8287904/lite/ |title=Vikrant Massey and Vidhu Vinod Chopra on 12th Fail: It is an homage to bureaucrats of the country |work=Indian Express |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004142802/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-massey-on-working-with-vidhu-vinod-chopra-in-12th-fail-dream-come-true-8287904/lite/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Vikrant Massey]] as Sharma and [[Medha Shankr]] as Joshi, alongside [[Anant Joshi]], [[Anshumaan Pushkar]] and [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]].<br /> <br /> Released theatrically on 27 October 2023, ''12th Fail'' received widespread critical acclaim and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]], grossing over {{INRConvert|69|c}} worldwide on a {{INRConvert|20|c}} budget.&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-box-office-collection-vikrant-masseys-film-crosses-rs-50-crore-during-5th-week-in-india-101701246864646.html |title=12th Fail box office collection: Vikrant Massey's film crosses ₹50 crore during 5th week in India |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130083912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-box-office-collection-vikrant-masseys-film-crosses-rs-50-crore-during-5th-week-in-india-101701246864646.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date=2024-01-08 |title=From Jawan's Rs. 600+ crores to 21 films earning in Rs. 0-1 crore range, here are the MOST DEFINITIVE box office RECORDS of 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/jawans-rs-600-crores-21-films-earning-rs-0-1-crore-range-definitive-box-office-records-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], it won five awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] (Massey).&lt;ref name=&quot;ff69won&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards 2024|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|date=28 January 2024|access-date=29 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[71st National Film Awards]], the film won 2 awards: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] (Massey).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Vikrant Massey Bags Best Actor For 12th Fail; All Winners Announced |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/71st-national-film-awards-vikrant-massey-competes-for-best-actor-announcement-begins-at-6-pm-ws-l-9478089.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]], the son of a clerk, lives in corrupt, [[Dacoity|dacoit]]-infested [[Chambal (region)|Chambal]]. His father, an honest man, is suspended for hitting a corrupt officer. Manoj and his batchmates prepare cheat slips for his Class 12 exams, supported by the teachers. However, a newly transferred police officer, [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] Dushyant Singh, stops cheating at the school. As a result, all the students fail the exam.<br /> <br /> Manoj's father travels to challenge his suspension in court while Manoj and his brother run a traveling rickshaw to support the family. When his brother hits local henchmen of an MLA, he is framed on false charges of smuggling alcohol. Local police officers attempt to frame his brother, but Manoj bails him out with the help of DSP Dushyant, who implores Manoj to &quot;stop cheating&quot; to become like him.<br /> <br /> One year later, Manoj passes his exams without cheating and pursues a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] to become a DSP. His paternal grandmother gives him all her savings as he sets out to study in [[Gwalior]], but his belongings are stolen by a passenger when he falls asleep. He learns that the government has decided to stop the examinations for [[Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission|MPPSC]] for the next three years, destroying his dream.<br /> <br /> Struggling without money and food, Manoj is given a free meal by the owner of a local hotel near the Gwalior railway station. He meets Pritam Pandey, who also came to study for the PSC exam. Pandey's father calls him and tells him to prepare for the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] exam in [[Delhi]]. Manoj learns about UPSC and travels with Pritam to Delhi to study and become an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. He meets Gauri Bhaiya, an aspirant with one attempt remaining, who provides Manoj with a job and a place to study. Gauri Bhaiya fails his final attempt and opens a tea shop named &quot;Restart&quot;. He also provides guidance to other UPSC aspirants.<br /> <br /> Manoj fails the preliminary examination on his first attempt, but with Gauri's help, he reappears and clears it the following year. During a visit to a [[Cram school#India|coaching centre]], he meets [[Shraddha Joshi]], a [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission|UKPSC]] aspirant, and falls in love with her. One day, she visits him in the library and assumes he is an aeronautical engineer because of the book he's holding, which he does not correct. Manoj fails to clear his main examinations that year due to a trivial mistake and his relationship with Shraddha is strained when she learns that he is a literature graduate. Disheartened, Manoj travels to [[Mussoorie]] to apologise to Shraddha and confess his love. However, she bluntly tells him to return to Delhi.<br /> <br /> Manoj visits his home and finds that his grandmother has passed away. He returns to Delhi, determined to pass the examination. Manoj works in a flour mill to earn money to send home and cover his own expenses. Shraddha arrives to their coaching class in Delhi and apologizes to Manoj for being rude and they reconcile. Manoj passes the preliminaries, and Shraddha expresses her love for him.<br /> <br /> Gauri moves Manoj to his own house so that he can focus on his studies. He finally clears the main examinations, and Shraddha clears her UKPSC examinations. Pritam, who failed his exams, spreads rumours to Shraddha's family that she has been sleeping with Manoj. Manoj confronts Pritam but realises that Pritam aspired to be a reporter, but his father pressured him to pursue the UPSC. Manoj advises Pritam to stand up to his father.<br /> <br /> During the interview round, Manoj honestly admits that he initially failed 12th grade because he couldn't cheat. The head interviewer rejects him, but the others are impressed by his honesty and ideals. Two months later, the results are declared, with Manoj qualifying for the rank of IPS officer. One year later, Manoj, now an IPS officer, meets DSP Dushyant Singh at the police station in [[Mandsaur]] to thank the DSP for encouraging him. He marries Shraddha, and Pritam begins working as a news reporter.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Vikrant Massey]] as [[Manoj Kumar Sharma|IPS Manoj Kumar Sharma]]<br /> * [[Medha Shankr]] as [[Shraddha Joshi|PCS Shraddha Joshi Sharma]]<br /> * [[Anant V Joshi]] as Pritam Pandey<br /> * [[Anshumaan Pushkar]] as Gauri Bhaiya<br /> * [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Dushyant Singh, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]]<br /> * [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Pushpa Sharma, Manoj's mother<br /> * [[Harish Khanna (actor)|Harish Khanna]] as Ramveer Sharma, Manoj's father<br /> * [[Sarita Joshi]] as Manoj's grandmother<br /> * Darius Chinoy as Mr. Solanki<br /> * Abhishek Sengupta as Tutul<br /> * Sanjay Bishnoi as Naval<br /> * Salim Siddiqui as Dilip Tomar, Police Officer<br /> * [[Vikas Divyakirti]] as Himself<br /> * Vijay Kumar Dogra as Sundar<br /> * Perry Chhabra as Rajini Sharma, Manoj's younger sister<br /> * Sam Mohan as Deep Mohan, IAS<br /> * Neeraj Kalra as Professor Prabhakar Joshi, Shraddha's father<br /> * Radhika Joshi as Tanya<br /> * Fasi Khan as Kishan, Shraddha's house servant<br /> * Rahul Dev Shetty as Mr. Mehta, Manoj's UPSC interviewer<br /> * Gurleen Arora as Zai Arora, the Institute owners daughter<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> In November 2022, filmmaker [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] announced the film, based on the novel ''Twelfth Fail'', by Anurag Pathak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-story-of-aspiring-ias-ips-students20221124220139/ |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra's next titled '12th Fail': Story of aspiring IAS, IPS students |work=[[ANI News]] |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124180022/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-story-of-aspiring-ias-ips-students20221124220139/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is inspired by the real life story of [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Officer Manoj Kumar Sharma and [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom &amp; Indirect Taxes)|IRS]] Officer Shraddha Joshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vidhu-vinod-chopra-announces-new-film-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-to-play-the-lead-2301139-2022-11-24 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra announces new film 12th Fail. Vikrant Massey to play the lead |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128081047/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/vidhu-vinod-chopra-announces-new-film-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-to-play-the-lead-2301139-2022-11-24 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> In November 2022, Chopra announced that actor Vikrant Massey will play the lead, marking their first collaboration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikrant-massey-shares-how-he-prepared-for-his-role-in-12th-fail/articleshow/103953127.cms |title=Vikrant Massey shares how he prepared for his role in '12th Fail' |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=27 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] coach Vikas Divyakirti was cast to play himself on screen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/12th-fail-real-upsc-professor-vikas-divyakirti-acting-vidhu-vinod-chopras-film-first-time-hindi-cinema-tried/ |title=12th Fail: Real UPSC professor Vikas Divyakirti on acting in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's film: &quot;For the first time, Hindi cinema has tried...&quot; |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010095141/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/12th-fail-real-upsc-professor-vikas-divyakirti-acting-vidhu-vinod-chopras-film-first-time-hindi-cinema-tried/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many real life UPSC aspirants were cast in various roles. According to Massey, it added &quot;authenticity&quot; to the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-shooting-12th-fail-junior-artists-cum-upsc-aspirants-mukherjee-nagar-really-add-authenticity/ |title=Vikrant Massey on shooting 12th Fail with junior-artists-cum-UPSC-aspirants: This really did add further authenticity |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928135421/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-shooting-12th-fail-junior-artists-cum-upsc-aspirants-mukherjee-nagar-really-add-authenticity/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharma and Joshi both made a cameo appearance in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/vikrant-massey-confirms-ips-manoj-sharma-irs-shraddha-joshis-cameo-in-12th-fail|title=Vikrant Massey Confirms IPS Manoj Sharma-IRS Shraddha Joshi's Cameo in 12th Fail|work=[[The Quint]]|date=3 January 2024|access-date=4 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> The film is shot mainly at various locations in [[Agra]], [[Chambal (region)|Chambal]], Delhi, [[Mussoorie]] and Mumbai. A major portion of the film was shot in the two education hubs for government job aspirants, [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]] and [[Mukherjee Nagar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-shot-major-chunk-of-vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-in-delhis-old-rajendra-nagar/articleshow/103870955.cms |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra shot major chunk of Vikrant Massey starrer '12th Fail' in Delhi's old Rajendra Nagar |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103180829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-shot-major-chunk-of-vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-in-delhis-old-rajendra-nagar/articleshow/103870955.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/feature/vikrant-massey-shares-picture-with-vidhu-vinod-chopra-from-12th-fail-sets/1714072/?amp |title=Vikrant Massey shares picture with Vidhu Vinod Chopra from '12th Fail' sets |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004141300/https://theprint.in/feature/vikrant-massey-shares-picture-with-vidhu-vinod-chopra-from-12th-fail-sets/1714072/?amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming was wrapped up in December 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/dec/12/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-wraps-up-shoot-37649.amp |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra and Vikrant Massey's 12th Fail wraps up shoot |work=Cinema Express |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004141258/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/dec/12/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-wraps-up-shoot-37649.amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''12th Fail''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s teaser was released on 10 August 2023, while its trailer was released on 3 October 2023. The film was released in theatres on 27 October 2023 in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://filmfare.com/news/bollywood/12th-fail-teaser-vikrant-massey-and-vidhu-vinod-chopra-chronicle-the-struggles-of-upsc-students-60433 |title=12th Fail teaser: Vikrant Massey and Vidhu Vinod Chopra chronicle the struggles of UPSC students |work=Filmfare |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125046/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/12th-fail-teaser-vikrant-massey-and-vidhu-vinod-chopra-chronicle-the-struggles-of-upsc-students-60433 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=12th Fail Trailer |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/ips-officer-manoj-kumar-sharmas-real-life-story-played-by-vikrant-massey-in-vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-8608745.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162208/https://www.news18.com/education-career/ips-officer-manoj-kumar-sharmas-real-life-story-played-by-vikrant-massey-in-vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-8608745.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the success in Hindi, the makers announced that the film will be dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages and was released on 3 November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-release-tamil-telugu-tomorrow/|title=Vikrant Massey starrer 12th Fail to release in Tamil and Telugu tomorrow|date=2 November 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114061511/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-release-tamil-telugu-tomorrow/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-after-surprise-success-at-box-office-vidhu-vinod-chopra-vikrant-massey-12th-fail-to-release-in-tamil-telugu-3066845/|title=After surprise success at box office, Vidhu Vinod Chopra's Vikrant Massey-starrer 12th Fail to release in Tamil, Telugu|date=2 November 2023|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103022919/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-after-surprise-success-at-box-office-vidhu-vinod-chopra-vikrant-massey-12th-fail-to-release-in-tamil-telugu-3066845|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The film started streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 29 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-release-ott-platform/|title=Vikrant Massey starrer 12th Fail to release on THIS OTT platform|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231012458/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vikrant-massey-starrer-12th-fail-release-ott-platform/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Main|12th Fail (soundtrack)}}<br /> The music of the film is composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]] while lyrics are written by [[Swanand Kirkire]] and [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=12th Fail (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/12th-fail-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1719756548 |publisher=Apple Music |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125046/https://music.apple.com/us/album/12th-fail-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1719756548 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's background score by Moitra, with its use of sitar and flute, was inspired by the score by [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]] in the Bengali film ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Vidhu Vinod Chopra's 12th Fail passes with flying colours|website= The Telegraph|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-passes-with-flying-colours/cid/1975783|date= 27 October 2023|quote= As both the filmmaker and composer admitted, Pather Panchali was indeed an inspiration behind the score..|access-date= 4 January 2024|archive-date= 4 January 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240104145819/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vidhu-vinod-chopras-12th-fail-passes-with-flying-colours/cid/1975783|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''12th Fail'' received critical acclaim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='12th Fail' box office collection Day 2: Vikrant Massey's film gets a thumbs up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/12th-fail-box-office-collection-day-2-vikrant-massey-2455135-2023-10-29 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |date=29 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031165151/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/12th-fail-box-office-collection-day-2-vikrant-massey-2455135-2023-10-29 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Massey's performance was particularly praised.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Vikrant Massey on National Award buzz: I'm already in a good club, so I'm happy with that |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/vikrant-massey-on-national-award-buzz-i-m-already-in-a-good-club-so-i-m-happy-with-that-101721992133497.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225075716/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/vikrant-massey-on-national-award-buzz-i-m-already-in-a-good-club-so-i-m-happy-with-that-101721992133497.html |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The biographical film garnered positive reviews and Massey’s portrayal of IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma, amassed immense love from fans and critics alike.}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=91|count=11|average=6.8|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=9 January 2024}}<br /> <br /> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said &quot;Its an original depiction of an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer's life, ''12th Fail'' is a thought-provoking and amusing film. A really sympathetic story is produced by the screenplay. It avoids any kind of extravagance in order to extract every last bit of drama from the bump and tumble of the man's journey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=12th Fail Review: A Gentle Little Film That Stays True To Its Purpose |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/12th-fail-review-a-gentle-little-film-that-stays-true-to-its-purpose-3-5-stars-4518068 |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028015124/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/12th-fail-review-a-gentle-little-film-that-stays-true-to-its-purpose-3-5-stars-4518068 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and reviewed the film &quot;This is the India story!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=12th Fail Movie Review: This is the India story! |work=[[mid-day.com]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey-anant-v-joshi-starrer-is-the-india-story-23316869 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028031628/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey-anant-v-joshi-starrer-is-the-india-story-23316869 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated in her reviews that ''12th Fail'' is a must-watch to understand not only the hardships and emotions that UPSC students go through, but it also sheds light on the overall education in our system, something that Chopra won hearts at with ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kukreja|first=Monika Rawal|title=12th Fail Review: Vikrant Massey delivers a superlative act in this pure and honest tale of success and failure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-review-vikrant-massey-delivers-a-superlative-act-in-this-pure-and-honest-tale-of-success-and-failure-101698308950091.html|access-date=28 October 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027201024/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-review-vikrant-massey-delivers-a-superlative-act-in-this-pure-and-honest-tale-of-success-and-failure-101698308950091.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that &quot;[d]espite the background music and the occasional mood spikes, ''12th Fail'' stays, for the most part, a film that cleaves close to ground reality. With characters that make you feel that they've wandered off the street.&quot; She adds, &quot;[i]t's not just the main cast, but the numbers of the young who gather in the hot-spots rife with coaching centres, such as [[North Delhi]]’s [[Mukherjee Nagar]]: all these multitudes, crowding into tiny rooms, far away from their homes, cramming day and night to get through the exams in the hope of becoming something more than who they are, is such an India story.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=12th Fail movie review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra film is the elixir our cynical times need |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-film-vikrant-massey-9001458/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028025842/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-film-vikrant-massey-9001458/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the performance of Vikrant Massey and said &quot;If Vikrant Massey does not win a National Award for this film, it will be unjust to an actor who has given a performance of such unalloyed brilliance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=12th Fail Review: Terrific! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/12th-fail-review/20231027.htm |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[rediff.com]] |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027202259/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/12th-fail-review/20231027.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and stated in his review that ''12th Fail'' is an excellent film that is highly recommended, with nearly every scene over its 147 minutes leaving you feeling inspired and amazed. Bravo to Chopra for making sure each character in the film is given their best chance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=12th Fail Movie Review: A top-class tale of grit and determination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/12th-fail/movie-review/104698543.cms |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027204430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/12th-fail/movie-review/104698543.cms |url-status=live }}{{rating|4|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;Vikrant Massey passes with flying colours on performance sheet&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Bhavna|title=12th Fail Review: Vikrant Massey passes with flying colors on performance sheet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/12th-fail-review-vikrant-massey-passes-with-flying-colors-on-the-performance-sheet-2454280-2023-10-27|date=27 October 2023|work=indiatoday.in|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027155641/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/12th-fail-review-vikrant-massey-passes-with-flying-colors-on-the-performance-sheet-2454280-2023-10-27|url-status=live}}{{rating|4|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed movie and wrote &quot;''12th Fail'' film review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra delivers yet another hug of hope that is more earnest than magical.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|title='12th Fail' movie review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra delivers yet another hug of hope that is more earnest than magical|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-delivers-yet-another-hug-of-hope-that-is-more-earnest-than-magical/article67460764.ece|date=26 October 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027161519/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-delivers-yet-another-hug-of-hope-that-is-more-earnest-than-magical/article67460764.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sneha Bengani of ''[[CNBC TV18]]'' reviewed the film, writing &quot;Vikrant Massey powers through this remarkable story of perseverance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bemgani|first=Sneha|title=12th Fail movie review: Vikrant Massey powers through this remarkable story of perseverance|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey-powers-through-this-remarkable-story-of-perseverance-18173091.htm|date=27 October 2023|work=[[CNBC TV18]]|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027160509/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey-powers-through-this-remarkable-story-of-perseverance-18173091.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunjan D. Bidani of ''[[Zee News]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5, writing &quot;Not to be hyperbolic, but ''12th Fail'' might be just perfect. To watch ''12th Fail'' properly requires fortitude. Goes without saying that the film at its root is a deep deprivation of human fundamentals. The arc of Vidhu Vinod Chopra-directorial is a daily barrage of study load, tricky social dynamics, menial jobs for sustenance and raw spillage of emotions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=D. Bidani|first=Gunjan|title=12th Fail Movie Review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra Does It Again! Vikrant Massey Demands — And Deserves — Your Full Attention|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-does-it-again-vikrant-massey-demands-and-deserves-your-full-attention-2680284.html|date=27 October 2023|work=zee news|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027180101/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-does-it-again-vikrant-massey-demands-and-deserves-your-full-attention-2680284.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' in his review wrote &quot;The soundscape, meticulously crafted by Manav Shrotriya, amplifies the aches and joys of Manoj's journey. The way Manav uses and reuses background noise fading in and out to isolate Manoj and his emotions even in crowded scenes adds a meditative focus.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mohan|first=Sajesh|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra's '12th Fail' will inspire you to 'restart'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/28/vidhu-vinod-chopra-12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey.html|date=28 October 2023|work=onmanorama|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028053918/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/28/vidhu-vinod-chopra-12th-fail-movie-review-vikrant-massey.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At Critics Choice Award, which was held on 12th March 2024, ''12th Fail'' won the &quot;Best Feature Film Award&quot; and Vikrant Massey was awarded the Best Actor award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=12th Fail Movie Review- Vidhu's Vinod Chopra Magical Story Telling - Bolly Movie Review Tech |url=https://bollymoviereviewtech.com/12th-fail-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Award<br /> !Ceremony date<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipients<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> |[[Vinod Chopra Films]], [[Zee Studios]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;ff69won&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff69nom&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|date=15 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]<br /> |[[Vikrant Massey]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br /> |Jaskunwar Kohli, Vidhu Vinod Chopra<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]<br /> |Prashant Bidkar<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br /> |Rangarajan Ramabadran<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]<br /> |Manav Shrotriya<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br /> |[[Shantanu Moitra]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br /> |Malvika Bajaj<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> |''12th Fail''<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic]|expecting=Its}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=IIFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=IIFA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> |[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> |[[Vikrant Massey]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> |[[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Shantanu Moitra]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story (Adapted)]]<br /> |[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], Jaskunwar Kohli<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> |[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], Jaskunwar Kohli, Anurag Pathak, Aayush Saxena, [[Vikas Divyakirti]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[National Film Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br /> |[[Vinod Chopra Films]], [[Zee Studios]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]<br /> |[[Vikrant Massey]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> {{Main|Zero Se Restart}}<br /> <br /> In 13 December 2024, Chopra released a film related to ''12th Fail'' titled ''Zero Se Restart'' ; initially reported to be a prequel, the film was later revealed to be a [[behind-the-scenes|making-of documentary]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra announces 12th Fail prequel, Zero se Restart, at IIFA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vidhu-vinod-chopra-12th-fail-prequel-zero-se-shuruwat-iifa-vikrant-massey-2608300-2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Zero Se Restart teaser: Vidhu Vinod Chopra's 12th Fail documentary invites us to pause and reflect on life choices|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 November 2024|access-date=19 November 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vidhu-vinod-chopra-unveils-digital-motion-poster-for-12th-fail-follow-up-zero-se-restart/article68809502.ece/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt23849204}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=12th-fail}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}<br /> {{Vinod Chopra Films}}<br /> {{Filmfare Award for Best Film}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about education]]<br /> [[Category:Indian educational films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arley_Munson_Hare&diff=487496 2026-04-10T01:35:37Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = &lt;!-- Arley Isabel Munson Hare --&gt;<br /> | image = Arley Munson Hare.jpg<br /> | caption = Dr. Munson in her World War I uniform from ca. 1918<br /> | birth_name = Arley Isabel Munson<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|11|14}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], U.S.<br /> | death_date = c. 1941 (aged 69 or 70)<br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Physician, surgeon, author, lecturer<br /> | known_for = Medical mission work <br /> | spouse = James Alexander Hare (m. 1924)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Médaille d’honneur des affaires étrangères militaire 1917.jpg|thumb|150px|French Honour medal of Foreign Affairs for acts of courage and devotion (1917)]]<br /> '''Arley Isabel Hare''' ({{nee}} Munson; November 14, 1871 – c. 1941) was an American physician, surgeon, author, and lecturer. As a young woman in the early 20th century, Munson was a pioneer in the field of medical mission work with the [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)|Wesleyan Methodist]] Mission in [[Medak]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Along with [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] motives, Munson had a special interest in the state of the health of [[Women in India|Indian women]] and children and in the treatment of epidemics such as [[cholera]] or [[tuberculosis]].<br /> <br /> She served in France during [[World War I]], directing laboratories, clinics, and dispensaries. The [[Cabinet of France|French Government]] awarded her with the [[Honour medal of Foreign Affairs#Partial recipients.27 list to foreign military personnel|Medaille d’Honneur des Affaires Étrangères pour actes de courage et dévouement au personnel militaire étranger]] for her medical service. She married at the age of 52 and worked well into her seventies. She died in or around 1941 and is buried in Connecticut.<br /> <br /> ==Background and education==<br /> ===Early life and family===<br /> Arley Isabel Munson was born on November 14, 1871, in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], to Thomas Hamilton Munson and Mary Etta Hill Munson.&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia&gt;[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078229518;view=1up;seq=671 ''The National Cyclopedia of American Biography'', 1927, Pg. 393]&lt;/ref&gt; She was one of five siblings, including Burton, George, Gertrude, Alexander, and Mary. Each sibling had a career of his or her own, with Alexander working at Liberty National Bank and Mary as prominent teacher and lawyer in [[Red Bank, New Jersey]].&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia /&gt;<br /> <br /> The family attended a [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal Church]] and instilled strong religious values in their children.&lt;ref name=jungle /&gt; {{rp|3}}<br /> <br /> Munson had descendants from the Revolutionary War and prominent English and Dutch settlers on both her paternal and maternal sides.&lt;ref name=WhosWho&gt;''Woman's Who's Who of America : a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada'', 1914-1915 [https://archive.org/stream/womanswhoswhoofa00leon/womanswhoswhoofa00leon_djvu.txt]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Higher-level education===<br /> Munson attended [[Cornell University]] from 1899 to 1901 for her undergraduate education.&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia/&gt; She attended the [[Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], (now [[Drexel University College of Medicine]]) and graduated with her medical degree in 1902.&lt;ref&gt;[http://xdl.drexelmed.edu/item.php?object_id=2242&amp;t=default Drexel University College of Medicine Legacy Center]&lt;/ref&gt; Drexel Professor Steven J. Peitzman includes her as one of the &quot;Golden Age&quot; graduates of the Women's Medical College because of her enterprising medical mission work at the turn of the century.&lt;ref name=peitzman&gt;{{cite book|last=Peitzman|first=Steven|title=A New and Untried Course: Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania 1850-1998|year=2000|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|page=115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Medical missionary work in India==<br /> <br /> ===The missionary journey===<br /> Munson had aspirations to work abroad as a doctor since childhood.&lt;ref name = jungle&gt;{{cite book |last=Munson |first=Arley Isabel |year=1913 |title=Jungle Days, being the Experiences of An American Woman Doctor in India|publisher=D. Appleton and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/jungledaysbeing00munsgoog }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|vii}} She was determined to follow her firmly established evangelical principles in her work, even refusing a government post abroad because of the restrictions against teaching Christianity.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|22}} Having studied at Women's Medical College with an Indian Brahmin Christian, whom she referred to as “Mrs. Karmarkar,” Munson developed a particular interest in the needs of women and children in India.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|4}} Following her graduation from medical school, she moved to India to find work while staying with Mrs. Karmarkar in Bombay in 1903, which at the time was ruled under the [[British Raj]].&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|3–5}}<br /> <br /> ===Medical service in India===<br /> <br /> Shortly after arriving in India, Munson found her first medical mission work with [[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Brahmin Christians]], Dr. Prabhakar Balaji Keskar and his wife, at a Christian and Missionary Alliance dispensary in [[Solapur]].&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|6–18}} While she occasionally visited [[Leprosy|Leper Asylums]] and “relief tents” in and around Solapur, her primary focus was on the severe plague outbreak affecting the mission's orphanage.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|9}}<br /> <br /> Munson relocated to [[Medak]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] when she received urgent requests for a doctor at a British [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)|Wesleyan Methodist]] Mission after the abrupt departure of the incumbent physician, Dr. Watts.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|35,36}} Established in 1887, the Medak Mission was placed on elevated ground (as customary for many mission sites). The gated community included a school, hospital, and a [[Zenana]] women's ward. The mission was home to the revered [[Medak Cathedral]], a diocese of the [[Church of South India]], which still exists today.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|37–46}} Although Reverend Charles Walker Posnett led the Mission, the land remained under control of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabadi Nizam]], or Muslim monarch.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|40}} Munson describes the town as consisting of a field, or maidan, mud huts and bazaars, though she and the other missionaries lived in “large and comfortable bungalows” within the gated community.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|41–42}}<br /> <br /> Munson was appointed the superintendent of the Zenana or women's hospital in the Medak Mission&lt;ref name=WhosWho /&gt; where she worked with the Mission's Indian nurses and chief compounder and “Bible-woman” known as “Abbhishakamma.”&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|42}} Munson treated a variety of pathologies like rheumatism, malaria, boils, elephantiasis and wounds from local wild animals, to injuries sustained from local cultural practices including maternal health issues of child-brides, domestic violence and unintentional maltreatment by [[Hakim (title)|Hakims]], or local doctors.&lt;ref name=jungle /&gt; Munson noted that being the only physician within 500 square miles, patients would travel from afar for the Mission's effective medical care.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|36}}<br /> <br /> ===Travels throughout India===<br /> <br /> Aside from her daily [[Telugu language|Telugu]] lessons from a local ''shastri'',&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|51}} Munson enjoyed a mostly European lifestyle during her stay in India, living in Western styled bungalows and suites within the gated Mission.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|41}} She and the other missionaries enjoyed regular jaunts in carriages or trains to cities throughout India. Her travels included [[Agra]], [[Mussoorie]], [[Simla, India|Simla]], [[Hoshiapur]], [[Yellareddipet]]t, [[Papannapet]], [[Tandur]], [[Kashmir]], [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Khyber Pass]], [[Amritsar]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], and [[Secunderabad]].&lt;ref name=jungle /&gt; While these outings were primarily for enjoyment, the missionaries would sometimes receive permission from local ''patels'', or headmen, to set up tents in villages and treat the ill. On these occasions, the Medak Indian nurses and the ''chaprassi'', or messenger, would accompany the missionaries.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|100}}<br /> <br /> ===Hardships during missionary work===<br /> <br /> Munson encountered several cultural and ethical hardships during her missionary work in India. First, came the disapproval of the Wesleyan Methodist Mission's objectives of evangelism. Though there was not much backlash from local Hindu and Muslim leaders, critics from abroad would publicly label the Medak converts as [[rice Christians]], or Christians who convert for pragmatic benefits rather than for devotional reasons.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|125}} Munson conceded that while many initially converted for material benefits, the Indian Christians were fully devout after numerous spiritual experiences.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|125}} The missionaries would express disdain for the local Hindu and &quot;Mohamedans&quot; whose practices they found &quot;repulsive&quot;.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|189}}<br /> <br /> Munson also struggled with discomfort regarding societal ways of thinking and local cultural practices. During this time, the [[Women's suffrage in the United States|Women's Suffragist Movement]] was underway in the United States.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|168–182}} As an independent American woman, Munson strongly supported the undertaking and was disappointed that Indian women were not as concerned about women's rights issues as she felt herself to be. Disturbed by the prevalent cases of domestic violence, Munson discussed what she believed to be the inherent male chauvinism among the Indians: &quot;Masculine supremacy runs rife through the veins of even the infant man-child.&quot;&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|172}} She cited several ancient proverbs that promote these attitudes including, &quot;He is a fool who considers his wife as his friend&quot;, and &quot;Educating a woman is like putting a knife into the hands of a monkey.&quot;&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|177}} Munson also blamed the women for being &quot;childlike&quot;,&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|173}} and asserted that their lack of education causes &quot;the complete ignorance of the Indian woman [that] enslaves her to the men of her family.&quot;&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|171}}<br /> <br /> The issues of [[polygamy]], [[child marriage]], [[Maternal death|maternal mortality]], and [[Female foeticide in India|female feticide]] are also central to her hardships abroad.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|168–182}} In one case, a ten-year-old patient visited the clinic after her 40-year-old husband prematurely consummated the marriage, thus severely injuring the child.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|164–165}} After performing the necessary surgery to restore the child's health, Munson felt compelled to scold the husband&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|165}} and expressed her desire to &quot;shout aloud to all the women of the happy Western world to help me crush the evil system responsible for the soul-sickening condition of the little patient before me.&quot;&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|164}}<br /> <br /> An additional major struggle was the contention between local ''[[Hakim (title)|hakims]]'', or doctors who use herbal remedies, and the Western physicians. Munson posited that one reason for existing tensions between local practitioners was due to &quot;religious and professional jealousy&quot;.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|70}} She suspected that the ''hakims'' would start rumors to stir mistrust among the Indians, including one rumor that the Westerners were trying to poison their patients as a sacrifice for the hospital's good fortune.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|71}} The uncertainty led to the Indians' preference for ''hakims'' who would sometimes cause unintentional and adverse medical consequences. When one ''hakim''{{'}}s work had caused a young boy's intestines harm, Munson gave the patient brandy to alleviate the pain. However, the alcohol quickened the illness and the boy promptly died.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|272}} The villagers vowed to avenge his death and kill Munson.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|273}} She was able to escape with the help of the &quot;chapprassis&quot; (messengers). <br /> The heavy monsoons of the region and the flooding of the central [[Osmania General Hospital]],&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|283}} added to the struggles of Munson while in India by causing an overwhelming influx of patients, many suffering from [[cholera]].&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|285}} Many patients in desperation were influenced by the [[evangelism]] of the Mission and converted to Christianity.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|285}}<br /> <br /> ==Returning from missionary service==<br /> Munson ended her work in India with a trip down the coast of South India in December 1908.&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|296}}<br /> <br /> Munson recounted her experiences in her autobiographical book, ''Jungle Days, being the experiences of an American woman doctor in India'', published by [[D. Appleton &amp; Company|D. Appelton and Company]] in 1913.&lt;ref name=jungle /&gt; Having created an emotional tie with the country, Munson ended her book with a statement that expresses the motivation behind her medical missionary work:<br /> {{Quote|text=Good-bye, my India! Though I may never see again your burning plains, your snow-crowned hills, your sun-kissed children, my heart will always hold you dear, for you have given me the greatest blessing of earth or heaven — peace!&lt;ref name=jungle/&gt;{{rp|298}}}}<br /> <br /> In 1915, [[Doubleday, Page &amp; Company|Doubleday, Page &amp; Co.]] published Munson's second book about her travels throughout India entitled ''Kipling's India''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Munson |first=Arley Isabel |year=1915 |title=Kipling's India|url=https://archive.org/details/kiplingsindia00muns }}&lt;/ref&gt; The book's title and content, with many references to the English writer [[Rudyard Kipling]], indicate her profound admiration for the author. Munson's book documented the similarities between her experiences in India and those of the characters in Kipling's novels. In addition, the title of her first book, ''Jungle Days'', resembles the title of Kipling's famous work ''[[The Jungle Book]]''.<br /> <br /> == Career after Indian missionary service ==<br /> <br /> Munson returned to the United States in 1908, where her career path took a more erratic trajectory, with frequent relocations and several switches to different specialities. Initially, she continued to promote her work abroad, lecturing at universities and conferences about her medical and religious work in the United States and England.&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia /&gt; Munson then briefly worked in the Women's Department at the Southern Indiana Hospital for the Insane in Evansville, Indiana.&lt;ref name=peitzman /&gt; Following this position, she worked as the assistant superintendent at the State Home for the Feeble-Minded Women at Vineland, New Jersey.&lt;ref name=eveningpost&gt;{{cite web|title=St. Valentine's Week Gay with Dances for Charity: Munson-Hare Wedding.|url= http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2011/New%20York%20Evening%20Post/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201924%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Evening%20Post%201924%20Grayscale%20-%200880.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; She left this work to become the director and instructor in the [[Serology]] Department at the [[NYU School of Medicine|Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital in New York City]].&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia /&gt; Following this position, in 1914, Munson started a private practice in gynecology and orthopedics in Red Bank, New Jersey, where she lived with her sister and brother-in-law, Mary and William Sutton.&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Medical work during World War I===<br /> Towards the end of [[World War I]] in 1918, Munson joined the auspices of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and worked at the [[Red Cross]] Military Hospital in [[Paris]], France, as the Chief of Dispensaries.&lt;ref name=eveningpost /&gt; In 1919, she moved to [[Eure-et-Loir]], France and ran the provisional [[Chartres]] Tuberculosis Hospital.&lt;ref name=eveningpost /&gt;<br /> During her time in France, Munson established a lab and ran the TB hospital until 1922. The French government bestowed her with the [[Honour medal for courage and devotion|Medaille d'Honneur]] (Medal of Honor) for her commitment and honorable work during World War I.&lt;ref name=eveningpost /&gt;<br /> She left France from Le Havre on the [[USS Rochambeau (AP-63)|''Rochambeau'']] and returned to the United States in 1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ellis Island Records|website=[[FamilySearch]] |url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JN3Q-8M2|accessdate=December 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon her return to the United States, Munson became the associate editor and director of the Research Department at the International Medical and Surgical Survey. She remained an active member of the [[American Medical Association]], the New Jersey State Medical Society, the [[New York County Medical Society]], Monmouth County Medical Society, the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], and the [[American Association of University Women]].&lt;ref name=Cyclopedia /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> At the age of 52, Munson married James Alexander Hare on February 16, 1924. Hare was born in Scotland in 1874 and immigrated to the U.S. in 1874. He studied German at [[Harvard College]] and worked at Forstmann &amp; Huffman Textile Company.&lt;ref name=eveningpost /&gt; He had one daughter, named Annie, from his previous marriage to Christine C. Odenweller of Massachusetts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Family Search Records|website=[[FamilySearch]] |url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/N469-WM9|accessdate=December 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple settled in [[Passaic, New Jersey]], and had no children. <br /> <br /> Evidence suggests that Munson continued working in New York City until around 1941 when she died.&lt;ref name=peitzman /&gt; She was buried in [[Groton, Connecticut]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Family Search Records|website=[[FamilySearch]] |url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/X4FX-461|accessdate=December 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{ course assignment | course = Education Program:University of Pennsylvania/HSOC 59 Medical Missionaries and Community Partners (Fall 2013) | term = 2013 Q3 }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/jungledaysbeing00muns Jungle days; being the experiences of an American woman doctor in India (1913)]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hare, Arley Munson}}<br /> [[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Cornell University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1871 births]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:American gynecologists]]<br /> [[Category:1940s deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Date of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:Zenana missions]]<br /> [[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:American Methodist missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]<br /> [[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:American medical missionaries]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balwant_Wankhade&diff=489415 2026-04-08T05:07:04Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Balwant Wankhade<br /> | image = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 24 June 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati, Maharashtra]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Navneet Kaur Rana]]<br /> | office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Daryapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daryapur]]<br /> | assembly1 = Maharashtra Legislative<br /> | term_start1 = 24 October 2019<br /> | term_end1 = 12 June 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ramesh Ganpatrao Bundile]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Gajanan Lawate]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|7|2}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = Manda Balwant Wankhade<br /> | children = <br /> | parents = Baswant Sawanji Wankhade, Sitabai Baswant Wankhade<br /> | occupation = <br /> | source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5713?from=members<br /> }}<br /> '''Balwant Baswant Wankhade''' is an Indian politician serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] since June 2024. He is a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Balwant Wankhede's journey from [[sarpanch]] to [[member of parliament, India|parliamentarian]] has taken place without any political legacy. Before the [[2024 Lok Sabha election]], he was elected from [[Daryapur Assembly constituency]] in the 2019 Maharashtra elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=अमरावती : सरपंच ते खासदारकीचा प्रवास! बळवंत वानखडेंच्या राजकीय कारकिर्दीचा चढता आलेख |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/amravati-journey-from-sarpanch-to-mp-balwant-wankhade-ascending-graph-of-political-career-mma-73-ssb-93-4410099/ |work=Loksatta |language=mr |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=2 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Balwant Wankhade is a resident of Lehgaon in [[Daryapur]] taluka and [[Amravati district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. His political career started from 2005. He was a member of Lehgaon Gram Panchayat till 2010. He also served as [[Sarpanch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Balwant Wankhade served in various capacities in the [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]], being close to party leaders [[R. S. Gavai]] and D. J. Wakpanjar. After being elected as a member of the Amravati District Council in 2012, he also served as the Health and Finance Chairman. He was the Chairman of Amravati District Council from 2017 to 2019. Balwant Wankhade also worked in the cooperative sector. From 2005 to 2020, he was the Director of Daryapur Agricultural Produce Market Committee. Also worked as Director of Amravati District Central Co-operative Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Campaign vehicle of Balwant Wankhade Amravati.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Campaign of Balwant Wankhade during 2024 General Elections|Campaign of Balwant Wankhade during 2024 General Elections]]<br /> <br /> In 2009, he contested as an independent from the Daryapur Assembly constituency, where he lost, but got the second highest number of votes. [[Daryapur Assembly constituency]] is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC).&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2014 assembly elections, he contested as a candidate of [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)|RPI(G)]] from Daryapur. This time too he had to face defeat. But, in 2019, he contested as a Congress Party candidate and was elected with more than 30,000 votes. He resigned from his MLA on 12 June 2024 after being elected as MP in [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency]] on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Amravati Lok Sabha Constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]]. [[Navneet Kaur Rana]]'s independent candidature in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections was supported by the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. However, she supported the BJP government at the center immediately after the elections. Due to this, the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] fielded Balwant Wankhede against Navneet Rana during the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;LokSatta_June2024&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Wankhade won the [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024 Lok Sabha election]]. He defeated BJP candidate and then MP [[Navneet Kaur Rana]]. He was elected with almost 20,000 votes. On 24 June 2024, Wankhede took oath as a [[member of parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]. He is one of the three [[Buddhist]] MPs in the [[18th Lok Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dhammabharat.com/buddhist-mps-in-18th-loksabha/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Balwant Wankhade is a [[Buddhist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hiwale |first=Sandesh |date=31 March 2024 |title=महाराष्ट्रात बौद्ध समाजाला राजकीय प्रतिनिधित्व किती असायला हवे आणि किती आहे? |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/political-representation-of-buddhists-in-maharashtra/ |website=Dhamma Bharat |language=mr |access-date=26 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=अमरावती : बौद्ध मतांचे विभाजन टाळा- गुणवंत देवपारे बळवंत वानखडे यांच्या विजयासाठी केले आवाहन |url=https://marathi.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/4/17/Avoid-division-of-opinion-in-the-Buddhist.php |work=Hindusthan Samachar |language=mr |date=17 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Alok |date=26 April 2024 |title=In Maharashtra's 8 seats, shifting caste equations, Oppn focus on local issues unsettle ruling NDA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/maharashtra-8-seats-caste-equations-oppn-focus-local-issues-nda-9290348/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wankhade, Balwant}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuttikalodano_Kali&diff=460838 2026-03-28T00:49:52Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: basic expanded lead after review further per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image =<br /> | genre = [[Game show]]<br /> | runtime = 60Minutes approx.<br /> | producer = Jenson Zachariah<br /> | creator = [[Endemol]]<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | presenter = [[Poornima Indrajith]]<br /> | starring = <br /> | network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> | company = MM TV<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|08|11}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|2017|4|30|df=y}}<br /> | num_seasons = 01<br /> | num_episodes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kuttikalodano Kali?''''' (Ml; കുട്ടികളോടാണോ കളി?) is an [[Indian cinema|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] family-oriented kids game show which premiered on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] on 11 August 2016. The show is hosted by south-Indian film actress ''[[Poornima Indrajith]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/New-innings-on-home-turf/article14563997.ece|title=New innings on home turf|date=11 August 2016|first=Athira|last=M|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Concept &amp; Format ==<br /> ''Kuttikalodano Kali?'' is a show where highly intelligent people from different professions (adults) compete against the seven top educated students under-17 through several question asked by the host.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/mazhavil-manorama-to-launch-kuttikalodano-kali-on-august-11_65562.html|title=Mazhavil Manorama to launch 'Kuttikalodano Kali' on August 11|work=www.exchange4media.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This show is the Indian version of internationally broadcast reality series ''[[The Kids Are All Right (game show)|The Kids Are All Right]]'' which was first premiered in the [[United Kingdom]].<br /> <br /> The show has aired since 11 August 2016 and went off air on 30 April 2017. It was broadcast every Saturday and Sunday at 8.30 PM (IST).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kuttikalodano-kali-mazhavil-manorama-programme.html|title='Kuttikalodano Kali' first episode to be aired tomorrow|work=english.manoramaonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Rounds and Format==<br /> There are 5 rounds in this game show viz. Nerkkuner, kazhchavattom, iruvattaporattam, bhoothakannadi and the final round Kuttikalasham.<br /> <br /> ==Nerkkuner==<br /> <br /> This is the first round of the game show. In this round all four adults have to compete against the kids. Each participant will receive Rs50,000 each i.e. Rs200,000 total .To retain their money they will have to answer the first two questions correctly on the buzzer. If they fail to do so then their 50,000 will be lost. The maximum amount one can collect in this round is 200,000 and the minimum is 0.<br /> <br /> ==Kazhchavattam==<br /> This is the second round of the game. In this round any member of the team can compete against the superkid. The adult will get an amount equivalent to 10000 times of the child's age. They will be shown a 1-minute video clip and questions will be asked on what they have seen. The contestant who answers first on the buzzer will win. The maximum amount one can get in this round is Rs 150,000 and the minimum amount is Rs 100,000.<br /> <br /> == Iruvattaporattom==<br /> <br /> This is the third round of the show. In this round 2 members from both the teams can compete against each other. Each team will have to answer 3 questions asked by the host. Each question will have 2 right options and a wrong option. Contestants will have to choose the right option one by one. Here the maximum and minimum amount is same as the second round.<br /> <br /> ==Bhootha Kannadi==<br /> <br /> This is the fourth and the last round to gain money. In this round, the remaining contestants from both teams will compete against each other. They will have to again answer the questions quickly and correctly on the buzzer from the multiple options given. The amount they can win is the same as the previous rounds.<br /> <br /> == Kutti kalasham==<br /> <br /> This is the last round in the game show. The adults will have to protect the money which they have earned in the previous rounds. They will have to defeat the 7 kids to take their money home or they will lose their money.<br /> <br /> == The Wonderla Super Kids==<br /> <br /> The kids participating in this show are known as the wonderla super kids. They are selected from the different parts of the state through a rigorous process of tests. Currently there are 26 kids participating in the show. They are<br /> <br /> Anugrah -10yrs from Thrissur,<br /> <br /> Joeta -10yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Navneeth M Kumar - 10 yrs from Kochi<br /> <br /> Anshuman -11 yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Bharath Krishna - 11 yrs from Thrissur,<br /> <br /> Madhav R Babu -11yrs from Malappuram,<br /> <br /> Sreyas Warrier -11yrs from Alappuzha.<br /> <br /> Alfid K Khader (Ippu) -12 yrs from Idukki,<br /> <br /> Vrinda S K -12 yrs from Thiruvananthapuram.<br /> <br /> Aleena M H- 13yrs from Thiruvananthapuram,<br /> <br /> Aparna Prabhakar- 13 yrs from Thiruvananthapuram,<br /> <br /> Kalyani Kiran- 13 yrs from Kollam,<br /> <br /> Yeldho Shem Mathew - 13 yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Sreeram Madhavan - 13 yrs from Thrissur.<br /> <br /> Anand Rajagopal (Rajaji) - 14 yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Athul - 14 yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Philip -14 yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Sunfiya -14 yrs from Alappuzha,<br /> <br /> Madhavan - 14 yrs from Kottayam,<br /> <br /> Navneet Krishnan - 14 yrs from Palakkat,<br /> <br /> Nirupam -14 yrs from Kozhikode.<br /> <br /> Nandana Sony - 15yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Nihal Sha - 15yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Raveendranath pai - 15yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Sidharth R - 15yrs from Kochi,<br /> <br /> Syam - 15yrs from Thrissur.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian television talk shows]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian game shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br /> [[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_David&diff=527880 2026-03-26T16:03:04Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting initial post first draft...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rachel David<br /> | image = Rachel_David.jpg<br /> | other_names = Zaya David{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth date --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Business Management|BBM]], [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]], Bangalore<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 2019–present<br /> | known_for = {{Ubl | ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' | ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rachel David''' is an Indian actress, who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema]]. Rachel made her acting debut in the 2019 Malayalam film ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' alongside [[Pranav Mohanlal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rachel David to play the female lead in Darling Krishna's Love Mocktail 2 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachel-david-to-play-the-female-lead-in-darling-krishnas-love-mocktail-2/articleshow/78693757.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411161236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rachel-david-to-play-the-female-lead-in-darling-krishnas-love-mocktail-2/articleshow/78693757.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/rachel-david-to-play-pranav-mohanlals-love-interest-in-irupathiyonnam-noottandu/articleshow/65401742.cms |title=Rachel David to play Pranav Mohanlal's love interest in Irupathiyonnam Noottandu |work=[[indiatimes]]|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111020920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/rachel-david-to-play-pranav-mohanlals-love-interest-in-irupathiyonnam-noottandu/articleshow/65401742.cms|archive-date=11 January 2019|url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-would-often-miss-his-cues-during-my-dialogues-zaya-david/articleshow/67486622.cms |title=Pranav would often miss his cues during my dialogues: Zaya David – Times of India |work=The Times of India |accessdate=27 June 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004170528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-would-often-miss-his-cues-during-my-dialogues-zaya-david/articleshow/67486622.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She is best known for her portrayal in the 2022 Kannada film ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/08/love-mocktail-2a-perfect-entry-for-me-in-sandalwood-2416557.html |title='Love Mocktail 2, a perfect entry for me in Sandalwood' |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 February 2022 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311044234/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/08/love-mocktail-2a-perfect-entry-for-me-in-sandalwood-2416557.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rachel David: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography &amp; Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rachel-David|access-date=13 February 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213064415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rachel-David|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Rachel was born in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. She did her schooling at [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]]. She also completed her pre-university at [[Christ University|Christ College]] and went onto pursue her graduation in [[Bachelor of Business Management|Bachelors of Business Management]] (BBM) at [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]]. She is settled in [[Bengaluru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel David excited to make her Kannada film debut with Krishna's Love Mocktail 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/oct/17/rachel-davidexcited-to-make-her-kannada-film-debut-with-krishnas-love-mocktail-2-2211217.html |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143003/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/oct/17/rachel-davidexcited-to-make-her-kannada-film-debut-with-krishnas-love-mocktail-2-2211217.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> She started her career in film Industry in 2019 with the film [[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]] as Zaya, the heroine of the film opposite to [[Pranav Mohanlal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?Rachel-David-to-play-Pranav-Mohanlals-love-interest-in-Irupathiyonnam-Noottandu&amp;ID=2211 |title=പ്രണവിന്‍റെ നായിക റേച്ചൽ ഡേവിഡ് : Cinema News |website=www.deepika.com |accessdate=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107233157/https://www.deepika.com/cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?Rachel-David-to-play-Pranav-Mohanlals-love-interest-in-Irupathiyonnam-Noottandu&amp;ID=2211|archive-date=7 January 2019|url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/arun-gopy-pranav-mohanlal-movie-irupathiyonnam-nottandu-heroine-zaya-david-tomichan-mulakupadam-1.3437671 |title=പ്രണവിന്റെ നായികയെ ആരാധകര്‍ക്ക് പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തി അരുണ്‍ ഗോപി |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010802/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/arun-gopy-pranav-mohanlal-movie-irupathiyonnam-nottandu-heroine-zaya-david-tomichan-mulakupadam-1.3437671|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, she appeared in the film Oronnonnara Pranayakadha in lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ഒരൊന്നൊന്നര പ്രണയകഥ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/rachel-david-starrer-oronnonnara-pranayakadha-malayalam-movie-review-rating/moviereview/69499307.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143004/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/rachel-david-starrer-oronnonnara-pranayakadha-malayalam-movie-review-rating/moviereview/69499307.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Oronnonnara Pranayakadha review highlights: A trite candy love story – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oronnonnara-pranayakadha-review-highlights-a-trite-candy-love-story/articleshow/69477749.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Ur |first1=Arya |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002001812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oronnonnara-pranayakadha-review-highlights-a-trite-candy-love-story/articleshow/69477749.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rachel David made her Kannada film debut with [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]]'s [[Love Mocktail|Love Mocktail 2]] in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The second single from Love Mocktail 2 to be out on May 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/apr/27/the-second-single-from-love-mocktail-2-to-be-out-on-may-1-2295148.html |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143004/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/apr/27/the-second-single-from-love-mocktail-2-to-be-out-on-may-1-2295148.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=After Kannada, Rachel David is set for debut in Tamil – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/after-kannada-rachel-david-is-set-for-debut-in-tamil/articleshow/86991612.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014052907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/after-kannada-rachel-david-is-set-for-debut-in-tamil/articleshow/86991612.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi |title=Love Mocktail ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ನಟಿ, ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿ ಫಿದಾ ಆದ ಫ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್‌! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/love-mocktail-2-fame-rachel-david-kannada-slang-win-netizens-heart-vcs-r751gz |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=kn |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211151402/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/love-mocktail-2-fame-rachel-david-kannada-slang-win-netizens-heart-vcs-r751gz |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Love Mocktail 2' Review: Krishna delivers a perfect blend of love and laughter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/12/love-mocktail-2-review-krishnadelivers-a-perfect-blend-oflove-and-laughter-2418320.html |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213064245/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/12/love-mocktail-2-review-krishnadelivers-a-perfect-blend-oflove-and-laughter-2418320.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although she known as Zaya David, her official and stage name is Rachel David.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zaya David News {{!}} Latest News of Zaya David {{!}} Times of India Entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/zaya-david/news|access-date=1 October 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002001811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/zaya-david/news|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> === Films ===<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Language<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> | ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''<br /> | Zaya<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Malayalam]]<br /> | Debut film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oronnonnara Pranayakadha''<br /> | Amina<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 <br /> | ''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]''<br /> | Rachel Antony<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Kaaval' trailer released; fans laud stunning performance of Suresh Gopi, Renji Panicker |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-kaaval-trailer-released-fans-laud-stunning-performance-of-suresh-gopi-renji-panicker-1.5834631 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143004/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-kaaval-trailer-released-fans-laud-stunning-performance-of-suresh-gopi-renji-panicker-1.5834631 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='തമ്പാന്&amp;zwj; പഴയ ആളല്ല'; മാസ് സുരേഷ് ഗോപിയുമായി 'കാവല്&amp;zwj;' ട്രെയ്&amp;zwj;ലര്&amp;zwj; {{!}} Kaaval Official Trailer|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/kaaval-official-trailer-qwcca2|access-date=17 July 2021|website=www.asianetnews.com|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717034948/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/trailer/kaaval-official-trailer-qwcca2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''<br /> | Sihi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=10 February 2022|title='Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/10/love-mocktail-2is-best-experienced-as-an-individual-film-2417474.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | ''[[Chef Chidambara]]''<br /> | Anu<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=30 December 2023|title=Rachel David's first look poster from the Kannada film Chef Chidambara out now|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-rachel-davids-1st-look-poster-from-kannada-film-chef-chidambara-out-8719276.html|website=News18 India|date=27 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | ''[[Bhuvanam Gaganam]]''<br /> | Nandini<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=31 March 2024|title=Kannada film 'Bhuvanam Gaganam' set for monsoon release|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/19/kannada-film-bhuvanam-gaganam-set-for-monsoon-release|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2026 || ''Koodothram'' || Anjana|| Malayalam || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Baiju Ezhupunna's Koodothram gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/baiju-ezhupunnas-koodothram-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Love Mocktail 3]]'' || Sihi || Kannada || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-11 |title=Krishna: Love Mocktail franchise explores love in all its forms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/11/kannadainterviews2025dec10krishna-love-mocktail-franchise-explores-love-in-all-its-forms |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | TBA<br /> | {{pending film|italic=no|''Walking Talking Strawberry Ice Cream''}}<br /> | Tejon Maya<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | Completed <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=Jonita Gandhi, Rachel David and KK's Walking Talking Strawberry Ice Cream starts with puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jonita-gandhi-and-kks-walking/talking-strawberry-ice-cream-starts-with-puja/articleshow/81241322.cms |access-date=13 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213065244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jonita-gandhi-and-kks-walking/talking-strawberry-ice-cream-starts-with-puja/articleshow/81241322.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award <br /> ! Category <br /> ! Film <br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | [[Kannada cinema#State Recognition|Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards]]<br /> | Best Debut Actress <br /> | ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-awards-2023-winner-list-121100/amp|title= CFC Academy Awards 2023 : ಚಂದನವನ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ ಕ್ರಿಟಿಕ್ಸ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ.. ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟ ರಿಷಬ್, ನಟಿ ಶರ್ಮಿಳಾ|date=6 March 2023|work=Zee News Kannada|access-date=12 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=6142313}}<br /> *{{Instagram|racheldavidofficial}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:David, Rachel}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeetendra&diff=446336 2026-03-15T16:49:32Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film actor (born 1942)}}<br /> {{for|other people with a similar name|Jitendra}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jeetendra <br /> | image = [[File:Jeetendra in February 2020.jpg|Jeetendra in February 2020]]<br /> | caption = Jeetendra in February 2020<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1942|04|07}}<br /> | other_names = {{hlist|''Jumping Jack''}}<br /> | birth_name = Ravi Kapoor<br /> | birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]&lt;br/&gt;(present{{endash}}day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 1959–Present<br /> | works = [[Jeetendra filmography|Full list]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Shobha Kapoor]]|1974}}<br /> | children = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Tusshar Kapoor]]}}<br /> | relations = [[Abhishek Kapoor]] (nephew)<br /> | organization = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jeetendra''' (born '''Ravi Kapoor''' {{IPAc-en|r|æ|v|i}} {{respell|RAV-ee}}; 7 April 1942) is an Indian actor who is known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is regarded as one of the greatest stars of [[Hindi cinema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;top&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/13 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/13 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is noted for his acting, style and dance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hema-and-jeetendra-off-beat-love-stories/photostory/49382405.cms?pcode=other|title=Hema and Jeetendra: Off beat love stories|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://waykup.in/jeetendras-fashion-journey-and-his-affinity-for-white/|title=Jeetendra's Fashion Journey and His Affinity for White|date=8 August 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-birthday-5-dance-moves-of-the-actor-that-are-simply-unmatched-watch-videos-3560565.html|title=Jeetendra Birthday: 5 Dance Moves of The Actor That Are Simply Unmatched (Watch Videos)|date=7 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has worked in more than [[Jeetendra filmography|200 films]] in a career spanning over six decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jeetendra|title=Jeetendra (Biography)|website=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jeetendra began his acting career with ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/original-heroes-bollywood-jeetendra-111024995.html|title=The Original Heroes of Bollywood: Jeetendra|date=26 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He shot to stardom in 1967 with ''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]'', and achieved greater success in later years, being dubbed India's &quot;Jumping Jack&quot; for several of his on-screen roles in Hindi films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-jeetendra-a-tribute-to-the-jumping-jack-of-bollywood-101617776846528.html|title=Happy Birthday Jeetendra: A tribute to the 'Jumping Jack' of Bollywood|date=7 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; He consistently starred in several top–grossing Indian films from the late-1960s to the 1980s, such as ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'', ''[[Humjoli]]'', ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'', ''[[Bidaai]]'', ''[[Udhar Ka Sindur]]'', ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'', ''[[Swarg Narak]]'', ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'', ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'', ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]'', ''[[Farz Aur Kanoon]]'', ''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]'', ''[[Tohfa]]'', ''[[Maqsad]]'', ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'', ''[[Khudgarz]]'' and ''[[Thanedaar]]'',&lt;ref name=bo25y/&gt;&lt;ref name=JeetendraIn80s/&gt; as well as some of his acclaimed performances, include ''[[Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti]]'', ''[[Mere Huzoor]]'', ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke]]'', ''[[Jigri Dost]]'', ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'', ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]'', ''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]'', ''[[Priyatama]]'', ''[[Lok Parlok]]'', ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'', ''[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]'', ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]'' and ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/jeetendras-top-15-films/20170407.htm|title=Jeetendra's TOP 15 Films|date=7 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early-2000s, he founded [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], which emerged as one of the leading production houses in [[Hindi cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kingdom of The Soap Queen: The Story of Balaji Telefilms |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/kingdom-of-the-soap-queen-the-story-of-balaji-telefilms/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Harper Collins |date=31 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185942/https://harpercollins.co.in/product/kingdom-of-the-soap-queen-the-story-of-balaji-telefilms/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Jeetendra was born in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] Hindu family as Ravi Kapoor in [[Amritsar, Punjab]], to Amarnath and Krishna Kapoor, whose business dealt with imitation jewellery, supplied to film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pawar |first1=Yogesh |date=7 April 2024 |title=Jeetendra: ‘Our Punjabi Family Had An Improvised Gudi Installed’ |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/jeetendra-our-punjabi-family-had-an-improvised-gudi-installed |work=Free Press Journal |access-date=18 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He attended St. Sebastian's Goan High School in [[Mumbai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/jeetendra/biography-586.html|title=Jeetendra Biography, Jeetendra Bio data, Profile, Videos, Photos|publisher=in.com|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415075322/http://www.in.com/jeetendra/biography-586.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; with his friend [[Rajesh Khanna]] and then studied at [[Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce|Siddharth College]] in Mumbai. While supplying jewellery to [[V. Shantaram]], he was cast as [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]]'s character's double in the 1964 movie ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]'' after which his career never looked back.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeetendra&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0420090/bio|title=Jeetendra|website=IMDb|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125150407/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0420090/bio|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> ===1964–1971: Rise to stardom ===<br /> <br /> Jeetendra began his career in 1964, playing the lead role in [[V. Shantaram]]'s ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]'' alongside [[Rajshree]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/geet_gaya_patharon_ne|title=Geet Gaya Patharon Ne (1964)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite heavy promotions and positive reviews, the film proved to be an unsuccessful venture domestically.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/jeetendra-the-best-musicals|title=Jeetendra: The Best Musicals|date=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a brief period of absence from films, he established himself with [[Ravikant Nagaich]]'s [[Spy film|spy thriller]] ''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]'' in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/farz|title=Farz (1967)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; A remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' (1966), it emerged a blockbuster at the box office and made Jeetendra a star.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top Actors&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/gun-ho-in-bollywood/articleshow/12312314.cms?pcode=other|title=Gun-ho in Bollywood|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music of ''Farz'' was one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1960s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&amp;catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&amp;catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&amp;PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majority of its songs like – &quot;Mast Baharon Ka Main Aashiq&quot;, &quot;Baar Baar Din Ye Aaye – Happy Birthday To You&quot;, both solos by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and &quot;Hum To Tere Aashiq Hain&quot;, a duet by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] remain popular till date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/farz/1852663/|title=Farz|via=www.hungama.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968, he had three releases – ''[[Suhaag Raat (1968 film)|Suhaag Raat]]'', ''[[Aulad (1968 film)|Aulad]]'' and ''[[Mere Huzoor]]''. While, ''Suhaag Raat'' and ''Aulad'' were critical and commercial success, the lattermost co-starring [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Mala Sinha]] received positive response from reviewers and did decent business at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&amp;catName=MTk2OA==|title=Box Office 1968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014074151/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&amp;catName=MTk2OA== |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1969, Jeetendra had three major commercial successes with [[L. V. Prasad]]'s ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'', [[T. R. Ramanna]]'s ''[[Waris (film)|Waris]]'' and Ravikant Nagaich's ''[[Jigri Dost]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-rajesh-khannas-aradhana-to-jeetendras-jigri-dost-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1969/|title=From Rajesh Khanna's Aradhana To Jeetendra's Jigri Dost – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1969|date=5 May 1969}}&lt;/ref&gt; He began the 1970s with a small role in Chander Vohra's ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' which had [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in the lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/khilona-1970/article5426111.ece|title=Khilona (1970)|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged a huge hit and received praise for its premise and performances of the cast.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridevi – A Very Rare Female Star&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3721|date=1 March 2018|title=Sridevi – A Very Rare Female Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare Awards|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had another superhit that year with [[T. R. Ramanna]]'s ''[[Humjoli]]'', which was a remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]'' (1964).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&amp;catName=MTk3MA== |title=Box Office India 1970 |access-date=31 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010033/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&amp;catName=MTk3MA== |archive-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1971, Jeetendra starred alongside [[Asha Parekh]] in [[Nasir Hussain]]'s [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Parekh |first1=Asha |author1-link=Asha Parekh |last2=Mohamed |first2=Khalid |author2-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=Asha Parekh: The Hit Girl |date=2017 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-86316-98-1 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaGiDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906064524/https://books.google.com/books?id=IaGiDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film proved to be a superhit domestically and an ''All Time Blockbuster'' in overseas markets, especially [[China]] where it went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing foreign film]], surpassing [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Ashok |title=Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870231 |pages=71 &amp; 77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&amp;pg=PA77 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133358/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&amp;pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtrack of ''Caravan'' composed by [[R. D. Burman]] was a huge chartbuster and one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&amp;catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&amp;catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5 | archive-date=5 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1972–1979: Career slump and return to prominence===<br /> <br /> Despite starting the 1970s on a successful note, Jeetendra saw a bad phase from 1972 to 1973 as majority of his films, such as ''[[Ek Hasina Do Diwane]]'' (1972), ''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' (1972), ''[[Yaar Mera]]'' (1972), ''[[Roop Tera Mastana]]'' (1972), ''[[Anokhi Ada (1973 film)|Anokhi Ada]]'' (1973) and ''[[Gehri Chaal]]'' (1973), all [[box office bomb|bombed]] at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-i-havent-earned-a-single-penny-in-the-last-20-years/articleshow/57985247.cms|title=Jeetendra: I haven't earned a single penny in the last 20 years|date=3 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this phase, he saw moderate successes in ''[[Bhai Ho To Aisa]]'' (1972) and ''[[Jaise Ko Taisa]]'' (1973) and received praise for his portrayal of a kind-hearted tuition teacher in [[Gulzar]]'s light-hearted drama ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema|author=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2003|isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=337 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&amp;pg=PT361 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Musafir Hoon Yaroon&quot; from ''Parichay'' was listed at #25 in the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1973]] and is considered to be one of the most loved ''[[filmi]]'' songs of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=Top 32: Most loved Bollywood songs of all time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/top-32-most-loved-bollywood-songs-of-all-time/story-Oy5PxR4xslOx82xB6cmVkI.html |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1974, Jeetendra played the lead in [[L. V. Prasad]]'s ''[[Bidaai (1974 film)|Bidaai]]'' co-starring [[Leena Chandavarkar]] and [[Durga Khote]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jeetendra Birthday Special: Not Akshay Kumar or Salman Khan, But The Veteran Actor Is The King Of Remakes – Here's How |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-birthday-special-not-akshay-kumar-or-salman-khan-but-the-veteran-actor-is-the-king-of-remakes-heres-how-2409774.html |website=LatestLY |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en |date=7 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film proved to be a blockbuster at the box office thus ending his dry run and also emerging one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1974|top five highest-grossing films of that year]].&lt;ref name=bo25y&gt;{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/|title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973–1997)|date=13 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1975, he reunited with Gulzar for the [[Romance film|romantic drama]] ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/12dinesh.htm |title=Khushboo: Gulzar's unforgettable magic |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=12 April 2003 |website=Rediff.com |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505040302/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/12dinesh.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on [[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''Panditmashai'', it was well received by the masses as well as the critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = Blast From The Past: Khushboo (1975) | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/khushboo-1975/article4810769.ece | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 13 June 2013 | access-date = 14 June 2013 | author = Ziya Us Salam | archive-date = 22 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922114727/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/khushboo-1975/article4810769.ece | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, he delivered three more commercial successes with ''[[Suntan (1976 film)|Suntan]]'', ''[[Udhar Ka Sindur]]'' and ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'' (in which he played a small role).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/image/Film-Inf-1976-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1976)|access-date=16 December 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827195032/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/image/Film-Inf-1976-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 1977 proved to be a big year for Jeetendra with many successes. He had an ''All Time Blockbuster'' in [[Manmohan Desai]]'s magnum opus ''[[Dharam Veer (1977 film)|Dharam Veer]]'', also starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Zeenat Aman]] and [[Neetu Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7993|date=6 September 2023|title=Top Ten All Time Bihar – Gadar 2 Smashes All Records}}&lt;/ref&gt; In United Kingdom, the film had 23 shows in 5 cities. Driven by the success of Rafi's songs, the film took a record initial of £50,000 in the UK, equivalent to {{INRConvert|{{#expr:50000*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=1977}}) round -1}}|year=1977|mode=historical}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=United Kingdom Evolution - £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the film sold 32 million tickets in the [[Soviet Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dharam Veer |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/97001/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=[[KinoPoisk]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The huge success of ''Dharam Veer'' was followed by a superhit in [[J. Om Prakash]]'s third directional venture ''[[Apnapan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FI1978&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1978-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification - 1978|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830074833/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1978-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, his final collaboration with Gulzar took place for another romance film ''[[Kinara (1977 film)|Kinara]]'' opposite [[Hema Malini]].&lt;ref&gt;Chatterjee, Saibal (2007)&amp;nbsp;– Echoes and Eloquences, The Life and Cinema of Gulzar, Rupa &amp; Co. {{ISBN|978-81-291-1235-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is widely remembered for its heartwarming premise and the song &quot;Naam Gum Jayega&quot; sung by Lata Mangeshkar and [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dhar-lataji-voice-has-a-deep-connection-with-tourist-city-of-madhya-pradesh-mandu-7281762|title=मेरी आवाज ही पहचान है : मध्‍य प्रदेश की पर्यटन नगरी मांडू से रहा लताजी की आवाज का गहरा नाता|date=6 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeetendra's good run continued in 1978 with a superhit in [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]'s family drama film ''[[Swarg Narak]]'' which was a remake of director's own Telugu film ''[[Swargam Narakam]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FI1978&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dasari-narayana-rao-the-original-trendsetter/article18664843.ece|title=Dasari: The original trendsetter|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 May 2017|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also had hits in Ram Maheshwari's ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]'' alongside Raaj Kumar and [[K. Bapayya]]'s ''[[Dil Aur Deewaar]]'' co-starring [[Ashok Kumar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FI1978&quot;/&gt; He ended the decade on a high note with one more blockbuster in [[Rajkumar Kohli]]'s ensemble [[Horror film|horror thriller]] ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' and a hit in [[Anil Ganguly]]'s [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]''.&lt;ref name=bo25y/&gt; He also appeared in [[T. Rama Rao]]'s [[fantasy comedy]] ''[[Lok Parlok]]'' which ended up as an average fare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Retrospect : Yamagola 1977 |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_yamagola1977_2.php |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |quote=With the success of the Telugu film, I remade the same into Hindi with Jitendra, Jayaprada, and Amjad Khan in the lead roles, as Lok-Parlok, marking Tatineni Ramarao's directorial debut in Hindi, but the Hindi version was only an average fare. It was banned first, though the ban was lifted later. |archive-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103041628/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_yamagola1977_2.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With continuous flow of hits from 1974 to 1979, Jeetendra solidified his star-status.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-superstar-jeetendra-who-ruled-bollywood-3-decades-created-record-even-akshay-ajay-salman-srk-yet-to-break-3073054|title=Meet superstar who ruled Bollywood for 3 decades, created record which even Akshay, Ajay, Salman, SRK are yet to break|date=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1980–1990: Widespread success ===<br /> <br /> Jeetendra reached his peak in the early-1980s and enjoyed a strong innings throughout the decade.&lt;ref name=JeetendraIn80s&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindian.in/jeetendra-turns-80-the-jumping-jack-who-nearly-pushed-aside-the-angry-young-man/|title=Jeetendra Turns 80: The 'Jumping Jack' Who Nearly Pushed Aside The 'Angry Young Man'|date=8 April 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His first release in 1980 was J. Om Prakash's drama film ''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]'' which went on to become a massive blockbuster and remains his biggest solo hit till date.&lt;ref name=bo25y/&gt; Its soundtrack composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] dominated the musical charts and was one of the best selling Hindi film albums of the decade.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Comeback for radio countdown show|url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/newsoct00.html|date=October 2000|publisher=The Music Magazine|access-date=29 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boi80s&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1980–1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&amp;catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&amp;catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next release was [[Ravi Chopra]]'s big-budget [[Action Film|action thriller]] ''[[The Burning Train]]'' in which he co-starred alongside Dharmendra, [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Parveen Babi]] and Neetu Singh.&lt;ref name=upperstall&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1980/the-burning-train|archive-date=23 January 2013|title=The Burning Train (1980 film)|website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=5 December 2023|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082640/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1980/the-burning-train}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film did average business at the time of release, but received praise for its well-choreographed action sequences as well as performances of the cast and attained cult status in later years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/heres-why-the-burning-train-continues-to-be-the-coolest-disaster-thriller-film-522205.html|title=Here's Why The Burning Train Continues To Be The Coolest Disaster Thriller Film Till Date|date=7 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; After having fair runners in the form of ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'' and ''[[Nishana (1980 film)|Nishana]]'', he concluded the year with three back-to-back huge hits in ''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]'', ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]'' and ''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1980-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1980)|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827083638/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1980-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1981, Jeetendra starred in [[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]'s [[Action film|action crime]] film ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/meri_aawaz_suno|title=Meri Aawaz Suno (1981)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; A remake of mega hit [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film ''[[Antha (1981 film)|Antha]]'', it ran into controversies due to its bold subject, but opened to excellent audience response and proved to be a huge blockbuster at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thedailyeye.info/true-review/banned-it/7160c9e671207e1b|title=Banner It}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rewind - Forty Years Of Historic Blockbuster KRANTI |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6155 |access-date=13 February 2021 |publisher=boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, he had a superhit in ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' and couple of successes with films, such as ''[[Waqt Ki Deewar]]'', ''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharda]]'', ''[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]'', ''[[Shakka (film)|Shakka]]'' and ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1981-Class-P1-Comp.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1981)|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827054434/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1981-Class-P1-Comp.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; With his last few films doing extremely well at ticket counters, Jeetendra decided to produce and star in [[H. S. Rawail]]'s [[Romance (love)|romantic drama]] ''[[Deedar-E-Yaar]]'' (1982) under his home banner Tirupati Films. The film which also had [[Rekha]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Tina Munim]] in the lead, failed to live up to the expectations and proved to be a major box office flop with minimal recovery of the investment. After this unexpected debacle, Jeetendra made a solemn vow never to return into filmmaking again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-jeetendra-lost-a-fortune-producing-this-1982-rishi-kapoor-and-rekha-starrer-8568846.html|title=When Jeetendra Lost A Fortune Producing This 1982 Rishi Kapoor And Rekha-starrer|date=8 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the disastrous response to ''Deedar-E-Yaar'', his other releases that year performed well commercially.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top Actors&quot;/&gt; He delivered a superhit in ''[[Farz Aur Kanoon]]'', a hit film ''[[Jeeo Aur Jeene Do]]'', followed by six more successful films, ''[[Samraat (1982 film)|Samraat]]'', ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'', ''[[Insaan (1982 film)|Insaan]]'', ''[[Badle Ki Aag]]'', ''[[Rekha|Apna Bana Lo]]'' and ''[[Chorni]]'' to go with the major grossers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4407 |title= The Biggest Diwali BLOCKBUSTERS Of All Time |publisher= boxofficeindia.com |date=7 November 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1982-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1982|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908141622/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1982-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1983 proved to be one of the best years of Jeetendra's career with many successes. He first starred in [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s [[action comedy]] film ''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/himmatwala_1983|title=Himmatwala (1983)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]'', it emerged a blockbuster with two songs, &quot;Nainon Mein Sapna&quot; and &quot;Taki O Taki&quot; topping the musical charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |title=2018 Has High Number Of Blockbusters |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116170928/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Sridevi's IMMORTAL onscreen avatars |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/sridevis-immortal-onscreen-avatars/20180225.htm |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The huge success of ''Himmatwala'' made [[Sridevi]] a big star and she formed a hit pair with Jeetendra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sridevi-birth-anniversary-first-female-superstar-of-bollywood-know-her-hit-films-himmatwala-sadma-mr-india-2023-08-13|title=SriDevi: श्रीदेवी का सफरनामा, जितेंद्र संग रिकॉर्ड हिट फिल्में, मिथुन संग शादी और ठुकराई बिग बी की फिल्में|date=13 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boxofficeindia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Boxofficeindia.com |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120846/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; His other notable releases of the year were – ''[[Arpan]]'', ''[[Nishaan (film)|Nishaan]]'', ''[[Jaani Dost]]'', ''[[Justice Chaudhury]]'' and ''[[Mawaali]]''. While the latter two were hits, ''Arpan'', ''Nishaan'' and ''Jaani Dost'' ended up as moderate commercial successes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridevi – A Very Rare Female Star&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1983|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908124607/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1984, Jeetendra appeared in ''[[Tohfa]]'' which was a remake of [[Sobhan Babu]] starrer [[Telugu language|Telugu]] superhit ''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|number=974247556678082561|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#ThrowbackThursday: #GeminiGanesan and #Vijayakumari in #KalyanaParisu. This popular #Tamil #melodrama spawned many remakes, including Pelli Kanuka in #Telugu starring #ANR, #Nazrana in #Hindi starring #RajKapoor&amp;nbsp;– #Vyjayanthimala, &amp; #Tohfa starring #Jeetendra&amp;nbsp;– #Sridevi. #TBT|author=National Film Archive of India|author-link=National Film Archive of India|date=15 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180327162211/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/974247556678082561|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tohfa'' like the original opened to excellent response and emerged a blockbuster as well as the highest earner of 1984.&lt;ref name=bo25y/&gt; This was followed by hits in ''[[Maqsad]]'' and ''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]'', the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridevi – A Very Rare Female Star&quot;/&gt; 1985 also proved to be a big year for Jeetendra with four of his films emerging commercial successes, these were - ''[[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|Haqeeqat]]'', ''[[Balidaan (1985 film)|Balidaan]]'', ''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'' and ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1985-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1985}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, he added one more blockbuster in his kitty with [[K. Bapayya]]'s [[Family|family drama]] ''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]'' co-starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Jaya Prada and [[Padmini Kolhapure]].&lt;ref name=bo25y/&gt; He also worked with [[Dilip Kumar]] in [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s actioner ''[[Dharm Adhikari]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129111036/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55877 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2013 |title= Dharm Adhikari (Direction) |work=Bollywood hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the presence of some of the biggest stars of the time, the film failed to live up to the expectations and ended up as an average fare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Legend Dilip Kumar Passes Away At 98 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6255 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the underperformance of ''Dharm Adhikari'', he reunited with T. Rama Rao for ''[[Dosti Dushmani]]'' alongside [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]], which emerged a box office hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6039|title=Cinema Can Come Back Stronger|date=4 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also appeared in the successful films ''[[Ghar Sansar]]'', ''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' and ''[[Locket (film)|Locket]]'' and did a guest appearance in the superhit ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'', the same year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-Classification-1986.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1986)}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1987, Jeetendra played the lead in [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s directional debut ''[[Khudgarz]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/khudgarz|title=Khudgarz (1987)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film proved to be a superhit and established Roshan's career as a director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/how-khudgarz-changed-rakesh-roshans-life|title=How KHUDGARZ changed Rakesh Roshan's life|date=6 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, he delivered two more commercial successes with ''[[Sindoor (1987 film)|Sindoor]]'' (in which he had a small role) and ''[[Insaaf Ki Pukar]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/ampstories/buzz-on-web/entertainment/153537-dharmendra-unbeatable-record-7-biggest-grossers-out-of-top-10-1987-films.html|title=Dharmendra's Unbeatable Record In 1987 With 7 Out of Top 10 Grossers|date=31 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a string of critical and commercial failures for the next two years, in 1990, Jeetendra starred in [[Raj N. Sippy]]'s actioner ''[[Thanedaar]]'' alongside [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Madhuri Dixit reminisces song 'Tamma Tamma' as movie 'Thanedar' clocks 30 years|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-reminisces-song-tamma-tamma-as-movie-thanedar-clocks-30-years20201210192332/|access-date=5 October 2021|website=ANI News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film backed up with chartbuster music went on to become a superhit venture at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;TG 1990&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-1990-Classifications-Page-1.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1990}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from ''Thanedaar'', his other commercially successful films that year, included ''[[Souten Ki Beti]]'', ''[[Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hai]]'', ''[[Sheshnaag]]'', ''[[Agneekaal]]'' and ''[[Amiri Garibi]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;TG 1990&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1991–present: Later career===<br /> <br /> In the early-1990s, Jeetendra's star power began to wane as his subsequent releases like ''[[Begunaah]]'' (1991), ''[[Ranbhoomi]]'' (1991), ''[[Sapnon Ka Mandir]]'' (1991), ''[[Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi (1992 film)|Yeh Raat Phir Na Aayegi]]'' (1992), ''[[Rishta Ho To Aisa]]'' (1992) and ''[[Insaaf Ki Devi]]'' (1992) failed to do well commercially.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/FI-Classification-1991-P2.jpg|title=FI Classification (1991)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1993, he starred alongside [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Divya Bharti]] in Talat Jani's ''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]'', which proved to be a box office hit and also his last major success as an actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=शुक्ल |first=पंकज |date=9 July 2020 |title=बाइस्कोप: मौत से हफ्ता भर पहले दिखा था दिव्या भारती का ये दिलकश अंदाज, इस फिल्म में जमा आखिरी 'रंग' |trans-title=Bioscope: A week before her death, was seen Divya Bharti's charming style; her last 'colour' was deposited in this film |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/rang-this-day-that-year-series-by-pankaj-shukla-9-july-1993-bioscope-divya-bharti-sajid-nadidadwala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709225826/https://www.amarujala.com/amp/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/rang-this-day-that-year-series-by-pankaj-shukla-9-july-1993-bioscope-divya-bharti-sajid-nadidadwala |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1994 to 2003, Jeetendra played supporting roles in many films, but only ''[[Judge Mujrim]]'' (1997) did well commercially while rest of them flopped.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2648|title=Judge Mujrim (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], he received the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His last [[Hindi]] film appearance till date was in Basit Khan's [[romantic drama]] ''Ho Jaata Hai Pyar'' (2005).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ho_jaata_hai_pyaar|title=HO JAATA HAI PYAAR|work=rottentomatoes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It received negative response from reviewers and flopped at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1636| title=HO JAATA HAI PYAR (2005)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeetendra then appeared as a guest in the song &quot;Deewangi Deewangi&quot; in [[Farah Khan]]'s [[Reincarnation|reincarnation drama]] ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/10-years-of-om-shanti-om-farah-khan-interview-with-anupama-chopra|title=10 Years of Om Shanti Om with Farah Khan|date=9 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2020, he made his digital debut with the romantic web series ''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]]'' which had [[Sharman Joshi]] and [[Asha Negi]] in the lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/May/04/jeetendra-to-make-digital-debut-in-baarish-season-2-18303.html|title=Jeetendra to make digital debut in Baarish season 2|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 April 2019|title=Sharman Joshi: Baarish is perfect for a Sunday family binge|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sharman-joshi-baarish-is-perfect-for-a-sunday-family-binge-5693522/|website=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[File:Jeetendra with his son Tusshar and daughter Ekta.jpg|thumb|right|Jeetendra (right) with daughter Ekta (center) and son Tusshar (left) in 2016]]<br /> Jeetendra had met his wife, [[Shobha Kapoor|Shobha]], when she was only 14. She completed school, went to college and was employed as an Air Hostess with [[British Airways]]. When Jeetendra was struggling between 1960 and 1966 to establish himself as an actor, he was in a relationship with Shobha. It was not until after the release of [[Bidaai (1974 film)|''Bidaai'']] on 18 October 1974, that Jeetendra and Shobha decided to get married, which they did in a simple ceremony at Janki Kutir with only a few family members and friends present.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeetendra&quot;/&gt; In her authorised biography, Hema Malini claimed that they almost got married, but she backed out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=172750 |title=Biography reveals dream girl's love affairs |publisher=Paktribune.com |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224030639/http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=172750 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jeetendra and Shobha have two children together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=Jeetendra and Shobha Kapoor renew wedding vows as they celebrate 50 years of togetherness, Ektaa and Tusshar share heartwarming videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jeetendra-and-shobha-kapoor-renew-wedding-vows-as-they-celebrate-50-years-of-togetherness-ektaa-kapoor-and-tusshar-kapoor-shares-a-heartwarming-video/articleshow/116372831.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The oldest, daughter [[Ekta Kapoor]], runs [[Balaji Telefilms]] while their son [[Tusshar Kapoor]] is also an actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actor-jeetendras-hand-imprint-tile-unveiled/440478-8-66.html |title=Jeetendras hand imprint tile unveiled |publisher=IBNlive |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101054120/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actor-jeetendras-hand-imprint-tile-unveiled/440478-8-66.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; During an episode of ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'', when Jeetendra and Ekta Kapoor were the guests, he related an incident from 1976 where he was supposed to go to [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) by flight on [[Karva Chauth]]. His flight got delayed and he went back home so that Shobha could perform the necessary rituals. Shobha refused to let him go back to the airport. So Jeetendra called his make-up man and told him to come back home, and that they would leave the next day. Around nighttime he looked outside from his flat and saw a fireball hurtling toward the airport. Later, after a couple of hours, his phone rang incessantly with people calling to find out what happened. The flight that he was supposed to have taken had crashed and was [[Indian Airlines Flight 171]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-reveals-how-karwa-chauth-ritual-saved-him-from-plane-crash-says-he-lost-co-star-in-tragedy-101636273852811.html|title=Jeetendra reveals how Karwa Chauth ritual saved him from plane crash, says he lost co-star in tragedy|date=7 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Main|Jeetendra filmography}}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> * 1998 – Guest of Honour Award at the 18th Ujala Cinema Express Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19991119/fco19056.html |title=Cinema Express awards presented |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=24 August 1998 |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224019/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19991119/fco19056.html |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2002 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the Zee Gold [[Bollywood Movie Awards]] in New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies |title=Bollywood News: Bollywood Movies Reviews, Hindi Movies in India, Music &amp; Gossip |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221050610/https://www.rediff.com/movies |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2003 – [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2003/101|title=Filmfare Awards (2003)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2004 – &quot;Legend of Indian Cinema&quot; Award at [[Atlantic City]] (United States).&lt;ref&gt;[http://movies.indiainfo.com/newsbytes/devanand_112204.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508200037/http://movies.indiainfo.com/newsbytes/devanand_112204.html|date=8 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2005 – [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award]]<br /> * 2008 – Sansui Television Lifetime Achievement Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/11554/winners-of-sansui-awards-2008.html |title=Winners of Sansui Awards 2008 – RS Bollywood Online |publisher=Radiosargam.com |date=30 March 2008 |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719005154/http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/11554/winners-of-sansui-awards-2008.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2012 – [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement]]<br /> * 2012 – Lions Gold Awards: Most Evergreen Romantic Hero&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=19th Lions Gold Awards 2013 Winners|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/hrithik-roshan/19th-lions-gold-awards-2013-winners|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=17 January 2013|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121003053/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/hrithik-roshan/19th-lions-gold-awards-2013-winners|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> [[File:Jeetendra at Rajesh Khanna's prayer meet 04.jpg|thumb|Jeetendra at [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s prayer meet in 2012]]<br /> <br /> One of the most successful actors of the 1970s and 1980s, Jeetendra appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s &quot;Top Actors&quot; list seven times from 1980 to 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top Actors&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Owing to his energetic dancing style in ''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]'', Jeetendra earned the sobriquet of &quot;Jumping Jack&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/bollywoods-jumping-jack-and-yesteryear-star-jeetendra-turns-78/articleshow/75025534.cms|title=Bollywood's jumping jack and yesteryear star Jeetendra turns 78|date=7 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, he was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s &quot;75 Best Bollywood Actors&quot; list.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0420090|name=Jeetendra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}<br /> {{Balaji Telefilms}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:1942 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Amritsar]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi film producers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce alumni]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Rod_de_Parra&diff=506568 2026-03-14T19:20:24Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: made new info basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (1938–2014)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jose Rod de Parra<br /> | image = Jose Rod de Parra.jpg<br /> | caption = Rodrigues in 2014<br /> | birth_name = José Francisco Rodrigues<br /> | birth_place = [[Parra, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|10|1|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|6|13|1938|10|1|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Parra, Goa, India <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|singer|playwright}}<br /> | spouse = Angela Rodrigues<br /> | children = 5<br /> | years_active = {{circa|1948}}–2014<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''José Francisco Rodrigues''' (1 October 1938 – 13 June 2014), known professionally as '''Jose Rod de Parra''', was an Indian comedian, actor, singer, and playwright known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions and ''[[zagor (festival)|zagor]]s''.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> José Francisco Rodrigues was born on 1 October 1938 in the village of [[Parra, Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India), to Francisco Abrão Rodrigues, a worker, and Ana Angélica Fernandes, a [[homemaker]], in a [[Goan Catholic]] family. He was the fourth of four children, having an elder brother, Lourencinho (born 1926), and two elder sisters, Bernardina (born 1931), and Gumeroza (born 1935).&lt;ref name=&quot;goaonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&amp;_Mode=B&amp;__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Rodrigues commenced his journey on the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage at the age of ten, establishing himself as a ''[[tiatrist]]'' (''tiatr'' performer). His talent and aptitude allowed him to gain popularity, not only in his native village of [[Parra]] and the surrounding villages of the [[Bardez]] [[taluka]], but also in various other villages throughout the state of [[Goa]]. He shared the limelight with commercial ''tiatrists'' such as [[Valente Mascarenhas]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Jessie Dias]], S. B. Radio, Thomas Andrade, and many others. Theater directors, including Valente, Thomas Andrade, Francis de Parra, Bonaventure D'Pietro, and Anthony Furtado, sought Rodrigues' participation in their ''tiatrs''. Some productions in which he featured include Valente' ''Bim Toxem Bhat'', Thomas Andrade's ''Mog Vo Axea'' (Love or Greed) and ''Ekuch Mati'' (One Sand), Francis de Parra's ''Lagmodi Sun'', Bonaventure D'Pietro's ''Vatt Chuklelem Suknnem'' (The Lost Bird), and Anthony Furtado's ''tiatr''.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-06-15 |title=Tiatrist Jose Rod from Parra no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrist-jose-rod-from-parra-no-more/articleshow/36590696.cms |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319112224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrist-jose-rod-from-parra-no-more/articleshow/36590696.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rodrigues garnered acclaim for his [[comic song|comedic song]]s and frequently portrayed comic characters in collaboration with fellow comedian Johnny de Saligão.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIATR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=175}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rodrigues showcased his talent and versatility as both a ''tiatr'' performer and a ''[[zagor (festival)|zagor]]'' artiste. His passion for these traditional forms of folk drama, ignited a sense of enthusiasm within him whenever ''tiatr'' or ''zagor'' were mentioned. On 17 May 2014, Rodrigues made his final appearance in the ''zagor'' production titled ''Sukh Tankam Favo Zaum'' (May they find happiness), which was written and directed by his son, Domnic de Parra. In this performance, Rodrigues collaborated with his son Braz de Parra and brother-in-law Aniceto, forming a [[trio (music)|trio]] that showcased a composition personally crafted by Rodrigues himself. During this significant occasion, Rodrigues received recognition and appreciation, being felicitated alongside John de Parra.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;/&gt; Not only did Rodrigues work as a performer, but he also displayed his creative prowess by writing a ''tiatr'' called ''Mogachem Kazar Atanchea Tempar'' (Love marriage in today's generation). Additionally, he showcased his acting skills in two ''tiatrs'' penned by his son Braz de Parra, namely ''Rostad'' and ''Nagovnno'' (Cheater).&lt;ref name=&quot;TIATR&quot;/&gt; Rodrigues's artistic contributions extended beyond the realm of acting and writing. He lent his voice to his son Braz's [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[audio CD]] titled ''Kosli Ixttagot'' (What is Friendship), which was released on 1 December 2013, in [[Kuwait]]. The CD, created by Avy Productions, was introduced during the performance of 'Goencho Rakonddar,' a Konkani [[musical show]] organized by [[Maestro]] Shahu at the Asia-Asia Hall. It featured 13 tracks performed by [[Goan]] singers connected to the [[Tiatr|Konkani theatrical scene]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pressreader&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2013 |title=Braz de Parra to release Konkani CD |url=https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20131201/282643210346032 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Arab Times]] |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319112110/https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20131201/282643210346032 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Rodrigues married Angela &quot;Eliza&quot;, a [[homemaker]] originally from [[Anjuna]], [[Goa]]. The couple had three sons: Isidor,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 November 2005 |title=Registration of Marriage |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120953/https://goaonline.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Greg, and Dominic, and two daughters: Carmen and Anita.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;/&gt; All three of his sons are involved in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Isidor is known professionally as Braz de Parra, a singer and composer.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressreader&quot;/&gt; Dominic and Greg are also [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2023-09-03 |title=Goa tiatr review: Tiatr 'Mollbak Hat Tenkona...' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-review-tiatr-mollbak-hat-tenkona |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319162657/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-review-tiatr-mollbak-hat-tenkona |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rodrigues's brother-in-law, Aniceto, is also a singer active in the Konkani stage. Rodrigues resided at Silva Vaddo in [[Parra, Goa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;goaonline&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> On 17 May 2014, during Rodrigues' final appearance in his son's theatrical production titled ''Sukh Tankam Favo Zaum'', his health deteriorated significantly. Less than a month later, on 13 June 2014, Rodrigues died at his residence&lt;ref name=&quot;TIATR&quot;/&gt; in Silva Vaddo, [[Parra, Goa]], at the age of 75.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following his death, a [[Catholic funeral|funeral procession]] was organized, which commenced on 15 June, two days after his demise at 4&amp;nbsp;pm. The procession proceeded to St. Anne's Church in Parra, where a [[eucharistic]] celebration was held, followed by his burial in accordance with [[Christian burial|Christian customs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:de Parra, Jose Rod}}<br /> [[Category:1938 births]]<br /> [[Category:2014 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govind_Kanhai&diff=501103 2026-03-12T04:42:05Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian artist and painter (born 1964)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Govind Kanhai<br /> | caption = Govind Kanhai with [[Hema Malini]] Portrait<br /> | native_name = गोविंद कन्हाई &lt;br&gt;<br /> ગોવિંદ<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1964|07|18}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Vrindavan]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | known_for = Painting, philosophy, Writing<br /> | parents = [[Kanhai Chitrakar]]<br /> | children = [[Parth kanhai]], [[chaitanya kanhai]], [[udhav kanhai]], [[Parijat kanhai]]<br /> | relatives = [[Krishn Kanhai]] (Brother)<br /> | awards = [[Yash Bharti Award]] (2015) &lt;br&gt;UP Ratna Award (2006)<br /> Achiever of the Millennium Award (1999)<br /> | signature = Govind Kanhai Signature.png<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Govind Kanhai''' (born 7 July 1964) is an Indian artist and painter. He completed his post graduation in philosophy from [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] formerly known as Agra University.<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> Kanhai is known for his innovative techniques in oil paints, involving the use of pure gold leaf and sparkling gems. He has painted for more than 30 years and undertakes figure work, Bhava Darshan and embossing. Working with his family, he has revived the significance of tradition of gold paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian PR Wire&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/art/2010010240620.htm | title=Kanhai Family (Padmashree Awardee) celebrates 25th wedding anniversary with L.K.Advani as chief guest | publisher=Indian PR Wire | date=2010 | accessdate=18 February 2017 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152300/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/art/2010010240620.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akhilesh-presented-portrait-of-his-family-by-kanhai-brothers-115061800382_1.html | title=Akhilesh presented portrait of his family by Kanhai brothers | newspaper=Business Standard | date=18 June 2015 | agency=Press Trust of India | accessdate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pure-gold-and-crystal-studded-paintings-1130050 | title=Pure gold and crystal studded paintings | publisher=DNA | date=2007 | accessdate=18 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Akhilesh-may-unveil-Mayawatis-portrait/articleshow/53678028.cms | title=Akhilesh may unveil Mayawati's portrait | publisher=Times of India | date=2016 | accessdate=18 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ''The Kanhai family'' has undertaken many commissions for the [[Parliament of India]] and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He and his brother have both painted portraits of the first prime minister [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]], former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and the former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] [[Lal Krishna Advani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Asian Age&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/india/akhilesh-yadav-mayawati-likely-meet-soon-326 | title=Akhilesh Yadav, Mayawati likely to meet soon<br /> | publisher=The Asian Age | date=2016 | accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;My chronicles&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mychronicles2007.blogspot.in/2007/11/golden-legacy.html | title=The Kanhai Gharana has revived the lost art of golden Krishna paintings in the past few decades, says Anita Iyer. | publisher=My chronicles | date=2007 | accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In year 2007, Govind had displayed his painting at Nehru Center, Mumbai valuing about 20&amp;nbsp;million Indian rupees (approx US$300,000)&lt;ref name=&quot;India Times&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/2-crore-painting/articleshow/2511333.cms | title=2 Crore painting | publisher=India Times | date=2007 | accessdate=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Family ==<br /> Govind is the son of [[Kanhai Chitrakar]] who was awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to art, by the [[President of India]] in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;News 18.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/artist-kanhai-chitrakar-passes-away-lk-advani-pays-tribute-632027.html | title=Artist Kanhai Chitrakar passes away, LK Advani pays tribute | publisher=News 18.com | date=2013 | accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Padma Shri]] (also Padmashree) is the fourth highest civilian award in the [[Republic of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf |title=Padma award's schema|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |date= |accessdate=2014-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his death, [[Hema Malini]] who is [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] inaugurated ''Padhamshree Kanhai Chitrakar Marg'' in honor of his memories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://epaper.amarujala.com/mt/20150109/04.html?format=img|title=रमणरेती अव पद्मश्री कन्हाई चित्रकार मार्ग|last=उजाला|first=अमर|date=9 January 2015|language=Hindi|trans-title=Ramadreti now Padamshree Kanhai Chitrkar Marg|access-date=4 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Govind's elder brother [[Krishn Kanhai]] was also awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;award00-09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=22 March 2016|pages=117–166|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Kanhai Chitrakar]] <br /> * [[Krishn Kanhai]] <br /> * [[Padma Shri]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanhai, Govind}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male painters]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mathura district]]<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folklorists]]<br /> [[Category:Painters from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Pre-Wedding_Show&diff=540523 2026-03-09T20:07:47Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Rahul Srinivas}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = The Great Pre-Wedding Show<br /> | image = The Great Pre-Wedding Show.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Rahul Srinivas Lukalapu<br /> | producer = {{plain list|<br /> * Sanddeep Agaram<br /> * Ashmita Reddy Basani<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Rahul Srinivas Lukalapu<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> * [[Thiruveer]]<br /> * Teena Sravya<br /> * Rohan Roy<br /> }}<br /> | music = Suresh Bobbili<br /> | cinematography = K Soma Sekhar<br /> | editing = Naresh Adupa<br /> | studio = {{plain list|<br /> * 7pm Productions<br /> * Puppet Show Productions<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|7|}}<br /> | runtime = 116 minutes<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = ₹5.25 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ది గ్రేట్ ప్రీ వెడ్డింగ్ షో టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….హిట్టా-ఫట్టా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/thegreatpreweddingshow-total-collection/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=31 December 2025|access-date=9 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''The Great Pre-Wedding Show''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Rahul Srinivas Lukalapu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-28 |title=‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’ promises a fun ride; trailer launch draws major directors |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/the-great-pre-wedding-show-promises-a-fun-ride-trailer-launch-draws-major-directors-1018394 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Thiruveer]] and Teena Sravya in lead roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thiruveer to play ‘wedding photographer’ in his next film ‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Thiruveer to play ‘wedding photographer’ in his next film ‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’ |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thiruveer-to-play-wedding-photographer-in-his-next-film-the-great-pre-wedding-show |accessdate=16 September 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=5 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916181803/https://telanganatoday.com/thiruveer-to-play-wedding-photographer-in-his-next-film-the-great-pre-wedding-show |archivedate=16 September 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The film was released on 7 November 2025 to positive reviews from critics and was successful at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Pre-Wedding Show Will Be a Laugh Riot: Thiruveer {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/the-great-pre-wedding-show-will-be-a-laugh-riot-thiruveer-77813.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thiruveer Thanks Audiences for The Great Pre-Wedding Show Success {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/thiruveer-thanks-audiences-for-the-great-pre-wedding-show-success-79064.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> ''The Great Pre-Wedding Show'' follows Ramesh, a small-town photographer who runs a modest studio in rural Andhra Pradesh. Ramesh is quietly in love with Hema, an employee at the local panchayat office, but neither of them admits their feelings.<br /> <br /> Ramesh’s life becomes complicated when a wealthy and influential man, Anand, hires him to shoot an elaborate pre-wedding photo and video session for his upcoming marriage to Soundarya. Ramesh completes the assignment, but the footage goes missing after his assistant Ramu accidentally misplaces the memory card. Fearing severe consequences if the powerful groom discovers the loss, Ramesh panics and attempts to cover up the mistake.<br /> <br /> In desperation, Ramesh devises various schemes to stall or disrupt the wedding, believing that if the event is postponed or cancelled, no one will ask for the missing pre-wedding material. His plans lead to a series of comedic misadventures, misunderstandings, and chaos within the village.<br /> <br /> As the situation spirals out of control, Ramesh begins to confront the emotional and moral consequences of his actions. The tone shifts toward drama as he grapples with guilt, strained relationships, and the impact of his deception on the couple and their families. Meanwhile, his bond with Hema deepens, pushing him to take responsibility for his mistakes.<br /> <br /> Ultimately, Ramesh sets out to correct the damage he has caused, seeking forgiveness and a chance at personal redemption.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Thiruveer]] as Ramesh<br /> * Teena Sravya as Hema<br /> * G. Rohan Roy as Ramu<br /> * Narendra Ravi as Mangipudi Anand<br /> * Yamini Nageswar as Soundarya<br /> * Prabhavathi Varma as Mangipudi Kanthamma<br /> * Madhavi Prasad as Soundarya's mother<br /> * Krovvidi Joga Rao as Mangipudi Narayana<br /> * Bank Basha as Soundarya's father<br /> * Waltair Vinay as Anand's friend<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The background score and songs are composed by Suresh Bobbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=‘Vayyari Vayyari’ from The Great Pre-Wedding Show is a sweet and rustic romantic number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/30/vayyari-vayyari-from-the-great-pre-wedding-show-is-a-sweet-and-rustic-romantic-number |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 17:41<br /> | all_lyrics = SaNaRe<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Vayyari Vayyari<br /> | extra1 = Yashwanth Nag, Sindhuja Srinivasan<br /> | length1 = 4:51<br /> | title2 = Naa Valane<br /> | extra2 = [[Anudeep Dev]]<br /> | length2 = 4:11<br /> | title3 = Pre Wedding Anthem<br /> | extra3 = [[Mangli]]<br /> | length3 = 4:27<br /> | title4 = Jigijikka<br /> | extra4 = Suresh Bobbili<br /> | length4 = 4:20<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ''The Great Pre-Wedding Show'' was released on 7 November 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Thiruveer expresses his joy at positive response from premiers of The Great Pre Wedding Show |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/06/thiruveer-expresses-his-joy-at-positive-response-from-premiers-of-the-great-pre-wedding-show |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Thiruveer's The Great Pre-Wedding Show: OTT Plaform, Streaming Date Revealed! |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ott/thiruveers-great-pre-wedding-show-ott-plaform-streaming-date-revealed-472670 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it premiered on the platform on 5 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Pre-Wedding show out on OTT: Where to stream Thiruveer's comedy caper |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-great-pre-wedding-show-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-thiruveers-comedy-caper/c92b2740d6628 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] praised Thiruveer's performance, writing and the storytelling, while also calling Suresh Bobbili's folk song compostions as &quot;value addition&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-11-07 |title=‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’ movie review: This Thiruveer-starrer is a cheeky countryside tale bolstered by fine performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-great-pre-wedding-show-movie-review-a-cheeky-countryside-tale-bolstered-by-fine-performances/article70247091.ece |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated, &quot;a cheerful entertainer with laughs, love, and life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Great Pre-Wedding Show: A feel-good laugh riot&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=The Great Pre-Wedding Show: A feel-good laugh riot |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/the-great-pre-wedding-show-a-feel-good-laugh-riot-1021143 |access-date=6 November 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=6 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suresh Kavirayani of [[The New Indian Express|''The New Indian Express'']] rated the film 3 out of 5 noting Thiruveer's performance and opined that the &quot;writing is fresh, and the dialogues are well-written&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-10 |title=The Great Pre-Wedding Show Movie Review: A fun-filled rural entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Nov/10/telugureview2025nov08the-great-pre-wedding-show-movie-review-a-fun-filled-rural-entertainer |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In her review for [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']], Divya Shree wrote that, Rahul Srinivas delivers a charming rural comedy-drama that beautifully balances humor and emotion.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Great Pre-Wedding Show Movie Review: A quirky rural drama that balances humour and heart&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=The Great Pre-Wedding Show Movie Review: A quirky rural drama that balances humour and heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/the-great-pre-wedding-show/movie-review/125136322.cms |access-date=6 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|33888205|The Great Pre-Wedding Show}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Great Pre-Wedding Show, The}}<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanphunga&diff=543589 2026-03-08T18:49:04Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Eastern Mizo chief (1868-1922)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Vanphunga<br /> | image = <br /> | title = Chief of Khandaih&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|lus|Khandaih Lal}}<br /> | caption = <br /> | succession = <br /> | reign = 1892-1922<br /> | coronation = <br /> | cor-type = <br /> | predecessor = [[Pâwibâwia]]<br /> | regent = Lalpuithluaii<br /> | reg-type = <br /> | successor = Awksarala<br /> | suc-type = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1868<br /> | birth_place = Zawngin<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1922|7|15|1868}}<br /> | death_place = Zawngin ([[Phullen]])<br /> | spouse = Lalkaichhungi (d.1907)&lt;br/&gt;Thangnguri<br /> | spouse-type = Spouse<br /> | consort = <br /> | issue = <br /> | issue-link = <br /> | regnal name = <br /> | house = Sailo<br /> | father = [[Pâwibâwia]]<br /> | mother = Rohlupuii<br /> | religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Christianity]] (after 1919)<br /> | type = chieftain<br /> | burial_date = <br /> | burial_place = <br /> | signature = <br /> | native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vanphunga''' (1868-15 July 1922) was an eastern [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief during the British colonial era of the [[British Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills]]. He was a persecutor of the early Mizo Christians following the [[Mizo Revival of 1906]] and set a standard of persecution among Mizo chiefs. Later on in life, Vanphunga became a Christian with the [[Mizo Revival of 1919]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Vanphunga was born in Zawngin in 1868 to Chief [[Pâwibâwia]] and his first wife Rohlupuii. He was the eldest of six brothers and a sister. After the death of his father, Vanphunga began to live with his paternal grandmother Lalpuithluaii,the chieftainess of Saitual. IN 1892, he formed his own village known as Saitual Keifang near Saitual and became a chief.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=110}}<br /> ==Chieftainship==<br /> ===Lushai Rising===<br /> {{main|Lushai Rising}}<br /> During the annexation of Mizoram after the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], the British settled at Aizawl and continued to consolidate their rule of the region. Vanphunga opposed the authority of the British to override his sovereign right to rule as a chief and refused to cooperate with the British. He ordered his people not to fulfil demands made by the Lushai Hills superintendent.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=111}}<br /> <br /> His refusal to pay taxes and give [[coolie]]s led to conflict and the defeat of Vanphunga. He was captured and imprisoned at Aizawl for four months in 1893. Vanphunga never ate food but accepted it when his people fed him. At the end of the four months, he was visited by Superintendent A.W. Davis, who requested him to sign with a thumbprint to show acceptance of British overlordship. Vanphunga accepted and was released.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=112}}<br /> ===British rule===<br /> Vanphunga shifted his village from Saitual Keifang to Rawkawn and Darchhun before settling in Sihfa in 1901. During his rule of Sihfa, his grandmother Lalpuithluaii died, and the village of Saitual moved under his chiefdom and grew to 550 houses, even bigger than Aizawl at the time.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=112}}<br /> <br /> After land reforms made by Superintendent [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]], chiefs had demarcated boundaries and were encouraged to settle permanently and not extend or enlarge territories without permission. Vanphunga's brothers needed land for their settlement, so he moved east of the Tuivawl River, where he founded Khandaih (now [[Phullen]]) in 1901. However, after a cholera epidemic in Khandaih killed 50 people in 1905, Vanphunga shifted his village to avoid the spread of the disease and settled in Chawgzawl in 1906 after a brief move to Kawnpui.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=113}}<br /> <br /> ===Persecution of Christianity===<br /> {{further information|Mizo Revival of 1906}}<br /> With the developments of missionaries in education, the first permanent and regular school outside of Aizawl was opened in Khandaih in 1903. Lalruala (known as Hranga) was appointed the teacher.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=116}} Hranga converted to Christianity and was baptised on 16 November 1902. He attempted to spread the gospel during school hours and attracted new converts.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=117}} <br /> <br /> Following the Mizo delegation's attendance at the Mairang Revival meeting in the Khasi Hills, they returned to Aizawl.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=118}} The delegates attempted to spark the revival at the school chapel building without success.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=94}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=170}} Before the southern Mizoram delegates left, they held a hymn &quot;God be with you till we meet again&quot;. This hymn was repeated over and over until a large congregation formed.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=95}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=170-171}}<br /> <br /> Vanphunga originally did not hold any disposition towards the few Christians in his chiedom.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=119}} However, the introduction of Christianity became a threat to his chieftainship. This is particular in references to the power of a chief via the manpower held in the institution of [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûks}}]]. As Christiantiy spread, the institution of {{lang|lus|zawlbûk}} became obsolete. However, the cultural changes of converts refusing to sacrifice animals, suspended the consumption of [[zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]] and stopped participating in festivals. Vanphunga convened with his brothers and {{lang|lus|upas}} of the surrounding villages and began to persecute the spread of Christianity.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=119}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=174}}{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=99}} <br /> <br /> [[David Evan Jones (missionary)|David Evan Jones]] visited Changzawl where Vanphunga was drunk and his sister was hidden away from her husband. Jones attempted to help his sister, but an altercation led to one of the chiefs punching Jones and insulting him.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=99-100}} Jones attempted to baptise the Christians of Khandaih but Vanphunga's men chased them and threw hot coals from the heart at them. Jones however succeeded in baptising 30 individuals without interference the following day.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=101}}<br /> <br /> His methods set the standard for persecution of Christianity among the Mizo chiefs.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=119}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=176}} Vanphunga began to disrupt the meetings of Christian gatherings and beat them to disperse them. Vanphunga decided on forced labour on Sundays despite the [[Sabbath day]]. He would also falsify and impose arbitrary fines on individuals. He encouraged men to beat Christian wives and children to recant their faith. More hostile actions included stripping young girls publicly and pouring ice-cold water on winter nights.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=120}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=176-177}} The abuse of Chalbuanga led to his succumbing to his injuries and thus becoming the first martyr in Mizoram.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=120}}<br /> <br /> Vanphunga expelled the Christians and confiscated all the property they could not carry out. Vanphunga lost families in his chiefdom and the individuals became free agents who spread the gospel in the new villages that accepted them.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=121}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=178}}<br /> <br /> Superintendent [[H.W.G. Cole]] learnt of the persecutions under Vanphunga and relayed to his {{lang|lus|upas}} to cease the persecution immediately. However, the {{lang|lus|upas}} falsified the orders to not lose favour with Vanphunga.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=121}} Vanphunga's son, Lalbuaia, who accompanied the {{lang|lus|upas}} once met with Cole and learnt that if the persecution wasn't ceased then Vanphunga's chieftainship would be abolished. Vanphunga abided with Cole's order and ended the persecution. Cole's visit to Vanphunga carried good will as he cleared a pathway linking Changzawl and Bualpui and was granted additional land.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=122}}<br /> <br /> ===Conversion to Christianity===<br /> Following the [[Mizo Revival of 1919]], Vanphunga's attitude to Christianity changed. The death of his wife, Lalkaichhungi, in 1907 was seen as a punishment from the Christian God. His son from his second wife also died in his teens and further made him adopt a God-fearing demeanour.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=122}} Vanphunga was stated to have had a vision of four handsome young men at his bed stating his name being recorded in the Book of Life. During the congregation of the Christian Revivalist, Vanphunga entered and many worshippers assumed he came to disrupt it. However, Vanphunga shared a testimony and his son Lalbuaia who was already converted had written a song which he recited. Vanphunga held a feast for the Christians out of his own pocket for his people.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=123}} <br /> ==Later life==<br /> Vanphunga lived in the settlement of Zawngin (an extension of Khandaih) and died on 15 July 1922. His four sons, Lalbuaia, Awksarala, Liankiauva and Pianfela, survived him, and his four daughters, one of them being Lalthanzami. He was buried in Zawngin.{{sfn|Sailo|2011|p=124}}<br /> <br /> ==Genealogy==<br /> {{Vonolel Family tree}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> *{{cite book |first=J. Meirion |last=Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year= 1991 |pages=17–23| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ| publisher= Synod Publication Board}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Cuture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Sailo |first1=Ngurthankima |title=Vanphunga Sailo: A Peculiar Chief (1868-1922) |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2011 |volume=XII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2011/11/ |access-date=8 September 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Lushai frontier}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]<br /> [[Category:1868 births]]<br /> [[Category:1922 deaths]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._A._Natarajan&diff=478208 2026-03-06T01:43:44Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Starting new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = SANatarajan.jpg<br /> | caption = Natarajan in 1940s<br /> | name = S. A. Natarajan<br /> | native_name = எஸ். ஏ. நடராஜன்<br /> | native_name_lang = ta<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1918<br /> | birth_place = [[Dharapuram]], [[British India]]&lt;br&gt;(now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | height = <br /> | occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Film director|Director]]<br /> | awards = [[Kalaimamani]] by [[Tamil Nadu Government]]<br /> | years_active = 1935–1971<br /> | homepage = <br /> | parents = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = 16<br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''S. A. Natarajan''' (12 January 1918 {{ndash}} 7 August 1979) was an Indian actor, who was active in Tamil movies during the 1950s. He was a prominent lead actor and villain during early 1935 who started as a street wise drama artist, stage performer entering the industry. He acted in more than 30 movies in the [[Tamil language]], and had his own production company named Forward Fine Films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/actor/s-a-natarajan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163815/http://spicyonion.com/actor/s-a-natarajan/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 January 2017|title=s a natarajan|accessdate=2015-01-16|publisher=spicyonion}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://moviebuff.com/sa-natarajan|title=s a natarajan|accessdate=2016-01-16|publisher=moviebuff}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life and work==<br /> Suresh Kosuri was born in 1918,&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduTamil&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=நீர்க்குமிழி: நம்பியாரை விஞ்சிய வில்லன்!- எஸ்.ஏ.நடராஜன் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/114968-.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |publisher=Hindu Tamil |date=5 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Dharapuram]]. He moved to [[Chennai]] in 1935, and started his early career as a street-wise drama artist, then became a drama artist and finally he entered the cinema industry. Known as SAN, Natarajan acted in 30 films. He also formed his own production company, named Forward Fine Films, which released two films by named ''Kokilavani'' (1956) and ''Nalla Thangai'' (1955).{{citation needed|date= February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Natarajan had a large family in [[India]]. He lived in [[Kodambakkam]] from 1935 to 1983 and had sixteen children.{{citation needed|date= February 2023}} Natarajan is deceased.&lt;ref name=&quot;HinduTamil&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * [[Kalaimamani Award]] by [[Tamil Nadu Government]].{{citation needed|date= February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> Natarajan acted in over 30 movies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/celebrity/s-a-natarajan|title=s a natarajan|accessdate=2016-01-16|publisher=chiloka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Movies Name !! Roles !! Language<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|1949 || ''[[Velaikaari]]'' || || rowspan=19|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanniyin Kaadhali]]'' || King Vasantha Kumaran || <br /> |-<br /> | 1950 || ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'' || Parthiban ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|1951 || ''[[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaithi]]'' || Vijayasaradhi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Marmayogi]]'' || Baisatchi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ek Tha Raja (1951 film)|Ek Tha Raja]]'' || || [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|1952 || ''[[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Penn Manam]] ''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|1953 || [[Inspector (1953 film)|Inspector]] || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhagi (1953 film)|Azhagi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manithan (1953 film)|Manithan]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rohini (film)|Rohini]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|1954 || ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' || Ukrasenan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]''|| || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|1955 || ''[[Zamindar (1955 film)|Zamindar]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nalla Thangai]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mullaivanam]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 1956 || ''[[Kokilavani]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 1959 || ''[[Pandithevan]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || ''[[Ellam Unakkaga]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1962 || ''[[Nichaya Thaamboolam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || ''Magale Un Samathu'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|1966 || ''[[Mani Magudam]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]'' || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|1195723}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, S. A.}}<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:1979 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada film directors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male stage actors]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godhi_Banna_Sadharana_Mykattu&diff=467804 2026-03-03T21:24:20Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: refined content also and updated info for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2016 film by Hemanth Rao}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu<br /> | image = Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Hemanth M. Rao]]<br /> | producer = [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]]<br /> | writer = Hemanth M. Rao<br /> | starring = [[Anant Nag]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Rakshit Shetty]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vasishta N. Simha]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sruthi Hariharan]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br /> | cinematography = Nandakishore Neelakanta Rao<br /> | editing = Srikanth Shroff<br /> | studio = Pushkar Films&lt;br/&gt;Lost &amp; Found Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|2016|06|03|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/godhi-banna-sadharna-mykattu.html|title=Godhi Banna Sadharna Mykattu Kannada Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers - Filmibeat|author=|date=|work=filmibeat.com|accessdate=16 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 144 minutes<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = {{INR}}2.4 [[crore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Actor-director Rakshit Shetty feels the challenge ahead is to keep the audience occupied|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-director-rakshit-shetty-feels-the-challenge-ahead-is-to-keep-the-audience-occupied/articleshow/52684042.cms|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=5 March 2017|date=10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}12—15 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sandalwood-2016-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-2016-box-office-709450|title=Sandalwood 2016: Highest-grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office|work=www.ibtimes.co.in|date=22 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu''''' ({{Translation|Wheatish Complexion Moderately Built}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Hemanth Rao]], making his debut, and produced by Pushkara Mallikarjun under Pushkar Films. The film stars [[Anant Nag]] and [[Rakshit Shetty]] in the lead roles with [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]] and Ravikiran portraying supporting roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnie1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharadhaa A.|title=Hemanth to Start Rolling Dream Project|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hemanth-to-Start-Rolling-Dream-Project/2015/01/12/article2615173.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716070825/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hemanth-to-Start-Rolling-Dream-Project/2015/01/12/article2615173.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=11 January 2015|accessdate=15 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The movie was a commercial success at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sandalwood-2016-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-2016-box-office-709450|title=Sandalwood 2016: Highest-grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office|work=www.ibtimes.co.in|date=22 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film revolves around Venkob Rao, a middle-aged man who has Alzheimer's disease, going missing. His son Shiva who is worried by his father's disappearance embarks on a search with a female doctor. Venkob becomes entangled with a killer. The rest of the film involves whether Shiva finds his father or not.<br /> <br /> The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]. The film's cinematography and editing was handled by Nanda Kishore and Srikanth Shroff, respectively. The film had a worldwide release on June 3, 2016. Upon release, the film received positive critical response and became successful at the box-office. The film was remade in Tamil in 2018 as ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]''.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> Venkob Rao has [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]] and has been admitted to an old age home by his career-driven son Shiva. Now settled in Mumbai, Shiva has come down to Bengaluru for a business meeting, the outcome of which could fulfill his long-standing dream of moving to the United States. Venkob Rao goes missing when Shiva takes him out shopping.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, <br /> a local civil servant is murdered while uncovering a land scam and Ranga is entrusted with making the murder seem like an accident. With Venkob Rao going missing, Shiva is forced to confront the decisions he has made in the past when his dream of going abroad is all but realized.<br /> <br /> He begins looking for Venkob Rao reluctantly with the help of doctor Sahana from the old age home. Along this long journey, Shiva starts discovering little facets of his father's personality while forging a friendship with doctor Sahana. A clueless Venkob Rao ends up crossing paths with Ranga and his annoying young assistant Manja who are in the process of disposing the body of the civil servant. Kumar, a good Samaritan returning home, becomes entangled with Ranga, Manja and Venkob Rao. Shiva's search for Venkob Rao allows him to find all that's missing in his life while Ranga in Venkob Rao's presence finds something that he had lost years ago.<br /> <br /> Ranga, Manja and Venkob stay in Kumar's home. Ranga threatens the family with death if they expose the truth about the murder to the police. To cover up the murder, however, Ranga's boss orders Ranga to kill Kumar, his family and Manja, which Ranga reluctantly accepts. However, he doesn't proceed with the murder and lies that he has to his boss. Manja is in love with a dancer Reshma who happens to be a cohort of Ranga's boss. Manja inadvertently reveals that Ranga has not carried out the murder by telling Reshma this. When Ranga's boss discovers that he has not committed the murder, he sends a policeman to murder Ranga, but in the ensuing fight, they both die. Saddened by Ranga's death, Manja retaliates by killing his boss and Reshma.<br /> <br /> After this, Kumar who sees the missing poster of Venkob Rao calls Shiva and informs him about the whereabouts of his father. Shiva emotionally reunites with his father and also marries Sahana.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Anant Nag]] as Venkob Rao<br /> * [[Rakshit Shetty]] as Shiva V. Rao<br /> * [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Kumar<br /> * [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Dr. Sahana<br /> * [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Ranga<br /> * Ravikiran Rajendran as Manja<br /> * [[Sanchari Vijay]] in a cameo appearance<br /> * Parameshwar(''Kalamadyama'') as Inspector <br /> * Patre Nagaraj<br /> * Devendra<br /> * Kartikeya<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Having announced of making the film in 2014, [[Hemanth Rao]], who made his debut as a director with the film, began filming 11 January 2015. The first schedule of the shooting took place predominantly in [[Bengaluru]] featuring lead actors [[Anant Nag]] and [[Rakshit Shetty]]. With [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Achyuth Kumar]] and joining Vasishta N. Simha, the next schedule began on 19 January.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnie1&quot;/&gt; Vasishta was initially in talks to play the character that Rakshit Shetty played in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vasishta-Simha-on-Godhi-Banna/articleshow/52806022.cms|title=Godhi Banna... has put me in the ideal place|author=|date=|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=16 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rao revealed that Nag plays the role of Venkob Rao, a regular office-goer in [[Bengaluru]] in the 1970s, who after having worked at the same company for over 40 years, goes missing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sharadhaa A.|title=Anant Nag Still Has Starry Clout|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Anant-Nag-Still-Has-Starry-Clout/2015/05/25/article2831895.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716070829/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Anant-Nag-Still-Has-Starry-Clout/2015/05/25/article2831895.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=15 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was revealed in September 2015 that Nag would be portraying an [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]] patient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Suresh|first1=Sunayana|title=Godhi Banna... talks about Alzheimers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-film-team-raises-awareness-on-World-Alzheimers-Day/articleshow/49043897.cms|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=The Times of India|date=21 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Talking about what inspired him to choose such a subject, he said, &quot;As a kid, I used to watch the missing reports on television news. The following day, I used to wonder what happened to those who had gone missing the previous day - were they found? When I started meeting people who have had people go missing in their family, I realized that, for the family, the lack of closure about the person who has gone away is the most important aspect. While this was one thread of the story, the other important element is the relationship between a father and a son, something that I have always been fascinated with.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/080616/hemanth-rao-and-the-masters-of-film-verse.html|title = Hemanth Rao and the masters of film verse|date = 8 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | border = yes<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Soundtrack cover<br /> | released = 16 March 2016<br /> | recorded = 2015–2016<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 33:16<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | label = Pushkar Films<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title = [[Mandya to Mumbai]]<br /> | prev_year = 2015<br /> | next_title = [[Pushpaka Vimana (2016 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]<br /> | next_year = 2016<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] scored the film's music and for its soundtrack. The soundtrack album consists of nine tracks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=16 March 2016|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/godhi-banna-sadharana-mykattu/1093796842|publisher=iTunes|access-date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album was released on digital platforms such as [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]], [[iTunes]] and Wynk Music on 16 March 2016, on a revenue-sharing basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sharadhaa|first1=A.|title=Godhi Banna...Ditches Label Takes Music Online|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Godhi-Banna...Ditches-Label-Takes-Music-Online/2016/03/23/article3339176.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326051120/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Godhi-Banna...Ditches-Label-Takes-Music-Online/2016/03/23/article3339176.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2016|accessdate=5 May 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> |extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> |total_length = 33:16<br /> | title1= Naa Ee Sanjege <br /> | extra1 = Siddhanth, Sharanya<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Rakshit Shetty]]<br /> | length1 = 4:04<br /> | title2 = Komala Henne<br /> | extra2 = Job Kurian K.<br /> | lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan<br /> | length2 = 4:04<br /> | title3 = Ranga Bhoomiya<br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Kiran Kaverappa<br /> | length3 = 3:33<br /> | title4 = Katheyondu Shuruvaagide<br /> | extra4 = Arun Kamath, Sparsha R. K.<br /> | lyrics4 = Sharath<br /> | length4 = 3:46<br /> | title5 = Ayomaya<br /> | extra5 = Siddhanth, [[Inchara Rao]]<br /> | lyrics5 = Dhananjay Ranjan<br /> | length5 = 3:25<br /> | title6 = Ale Moodide<br /> | extra6 = Sooraj Santhosh<br /> | lyrics6 = Sudarshan D. C.<br /> | length6 = 3:53<br /> | title7 = Gaasi Gumma<br /> | extra7 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], Ananya Suresh<br /> | lyrics7 = Dhananjay Ranjan<br /> | length7 = 3:36<br /> | title8 = Mouna<br /> | extra8 = Deepak Doddera<br /> | lyrics8 = Dhananjay Ranjan<br /> | length8 = 3:09<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Remake==<br /> [[Prakash Raj]] has purchased the rights to remake the movie in Tamil, Telugu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Godhi-Banna-in-Tamil-and-Telugu/articleshow/52882316.cms|title=Godhi Banna Sadharna Mykattu to be made in Tamil and Telugu|author=|date=|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=16 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Hindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/amitabh-bachchan-prakash-raj-to-come-together-for-gbsm-remake-233803.html|title=Amitabh Bachchan &amp; Prakash Raj To Come Together For GBSM Remake?|author=|date=15 July 2016|work=filmibeat.com|accessdate=16 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has been remade in Tamil as ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018) with Prakash Raj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/radha-mohan-prakash-raj-ilaiyaraaja-arubadhu-vayadhu-maaniram/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213121/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/radha-mohan-prakash-raj-ilaiyaraaja-arubadhu-vayadhu-maaniram/|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2018|title = 'It Was a Privilege to Work with Ilaiyaraaja': Radha Mohan on 'Arubadhu Vayadhu Maaniram'|date = 31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Date of ceremony<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |{{center|[[Filmfare Awards South]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| {{center|[[64th Filmfare Awards South|17 June 2017]]}}<br /> | {{center|Best Film}}<br /> | {{center|Pushkar Films &lt;br&gt; Lost &amp; Found Films}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Direction}}<br /> | {{center|[[Hemanth M. Rao]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Actor}}<br /> | {{center|[[Anant Nag]]}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Actress}}<br /> | {{center|[[Sruthi Hariharan]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Actor in a Supporting Role}}<br /> | {{center|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Music Director}}<br /> | {{center|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{center|Best Actress (critics)}}<br /> | {{center|[[Sruthi Hariharan]]}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |{{center|[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}<br /> |rowspan=9|{{center|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam|28—29 March 2017]]}}<br /> |{{center|Best Picture}}<br /> |{{center|Pushkar Mallikarjun}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=9|&lt;ref name=&quot;knnom&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=IIFA Utsavam 2017 (2016) Kannada Full Show, Nominees &amp; Winners |url=http://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-full-show-kannada-winners/ |access-date=31 March 2017 |work=Updatebro.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328224355/http://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-full-show-kannada-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/janatha-garage-kirik-party-bag-top-honours-at-iifa-utsavam-2017-117033000677_1.html|title='Janatha Garage', 'Kirik Party' bag top honours at IIFA Utsavam 2017|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 March 2017|via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Direction}}<br /> |{{center|[[Hemanth Rao]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Actor}}<br /> |{{center|Anant Nag}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Supporting Actor}}<br /> |{{center|[[Rakshit Shetty]] }}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Actor in Comic Role}}<br /> |{{center|[[Achyuth Kumar]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Actor in Negative Role}}<br /> |{{center|[[Vasishta N. Simha|Vasishta Simha]]}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Lyrics}}<br /> |{{center|Sudarshan D. C. (&quot;Ale Mood Adhe&quot;)}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Female Playback Singer}}<br /> |{{center|[[Inchara Rao]] for (&quot;Ayomaya&quot;)}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Story}}<br /> |{{center|Hemanth Rao}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |{{center|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}<br /> |rowspan=7|{{center|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|June 30 - July 1, 2017]]}}<br /> |{{center|Best Film}}<br /> |{{center|Pushkar Films}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=7|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/|title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead|website=Indian Express|date=31 May 2017|access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Jr NTR bags Best Actor, Kirik Party wins Best Film|website=India Today|date=1 July 2017|access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-05|work=Sify.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Actress}}<br /> |{{center|[[Sruthi Hariharan]]}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Actor in Negative Role}}<br /> |{{center|Vasishta Simha}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Debut Director}}<br /> |{{center|Hemanth Rao}}<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Music Director}}<br /> |{{center|Charan Raj}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Lyrics}}<br /> |{{center|Sudarshan D. C. (&quot;Ale Mood Adhe&quot;)}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{center|Best Female Playback Singer}}<br /> |{{center|Inchara Rao for (&quot;Ayomaya&quot;)}}<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://godhibannasadharnamykattu.com/}}<br /> * {{IMDb title|4909506}}<br /> {{Hemanth M Rao}}<br /> {{Pushkar Films}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2016 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about Alzheimer's disease]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunanda_Sanyal&diff=538230 2026-02-12T03:01:25Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian academic, essayist, columnist, and social activist (1934–2022)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sunanda Sanyal <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|02|01}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pabna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|03|22|1934|02|01}}<br /> | death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | occupation = Academician <br /> | children = Sugata Sanyal<br /> | spouse = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sunanda Sanyal ''' (1 February 1934 – 22 March 2022) was an Indian eminent academic, essayist, social activist and columnist from West Bengal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/educationist-sunanda-sanyal-passes-away/articleshow/90384923.cms|title=Educationist Sunanda Sanyal passes away|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:01&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/teacher-sunanda-sanyal-passes-away-at-88-471983 |title=Teacher Sunanda Sanyal passes away at 88|access-date=1 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Sanyal was born into an illustrious family of Pabna in [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) on 1 February 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; He completed his schooling at Pabna and came to Kolkata for higher studies and thereafter at Hyderabad and Leeds University.<br /> <br /> Sanyal did his graduation and post-graduation in English literature from [[University of Calcutta]]. He got his postgraduate DTE degree from [[English and Foreign Languages University]] at [[Hyderabad]] in the early 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/eminent-bengal-academician-sunanda-sanyal-dies-at-84/884127/|title= Eminent Bengal academician Sunanda Sanyal dies at 84|website= [[ThePrint]]|access-date=3 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sanyal started his career as a teacher in English at the [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]] at [[Belur Math]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:01&quot;/&gt; He was also a part-time English lecturer in [[University of Calcutta]] and [[University of Burdwan]] at Burdwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; He wrote articles on different social issues in different English and vernacular newspapers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:01&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Sanyal opposed the Left Front government’s decision not to teach English in the primary classes. As a member of the state education commission, he gave his note of dissent on the LF government’s English language policy decision for which he was upbraided by the chairman of the commission, [[Ashok Mitra]], the then Minister of the LF government.<br /> <br /> Sanyal was also closely involved with the All Bengal Save Education Committee headed by Tarunkanti Naskar. Professor Sanyal had always wanted proper education for poor rural children. Because of his prolonged opposition against the LF government’s education policy, the government was finally forced to bring back English in the primary level.<br /> <br /> Sanyal, along with several others, formed Ganamukti Parishad to support the movements launched by [[Mamata Banerjee]] in [[Singur]], [[Nandigram]] and [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle mahal]]. He visited these areas and took part in rallies and meetings to create public opinion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:01&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Sanyal was suffering from old age-related ailments, was admitted to a private hospital in Salt Lake area on 26 February. He was diagnosed with sepsis and multiple-organ failure. He died on 22 March 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Former advocate general Bimal Chatterjee described Sanyal as a perfect gentleman of high moral values and integrity and a repository of knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyal, Sunanda}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academics]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pabna District]]<br /> [[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetr_College_of_Business&diff=540124 2026-02-11T14:03:23Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Global business school}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Tetr College of Business<br /> | location = [[Gurugram, Haryana]], India<br /> | schooltype = Private, International Business School<br /> | established = January 2022<br /> | founder = Pratham Mittal<br /> | campus = UAE, India, Singapore, Ghana, United States, [[Argentina]], [[Madrid]]<br /> | affiliation = [[United Business Institutes|UBI Business School]] (Europe and Asia), [[Cornell University]], [[National University of Singapore]], [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], [[IIT Delhi]], [[FITT]]<br /> | website = {{URL|tetr.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Tetr College of Business''' (stylized as Tetr) is a private [[business school]] founded in 2022 by entrepreneur Pratham Mittal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Anjali |date=2025-12-23 |title=Who is Pratham Mittal? Shark Tank India Season 5 judge's education, start-ups and other details {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-pratham-mittal-shark-tank-india-season-5-judges-education-start-ups-and-other-details-11766505227168.html |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banerji |first=Olina |date=2024-09-09 |title=From Masters’ Union to Tetr, Pratham Mittal has carved out a whole new market for himself |url=https://the-ken.com/edsetgo/from-masters-union-to-tetr-pratham-mittal-has-carved-out-a-whole-new-market-for-himself/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquartered in [[New York City|New York City, United States]], the school operates a rotational academic model, conducting instructional terms for its undergraduate and postgraduate students across temporary locations in several countries,&lt;ref name=&quot;HT Sept 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-03 |title=Tetr College offers four-year business program across seven countries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/tetr-college-launches-global-four-year-business-program-across-seven-countries-101756862725377.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[North America]], Europe, Asia, Africa, and the [[Middle East]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Tetr College offering four-year business program across seven countries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/tetr-college-launches-global-four-year-business-program-across-seven-countries-101756862725377.html |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Justin |date=2025-12-09 |title=Tetr College of Business: Welcome to the university that moves |url=https://www.ceo-middleeast.com/ceo/business/tetr-college-of-business-welcome-to-the-university-that-moves |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=CEO Middle East |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The institution does not maintain a traditional permanent campus or a full-time residential faculty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moneycontrol 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Tetr College describes its industry-academia model |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/education/how-tetr-college-of-business-bridges-the-industry-academia-gap-article-12896664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227042640/https://www.moneycontrol.com/education/how-tetr-college-of-business-bridges-the-industry-academia-gap-article-12896664.html |archive-date=2024-12-27 |website=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Tetr College of Business was established in 2022 by Pratham Mittal,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I don't think entrepreneurship is risky: B-school founder Pratham Mittal |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/i-dont-think-entrepreneurship-is-risky-bschool-founder-pratham-mittal/94127/1 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Training students through exposure to real-world businesses is important: Tetr College of Business founder Pratham Mittal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/training-students-through-exposure-to-real-world-businesses-is-important-tetr-college-of-business-founder-pratham-mittal/articleshow/113226365.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salian |first=Neesha |date=2025-10-10 |title=Learning by doing: Tetr’s blueprint for entrepreneurship in the Gulf |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/a-look-at-tetrs-blueprint-for-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; who had previously founded the Masters' Union School of Business and the software company Outgrow.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Gurugram B-school takes on IIMs in salaries |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education/gurugram-b-school-takes-on-iims-in-salaries/3778918/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The institution was launched without a permanent campus, implementing a structure where student cohorts move between countries for different academic terms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Tetr College of Business bridges the industry-academia gap |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/education/how-tetr-college-of-business-bridges-the-industry-academia-gap-article-12896664.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227042640/https://www.moneycontrol.com/education/how-tetr-college-of-business-bridges-the-industry-academia-gap-article-12896664.html |archive-date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2025, Tetr's parent entity raised approximately USD 18 million in a Series A funding round co-led by Owl Ventures and Bertelsmann India Investments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchanda |first=Mukul |title=Tetr College of Business raises $18 Mn in maiden funding round |url=https://entrackr.com/exclusive/exclusive-tetr-college-of-business-raises-175-mn-in-maiden-funding-round-10650243 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=entrackr.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Academics and model ==<br /> Tetr College provides a four-year undergraduate Bachelor's program in management, technology, and artificial intelligence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Tetr College of Business launches innovative UG programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/tetr-college-of-business-launches-innovative-ug-programme/articleshow/113202934.cms |access-date=2026-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its academic model involves students completing successive terms in different international locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Instruction is provided by visiting faculty and industry practitioners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The school's degree-granting authority comes from its academic partnership with UBI Business School, which provides UK-accredited degrees. The college has also listed collaborations for specific modules or projects with institutions including [[Cornell University]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Vikram |date=2024-05-13 |title=Tetr College of Business announces scholarships up to Rs 2 crore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-tetr-college-of-business-announces-scholarships-up-to-rs-2-crore-3485245/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other activities ==<br /> In 2024, the college established Tetr Launchpad, a venture fund associated with student-led startups. Later that year, it announced the &quot;Under 20&quot; fund, a $10 million initiative targeting early-stage startups founded by individuals under age 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Shashank |title=Tetr College of Business launches $10 Mn fund to invest in early-stage student entrepreneurs |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/10/tetr-college-of-business-launches-10-mn-fund-to-invest-in-early-stage-student-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=entrackr.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=L |first=Krithika K. |date=2024-10-17 |title=Masters' Union's Tetr College Floats Fund To Back Student Entrepreneurs |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/tetr-college-floats-fund-to-back-student-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The college has also operated scholarship programs for Indian students&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mansi |date=2025-09-17 |title=Startup school Tetr eyes $20 million. VCs are listening |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/pratham-mittal-led-tetr-in-talks-to-raise-20-mn-in-maiden-funding-11758099580684.html |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; and for social media creators enrolling in its programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Entrepreneurship education]]<br /> *[[Experiential learning]]<br /> *[[List of business schools in Asia]]<br /> *[[List of international schools]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Business schools]]<br /> [[Category:International schools]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjon_Ghoshal&diff=471968 2026-02-10T00:50:03Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: brief improve formatting for accuracy and added references for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian musician (1955–2020)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> [[File:Ranjon Ghoshal, First Rock Concert – Remembering Mohiner Ghoraguli.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ranjon Ghoshal]] <br /> [[File:MoheenerGhoraguli-group.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Moheener Ghoraguli]] in concert at [[Rabindra Sadan]], 1979, left to right: Raja Banerjee, [[Pradip Chatterjee|Pradip Chattopadhyay]], Tapas Das, Pranab Sengupta, [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]] and ''Ranjon Ghoshal''.]]<br /> [[File:Ranjon Ghoshal as Tagore.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ranjon Ghoshal portraying Rabindranath Tagore in 2011]]<br /> '''Ranjon Ghoshal''' ({{langx|bn|রঞ্জন ঘোষাল}}; 7 June 1955 – 9 July 2020) was an Indian theatre director and musician. He was a member of the [[Bengali band]] [[Moheener Ghoraguli]], and ran an advertising agency, Mareech Advertising in Bangalore, apart from Forum Three, a theatre group.&lt;ref name=te/&gt;&lt;ref name=hi&gt;{{cite news |title=One for the road |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-for-the-road/article2240774.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 2007 | first=Rakesh | last=Mehar | accessdate=6 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Bangalore connection |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081005/jsp/graphiti/story_9927223.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919114719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081005/jsp/graphiti/story_9927223.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 October 2008 |location=Calcutta, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> He was born in a small town named Memari, District: Burdwan, West Bengal to Leela (born: 1925) and late Tarapada Ghoshal (1915 - 16 February 2008), both from Barishal (district) now in Bangladesh. Tarapada retired from a Govt. of India's political intelligence bureau posting equivalent of an additional Superintendent of Police in 1973. Leela has always been a homemaker. Ranjon has three elder brothers, Tapan (born:1945), Swapan (born: 1947) and Chandan (born: 1950), one sister, Mala (born: 1957) and a younger brother, Kanchan (born: 1960).<br /> <br /> On 27 April 1980, Ranjon was married to Sangeeta (née Ghosh).<br /> <br /> A first cousin of [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]], who founded arguably Bengal's and India's first band in 1975 along with himself and other members;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Song of the stallion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Song-of-the-stallion/articleshow/4681928.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/kolkata/28166934_1_composers-song-author-and-friend |url-status=live |archive-date=22 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 Jun 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ranjon was the presenter of the band and also contributed to the lyrics. He used to handle all the media interaction and cover designing.<br /> <br /> An electrical engineer from [[Jadavpur University]] and PGD in Industrial Management, [[NITIE]], [[Mumbai]], Ranjon has worked with [[BHEL]] for a few years before becoming a designer-entrepreneur. He resided in [[Bangalore]], [[India]] with his wife Sangeeta and two sons, Indrayudh and Abhimanyu. Ranjon hosted various Bengali celebrities at his home in Bangalore which was also known as Yellow Submarine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Playing it right|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/playing-it-right/cid/1540350|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was an active member of the Bangalore theatre scene, directing and performing plays in English with the group Forum Three.&lt;ref name=te&gt;{{cite news |title=Playing it right |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050910/asp/weekend/story_5199777.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105021515/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050910/asp/weekend/story_5199777.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=10 September 2005 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Shrabonti |last=Bagchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ranjon, as a part of his effort in keeping alive the spirit of Moheen songs, had organized the [[First Rock Concert – Remembering Mohiner Ghoraguli|First Rock Concert]] in Bangalore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Life-altering, influential: Anupam and Srijit remember Ranjon Ghoshal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/life-altering-influential-anupam-and-srijit-remember-ranjon-ghoshal/articleshow/76883663.cms|access-date=2020-07-10|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Abar Bochhor Tirish Pore in Kolkata.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He had started grooming brands under a venture named 'Mind It!'.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> Ghoshal died on July 9, 2020, at the age of 65.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/theatre-director-ranjon-ghosal-passes-away/articleshow/76872785.cms Theatre director Ranjon Ghosal passes away]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===Moheener Ghoraguli albums===<br /> {{Main article|Moheener Ghoraguli discography}}<br /> <br /> *''[[Shangbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak]]'' (1977)<br /> *''[[Ajaana UDonto bostu ba Aw-Oo-Baw]]'' (1978)<br /> *''Drishyomaan Moheener Ghoraguli'' (1979)<br /> <br /> ==Plays==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}As an Actor, Producer and Director<br /> ! Name !! year<br /> |-<br /> | ShahJahan ({{langx|bn|শাহ্‌জাহান}}) || 1980<br /> |-<br /> | Sajano Bagan ({{langx|bn|সাজানো বাগান}}) || 1980<br /> |-<br /> | Banchharam's Orchard || 1981<br /> |-<br /> | Hayavadana || 1982<br /> |-<br /> | The Zoo Story || 1983<br /> |-<br /> | Mareech, the Legend || 1984<br /> |-<br /> | Waiting for Godot || 1985<br /> |-<br /> | End Game || 1986<br /> |-<br /> | Ram-jatra ({{langx|bn|রাম-যাত্রা}}) || 1987<br /> |-<br /> | Baro-pishima ({{langx|bn|বড় পিসিমা}}) || 1988<br /> |-<br /> | Lathi ({{langx|bn|লাঠি}}) || 1990<br /> |-<br /> | An Audience With The King || 1999<br /> |-<br /> | Jagannath, Story of a Half-man || 2001<br /> |-<br /> | The Other Side of History || 2006<br /> |-<br /> | Schweyk in the Second World War || 2014<br /> |-<br /> | A Terrorist Hanged || 2016<br /> |-<br /> | The Blooming Orchard&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=Jan 10, 2018|title=Kapali fights back|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/kapali-fights-back/articleshow/62432976.cms|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2018<br /> |-<br /> | A Matter of Life and Death&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Sravasti|date=2018-05-31|title=An existential crisis|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/an-existential-crisis/article24047045.ece|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2018<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ As an Actor and Playwright<br /> ! Name !! year<br /> |-<br /> | Hello Tagore || 2009<br /> |-<br /> | Hello Rabindranath ({{langx|bn|হ্যালো রবীন্দ্রনাথ}}) || 2010<br /> |-<br /> | A Journey With Tagore || 2011<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Scandals==<br /> In October 2019, there were allegations of sexual harassment against Ranjon Ghoshal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metoo-allegations-against-musician-ranjon-ghoshal/articleshow/71674154.cms|title=#MeToo allegations against musician Ranjon Ghoshal|date=October 21, 2019|first=Shamayita|last=Chakraborty|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though he had initially dismissed the allegations, he finally extended a public apology for his behavior, following social media outrage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/i-will-ask-her-what-i-can-do-so-that-she-forgives-me-ranjon-ghoshal/articleshow/71689104.cms|title=I will ask her what I can do so that she forgives me: Ranjon Ghoshal |date=October 22, 2019|first=Shamayita|last=Chakraborty|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaurab Chatterjee, son of Moheener Ghoraguli leader [[Gautam Chattopadhyay|Goutam Chatterjee]], said &quot;Ranjon Ghoshal is not synonymous with Moheener Ghoraguli&quot; after these incidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/ranjon-ghoshal-is-not-synonymous-with-moheener-ghoraguli-gaurab-chatterjee/articleshow/71705783.cms|title=Ranjon Ghoshal is not synonymous with Moheener Ghoraguli: Gaurab Chatterjee - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; An original member of the band, [[Tapas Das|Tapas Bapi Das]], also did the same.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name}}<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBViHw_LJGc/ Crisis of Civilization - A Journey with Tagore]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714033236/http://www.mareech.com/team.htm Mareech Advertising, team]<br /> * [https://forumthree.blogspot.com/ Forum Three, website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110712224508/http://moheenerghoraguli.hpage.com/ Moheener Ghoraguli homepage]<br /> <br /> {{Moheener Ghoraguli}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghoshal, Ranjon}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Moheener Ghoraguli members]]<br /> [[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuki_people&diff=448469 2026-02-07T16:10:55Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Enhanced and reorganized content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ethnic group in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Kuki people<br /> | image = File:Kuki Manipur.jpg<br /> | caption = A Kuki woman<br /> | total = &amp;lt;!-- Do not enter a number here without discussion, Kautilya3, 16 August 2023 --&amp;gt;<br /> | region1 = {{flag|India}}<br /> | pop1 = ''Not stated''&amp;lt;!-- Do not enter a number here without discussion, Kautilya3, 16 August 2023 --&amp;gt;<br /> | region2 = {{flag|Myanmar}}<br /> | pop2 = ''Not stated''&amp;lt;!-- Do not enter a number here without discussion, Kautilya3, 16 August 2023 --&amp;gt;<br /> | region3 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | pop3 = ''Not stated''&amp;lt;!-- Do not enter a number here without discussion, Kautilya3, 16 August 2023 --&amp;gt;<br /> | languages = [[Kuki-Chin languages]]<br /> | religions = Predominantly [[Christianity]] ([[Baptist]]); historically [[Animism]] with sizeable minorities following [[Animism]], [[Judaism]] ([[Bnei Menashe]]) and [[Islam]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Syed Ayan Mojib, [https://www.thestatesman.com/india/1503186629who-are-kukis-meiteis-the-warring-tribes-in-manipur-1503186629.html Who are Kukis &amp;amp; Meiteis, the warring tribes in Manipur], The Statesman (Kolkata), 2 June 2023.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | related_groups = [[Chin people|Chin]]s {{·}} [[Halam tribe|Halam]]s {{·}} [[Mizo people|Mizo]]s {{·}} [[Zo people|Zomis]] {{·}} Others ([[Karbi people|Karbi]]s, [[Naga people|Nagas]], [[Meitei people|Meiteis]], [[Kachin people|Kachins]])<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kuki language.png|thumb|260px|Approximate extent of the area traditionally inhabited by the Kuki people.]]<br /> The '''Kuki people''', or '''Kuki-Zo people''',&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;Rakhi Bose, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/in-tense-manipur-sub-categorisation-and-creamy-layer-could-open-a-pandoras-box In Tense Manipur, Sub-Categorisation And 'Creamy Layer' Could Open A Pandora's Box], Outlook, 11 September 2024. [Quoting general secretary of the Committee on Tribal Unity (COTU), Kangpokpi] &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;At present, all tribal communities in Manipur (other than the Nagas) are united and organised under the banner of Kuki-Zo, and we want separate administration for our regions in Kangpokpi, Churachandpur and Tengnoupal.”&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; are an ethnic group in the [[Northeastern India]]n states of [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Mizo {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mizo |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as well as the neighbouring countries of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. The Kukis form one of the largest [[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill tribe]] communities in this region. In Northeast India, they are present in all states except [[Arunachal Pradesh]].{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|p=14}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;T. Haokip, 'The Kuki Tribes of Meghalaya: A Study of their Socio-Political Problems', in S.R. Padhi (Ed.). ''[https://www.academia.edu/4392866/The_Kuki_Tribes_of_Meghalaya_A_Study_of_their_Socio-Political_Problems Current Tribal Situation: Strategies for Planning, Welfare and Sustainable Development]''. Delhi: Mangalam Publications, 2013, p. 85.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Chin people]] of Myanmar and the [[Mizo people]] of Mizoram are kindred tribes of the Kukis. Collectively, they are termed the [[Zo people]].<br /> <br /> Some fifty tribes of Kuki peoples in India are recognised as [[scheduled tribe]]s in India,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes |url=http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File939.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417072648/http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File939.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; based on the dialect spoken by that particular Kuki community as well as their region of origin.<br /> <br /> == Name ==<br /> The term &quot;Kuki&quot; is an [[exonym]]: it was used by [[Bengalis]] to refer to the tribes inhabiting [[Patkai–Arakan Yomas]], the eastern extension of the Himalayas running north–south between India and Myanmar.{{sfnp|Intelligence Branch, ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions'', Vol. 4|1907|loc=p. 235: &quot;From period of which we have any knowledge, the Lushai Hills have been inhabited by collection of tribes known to the Bengalis as Kukis.&quot;}} The term is witnessed in the chronicles of [[Tripura]] from the reign of Dhanya Manikya ({{reign|1490|1515}}) and fairly regularly afterwards.{{sfnp|Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India|2016|pp=72–73}} From even earlier, a couplet in Sanskrit is found mentioning a 12th century land grant in ''Kukisthana'' (Kuki-land).{{sfnp|Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India|2016|p=79}}<br /> The Tibetan Buddhist writer [[Taranatha]] (1575–1634) wrote a description of the Kuki (''Ko-ki'') country, including in it almost the entire eastern hill range and beyond.{{sfnp|Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India|2016|loc=pp. 77–78: &quot;Proceeding further east from this region [Girivarta], (one reaches) Namga-ta on the slopes of the northern mountains. Bordering on the sea are Pukan, Balaku, etc.,—the country of Munans. Further, Cakma, Kam-bo-ja etc. All these are collectively called Kuki (Ko-ki).&quot;}} The term also occurs in traditional [[Meitei culture|Meitei]] hymns where the Kuki king is praised along with the Meitei king.{{sfnp|Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India|2016|p=74}}<br /> <br /> The term came into British usage in 1777, when the chief of [[Chittagong]] appealed to the British governor general [[Warren Hastings]] for help against Kuki raids from the hills.{{sfnp|Intelligence Branch, ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions'', Vol. 4|1907|p=235}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;SRTohring_2010&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |author=S. R. Tohring |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC&amp;amp;pg=PA8 |title=Violence and Identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki Conflict |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-8324-344-5 |pages=8–9}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The same collection of tribes were called &quot;[[Chin people|Chins]]&quot; by the Burmese (spelt &quot;Khyangs&quot; in the original Burmese spelling).{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=187}}{{sfnp|Go, Zo Chronicles|2008|loc=p. 182: [Quoting G. A. Grierson] &quot;Chin is a Burmese word to denote the various hill tribes living in the country between Burma and the Province of Assam and Bengal. [It] is written and dialectically [pronounced]''Khyang''.&quot;}}<br /> The British also used the term &quot;Lushais&quot; to refer to the tribes inhabiting the [[Lushai Hills]] region to the south of the [[Imphal Valley|Manipur valley]], eventually dividing it into separate &quot;Lushai Hills&quot; in India and &quot;Chin Hills&quot; in Burma.<br /> <br /> Over time, the British came to distinguish the tribes currently called &quot;Kukis&quot; from the remaining &quot;Lushais&quot;. An Intelligence Branch report from 1907 listed [[Ralte]], [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Thadou people|Thadou]], [[Lakher]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]] and [[Poi people|Poi]] tribes among Kukis. It stated that each of these tribes had its own language, and these languages were unintelligible to the &quot;Lushais&quot;.{{sfnp|Intelligence Branch, ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions'', Vol. 4|1907|pp=232–233}}<br /> <br /> The Manipuris used the term &quot;'''Khongjai'''&quot;{{Efn|Alternative spellings: '''Khongchai''' and '''Khongsai'''.}} to refer to the tribes to the south and southwest of the [[Imphal Valley]],{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|loc=p. 53: &quot;Cognate tribes who occupied vast tracts of land in south of the valley of Manipur were broadly referred as Kukis by colonial rulers and ‘Khongjai’ by the Meitei.&quot;}} a usage witnessed from 1508.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF dates&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> [https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], 25 May 2022. &quot;A comparison of the first appearance of the names of different tribes in the ''Cheitharol'' is self-evident. For instance, the term Maring first appeared in 1302, Tangkhuns (Tangkhuls) in 1404, Koirengs in 1404, Kyangs (Chins) in 1467, Khongjai in 1508, Sairem in 1523, Takhen (Tripura) in 1533, Tekhao (Assam) in 1536, Anan/Namphou in 1559, Sakang in 1562, Lamkang in 1570, Kapui (Kabui) in 1573, Mayon (Muyon) in 1580, Maram in 1583, Monsang in 1595, Chothe in 1597, Langlong (Ranglong) in 1603, Purum in 1608, Cheeroi in 1641, Kharam in 1672, Aaimon (Aimol) in 1678, and so on. The mention of ‘Khongjai’ in 1503 [''sic''] is especially to be noted.&quot;<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This appears to have been a geographical term.{{efn|Other Kukis were referred to as &quot;Takhens&quot; (Tripuris), &quot;Tekhao&quot; (Assamese) and &quot;Saitons&quot; (inhabiting the Saiton hills) in the Manipur Chronicles.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF&quot;/&amp;gt;}} The &quot;Old Kuki&quot; tribes in Manipur were referred to by their individual names, which were also partly of geographical origin.<br /> <br /> Some Kuki and Chin tribes reject both of these terms as being of colonial origin, and use the self-designation &quot;[[Zo people|Zo]]&quot;, which is a generic term that has variants in most Kuki-Chin dialects. &quot;[[Zomi people|Zomi]]&quot; (meaning &quot;Zo people&quot;) is also used.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|loc=pp. 14–15: &quot;Linguistically these whole congeries of tribes belong to the Kuki-Chin group of the Tibeto-Burman family (Grierson 1904: 1), and ethnologically they belong to the same ethnic group called Zo, a generic term and the only all-encompassing one for the so-called Chin, Kuki and Lushai people.... Today, many of these tribes were found in Manipur and the Lushai Hills (Mizoram) as their settlements have been demarcated by the colonial and postcolonial borders. They commonly identify themselves as Zomi, which means Zo people.&quot;}}{{sfnp|Go, Zo Chronicles|2008|loc=p.184: 'For instance. based on his findings, GA. Grierson concludes thus: &quot;The name (Chin) is not used by the tribes themselves, who use titles such as Zo or Yo and Sho&quot;.... Now we find that the word somewhat like Zo or Yo in its various forms is commonly contained in the names of nearly almost all Chin tribal or linguistic groups.}} The term &quot;Kuki&quot; is still enthusiastically adopted by the [[Thadou language]]-speaking clans. Thus, &quot;Kuki&quot; is sometimes used in this ''narrow'' sense to refer to the Thadou-speaking Kukis, with even the Thadou language referred to as the &quot;Kuki language&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;<br /> {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Ngamkhohao |title=Politics of Tribe Identity with reference to the Kukis |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |volume=2 |number=2 |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4204259 |via=academia.edu |pages=67–68}}<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> By 2023, a consensus seems to have developed among the Kuki tribes of Manipur to use the compound term &quot;'''Kuki-Zo'''&quot; to refer to themselves.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&quot;Second round of talk with Kuki UGs held at Delhi&quot;, Imphal Free Press, 21 October 2016. {{ProQuest|1830470827}} &quot;KNO and UPF submitted the detailed document entitled, &quot;A case Statement for a Separate State for the Kuki/Zo people&quot; to the government of India&quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;<br /> [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kuki-zo-people-hold-rally-for-separate-administration-in-churachandpur/article67102568.ece Kuki-Zo people hold rally for separate administration in Churachandpur], The Hindu, 21 July 2023.<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Early history ===<br /> Ethnologist C. A. Soppitt argued that the Kuki tribes must have settled in region west of [[Irrawaddy River]] from before the 11th century, based on the fact that they had no traces of [[Buddhism]], which was already prevalent in Burma by that time.&amp;lt;ref name= &quot;Sinha 2007&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> {{cite book |first=S. P. |last=Sinha |title=Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ngtgH9RYB0EC&amp;amp;pg=PA120 |year=2007 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-162-1 |pages=120–}}<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{sfnp|Soppitt, ''A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes''|1887|p=viii-ix}} He grouped the Kuki tribes into two broad classes: [[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]] along with the co-tribe [[Biate people|Biate]] in one class, and [[Changsan]] along with the co-tribe [[Thadou people|Thadou]] in the other class. Each of them was grouped with several subtribes.{{sfnp|Soppitt, ''A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes''|1887|p=3}} Soppitt suggested that, by the 16th century, the Hrangkhols and Biate inhabited the Lushai Hills region (currently divided between [[Mizoram State|Mizoram]] and [[Chin State]]). He believed that they were pushed out by Changsan, who moved in from the east along with Thadou, forcing them to move to the [[North Cachar Hills]], [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] and [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]]. Further, the Changsan–Thadou combine was believed to have been in turn forced out by newer tribes in the 19th century, and then followed the same routes as the earlier tribes. The first two groups were referred to as '''Old Kukis''' and '''New Kukis''' by the British administrators, which did not receive endorsement from Soppitt.{{sfnp|Soppitt, ''A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes''|1887|pp=7–8}} Modern scholars also disapprove the terminology of &quot;Old Kukis&quot; and &quot;New Kukis&quot;, but it does appear that the two groups followed different migration routes and thus developed significant cultural differences.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation |last=Kipgen |first=Nehginpao |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |date=October–December 2011 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=72 |number=4 |page=1048 |jstor=41856539}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Per the 1881 census, the Kukis are estimated to have numbered 20,000 in the North Cachar Hills (present-day [[Dima Hasao district]]), 15,000 in the Naga Hills (present-day [[Nagaland]]), 30,000–40,000 in [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] and 6,000 in Tipperah ([[Tripura]]). In addition, the plains of [[Cachar district|Cachar]] had 6,000 people.{{sfnp|Soppitt, ''A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes''|1887|p=1}} The ''Gazetteer of Manipur'' (1886), based on the same census, noted that the Kukis of Manipur wee composed of approximately 8,000 &quot;Old Kukis&quot; and 17,000 &quot;New Kukis&quot;.{{sfnp|Dun, ''Gazetteer of Manipur''|1886|pp=32–33}} Borders of Manipur were expanded after this date to include the Kuki-inhabited southern parts of the present [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Chandel district|Chandel]] districts, adding further Kuki populations to the state of Manipur.{{Efn|The southern part of the Churachandpur and Chandel districts were added to Manipur in 1894 during a Manipur-Chin Hills border settlement.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|pp=163–164}}}} During the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]], the Kukis in Manipur were estimated to number 40,000.{{sfnp|Haokip, Hunger is more savage than cannon|2021|p=99}}<br /> <br /> === Manipur ===<br /> [[File:Manipur-prior-to-1894.png|thumb|right|260px|The princely state of Manipur with approximate southern borders prior to 1894{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|pp=53, 56–57, 61}}]]<br /> ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'', the court chronicle of the Manipur kings, mentions various Kuki tribes and clans from 1404 onwards.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF dates&quot;/&amp;gt; The largest of the Kuki tribes, the [[Thadou people|Thadous]], lived in the southern hills of the present-day Manipur, which was ungoverned territory for most of the historical period.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cary &amp;amp; Tuck Thadous&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> The Manipuris referred to them as &quot;Khongjais&quot;.{{efn|&quot;Khongjai&quot; is the British spelling of the name. The Manipuris spelt it as &quot;Khongchai&quot; and the Kukis as &quot;Khongsai&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF&quot;/&amp;gt;}}{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|loc=p. 53: &quot;Cognate tribes who occupied vast tracts of land in south of the valley of Manipur were broadly referred as Kukis by colonial rulers and 'Khongjai' by the Meitei [Manipuris], a term that only later was recognised to indicate several groups or clans.&quot;}}{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|loc=p. 49: &quot;Until some 32 years ago, the tribes to the south in contact with the Manipuris were the Khongjai and Kom Kukis.&quot;}} The naming was apparently based on a village called &quot;Khongchai&quot; in the Tuipui river valley,{{efn|Judging from the description, the village is likely to have been in the vicinity of present-day Leijangphai, on the [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]].}} with the surrounding hills also referred to as Khongjai Hills. The Manipur ruler [[Bhagya Chandra]] (also known as Jai Singh) made war on this region in 1786, and subjugated the Kuki chieftain in the central village.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> [https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], 25 May 2022.<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|pp=25–26}} Other regions in southern hills remained relatively untouched until 1894 when the British defined the border of the Manipur state to include the southern hills.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|pp=161–164}}<br /> <br /> The term &quot;Kuki&quot; to refer to these tribes was introduced by the British in the 1820s. By 1850s, they imported the terminology of &quot;New Kuki&quot; for the Khongjai tribes and &quot;Old Kuki&quot; for the other Kuki tribes such as [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom]] and [[Aimol people|Aimol]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF&quot;/&amp;gt; The scholars of Kuki Research Forum consider the terminology misleading because the historical record does not justify such a progression in time.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;KuRF dates&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The British testimony regarding Kukis in Manipur was variable. British Commissioner Pemberton wrote in 1835 that the Khongjais stretched along the hills from the south of the Manipur valley to the [[Arakan Mountains]].{{sfnp|Pemberton, Report on the Eastern Frontier|1835|loc=pp. 15–16: &quot;Of these [hill tribes], the principal are the Murams [Marams], who occupy the tract of country between Assam and Muneepoor [Manipur]; the Kupooees [Kabuis], known in Bengal by the term Nagas, who reside on the several ranges of hills between the latter country and Cachar, and the Khongjuees [Khongjais], who under the more generally known names of Kookies [Kukis], Koochungg, and Kuci, stretch from the southern borders of the Muneepoor valley to the northern limit of the province of Arracan [Arakan];...&quot;}}<br /> British Residents, William McCulloch (1844–1863) and Colonel Johnstone (1877–1886), wrote that Khongjais had long been subjects of Manipur, but &quot;new immigrants&quot; of them came through between 1830 and 1840. They &quot;poured into the hill tracts&quot; in large numbers, according to the Residents, driving away the older inhabitants. The Residents believed that these Khongjais were driven north by stronger tribes from the south, and hence settled all around the Imphal Valley.{{sfnp|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859|loc=p. 55: &quot;The Khongjais or Kookies [Kukis] until lately occupied the hills to the South of the Koupooees [Kabuis]. Whilst in this position, little or nothing of them was known, but they caused fear from their numbers and the bloody attacks they sometimes made upon their neighbours. South of them lay the Poi, Sooté [Sukte], Tauté, Loosei [Lushai], and other tribes, better armed than they were and of the same genus as themselves, but at feud with them. By these, they were driven from their native hills, the task being rendered easier by the internal animosities of the Khongjais themselves, and are now scattered around the Valley of Munnipore, and thence through the hills to North and South Cachar.&quot;}}{{sfnp|Johnstone, My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|1896|loc=pp. 25–26: &quot;The Kukis are a wandering race consisting of several tribes who have long been working up from the South. They were first heard of as Kukis, in Manipur, between 1830 and 1840; though tribes of the same race had long been subject to the Rajah of Manipur. The new immigrants began to cause anxiety about the year 1845, and soon poured into the hill tracts of Manipur in such numbers, as to drive away many of the older inhabitants.... Seeing that the Kukis had been driven north by kindred but more powerful tribes, and that their first object was to secure land for cultivation; McCulloch, as they arrived, settled them down, allotting to them lands in different places according to their numbers, and where their presence would be useful on exposed frontiers.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> Scholar Pum Khan Pau notes that, around 1830, when the British established a political agency in Manipur, the area to the south of present-day Manipur ([[Tonzang Township|Tonzang]] and [[Tedim Township|Tedim]] townships of present-day [[Chin State]]) witnessed the rise of a powerful [[Sukte people|Sukte]] chieftain called Khan Thuam. Along with his son Kam Hau, he embarked upon a territorial expansion, pushing the less powerful tribes towards the border of Manipur. But many tribesmen also submitted to the Suktes, paid tribute, and participated in the expansion process. This period witnessed many raids from the south on the border of Manipur, which was roughly in line with the southern boundary of the Manipur valley.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|pp=56–57}} A popular folk song summarised the position of Khan Thuam:{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|p=57}}<br /> {{blockquote|&amp;lt;poem&amp;gt;<br /> What I rule extends to Manipur in the north, and ends at Falam in the south;<br /> Manipur to the north and Falam to the south, I am the tiger in the middle.<br /> &amp;lt;/poem&amp;gt;}}<br /> After Khan Thuam's death, his dominion came to be divided between his elder son Kam Hau, based at [[Mualpi, Myanmar|Mualpi]] and the younger son Za Pau, based at [[Tedim]]. The combined tribe earned the name &quot;Kamhau-Sukte&quot; and became &quot;one of the most dreaded powers in Manipur, Lushai Hills and the Kale-Kabaw Valley&quot;.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|p=58}}<br /> <br /> The domain of the Kamhau-Sukte tribes extended all the way to the south of the Manipur valley, encompassing major portions of the present-day [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Chandel district|Chandel]] districts, driving the tribes in these districts further north. Their movement threatened the Naga tribes to the north, in particular the [[Kabui people|Kabuis]] to the west of the Manipur valley. McCulloch arranged for a line of Kuki settlements to the south of their area to serve as a buffer and armed the settlers. These villages came to be known as &quot;sepoy villages&quot;.{{sfnp|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019|loc=p. 59: &quot;The Sylhet-Manipur road, which was then under construction, passed through the Kabui Naga territory. The upkeep of this road greatly depended on the Kabuis who felt constantly threatened by the northward movement of the Kukis... McCulloch's solution was to plant a line of Kuki colonies as a buffer to the Kabui villages.&quot;}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/16069403#map=10/24.7157/93.9765&amp;amp;layers=C Cachar–Bishnupur Road], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 5 November 2023. (This road was part of the then Sylhet–Manipur road, which was strategic for the British, needed for the transport of troops to the Burma border).<br /> &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> According to McCulloch, sepoy villages were also set up along the southern frontier of the Manipur valley.{{sfnp|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884|p=157}}<br /> <br /> According to modern scholars, the British administrators overemphasized the Kukis' &quot;migration from south&quot;, because they had inadequate knowledge of the Kukis already present in the hills of Manipur.{{sfnp|Chongloi, Reinterpreting Kuki Chieftainship|2018|loc=pp. 488–489: &quot;[There] are claims of colonial writers that the Kukis as 'first heard in 1830s and 1840s' (Johnstone, 1896) and as 'migrants from the south' (Shakespeare, 1912) and introduced and settled in Manipur to serve as a buffer zone against enemy tribes of British subjects (MacCulloch, 1980). In this regard the claims sounded one-sided since the hill areas of the Kukis were little known till the close of the 19th century. The Chahsads, for that matter, who settled a long time ago in the region bordering Burma (Myanmar), came to notice only in 1870s (Mackenzie, 2014).&quot;}} In addition, some of the larger tribes such as [[Thadou people|Thadous]] are said to have been native to the southern hills (Churachandpur and Chandel districts) that were later added to Manipur territory in the 1890s.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cary &amp;amp; Tuck Thadous&quot;&amp;gt;{{harvp|Carey &amp;amp; Tuck, The Chin Hills|1896|loc=p. 135: &quot;The [Thadou] hillmen, known as the Kukis or Khongjais, live for the greater part north of the Chin Hills boundary line and in hill territory belonging to Manipur...&quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> An important landmark in the history of the Kuki people was the arrival of missionaries and the spread of Christianity among them. Missionary activity had considerable social, cultural and political ramifications while the acceptance of Christianity marked a departure from the traditional religion of the Kuki peoples as well as their ancestral customs and traditions. The spread of English education introduced the Kuki people to the &quot;modern era&quot;. [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]], the first foreign missionary, came to Manipur on 6 February 1894 and was sponsored by the [[American Baptist Church|American Baptist Mission Union]]. He, along with Dr. Crozier, worked in the North and the Northeast of Manipur. In the south, Watkins Robert of the [[Presbyterian Church of Wales|Welsh Presbytery]] mission organised the Indo-Burma '''Thadou-Kuki Pioneer Mission''' in 1913. To have a broader scope, the mission's name was changed to '''North East India General Mission''' (NEIGM) in 1924.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haokip |first1=Thongkholal |title=Kuki Churches Unification Movements |url=https://www.academia.edu/29134905 |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |date=July–December 2012 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=35}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The first resistance to British hegemony by the Kuki people was the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919|Kuki Rebellion of 1917–19]], also known as the Anglo-Kuki War, after which their territory was subjugated by the British.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |date=2019-02-23 |title=Colonial violence and its 'Small Wars': fighting the Kuki 'guerillas' during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919 |journal=Small Wars &amp;amp; Insurgencies |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=447–478 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369 |issn=0959-2318 |s2cid=189972384 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369|url-access=subscription }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Until their defeat in 1919, the Kukis had been an independent people ruled by their chieftains. The Dobashi, Lengjang Kuki was credited as responsible for preventing the Kukis of the Naga Hills from joining the Kuki Rebellion of Manipur.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=17 January 2019 |title=A Dobashi of par excellence |work=Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/a-dobashi-of-par-excellence/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529001353/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/a-dobashi-of-par-excellence/ |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> During World War II, seeing an opportunity to regain independence, the Kuki fought with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and the [[Indian National Army]] led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] but the success of the Allied forces over the Axis group dashed their hopes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |date=2010 |title=Representing Local Participation in INA–Japanese Imphal Campaign: The Case of the Kukis in Manipur, 1943–45 |journal=[[Indian Historical Review]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=291–309 |doi=10.1177/037698361003700206 |s2cid=145397505}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Tripura ===<br /> On 31 January 1860, Kuki Riang led the Kukis of [[Hill Tippera]] in raiding the [[Chhagalnaiya Upazila|Chhagalnaiya plains]] (then under the administration of the [[Twipra Kingdom]]) which was inhabited by ethnic [[Bengalis]] and British officers.&amp;lt;ref name=Webster&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1= Webster |first1=John Edward |title=Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers |volume=4. Noakhali |year=1911 |publisher=The Pioneer Press |page=30 |chapter=History |location=[[Allahabad]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/noakhali00webs/page/30/mode/2up}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Kukis looted the area of Bakhshganj and murdered Kamal Poddar of Basantpur. They then proceeded to molest Poddar's women until Guna Ghazi and Jakimal waged war against them in the village of Kulapara. Whilst the Kukis abducted 700 women, [[Munshi Abdul Ali]] informed the British authorities of the atrocities. 185 Britons were assassinated, 100 of them were kidnapped and the Kukis remained in the plains for one or two days. British troops and policemen were finally despatched from [[Noakhali]], [[Comilla District|Tipperah (Comilla)]] and [[Chittagong]] to suppress them but the Kukis had already fled to the jungles of the [[princely state]] and they never returned to Chhagalnaiya ever again.&amp;lt;ref name=Karim&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98119/page/n103/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive Catalogue Of Bengali Manuscripts |author1=[[Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad|Abdul Karim, Munshi]] |author2=[[Ahmed Sharif|Sharif, Ahmed]] |editor=[[Syed Sajjad Hussain|Hussain, Syed Sajjad]] |location=[[Dacca]] |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Pakistan]] |year=1960 |pages=74}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Post-colonial history ===<br /> The ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951'' included &quot;any Kuki tribe&quot;, &quot;any Lushai tribe&quot; and &quot;any Naga tribe&quot; (as umbrella terms<br /> among the [[scheduled tribes]] in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura. Among the &quot;any Kuki&quot; classification, it listed 39 subtribes/clans.{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=163}}{{sfnp|Sielen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012|p=90}}{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|p=1048}} The 1951 census recorded the Kuki population of Manipur as 69,855, that in Assam as 18,200,{{Efn|The Assam state of 1951 included the present-day states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]].}} and that in Tripura as 3,428.{{sfnp|Haokip, Hunger is more savage than cannon|2021|p=99}}<br /> <br /> The 21 Kuki tribes of Manipur (as per the nomenclature used in the British colonial times) gathered together in 1948 to form an organisation called '''Kuki Company'''. They also contributed to the construction of Kuki Inn in Imphal, to serve as the office for the organisation. Soon afterwards, frictions developed over the use of the [[Thadou language]] for the business of the organisation.{{efn|The Thadous form the largest Kuki tribe in Manipur, constituting 7.6% of the population in 2011. All the remaining New Kuki tribes together constitute 8.1%, and the Old Kuki tribes constitute 3.6%.}} As a result, almost all the tribes other than [[Thadou Kukis]] left the Kuki Company, and formed a separate '''Khulmi National Union'''.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|pp=189–190}} In 1950s, ten Old Kuki tribes changed their affiliation to 'Naga', induced to do so by the [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhuls]].{{efn|The ten tribes are: Anal, Chothe, Koirao, Lamkang, Maring, Moyon, Monsang, Purum and Tarao.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kom |first=Ch. Sekholal |date=June 2015 |title=Ethno-nationalism: Competing Micro-nationalist Dissents in Manipur |journal=Social Change |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.1177/0049085715574192 |s2cid=147919896 |issn=0049-0857}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} Seven New Kuki tribes eventually adopted the [[Zomi]] identity in the 1990s.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=190}}<br /> <br /> In the 1950s, when the [[Kaka Kalelkar Commission]] visited Manipur, there was a concerted attempt by the Kuki and Naga tribes to delineate each tribe separately in the Schedule Tribe Order's list. Consequently, in 1956, the umbrella terms such as 'any Kuki' and 'any Naga' were deleted, and 29 tribes of Manipur were listed individually. This revision completely left out other unlisted tribes from the scheduled tribes list. In other states of India, however, the old classification of &quot;any Kuki tribe&quot; remained. In 2003, the term &quot;any Kuki tribes&quot; was re-added to the list in Manipur as well.{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=163}}{{sfnp|Sielen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012|p=90}}{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|p=1048}}<br /> <br /> ==Cultures and traditions==<br /> The land of the Kukis has a number of [[convention (norm)|customs]] and [[traditions]].<br /> <br /> ===Sawm===<br /> Sawm, a community centre for boys – was the centre of learning in which the ''Sawm-upa'' (an elder) did the teaching, while ''Sawm-nu'' took care of chores, such as combing of the boy's hair, washing of the garments and making the beds. The best students were recommended to the King's or the Chief's service, and eventually would achieve the office of ''Semang'' and ''Pachong'' (ministers) in their courts, or ''gal –lamkai'' (leaders, warriors) in the army.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paokhohao Haokp 2013&quot;&amp;gt;Paokhohao Haokp, &quot;Reinculcating Traditional Values of the Kukis with Special Reference to Lom and Som&quot;, in T. Haokip (ed.). ''The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture''. New Delhi: Bookwell, 2013, Chapter 11.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lawm===<br /> Lawm (a traditional type of youth club) was an institution in which boys and girls engaged in social activities for the benefit of the individual and the community. It was also another learning institution. Every Lawm has a ''Lawm-upa'' (a senior member), a ''To’llai-pao'' (an overseer or superintendent) and a ''Lawm-tangvo'' (assistant superintendent). Besides being a source of traditional learning, the institution of the Lawm also facilitated the transmission of both technical as well as practical knowledge to its members, especially with regard to particular methods of [[farming]], [[hunting]], [[fishing]] and sporting activities such as ''Kung–Kal'' (high jump, especially over a choice ''mithun''), ''Ka’ng Ka’p'', ''Ka’ngchoi Ka’p'' (top game), ''Suhtumkhawh'' (javelin throw using the heavy wooden implement for pounding-de-husking-paddy) and ''So’ngse'' (shot put).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Paokhohao Haokp 2013&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The Lawm was also a centre where young Kuki people learned discipline and social etiquette. After harvest season, the ''Lawm meet'' is celebrated with a ''Lawm-se’l'' and, as a commemoration, a pillar is erected. The event is accompanied by dance and drinking rice-beer, which sometimes continues for days and nights.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> ==Laws and government==<br /> <br /> ===Governance===<br /> With regard to governance, Semang (cabinet) is the annual assembly of a Kuki village community held at the Chief's residence represents the Inpi (Assembly). In such an assembly, the Chief and his Semang and Pachong (cabinet members and auxiliary of Inpi) and all the household heads of the village congregate to discuss and resolve matters relating to the village and the community.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;T. Lunkim, &quot;Traditional System of Kuki Administration&quot;, in T. Haokip (ed.). ''The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture''. New Delhi: Bookwell, 2013, Chapter 1.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religions==<br /> Prior to conversion in the early 20th century to Christianity by Welsh [[Baptists|Baptist]] missionaries, the Chin, Kuki, and Mizo peoples were [[animism|animists]]; among their practices were ritual [[headhunting]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |title=Head-Hunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam |last1=Hodson |first1=T. C. |journal=Folklore |year=1909 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=132–143 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1909.9719869 |jstor=1254109|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2223741 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Christian missionaries entered Manipur in the late 19th century but did not yet make inroads into the tribal areas. The victory of the British in Anglo-Kuki War of 1917–1919 opened up their mind of the Kukis to the Christian God of the British, who was thought of as the victor. This led them to rapidly convert to Christianity. Conversion to Christianity has transformed their ideas, mentality and social practices at the cost of their traditions and customs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |first1=Seikhohao |last1=Kipgen |chapter=Keeping them under control: impact of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor=Jangkhomang Guite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during the First World War |last2=Haokip |first2=Thongkholal |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor &amp;amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-429-77494-2}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The majority of Kukis are now [[Christians]], with most belonging to [[Protestant]] denominations, especially [[Baptist]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ethnomed.org/culture/chin/ |title=Chin}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{better source needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> Since the late 20th century, some of these peoples have begun following [[Messianic Judaism]]. The [[Bnei Menashe]] ({{langx|he|בני מנשה}}, &quot;Sons of [[Tribe of Manasseh|Menasseh]]&quot;) are a small group within India's [[Seven Sister States|North-Eastern border states]] of [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]; since the late 20th century, they claim descent from one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Tribes of Israel]] and have adopted the practice of Judaism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Weil, Shalva. &quot;Double Conversion among the 'Children of Menasseh'&quot; in [[Georg Pfeffer]] and Deepak K. Behera (eds) ''Contemporary Society Tribal Studies'', New Delhi: Concept, pp. 84–102. 1996 Weil, Shalva. &quot;Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands&quot;, ''The Anthropologist, ''2004''. ''6(3): 219–233.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Bnei Menashe are made up of [[Mizo people|Mizo]], Kuki and [[Chin people]]s, who all speak [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], and whose ancestors migrated into [[northeast India]] from [[Burma]] mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2005/morphologynortheast1.html |title=Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages |date=2005-07-07 |access-date=2007-03-04 |work=Language in India |first1=Vijayanand |last1=Kommaluri |first2=R |last2=Subramanian |first3=Anand |last3=Sagar K}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They are called Chin in [[Burma]]. In the late 20th century, an Israeli rabbi investigating their claims named them Bnei Menashe, based on their account of descent from [[Menasseh]]. Of the 3.7 million people living in these two northeast states only about 9,000 belong to the Bnei Menashe, several thousands have emigrated to Israel. Some have supported other movements to separate from India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> Due to the close proximity to Muslim-majority [[Bengal]], a Kuki Muslim community has also developed. They are said to be descendants of Kuki men who had married [[Bengali Muslim]] women, a relationship requiring the husband to be a Muslim. They are mostly centred around the village of North Chandrapur in the Tripuri city of [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]. Notable Kuki Muslims include Khirod Ali Sardar of Chandrapur and Ali Mia of [[Sonamura]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite thesis |title=Muslim women in Tripura: aspects of their status, roles, problems and prospects |author=Chakraborty, Anjali |publisher=[[University of North Bengal]] |year=2006 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/166 |website=Institutional Repository NBA |chapter=Muslims of Tripura: A Profile}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The community has been subject to scorn by other Kukis.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=ত্রিপুরা রাজ্যে তিরিশ বছর: উদয়পুর বিবরণ |trans-title=Thirty years of the Tripura state: Udaipur details |language=bn |year=1972 |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]] |author=Datta, B. C.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Zale'n-gam]]<br /> * [[Kuki–Paite Conflict]]<br /> * [[Manipur Tamil community#Kuki-Tamil communal clash of 1992|Kuki–Tamil ethnic clash of 1992]]<br /> * [[Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur]]<br /> * [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> * {{citation |title=Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India, Vol. 4: North &amp;amp; North-Eastern Frontier Tribes |publisher=Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India |year=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1775 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Intelligence Branch, Frontier and Overseas Expeditions, Vol. 4|1907}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=R. |last=Brown |title=Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule |year=1874 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/statistical-account-of-manipur |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Statistical Account of Manipur|1874}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first1=Bertram S. |last1=Carey |first2=H. N. |last2=Tuck |title=The Chin Hills, Volume I |publisher=Government Printing, Burma |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinhillsahisto01tuckgoog |ref={{sfnref|Carey &amp;amp; Tuck, The Chin Hills|1896}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Chongloi |first=H. |year=2018 |title=Reinterpreting Kuki Chieftainship of Northeast India in relation to Colonial Historiography |journal=Media Theory Perspectives. Media Watch |volume=9 |number=3 |pages=437–446 |doi=10.15655/mw_2018_v9i3_49494 |s2cid=199515134 |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/74769 |ref={{sfnref|Chongloi, Reinterpreting Kuki Chieftainship|2018}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Khup Za |last=Go |title=Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788183242103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jeaS8yXIj8C |ref={{sfnref|Go, Zo Chronicles|2008}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Sir James |last=Johnstone |title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company |location=London |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/myexperiencesinm00johniala |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Johnstone, My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|1896}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Doungul Letkhojam |last=Haokip |chapter='Hunger is more Savage than Cannon': Logistics of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |pages=93–117 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YHrDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA93 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Hunger is more savage than cannon|2021}} }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Rebecca C. |last=Haokip |chapter=The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict mapping and peace processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |pages=185–207 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Sielen |chapter=What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |publisher=Bookwell |year=2012 |isbn=9789380574448 |pages=89– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC&amp;amp;pg=PA89 |ref={{sfnref|Sielen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012}} }}<br /> * {{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |pages=1043–1060 |jstor=41856539 |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Michael |last=Lunminthang |title=Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India: Historical Review on Kuki Country |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=43 |number=1 |year=2016 |pages=63–82 |doi=10.1177/0376983616628385 |ref={{sfnref|Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India|2016}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |title=History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |publisher=Home Department Press |location=Calcutta |year=1884 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1049 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes|1884}} }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=McCulloch |first=W. |title=Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes |series=Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Printing Company |year=1859 |oclc=249105916 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06262 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Soppitt |first=C. A. |title=A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes |publisher=Assam Secretariat Press |location=Shillong |year=1887 |url=https://archive.org/details/ashortaccountku00soppgoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Soppitt, A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes|1887}} }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 2 |date=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009}}}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |publisher=Taylor &amp;amp; Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000507454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier|2019}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Pemberton |first=Capt. R. Boileau |title=Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India |publisher=Government of India |location=Calcutta |year=1835 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.2453 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Pemberton, Report on the Eastern Frontier|1835}} }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Shakespear |first=J. |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |publisher=MacMillan and Co |location=London |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Shakespear, The Lushei Kuki Clans|1912}} }}<br /> * {{citation |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |first=H. Kham Khan |last=Suan |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=45 |number=2 |year=2011 |pages=157–187 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201 |s2cid=220855274 |ref={{sfnref|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011}}}}<br /> * {{citation |title=Violence and Identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki Conflict |first=S. R. |last=Tohring |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2010 |isbn=9788183243445 |ref={{sfnref|Tohring, Violence and identity in North-East India|2010}}}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Lianboi |last=Vaiphei |chapter=Christian Missionaries and Colonialism in the Hills of Manipur |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT183 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=183– |doi=10.4324/9781315638317 |ref={{sfnref|Vaiphei, Christian Missionaries and Colonialism|2015}} }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}<br /> {{Scheduled tribes of India}}<br /> {{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Ethnic groups in Burma}}<br /> {{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuki People}}<br /> [[Category:Kuki people]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Headhunting]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Tribes of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Tribes of India]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauth_Mata_Temple,_Bundi&diff=493729 2026-01-31T09:11:18Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox temple|name=Chauth Mata Temple, Bundi|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Chauth Mata|festival=[[Karwa Chauth]], Til Chauth|district=[[Bundi]]|state=[[Rajasthan]]|country={{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]|map_type=India Rajasthan|coordinates={{coord|25.4664|75.6592|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|map_caption=Location in Rajasthan|image=File:Chauth Mata Temple, Bundi.jpg|caption=Drone view of Chauth Mata Temple, Bundi}}<br /> '''Chauth Mata Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at a distance of about 5 kilometers from [[Bundi district|Bundi]] district headquarters in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to Chauth Mata, a manifestation of the Hindu Goddess [[Parvati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-01-13 |title=स्पेशल रिपोर्ट: बूंदी के बाण गंगा पहाड़ी पर स्थित चौथ माता मंदिर में उमड़ा भक्तों का सैलाब |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/special-report-on-fair-organized-at-chauth-mata-temple-in-bundi/rj20200113185737045 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=बूंदी |first=सलीम अली |date=2022-07-19 |title=Bundi District: छोटी काशी के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है बूंदी, धार्मिक स्थल पेश करते हैं गंगा-जमुनी तहजीब की मिसाल |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/bundi-history-best-places-rameshwar-mahadev-mandir-madina-masjid-important-city-to-visit-how-to-reach-population-of-bundi-rajasthan-ann-2171452 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> This temple is situated on a hill in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] mountain range named ''Banganga'' Hill. A river flows through the temple's foothills, which is known as the ''Banganga'' River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> It is said that the [[Hada Chauhan]] king of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] used to visit the [[Chauth Mata Temple]] situated in village of [[Chauth Ka Barwara]] of [[Sawai Madhopur]], but when the king became old and did not have the courage to reach the temple, then at that time the king brought the replica of [[Chauth Mata Temple|Chauth Mata]] of [[Chauth Ka Barwara]] to Bundi and established the temple of Chauth Mata on the ''Banganga'' hill in Bundi. Since then, ''Chauth Mata'' has been worshiped here, and the faith in the ''Mata'' remains intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chauth Mata is worshiped as the [[Kuladevata|''Kul Devi'']] in the royal family of Bundi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-11-04 |title=स्पेशल: करवा चौथ पर चौथ माता के मंदिर में लगता है सुहागिनों का मेला, दर्शन करके धन्य होते हैं भक्त |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/suhagin-fair-is-held-in-temple-of-chauth-mata-on-karva-chauth/rj20201104182448970 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> This temple is built in the [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temple architectural]] style. There are two main gates in this temple. To visit the temple, devotees can either climb the stairs or directly by road up the hill.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=बूंदी में चौथमाता के दर्शनों को उमड़ा श्रद्धा का रैला {{!}} Bundi News, Bundi Rajasthan News, Chauth Mata in Bundi, Visited, Shrine o |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-chauth-mata-in-bundi-visited-shrine-o-6663794/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> Every year, a fair is organized here for both the festivals of [[Karva Chauth]] and Til Chauth, where a large number of devotees come to have [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of Chuath Mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=माता की एक झलक पाने को बेताब दिखे लोग,लगाई ढोक-video |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-rajasthan-patika-news-til-chauth-bang-8699835/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Bhimlat Mahadev Temple]]<br /> * [[Viratra Vankal Mata Temple]]<br /> * [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]<br /> * [[Ram Kalyan Sharma]]<br /> * [[Malan Masi Balaji Temple]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Character_Actress&diff=465352 2026-01-29T19:21:42Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress<br /> | image = [[File:Lijomol Jose.jpg|200px]]<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = [[Lijomol Jose]], the latest winner at the [[55th Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> | subheader =<br /> | awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in a Malayalam film<br /> | sponsor = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]<br /> | firstawarded = 2015<br /> | lastawarded = 2024<br /> | reward = {{INR Convert|50000}}<br /> | former name = <br /> | holder_label = Most recent winner<br /> | holder = [[Lijomol Jose]]<br /> | award1_type = Total awarded<br /> | award1_winner = 9<br /> | award2_type = First winner<br /> | award2_winner = [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]<br /> | award3_type = Last winner<br /> | award3_winner = <br /> | website = <br /> | previous = <br /> | next = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress''' is an award, begun in 2015, presented annually at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] of India to an actress for her performance in a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]. It replaced the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]], which was discontinued in 2014. The winner receives a certificate, statuette and a cash prize of ₹50,000.<br /> <br /> ==Winners==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Actor<br /> ! Film<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]<br /> |''[[Ben (2015 film)|''Ben'']]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=M.|first=Athira|title=A 'surprise' winner|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/chat-with-anjali-aneesh-winner-of-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-character-actress/article8334714.ece|accessdate=28 February 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |Kanchana P. K.<br /> |''[[Olappeeppi]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards: The full list of winners|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-state-film-awards-full-list-winners-58308|accessdate=28 February 2019|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=8 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[Pauly Valsan]]<br /> |''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Ottamuri Velicham]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2018 announced: Indrans, Parvathy, 'Ottamuri Velicham' bag top honours|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/mar/08/kerala-state-film-awards-2018-announced-indrans-parvathy-ottamuri-velicham-bag-top-honours-1783983.html|access-date=28 February 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2018<br /> |[[Savithri Sreedharan]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019: Kanthan–The Lover of Colour Wins Best Film, Jayasurya is Best Actor|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-kanthan-the-lover-of-colour-wins-best-film-jayasurya-is-best-actor-2050369.html|accessdate=28 February 2019|work=[[News18]]|date=27 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sarasa Balussery]]<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |[[Swasika]]<br /> |''[[Vasanthi (2020 film)|Vasanthi]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=മികച്ച നടൻ സുരാജ്, നടി കനി, സ്വഭാവ നടൻ ഫഹദ്, ലിജോ സംവിധായകൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/13/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-winners-list.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |Sreerekha<br /> |''[[Veyil (Malayalam film)|Veyil]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/specials/kerala-state-film-awards-2020/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-best-movie-actor-actress-nominations-director-1.6091992 |title=ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യന്‍ കിച്ചണ്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം, നടന്‍ ജയസൂര്യ,നടി അന്ന ബെന്‍ |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Unnimaya Prasad]]<br /> |''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S.R |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Experimental cinema wins big at 52nd Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experimental-cinema-wins-big-at-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards/article65467180.ece?homepage=true |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |Devi Varma<br /> |''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നടൻ, വിൻസി നടി, മഹേഷ് നാരായണൻ സംവിധായകൻ: അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി ‘ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്’ - Kerala Film Awards | date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Manorma Online News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-best-film-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-mahesh-narayanan-8851060|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam named Best Film; Mammootty, Vincy Aloshious, Mahesh Narayanan bag top honours |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[Sreeshma Chandran]]<br /> |''[[Pombalai Orumai]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/lite/|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners list: Aadujeevitham wins big; Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena Chandran take top honours}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Lijomol Jose]]<br /> |''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-list-of-winners-live.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025: Mammootty Best Actor, Shamla Hamza Best Actress, 'Manjummel Boys' is Best Film}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|www.keralafilm.com}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala State film Award}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> [[Category:Awards for actresses]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent&diff=464902 2026-01-08T04:39:43Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{Lead too short|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}}}<br /> {{Science and technology in India}}Education in the [[Indian subcontinent]] began with the teaching of traditional subjects, including [[Indian religions]], [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]], and [[Indian logic|logic]]. Early [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] centers of learning, such as the [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Takshashila]] (in modern-day [[Pakistan]]), [[Nalanda]] (in India), [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]] (in India and [[Nepal]]), [[Vikramashila|Vikramshila]], [[Telhara monastery|Telhara]], and [[Shaunaka Mahashala]] in the [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisharanya forest]], served as key sites for education. [[Islam]]ic education became prominent with the establishment of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic empires in the region]] during the Middle Ages. Later, Europeans introduced [[Western education]] during the [[colonial India|colonial period in India]].<br /> <br /> ==Early history==<br /> [[File:MohraMuraduMainStupa.JPG|thumb|The [[Mohra Muradu]] monastery at [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], in modern-day [[Pakistan]]]]<br /> [[File:Nalanda - 043 Teaching Platform (9253479492).jpg|thumb|[[Nalanda]] - teaching platform]]<br /> <br /> Early education in India began under the guidance of a ''[[guru]]'' or ''prabhu''.&lt;ref name=Prabhu24&gt;Prabhu, 24&lt;/ref&gt; Instruction was based on ''varna'' (social class) and the specific duties associated with each caste.&lt;ref name=Prabhu24/&gt; ''[[Brahmans]]'' studied scriptures and religion, while ''[[Kshatriya]]'' were trained in various aspects of warfare.&lt;ref name=Prabhu24/&gt; ''[[Shudras]],'' who belonged to the working class, were taught skills necessary for different occupations.&lt;ref name=Prabhu24/&gt;<br /> <br /> The earliest educational institutions in India were often isolated from populated areas,&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu24&quot; /&gt; where students followed strict monastic rules set by their ''guru'' and lived in ''[[ashram]]s'' away from cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu25&quot;&gt;Prabhu, 25&lt;/ref&gt; However, as the population grew during the [[Gupta Empire]], urban centers of learning became more common, with cities like [[Varanasi]] and the [[Buddhist]] center at [[Nalanda]] gaining prominence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Education in India traditionally had strong ties to religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackwell88&quot;&gt;Blackwell, 88&lt;/ref&gt; Among the [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] schools of thought were the [[Jain]] and Buddhist traditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackwell90&quot;&gt;Blackwell, 90&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist education, in particular, was more inclusive. In addition to monastic training, Buddhist centers of learning such as [[Taxila]] and Nalanda evolved as urban institutions where subjects like grammar, medicine, philosophy, logic, metaphysics, arts, and crafts were taught.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> These early Buddhist institutions of higher learning, including Taxila and Nalanda, continued to thrive well into the Common Era and attracted students from regions as far as China and Central Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackwell88&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On the subject of education for the nobility, Joseph Prabhu writes: &quot;Outside the religious framework, kings and princes were educated in the arts and sciences related to government: politics (''danda-nıti''), economics (''vartta''), philosophy (''anvıksiki''), and historical traditions (''itihasa''). Here, the authoritative source was [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'', often compared to [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'' for its worldly outlook and political scheming.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prabhu24&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Rgveda|Rigveda]]'' (c. 1700–1000 BCE) mentions female poets called ''brahmavadinis'', such as [[Lopamudra]] and [[Ghosha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Raman236&quot; /&gt; By 800 BCE, women like [[Gargi]] and [[Maitreyi]] were noted as scholars in the ''[[Upnishads]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raman236&quot;&gt;Raman, 236&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya]], the mother of the historical [[Buddha]], was an educated queen, and other women in India contributed to the writing of the ''[[Pali canon]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raman236&quot; /&gt; Among the composers of [[Sangam literature]], 154 were women.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raman237&quot;&gt;Raman, 237&lt;/ref&gt; However, despite these contributions, education and society of the era continued to be dominated by the educated male population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raman236-237&quot;&gt;Raman, 236–237&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early Common Era—High Middle Ages ==<br /> [[File:10th century college foundation grant Devanagari inscription in Sanskrit on stone, Kaladgi Karnataka.jpg|thumb|A mid 10th-century college land grant in Devanagari inscription (Sanskrit) discovered on a buried, damaged stone in north Karnataka. Parts of the inscription are in Canarese script.|left]]Chinese scholars such as [[Xuanzang]] and [[I Ching (monk)|Yi Jing]] traveled to Indian institutions of learning to study Buddhist texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe144-145&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 144–145&lt;/ref&gt; Yi Jing additionally recorded the arrival of 56 scholars from India, [[Japan]], and [[Korea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe145&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 145&lt;/ref&gt; However, during this period, Buddhist institutions of learning were gradually giving way to a resurgent tradition of [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe145&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian scholars also traveled to China to translate Buddhist texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe161&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 161&lt;/ref&gt; In the 10th century, a monk named Dharmadeva from [[Nalanda]] journeyed to China and translated several texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe161&quot; /&gt; Another center, [[Vikramashila|Vikramshila]], maintained close relations with [[Tibet]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe161&quot; /&gt; and the Buddhist teacher [[Atisa]] served as the head monk at Vikramshila before his journey to Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe161&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Examples of royal patronage include the construction of educational institutions under the [[Rastrakuta dynasty]] in 945 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe180&quot; /&gt; These institutions provided multiple residences for educators, state-sponsored education, and arrangements for students and scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe180&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 180&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the [[Chola dynasty]] in 1024 CE supported selected students in educational establishments through state funding.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe180-181&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 180–181&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Temple schools in the 12th–13th centuries, such as the school at the [[Nataraja]] temple in [[Chidambaram]], employed 20 librarians. Among them, eight were tasked with copying manuscripts, two were responsible for verifying the copies,&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe183-184&quot;&gt;Scharfe, 183–184&lt;/ref&gt; and the rest handled other duties, including preservation and maintenance of reference materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scharfe183-184&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another institution from this period was the [[Uddandapura]] institute, established in the 8th century under the patronage of the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_12&quot;&gt;Sen (1988), 12&lt;/ref&gt; This institute developed ties with Tibet and became a center of [[Tantric Buddhism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_12&quot; /&gt; By the 10th–11th centuries, the number of monks at Uddandapura reached a thousand, matching the strength of the monastic community at the sacred [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi complex]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By the time the Islamic scholar [[Al Biruni]] arrived, India already had an established system of science and technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackwell88-89&quot;&gt;Blackwell, 88–89&lt;/ref&gt; However, by the 12th century, invasions from India's northern borders began to disrupt traditional educational systems, as foreign armies raided educational institutions, among other establishments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Late Middle Ages—Early Modern Era==<br /> [[File:Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG|alt=|left|thumb|The 15th-century [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] in [[Bidar]]]]With the advent of [[Islam]] in India, traditional methods of education increasingly came under Islamic influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_22&quot;&gt;Sen (1988), 22&lt;/ref&gt; Pre-Mughal rulers, such as [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] and other Muslim leaders, established institutions focused on imparting religious knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_22&quot; /&gt; Prominent scholars like [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Moinuddin Chishti]] became influential educators and founded Islamic monasteries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_22&quot; /&gt; Students from regions such as [[Bukhara]] and [[Afghanistan]] traveled to India to study subjects in the humanities and sciences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1988_22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Islamic educational institutions in India included traditional ''[[madrassas]]'' and ''[[Maktab (education)|maktab]]s,'' which taught grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and law—subjects influenced by [[Greeks|Greek]] traditions inherited by [[Persia]] and the Middle East before the spread of Islam into India.&lt;ref name=Kumar03-678&gt;Kumar (2003), 678&lt;/ref&gt; A key feature of traditional Islamic education was its emphasis on the connection between science and the humanities.&lt;ref name=Kumar03-678/&gt;<br /> <br /> One prominent educational center in 18th-century Delhi was the [[Madrasah-i Rahimiyah]], led by Shah Waliullah, an educator who advocated for a balanced approach integrating Islamic scriptures with scientific studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-679&quot; /&gt; The curriculum at Madrasah-i Rahimiyah included two books on grammar, one on philosophy, two on logic, two on astronomy and mathematics, and five on mysticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-679&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another notable center emerged in [[Lucknow]] under Mulla Nizamuddin Sahlawi, who taught at [[Firangi Mahal]] and developed the ''Dars-i-Nizami'' curriculum. This program combined traditional studies with contemporary knowledge and emphasized logic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-679&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Dharmadasa_-_Laylá_and_Majnun_Fall_in_Love_at_School_-_Walters_W62498A_-_Full_Page.jpg|thumb|A [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Era]] [[Kuttab|Maktab]] (Primary School) in [[Lahore]]. Painting by Dharmadasa c.1597-1598]]<br /> [[File:Khairul Manazil Mosque 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Khairul Manazil]] a [[Madrasa]] founded by [[Maham Anga]] in 1561 under the reign of [[Akbar]].]]Under [[Akbar]]'s rule, the education system adopted an inclusive approach, with the monarch encouraging courses in medicine, agriculture, geography, and texts from various languages and religions, including [[Patanjali]]'s work in [[Sanskrit]].&lt;ref name=Kumar03-678-679&gt;Kumar (2003), 678–679&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional sciences during this period were influenced by the ideas of [[Aristotle]], [[Bhāskara II]], [[Charaka]], and [[Ibn Sina]].&lt;ref name=Kumar03-680/&gt; This inclusive approach was not uncommon in [[Mughal India]].&lt;ref name=Kumar03-679&gt;Kumar (2003), 679&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even the more conservative ruler [[Aurangzeb]] supported the teaching of subjects useful for administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-679&quot; /&gt; The Mughals generally took a liberal approach to the sciences, and as contact with Persia increased, the more rigid [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''manqul'' school of education was gradually replaced by the more flexible ''maqul'' school.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-678-680&quot;&gt;Kumar (2003), 678-680&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Middle Ages also saw the rise of private tuition in India as the state failed to invest in the public education system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-680&quot; /&gt; A tutor, or ''riyazi'', was an educated professional who could earn a suitable living by performing tasks such as creating calendars or generating revenue estimates for the nobility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-680&quot;&gt;Kumar (2003), 680&lt;/ref&gt; Another trend during this era was the mobility among professions, exemplified by [[Qaim Khan]], a prince renowned for his mastery in crafting leather shoes and forging cannons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar03-680&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Traditional schools===<br /> {{Main article|Dharampal#Relevance}}<br /> Male education in India traditionally began under the supervision of a ''guru'' in schools called [[gurukul|''gurukuls'']]. These ''gurukuls'', supported by public donations, were among the earliest forms of publicly funded educational institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kamat |first1=A.R. |title=Women's Education and Social Change in India |journal=Social Scientist |date=1976 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3516600 |jstor=3516600}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Dharampal]] played a key role in reshaping the understanding of pre-colonial education in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Ankur |date=2019-02-19 |title=Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution |url=http://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/ |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=IndiaFacts |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; His primary works are based on documentation by the [[British Raj|colonial government]] concerning Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the colonial period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/dharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century/ |title=Dharampal's 'The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |work=Indica Today |date=22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/446501?journalCode=cer |title=Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 1 Feb. 1985 |journal=Comparative Education Review |date=February 1985 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.1086/446501 |last1=Basu |first1=Aparna|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dharampal's pioneering historical research, conducted over a decade, provides evidence from early British administrators' reports of the widespread presence of indigenous educational institutions in the [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bengal]], and [[Chennai|Madras]] Presidencies, as well as in the [[Punjab]]. These institutions taught a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15, the majority of whom were from the [[Shudra]] caste.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Austrian missionary, linguist, and orientalist [[Paulinus of St. Bartholomew]] spent 13 years traveling the [[Malabar Coast]] of [[Hyder Ali|Hyder Ali's]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]], starting in 1776. During this time, he compiled and later published the first European grammar of [[Sanskrit]], highlighting similarities between Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages. He also provided a critique of education in the Kingdom, noting:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=DA BARTOLOMEO |first=FRA PAOLINO |url=https://kastalia.medienhaus.udk-berlin.de/community/data/5634.FraBartolomeo.pdf |title=ON EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN INDIA |year=1796 |pages=254}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=The education of youth in India is much simpler, and not near so expensive as in Europe. The children assemble half naked under the shade of a coconut tree; place themselves in rows on the ground, and trace out on the sand, with the fore finger of the right hand, the elements of their alphabet, and then smooth it with the left when they wish to trace out other characters. The writing master, called Agian, or Eluttacien, who stations himself opposite to his pupils, examines what they have done; points out their faults, and shows them how to correct them. At first, he attends them standing; but when the young people have acquired some readiness in writing, he places himself cross-legged on a tiger or deer skin, or even on a mat made of the leaves of the coconut-tree, or wild bananas, which is called Kaida*, plaited together. This method of teaching writing was introduced into India two hundred years before the birth of Christ, according to the testimony of Magasthenes, and still continues to be practised. No people, perhaps, on earth have adhered so much to their ancient usages and customs as the Indians.<br /> <br /> A schoolmaster in Malabar receives every two months, from each of his pupils, for the instruction given them, two Fanon or Panam. Some do not pay in money, but give him a certain quantity of rice, so that this expense becomes very easy to the parents. There are some teachers who instruct children without any fee, and are paid by the overseers of the temple, or by the chief of the caste. When the pupils have made tolerable progress in writing, they are admitted into certain schools, called Eutupalli, where they begin to write on palm leaves (Pana), which, when several of them are stitched together, and fastened between two boards, form a Grantha, that is, an Indian book. If such a book be written upon with an iron style, it is called Granthavari, or Lakya, that is, writing, to distinguish it from Alakya, which is something not written.<br /> <br /> When the Guru, or teacher, enters the school, he is always received with the utmost reverence and respect. His pupils must throw themselves down at full length before him; place their right hand on their mouth, and not venture to speak a single word until he gives them express permission. Those who talk and prate contrary to the prohibition of their master are expelled from the school, as boys who cannot restrain their tongue, and who are consequently unfit for the study of philosophy. By these means the preceptor always receives that respect which is due to him: the pupils are obedient, and seldom offend against rules which are so carefully inculcated. ...|source=FRA PAOLINO DA BARTOLOMEO, ON EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN INDIA, Rome, 1796<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Parmarth4.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Gurukula|Gurukul]], a Traditional form of Primary education in India. ]]<br /> A nearly identical system was observed, described, and documented in Adam's 1836 report on vernacular education in Bengal and Bihar. This report detailed village schools where boys, typically between the ages of 5–6 and 10–12, received instruction from a respectable ''guru'' at or near his home for a small fee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Adam |first1=William |url=http://archive.org/details/adamsreportsonve00adam/page/18/mode/1up |title=Adam's reports on vernacular education in Bengal and Behar, submitted to Government in 1835, 1836 and 1838. With a brief view of its past and present condition |last2=Long |first2=James |date=1868 |publisher=Calcutta Printed at the Home Secretariat Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; This system of instruction was still being illustrated by local artists in the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Victoria and Albert |title=A class of children {{!}} Unknown {{!}} V&amp;A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O431447/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Victoria and Albert |title=Indian School Calcutta {{!}} William Simpson {{!}} V&amp;A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O430785/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indigenous education held significant importance from early times through the colonial era.<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=In every Hindoo village which has retained anything of its form, I am assured that the rudiments of knowledge are sought to be imparted; that there is not a child, except those of the outcasts (who form no part of the community), who is not able to read, to write, to cipher; in the last branch of learning they are confessedly most proficient.|author=[[John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow]] British India, Vol 1,1858, p62-3&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ludlow&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ludlow |first1=John Malcolm |title=British India Vol. 1 |date=1858 |publisher=Macmillan And Co., Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195586/page/n80 62]–63 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195586 |access-date=23 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in the Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |pages=73 |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|&quot;I need hardly mention what every member of the Board knows as well as I do, that there is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages more; many in every town, and in large cities in every division; where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon a system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to perhaps a rupee per month to the school master, according to the ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ==Colonial era==<br /> The [[Jesuits]] introduced India to both the European college system and book printing by founding [[Saint Paul's College, Goa|Saint Paul's College in Goa]] in 1542. The French traveler [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who visited Goa around 1608, described the College of St. Paul and praised the variety of subjects taught there free of charge. Like many other European travelers who visited the college, he recorded that it had 3,000 students at the time, drawn from missions across Asia. Its library was one of the largest in Asia, and the first printing press in the region was established there in September 1556.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About-us – Government Printing Press &amp; Stationery, Govt of Goa, India |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/about-e-gazettes/about-us/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===British India===<br /> [[File:Literacy India 1901 2011 Detail.png|right|thumb|[[Literacy in India]] grew very slowly until independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period.]]<br /> <br /> In 19th-century India, &quot;English education&quot; was synonymous with &quot;modern education.&quot; Most schools taught a curriculum similar to that of British public schools, using English as the medium of instruction, particularly in institutions sponsored by missionaries. Some schools, however, taught the curriculum in vernacular languages, with English as a second language.<br /> <br /> The term &quot;pre-modern&quot; referred to three types of schools: Arabic and Sanskrit schools, which taught Muslim or Hindu sacred literature, Persian schools, which focused on Persian literature, and vernacular schools across India, which taught reading, writing in the vernacular language, and arithmetic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Parimala V. |title=Modern education and the revolt of 1857 in India |journal=Paedagogica Historica |date=3 March 2016 |volume=52 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668 |s2cid=146864929}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a result of decades of lobbying by figures such as [[William Wilberforce#Evangelical Christianity|William Wilberforce]] and [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]], the [[Charter Act of 1813|1813 renewal of East India Company's charter]] included a duty to educate the population and allowed previously excluded Christian missionaries to aid in this endeavor, in addition to the Company's corporate activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;BritSurv&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=J.P. |last2=Nurullah |first2=Syed |title=History of education in India during the British period |date=1943 |publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co. |pages=1–20 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/26867/GIPE-013633.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=10 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Company's officers were divided on how to implement this mandate. Orientalists believed education should be conducted in Indian languages, favoring classical or court languages like Sanskrit and Persian. On the other hand, utilitarians (also known as anglicists), such as [[Lord William Bentinck]] and [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Macaulay]], argued that traditional India had little to offer in terms of modern skills, and they advocated for education in English. Macaulay proposed an educational approach—now known as [[Macaulayism]]—that aimed to create a class of anglicized Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indian populace.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Evans, &quot;Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India,&quot; ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'' (2002) 23#4 pp 260-281 {{doi|10.1080/01434630208666469}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> What came to be known as the princely states also approached the question of English education from their own perspective, as some of them saw in it the opportunity to learn how to deal with the British threat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Rahul |title=What a false quote about Bengal reveals about our past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/what-a-false-quote-about-bengal-reveals-about-our-past-101727021145362.html |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Early 19th-century surveys ====<br /> According to [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro's]] ''Minutes on Native Education'' in 1822 and 1826,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleig1830&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=George Robert Gleig |title=The Life of Major-General Sir Thomas Munro, Bart. and K. C. B., Late Governor of Madras: With Extracts from His Correspondence and Private Papers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6hkbznDsg4C&amp;pg=PA407 |access-date=23 April 2019 |year=1830 |publisher=Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley |pages=407–413}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Madras Presidency]] had 11,758 schools and 740 centers for higher education, nearly all of which—except a few European missionary schools—were funded and managed at the community level.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot; /&gt; The recorded number of students was 161,667, with 157,644 boys and 4,023 girls, meaning approximately 1 in 6 school-age boys attended school, which was higher than the 1 in 8 rate recorded in a similar survey in the [[Bombay Presidency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Adam's enquiry around 1835, there were approximately 100,000 village schools in the [[Bengal Presidency]], providing education to about 13.2% of boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;AREB&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=William |title=Vernacular Education in Bengal and Behar (Calcutta, 1868) |date=1868 |publisher=Home Secretariat Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/AdamsReportsOnVernacularEducationInBengalAndBeharcalcutta1868/page/n10 3]- |url=https://archive.org/details/AdamsReportsOnVernacularEducationInBengalAndBeharcalcutta1868 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BritSurv&quot; /&gt; Although the instruction in these schools was criticized as rudimentary and below European standards, focusing primarily on rote memorization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Munro's 1826 critique&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleig1830&quot; /&gt; also addressed funding and teacher quality in the traditional education system. He noted that, due to the low earnings of teachers—no more than 6 or 7 Rupees monthly from fees of 4 to 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]] per pupil—the quality of teaching was lacking. Munro suggested that the [[East India Company]] (EIC) fund the construction of new schools, provide textbooks, and offer a stipend of 9 to 15 Rupees to teachers in the new schools to supplement their incomes from tuition fees in the Madras Presidency. After the introduction of Western-style education, the number of these indigenous educational institutions began to decline significantly.&lt;ref&gt;Historical Sociology in India By Hetukar Jha {{ISBN|978-1-138-93127-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Leitner |first=G. W. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.106559 |title=History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab since Annexation and in 1882, Part I-V. |date=1882 |publisher=The Superintendent of Government of Printing (Calcutta)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Educational comparison of England and Madras presidency of India<br /> !<br /> ! England<br /> ! Madras presidency<br /> |-<br /> | population<br /> | 12,000,000 (1816)<br /> | 12,350,941 (1823)<br /> |-<br /> | No of students attending schools<br /> | 875,000/1,500,000 (approx)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gillard |first1=Derek |title=Education in England: a brief history |url=https://education-uk.org/history/chapter02.html |website=Education in England |access-date=26 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 161,667&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dharampal |title=THE BEAUTIFUL TREE - Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |date=1983 |publisher=Other India Press |pages=352–356 |isbn=81-85569-49-5 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal/beautifultree#page/n367 |access-date=27 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> In the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], Dr. Leitner, the Principal of the Oriental College and Government College in Lahore, estimated that in 1855-1856—six years after the province was annexed by the East India Company—there were at least five thousand indigenous schools operating. Assuming an average of six pupils per indigenous school, the total number of pupils was approximately thirty thousand. In contrast, there were 456 government-supported schools, with an average of about 13 pupils per school, educating an additional 6,064 pupils in a region that hosted a population of 17.6 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;BT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Krishan |first=Gopal |date=2011 |title=Demography of Punjab (1849-1947) |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume11/no1/6_krishan.pdf |journal=JPS |pages=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Leitner criticized the Provincial Government for subsidizing the education of pupils in the government-supported schools at Rs 15 per year, while indigenous schools charged only one Rupee per pupil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Reform ====<br /> British education became firmly established in India with the founding of missionary schools during the 1820s.&lt;ref name=Blackwell92&gt;Blackwell, 92&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Macaulay succeeded in replacing Persian with English as the administrative language through the [[English Education Act 1835]], which established English as the medium of instruction and promoted the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackwell92&quot;/&gt; He was inspired by utilitarian ideas and advocated for what he referred to as &quot;useful learning.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Suresh Chandra Ghosh, &quot;Bentinck, Macaulay and the introduction of English education in India,&quot; ''History of Education,'' (March 1995) 24#1 pp 17-24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Percival Spear]], &quot;Bentinck and Education,&quot; ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' (1938) 6#1 pp. 78-101 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020849 in JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Catriona Ellis, &quot;Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India.&quot; ''History Compass'' (2009) 7#2 pp 363-375&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1854, the [[Wood's despatch]] to the then Governor-General Dalhousie stipulated a number of reforms to be made to the Company's education system in British India.<br /> <br /> The effectiveness of the measures outlined in the Wood's despatch was subsequently reviewed, and a number of changes were made following the publication of [[William Wilson Hunter|William Hunter's]] Report of the Indian Education Commission in 1882, which was released in 1883.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=William |title=Report of the Indian Education Commission 1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheIndianEducationCommission |website=Archive.org |date=1882 |publisher=British Government of India |access-date=28 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ [[Census of India]] - Number of institutions and pupils according to the returns of the Education Department since 1855&lt;ref name=&quot;C1931&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hutton |first1=J.H. |title=Census of India 1931 |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfIndia1931 |access-date=28 August 2018 |website=Archive.org |publisher=British Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! colspan=&quot;9&quot; | Number of institutions<br /> |-<br /> ! Class of institution !! 1941 !! 1931 !! 1921 !! 1911 !! 1901 !! 1891 !! 1881 !! 1871 !! 1855 <br /> |-<br /> | Universities and colleges || || 333 || 233 || 193 || 186 || 155 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Universities || align=&quot;right&quot; | 16 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 16 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 13 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 4 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 3 ||<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Arts colleges || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 244 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 154 || || || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 70 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 42 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 21<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Professional colleges || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 73 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 66 || || || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 62 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 26 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 13<br /> |-<br /> | Secondary schools || || 13,581 || 8,816 || 6,442 || 5,416 || 5,134 || 3,906 || 3,070 || 281<br /> |-<br /> | Primary schools || || 204,384 || 158,792 || 118,413 || 97,116 || 99,630 || 84,734 || 16,473 || 2,810<br /> |-<br /> | Special schools || || 8,891 || 3,948 || 5,783 || 956 || 550 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | Unrecognized institutions || || 34,879 || 33,929 ||39,491 || 43,292 || || 25,150 || || 47,866<br /> |-<br /> ! Total !! !! 262,068 !! 206,016 !! 179,322 !! 148,966 !! 149,794 !! 112,632 !! 83,052 !! 50,998 <br /> |-<br /> ! !! colspan=&quot;9&quot; | Scholars<br /> |-<br /> ! Class of institution !! 1941 !! 1931 !! 1921 !! 1911 !! 1901 !! 1891 !! 1881 !! 1871 !! 1855<br /> |-<br /> | Universities and colleges || || 92,029 || 59,595 || 31,447 || 20,447 || 18,878 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Universities || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 8,159 || || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Arts colleges || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 66,837 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 46,737 || || || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 7,205 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 3,566 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 3,246<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; | Professional colleges || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 17,002 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 12,203 || || || || align=&quot;right&quot; | 4,163 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 2,826 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 912<br /> |-<br /> | Secondary schools || || 2,286,411 || 1,239,524 || 890,06l || 582,551 || 530,783 || 117,044 || 204,294 || 33,801<br /> |-<br /> | Primary schools || || 9,362,748 || 6,310,451 || 4,575,465 || 8,150,678 || 3,051,925 || 2,152,311 || 607,320 || 96,923<br /> |-<br /> | Special schools || || 315,650 || 132,706 || 164,544 || 83,000 || 23,381 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | Unrecognized institutions || || 632,249 || 639,126 || 630,438 || 617,818 || || 354,655 || || 788,701<br /> |-<br /> ! Total !! !! 12,689,086 !! 8,381,401 !! 8,281,955 !! 4,405,988 !! 4,207,021 !! 2,766,436 !! 1,894,823 !! 923,780<br /> |-<br /> ! !! colspan=&quot;9&quot; | Literacy rate (age 5+)<br /> |-<br /> ! Percentage !! 1941 !! 1931 !! 1921 !! 1911 !! 1901 !! 1891 !! 1881 !! 1871 !! 1855<br /> |-<br /> | Male || 24.9 || 15.6 || 12.2 ||10.6 || 9.8 || 8.44 || 8.1 || ||<br /> |-<br /> | Female || 7.3 || 2.9 || 1.8 || 1.0 || 0.6 || 0.42 || 0.35 || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! Total !! 16.1 !! 9.5 !! 7.2 !! 5.9 !! 5.4 !! 4.62 !! 4.32 !! 3.25 !!<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Universities===<br /> [[File:Victoria gate.jpg|thumb|Victoria gate, named after the Empress in 1914, at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]]]<br /> <br /> India established a dense educational network, primarily for males, featuring a Western curriculum based on instruction in English. To advance their careers, many ambitious upper-class men, including [[Gandhi]], [[Nehru]], and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], traveled to England, particularly to obtain legal education at the [[Inns of Court]]. By 1890, approximately 60,000 Indians had matriculated, mainly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, while another third became lawyers, resulting in a well-educated professional state bureaucracy.<br /> <br /> By 1887, of the 21,000 mid-level civil service appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (individuals with one European parent and one Indian parent), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1,000 top-level positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically graduates of [[Oxbridge]]. Today, the same syllabus introduced by the Indian National Congress continues to be followed in India.<br /> <br /> The Raj, often collaborating with local philanthropists, established 186 colleges and universities. Starting with 600 students spread across four universities and 67 colleges in 1882, the system expanded rapidly. However, there was never a unified &quot;system&quot; under the Raj, as each state acted independently and funded schools for Indians primarily from private sources. By 1901, there were five universities and 145 colleges with 18,000 students, almost all of whom were male. The curriculum was Western.<br /> <br /> By 1922, most schools were under the control of elected provincial authorities, with little involvement from the national government. That year, there were 14 universities and 167 colleges, serving 46,000 students. By 1947, 21 universities and 496 colleges were in operation. Initially, universities did not engage in teaching or research; they only conducted examinations and awarded degrees.&lt;ref&gt;C. M. Ramachandran, ''Problems of higher education in India: a case study'' (1987) p 71-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zareer Masani, ''Indian Tales of the Raj'' (1988) p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Madras Medical College]] opened in 1835 and admitted women so they could treat the female population, who traditionally shied away from medical treatment under qualified male professionals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold88&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Arnold|2004|p=88}}&lt;/ref&gt; The concept of educated women in the medical profession gained popularity during the late 19th century, and by 1894, the Women's Christian Medical College, an exclusive medical school for women, was established in [[Ludhiana]], Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold88&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The British established the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] in [[Lahore]], in present-day Pakistan, in 1864. The institution was initially affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] for examinations. The prestigious [[University of the Punjab]], also located in Lahore, was the fourth university established by the British in South Asia, founded in 1882.<br /> <br /> The [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], founded in 1875, was the first modern institution of higher education for Muslims in India. By 1920, it became the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and emerged as the leading intellectual center of Muslim political activity.&lt;ref&gt;Gail Minault and David Lelyveld, &quot;The Campaign for a Muslim University 1898-1920,&quot; ''Modern Asian Studies,'' (March 1974) 8#2 pp 145-189&lt;/ref&gt; The original goals of the institution were to train Muslims for British service and prepare an elite that would attend universities in Britain. After 1920, it evolved into a center of political activism.<br /> <br /> Before 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. However, with the onset of the [[Second World War]], political sentiment shifted toward demands for a Muslim separatist movement. The intellectual support provided by the university played a significant role in the success of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and the [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Mushirul Hasan]], &quot;Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915-47,&quot; ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' (Jan 1985), Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp 1-33&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the 21st Conference of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Benares]] in December 1905, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] publicly announced his intent to establish a university in Varanasi. On 22 November 1911, he registered the Hindu University Society to gather support and raise funds for building the university. Malaviya sought and received early support from Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh, Thakur Jadunath Singh of [[Arkha]], and [[Rameshwar Singh|Rameshwar Singh Bahadur]] of [[Raj Darbhanga]].&lt;ref&gt;Singh Varanasi: Indica Books (2002) pp 141. {{ISBN|81-86569-24-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU) was finally established in 1916, becoming the first university in India to result from a private individual's efforts.<br /> <br /> Among the universities founded during this period are:<br /> * [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] (1857)<br /> * [[University of Calcutta]] (1857)<br /> * [[University of Madras]] (1857)<br /> * [[University of the Punjab]] (1882)<br /> * [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]] (1887)<br /> * [[University of Mysore]] (1916)<br /> * [[Patna University]] (1917)<br /> * [[Osmania University]] (1918)<br /> * [[University of Yangon|Rangoon University]] (1920)<br /> * [[University of Lucknow]] (1921)<br /> * [[University of Dhaka]] (1921)<br /> * [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] (1922)<br /> * [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]] (1923)<br /> * [[Andhra University]] (1926)<br /> * [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Agra University]] (1927)<br /> * [[Annamalai University]] (1929)<br /> * [[University of Kerala]] (1937)<br /> * [[Utkal University]] (1943)<br /> * [[Panjab University]] (1947)<br /> * University of Rajputana (1947)<br /> <br /> ====Engineering====<br /> In 1806, the East India Company established [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury College]] in England to train administrators. In India, there were four colleges of civil engineering; the first was Thomason College (now [[IIT Roorkee]]), founded in 1847. The second was Bengal Engineering College (now [[IIEST, Shibpur|Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, IIEST]]). These institutions were established to provide civil engineers for the Indian Public Works Department.<br /> <br /> In both Britain and India, the administration and management of science, technical, and engineering education were overseen by officers from the Royal Engineers and their Indian Army counterparts, commonly referred to as sapper officers. This trend in civil/military relationships continued with the establishment of the [[Royal Indian Engineering College]] (also known as Cooper's Hill College) in 1870, specifically to train civil engineers in England for duties with the Indian Public Works Department. Although technically a civilian organization, the Indian Public Works Department relied on military engineers until 1947 and beyond.&lt;ref&gt;John Black, &quot;The military influence on engineering education in Britain and India, 1848-1906,&quot; ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' (Apr-June 2009), 46#2 pp 211-239&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Growing awareness of the need for technical education in India led to the establishment of institutions such as the [[Indian Institute of Science]], founded by philanthropist [[Jamshetji Tata]] in 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen_1989_227&quot;&gt;Sen (1989), 227&lt;/ref&gt; In 1919, Banaras Hindu University established the Banaras Engineering College, which became the [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi|Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]] in 1968 and was designated an Indian Institute of Technology in 2012. By the 1930s, India had ten institutions offering engineering courses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen_1989_229&quot;&gt;Sen (1989), 229&lt;/ref&gt; However, with the advent of the [[Second World War]] in 1939, the &quot;War Technicians Training Scheme&quot; under [[Ernest Bevin]] was initiated, laying the foundation for modern technical education in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1989_229&quot; /&gt; Later, planned development of scientific education under [[Ardeshir Dalal]] began in 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1989_229&quot;&gt;Sen, Bimal (1989), pp. 229&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Criticism ===<br /> In 1919, [[C. Sankaran Nair]], the [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|president]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), criticized the colonial education system:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=Efforts were then made by the Government to confine higher education and secondary education leading to higher education to boys in affluent, circumstances. This again was done not in the interests of sound education but for political reasons. Rules were made calculated to restrict the diffusion of education generally and among the poorer boys in particular. Conditions for recognition for &quot;grants&quot; —stiff and various—were laid down and enforced, and the non-fulfilment of any one of these conditions was liable to be followed by serious consequences. Fees were raised to a degree which considering the circumstances of the classes that resort to schools, were abnormal. When it was objected that the minimum fee would be a great hardship to poor students the answer was—such students had no business to receive that kind of education. Managers of private schools who remitted fees in whole or in part were penalized by reduced grants-in-aid.Many schools were against the high fee but those who accepted it were given grants by British government. Along with fixed fee there was fix timetable, printed books etc. Students had to attend regular classes which was a problem for students belonging to peasant families. These rules had undoubtedly the effect of checking the great expansion of education that would have taken place. This is the real explanation of the very unsatisfactory character of the nature and progress of secondary education and it will never be remedied till we are prepared either to give education to the boys ourselves or to make sufficient grants to the private schools to enable them to be staffed with competent teachers. We are at present not prepared to do either. English education, according to this policy, is to be confined to the well-to-do classes.They, it was believed, would give no trouble to Government. For this purpose, the old system of education under which a pupil could prosecute his studies from the lowest to the highest class was altered.<br /> |author=Sir Sankaran Nair|source=''Minutes of Dissent''&lt;ref&gt;Sir Sankaran Nair's Minutes of Dissent, 1919, Madras-Ganesh {{ISBN|978-1-293-56309-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> [[Robert Eric Frykenberg]] examines the period from 1784 to 1854 to argue that the colonial education system helped integrate the diverse elements of Indian society, thereby creating a new common bond among conflicting loyalties. The native elite demanded modern education. The University of Madras, founded in 1857, became the single most important recruiting ground for generations of increasingly trained officials. This exclusive and select leadership was almost entirely &quot;clean-caste&quot; and predominantly Brahman. The position of this mandarin class was never seriously challenged until well into the twentieth century.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Eric Frykenberg, &quot;Modern Education in South India, 1784-1854: Its Roots and Its Role as a Vehicle of Integration under Company Raj,&quot; ''American Historical Review,'' (Feb 1986), 91#1 pp 37-67 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1867234 in JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Catriona Ellis argues that historians of Indian education have generally confined their analyses to narrow themes related to colonial dominance and education as a means of control, resistance, and dialogue. She emphasizes the need to evaluate the education actually experienced by most Indian children, which often occurred outside the classroom.&lt;ref&gt;Catriona Ellis, &quot;Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India,&quot; ''History Compass,'' (March 2009) 7#2 pp 363-375&lt;/ref&gt; Public education expenditures varied dramatically across regions, with the western and southern provinces spending three to four times as much as the eastern provinces. This disparity can be attributed to historical differences in land taxes; however, the rates of attendance and literacy were not nearly as skewed.&lt;ref&gt;Latika Chaudhary, &quot;Land revenues, schools and literacy: A historical examination of public and private funding of education,&quot; ''Indian Economic and Social History Review,'' (Apr-June 2010), 47#2 pp 179-204&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bihar and Bengal villages====<br /> Sociologist [[Hetukar Jha]] argued that local schools for pre-adolescent children were flourishing in thousands of villages in [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]] until the early decades of the nineteenth century. These were village institutions maintained by local elders with community funds, where children from all caste clusters and communities could, if their fathers wished, receive useful skills. However, British colonial policies regarding education and land control adversely affected both the village structure and the village institutions of secular education. The colonial legal system and the rise of caste consciousness in the second half of the nineteenth century only exacerbated the problem. Gradually, by the end of the nineteenth century, the village as a base of secular identity and solidarity became too weak to create and maintain its own institutions, leading to the decay of the traditional system.&lt;ref&gt;Hetukar Jha, &quot;Decay of Village Community and the Decline of Vernacular Education in Bihar and Bengal in the Colonial Era,&quot; ''Indian Historical Review,'' (June 2011), 38#1 pp 119-137&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Science====<br /> [[File:Rajabai under Const.jpg|thumb|A file photo of University of Bombay's Fort Campus taken in the 1870s]]<br /> <br /> [[Deepak Kumar (historian)|Deepak Kumar]] argues that British colonial rule during the 19th century did not take adequate measures to help develop Western science and technology in India, instead focusing more on the arts and humanities.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-253-254/&gt; Until 1899, only the [[University of Bombay]] offered a separate degree in sciences.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-254&gt;{{harvnb|Kumar|1984|p=254}}&lt;/ref&gt; In that same year, B.Sc. and M.Sc. courses were also supported by the [[University of Calcutta]].&lt;ref name=Kumar84-255&gt;{{harvnb|Kumar|1984|p=255}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 19th century, India had lagged behind in Western science and technology and related education.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-253-254&gt;{{harvnb|Kumar|1984|pp=253–254}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the nobility and aristocracy in India largely continued to encourage the development of both traditional and Western sciences and technical education.&lt;ref name=Arnold8&gt;{{harvnb|Arnold|2004|p=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While some science-related subjects were not included in the government curriculum in the 1850s,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} private institutions also could not offer science courses due to a lack of funds required to establish laboratories and other necessary facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar84-255&quot;/&gt; The fees for scientific education under British rule were high,&lt;ref name=Kumar84-255/&gt; and the salaries available in colonial administration were meager, making the prospect of attaining higher education bleak for the native population, who were not employed in high positions within the colonial structure.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-255/&gt; Even those natives who managed to attain higher education faced discrimination in terms of wages and privileges.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-255-256&gt;{{harvnb|Kumar|1984|pp=255–256}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deepak Kumar argues that the British detachment from the study of Western science in India stemmed from England's gradual decline in science and technology compared to its European rival, Germany, and the rapidly growing United States. As a result, the prospects of the [[British Raj]] adopting a world-class science policy for its colonies increasingly diminished.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-258&gt;{{harvnb|Kumar|1984|p=258}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Kumar notes the British turn towards professional education during the 1860s, as well as French initiatives aimed at raising awareness of science and technology in their colonies.&lt;ref name=Kumar84-258/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Native states ===<br /> <br /> In 1906, the Maharaja of [[Baroda State]] introduced measures to implement compulsory primary education for both sexes in his territory. Schools were built, and parents were fined or occasionally imprisoned for non-attendance where schools existed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Naik |first1=J.p. |title=Compulsory Primary Education in Badora State |journal=Progress of Education |date=1941 |volume=Bulletin No. 2 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/33666/GIPE-051536.pdf?sequence=2&amp;isAllowed=n |access-date=11 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This program tripled the kingdom's literacy rate from 9% to 27% between 1906 and 1939 and resulted in primary school provision for approximately 80% of the target population by the end of the period.<br /> <br /> == Post-independence ==<br /> <br /> === India ===<br /> The first [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) were established in the 1950s to promote technical education in India. Today, there are 23 IITs in the country, which are considered the premier engineering universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Banshal |first1=Sumit Kumar |last2=Singh |first2=Vivek Kumar |last3=Basu |first3=Aparna |last4=Muhuri |first4=Pranab Kumar |title=Research performance of Indian Institutes of Technology |journal=Current Science |date=10 March 2017 |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=923–932 |doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i05/923-932 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0923.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan|Sarva Shikhsha Abhiyan]] aims to provide free and compulsory education as a fundamental right to children between the ages of 6 and 14. The [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act]] was passed in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Gursharan Singh Kainth, &quot;A mission approach to Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.&quot; ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (2006): 3288-3291. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418492 online]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pakistan===<br /> For centuries, Pakistan has had an elaborate network of religious educational institutions known as ''madrasahs'' or ''maralsts''. These institutions have faced criticism from both political elites and religious scholars for their conservatism and resistance to change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zaman |first1=Muhammad Qasim |title=Religious Education and the Rhetoric of Reform: The Madrasa in British India and Pakistan |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=1999 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=294–323 |doi=10.1017/S0010417599002091 |url=http://www.ilmgate.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Religious-Education-and-the-Rhetoric-of-Reform-The-Madrasa-in-British-India-and-Pakistan.pdf |jstor=179448}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 1970s, President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Ali Bhutto]] imposed a new educational policy that nationalized all private educational institutions and placed greater emphasis on &quot;agro-technical&quot; education. The Bhutto government established a large number of rural and urban schools, including around 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges, and 21 junior colleges. At the top of this system, he created [[Quaid-i-Azam University]] and the nationwide [[Allama Iqbal Open University]], based in [[Islamabad]], as well as [[Gomal University]] in [[Dera Ismail Khan]] in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;J. Henry Korson, &quot;Bhutto's Educational Reform.&quot; ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' 8.3-4 (1973): 279-306. {{doi|10.1163/15685217_008_03-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dawn E. Jones, and Rodney W. Jones, &quot;Nationalizing education in Pakistan: Teachers' associations and the People's Party.&quot; ''Pacific Affairs'' 50.4 (1977): 581-603.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of universities in India]]<br /> * [[Indian physical culture]]<br /> &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Founder of Banaras Hindu University: Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya&quot; (PDF). Banarash Hindu University. 2006. p. 30. Retrieved 6 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Adam, William. ''One Teacher, One School: The Adam Reports on Indigenous Education in 19th Century India'' (Biblia Impex, 1983).<br /> * Aggarwal, D. D. ''History and Development of Elementary Education in India'' (3 vol. New Delhi: Sarup &amp; Sons, 2002) {{ISBN|81-7625-332-4}}<br /> * Ali, Azra Asghar. &quot;Educational development of Muslim women in colonial India.&quot; ''Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan'' 36.1 (1999): 56–62.<br /> * {{cite book |last=Arnold |first=David |year=2004 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-56319-4}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Bagchi |first1=Barnita |title=Connected and entangled histories: writing histories of education in the Indian context |journal=Paedagogica Historica |date=2 November 2014 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=813–821 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2014.948013 |s2cid=145587738}}<br /> * &quot;Founder of Banaras Hindu University: Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya&quot; (PDF). Banarash Hindu University. 2006. p.&amp;nbsp;30. Retrieved 6 June 2012.<br /> * Blackwell, Fritz (2004), ''India: A Global Studies Handbook'', ABC-CLIO, Inc., {{ISBN|1-57607-348-3}}.<br /> * Chaudhary, Latika. &quot;Determinants of primary schooling in British India.&quot; ''Journal of Economic History'' (2009): 269-302 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Latika_Chaudhary/publication/231178962_Determinants_of_Primary_Schooling_in_British_India/links/56e3212208ae68afa10ca642/Determinants-of-Primary-Schooling-in-British-India.pdf online].<br /> * [[Dharampal]], . (2000). The beautiful tree: Indigenous Indian education in the eighteenth century. Biblia Impex Private Limited, New Delhi 1983; reprinted by Keerthi Publishing House Pvt Ltd., Coimbatore 1995.<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Catriona |title=Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India |journal=History Compass |date=March 2009 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=363–375 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x}}<br /> * Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. ''The History of Education in Modern India, 1757-2012''. (4th ed. Orient Black Swan, 2013), a standard scholarly history.<br /> * Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. &quot;Bentinck, Macaulay and the introduction of English education in India.&quot; History of Education 24.1 (1995): 17–24.<br /> * Hamid, M. Obaidul, and Elizabeth J. Erling. &quot;English-in-education policy and planning in Bangladesh: A critical examination.&quot; in ''English language education policy in Asia'' (Springer, Cham, 2016). 25–48.<br /> * Hartog, Philip. (1939) ''Some aspects of Indian education past and present'' [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5605 online], an old scholarly history.<br /> * Jayapalan N. (2005) ''History Of Education In India'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=IDNeW78fedkC excerpt and text search], a standard scholarly history.<br /> * Khan, Ghazanfar Ali. ''History of Islamic Education in India and Nadvat Ul-'Ulama'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Islamic-Education-Nadvat-Ul-Ulama/dp/B08JRHS9J8/ excerpt]<br /> * Kumar, Deepak (2003), &quot;India&quot;, ''The Cambridge History of Science vol 4: Eighteenth-Century Science'' edited by Roy Porter, pp.&amp;nbsp;669–687, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-57243-6}}.<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Deepak |year=1984 |title=Science in Higher Education: A Study in Victorian India |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=253–260}}<br /> * Minault, Gail. ''Secluded Scholars: Women's Education &amp; Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India'' (1999), 359pp<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Morison |title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Indian Education|Indian Education]] |pages=696–706}}<br /> * Mukerji, Shridhar Nath. ''History of education in India: modern period'' (1961) [https://archive.org/details/historyofeducati0000muke online], a standard scholarly history.<br /> * Nurullah, Syed, and J. P. Naik. ''A Students' History of Education In India (1800-1961)'' (2nd ed. 1962), an old scholarly history. [https://archive.org/details/AStudentsHistoryOfEducationInIndia1800-1961 online]<br /> * Prabhu, Joseph (2006), &quot;Educational Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp.&amp;nbsp;23–28, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.<br /> * Raman, S.A. (2006), &quot;Women's Education&quot;, ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4)'' edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp.&amp;nbsp;235–239, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31353-7}}.<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Parimala V. |title=Modern education and the revolt of 1857 in India |journal=Paedagogica Historica |date=3 March 2016 |volume=52 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668 |s2cid=146864929}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Yvette Claire |last=Rosser |title=Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |type=Dissertation |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf |access-date=2017-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-11 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * Sarangapani, Padma M., and Rekha Pappu, eds. ''Handbook of Education Systems in South Asia'' (Springer Singapore, 2019).<br /> * Savage, David W. &quot;Missionaries and the development of a colonial ideology of female education in India.&quot; ''Gender &amp; History'' 9.2 (1997): 201–221.<br /> * Scharfe, Hartmut (2002), ''Education in Ancient India'', (Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|978-90-04-12556-8}})<br /> * Sen, Bimal (1989), &quot;Development of Technical Education in India and State Policy-A Historical Perspective&quot;, ''Indian Journal of History of Science'', 24#2 pp: 224–248, Indian National Science Academy.<br /> * Sen, S.N. (1988), &quot;Education in Ancient and Medieval India&quot;, ''Indian Journal of History of Science'', 23#1 pp: 1-32, Indian National Science Academy.<br /> * Sharma, Ram Nath. (1996) ''History of education in India'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqtAAgS3NSEC excerpt and text search], a standard scholarly history.<br /> * Sharma, S.R. History &amp; Development of Education in Modern India (2010), a standard scholarly history.<br /> * Spear, Percival. &quot;Bentinck and Education.&quot; ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' 6#1 (1938): 78–101. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020849 online] debates in 1834.<br /> * [[Ram Swarup|Swarup, Ram]] (2000). &quot;Educational System During Pre-British Days&quot; In: ''On Hinduism: Reviews and reflections''. New Delhi: Voice of India.<br /> <br /> {{Education in Asia}}{{South Asian topics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Education in the Indian subcontinent (history)}}<br /> [[Category:History of education in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:History of education in India|*]]<br /> [[Category:History of education in Pakistan| ]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of South Asia]]<br /> <br /> [[ja:インドの教育]]<br /> [[te:భారతదేశంలో విద్య]]<br /> [[zh:印度教育]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(Uttar_Pradesh)&diff=496274 2025-12-20T16:14:14Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{notability|Org|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{primary sources|date=January 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | name = Department of Parliamentary Affairs<br /> | native_name = संसदीय कार्य विभाग<br /> | seal = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg<br /> | jurisdiction = State of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | headquarters = Department of Parliamentary Affairs, Lal Bahadur Shastri Bhawan (Annexe Building), Sarojini Naidu Marg, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/contact.htm|title=Contact|website=Department of Home, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818045026/http://uphome.gov.in/contact.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | minister1_name = [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]<br /> | minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs<br /> | minister2_name = [[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]<br /> | minister2_pfo = Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs<br /> | chief1_name = Jai Prakash Singh<br /> | chief1_position = Principal Secretary<br /> | chief2_name = Kaushlendra Yadav<br /> | chief2_position = Special Secretary<br /> | website = {{URL|https://upparliamentaryaffairs.gov.in/Index.aspx|Department of Parliamentary Affairs}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Department of Parliamentary Affairs''' is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] department. It is headed by [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|state Cabinet Minister]] of Parliamentary Affairs.<br /> <br /> It has the role of handling affairs related to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislature|legislature]] of the state and works as a link between both the houses of the legislature, the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Vidhan Parishad]] (Legislative Council).<br /> <br /> Currently, [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]], MLA from the [[Shahjahanpur Assembly constituency|Shahjahanpur constituency]] is serving as the Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs since March 2017. [[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]] is serving as the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs since March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=UP Cabinet Minister List 2022 with Portfolio: Check Full List with Department wise |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/up-cabinet-minister-list-2022-1648188929-1 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Political Post<br /> | post = {{big|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs}}&lt;br&gt;'''मंत्री संसदीय कार्य विभाग'''<br /> | image =<br /> | incumbent = [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]<br /> | flag = Flag of India.svg<br /> | flagsize = 110 px<br /> | flagborder = yes<br /> | flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br /> | insignia = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.png<br /> | insigniasize = 150px<br /> | insigniacaption = Seal of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]]<br /> | incumbentsince = 22 March 2017<br /> | department = '''Department of Parliamentary Affairs'''&lt;br&gt;'''(Uttar Pradesh)'''<br /> | style = [[The Honourable]]<br /> | member_of = [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers]]&lt;br&gt;[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]<br /> | reports_to = [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|The governor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]<br /> | seat = Annexe Building, Lucknow<br /> | appointer = [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|The governor]] on the advice of [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br /> | termlength = 5 Years (''Until left office earlier'')<br /> | precursor = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|2012 - 2017}}<br /> | abbreviation = Cabinet Minister<br /> | deputy = Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == List of Cabinet ministers ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No<br /> !Image<br /> !Name<br /> !From<br /> !To<br /> !Duration<br /> !Chief Minister<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Political Party<br /> |-<br /> !1.<br /> |[[File:Kalyan_Singh_2.jpg|frameless|181x181px]]<br /> |[[Kalyan Singh]]<br /> |29 September 1997<br /> |14 January 1998<br /> |{{Ayd|29 September 1997|14 January 1998}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kalyan Singh]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=3|2.<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> |rowspan=3|Hukum Singh<br /> |15 January 1998<br /> |12 November 1999<br /> |rowspan=3|{{Ayd|15 January 1998|8 March 2002}}<br /> |-<br /> |20 November 1999<br /> |28 October 2000<br /> |[[Ram Prakash Gupta]]<br /> |-<br /> |28 October 2000<br /> |8 March 2002<br /> |[[Rajnath Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> !3.<br /> |<br /> |[[Sukhdev Rajbhar]]<br /> |3 May 2002<br /> |28 August 2003<br /> |{{Ayd|3 May 2002|28 August 2003}}<br /> |[[Mayawati]]<br /> |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !4.<br /> |[[File:Mohammad_Azam_Khan_1.jpg|frameless|147x147px]]<br /> |[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]<br /> |6 September 2003<br /> |13 May 2007<br /> |{{Ayd|6 September 2003|13 May 2007}}<br /> |[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !5.<br /> |<br /> |[[Lalji Verma]]<br /> |17 March 2007<br /> |7 March 2012<br /> |{{Ayd|17 March 2007|7 March 2012}}<br /> |[[Mayawati]]<br /> |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !(4).<br /> |[[File:Mohammad_Azam_Khan_1.jpg|frameless|142x142px]]<br /> |[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]<br /> |18 March 2012<br /> |17 March 2017<br /> |{{Ayd|18 March 2012|17 March 2017}}<br /> |[[Akhilesh Yadav]]<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=2|6.<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]<br /> |19 March 2017<br /> |25 March 2022<br /> |rowspan=2|{{Ayd|19 March 2017}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Yogi Adityanath]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |25 March 2022<br /> |'''Incumbent'''<br /> |}<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ParliamentaryAffairsMinister/present_ParliamentaryAffairsMinister_en_.aspx#/formerParliamentaryAffairsMinister/7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227122908/https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ParliamentaryAffairsMinister/present_ParliamentaryAffairsMinister_en_.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-27 |website=Parliamentary Affairs Minister}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]]<br /> * [[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]<br /> * [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government departments of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antati&diff=486895 2025-12-06T09:12:09Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Style of verse in Tamil poetry}}<br /> {{About||the Tamil film of the same name|Andhadhi (film)}}<br /> '''Tamil poetry''' ({{langx|ta|அந்தாதி|translit='''Antāti'''}}) is a unique kind of [[Tamil poetry]], constructed such that the last or ending word of each verse becomes the first word of the next verse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Carman |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrATjqi_QIUC&amp;dq=antati+verse&amp;pg=PA60 |title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli |last2=Carman |first2=Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer John |last3=Narayanan |first3=Vasudha |date=1989-05-17 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-09305-5 |pages=60 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In some instances, the last word of the series of verses becomes the beginning of the very first verse, thus making the poem &quot;a true garland of verses&quot;. The term is a portmanteau, since in Tamil, ''anta(m)'' means &quot;end&quot;, and ''ati'' means &quot;beginning&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Selvaraj|first=Silambu N.|date=2017|title=அந்தாதி LITERATURE {{!}} தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழகம் TAMIL VIRTUAL ACADEMY|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-c012-c0124-html-c01246ea-15403|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.tamilvu.org|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual Academy]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] saint [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar|Karaikal Ammaiyar]] was the first poet to compose an antati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable antatis==<br /> * Arpudha Tiruvantati by [[Karaikal Ammaiyar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=அற்புதத் திருவந்தாதி - விக்கிமூலம்|url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=ta.wikisource.org|publisher=[[Wikisource]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mutal Tiruvantati]] by [[Poigai Alvar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/01-mtvant30/2082-mudhal-thiruvandhAdhi-eng.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200054/http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/01-mtvant30/2082-mudhal-thiruvandhAdhi-eng.pdf |archivedate=2008-11-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Irantam Tiruvantati]] by [[Bhoothathalvar|Bhoothath Alvar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/02-itvant30/2182-iraNdAm-thiruvandhadhi-tml.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121193438/http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/02-itvant30/2182-iraNdAm-thiruvandhadhi-tml.pdf |archivedate=2008-11-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Munram Tiruvantati]] by [[Peyalvar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/03-mtvant31/2282-mUnRAm-thiruvandhAdhi-tml.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-31|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200143/http://www.acharya.org/divyapr/ayiram3/03-mtvant31/2282-mUnRAm-thiruvandhAdhi-tml.pdf |archivedate=2008-11-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Tiruvaymoli]] by [[Nammalvar]]<br /> * [[Kanninun Cirutampu]] by [[Madhurakavi Alvar|Madurakavi Alvar]]<br /> * [[Abirami Antati]] by [[Abirami Pattar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0026_01.pdf |title=Project Madurai|website=projectmadurai.org|access-date=4 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Saraswati Antati by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Anadiplosis]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil poetry]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{poetry-stub}}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajat_Tokas&diff=478119 2025-12-04T12:57:59Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Starting data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor (born 1991)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rajat Tokas<br /> | image = Rajat Tokas at ‘Jodha Akbar’ launch.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Tokas in 2013<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|07|19}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2005–2019<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Shrishti Nayyar|2015}}<br /> | notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''|''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharam Veer]]''|''[[Jodha Akbar]]''|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''}} chandra nandini<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajat Tokas''' born 19 July 1991 , is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Recognised for his portrayal of historic characters, Tokas is best known for his portrayal of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] in ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' and [[Akbar]] in ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''. His other notable work includes ''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharam Veer]]'' and ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]] and [[Chandra Nandini|Chandra Nandhini]] .'' Tokas is a recipient of several accolades including one [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]] and three [[Indian Telly Awards]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Debut and breakthrough (2005–2012)===<br /> Tokas started his television career with show ''Bongo'' as Ashu on DD national. He then did many shows including ''Lighthouse for children'', Jadui Chirag, Tarang, and Ye Hawayan. In 2005, he came to Mumbai with his father and bagged the role of Tantya, who was Sai Baba's brother, in ''Sai Baba''.<br /> <br /> In 2006, Tokas was selected by [[Sagar Arts]] to play his first lead role of young [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prithviraj in a new avatar |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/24/stories/2007102457070200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041740/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/24/stories/2007102457070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the series ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' for which he won best actor in ITA 2007.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br /> <br /> In 2008 he was again selected by [[Sagar Arts]] to play Veer in the NDTV imagine show ''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharam Veer]]''.<br /> <br /> In 2010-11, [[Ekta Kapoor]] of [[Balaji Telefilms]] chose Rajat to play the parallel lead in ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/In-daily-soaps-male-leads-are-just-onlookers-Rajat-Tokas/articleshow/20544299.cms|title=In daily soaps male leads are just onlookers: Rajat Tokas - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he played the character of Robindo Ganguly. Later, he did episodic roles in ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'' and ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''.<br /> [[File:Ekta Kapoor, Paridhi Sharma, Rajat Tokas, Ajay Bhalwankar at ‘Jodha Akbar’ launch.jpg|thumb|Ekta Kapoor, Paridhi Sharma, Rajat Tokas, Ajay Bhalwankar at ''Jodha Akbar'' launch]]<br /> <br /> ===Jodha Akbar and other success (2013–2019)===<br /> In 2013, Tokas starred in the role of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar|Jalaluddin Mohammed Akbar]] in the [[historical drama]] show ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]].''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajat-Tokas-is-Ektas-Akbar/articleshow/16891167.cms|title=Rajat Tokas is Ekta's Akbar - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Jodha-Akbars-shooting-in-Jaipur/articleshow/19039806.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214124/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/tv/37815609_1_jodha-akbar-paridhi-sharma-rajat-tokas|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-10-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Jodha Akbar's shooting in Jaipur}}&lt;/ref&gt; It aired from 18 June 2013 to 7 August 2015 on [[Zee TV]] and was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k13/Balaji_Telefilms_special.php%3famp|title=Jodha Akbar: Ekta Kapoor's &amp; Zee TV's historical romance|website=Indian Television|access-date=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show was a critical and commercial success amassing regularly high TV viewership ratings. Critics have praised the series for its acting, scope, soundtrack and production values. Tokas went on to win several awards for his performance including ''[[BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Male]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Big Star&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://8www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890|title=Nominations of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013|publisher=}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Star Guild Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=Star Guild Awards - Winners|website=starguildawards.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Zee Gold Awards|Boroplus Gold Award for Best Actor in Lead Role (Critics)]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Boroplus Gold Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|date=20 May 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Telly Awards 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|title=Indian Telly Awards 2016 - Index|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914102910/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=14 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2016, he played the negative role of Kabir (Icchadhari Nevla) in [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'']], a [[fantasy drama]] which was aired on [[Colors TV]]. Also in 2016 he was selected by Balaji Telefilms to play the lead role of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] show ''[[Chandra Nandini]]''. He returned to reprise his role of Vikrant in 2019 in [[Naagin 3|''Naagin'' ''3'']], again produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]].<br /> <br /> == Early and personal life ==<br /> He studied in the Hope Hall Foundation School, [[R. K. Puram]], Delhi and later on completed his graduation through distance mode.&lt;ref name=&quot;hin&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2008/01/18/stories/2008011850650600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324001505/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2008/01/18/stories/2008011850650600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Fighting with lions|date=18 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 January 2015, he married Shrishti Nayyar, a theatre actor.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2005<br /> | ''[[Sai Baba (TV series)|Sai Baba]]'' <br /> | Tantya<br /> |Child artist<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2006–07<br /> | ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''<br /> |[[Prithviraj Chauhan]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | ''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharam Veer]]'' <br /> | Veer<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | ''[[Keshav Pandit (TV series)|Keshav Pandit]]''<br /> | Madhav Shastri<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–11<br /> | ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''<br /> | Robindo Shekhar Ganguly<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2013–15<br /> | ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV serial)|Jodha Akbar]]'' <br /> | [[Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' <br /> | Ichhadhaari Nevla (Fake Kabir Oberoi) <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–17<br /> | ''[[Chandra Nandini]]'' <br /> | [[Chandragupta Maurya]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–19<br /> | ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''<br /> | Ichhadhaari Naag Vikrant <br /> | <br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Special appearances====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''<br /> | [[Krishna]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]'' <br /> | Ankush<br /> | Season 1, Episode 26<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category <br /> ! Series<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2007<br /> | [[Indian Television Academy Awards|7th Indian Television Academy Awards]]<br /> |[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''<br /> | {{won}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ITA 2013&quot;&gt;[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 Winners &amp; Nominees of Indian Television Academy Awards, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |date=6 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian Telly Awards|7th Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> | [[Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Male|Best Child Artiste (Male)]]<br /> | {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|title=The Seventh Indian Telly Awards &gt; Winners List|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian Telly Awards|7th Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> | Dharti ka Sitara<br /> | {{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br /> | [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Male|Most Entertaining Television Actor (Male)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''<br /> | {{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014<br /> |[[Zee Gold Awards|7th Boroplus Gold Awards]]<br /> | Best Actor in Lead Role (Critics)<br /> | {{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian Telly Awards|13th Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> | [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]<br /> | {{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Star Guild Awards|9th Renault Star Guild Awards]]<br /> | [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series|Best Actor in a Drama Series]]<br /> | {{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Indian television actors]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|6176595}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> | title = Awards for Rajat Tokas<br /> | list =<br /> {{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actor}}<br /> {{Indian Telly Award Best Child Actor}}<br /> {{Indian Television Academy Awards}}<br /> {{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actor}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tokas, Rajat}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakkiriswamy_Chandra_Sekharan&diff=468710 2025-11-25T07:02:09Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: slightly improve information and fixed typos per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian forensic expert, writer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|04|15}}<br /> |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|07|11|1934|04|15}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nagapattinam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = Forensic expert<br /> | known for = investigation of the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]<br /> | awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan''' (15 April 1934 – 11 July 2017) was an Indian forensic expert, writer and a former director of the Department of Forensics Sciences of the Government of Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Assassin wore bomb strapped to her waist&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/05/24/assassin-wore-bomb-strapped-to-her-waist/ | title=Assassin wore bomb strapped to her waist | work=The Baltimore Sun | date=24 May 1991 | access-date=27 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was best known for his contributions in the investigations in the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi assassination]] case.&lt;ref name=&quot;Human Bomb -- How Assassin Killed Gandhi - And Herself&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19910524/1285136/human-bomb----how-assassin-killed-gandhi---and-herself | title=Human Bomb -- How Assassin Killed Gandhi - And Herself | publisher=The Seattle Times | date=24 May 1991 | access-date=27 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Assassin Greeted Gandhi With a Bomb on Her Back&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-24-mn-2181-story.html | title=Assassin Greeted Gandhi With a Bomb on Her Back | work=Los Angeles Times | date=24 May 1991 | access-date=27 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born on 15 April 1934&lt;ref name=&quot;Indo-Pacific Congress on Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/search~S2?/aChandra+Sekharan%2C+P.+(Pakkiriswamy)%2C+1934-/achandra+sekharan+p+pakkiriswamy+1934/-3,-1,0, | title=Indo-Pacific Congress on Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences | publisher=State Library - New South Wales | work=proceedings of Third Indo Pacific Congress on Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences | date=1990 | access-date=19 September 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; at [[Nagapattinam]], a coastal town in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Chandra Sekharan secured his graduate and post-graduate degrees from [[Annamalai University]] and did doctoral research to obtain a PhD in [[forensic science]] from the [[University of Madras]] in 1986.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} He was the president of the ''Forensics International'' and has published several articles on the subject of forensics, including ''Studies on certain forensic aspects of skull identification and individualization'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Studies on certain forensic aspects of skull identification and individualization&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34052140 | title=Studies on certain forensic aspects of skull identification and individualization | author=P. Chandra Sekharan | journal=ResearchGate | year=1986}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Forensic science--as is what is''&lt;ref name=&quot;Forensic science--as is what is&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/9011150 | title=Forensic science--as is what is | author=Chandra Sekharan P., Damodaran C | journal=Forensic Science Society of India | year=1987 | pages=392}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a monograph, ''Lip forensics : forensic cheiloscopy for crime investigation and criminal identification : labial structure for personal appearance identification and personal identification''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lip forensics : forensic cheiloscopy for crime investigation and criminal identification : labial structure for personal appearance identification and personal identification&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Lip forensics : forensic cheiloscopy for crime investigation and criminal identification : labial structure for personal appearance identification and personal identification | publisher=Anand Publications | author=P. Chandra Sekharan | year=2011 | pages=144 | isbn=9788184657173|oclc = 794543505}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2000, for his contributions to society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was married to Evelyn and the couple had a daughter, Meena.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}<br /> <br /> Chandra Sekharan died on 11 July 2017, following a brief illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/forensic-expert-prof-p-chandra-sekharan-passes-away-996482-2017-07-11| title=Forensic expert Prof P Chandra Sekharan passes away| date=11 July 2017| work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> State honors:&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Bhushan riband]] [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honor (2000)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]<br /> * [[List of Madras University alumni]]<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.heraldofindia.com/article.php?id=377 | title=Indira Gandhi I knew | publisher=The Herald of India | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016 | author=Ravi Visvesvaraya Prasad}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra Sekharan, Pakkiriswamy}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2017 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science &amp; engineering]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]<br /> [[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian forensic scientists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-scientist-stub}}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Goutham&diff=528309 2025-11-21T06:40:29Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Telugu film actor}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Raja Goutham&lt;!-- defaults to article title when left blank --&gt;<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = Goutham<br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = 2004{{endash}}present<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | father = [[Brahmanandam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/May/03/from-father-to-friend-brahmanandam-and-goutham-on-life-laughter-and-legacy|title=From Father to Friend: Brahmanandam and Goutham on Life, Laughter, and Legacy|first=Shreya|last=Veronica|date=3 May 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raja Goutham''' is an Indian film actor, who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]s. He is a frequent collaborator with his father [[Brahmanandam]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Raja Goutham learned acting at age 19 in his final year of [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] under Satyanand in Vizag.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt; He made his debut in Telugu with the movie ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]'' (2004) after his father helped him fetch the offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;/&gt; Though it was a high-profile launch involving names like [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] and [[M. M. Keeravani]], the film was a box office failure. His performance received mixed reviews with critics citing him as average and needing improvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2004 |title=Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pallakilo-pellikoothuru-review-telugu-pclv5bfgjdceh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426095625/https://www.sify.com/movies/pallakilo-pellikoothuru-review-telugu-pclv5bfgjdceh.html |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=2 August 2004 |title=Wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wholesome-entertainer/article28341027.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127012842/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wholesome-entertainer/article28341027.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2004 |title=Movie review&amp;nbsp;– Pallakilo Pellikoothuru |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pallakilopellikoothuru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034306/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pallakilopellikoothuru.html |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}&lt;/ref&gt; He reportedly denied the film ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'', citing the film as female-centric&quot;.&lt;!--https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/brahmanandams-son-raja-goutham-missed-this-hit-movie.html--&gt; After the failure of his first film, Brahmanandam didn't further help his son for a period as he wanted him to learn on his own.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/wanted-my-son-to-learn-the-hard-way-brahmanandam_55754|title=Wanted my son to learn the hard way: Brahmanandam|website=India Forums}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next film ''Vareva'' (2011) had a low key release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/brahmanandams-son-raja-goutham-opts-for-a-family-entertainer-with-yet-another-short-filmmaker/articleshow/70873459.cms|title=Brahmanandam's son Raja Goutham opts for a family entertainer with yet another short filmmaker|date=28 August 2019|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raja Goutham revealed his interest to do good films the reason for the long gap in between his films.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajagoutham.html|title=Raja Goutham interview about Basanthi - Telugu cinema actor|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His histrionics in the film ''[[Basanti (2014 film)|Basanti]]'' in serious and action scenes were better received by critics but the film was also released to mixed reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/basanthi.html|title=Basanthi review - Telugu cinema review - Raja Goutham, Alisha Baig|website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/basanti/movie-review/31173012.cms|title=Basanti Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=2024-08-30|archive-date=2024-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830060529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/basanti/movie-review/31173012.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-02-28/Basanti-Telugu-movie-review-rating/87687|title=Basanti Telugu movie review, rating|date=28 February 2014|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=2024-08-30|archive-date=2024-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830055027/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-02-28/Basanti-Telugu-movie-review-rating/87687|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raja Goutham collaborated with short filmmaker Phanindra Narsetti for the crowdfunded venture ''[[Manu (film)|Manu]]''. He okayed the film during a script narration at a coffee shop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-09-05 |title=Raja Goutham said yes to Phanindra Narsetti's 'Manu' because he was impressed by the story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-goutham-said-yes-to-phanindra-narsettis-manu-because-he-was-impressed-by-the-story/articleshow/65683479.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the film was released to mixed reviews, the roles of the lead cast were cited as &quot;career-defining&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/phanindra-narsettis-manu-is-a-mixed-bag-of-riddles/article24893839.ece|title='Manu' is a mixed bag of riddles|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201234038/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/phanindra-narsettis-manu-is-a-mixed-bag-of-riddles/article24893839.ece|archive-date=1 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manu/movie-review/65705864.cms|title=Manu Movie Review {2.5/5}: Manu is one film where its form takes precedence over content|newspaper=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100918/replete-with-plot-holes.html|title=Replete with plot-holes|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=10 September 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The thriller film ''Break Out'', which began production in 2022, only released in 2025 through [[ETV Win]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-unveils-the-trailer-of-raja-gouthams-survival-thriller-break-out/0bb87bdc6d590|title=Allu Arjun unveils the trailer of Raja Goutham's survival thriller Break Out|website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/break-out-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-raja-goutham-thriller/ff883c19cc389|title=Break Out OTT release date: When and where to watch Raja Goutham's thriller|website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt; He played a grandson to his father in ''[[Brahma Anandam]]'' (2025), which was also released to mixed reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/brahmanandam-on-brahma-anandam-everyone-will-come-for-me-but-take-away-raja-goutham-with-them/fb4811926c659|title=Brahmanandam on Brahma Anandam: 'Everyone will come for me but take away Raja Goutham with them'|website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-02-14 |title='Brahma Anandam' movie review: Brahmanandam, Vennela Kishore shine in this half-baked dramedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brahma-anandam-movie-review-a-half-baked-dramedy/article69214882.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He married his girlfriend Jyothsna on 25 October 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/brahmanandams-son-gautham-jyothsna-tie-the-knot/articleshow/16952653.cms|title=Brahmanandam's son Gautham, Jyothsna tie the knot|date=15 January 2017|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/raja-goutham-marries-girlfriend-jyothsna-119708-2012-10-25|title=Raja Goutham marries girlfriend Jyothsna|first=India Today|last=Online|date=26 October 2012|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *''All films are in Telugu.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]'' || Goutham || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | credited as Goutham<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Vaareva|Vareva]]'' || Rishi <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Charuseela'' || || Voice role; credited as Goutham<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Basanti (2014 film)|Basanti]]'' || Arjun || <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Manu (film)|Manu]]'' || Manu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2025 || ''Break Out'' || Maniratnam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Brahma Anandam]]'' || Chilaka Brahmanandam ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Network<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Dhootha]]'' || Chakrapani Veerula || [[Amazon Prime Video]] ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=6182518|name=Raja Goutham}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goutham, Raja}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu male actors]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baleshwar_Sahu&diff=489320 2025-11-03T20:55:39Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2023<br /> | predecessor = [[Keshaw Prasad Chandra]]<br /> | constituency = [[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency|Jaijaipur]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | profession = Politician<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Baleshwar Sahu''' (born 1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Jaijaipur Assembly constituency]] in [[Sakti district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baleshwar Sahu, INC Candidate from Jaijaipur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History &amp; Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/baleshwar-sahu-s26aed2008a037e2023c005/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaijaipur Constituency Election Results 2023: Jaijaipur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/jaijaipur |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sahu is from Jaijaipur, Sakti district, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Teras Ram Sahu. He completed his M.Sc. in 2016 at [[Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa|Dr CV Raman University]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baleshwar Sahu(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JAIJAIPUR(SAKTI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=274 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sahu won from Jaijaipur Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baleshwar Sahu, Cong Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Baleshwar Sahu, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/baleshwar-sahu-50037-2 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He polled 76,747 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Krishna Kant Chandra of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 25,922 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jaijaipur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Baleshwar Sahu defeats BJP's Krishna Kant Chandra with 25922 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jaijaipur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470854-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jaijaipur Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Baleshwar Sahu की हुई जीत, Ind के Bhojram Khunte रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/jaijaipur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-2551478 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jaijaipur, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Jaijaipur सीट पर Baleshwar Sahu ने Krishna Kant Chandra कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/jaijaipur-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830626-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP has never won from Jaijaipur, a generall assembly constituency, one among the nine constituencies, where the ruling BJP failed to establish a foothold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=Nine assembly seats where BJP yet to taste victory since formation of Chhattisgarh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections/nine-assembly-seats-where-bjp-yet-to-taste-victory-since-formation-of-chhattisgarh/articleshow/104752382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Baleshwar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sakti district]]<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagoba_Jatara&diff=473666 2025-10-21T22:28:21Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: further enhance formatting per sources further and added references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu tribal festival in Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox holiday<br /> | holiday_name = Nagoba Jatara<br /> | type = Gond<br /> | longtype = Gond, Tribal<br /> | image = Nagoba_Temple.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | official_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | observedby = Tribal people or Scheduled Tribes<br /> | begins = January<br /> | ends = <br /> | date = Annual - February<br /> | date2010 = <br /> | date2012 = <br /> | celebrations = 10 days<br /> | observances = Offering to the Goddess<br /> | related to = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nagoba Jatara''' is [[Gondi people|Gond]] and [[Pardhan language|Pradhan]] <br /> tribal festival held in Keslapur, [[Inderavelly|Indravelly]] mandal&lt;ref&gt;[http://telanganatourisminfo.com/keslapur-nagoba-jatara-temple-history-adilabad/ Keslapur Nagoba Jatara History&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adilabad district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090511160425/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/08/stories/2005020812270300.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Nagoba jatara begins today&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; It is the second largest tribal carnival in India{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}. It is celebrated by the Mesram clan of Gond and Pardhan tribes for ten days.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/gonds-converge-for-nagoba-jatara/article4397971.ece?homepage=true Gonds converge for Nagoba jatara – The Hindu&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Clan members from the surrounding states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]] also participate in the festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Tribals-prefer-ritualistic-purity-to-modernity/article15959879.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=Tribals prefer ritualistic purity to modernity|date=11 January 2010|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|accessdate=19 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of Telangana]] has declared it as a state festival.<br /> <br /> It starts in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar month]] of [[Pushya|Pushya Masam]]. The 'bheting' ceremony is an integral part, where the new brides are introduced to the clan god during their first jatara after marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/news/adilabad-tourism/ |title=Nagoba Jatara History Gond Tribal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122072003/http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/news/adilabad-tourism/ |archive-date=2015-01-22}} &lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Temple construction==<br /> Mesram clan members used to worship only the holy place (putta) where the Goddess Nagoba is believed to have appeared long ago. In 1956, a small hut was built with thatched roofs, and in 1995, a small temple was built with cement and bricks. The temple was built in 2000 with the help of the government. A new temple was constructed out of stone in 2022.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/ Telangana Jatara Updates]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Adilabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Telangana]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praveen_Kumar_(para-athlete,_born_1992)&diff=526575 2025-10-18T15:07:18Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting a bio more to come...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}<br /> {{For|other athletes with the same name|Praveen Kumar (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox sportsperson<br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | nationality = <br /> | sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]<br /> |disability = <br /> |disability_class = <br /> | event =<br /> | club = <br /> | coach = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|8|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | retired= <br /> | height = <br /> | weight = <br /> | pb = <br /> | medaltemplates =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Praveen Kumar''' (20 August 1992)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/parveen-kumar_3225629#bio&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian para athlete who competes in javelin throw. He qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]]. He will compete in the men's javelin throw F57 category at the [[Paralympic Committee of India|Paralympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/40916221/paralympics-full-list-indian-athletes-contingent-paris-2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ESPN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He won a gold medal in the [[National Games of India|National Games]] 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-zCdm0TyA-/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He represented India at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China]] and finished fourth with a throw of 41.31m. In 2024, he took part in the World Championships at Kobe, Japan, and finished 7th with a throw of 42.87m.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Praveen}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1992 births]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]<br /> [[Category:Paralympic javelin throwers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]<br /> [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imphal_Peace_Museum&diff=503784 2025-08-15T06:50:48Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: made the article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Distinguish|INA War Museum}}<br /> {{Infobox museum<br /> | name = Imphal Peace Museum<br /> | native_name = ({{langx|mni|Imphal Aying-Achik Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) &lt;br /&gt; ({{langx|ja|インパール平和資料館}})<br /> | native_name_lang = Manipuri<br /> | logo = IMPHAL PEACE MUSEUM.jpg<br /> | image = Imphal Peace Museum View.jpg<br /> | established = {{start date and age|2019}}<br /> | location = At the foothills of the Red Hills ([[Maibam Lokpa Ching]]) in [[Imphal, Manipur]], India<br /> | type = WWII museum<br /> | key_holdings = WWII artefacts and documents<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Imphal Peace Museum (IPM)''' ({{langx|mni|Imphal Aying-Achik Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}, {{langx|ja|インパール平和資料館|Inpāru heiwa shiryōkan}}) is a World War II museum at the foothills of the Red Hills ([[Maibam Lotpa Ching]]) in [[Manipur]], India. It is a living memory of the [[Battle of Imphal]] (Anglo-Japanese war) and other World War II battles (March–July 1944) fought in Manipur. It is supported by the non profit grant making [[Nippon Foundation]] (TNF), collaborating with the 2nd World War Imphal Campaign Foundation,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum observed |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/1st-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-observed |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111105748/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/1st-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-observed |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manipur Tourism Forum and the [[Government of Manipur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-75th-anniversary-of-world-war-ii-imphal-peace-museum-opens-its-doors/story-o1rct2iYRlVXZHjWnPnDmO.html|title=On 75th anniversary of Battle of Imphal, Peace Museum opens its doors|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=23 June 2019 |access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111092133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-75th-anniversary-of-world-war-ii-imphal-peace-museum-opens-its-doors/story-o1rct2iYRlVXZHjWnPnDmO.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/from-japan-a-museum-of-peace-built-on-memories-of-wwii/article28111577.ece|title=From Japan, a museum of peace built on memories of WWII|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 June 2019 |access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111103545/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/from-japan-a-museum-of-peace-built-on-memories-of-wwii/article28111577.ece|url-status=live|last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;easternmirrornagaland.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/museum-for-peace-opened-in-memory-of-world-war-ii-at-imphal/|title=Museum for peace opened in memory of World War II at Imphal|website=easternmirrornagaland.com|date=22 June 2019 |access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111111558/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/museum-for-peace-opened-in-memory-of-world-war-ii-at-imphal/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/manipur-observes-first-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum20200623203819|title=Manipur observes first anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum|website=www.aninews.in|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111110645/https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/manipur-observes-first-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum20200623203819/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/1st-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-observed|title=1st anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum observed|website=www.ifp.co.in|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111105748/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/1st-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-observed|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, in a poll conducted by the British [[National Army Museum]], the [[Battle of Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] was bestowed as '''Britain's Greatest Battle'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-12-25|title=Britain's Greatest Battles {{!}} Online Exhibitions {{!}} National Army Museum, London|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles|access-date=2022-03-05|archive-date=2013-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210162931/http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2013-04-21|title=Battle to repel Azad Hind Fauj selected &quot;Britain's Greatest&quot;|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/battle-to-repel-azad-hind-fauj-selected-britain-s-greatest-113042100200_1.html|access-date=2022-03-05|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305040331/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/battle-to-repel-azad-hind-fauj-selected-britain-s-greatest-113042100200_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Imphal Peace Museum is the winner of India's Best Design Award in the year 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> One of the main attractions to the museum is the display of the [[Japanese calligraphy]] of the word &quot;平和&quot; (&quot;Heiwa&quot;) ({{langx|en|Peace}}) by [[Shinzo Abe]], the then [[prime minister of Japan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Imphal Peace Museum (IPM) ({{langx|mni|Imphal Aying-Achik Pukei Lankei Shanglen}}) was founded in the year 2019 on the 75th anniversary of the [[Battle of Imphal]]. Former British and Japanese adversaries were present in the inaugural event of the museum. [[Dominic Asquith]], the [[British High Commissioner to India]], and [[Kenji Hiramatsu]], Japanese ambassador to India, attended the opening of the museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;easternmirrornagaland.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Imphal Peace Museum interior and exhibitions designs are one of the best works done by International Award-winning designer Suresh Huidrom (Principal Designer - Huidrom Design Studio). In 2019, the Imphal Peace Museum won India's Best Design Award for the Creativity and Innovative Interior Design.&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e-pao.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=47..101021.oct21|title=Imphal Peace Museum 'shines' at New York event|website=e-pao.net|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113094601/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=47..101021.oct21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the museum represented India at the Muse Design Awards 2021, [[New York City]]. In the event, the museum won Silver Medal in the field of Interior Design. In the same year, the museum was nominated finalist at the Society of British International Interior Design Award 2021 for the Best Interior Design in Public Space.&lt;ref name=&quot;e-pao.net&quot;/&gt; It also got Honorary Mention at Singapore Interior Design Award 2021, Singapore and the Most Creative Interior Design of the Year 2021 by the Global Architect and Builder Awards 2021.<br /> <br /> == Exhibitions ==<br /> The Imphal Peace Museum has three sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-first-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-held-on-digital-platform.html|title=Manipur: First anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum held on digital platform|website=nenow.in|date=24 June 2020 |access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111110908/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-first-anniversary-of-imphal-peace-museum-held-on-digital-platform.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === First Section ===<br /> The first section exhibits a timeline of the [[Battle of Imphal]]. The names of the casualties in the war are also shown. The names of the people of Manipur who joined the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) are also featured. The displaying war artefacts include [[artillery]] shells collected by the local people. There are also photographs of personal notes and the uniform of a Japanese soldier shown.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;easternmirrornagaland.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second section ===<br /> The second section shows the scenarios after the [[World War II]] in [[Manipur]]. It highlights the impact of the war and the process of recovery. Early television sets, photographs and cameras are also displayed.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;easternmirrornagaland.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Third section ===<br /> The third section displays the art and culture of Manipur. These are shown in the forms of photographs, audiovisual features and still models.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;easternmirrornagaland.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Awards<br /> !Category<br /> !Results<br /> |-<br /> |India's Best Design Award 2019<br /> |Creativity and innovative interior design<br /> |{{Won}}&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;e-pao.net&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |Muse Design Awards 2021, New York <br /> |Interior Design, Pavilions and Exhibitions<br /> |{{Won}}&lt;ref name=&quot;e-pao.net&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |Society of British International Interior Design Award 2021 <br /> |Best Public Space Interior Design<br /> |{{Nominated}}&lt;ref name=&quot;e-pao.net&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Singapore Interior Design Award 2021<br /> |Best in Exhibition Design - Permanent<br /> |Honorary Mention<br /> |-<br /> |Global Architect and Builder Awards 2021<br /> |Most Creative Interior Design of the Year<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Japanese–Meitei cultural relations]]<br /> * [[INA War Museum]]<br /> * [[Kakching Garden]]<br /> * [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India<br /> * [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]<br /> * [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]<br /> * [[Manipur State Museum]]<br /> * [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]<br /> * [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India<br /> * [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]<br /> * [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> * [[National recognition of Meitei culture]]<br /> * [[Classicism in Meitei civilization]]<br /> * [[Intangible cultural heritage of Meitei civilization]]<br /> * [[Women in Meitei civilisation]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|24.70538|93.81755|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Japanese-Meitei culture]]<br /> [[Category:Museums in Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Museums in India]]<br /> [[Category:World War II museums]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninaithale&diff=462489 2025-07-31T19:17:04Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: cleanup details to improve readability and updated info for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Ninaithaley]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnabhaskar_Mangalasserri&diff=510830 2025-06-02T18:45:50Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: made the data nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Indian name|Krishnabhaskar|Mangalasserri}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Krishnabhaskar Mangalasserri<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|2|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor and Model, Writer<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | height =<br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = 2012–present<br /> | spouse = Laxmy Krishnabhaskar <br /> | parents = <br /> | children = 2<br /> | awards =<br /> |alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Krishnabhaskar Mangalasserri''' is an Indian actor, model, academic, novelist,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/300316/inspired-and-intrigued-by-the-cast-system.html|title=Inspired and intrigued by the cast system|publisher=DECCAN CHRONICLE|date=30 March 2016|access-date=30 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and screenwriter who works in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. He made his acting debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' (2012) and later starred in the movie [[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|American-born Confused Desi (ABCD)]]. He co-wrote and played a lead role in the movie [[Asha Black]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Krishnabhaskar was born in Kollam as the son of a police officer and school teacher in the year 1973{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}. He was actively involved in school plays and drama{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}.<br /> After his MBA he started working in ad agencies in Chennai and then in Dubai{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}.<br /> <br /> He started modeling as one of his activities by facing the camera for brands like Musli power, Malayala Manorama, Sharon PVC pipes etc. He debuted into cinema with a cameo role in the Sathyan Anthikad film [[Puthiya Theerangal]]. Then came the film [[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|American-born Confused Desi (ABCD)]] directed by Martin Prakkat. He also acted in two short films – the yellow pen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.snehasallapam.com/forum2/3-malayalam-film-news-updates-mollywood-latest-4130.html|title=YELLOW PEN - WRITTEN &amp; DIRECTED BY JUDE ANTHANY JOSEPH|publisher=snehasallapam|date=3 July 2014|accessdate=3 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Jude Anthany Joseph]], and in the short film Scene contra{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}.<br /> He is also the global head of Aster Volunteers from December 2016 to December 2020 in the CSR and philanthropy department of [[Aster DM Healthcare]] [[Dubai]]{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}.<br /> He co wrote&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Mini-screen-actor-Krishnabhaskar-enters-the-tinsel-town/articleshow/44749987.cms|title=Mini screen actor Krishnabhaskar enters the tinsel town|publisher=Times of india|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=9 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Malayalam film Asha Black as a dialogue associate and also did a full-length role. He cofounded Digifaktory&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/movie-market-mantra/article7996821.ece|title=Movie market mantra|work=The Hindu|date=16 December 2015|accessdate=16 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with Sandeep varma and Gokulnath, a cinema marketing company in the year 2014{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}. In 2019 he wrote and directed a short feature film Innaleyolam{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}.<br /> <br /> In April 2016 he published his debut novel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Myriad-images-of-ancient-Kerala/articleshow/51667921.cms|title=Myriad images of ancient Kerala|publisher=Times of India|date=3 April 2016|accessdate=3 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;(April 2016) in Malayalam.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===As actor===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#d1e4fd;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' || KP's Son || Debut movie as actor in cameo<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|American-born Confused Desi (ABCD)]]'' || Professor ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2014 || ''[[Asha Black]]'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Ram || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Also co-writer; bilingual film <br /> |-<br /> | ''Nee Naan Nizhal'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]''|| Alpesh sha ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Myavu]]''|| Udayan ||<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As writer ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#d1e4fd;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2012 ||''[[Asha Black]]'' || {{partial|Co-writer}} ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=6039290|name= Mangalasserri Krishnabhaskar}}<br /> * {{facebook|krishnabhaskarmang}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalasserri, Krishnabhaskar}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kollam]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramananda_(Hinduism)&diff=524346 2025-05-29T08:23:09Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: starting a entry added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sanskrit term for supreme happiness}}{{POV|date=November 2023}}<br /> '''Paramananda''' ({{Langx|sa|परमानन्द|translit=Paramānanda}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term composed of two words: ''parama'' and ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]''. The word ''parama'' is interpreted as &quot;the highest&quot; or &quot;transcendent,&quot; while ''ānanda'' means &quot;bliss&quot; or &quot;happiness.&quot; Additionally, it suggests a profound spiritual emotion that is deeply rooted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Ananda:Where Yoga Lives|author=John Dudley Ball|year=1982|publisher=Popular Press|page=8|isbn=9780879722081|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ELtGnsLUkC&amp;q=Ananda}}&lt;/ref&gt; The authors of the [[Upanishads]] also used ''ānanda'' to refer to [[Brahman]], the Supreme Being in Hinduism.<br /> <br /> ==Jivanmukti==<br /> Joy, happiness, or bliss, which are among the four moral ends towards which human beings direct their efforts, are attained through good thoughts and good deeds, which, in turn, depend on the state and control of the mind. This implies that supreme bliss is achieved by maintaining evenness of temper—practising equanimity in all actions—without being attached to or instrumental in making those actions bear fruit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Srimad Bhagavad Gita Tattvavivecani 1993 Edition|author=Jayadayal Goyandka|publisher=[[Gita Press]]|place=Gorakhpur|page=101|url= https://www.amazon.co.uk/SRIMAD-BHAGAVAD-GITA-Tattvavivecani-Commentary/dp/B008RXYT5Y|quote=Ch.II.48-49}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' highlights this principle by referencing five types of actions using specific verbs: <br /> # Karoṣhi – Ordinary activities carried out for earning a livelihood or fulfilling social duties.<br /> # Aśhnāsi – Activities necessary for sustaining life, such as eating and drinking.<br /> # Juhoṣhi – Actions related to worship, meditation, and spiritual practices.<br /> # Dadāsi – Acts of charity and giving.<br /> # Tapasyasi – Practices that promote self-restraint, including all forms of austere penance.<br /> <br /> These actions, with which an ordinary person identifies, often lead to attachment and craving for their results. The practice of equanimity involves letting go of this wrong identification, attachment, and craving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Srimad Bhagavad Gita Tattvavivecani 1993 Edition|author=Jayadayal Goyandka|publisher=[[Gita Press]]|place=Gorakhpur|page=422|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/SRIMAD-BHAGAVAD-GITA-Tattvavivecani-Commentary/dp/B008RXYT5Y|quote= Ch.IX.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A person experiences delight arising from the contact of the senses with objects of enjoyment. Additionally, there is enjoyment derived from practices such as adoration, meditation, and similar spiritual pursuits, through which the end of sorrow may be achieved. However, even this does not constitute the state of supreme or true happiness.<br /> <br /> Both physical and spiritual pursuits result in bliss. While the former represents an aspect of bliss, the latter embodies the highest form of bliss.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|year=1968|author-link=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|place=Mumbai|page=220|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8pAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=A+constructive+survey+of+Upanishadic+philosophy|quote= [[Taittiriya]] Upanishad II.8}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> According to the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|''Ānanda'']] is the state of sublime delight achieved when the ''[[Jiva]]''—the individual empirical self—becomes free from all sins, doubts, desires, actions, pains, and suffering, as well as from ordinary physical and mental pleasures. Once established in [[Brahman]]—the eternal Universal Self and the subtle essence underlying all existence—the Jiva attains the state of ''[[Jivanmukta]]'', or liberation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vedantasara|page=117 Verse 217|url=https://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Vedantasara-Nikhilananda.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Experience with self-realisation==<br /> The sage of the [[Rig veda|''Rigveda'']], in ''Sukta'' 10.109, reminds us that &quot;speech,&quot; in its undifferentiated state, serves no purpose in performing ''yagnas'' meant to invoke the gods, who were among the first-born. This inherent limitation (''dosha'') of speech is addressed by making it differentiated—recognisable and understandable. Existence itself came into being through the partial differentiation of the Undifferentiated, enabling the experience of both the differentiated and the undifferentiated.<br /> <br /> [[Parashara]] does not imply the rebirth of liberated souls. In his mantra (''Rigveda'' 1.72.2), he uses the term ''amritaah'' to denote the uncreated, eternal state, and the phrase ''pade parame'' to refer to the exalted state of perfect unity with the undifferentiated universal consciousness. From this point of the journey, there is no return (''Anaavrttiah shabdaata''; ''[[Brahma Sutra]]'' 4.4.22).<br /> <br /> Even though ''Vakya Vritti'' (Sl. 53) explains that ''Kaivalya'' is the final destination of evolution—where one attains Absolute Oneness with the Divine and, by realising one's true essence, enjoys the endless, immeasurable bliss called ''Padamapada''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Illumination of Knowledge|year=2008|publisher=GBD Books|place=New Delhi|page=94,133|isbn=9788188951208|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dXZJXwAACAAJ&amp;q=The+Illumination+of+Knowledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;—Yama tells Naciketa that:<br /> <br /> * The mind is ''Buddhi'';<br /> * Above ''Buddhi'' is the ''Mahat Atman'';<br /> * Above the ''Mahat Atman'' is the ''[[Avyakta]]''; and<br /> * Above the ''Avyakta'' is the ''Purusha''.<br /> <br /> Beyond the ''Purusha'', there is nothing else (''[[Katha Upanishad]]'' I.3.10-11).<br /> <br /> Similarly, [[Krishna]] tells [[Arjuna]] that while all embodied beings emanate from the Unmanifest and ultimately merge back into it, there exists yet another eternal Unmanifest Existence far beyond this—the Supreme Divine Being. This Supreme Being does not perish even when all things cease to exist (''Bhagavad Gita'' VIII).<br /> <br /> There is nothing beyond this Supreme Reality, for, as [[Adi Shankara]] explains: &quot;The constituents that spring from ignorance leave no remnant after their dissolution through knowledge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya of Shankaracharya|author=Swami [[Gambhirananda]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|place=Kolkata|page=863|url= http://www.vedicbooks.net/brahma-sutra-bhasya-shankaracharya-p-10506.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Moreover, the ''[[Jiva]]'' is but a false appearance, being merely a reflection of the Supreme Self. This reflection is dispelled only through Self-realisation (''[[Brahma Sutra]]'' II.iii.50).<br /> <br /> To realise that the Self is already attained is not difficult, for self-realisation becomes apparent instantly with the dawn of the highest knowledge. However, merely knowing this intellectually, without experiencing spiritual progress and the ecstasy that accompanies it, is akin to not knowing the Self at all. It is comparable to not understanding the true essence of purity.<br /> <br /> In the state of realisation, all finite ideas vanish. The realised individual exists solely as the Self—eternal bliss—and as the eternal subject, distinct from all objects. Thus, the experience of ''Paramananda'' is to be understood as distinct from ''Ānanda''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Vivekachudamani of Adi Shankara|author=Swami Madhavananda|year=1921|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|place=Kolkata|quote= Verse 485|url=https://archive.org/details/vivekachudamanio00sankrich }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Self-realisation==<br /> [[Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade]] states that the bliss of self-realisation is experienced only when the Self is perceived in its native purity. It is implied that the Self is the sole object of desire. However, he cautions that the term ''Self'' or ''Atman'' must not be interpreted in an egoistic sense. While enjoying the bliss of self-realisation, one perceives their own form in a flood of supreme light arising from within themselves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|year=1968|author-link=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|place=Mumbai|page=222,253|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8pAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=A+constructive+survey+of+Upanishadic+philosophy|quote= Maitri Upanishad II.1-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The unique awareness of ''Sameness'', which is essentially the awareness of ''Oneness'', represents the knowledge of Reality. This Reality is Bliss and the sole source of all bliss.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Illumination of Knowledge |year=2008 |publisher=GBD Books |place=New Delhi |page=202 |isbn=9788188951208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXZJXwAACAAJ&amp;q=The+Illumination+of+Knowledge |quote=[[Rig Veda]] I.163.4}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The bliss of self-realisation is Paramananda. It is the experience attained by reaching beyond ''[[Avyakta]]'' (the Undifferentiated) into sublime regions where duality cannot and does not exist. As the knower of the Vedas (a man of knowledge) has no desire for worldly pleasures, the bliss of all creatures is his (''[[Panchadasi]]'' XIV-34). <br /> <br /> The experience of ''Sukha'' (absolute bliss) is neither found in ''Rajasika'' nor in ''Tamasika Vrittis'', but it is observed to a greater or lesser degree in ''Sattvika Vrittis'' (''[[Panchadasi]]'' XV-13).<br /> <br /> Whatever is experienced is ''Brahman'' alone, as it is a reflection of ''Brahman''. When the ''Vritti'' (mental modification) is directed inward or withdrawn, the reflection of ''Paramananda'' becomes unobstructed (''[[Panchadasi]]'' XV-19).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title= Pancadasi of Sri Vidyaranya Swami|author=Swami Swahananda|date=December 1987|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|place=Chennai|page=546,556–557|isbn=9780874814293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt_ZPQAACAAJ&amp;q=Pancadasi+of+Sri+Vidyaranya+Swami}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> [[Adi Shankara]], in his commentary on ''Brahma Sutra'' III.iii.41, explains that when ''Vamadeva'' realised the Self as ''That (Brahman)'', he declared, &quot;I was Manu and the sun.&quot; This indicates that the result of knowledge, which consists of becoming identified with all, arises simultaneously with the attainment of complete illumination. Hence, liberation becomes inevitable for a man of knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya of Shankaracharya|author=Swami [[Gambhirananda]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|place=Kolkata|page=705|url= http://www.vedicbooks.net/brahma-sutra-bhasya-shankaracharya-p-10506.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> At this stage—''avibhaagen drshtatvaata'' (''Brahma Sutra'' IV.iv.4)—liberation is attained, and the soul exists in a state of inseparability from the supreme Self. The liberated soul, &quot;established in Infinity, delights in its own Self and disports in its own Self&quot; (''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' VII.xxv.2), <br /> <br /> In this highest state, which the knowers of ''Brahman'' describe as the ultimate, the five senses of knowledge, along with the mind, cease their functions. The intellect, characterised by determination, also becomes inactive (''[[Katha Upanishad]]'' II.iii.10).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Upanishads|author=Swami Nikhilananda|publisher=Harper &amp; Brothers|place=New York|url=http://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Swami%20Nikhilananda%20-%20Upanishads%20I%20-%20%20Katha,%20Isa,%20Kena,%20Mundaka%20[English].pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rishi Bandhvaduya Gopayanah ([[Rig Veda|''Rigveda'']] 10.60.8) reminds us that the mind remains bound to the ''Jivatman'' not for the destruction of ''Prana'' and its associated aspects, but for their preservation, as life depends on them. However, it is equally true that the apparent universe, which has its roots in the mind, ceases to exist once the mind is annihilated.<br /> <br /> The annihilation of the mind occurs when it is directed to focus on the Self, with the purpose of transcending the entire objective universe. This pursuit aims to realise the identity of the ''[[Jiva]]'' and ''[[Brahman]]'', leading to self-realisation and the simultaneous experience of eternal bliss—''Paramananda''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Illumination of Knowledge|year=2008|publisher=GBD Books|place=New Delhi|page=274|isbn=9788188951208|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dXZJXwAACAAJ&amp;q=The+Illumination+of+Knowledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Sanskrit}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vedanta]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartick_Bose&diff=453752 2025-04-04T00:50:32Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: cleaned up details and added references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1906–1984)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Kartick Bose<br /> | image = <br /> | country = India<br /> | fullname = Nrirendra Mohan Bose<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|8|6|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1984|7|3|1906|8|6|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = Calcutta, India<br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | role = Batsman<br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br /> | year1 = {{nowrap|1935/36–1951/52}}<br /> | club2 = [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]]<br /> | year2 = 1935/36–1938/39<br /> | date = 25 March 2016<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27537.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> '''Nrirendra Mohan '''&quot;'''Kartick'''&quot;''' Bose''' (6 August 1906 &amp;ndash; 3 July 1984) was an Indian [[cricket]]er who played in 44 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches between 1935/36 and 1951/52. He was in [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] team through his full career and as well he played in [[Bombay Quadrangular]] for [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] team until 1938/39. He was brother of both [[Bapi Bose]] and [[Ganesh Bose]] who were also Bengal players.&lt;ref&gt;[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38442/38442.html Kartick Bose]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27537.html |title=Kartick Bose |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cricinfo|id=27537}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Kartick}}<br /> [[Category:1906 births]]<br /> [[Category:1984 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1900s-stub}}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiranagar&diff=461104 2024-06-28T12:25:02Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: brief fix layout for clarity and fixed typos for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Indira Nagar]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseer_Ahmad_Khan&diff=447753 2024-05-16T08:00:17Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian civil servant}}<br /> <br /> {{ infobox officeholder<br /> | office1 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Advisor to Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | term_start1 = 15 March 2020<br /> | term_end1 = 5 October 2021<br /> | governor1 = * [[G. C. Murmu]] <br /> * [[Manoj Sinha]]<br /> | predecessor1 = position established<br /> | successor1 = vacant<br /> <br /> | office2 = [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner Kashmir]]<br /> | term_start2 = 29 July 2016<br /> | term_end2 = 15 May 2020<br /> | 2blankname2 = Chief Minister<br /> | 2namedata2 = * [[Mufti Muhammad Sayeed]] <br /> * [[Mehbooba Mufti]]<br /> | predecessor2 = Asgar Hassan Samoon<br /> | successor2 = P K Pole <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1959|6|2}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | occupation = IAS officer, Speaker, author<br /> | nationality = [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]<br /> |citizenship = <br /> |education = '''B.Sc''' <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Baseer Ahmad Khan''' is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service]] officer and inducted to [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) in 2000. On the 15th March 2020, he was appointed as an [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Advisor to Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] G. C. Murmu in 2020 and Continued to Manoj Sinha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/baseer-ahmad-khan-ias-appointed-as-jk-adviser/article31075592.ece|title=Baseer Ahmad Khan, IAS, appointed as J&amp;K adviser|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before advisor he served as a Divisional Commissioner (Kashmir).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/baseer-ahmad-khan-removed-as-advisor-to-jammu-and-kashmir-lt-governor/article36844389.ece|title=Baseer Ahmad Khan removed as advisor to Jammu and Kashmir Lt Governor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> In 2009, when he was Deputy Commissioner, Baramulla, he was an accused in the Gulmarg Land Scam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ahmad|first=Mudasir|date=16 March 2020|title=J&amp;K: Baseer Khan, Accused in Gulmarg Land Scam, Appointed as Advisor to Lt Governor|url=https://thewire.in/government/baseer-ahmad-khan-advisor-gc-murmu-gulmarg-land-scam|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan was Deputy Commissioner [[Srinagar district]] between December 2011 and March 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former Deputy Commissioners {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/former-deputy-commissioners/|access-date=2020-08-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]], [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]], when he attained the age of [[superannuation]] on 30 June 2019; however the government extended his service by a year, but before his term was due to end, he was made the fourth advisor to the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, [[G. C. Murmu]] in March 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=2020-03-16|title=Gulmarg scam accused Baseer Ahmad Khan to be J&amp;K L-G's adviser|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gulmarg-scam-accused-baseer-ahmad-khan-to-be-jk-l-gs-adviser-6315997/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=15 March 2020|title=Baseer Ahmad Khan made advisor to J&amp;K L-G|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/baseer-ahmad-khan-made-advisor-to-jampk-lg/1762266|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-15|title=Baseer Ahmad Khan, IAS, appointed as J&amp;K adviser|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/baseer-ahmad-khan-ias-appointed-as-jk-adviser/article31075592.ece|access-date=2020-08-14|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; As advisor he manages the portfolios of &quot;Power development Department, Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Culture, Tourism and Floriculture &quot; among other things.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KAS Officer Bio Data|url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/advisor_desc.aspx?Id=66|access-date=2020-08-14|website=jkgad.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Baseer Ahmad}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Advisor to Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivram_Dattatray_Joshi&diff=535185 2024-03-30T23:44:21Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit scholar and grammarian}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> '''Shivram Dattatray Joshi''' (1926–2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;mt20130731&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=संस्कृतविश्वावर मोठा आघात | language=Marathi |trans-title=Great loss to the world of Sanskrit | work=Maharashtra Times | url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune/-/articleshow/21495029.cms | date=31 July 2013 | accessdate=16 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; also known as S. D. Joshi, was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] scholar and grammarian based in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> <br /> ===Personal life===<br /> Joshi was born in a family of Sanskrit scholars in [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] in [[Konkan]], Maharashtra.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Paninian Studies: S.D. Joshi Felicitation Volume | editor1-first=Madhav | editor1-last= Deshpande | editor2-first=Saroja | editor2-last=Bhate | isbn=9780891480648 | year=1999 | pages=vii-xii | chapter=Preface | first=Madhav | last=Deshpande | publisher=Center for South Asian Studies, The University of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father died when Joshi was a child.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; He married Kalavati Bhagavat, his college classmate, in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; Joshi had two children, a son named Anandavardhan (Nandan) and a daughter named Suvrata.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Obituary: Shivaram Dattatray Joshi (1926–2013) | url=http://www.bu.edu/applied-linguistics/2013/07/31/all-obituary-shivaram-dattatray-joshi-1926-2013/ | accessdate=16 August 2013 | date=31 July 2013 | publisher=Boston University | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185627/http://www.bu.edu/applied-linguistics/2013/07/31/all-obituary-shivaram-dattatray-joshi-1926-2013/ | archivedate=21 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Joshi died on 29 July 2013 at the age of 87.&lt;ref name=&quot;mt20130731&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Education and career===<br /> Joshi's initial learning was from his uncle Maheshwar Shastri Joshi in Pune.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; He mastered Sanskrit grammar before the age of twenty, passing various examinations from [[Bengal]], [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and Pune.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; He began teaching at the Poona Sanskrit College and served as its principal from 1947 to 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Joshi was the teacher to [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel Ingalls]] in 1950s.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt; Ingalls was very impressed with Joshi and persuaded him to come to [[Harvard University]]. As Joshi had learned Sanskrit only in the traditional system, he had to first complete a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955, after which he applied for a fellowship at Harvard University.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; Joshi completed his PhD from Harvard University in 1960 in the field of Sanskrit lexical semantics, with Ingalls as his advisor.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Joshi returned to India in 1960 and joined the Department of Sanskrit Dictionary at the [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], Pune.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; In 1964, he joined the Centre of Advanced Study in Sanskrit at the [[University of Poona]] as a Reader.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; In 1970, he was appointed the Head of Department of Sanskrit and Prakrit at the university. From 1974 to 1987 he was the Director of Centre of Advanced Study in Sanskrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt; From 1987, he led the Deccan College Sanskrit Dictionary Project.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt; Joshi was a visiting professor at Harvard University from 1971 to 1972, and at [[Nagoya University]] from 1976 to 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Major works==<br /> *Commentary on [[Patanjali]]’s Mahābhāṣya planned in 11 volumes, with J.A.F. Roodbergen, but which was abandoned after 2 volumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Commentary on [[Pāṇini]]’s grammar in 15 volumes, with J.A.F. Roodbergen.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognition==<br /> Joshi was awarded the title of National Scholar (Rashtriya Pandit) by the [[President of India]] in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;deshpande&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Joshi is credited with attracting the attention of theoretical linguists to the Aṣṭādhyāyī.&lt;ref name=&quot;bu&quot;/&gt; He is sometimes referred to as the new [[Pāṇini]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mt20130731&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/Symposium/papers/joshi.pdf Background of the Aṣṭādhyāyī]: Keynote speech delivered at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120616080255/http://sanskrit.uohyd.ernet.in/Symposium/program.html Third International Sanskrit Computational Linguistics Symposium], 15–17 January 2009. ([http://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/Symposium/PHOTOS/keynote_speech.html Photos])<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Shivram Dattatray}}<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aur_Pappu_Pass_Ho_Gaya&diff=488340 2024-03-20T07:11:34Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Aur Pappu Paas Ho Gaya]] {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from alternative spelling}}<br /> }}</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathri_Power_Plant&diff=524766 2024-03-17T19:39:55Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: Made redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Bhimgoda Barrage]]{{r with possibilities}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1955]]<br /> [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Run-of-the-river power stations]]</div>

ArleneLigertwood https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pardi_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)&diff=461478 2022-05-11T15:16:56Z

<p>ArleneLigertwood: expanded citations as per guidelines after review</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Pardi Assembly constituency]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

ArleneLigertwood